Daylight and absenteeism--evidence from Norway.

PubMed

Markussen, Simen; Røed, Knut

2015-01-01

Based on administrative register data from Norway, we examine the impact of hours of daylight on sick-leave absences among workers. Our preferred estimates imply that an additional hour of daylight increases the daily entry rate to absenteeism by 0.5 percent and the corresponding recovery rate by 0.8 percent, ceteris paribus. The overall relationship between absenteeism and daylight hours is negative. Absenteeism is also sensitive to weather conditions. Heavy snowfall raises the incidence of absence during the winter, while warm weather reduces the probability of returning to work during the summer. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Daylighting with Mirror Light Pipes and with Fluorescent Planar Concentrators. First Results from the Demonstration Project Stuttgart-Hohenheim

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zastrow, Armin; Wittwer, Volker

1987-02-01

Efficient daylighting systems have recently attracted increasing interest due to their potential for saving a condiderable amount of electrical energy used for lighting purposes. In this paper we discuss the properties of daylighting systems based on either fluorescent planar concentrators (FPC's) and transparent light guiding plates or light pipes coated with a highly reflective silver coated plastic film (3M Silverlux film). First results on daylighting systems in the students' living quarters in Stuttgart-Hohenheim will be presented. This is a demonstration project which is supported by the Commission of the European Communities.

HORIZONTAL HYBRID SOLAR LIGHT PIPE: AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF DAYLIGHT AND ELECTRIC LIGHT

EPA Science Inventory

This project will test the feasibility of an advanced energy efficient perimeter lighting system that integrates daylighting, electric lighting, and lighting controls to reduce electricity consumption. The system is designed to provide adequate illuminance levels in deep-floor...

The Effects of Primary Light Sources on Worker Performance and Alertness

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wong, Lily; Caddick, Zachary; Kuriyagawa, Yukiyo; Flynn-Evans, Erin

2017-01-01

Traditional office buildings use a variety of primary light sources (e.g., LED/fluorescent lights). As interest in LEED certified office buildings increase and research has shown that enhanced lighting design improves human performance and alertness (Viola et al., 2008; Juslén & Tenner, 2005; Edwards & Torcellini, 2002), more office buildings are incorporating a daylighting design. We investigated the differences between employee performance and alertness in two different building types (daylight vs. artificial light). We hypothesized that employee performance and sleep duration would be improved in a building designed to increase exposure to natural daylight compared to traditional office settings.

Daylight exposure and the other predictors of burnout among nurses in a University Hospital.

PubMed

Alimoglu, Mustafa Kemal; Donmez, Levent

2005-07-01

The purpose of the study was to investigate if daylight exposure in work setting could be placed among the predictors of job burnout. The sample was composed of 141 nurses who work in Akdeniz University Hospital in Antalya, Turkey. All participants were asked to complete a personal data collection form, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Work Related Strain Inventory and the Work Satisfaction Questionnaire to collect data about their burnout, work-related stress (WRS) and job satisfaction (JS) levels in addition to personal characteristics. Descriptive statistics, parametric and non-parametric tests and correlation analysis were used in statistical analyses. Daylight exposure showed no direct effect on burnout but it was indirectly effective via WRS and JS. Exposure to daylight at least 3h a day was found to cause less stress and higher satisfaction at work. Suffering from sleep disorders, younger age, job-related health problems and educational level were found to have total or partial direct effects on burnout. Night shifts may lead to burnout via work related strain and working in inpatient services and dissatisfaction with annual income may be effective via job dissatisfaction. This study confirmed some established predictors of burnout and provided data on an unexplored area. Daylight exposure may be effective on job burnout.

The impact of windows and daylight on acute-care nurses' physiological, psychological, and behavioral health.

PubMed

Zadeh, Rana Sagha; Shepley, Mardelle McCuskey; Williams, Gary; Chung, Susan Sung Eun

2014-01-01

To investigate the physiological and psychological effects of windows and daylight on registered nurses. To date, evidence has indicated that appropriate environmental lighting with characteristics similar to natural light can improve mood, alertness, and performance. The restorative effects of windows also have been documented. Hospital workspaces generally lack windows and daylight, and the impact of the lack of windows and daylight on healthcare employees' well being has not been thoroughly investigated. Data were collected using multiple methods with a quasi-experimental approach (i.e., biological measurements, behavioral mapping, and analysis of archival data) in an acute-care nursing unit with two wards that have similar environmental and organizational conditions, and similar patient populations and acuity, but different availability of windows in the nursing stations. Findings indicated that blood pressure (p < 0.0001) decreased and body temperature increased (p = 0.03). Blood oxygen saturation increased (p = 0.02), but the difference was clinically insignificant. Communication (p < 0.0001) and laughter (p = 0.03) both increased, and the subsidiary behavior indicators of sleepiness and deteriorated mood (p = 0.02) decreased. Heart rate (p = 0.07), caffeine intake (p = 0.3), self-reported sleepiness (p = 0.09), and the frequency of medication errors (p = 0.14) also decreased, but insignificantly. The findings support evidence from laboratory and field settings of the benefits of windows and daylight. A possible micro-restorative effect of windows and daylight may result in lowered blood pressure and increased oxygen saturation and a positive effect on circadian rhythms (as suggested by body temperature) and morning sleepiness. Critical care/intensive care, lighting, nursing, quality care, work environment.

Optimal Implementations for Reliable Circadian Clocks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hasegawa, Yoshihiko; Arita, Masanori

2014-09-01

Circadian rhythms are acquired through evolution to increase the chances for survival through synchronizing with the daylight cycle. Reliable synchronization is realized through two trade-off properties: regularity to keep time precisely, and entrainability to synchronize the internal time with daylight. We find by using a phase model with multiple inputs that achieving the maximal limit of regularity and entrainability entails many inherent features of the circadian mechanism. At the molecular level, we demonstrate the role sharing of two light inputs, phase advance and delay, as is well observed in mammals. At the behavioral level, the optimal phase-response curve inevitably contains a dead zone, a time during which light pulses neither advance nor delay the clock. We reproduce the results of phase-controlling experiments entrained by two types of periodic light pulses. Our results indicate that circadian clocks are designed optimally for reliable clockwork through evolution.

Holographic daylighting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ludman, Jacques E.; Riccobono, Juanita R.; Savant, Gajendra D.; Jannson, Joanna L.; Campbell, Eugene W.; Hall, Robyn

1995-09-01

Daylighting techniques are an effective means of reducing both lighting and cooling costs; however, many of the standard techniques have flaws which reduce their effectiveness. Daylighting holograms are an efficient and effective method for diffracting sunlight up onto the ceiling, deep in a room, without diffracting the light at eye-level. They need only cover the top half of a window to produce significant energy savings. They may be used as part of a new glazing system or as a retrofit to existing windows. These holograms are broadband and are able to passively track the movement of the sun across the sky, throughout the day and year.

Window performance and building energy use: Some technical options for increasing energy efficiency

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Selkowitz, Stephen

1985-11-01

Window system design and operation has a major impact on energy use in buildings as well as on occupants' thermal and visual comfort. Window performance will be a function of optical and thermal properties, window management strategies, climate and orientation, and building type and occupancy. In residences, heat loss control is a primary concern, followed by sun control in more southerly climates. In commercial buildings, the daylight provided by windows may be the major energy benefits but solar gain must be controlled so that increased cooling loads do not exceed daylighting savings. Reductions in peak electrical demand and HVAC system size may also be possible in well-designed daylighted buildings.

Daylight saving time transitions and hospital treatments due to accidents or manic episodes

PubMed Central

Lahti, Tuuli A; Haukka, Jari; Lönnqvist, Jouko; Partonen, Timo

2008-01-01

Background Daylight saving time affects millions of people annually but its impacts are still widely unknown. Sleep deprivation and the change of circadian rhythm can trigger mental illness and cause higher accident rates. Transitions into and out of daylight saving time changes the circadian rhythm and may cause sleep deprivation. Thus it seems plausible that the prevalence of accidents and/or manic episodes may be higher after transition into and out of daylight saving time. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of transitions into and out of daylight saving time on the incidence of accidents and manic episodes in the Finnish population during the years of 1987 to 2003. Methods The nationwide data were derived from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register. From the register we obtained the information about the hospital-treated accidents and manic episodes during two weeks before and two weeks after the transitions in 1987–2003. Results The results were negative, as the transitions into or out of daylight saving time had no significant effect on the incidence of accidents or manic episodes. Conclusion One-hour transitions do not increase the incidence of manic episodes or accidents which require hospital treatment. PMID:18302734

Acceleration of the matrix multiplication of Radiance three phase daylighting simulations with parallel computing on heterogeneous hardware of personal computer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zuo, Wangda; McNeil, Andrew; Wetter, Michael

2013-05-23

Building designers are increasingly relying on complex fenestration systems to reduce energy consumed for lighting and HVAC in low energy buildings. Radiance, a lighting simulation program, has been used to conduct daylighting simulations for complex fenestration systems. Depending on the configurations, the simulation can take hours or even days using a personal computer. This paper describes how to accelerate the matrix multiplication portion of a Radiance three-phase daylight simulation by conducting parallel computing on heterogeneous hardware of a personal computer. The algorithm was optimized and the computational part was implemented in parallel using OpenCL. The speed of new approach wasmore » evaluated using various daylighting simulation cases on a multicore central processing unit and a graphics processing unit. Based on the measurements and analysis of the time usage for the Radiance daylighting simulation, further speedups can be achieved by using fast I/O devices and storing the data in a binary format.« less

Lost sleep and cyberloafing: Evidence from the laboratory and a daylight saving time quasi-experiment.

PubMed

Wagner, David T; Barnes, Christopher M; Lim, Vivien K G; Ferris, D Lance

2012-09-01

The Internet is a powerful tool that has changed the way people work. However, the ubiquity of the Internet has led to a new workplace threat to productivity-cyberloafing. Building on the ego depletion model of self-regulation, we examine how lost and low-quality sleep influence employee cyberloafing behaviors and how individual differences in conscientiousness moderate these effects. We also demonstrate that the shift to Daylight Saving Time (DST) results in a dramatic increase in cyberloafing behavior at the national level. We first tested the DST-cyberloafing relation through a national quasi-experiment, then directly tested the relation between sleep and cyberloafing in a closely controlled laboratory setting. We discuss the implications of our findings for theory, practice, and future research.

Students' Perception of Daylight Illumination in the School Workshop as a Determinant for Effective Students' Task Performance in Workshop Practice

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Amasuomo, Japo Oweikeye Morto; Alio, Abigail Ngozi

2013-01-01

The study investigated daylight illumination in the school workshop as a determinant for effective students' task performance in workshop practice. 183 NCE Technical students in 300 Level which comprised of 73 and 112 students from Federal Colleges of Education (Technical), Asaba and Omoku, Nigeria respectively during the 2008/2009 academic…

Chromatic illumination discrimination ability reveals that human colour constancy is optimised for blue daylight illuminations.

PubMed

Pearce, Bradley; Crichton, Stuart; Mackiewicz, Michal; Finlayson, Graham D; Hurlbert, Anya

2014-01-01

The phenomenon of colour constancy in human visual perception keeps surface colours constant, despite changes in their reflected light due to changing illumination. Although colour constancy has evolved under a constrained subset of illuminations, it is unknown whether its underlying mechanisms, thought to involve multiple components from retina to cortex, are optimised for particular environmental variations. Here we demonstrate a new method for investigating colour constancy using illumination matching in real scenes which, unlike previous methods using surface matching and simulated scenes, allows testing of multiple, real illuminations. We use real scenes consisting of solid familiar or unfamiliar objects against uniform or variegated backgrounds and compare discrimination performance for typical illuminations from the daylight chromaticity locus (approximately blue-yellow) and atypical spectra from an orthogonal locus (approximately red-green, at correlated colour temperature 6700 K), all produced in real time by a 10-channel LED illuminator. We find that discrimination of illumination changes is poorer along the daylight locus than the atypical locus, and is poorest particularly for bluer illumination changes, demonstrating conversely that surface colour constancy is best for blue daylight illuminations. Illumination discrimination is also enhanced, and therefore colour constancy diminished, for uniform backgrounds, irrespective of the object type. These results are not explained by statistical properties of the scene signal changes at the retinal level. We conclude that high-level mechanisms of colour constancy are biased for the blue daylight illuminations and variegated backgrounds to which the human visual system has typically been exposed.

Reduction of lighting energy consumption in office buildings through improved daylight design

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Papadouri, Maria Violeta Prado

This study aims to investigate the lighting energy consumption in office buildings and the options for its reduction. One way to reduce lighting energy consumption is by improving the daylight design. A better use of daylight in buildings might be an outcome from the effort made in different directions. Like the improvement of a building's fabric and layout, the materials, even the furniture in a space influences the daylight quality considerably. Also very important role in lighting energy consumption has the development of more efficient lighting technology like the electric lighting control systems, such as photo sensors and occupancy sensors. Both systems are responsible so that the electric light is not used without reason. As the focusing area of this study, is to find ways to improve the daylight use in buildings, a consequent question is which are the methods provided in order to achieve this The accuracy of the methodology used is also an important issue in order to achieve reliable results. The methodology applied in this study includes the analysis of a case study by taking field measurements and computer simulations. The first stage included gathering information about the lighting design of the building and monitoring the light levels, both from natural and from the electric lighting. The second stage involved testing with computer simulations, different parameters that were expected to improve the daylight exploitation of the specific area. The results of the field measurements showed that the main problems of the space were the low natural light levels and the poor daylight distribution. The annual electric lighting energy consumption, as it was calculated with the use of computer simulations, represented the annual energy consumption of a typical air-conditioned prestige office building (energy consumption guide 19, for energy use in offices, 2000). After several computer simulations, the results showed that initial design parameters of the building can affect the lighting energy consumption of the space significantly. On the other hand, relatively small changes, like changing the reflectance of the surfaces and the lighting control systems can make even more difference to the light quality of the space and the reduction of lighting energy consumption.

Daylighting in Schools: An Investigation into the Relationship between Daylighting and Human Performance. Detailed Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heschong, Lisa

This study examines the effect of daylighting on human performance, focusing on skylighting as a way to isolate daylight as an illumination source, and separate illumination effects from other qualities associated with daylighting from windows. It establishes a statistical connection between daylighting and student performance and between…

Effect of dividing daylight in symmetric prismatic daylight collector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yeh, Shih-Chuan; Lu, Ju-Lin; Cheng, Yu-Chin

2017-04-01

This paper presented a symmetric prismatic daylight collector to collect daylight for the natural light illumination system. We analyzed the characteristics of the emerging light when the parallel light beam illuminate on the horizontally placed symmetric prismatic daylight collector. The ratio of the relative intensities of collected daylight that emerging from each surface of the daylight collector shown that the ratio is varied with the incident angle during a day. The simulation of the emerging light of the daylight collector shown that the ratio of emerging light is varied with the tilted angle when sunshine illuminated on a symmetric prismatic daylight collector which was not placed horizontally. The integration of normalized intensity is also varied with the tilted angle. The symmetric prismatic daylight collector with the benefits of reducing glare and dividing intensity of incident daylight, it is applicable to using in the natural light illumination system and hybrid system for improving the efficiency of utilizing of solar energy.

Human-centered sensor-based Bayesian control: Increased energy efficiency and user satisfaction in commercial lighting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Granderson, Jessica Ann

2007-12-01

The need for sustainable, efficient energy systems is the motivation that drove this research, which targeted the design of an intelligent commercial lighting system. Lighting in commercial buildings consumes approximately 13% of all the electricity generated in the US. Advanced lighting controls1 intended for use in commercial office spaces have proven to save up to 45% in electricity consumption. However, they currently comprise only a fraction of the market share, resulting in a missed opportunity to conserve energy. The research goals driving this dissertation relate directly to barriers hindering widespread adoption---increase user satisfaction, and provide increased energy savings through more sophisticated control. To satisfy these goals an influence diagram was developed to perform daylighting actuation. This algorithm was designed to balance the potentially conflicting lighting preferences of building occupants, with the efficiency desires of building facilities management. A supervisory control policy was designed to implement load shedding under a demand response tariff. Such tariffs offer incentives for customers to reduce their consumption during periods of peak demand, trough price reductions. In developing the value function occupant user testing was conducted to determine that computer and paper tasks require different illuminance levels, and that user preferences are sufficiently consistent to attain statistical significance. Approximately ten facilities managers were also interviewed and surveyed to isolate their lighting preferences with respect to measures of lighting quality and energy savings. Results from both simulation and physical implementation and user testing indicate that the intelligent controller can increase occupant satisfaction, efficiency, cost savings, and management satisfaction, with respect to existing commercial daylighting systems. Several important contributions were realized by satisfying the research goals. A general model of a daylighted environment was designed, and a practical means of user preference identification was defined. Further, a set of general procedures were identified for the design of human-centered sensor-based decision-analytic systems, and for the identification of the allowable uncertainty in nodes of interest. To confirm generality, a vehicle health monitoring problem was defined and solved using these two procedures. 1'Daylighting' systems use sensors to determine room occupancy and available sunlight, and automatically dim the lights in response.

Chromatic Illumination Discrimination Ability Reveals that Human Colour Constancy Is Optimised for Blue Daylight Illuminations

PubMed Central

Pearce, Bradley; Crichton, Stuart; Mackiewicz, Michal; Finlayson, Graham D.; Hurlbert, Anya

2014-01-01

The phenomenon of colour constancy in human visual perception keeps surface colours constant, despite changes in their reflected light due to changing illumination. Although colour constancy has evolved under a constrained subset of illuminations, it is unknown whether its underlying mechanisms, thought to involve multiple components from retina to cortex, are optimised for particular environmental variations. Here we demonstrate a new method for investigating colour constancy using illumination matching in real scenes which, unlike previous methods using surface matching and simulated scenes, allows testing of multiple, real illuminations. We use real scenes consisting of solid familiar or unfamiliar objects against uniform or variegated backgrounds and compare discrimination performance for typical illuminations from the daylight chromaticity locus (approximately blue-yellow) and atypical spectra from an orthogonal locus (approximately red-green, at correlated colour temperature 6700 K), all produced in real time by a 10-channel LED illuminator. We find that discrimination of illumination changes is poorer along the daylight locus than the atypical locus, and is poorest particularly for bluer illumination changes, demonstrating conversely that surface colour constancy is best for blue daylight illuminations. Illumination discrimination is also enhanced, and therefore colour constancy diminished, for uniform backgrounds, irrespective of the object type. These results are not explained by statistical properties of the scene signal changes at the retinal level. We conclude that high-level mechanisms of colour constancy are biased for the blue daylight illuminations and variegated backgrounds to which the human visual system has typically been exposed. PMID:24586299

Daylight Savings Time Transitions and the Incidence Rate of Unipolar Depressive Episodes.

PubMed

Hansen, Bertel T; Sønderskov, Kim M; Hageman, Ida; Dinesen, Peter T; Østergaard, Søren D

2017-05-01

Daylight savings time transitions affect approximately 1.6 billion people worldwide. Prior studies have documented associations between daylight savings time transitions and adverse health outcomes, but it remains unknown whether they also cause an increase in the incidence rate of depressive episodes. This seems likely because daylight savings time transitions affect circadian rhythms, which are implicated in the etiology of depressive disorder. Therefore, we investigated the effects of daylight savings time transitions on the incidence rate of unipolar depressive episodes. Using time series intervention analysis of nationwide data from the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register from 1995 to 2012, we compared the observed trend in the incidence rate of hospital contacts for unipolar depressive episodes after the transitions to and from summer time to the predicted trend in the incidence rate. The analyses were based on 185,419 hospital contacts for unipolar depression and showed that the transition from summer time to standard time were associated with an 11% increase (95% CI = 7%, 15%) in the incidence rate of unipolar depressive episodes that dissipated over approximately 10 weeks. The transition from standard time to summer time was not associated with a parallel change in the incidence rate of unipolar depressive episodes. This study shows that the transition from summer time to standard time was associated with an increase in the incidence rate of unipolar depressive episodes. Distress associated with the sudden advancement of sunset, marking the coming of a long period of short days, may explain this finding. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B179.

Change in diel catchability of young-of-year yellow perch associated with establishment of dreissenid mussels

USGS Publications Warehouse

Stapanian, Martin A.; Kocovsky, Patrick M.; Adams, Jean V.

2009-01-01

1. Non-native mussels have increased water clarity in many lakes and streams in North America and Europe. Diel variation in catchability of some fish species has been linked to visibility during survey trawls (used to measure escapement). 2. Water clarity increased in nearshore areas of western Lake Erie by the early 1990s, following passage of legislation in 1972 to improve water quality (e.g. reduce phosphorus loading) and the invasion of dreissenid mussels (Dreissena spp.) beginning in 1987. 3. We hypothesised that increased water clarity in Lake Erie resulted in decreased catchability of young-of-year (age-0) yellow perch (Perca flavescens Mitchill) during daylight compared to during night. We used a two-tiered modelling approach to test this hypothesis on the ratio (R) of catch per hour (CPH) during night to CPH during daylight in bottom trawl surveys conducted during 1961-2005. 4. First, we examined seven a priori models. The first model, the 'null' model, represented no change in R over time. Three more models tested whether the timing of the change in R was associated with passage of water quality legislation only, dreissenids only (two-period models) and both legislation and dreissenids (three-period models). Three additional models included a 3-year lag before the effects of legislation, dreissenids or both occurred. Secondly, all possible two- and three-period models with a minimum of 2 years per time period were explored a posteriori. The a posteriori procedure determined the temporal transitions to higher R that were best supported by the data, without regard to a priori hypotheses. 5. Night CPH was greater than daylight CPH in 3 of 11 years during 1961-72, in 10 of 15 years during 1973-87, and in 14 of 18 years during 1988-2005. During 1991-2005 night CPH exceeded daylight CPH in all years except one, and night CPH was more than twice daylight CPH in 10 years during this period. 6. The best a priori model had two periods, with a break between 1990 and 1991, corresponding to 3 years after the dreissenid invasion. Similarly, the best two- and three-period a posteriori models both had breaks between 1990 and 1991. The results supported our hypothesis that age-0 yellow perch exhibited a transition to lower catchability during daylight compared to night, and the timing of the transition coincided with the establishment of dreissenid mussels. 7. The most plausible mechanism for our results was increased visibility of the trawl during daylight, resulting in increased avoidance of the trawl. These results have potential applications wherever non-native mussels have increased water clarity.

Correlation of classroom typologies to lighting energy performance of academic building in warm-humid climate (case study: ITS Campus Sukolilo Surabaya)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ekasiwi, S. N. N.; Antaryama, I. G. N.; Krisdianto, J.; Ulum, M. S.

2018-03-01

Classrooms in educational buildings require certain lighting requirements to serve teaching and learning activities during daytime. The most typical design is double sided opening in order to get good daylight distribution in the classroom. Using artificial light is essential to contribute the worse daylight condition. A short observation indicates that during the lecture time the light turned on, even in the daytime. That might result in wasting electrical energy. The aim of the study is to examine the type of classroom, which perform comfortable lighting environment as well as saving energy. This paper reports preliminary results of the study obtained from field observation and measurements. The use of energy and usage pattern of artificial lighting during the lecture is recorded and then the data evaluated to see the suitability of existing energy use to building energy standards. The daylighting design aspects have to be the first consideration. However, the similarity in WWR of the classroom, the Daylight Factor (DF) may differ. It depends on the room depth. The similarity of the increase of WWR and Ratio of openings to floor area do not directly correspond to the increase of DF. The outdoor condition of larger daylight access and the room depth are the influencing factors. Despite the similarity of physical type, usage pattern of the classroom imply the use of electrical energy for lighting. The results indicate the factors influencing lighting energy performance in correlation to their typologies

The Science of Light

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gleed, Amy Keller

2009-01-01

Daylighting a space is both an art and a science. The impact of daylight can make a building's design come to life. Daylighting can be carried out skillfully, or it can be too casually considered or totally misunderstood. Bad daylighting is devastating to a space and costly to fix. Today, in this era of sustainable design, daylighting is given…

78 FR 79498 - Notice Pursuant to the National Cooperative Research and Production Act of 1993-OpenDaylight...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-30

... Production Act of 1993--OpenDaylight Project, Inc. Notice is hereby given that, on November 13, 2013.... 4301 et seq. (``the Act''), OpenDaylight Project, Inc. (``OpenDaylight'') has filed written.... Membership in this group research project remains open, and OpenDaylight intends to file additional written...

Demonstration of a light-redirecting skylight system at the Palm Springs Chamber of Commerce

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, E.S.; Beltran, L.O.; Selkowitz, S.E.

1996-05-01

As part of a demonstration project to provide a comprehensive energy upgrade to a 294 m{sup 2} (3168 ft{sup 2}) commercial building, an advanced skylight design was developed using optical light control materials and geometry to provide daylight to two adjoining offices. The skylight system was developed using outdoor physical model tests and simulation tools Limited on-site measurements and occupant polls were conducted. Market issues were addressed. The skylight systems were found to improve lighting quality and to control excessive daylight illuminance levels compared to a conventional diffusing bubble skylight. Daylighting principles developed in earlier work for vertical glazing systemsmore » (light shelves and light pipes) were shown to be applicable in skylight designs at full-scale.« less

Daylight Makes a Difference: Daylight in the Classroom Can Boost Standardized Test Scores and Learning. [Audiotape].

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kosik, Kenneth S.; Heschong, Lisa

An audiotape presents study analysis of the effect of daylighting on student performance. The study includes a focus on skylighting as a way to isolate daylight as an illumination source, and separate illumination effects from other qualities associated with daylighting from windows. Results from test scores of over 21,000 student records, along…

Daylight characterization through vision-based sensing of lighting conditions in buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

di Dio, Joseph, III

A new method for describing daylight under unknown weather conditions, as captured in images of a room, is proposed. This method considers pixel brightness information to be a linear combination of diffuse and directional light components, as received by a web cam from the walls and ceiling of an occupied office. The nature of these components in each image is determined by building orientation, room geometry, neighboring structures and the position of the sun. Considering daylight in this manner also allows for an estimation of the sky conditions at a given instant to be made, and presents a means to uncover seasonal trends in the behavior of light simply by monitoring the brightness variations of points on the walls and ceiling. Significantly, this daylight characterization method also allows for an estimation of the illumination level on a target surface to be made from image data. Currently, illumination at a target surface is estimated through the use of a ceiling-mounted photosensor, as part of a lighting control system, in the hopes of achieving a suitable balance between daylight and electrical lighting in a space. Improving the ability of a sensor to estimate the illumination is of great importance to those who wish to minimize unnecessary energy consumption, as a significant percentage of all U.S. electricity is currently consumed by light fixtures. A photosensor detects light that falls on its location, which does not necessarily correspond in a fixed manner to the light level on the target areas that the photosensor is meant to monitor. Additionally, a photosensor cannot discern variations in light distribution across a room, which often occur with daylight. By considering pixel brightness information to be a linear combination of diffuse and directional light components at selected pixels in an image, information about the light reaching these pixels can be extracted from observed patterns of brightness, under different light conditions. In this manner, each pixel provides information about the light field at its corresponding point in the room, and thus each pixel can be considered to behave as if it were a remote photosensor. By using multiple pixel readings in lieu of a single photosensor reading of a given light condition, an improved assessment of the illumination level on a target surface can been achieved. It is shown that on average, the camera-based method was approximately 25% more accurate in estimating illuminance in the test room than was a simulated ceiling-mounted photosensor. It is hoped that the methodology detailed here will aid in the eventual development of a camera-based daylight characterization sensor for use in lighting control systems, so that the potential for enhanced energy savings can be realized.

Daylighting as a design and energy strategy: Overview of opportunities and conflicts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Selkowitz, S.

1981-06-01

The potentials and problems associated with using daylight both to improve visual performance and interior aesthetics and to reduce electrical lighting energy consumption and peak electric loads are reviewed. Use of daylighting as a design strategy is not always synonymous with effective use of daylighting as an energy-saving strategy unless both approaches are jointly pursued by the design team. Criteria for visual performance, disability and discomfort glare, historical perspectives on daylight utilization, building form as a limit to daylight penetration, beam sunlighting strategies, luminous efficacy of daylight versus efficient electric light sources, comparative thermal impacts, peak load and load management potential, and nonenergy benefits are reviewed. Although the energy benefits of daylighting can be oversold, it is concluded that in most cases a solid understanding of the energy and design issues should produce energy efficiency and pleasing working environments.

Hardware-in-the-Loop Modeling and Simulation Methods for Daylight Systems in Buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mead, Alex Robert

This dissertation introduces hardware-in-the-loop modeling and simulation techniques to the daylighting community, with specific application to complex fenestration systems. No such application of this class of techniques, optimally combining mathematical-modeling and physical-modeling experimentation, is known to the author previously in the literature. Daylighting systems in buildings have a large impact on both the energy usage of a building as well as the occupant experience within a space. As such, a renewed interest has been placed on designing and constructing buildings with an emphasis on daylighting in recent times as part of the "green movement.''. Within daylighting systems, a specific subclass of building envelope is receiving much attention: complex fenestration systems (CFSs). CFSs are unique as compared to regular fenestration systems (e.g. glazing) in the regard that they allow for non-specular transmission of daylight into a space. This non-specular nature can be leveraged by designers to "optimize'' the times of the day and the days of the year that daylight enters a space. Examples of CFSs include: Venetian blinds, woven fabric shades, and prismatic window coatings. In order to leverage the non-specular transmission properties of CFSs, however, engineering analysis techniques capable of faithfully representing the physics of these systems are needed. Traditionally, the analysis techniques available to the daylighting community fall broadly into three classes: simplified techniques, mathematical-modeling and simulation, and physical-modeling and experimentation. Simplified techniques use "rules-of-thumb'' heuristics to provide insights for simple daylighting systems. Mathematical-modeling and simulation use complex numerical models to provide more detailed insights into system performance. Finally, physical-models can be instrumented and excited using artificial and natural light sources to provide performance insight into a daylighting system. Each class of techniques, broadly speaking however, has advantages and disadvantages with respect to the cost of execution (e.g. money, time, expertise) and the fidelity of the provided insight into the performance of the daylighting system. This varying tradeoff of cost and insight between the techniques determines which techniques are employed for which projects. Daylighting systems with CFS components, however, when considered for simulation with respect to these traditional technique classes, defy high fidelity analysis. Simplified techniques are clearly not applicable. Mathematical-models must have great complexity in order to capture the non-specular transmission accurately, which greatly limit their applicability. This leaves physical modeling, the most costly, as the preferred method for CFS. While mathematical-modeling and simulation methods do exist, they are in general costly and and still approximations of the underlying CFS behavior. Meaning in fact, measurements of CFSs are currently the only practical method to capture the behavior of CFSs. Traditional measurements of CFSs transmission and reflection properties are conducted using an instrument called a goniophotometer and produce a measurement in the form of a Bidirectional Scatter Distribution Function (BSDF) based on the Klems Basis. This measurement must be executed for each possible state of the CFS, hence only a subset of the possible behaviors can be captured for CFSs with continuously varying configurations. In the current era of rapid prototyping (e.g. 3D printing) and automated control of buildings including daylighting systems, a new analysis technique is needed which can faithfully represent these CFSs which are being designed and constructed at an increasing rate. Hardware-in-the-loop modeling and simulation is a perfect fit to the current need of analyzing daylighting systems with CFSs. In the proposed hardware-in-the-loop modeling and simulation approach of this dissertation, physical-models of real CFSs are excited using either natural or artificial light. The exiting luminance distribution from these CFSs is measured and used as inputs to a Radiance mathematical-model of the interior of the space, which is proposed to be lit by the CFS containing daylighting system. Hence, the components of the total daylighting and building system which are not mathematically-modeled well, the CFS, are physically excited and measured, while the components which are modeled properly, namely the interior building space, are mathematically-modeled. In order to excite and measure CFSs behavior, a novel parallel goniophotometer, referred to as the CUBE 2.0, is developed in this dissertation. The CUBE 2.0 measures the input illuminance distribution and the output luminance distribution with respect to a CFS under test. Further, the process is fully automated allowing for deployable experiments on proposed building sites, as well as in laboratory based experiments. In this dissertation, three CFSs, two commercially available and one novel--Twitchell's Textilene 80 Black, Twitchell's Shade View Ebony, and Translucent Concrete Panels (TCP)--are simulated on the CUBE 2.0 system for daylong deployments at one minute time steps. These CFSs are assumed to be placed in the glazing space within the Reference Office Radiance model, for which horizontal illuminance on a work plane of 0.8 m height is calculated for each time step. While Shade View Ebony and TCPs are unmeasured CFSs with respect to BSDF, Textilene 80 Black has been previously measured. As such a validation of the CUBE 2.0 using the goniophotometer measured BSDF is presented, with measurement errors of the horizontal illuminance between +3% and -10%. These error levels are considered to be valid within experimental daylighting investigations. Non-validated results are also presented in full for both Shade View Ebony as well as TCP. Concluding remarks and future directions for HWiL simulation close the dissertation.

From dark to bright: novel daylighting applications in solid state lighting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adler, Helmar G.

2011-10-01

The term "daylighting" is used in various ways, on one hand in a more architectural sense, i.e. using existing daylight to illuminate spaces, and on the other, more recently, for using light sources to replicate daylight. The emergence of solid state lighting (SSL) opens up a large number of new avenues for daylighting. SSL allows innovative controllability of intensity and color for artificial light sources that can be advantageously applied to daylighting. With the assistance of these new technologies the combination of natural and artificial lighting could lead to improvements in energy savings and comfort of living beings. Thus it is imperative to revisit or even improve daylighting research so that building networks of the future with their sensor, energy (e.g. HVAC) and lighting requirements can benefit from the emerging capabilities. This paper will briefly review existing daylighting concepts and technology and discuss new ideas. An example of a tunable multi-color SSL system will be shown.

Seasonal variation in assisted conception cycles and the influence of photoperiodism on outcome in in vitro fertilization cycles.

PubMed

Wood, Simon; Quinn, Alison; Troupe, Stephen; Kingsland, Charles; Lewis-Jones, Iwan

2006-12-01

The effect of seasonality and daylight length on mammalian reproduction leading to spring births has been well established, and is known as photoperiodism. In assisted reproduction there is much greater uncertainty as to the effect of seasonality. This was a 4-year retrospective analysis of 2709 standardised cycles of IVF/ICSI. Data was analysed with regard to the 1642 cycles occurring during the months of extended daylight (Apr-Sept) and those 1067 cycles during winter months of restricted light length (Oct-Mar). The results showed that there was significant improvement in assisted conception outcomes in cycles performed in summer (lighter) months with more efficient ovarian stimulation 766iu v880iu/per oocyte retrieved (p=0.006). There was similarly a significantly improved implantation rate per embryo transferred 11.42% vs 9.35% (p=0.011) and greater clinical pregnancy rate 20% vs 15% (p=0.0033) during summer cycles. This study appears to demonstrate a significant benefit of increased daylight length on outcomes of IVF/ICSI cycles. Whilst the exact mechanism of this is unclear, it would seem probable that melatonin may have actions at multiple sites and on multiple levels of the reproductive tract, and may exert a more profound effect on outcomes of assisted conception cycles than has been previously considered.

Consensus recommendations on the use of daylight photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate cream for actinic keratoses in Australia

PubMed Central

Shumack, Stephen; Murrell, Dedee F; Rubel, Diana M; Fernández‐Peñas, Pablo; Salmon, Robert; Hewitt, Daniel; Foley, Peter; Spelman, Lynda

2015-01-01

Abstract Australia has the highest prevalence of actinic keratoses (AK) worldwide. Because of the risk of transformation of AK to invasive squamous cell carcinomas, consensus guidelines recommend that AK are removed using appropriate therapies to prevent progression to invasive disease. Daylight photodynamic therapy (PDT) is emerging as an efficacious treatment for AK, particularly for patients who require treatment of large areas of chronic actinic damage that can be exposed easily to daylight. Daylight PDT with methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) cream is a simple treatment for AK, almost painless, well tolerated and convenient, requiring minimal time in the clinic. Randomised controlled studies from northern Europe and Australia support the use of daylight PDT as an effective therapy for grade I and II AK on the face and scalp. There is sufficient daylight to conduct daylight PDT in Australia at any time of the year and during most weather conditions. Hence, daylight PDT with MAL can be included as an effective and well‐tolerated new treatment option for the treatment of AK in Australia. These consensus recommendations provide guidelines for Australian clinicians on the use of daylight PDT in the treatment of diagnosed AK. PMID:26033230

Light and Cool

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kennedy, Mike

2010-01-01

When the subject of buildings and daylighting arises, most people's thoughts will turn first to windows. To the uninitiated, it seems a simple formula: more windows, more daylight; fewer windows, less daylight. But designers know that effective use of daylighting in a building design involves more than just letting in light to otherwise darkened…

Improving daylight in mosques using domes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Alturki, I.; Schiler, M.; Boyajian, Y.

1996-10-01

This paper studies the possibilities for improving daylight in mosques by measuring the illumination level under various domes in an old mosque ``Mosque of Guzelce Hasan Bey in Hayrabolu`` using an architectural physical model. The illumination level under the domes were tested under three different cases: a dome without openings (the original building), a dome with a central opening, and a dome with openings around the base. It was found that a dome with openings around the base brings an evenly distributed light all over the prayer hall during the critical hours of 12:00 p.m. and 3:00 p.m. In addition,more » it improves the quality and quantity of light.« less

Hybrid daylight/light-emitting diode illumination system for indoor lighting.

PubMed

Ge, Aiming; Qiu, Peng; Cai, Jinlin; Wang, Wei; Wang, Junwei

2014-03-20

A hybrid illumination method using both daylight and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for indoor lighting is presented in this study. The daylight can be introduced into the indoor space by a panel-integration system. The daylight part and LEDs are combined within a specific luminaire that can provide uniform illumination. The LEDs can be turned on and dimmed through closed-loop control when the daylight illuminance is inadequate. We simulated the illumination and calculated the indoor lighting efficiency of our hybrid daylight and LED lighting system, and compared this with that of LED and fluorescent lighting systems. Simulation results show that the efficiency of the hybrid daylight/LED illumination method is better than that of LED and traditional lighting systems, under the same lighting conditions and lighting time; the method has hybrid lighting average energy savings of T5 66.28%, and that of the LEDs is 41.62%.

Optimal integration of daylighting and electric lighting systems using non-imaging optics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Scartezzini, J.-L.; Linhart, F.; Kaegi-Kolisnychenko, E.

2007-09-01

Electric lighting is responsible for a significant fraction of electricity consumption within non-residential buildings. Making daylight more available in office and commercial buildings can lead as a consequence to important electricity savings, as well as to the improvement of occupants' visual performance and wellbeing. Over the last decades, daylighting technologies have been developed for that purpose, some of them having proven to be highly efficient such as anidolic daylighting systems. Based on non-imaging optics these optical devices were designed to achieve an efficient collection and redistribution of daylight within deep office rooms. However in order to benefit from the substantial daylight provision obtained through these systems and convert it into effective electricity savings, novel electric lighting strategies are required. An optimal integration of high efficacy light sources and efficient luminaries based on non-imaging optics with anidolic daylighting systems can lead to such novel strategies. Starting from the experience gained through the development of an Anidolic Integrated Ceiling (AIC), this paper presents an optimal integrated daylighting and electric lighting system. Computer simulations based on ray-tracing techniques were used to achieve the integration of 36W fluorescent tubes and non-imaging reflectors with an advanced daylighting system. Lighting power densities lower than 4 W/m2 can be achieved in this way within the corresponding office room. On-site monitoring of an integrated daylighting and electric lighting system carried out on a solar experimental building confirmed the energy and visual performance of such a system: it showed that low lighting power densities can be achieved by combining an anidolic daylighting system with very efficient electric light sources and luminaries.

Potential energy savings with exterior shades in large office buildings and the impact of discomfort glare

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hoffmann, Sabine; Lee, Eleanor

Exterior shades are highly efficient for reducing solar load in commercial buildings. Their impact on net energy use depends on the annual energy balance of heating, cooling, fan and lighting energy. This paper discusses the overall energy use intensity of various external shading systems for a prototypical large office building split into the different types of energy use and for different orientations and window sizes. Lighting energy was calculated for a constant lighting power as well as for dimmed lighting fixtures (daylighting control). In Section 3, slat angles and solar cut-off angles were varied for fixed exterior slat shading systems.more » While the most light-blocking shades performed best for the case without daylighting controls, the optimum cut-off angle with daylighting controls was found to be 30 deg for the office building prototype used in Chicago and Houston. For large window-to-wall (WWR) ratios, window related annual energy use could be reduced by at least 70 % without daylighting control and by a minimum of 86 % with daylighting control in average over all orientations. The occurrence of discomfort glare was is considered in Section 4 of the paper, which looks at the performance of commercially available exterior shading systems when an interior shade is used in addition to the exterior shade during hours when occupants would experience discomfort glare. Glare control impacts overall energy use intensity significantly for exterior shades with high transmittance, especially when daylighting controls are used. In these cases, exterior shades are only beneficial for window-to-wall areas ≥ 45% in the hot Houston climate. For smaller windows and in a heating/cooling climate like Chicago, exterior shades can increase energy consumption« less

EVALUATION OF A PROCEDURE FOR USING DAYLIGHT PROJECTION OF FILM LOOPS IN TEACHING SKILLS.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

HARBY, S.F.

EQUIPMENT USING A TRANSLUCENT SCREEN AND REAR PROJECTION HAS MADE IT POSSIBLE TO PROJECT MOTION PICTURES IN DAYLIGHT (DAYLIGHT PROJECTION). FILMS CAN BE SHOWN REPEATEDLY WHEN FORMED INTO A FILM LOOP (CONTINUOUS LOOP PROJECTION). DAYLIGHT PROJECTION AND CONTINUOUS LOOP PROJECTION WERE USED TO INVESTIGATE THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS--(1) ARE FILM LOOP…

levels and sociodemographic correlates of accelerometer-based physical activity in Irish children: a cross-sectional study.

PubMed

Li, Xia; Kearney, Patricia M; Keane, Eimear; Harrington, Janas M; Fitzgerald, Anthony P

2017-06-01

The aim of this study was to explore levels and sociodemographic correlates of physical activity (PA) over 1 week using accelerometer data. Accelerometer data was collected over 1 week from 1075 8-11-year-old children in the cross-sectional Cork Children's Lifestyle Study. Threshold values were used to categorise activity intensity as sedentary, light, moderate or vigorous. Questionnaires collected data on demographic factors. Smoothed curves were used to display minute by minute variations. Binomial regression was used to identify factors correlated with the probability of meeting WHO 60 min moderate to vigorous PA guidelines. Overall, 830 children (mean (SD) age: 9.9(0.7) years, 56.3% boys) were included. From the binomial multiple regression analysis, boys were found more likely to meet guidelines (probability ratio 1.17, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.28) than girls. Older children were less likely to meet guidelines than younger children (probability ratio 0.91, CI 0.87 to 0.95). Normal weight children were more likely than overweight and obese children to meet guidelines (probability ratio 1.25, CI 1.16 to 1.34). Children in urban areas were more likely to meet guidelines than those in rural areas (probability ratio 1.19, CI 1.07 to 1.33). Longer daylight length days were associated with greater probability of meeting guidelines compared to shorter daylight length days. PA levels differed by individual factors including age, gender and weight status as well as by environmental factors including residence and daylight length. Less than one-quarter of children (26.8% boys, 16.2% girls) meet guidelines. Effective intervention policies are urgently needed to increase PA. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

Driver hand-held cellular phone use: a four-year analysis.

PubMed

Eby, David W; Vivoda, Jonathon M; St Louis, Renée M

2006-01-01

The use of hand-held cellular (mobile) phones while driving has stirred more debate, passion, and research than perhaps any other traffic safety issue in the past several years. There is ample research showing that the use of either hand-held or hands-free cellular phones can lead to unsafe driving patterns. Whether or not these performance deficits increase the risk of crash is difficult to establish, but recent studies are beginning to suggest that cellular phone use elevates crash risk. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in the rate of hand-held cellular phone use by motor-vehicle drivers on a statewide level in Michigan. This study presents the results of 13 statewide surveys of cellular phone use over a 4-year period. Hand-held cellular phone use data were collected through direct observation while vehicles were stopped at intersections and freeway exit ramps. Data were weighted to be representative of all drivers traveling during daylight hours in Michigan. The study found that driver hand-held cellular phone use has more than doubled between 2001 and 2005, from 2.7% to 5.8%. This change represents an average increase of 0.78 percentage points per year. The 5.8% use rate observed in 2005 means that at any given daylight hour, around 36,550 drivers were conversing on cellular phones while driving on Michigan roadways. The trend line fitted to these data predicts that by the year 2010, driver hand-held cellular phone use will be around 8.6%, or 55,000 drivers at any given daylight hour. These results make it clear that cellular phone use while driving will continue to be an important traffic safety issue, and highlight the importance of continued attempts to generate new ways of alleviating this potential hazard.

Predicting energy savings attributed to daylighting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Robbins, C. L.

1982-08-01

A method is described for estimating a building's energy savings attributed to daylighting by predicting the percentage of the year that the electric lighting system is not in use. This depends on the particular control strategy chosen, a standard work year, and the amount of light (as a daylight factor) reaching on daylight and sunlight availability for selected cities in the United States.

Could Daylight Glare Be Defined Mathematically?Results of Testing the DGIN Method in Japan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nazzal, Ali; Oki, Masato

Discomfort glare from daylight is a common problem without valid prediction methods so far. A new mathematical DGIN (New Daylight Glare Index) method tries to respond the challenge. This paper reports on experiments carried out in daylit office environment in Japan to test applicability of the method. Slight positive correlation was found between the DGIN and the subjective evaluation. Additionally, a high Ladaptation value together with the small ratio of Lwindow to Ladaptation was obviously experienced sufficient to neutralize the effect of glare discomfort. However, subjective assessments are poor glare indicators and not reliable in testing glare prediction methods. DGIN is a good indicator of daylight glare, and when the DGIN value is analyzed together with the measured illuminance ratios, discomfort glare from daylight can be analyzed in a quantitative manner. The DGIN method could serve architects and lighting designers in testing daylighting systems, and also guide the action of daylight responsive lighting controls.

Building energy analysis of Electrical Engineering Building from DesignBuilder tool: calibration and simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cárdenas, J.; Osma, G.; Caicedo, C.; Torres, A.; Sánchez, S.; Ordóñez, G.

2016-07-01

This research shows the energy analysis of the Electrical Engineering Building, located on campus of the Industrial University of Santander in Bucaramanga - Colombia. This building is a green pilot for analysing energy saving strategies such as solar pipes, green roof, daylighting, and automation, among others. Energy analysis was performed by means of DesignBuilder software from virtual model of the building. Several variables were analysed such as air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, daylighting, and energy consumption. According to two criteria, thermal load and energy consumption, critical areas were defined. The calibration and validation process of the virtual model was done obtaining error below 5% in comparison with measured values. The simulations show that the average indoor temperature in the critical areas of the building was 27°C, whilst relative humidity reached values near to 70% per year. The most critical discomfort conditions were found in the area of the greatest concentration of people, which has an average annual temperature of 30°C. Solar pipes can increase 33% daylight levels into the areas located on the upper floors of the building. In the case of the green roofs, the simulated results show that these reduces of nearly 31% of the internal heat gains through the roof, as well as a decrease in energy consumption related to air conditioning of 5% for some areas on the fourth and fifth floor. The estimated energy consumption of the building was 69 283 kWh per year.

Conventional and tubular skylights: An evaluation of the daylighting systems at two ACT{sup 2} commercial buildings

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Allen, T.

1997-12-31

As part of the ACT{sup 2} project, sponsored by a major northern California utility, two occupied single-story commercial buildings were equipped with similar yet different daylighting systems in an effort to reduce electric lighting loads and provide a better workspace. The daylighting system, at the newly constructed 15,000 sq.ft. California State Automobile Association (CSAA) office building in Antioch, California, incorporates skylights with louvers, perforated blinds on the windows, and dimming ballasts which control T8 fluorescent fixtures. At the 7,500 sq.ft. retrofitted Verifone office building in Auburn, California, the building required a different kind of skylight to provide daylighting. Die tomore » the 10 foot attic space on the single-story building, a tubular-type of skylight was installed. The tubular skylight incorporates a long cylinder with a reflective internal surface to direct available sunlight into the workspace through a white diffuser. In addition, T8 fluorescent fixtures were controlled by dimming ballasts and light level controls. Annual lighting energy consumption at the CSAA building was reduced by 32% with a favorable reaction from the occupants. While the occupant response to the lighting at Verifone was generally good, thee were some problems in calibrating the lighting controls, thereby reducing energy savings.« less

A statistical analysis of the energy policy act of 2005, its changes to the daylight saving program, and impact on residential energy consumption

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murray, Patrick L.

Government programs designed to decrease resource consumption, improve productivity and capitalize on extended daylight hours in the summer have been developed and implemented throughout the world for nearly three hundred years. In 2005, The United States government adopted an extended daylight savings program that increases the number of weeks where the country observes Daylight Saving Time (DST) from 31 to 35 weeks. The program took effect in March 2007. Arguments in support of DST programs highlight the portion of electricity consumption attributed to residential lighting in the evening hours. Adjusting clocks forward by one hour in summer months is believed to reduce electricity consumption due to lighting and therefore significantly reduce residential energy consumption during the period of DST. This paper evaluates the efficacy of the changes to DST resulting from the Energy Policy Act of 2005. The study focuses on changes to household electricity consumption during the extended four weeks of DST. Arizona, one of two states that continue to opt out of DST serves as the study's control for a comparison with neighboring states, Colorado, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas and Utah. Results from the regression analysis of a Difference in Difference model indicate that contrary to evaluations by Congress and the Department of Energy, the four week period of Extended Daylight Saving Time does not produce a significant decrease in per capita electricity consumption in Southwestern states.

Differences in geometry of pedestrian crashes in daylight and darkness.

PubMed

Sullivan, John M; Flannagan, Michael J

2011-02-01

Previous studies have shown that increased risk in darkness is particularly great for pedestrian crashes, suggesting that attempts to improve headlighting should focus on factors that likely influence those crashes. The current analysis was designed to provide information about how details of pedestrian crashes may differ between daylight and darkness. All pedestrian crashes that occurred in daylight or dark conditions in Michigan during 2004 were analyzed in terms of the variables included in the State of Michigan crash database. Additional analysis of the narratives and diagrams in police accident reports was performed for a subset of 400 of those crashes-200 sampled from daylight and 200 sampled from darkness. Several differences were found that appear to be related to the characteristic asymmetry of low-beam headlamps, which (in the United States) distributes more light on the passenger's side than the driver's side of the vehicle. These results provide preliminary quantification of the how the photometric differences between the right and left sides of typical headlamps may affect pedestrian crash risk. The results suggest that efforts to provide supplemental forward vehicle lighting in turns may have safety benefits for pedestrians. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Alternatives to Outdoor Daylight Illumination for Photodynamic Therapy--Use of Greenhouses and Artificial Light Sources.

PubMed

Lerche, Catharina M; Heerfordt, Ida M; Heydenreich, Jakob; Wulf, Hans Christian

2016-02-29

Daylight-mediated photodynamic therapy (daylight PDT) is a simple and pain free treatment of actinic keratoses. Weather conditions may not always allow daylight PDT outdoors. We compared the spectrum of five different lamp candidates for indoor "daylight PDT" and investigated their ability to photobleach protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Furthermore, we measured the amount of PpIX activating daylight available in a glass greenhouse, which can be an alternative when it is uncomfortable for patients to be outdoors. The lamps investigated were: halogen lamps (overhead and slide projector), white light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, red LED panel and lamps used for conventional PDT. Four of the five light sources were able to photobleach PpIX completely. For halogen light and the red LED lamp, 5000 lux could photobleach PpIX whereas 12,000 lux were needed for the white LED lamp. Furthermore, the greenhouse was suitable for daylight PDT since the effect of solar light is lowered only by 25%. In conclusion, we found four of the five light sources and the greenhouse usable for indoor daylight PDT. The greenhouse is beneficial when the weather outside is rainy or windy. Only insignificant ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) radiation passes through the greenhouse glass, so sun protection is not needed.

Alternatives to Outdoor Daylight Illumination for Photodynamic Therapy—Use of Greenhouses and Artificial Light Sources

PubMed Central

Lerche, Catharina M.; Heerfordt, Ida M.; Heydenreich, Jakob; Wulf, Hans Christian

2016-01-01

Daylight-mediated photodynamic therapy (daylight PDT) is a simple and pain free treatment of actinic keratoses. Weather conditions may not always allow daylight PDT outdoors. We compared the spectrum of five different lamp candidates for indoor “daylight PDT” and investigated their ability to photobleach protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Furthermore, we measured the amount of PpIX activating daylight available in a glass greenhouse, which can be an alternative when it is uncomfortable for patients to be outdoors. The lamps investigated were: halogen lamps (overhead and slide projector), white light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, red LED panel and lamps used for conventional PDT. Four of the five light sources were able to photobleach PpIX completely. For halogen light and the red LED lamp, 5000 lux could photobleach PpIX whereas 12,000 lux were needed for the white LED lamp. Furthermore, the greenhouse was suitable for daylight PDT since the effect of solar light is lowered only by 25%. In conclusion, we found four of the five light sources and the greenhouse usable for indoor daylight PDT. The greenhouse is beneficial when the weather outside is rainy or windy. Only insignificant ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) radiation passes through the greenhouse glass, so sun protection is not needed. PMID:26938525

A compact free space quantum key distribution system capable of daylight operation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Benton, David M.; Gorman, Phillip M.; Tapster, Paul R.; Taylor, David M.

2010-06-01

A free space quantum key distribution system has been demonstrated. Consideration has been given to factors such as field of view and spectral width, to cut down the deleterious effect from background light levels. Suitable optical sources such as lasers and RCLEDs have been investigated as well as optimal wavelength choices, always with a view to building a compact and robust system. The implementation of background reduction measures resulted in a system capable of operating in daylight conditions. An autonomous system was left running and generating shared key material continuously for over 7 days.

Daylighting Makes a Difference.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heschong, Lisa; Knecht, Carey

2002-01-01

Examined the role of daylight in student achievement in three schools and found a uniformly positive and statistically significant correlation between the presence of more daylight and better student test scores. Offers guidelines on designing daylit classrooms. (EV)

Lighting system combining daylight concentrators and an artificial source

DOEpatents

Bornstein, Jonathan G.; Friedman, Peter S.

1985-01-01

A combined lighting system for a building interior includes a stack of luminescent solar concentrators (LSC), an optical conduit made of preferably optical fibers for transmitting daylight from the LSC stack, a collimating lens set at an angle, a fixture for receiving the daylight at one end and for distributing the daylight as illumination inside the building, an artificial light source at the other end of the fixture for directing artifical light into the fixture for distribution as illumination inside the building, an automatic dimmer/brightener for the artificial light source, and a daylight sensor positioned near to the LSC stack for controlling the automatic dimmer/brightener in response to the daylight sensed. The system also has a reflector positioned behind the artificial light source and a fan for exhausting heated air out of the fixture during summer and for forcing heated air into the fixture for passage into the building interior during winter.

The integration of daylighting with artificial lighting to enhance building energy performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Al-Ashwal, Najib Taher; Hassan, Ahmad Sanusi

2017-10-01

In sustainable building designs, daylight is considered as an alternative source of light to artificial lighting. Daylight is an energy-free and efficient-cost lighting source. Natural light is the best source for light due to its good quality, which matches the visual response of the human eyes. Daylight positively affects people by providing a sense of liveliness and brightness in the living space. The positive impact of daylight on the building occupants' visual comfort, health and performance is well recognized. However, daylight is not widely utilized to supplement artificial lighting, because there is a lack of information and tools to evaluate daylighting and potentials for energy savings. The efficient utilization of natural lighting will not only affect the interior environment and the occupants' health and performance but also has a direct impact on the building energy performance. Therefore, this paper reviews and discusses the effects of daylighting on the building energy performance mainly in schools and office buildings. This includes lighting energy performance, total energy consumption, cooling load. The methods, which are used to estimate the possible reduction in total energy consumption, are also reviewed in this research paper. Previous studies revealed that a clear reduction can be obtained in the energy consumed by electric lighting, as well as in the total energy end-use when a suitable lighting control system is applied to utilize the available natural light.

Correlation Time of Ocean Ambient Noise Intensity in San Diego Bay and Target Recognition in Acoustic Daylight Images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wadsworth, Adam J.

A method for passively detecting and imaging underwater targets using ambient noise as the sole source of illumination (named acoustic daylight) was successfully implemented in the form of the Acoustic Daylight Ocean Noise Imaging System (ADONIS). In a series of imaging experiments conducted in San Diego Bay, where the dominant source of high-frequency ambient noise is snapping shrimp, a large quantity of ambient noise intensity data was collected with the ADONIS (Epifanio, 1997). In a subset of the experimental data sets, fluctuations of time-averaged ambient noise intensity exhibited a diurnal pattern consistent with the increase in frequency of shrimp snapping near dawn and dusk. The same subset of experimental data is revisited here and the correlation time is estimated and analysed for sequences of ambient noise data several minutes in length, with the aim of detecting possible periodicities or other trends in the fluctuation of the shrimp-dominated ambient noise field. Using videos formed from sequences of acoustic daylight images along with other experimental information, candidate segments of static-configuration ADONIS raw ambient noise data were isolated. For each segment, the normalized intensity auto-correlation closely resembled the delta function, the auto-correlation of white noise. No intensity fluctuation patterns at timescales smaller than a few minutes were discernible, suggesting that the shrimp do not communicate, synchronise, or exhibit any periodicities in their snapping. Also presented here is a ADONIS-specific target recognition algorithm based on principal component analysis, along with basic experimental results using a database of acoustic daylight images.

Daylight Design for Urban Residential Planning in Poland in Regulations and in A Practice. A Comparison Study of Daylight Conditions Observed in the Four Neighbouring Residential Areas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sokol, Natalia; Martyniuk-Peczek, Justyna

2017-10-01

This paper reports on the partial results of the research aiming to illustrate how an integration of daylight design into an architectural planning process can help designers to create the residential buildings in respect to the environmental issues, solar and illuminance gains, as well as, the residents’ needs and comfort. It describes how changing daylight recommendations affected the design of the block of flats regarding their orientation, the spacing, the forms, and the size of the windows in the four urban residential areas. The results of this study help to determine more precise characterization of daylight indicators useful in architectural planning.

Year-Round Daylight Saving Time Study : Volume 1. Interim Report on the Operation and Effects of Daylight Saving Time

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1975-06-01

The analyses of the effects of Year-Round Daylight Saving Time were not conslusive because they could not be reliablyseparated from other changes occuring simultaneously including fuel availability constraints, speed limit reductions, Sunday gasoline...

Daylight strategies for architectural studio facilities: the literature review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Othman, Muhammad Anas Bin; Azfahani Ahmad, Nur; Ajis, Azizah Md

2017-05-01

The implementation of daylighting strategies in buildings is a common aspect in architecture. However, due to the availability of inexpensive electricity, natural lighting strategies became insignificant, and been overlooked by designers. With the current concern over rapid increment on electricity cost, many designers now try to revitalized daylighting strategies in buildings. This includes educational buildings. In Malaysian cases, it is a norm that universities; especially during lecture and studio sessions, used artificial lighting throughout the day. Definitely, this is not parallel with the “green” aim made by the Government in the Malaysian Plan. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the impact of daylight strategies for educational studios in universities, by maximising the penetration of natural daylight into the space towards creating a more green-conducive studio. The paper review literature about the types, criteria and benefits of daylight strategies. This paper also presented a pilot study that has been performed in one university in Perak, Malaysia, by selecting architectural studios as the main subject.

Seasonality in trauma admissions - Are daylight and weather variables better predictors than general cyclic effects?

PubMed

Røislien, Jo; Søvik, Signe; Eken, Torsten

2018-01-01

Trauma is a leading global cause of death, and predicting the burden of trauma admissions is vital for good planning of trauma care. Seasonality in trauma admissions has been found in several studies. Seasonal fluctuations in daylight hours, temperature and weather affect social and cultural practices but also individual neuroendocrine rhythms that may ultimately modify behaviour and potentially predispose to trauma. The aim of the present study was to explore to what extent the observed seasonality in daily trauma admissions could be explained by changes in daylight and weather variables throughout the year. Retrospective registry study on trauma admissions in the 10-year period 2001-2010 at Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway, where the amount of daylight varies from less than 6 hours to almost 19 hours per day throughout the year. Daily number of admissions was analysed by fitting non-linear Poisson time series regression models, simultaneously adjusting for several layers of temporal patterns, including a non-linear long-term trend and both seasonal and weekly cyclic effects. Five daylight and weather variables were explored, including hours of daylight and amount of precipitation. Models were compared using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC). A regression model including daylight and weather variables significantly outperformed a traditional seasonality model in terms of AIC. A cyclic week effect was significant in all models. Daylight and weather variables are better predictors of seasonality in daily trauma admissions than mere information on day-of-year.

Vision in the deep sea.

PubMed

Warrant, Eric J; Locket, N Adam

2004-08-01

The deep sea is the largest habitat on earth. Its three great faunal environments--the twilight mesopelagic zone, the dark bathypelagic zone and the vast flat expanses of the benthic habitat--are home to a rich fauna of vertebrates and invertebrates. In the mesopelagic zone (150-1000 m), the down-welling daylight creates an extended scene that becomes increasingly dimmer and bluer with depth. The available daylight also originates increasingly from vertically above, and bioluminescent point-source flashes, well contrasted against the dim background daylight, become increasingly visible. In the bathypelagic zone below 1000 m no daylight remains, and the scene becomes entirely dominated by point-like bioluminescence. This changing nature of visual scenes with depth--from extended source to point source--has had a profound effect on the designs of deep-sea eyes, both optically and neurally, a fact that until recently was not fully appreciated. Recent measurements of the sensitivity and spatial resolution of deep-sea eyes--particularly from the camera eyes of fishes and cephalopods and the compound eyes of crustaceans--reveal that ocular designs are well matched to the nature of the visual scene at any given depth. This match between eye design and visual scene is the subject of this review. The greatest variation in eye design is found in the mesopelagic zone, where dim down-welling daylight and bio-luminescent point sources may be visible simultaneously. Some mesopelagic eyes rely on spatial and temporal summation to increase sensitivity to a dim extended scene, while others sacrifice this sensitivity to localise pinpoints of bright bioluminescence. Yet other eyes have retinal regions separately specialised for each type of light. In the bathypelagic zone, eyes generally get smaller and therefore less sensitive to point sources with increasing depth. In fishes, this insensitivity, combined with surprisingly high spatial resolution, is very well adapted to the detection and localisation of point-source bioluminescence at ecologically meaningful distances. At all depths, the eyes of animals active on and over the nutrient-rich sea floor are generally larger than the eyes of pelagic species. In fishes, the retinal ganglion cells are also frequently arranged in a horizontal visual streak, an adaptation for viewing the wide flat horizon of the sea floor, and all animals living there. These and many other aspects of light and vision in the deep sea are reviewed in support of the following conclusion: it is not only the intensity of light at different depths, but also its distribution in space, which has been a major force in the evolution of deep-sea vision.

Daylighting Concepts for University Libraries and Their Influences on Users' Satisfaction

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kilic, Didem Kan; Hasirci, Deniz

2011-01-01

Daylighting, a controlled architectural tool that influences users' perception and behavior, in university libraries and their influences on users' preference and satisfaction was examined in this study. The effects of daylighting in coordination with visual comfort, on university library users were measured in relation to four environmental…

Effects of daylight savings time changes on stock market volatility.

PubMed

Berument, M Hakan; Dogan, Nukhet; Onar, Bahar

2010-04-01

The presence of daylight savings time effects on stock returns and on stock volatility was investigated using an EGARCH specification to model the conditional variance. The evidence gathered from the major United States stock markets for the period between 1967 and 2007 did not support the existence of the daylight savings time effect on stock returns or on volatility. Returns on the first business day following daylight savings time changes were not lower nor was the volatility higher, as would be expected if there were an effect.

Daylighting with Fluorescent Concentrators and Highly Reflective Silver-Coated Plastic Films: A New Application for New Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zastrow, Armin; Wittwer, Volker

1986-09-01

The interest in efficient daylighting systems has grown recently, due to their potential for saving a considerable amount of electrical energy used for lighting purposes. In this paper we discuss the properties of daylighting systems based on either fluorescent planar concentrators and transparent light guiding plates or light pipes coated with highly reflective silver coated plastic films. Finally we give first results from a demonstration project, daylighting systems in the students' living quarters in Stuttgart-Hohenheim, which is supported by the Commission of the European Communities.

Diurnal trends in methylmercury concentration in a wetland adjacent to Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Naftz, D.L.; Cederberg, J.R.; Krabbenhoft, D.P.; Beisner, K.R.; Whitehead, J.; Gardberg, J.

2011-01-01

A 24-h field experiment was conducted during July 2008 at a wetland on the eastern shore of Great Salt Lake (GSL) to assess the diurnal cycling of methylmercury (MeHg). Dissolved (<0.45??m) MeHg showed a strong diurnal variation with consistently decreasing concentrations during daylight periods and increasing concentrations during non-daylight periods. The proportion of MeHg relative to total Hg in the water column consistently decreased with increasing sunlight duration, indicative of photodegradation. During the field experiment, measured MeHg photodegradation rates ranged from 0.02 to 0.06ngL-1h-1. Convective overturn of the water column driven by nighttime cooling of the water surface was hypothesized as the likely mechanism to replace the MeHg in the water column lost via photodegradation processes. A hydrodynamic model of the wetland successfully simulated convective overturn of the water column during the field experiment. Study results indicate that daytime monitoring of selected wetlands surrounding GSL may significantly underestimate the MeHg content in the water column. Wetland managers should consider practices that maximize the photodegradation of MeHg during daylight periods. ?? 2011.

Aging influence on sensing properties of porous silica films sensitized toward ammonia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tyszkiewicz, Cuma; Rogoziński, Roman

2015-12-01

The sol-gel technology allows preparation of thin silica films ranging in porosity from dense to highly porous. These films can function as a matrix binding molecules of the pH-sensitive dyes and can be utilized as the sensitive films for intensity based planar evanescent wave chemical sensors. Sensitive properties of these dyes decreases in time due to aging processes. We report characterization of weakening of sensing properties of highly porous silica films doped with the bromocresole purple (BCP). In the presence of the gaseous ammonia, the absorption band (AB) of protonated BCP centered at λ=430 nm, is shifted toward λ=591 nm due to deprotonation, resulting in the increase of sensitive films absorption in the range of wavelengths of shifted AB. Two sets of films were investigated. Films from the first one were cyclically exposed to the ammonia and stored isolated from the daylight. Films from the second set weren't exposed to the ammonia and were stored in a staining jar exposed to the daylight. A depth of the AB at λ=430 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer. A sensitivity of the films toward ammonia was measured using LED emitting at center wavelength λ=610 nm. As was shown, the sensitivity of these films exposed to the ammonia diluted in dry air, and isolated from the daylight, decreases in time exponentially. The magnitude of that decrease monotonically depends on the ammonia concentration. It was also shown that the daylight causes quick aging of films not exposed to the ammonia. A depth of the AB centered at λ=430 nm relatively quickly decreased when compared with films isolated from the daylight and exposed to the ammonia.

Effects of accelerated artificial daylight aging on bending strength and bonding of glass fibers in fiber-embedded maxillofacial silicone prostheses.

PubMed

Hatamleh, Muhanad M; Watts, David C

2010-07-01

The purpose of this study was to test the effect of different periods of accelerated artificial daylight aging on bond strength of glass fiber bundles embedded into maxillofacial silicone elastomer and on bending strength of the glass fiber bundles. Forty specimens were fabricated by embedding resin-impregnated fiber bundles (1.5-mm diameter, 20-mm long) into maxillofacial silicone elastomer. Specimens were randomly allocated into four groups, and each group was subjected to different periods of accelerated daylight aging as follows (in hours); 0, 200, 400, and 600. The aging cycle included continuous exposure to quartz-filtered visible daylight (irradiance 760 W/m(2)) under an alternating weathering cycle (wet for 18 minutes, dry for 102 minutes). Pull-out tests were performed to evaluate bond strength between fiber bundles and silicone using a universal testing machine at 1 mm/min crosshead speed. Also a three-point bending test was performed to evaluate bending strength of the fiber bundles. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were carried out to detect statistical significance (p < 0.05). Mean (SD) values of maximum pull-out forces (in N) for groups 1 to 4 were: 13.63 (7.45), 19.67 (1.37), 13.58 (2.61), and 10.37 (2.52). Group 2 exhibited the highest pull-out force that was statistically significant when compared to the other groups. Maximum bending strengths of fiber bundles were in the range of 917.72 MPa to 1124.06 MPa. Bending strength significantly increased after 200 and 400 hours of aging only. After 200 hours of exposure to artificial daylight and moisture conditions, bond strength between glass fibers and heat-cured silicones is optimal, and the bending strength of the glass fiber bundles is enhanced.

[Current recommendations for deceleration of myopia progression].

PubMed

Lagrèze, W A; Joachimsen, L; Schaeffel, F

2017-01-01

Epidemiologic data demonstrate a rise in myopia prevalence. Therefore interventions to reduce the risk of myopia and its progression are needed and increasingly often asked for. Systematic literature search via PubMed in MEDLINE. Myopia progression can be reduced by the following means which are listed according to their efficacy: (1) Atropine eye drops low dosed to avoid clinically relevant side effects, (2) optical means aiming at the correction of peripheral hyperopic defocus, e. g., multifocal contact lenses, and (3) increased daylight exposure. Daylight exposure reduces the risk of incident myopia. Children should be advised to spend sufficient time outdoors, especially before and in primary school. Myopia progression can be effectively attenuated by low-dose topical atropine and multifocal contact lenses.

17 CFR 232.13 - Date of filing; adjustment of filing date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Saving Time, whichever is currently in effect, shall be deemed filed on.... Eastern Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Saving Time, whichever is currently in effect, shall be deemed... Daylight Savings Time, whichever is currently in effect, shall be deemed filed on the same business day. (4...

17 CFR 232.13 - Date of filing; adjustment of filing date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Saving Time, whichever is currently in effect, shall be deemed filed on.... Eastern Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Saving Time, whichever is currently in effect, shall be deemed... Daylight Savings Time, whichever is currently in effect, shall be deemed filed on the same business day. (4...

17 CFR 232.13 - Date of filing; adjustment of filing date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Saving Time, whichever is currently in effect, shall be deemed filed on.... Eastern Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Saving Time, whichever is currently in effect, shall be deemed... Daylight Savings Time, whichever is currently in effect, shall be deemed filed on the same business day. (4...

17 CFR 232.13 - Date of filing; adjustment of filing date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Saving Time, whichever is currently in effect, shall be deemed filed on.... Eastern Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Saving Time, whichever is currently in effect, shall be deemed... Daylight Savings Time, whichever is currently in effect, shall be deemed filed on the same business day. (4...

Energy 101: Daylighting

ScienceCinema

None

2018-02-14

Daylighting—the use of windows or skylights for natural lighting and temperature regulation—is one building strategy that can save money for homeowners and businesses. Highly efficient, strategically placed windows maximize the use of natural daylight in a building, lowering the need for artificial lighting without causing heating or cooling problems.

Modeling of lighting behaviour of a hybrid lighting system in inner spaces of Building of Electrical Engineering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amado, L.; Osma, G.; Villamizar, R.

2016-07-01

This paper presents the modelling of lighting behaviour of a hybrid lighting system - HLS in inner spaces for tropical climate. HLS aims to mitigate the problem of high electricity consumption used by artificial lighting in buildings. These systems integrate intelligently the daylight and artificial light through control strategies. However, selection of these strategies usually depends on expertise of designer and of available budget. In order to improve the selection process of the control strategies, this paper analyses the Electrical Engineering Building (EEB) case, initially modelling of lighting behaviour is established for the HLS of a classroom and an office. This allows estimating the illuminance level of the mixed lighting in the space, and energy consumption by artificial light according to different lighting control techniques, a control strategy based on occupancy and a combination of them. The model considers the concept of Daylight Factor (DF) for the estimating of daylight illuminance on the work plane for tropical climatic conditions. The validation of the model was carried out by comparing the measured and model-estimated indoor illuminances.

Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of school classrooms: Case study in Malaysia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Samad, Muna Hanim Abdul; Aziz, Zalena Abdul; Isa, Mohd Hafizal Mohd

2017-10-01

Thermal Comfort is one of the key criteria for occupants' comfort and productivity in a building. In schools, it is vital for a conduciveness for teaching and learning environment. Thermal comfort is dependent on air temperature, humidity, radiation, internal lighting, air movement, activities, clothing and climatic change and is part of the Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) components which have has significant effects on occupants. The main concern over energy and running cost has meant that most public schools in Malaysia are designed for natural ventilation and not air-conditioning. The building envelope plays a significant role in reducing the radiant heat and keeps the interior cooler than the outdoor temperature for acceptable thermal comfort level. The requirement of Industrial Building System (IBS) as the envelope system for school building in Malaysia could affect the role of envelope as a climate moderator. This paper is based on a research conducted on two schools in Malaysia of varied construction materials as the building envelopes to ascertain the thermal comfort level of the classrooms. Elements of IEQ such as air temperature, air movement, daylighting and noise level were taken of various classrooms to fulfill the required objectives of determining the level of quality. The data collected and analysed from the study shows that in terms of air temperature which range from 28°C to 34.5°C, the schools do not achieve the recommended comfort level for tropical climate. As for daylighting element, results also show that some classrooms suffered with too much glare whilst others had insufficient daylighting. The findings also show the unsatisfactory level of air movement in the classrooms as well as an unacceptable noise level exceeding the allowable threshold. This research also concluded that the use of materials and orientation in the school design are the major determinant factors towards good IEQ levels in school buildings.

Does Daylight Savings Time encourage physical activity?

PubMed

Zick, Cathleen D

2014-07-01

Extending Daylight Savings Time (DST) has been identified as a policy intervention that may encourage physical activity. However, there has been little research on the question of if DST encourages adults to be more physically active. Data from residents of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah ages 18-64 who participated in the 2003-2009 American Time Use Survey are used to assess whether DST is associated with increased time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The analysis capitalizes on the natural experiment created because Arizona does not observe DST. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses indicate that shifting 1 hour of daylight from morning to evening does not impact MVPA of Americans living in the southwest. While DST may affect the choices people make about the timing and location of their sports/recreational activities, the potential for DST to serve as a broad-based intervention that encourages greater sports/recreation participation is not supported by this analysis. Whether this null effect would persist in other climate situations is an open question.

17 CFR 240.0-2 - Business hours of the Commission.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Eastern Daylight Saving Time, whichever currently is in effect in Washington, DC, provided that hours for... 8 a.m. to 10 p.m., Eastern Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Saving Time, whichever is currently in... Saturdays, Sundays and federal holidays, from 8 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., Eastern Standard Time or Eastern Daylight...

17 CFR 240.0-2 - Business hours of the Commission.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Eastern Daylight Saving Time, whichever currently is in effect in Washington, DC, provided that hours for... 8 a.m. to 10 p.m., Eastern Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Saving Time, whichever is currently in... Saturdays, Sundays and federal holidays, from 8 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., Eastern Standard Time or Eastern Daylight...

Predicting energy savings attributed to daylighting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Robbins, C. L.

1983-11-01

A method for estimating a building's energy savings attributable to daylighting by predicting the percentage of the year that the electric lighting system is not in use is described. This method depends upon the particular control stragegy chosen, a standard work year, and the amount of light (as a daylight factor, DF) reaching any given station in the building.

Chemical reactions in perfume ageing.

PubMed

Blakeway, J M; Frey, M L; Lacroix, S; Salerno, M S

1987-10-01

Summary The interactions between a typical range of perfume materials, alcohol, water, air, elevated temperatures and daylight have been studied. The changes of composition, acidity, peroxide content and the formation of new molecules were followed. The stabilizing effects of UV absorbers, antioxidants and sequestering agents were examined; - the formation of acid reaction products was accelerated by air, temperature, daylight and the presence of natural products; - peroxide formation was accelerated by heat and light and the presence of air; as the acidity increased, the peroxides decomposed; - the acetalization of other aldehydes was accelerated by temperature and daylight and the presence of natural products up to 40% of certain aldehydes may be converted into acetals after 3 months at 37 degrees C; - many stereoisomerizations occur, e.g., transisoeugenol is converted up to 10% into the cis isomer after 3 months at 37 degrees C and 58% in daylight; - evaluation of antioxidants UV absorbers and sequestering agents showed a significant protection against deterioration only by EDTA dipotassium salt; - ethanol was converted into acetaldehyde and its diethylacetal by peroxides present and formed on ageing up to 0.08%. Natural products accelerated this formation; - the reaction between benzoyl peroxide and ethanol was shown to yield up to 63% of acetaldehyde+diethyl acetal whilst di-t-butyl peroxide gave only 23% under the same conditions. These results go some way to explaining odour changes in perfume ageing.

Lunar Daylight Exploration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Griffin, Brand Norman

2010-01-01

With 1 rover, 2 astronauts and 3 days, the Apollo 17 Mission covered over 30 km, setup 10 scientific experiments and returned 110 kg of samples. This is a lot of science in a short time and the inspiration for a barebones, return-to-the-Moon strategy called Daylight Exploration. The Daylight Exploration approach poses an answer to the question, What could the Apollo crew have done with more time and today s robotics? In contrast to more ambitious and expensive strategies that create outposts then rely on pressurized rovers to drive to the science sites, Daylight Exploration is a low-overhead approach conceived to land near the scientific site, conduct Apollo-like exploration then leave before the sun goes down. A key motivation behind Daylight Exploration is cost reduction, but it does not come at the expense of scientific exploration. As a goal, Daylight Exploration provides access to the top 10 science sites by using the best capabilities of human and robotic exploration. Most science sites are within an equatorial band of 26 degrees latitude and on the Moon, at the equator, the day is 14 Earth days long; even more important, the lunar night is 14 days long. Human missions are constrained to 12 days because the energy storage systems required to operate during the lunar night adds mass, complexity and cost. In addition, short missions are beneficial because they require fewer consumables, do not require an airlock, reduce radiation exposure, minimize the dwell-time for the ascent and orbiting propulsion systems and allow a low-mass, campout accommodations. Key to Daylight Exploration is the use of piloted rovers used as tele-operated science platforms. Rovers are launched before or with the crew, and continue to operate between crew visits analyzing and collecting samples during the lunar daylight

Artificial light sources for simulating natural daylight and skylight.

PubMed

Grum, F

1968-01-01

A review of the literature reveals the need for reliable and stable artificial light sources that can be used as simulators of daylight and skylight. In quest of such simulators a first requirement is quantitative information on the average spectral distributions of natural sources such as daylight and skylight. Recent investigations of the spectral energy characteristics of natural daylight and skylight made it possible to determine such average conditions. With these conditions established, a search was undertaken for an artificial light source that would simulate these average natural distributions with a minimum of filtering. Certain fluorescent lamps and combinations of them were considered first, but, although it was possible to achieve fairly good visual matches of daylight and skylight, the spectral characteristics and the variability of such combinations are drawbacks to their use in critical scientific work. For this purpose, therefore, xenon arc lamps were found to be superior.

A Framework for Daylighting Optimization in Whole Buildings with OpenStudio

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

2016-08-12

We present a toolkit and workflow for leveraging the OpenStudio (Guglielmetti et al. 2010) platform to perform daylighting analysis and optimization in a whole building energy modeling (BEM) context. We have re-implemented OpenStudio's integrated Radiance and EnergyPlus functionality as an OpenStudio Measure. The OpenStudio Radiance Measure works within the OpenStudio Application and Parametric Analysis Tool, as well as the OpenStudio Server large scale analysis framework, allowing a rigorous daylighting simulation to be performed on a single building model or potentially an entire population of programmatically generated models. The Radiance simulation results can automatically inform the broader building energy model, andmore » provide dynamic daylight metrics as a basis for decision. Through introduction and example, this paper illustrates the utility of the OpenStudio building energy modeling platform to leverage existing simulation tools for integrated building energy performance simulation, daylighting analysis, and reportage.« less

Natural daylight restricted to twilights delays the timing of testicular regression but does not affect the timing of the daily activity rhythm of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus)

PubMed Central

Trivedi, Amit K; Rani, Sangeeta; Kumar, Vinod

2006-01-01

Background A stable and systematic daily change in light levels at dawn and dusk provides the most reliable indicator of the phase of the day. It is likely that organisms have evolved mechanisms to use these twilight transitions as the primary zeitgeber to adjust their circadian phases. In this study, we investigated under natural illumination conditions the effects of daylight exposure restricted to twilights on the timing of testicular regression and locomotor activity of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), which possesses a strongly self-sustaining circadian system. Methods and results Two experiments were performed on adult male house sparrows. Beginning in the third week of April, the first experiment examined whether exposure to natural daylight only during twilights influenced the timing of testicular regression and concomitant changes in testosterone-dependent beak color of reproductively mature sparrows. Interestingly, there was a significant delay in testicular regression and depigmentation of the beak in sparrows exposed to natural daylight (NDL) only during twilights as compared to those exposed to NDL all day. The second experiment examined twice in the year, around the equinoxes (March and September), the effects of exposure to twilights only on the daily activity rhythm of sparrows kept in an outdoor aviary. Five of 7 birds continued exhibiting entrained activity rhythms when exposed only to twilights (NDL minus day light from sunrise to sunset) in September, but not in March. Both in NDL and twilight conditions, March birds had significantly lower activity counts than September birds. Conclusion Exposure to natural daylight only during twilights delayed the timing of testicular regression and concomitant depigmentation of the beak but did not affect the daily activity rhythm in male sparrows. This suggests that daily twilights can serve as cues for regulation of the circadian activity rhythm but not for the photoperiodic regulation of testicular cycle in the house sparrow. PMID:16553964

Expression of B-class MADS-box genes in response to variations in photoperiod is associated with chasmogamous and cleistogamous flower development in Viola philippica.

PubMed

Li, Qiaoxia; Huo, Qingdi; Wang, Juan; Zhao, Jing; Sun, Kun; He, Chaoying

2016-07-07

Some plants develop a breeding system that produces both chasmogamous (CH) and cleistogamous (CL) flowers. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, we observed that Viola philippica develops CH flowers with short daylight, whereas an extended photoperiod induces the formation of intermediate CL and CL flowers. In response to long daylight, the respective number and size of petals and stamens was lower and smaller than those of normally developed CH flowers, and a minimum of 14-h light induced complete CL flowers that had no petals but developed two stamens of reduced fertility. The floral ABC model indicates that B-class MADS-box genes largely influence the development of the affected two-whorl floral organs; therefore, we focused on characterizing these genes in V. philippica to understand this particular developmental transition. Three such genes were isolated and respectively designated as VpTM6-1, VpTM6-2, and VpPI. These were differentially expressed during floral development (particularly in petals and stamens) and the highest level of expression was observed in CH flowers; significantly low levels were detected in intermediate CL flowers, and the lowest level in CL flowers. The observed variations in the levels of expression after floral induction and organogenesis apparently occurred in response to variations in photoperiod. Therefore, inhibition of the development of petals and stamens might be due to the downregulation of B-class MADS-box gene expression by long daylight, thereby inducing the generation of CL flowers. Our work contributes to the understanding of the adaptive evolutionary formation of dimorphic flowers in plants.

Daylighting Update: A Brief Guide to the Process of Designing Energy Conserving Schools through the Use of Daylighting.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hill, Alva L.; Lawrence, Jerry

In recent years one of the most prevalent requests directed to design architects by teachers and administrative personnel is to include in the architectural program for their new school provisions for admitting more daylight into their classrooms. This guide by the American Institute of Architects National Committee on Architecture for Education…

Optimizing indoor illumination quality and energy efficiency using a spectrally tunable lighting system to augment natural daylight.

PubMed

Hertog, W; Llenas, A; Carreras, J

2015-11-30

This article demonstrates the benefits of complementing a daylight-lit environment with a spectrally tunable illumination system. The spectral components of daylight present in the room are measured by a low-cost miniature spectrophotometer and processed through a number of optimization algorithms, carefully trading color fidelity for energy efficiency. Spectrally-tunable luminaires provide only those wavelengths that ensure that either the final illumination spectrum inside the room is kept constant or carefully follows the dynamic spectral pattern of natural daylight. Analyzing the measured data proves that such a hybrid illumination system brings both unprecendented illumination quality and significant energy savings.

Colour Model for Outdoor Machine Vision for Tropical Regions and its Comparison with the CIE Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sahragard, Nasrolah; Ramli, Abdul Rahman B.; Hamiruce Marhaban, Mohammad; Mansor, Shattri B.

2011-02-01

Accurate modeling of daylight and surface reflectance are very useful for most outdoor machine vision applications specifically those which are based on color recognition. Existing daylight CIE model has drawbacks that limit its ability to predict the color of incident light. These limitations include lack of considering ambient light, effects of light reflected off the ground, and context specific information. Previously developed color model is only tested for a few geographical places in North America and its accountability is under question for other places in the world. Besides, existing surface reflectance models are not easily applied to outdoor images. A reflectance model with combined diffuse and specular reflection in normalized HSV color space could be used to predict color. In this paper, a new daylight color model showing the color of daylight for a broad range of sky conditions is developed which will suit weather conditions of tropical places such as Malaysia. A comparison of this daylight color model and daylight CIE model will be discussed. The colors of matte and specular surfaces have been estimated by use of the developed color model and surface reflection function in this paper. The results are shown to be highly reliable.

Mist and water condensation inside incubators reduce the efficacy of phototherapy.

PubMed

de Carvalho, Manoel; Torrao, Carolina Turano; Moreira, Maria Elisabeth Lopes

2011-03-01

To measure the irradiance in humidified incubator under three different overhead phototherapy devices. The effective irradiance of three phototherapy devices was assessed by taking a series of irradiance measurements in the illuminated field. Measurements were made with a fixed bandwidth broadband radiometer (380-530 nm). The distance between the light source and the radiometer was 35 cm for the daylight fluorescent lamp, 40 cm for the light emitting diode (LED) and 50 cm for the halogen phototherapy. A double-wall incubator was kept at 36°C and set at three different levels of humidity (60-70%, 80% and equal or above 90%). The irradiance under the overhead daylight fluorescent lamp phototherapy did not change with the increasing humidity. However, above 90% humidity, when water vapour inside the incubator was so saturated to the point of totally condensing in the incubator walls, the measured irradiance decreased 15% of the initial values with the blue LED phototherapy and 45% with the halogen spotlight phototherapy. Highly humidified incubators are frequently used to treat very low birthweight infants. Health professionals should be aware that mist and water condensation inside an incubator may significantly reduce the efficacy of treatment.

Problems of natural lighting for deepened buildings and underground premises under screen effect of high-rise construction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Larionova, Kira; Stetsky, Sergey

2018-03-01

The main rationale and objective of the submitted research work is to create a quality lighting environment in the premises of deepened buildings and below-ground structures under screen effect of high-rise construction (high-rise buildings). It is noted, that in modern megapolises, a deficiency of vacant urban territories leads to the increased density of urban development with increased amount of high-rise construction and tendency to increase efficiency in the use of underground space. The natural lighting of premises in underground buildings and structures is the most efficient way, but it can be implemented only under use of roof lighting system in the form of roof monitors or skylights. In this case the levels of indoor natural lighting will be affected with serious screening effect of high-rise buildings in surrounding development. Such an situation is not regulated, or even considered by the contemporary building Codes and Regulations on natural lighting of interiors. The authors offered a new formula for a daylight factor calculation with roof lighting system in the described cases. The results of theoretical calculations and experimental studies showed very similar values. This proved the truth of the offered formula and elaborated method of calculation on the basis of an offered hypothesis. It prooves, that it is possible to use some factor and guide points in the daylight factors design under system of side natural lighting in the same design for a system of roof lighting.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thayer, B.M.

A daylight office building built for Lockheed Martin near San Francisco has saved half a million dollars on energy bills and several times more due to reduced absenteeism and improved employee productivity. The building design incorporates soft daylight throughout the interior of the building. This article discusses the following topics in relationship to the building design: design for the climate; deep daylighting; integrated electric lighting; mechanical system; energy performance; the productivity story.

Advanced Lighting Controls for Reducing Energy Use and Cost in DoD Installations

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

of advanced lighting control strategies including occupancy sensing, light tuning, daylight harvesting and proper lighting design is an effective way...details of this project and the results obtained. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Integrated lighting controls, occupancy sensing, daylight harvesting , personalized...provide energy savings through occupancy sensing, dimming and daylight harvesting . II. Dynalite is a distributed control-based, wired networked building

Optoelectronic aid for patients with severely restricted visual fields in daylight conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peláez-Coca, María Dolores; Sobrado-Calvo, Paloma; Vargas-Martín, Fernando

2011-11-01

In this study we evaluated the immediate effectiveness of an optoelectronic visual field expander in a sample of subjects with retinitis pigmentosa suffering from a severe peripheral visual field restriction. The aid uses the augmented view concept and provides subjects with visual information from outside their visual field. The tests were carried out in daylight conditions. The optoelectronic aid comprises a FPGA (real-time video processor), a wide-angle mini camera and a transparent see-through head-mounted display. This optoelectronic aid is called SERBA (Sistema Electro-óptico Reconfigurable de Ayuda para Baja Visión). We previously showed that, without compromising residual vision, the SERBA system provides information about objects within an area about three times greater on average than the remaining visual field of the subjects [1]. In this paper we address the effects of the device on mobility under daylight conditions with and without SERBA. The participants were six subjects with retinitis pigmentosa. In this mobility test, better results were obtained when subjects were wearing the SERBA system; specifically, both the number of contacts with low-level obstacles and mobility errors decreased significantly. A longer training period with the device might improve its usefulness.

Sampling strategies for radio-tracking coyotes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Smith, G.J.; Cary, J.R.; Rongstad, O.J.

1981-01-01

Ten coyotes radio-tracked for 24 h periods were most active at night and moved little during daylight hours. Home-range size determined from radio-locations of 3 adult coyotes increased with the number of locations until an asymptote was reached at about 35-40 independent day locations or 3 6 nights of hourly radio-locations. Activity of the coyote did not affect the asymptotic nature of the home-range calculations, but home-range sizes determined from more than 3 nights of hourly locations were considerably larger than home-range sizes determined from daylight locations. Coyote home-range sizes were calculated from daylight locations, full-night tracking periods, and half-night tracking periods. Full- and half-lnight sampling strategies involved obtaining hourly radio-locations during 12 and 6 h periods, respectively. The half-night sampling strategy was the best compromise for our needs, as it adequately indexed the home-range size, reduced time and energy spent, and standardized the area calculation without requiring the researcher to become completely nocturnal. Sight tracking also provided information about coyote activity and sociability.

Recent research on anidolic daylighting systems: highly reflective coating materials and chronobiological properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Linhart, Friedrich; Wittkopf, Stephen K.; Münch, Mirjam; Scartezzini, Jean-Louis

2009-08-01

Making daylight more available in buildings is highly desirable for reasons of energy efficiency, visual comfort, occupant well-being and health. The Anidolic Integrated Ceiling (AIC) is a highly efficient daylighting system, designed to gather and redirect daylight from the outside of a building into its interior with minimal losses. The reflective coating materials used within AICs have a major impact on the optical efficiency of such systems. The first part of our article presents a new computer model of an AIC consisting of more than 30 distinct components. We discuss on which of them the use of expensive, highly reflective coatings makes the most sense. We conclude that coating the component "Anidolic element 1" is always a good choice and that considerable financial savings can be obtained by following an appropriate optimization sequence.The second part of our article discusses chronobiological properties of Anidolic Daylighting Systems (ADS). We recorded daytime irradiance values for several weeks from March to May 2009 in an experimental office setup in our laboratory using a portable digital spectroradiometer. Our results showed to which extent different sky conditions influenced daylight exposure of office workers in an ADS-equipped office room. We conclude that for the tested ADS-equipped office room, daylight supply can be considered largely sufficient during long periods on most working days. However, complementary artificial lighting with blue-enriched polychromatic fluorescent tubes might be useful on days with predominantly overcast skies as well as before 09:00 and after 16:30 on all days.

A new method for assessing the risk of accident associated with darkness.

PubMed

Johansson, Osten; Wanvik, Per Ole; Elvik, Rune

2009-07-01

This paper presents a new method for assessing the risk of accidents associated with darkness. The method estimates the risk of accident associated with darkness in terms of an odds ratio, which is defined as follows: [(number of accidents in darkness in a given hour of the day)/(number of accidents in daylight in the same hour of the day)]/[(Number of accidents in a given comparison hour when the case hour is dark)/(Number of accidents in a given comparison hour when the case hour is in daylight)]. This estimate of the risk of accident associated with darkness does not require data on exposure, but relies on the count of accidents in the same pair of hours throughout the year. One of the hours is dark part of the year, but has daylight the rest of the year. The comparison hour, which has daylight the whole year, is used to control for seasonal variations. The aim of relying on the same pair of hours throughout the year is to minimise the influence of potentially confounding factors. Estimates of the risk of injury accidents associated with darkness are developed on the basis of accident data for Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands. It is found that the risk of an injury accident increases by nearly 30% in darkness in urban areas, by nearly 50% in rural areas, and by about 40% for urban and rural areas combined (adjusted estimate).

Measured daylighting potential of a static optical louver system under real sun and sky conditions

DOE PAGES

Konis, Kyle; Lee, Eleanor S.

2015-05-04

Side-by-side comparisons were made over solstice-to-solstice changes in sun and sky conditions between an optical louver system (OLS) and a conventional Venetian blind set at a horizontal slat angle and located inboard of a south-facing, small-area, clerestory window in a full-scale office testbed. Daylight autonomy (DA), window luminance, and ceiling luminance uniformity were used to assess performance. The performance of both systems was found to have significant seasonal variation, where performance under clear sky conditions improved as maximum solar altitude angles transitioned from solstice to equinox. Although the OLS produced fewer hours per day of DA on average than themore » Venetian blind, the OLS never exceeded the designated 2000 cd/m2 threshold for window glare. In contrast, the Venetian blind was found to exceed the visual discomfort threshold over a large fraction of the day during equinox conditions. Notably, these peak periods of visual discomfort occurred during the best periods of daylighting performance. Luminance uniformity was analyzed using calibrated high dynamic range luminance images. Under clear sky conditions, the OLS was found to increase the luminance of the ceiling as well as produce a more uniform distribution. Furthermore, compared to conventional venetian blinds, the static optical sunlight redirecting system studied has the potential to significantly reduce the annual electrical lighting energy demand of a daylit space and improve the quality from the perspective of building occupants by consistently transmitting useful daylight while eliminating window glare.« less

The effects of mechanical stress and spectral shading on the growth and allocation of ten genotypes of a stoloniferous plant.

PubMed

Liu, Yun; Schieving, Feike; Stuefer, Josef F; Anten, Niels P R

2007-01-01

Because plants protect each other from wind, stand density affects both the light climate and the amount of mechanical stress experienced by plants. But the potential interactive effects of mechanical stress and canopy shading on plant growth have rarely been investigated and never in stoloniferous plants which, due to their creeping growth form, can be expected to respond differently to these factors than erect plants. Plants of ten genotypes of the stoloniferous species Potentilla reptans were subjected to two levels of mechanical stress (0 or 40 daily flexures) and two levels of spectral shading (15 % of daylight with a red:far red ratio of 0.3 vs. 50 % daylight and a red:far red ratio of 1.2). Mechanically stressed plants produced more leaves with shorter more flexible petioles, more roots, and more but less massive stolons. Responses to spectral shading were mostly in the opposite direction to thigmomorphogenesis, including the production of thinner, taller petioles made of more rigid tissue. The degree of thigmomorphogenesis was either independent of light climate or stimulated by spectral shading. At the genotypic level there were no clear correlations between responses to shade and mechanical stress. These results suggest that in stoloniferous plants mechanical stress results in clones with a more compact, shorter shoot structure and more roots. This response does not appear to be suppressed by canopy shading, which suggests that wind shielding (reduced mechanical stress) by neighbours in dense vegetation serves as a cue that induces shade avoidance responses such as increased petiole elongation.

Variation of outdoor illumination as a function of solar elevation and light pollution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spitschan, Manuel; Aguirre, Geoffrey K.; Brainard, David H.; Sweeney, Alison M.

2016-06-01

The illumination of the environment undergoes both intensity and spectral changes during the 24 h cycle of a day. Daylight spectral power distributions are well described by low-dimensional models such as the CIE (Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage) daylight model, but the performance of this model in non-daylight regimes is not characterised. We measured downwelling spectral irradiance across multiple days in two locations in North America: One rural location (Cherry Springs State Park, PA) with minimal anthropogenic light sources, and one city location (Philadelphia, PA). We characterise the spectral, intensity and colour changes and extend the existing CIE model for daylight to capture twilight components and the spectrum of the night sky.

Variation of outdoor illumination as a function of solar elevation and light pollution

PubMed Central

Spitschan, Manuel; Aguirre, Geoffrey K.; Brainard, David H.; Sweeney, Alison M.

2016-01-01

The illumination of the environment undergoes both intensity and spectral changes during the 24 h cycle of a day. Daylight spectral power distributions are well described by low-dimensional models such as the CIE (Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage) daylight model, but the performance of this model in non-daylight regimes is not characterised. We measured downwelling spectral irradiance across multiple days in two locations in North America: One rural location (Cherry Springs State Park, PA) with minimal anthropogenic light sources, and one city location (Philadelphia, PA). We characterise the spectral, intensity and colour changes and extend the existing CIE model for daylight to capture twilight components and the spectrum of the night sky. PMID:27272736

Daylighting in the Springfield (Ohio) Museum of Art

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Moore, F.

This paper describes daylighting strategies used in the addition to the Springfield Museum of Art, Springfield, Ohio. The interior daylighting illuminances and luminances have been measured and these data are presented. The original museum was built in 1958. This original portion is approximately 18,000 ft{sup 2} (1,674 m{sup 2}) floor area and was remodeled as part of the 1995 addition to house and art school, cataloging, preparation, and administrative functions. The new addition is approximately 10,000 ft{sup 2} (930 m{sup 2}) and is primarily exhibit galleries with some additional administrative offices. Glaser Associated were the architects (Michael Moose, project architect)more » and the author was the daylighting consultant on the project.« less

Variation of outdoor illumination as a function of solar elevation and light pollution.

PubMed

Spitschan, Manuel; Aguirre, Geoffrey K; Brainard, David H; Sweeney, Alison M

2016-06-07

The illumination of the environment undergoes both intensity and spectral changes during the 24 h cycle of a day. Daylight spectral power distributions are well described by low-dimensional models such as the CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage) daylight model, but the performance of this model in non-daylight regimes is not characterised. We measured downwelling spectral irradiance across multiple days in two locations in North America: One rural location (Cherry Springs State Park, PA) with minimal anthropogenic light sources, and one city location (Philadelphia, PA). We characterise the spectral, intensity and colour changes and extend the existing CIE model for daylight to capture twilight components and the spectrum of the night sky.

Effects of bond primers on bending strength and bonding of glass fibers in fiber-embedded maxillofacial silicone prostheses.

PubMed

Hatamleh, Muhanad M; Watts, David C

2011-02-01

To evaluate the effect of three commonly used bond primers on the bending strength of glass fibers and their bond strength to maxillofacial silicone elastomer after 360 hours of accelerated daylight aging. Eighty specimens were fabricated by embedding resin-impregnated fiber bundles (1.5-mm diameter, 20-mm long) into maxillofacial silicone elastomer M511 (Cosmesil). Twenty fiber bundles served as control and did not receive surface treatment with primers, whereas the remaining 60 fibers were treated with three primers (n = 20): G611 (Principality Medical), A-304 (Factor II), and A-330-Gold (Factor II). Forty specimens were dry stored at room temperature (23 ± 1°C) for 24 hours, and the remaining specimens were aged using an environmental chamber under accelerated exposure to artificial daylight for 360 hours. The aging cycle included continuous exposure to quartz-filtered visible daylight (irradiance 760 W/m(2) ) under an alternating weathering cycle (wet for 18 minutes, dry for 102 minutes). Pull-out tests were performed to evaluate bond strength between fiber bundles and silicone using a universal testing machine at 1 mm/min crosshead speed. A 3-point bending test was performed to evaluate the bending strength of the fiber bundles. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Bonferroni post hoc test, and an independent t-test were carried out to detect statistical significances (p < 0.05). Mean (SD) values of maximum pull-out forces (N) before aging for groups: no primer, G611, A-304, A-330-G were: 13.63 (7.45), 20.44 (2.99), 22.06 (6.69), and 57.91 (10.15), respectively. All primers increased bond strength in comparison to control specimens (p < 0.05). Primer A-330-G showed the greatest increase among all primers (p < 0.05); however, bonding degraded after aging (p < 0.05), and pull-out forces were 13.58 (2.61), 6.17 (2.89), 6.95 (2.61), and 11.72 (3.03). Maximum bending strengths of fiber bundles at baseline increased after treatment with primers and light aging in comparison with control specimens (p < 0.05), and were in the range of 917.72 to 1095.25 and 1124.06 to 1596.68 MPa at both baseline and after 360 hours aging (p < 0.05). The use of A-330-G primer in conjunction with silicone Cosmesil M511 produced the greatest bond strength for silicone-glass fiber surfaces at baseline; however, bond strength was significantly degraded after accelerated daylight aging. Treatment with primer and accelerated daylight aging increased bending strength of glass fibers. © 2011 by The American College of Prosthodontists.

Spanish-Portuguese consensus statement on use of daylight-mediated photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate in the treatment of actinic keratosis.

PubMed

Gilaberte, Y; Aguilar, M; Almagro, M; Correia, O; Guillén, C; Harto, A; Pérez-García, B; Pérez-Pérez, L; Redondo, P; Sánchez-Carpintero, I; Serra-Guillén, C; Valladares, L M

2015-10-01

Daylight-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new type of PDT that is as effective as conventional PDT in grade 1 and 2 actinic keratosis but with fewer adverse effects, resulting in greater efficiency. The climatic conditions in the Iberian Peninsula require an appropriately adapted consensus protocol. We describe a protocol for the treatment of grade 1 and 2 actinic keratosis with daylight-mediated PDT and methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) adapted to the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Spanish and Portuguese patients and the climatic conditions of both countries. Twelve dermatologists from different parts of Spain and Portugal with experience in the treatment of actinic keratosis with PDT convened to draft a consensus statement for daylight-mediated PDT with MAL in these countries. Based on a literature review and their own clinical experience, the group developed a recommended protocol. According to the recommendations adopted, patients with multiple grade 1 and 2 lesions, particularly those at risk of developing cancer, are candidates for this type of therapy. Daylight-mediated PDT can be administered throughout the year, although it is not indicated at temperatures below 10°C or at excessively high temperatures. Likewise, therapy should not be administered when it is raining, snowing, or foggy. The procedure is simple, requiring application of a sunscreen with a protection factor of at least 30 based exclusively on organic filters, appropriate preparation of the lesions, application of MAL without occlusion, and activation in daylight for 2hours. This consensus statement represents a practical and detailed guideline to achieve maximum effectiveness of daylight-mediated PDT with MAL in Spain and Portugal with minimal adverse effects. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and AEDV. All rights reserved.

Autonomous physics-based color learning under daylight

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berube Lauziere, Yves; Gingras, Denis J.; Ferrie, Frank P.

1999-09-01

An autonomous approach for learning the colors of specific objects assumed to have known body spectral reflectances is developed for daylight illumination conditions. The main issue is to be able to find these objects autonomously in a set of training images captured under a wide variety of daylight illumination conditions, and to extract their colors to determine color space regions that are representative of the objects' colors and their variations. The work begins by modeling color formation under daylight using the color formation equations and the semi-empirical model of Judd, MacAdam and Wyszecki (CIE daylight model) for representing the typical spectral distributions of daylight. This results in color space regions that serve as prior information in the initial phase of learning which consists in detecting small reliable clusters of pixels having the appropriate colors. These clusters are then expanded by a region growing technique using broader color space regions than those predicted by the model. This is to detect objects in a way that is able to account for color variations which the model cannot due to its limitations. Validation on the detected objects is performed to filter out those that are not of interest and to eliminate unreliable pixel color values extracted from the remaining ones. Detection results using the color space regions determined from color values obtained by this procedure are discussed.

Efficiency Goals

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Graham, Donald

2009-01-01

The lighting of learning environments is an important focus in designing new schools and renovating older schools. Studies long have shown that appropriate lighting levels and daylighting improve learning; now, climbing energy budgets have spurred school administrators to seek more efficient use of lighting. Electricity rates are expected to rise…

Building integrated semi-transparent photovoltaics: energy and daylighting performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kapsis, Konstantinos; Athienitis, Andreas K.

2011-08-01

This paper focuses on modeling and evaluation of semi-transparent photovoltaic technologies integrated into a coolingdominated office building façade by employing the concept of three-section façade. An energy simulation model is developed, using building simulation software, to investigate the effect of semi-transparent photovoltaic transmittance on the energy performance of an office in a typical office building in Montreal. The analysis is performed for five major façade orientations and two façade configurations. Using semi-transparent photovoltaic integrated into the office façade, electricity savings of up to 53.1% can be achieved compared to a typical office equipped with double glazing with Argon filling and a low emissivity coating, and lighting controlled based on occupancy and daylight levels.e.c

Switching From Conventional Photodynamic Therapy to Daylight Photodynamic Therapy For Actinic Keratoses: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

PubMed

Tomás-Velázquez, A; Redondo, P

2017-05-01

Actinic keratosis is a precursor lesion to the most common nonmelanoma skin cancer. Conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to be effective, but the procedure is time-consuming, can be very painful, and requires infrastructure. These shortcomings led to the emergence of daylight PDT. To obtain a global estimate of efficacy, we undertook a systematic literature review and performed a meta-analysis of the available evidence on the efficacy and safety of daylight PDT as compared to conventional PDT in the treatment of actinic keratosis and/or field cancerization. The conclusion is that the difference in efficacy is clinically negligible (global estimate of the mean response rate difference, -3.69%; 95% CI, -6.54% to -0.84%). The adverse effects of daylight PDT are mild and localized (79% of patients report no discomfort), and patients report less pain (P<.001). Daylight PDT gives good to excellent cosmetic results in more than 90% of patients, and patient satisfaction is greater (P<.001). Copyright © 2016 AEDV. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Literature Review of the Effects of Natural Light on Building Occupants

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Edwards, L.; Torcellini, P.

This paper presents summary findings from a literature search of the term ''daylighting''-using natural light in a building to offset or replace electric lighting. According to the Department of Energy's Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs 2000 BTS Core Databook, in 1998, commercial buildings consumed 32% of the total electricity in the United States, of which more than one-third went to lighting. Using daylighting systems and turning off the lights will help reduce this energy load. Electrical lighting adds to both the electrical and cooling loads in a commercial building. Utility costs can be decreased when daylighting ismore » properly designed to replace electrical lighting. Along with the importance of energy savings, studies have demonstrated the non-energy-related benefits of daylighting. We compiled the data from books, periodicals, Internet articles, and interviews. The books, periodicals, and Internet articles provided the background information used to identify the main subjects of the paper. The interviews provided us with details related to specific buildings and companies that have integrated daylighting into their buildings.« less

Calculating Correlated Color Temperatures Across the Entire Gamut of Daylight and Skylight Chromaticities

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-09-20

c o i b f t c c c c w n c s p t s Calculating correlated color temperatures across the entire gamut of daylight and skylight chromaticities Javier...temperature ~CCT!, yet existing equations for calculating CCT from chromaticity coordinates span only part of this range. To improve both the gamut and accuracy...00-1999 to 00-00-1999 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Calculating correlated color temperatures across the entire gamut of daylight and skylight

Hunting influences the diel patterns in habitat selection by northern pintails Anas acuta

USGS Publications Warehouse

Casazza, Michael L.; Coates, Peter S.; Miller, Michael R.; Overton, Cory T.; Yparraguirre, Daniel R.

2012-01-01

Northern pintail Anas acuta (hereafter pintail) populations wintering within Suisun Marsh, a large estuarine managed wetland near San Francisco Bay, California,USA, have declined markedly over the last four decades. The reasons for this decline are unclear. Information on how hunting and other factors influence the selection of vegetation types and sanctuaries would be beneficial to manage pintail populations in SuisunMarsh. During 1991-1993, we radio-marked and relocated female pintails (individuals: N = 203, relocations: N = 7,688) within Suisun Marsh to investigate habitat selection during the non-breeding months (winter). We calculated selection ratios for different vegetation types and for sanctuaries, and examined differences in those ratios between hunting season (i.e. hunting and non-hunting), age (hatchyear and after-hatch-year), and time of day (daylight or night hours). We found that diel patterns in selection were influenced by hunting disturbance. For example, prior to the hunting season and during daylight hours, pintails selected areas dominated by brass buttons Cotula coronopifolia, a potentially important food source, usually outside of sanctuary boundaries. However, during the hunting season, pintails did not select brass buttons during daylight hours, but instead highly selected permanent pools, mostly within sanctuaries. Also, during the hunting season, pintails showed strong selection for brass buttons at night. Sanctuaries provided more area of permanent water pools than within hunting areas and appeared to function as important refugia during daylight hours of the hunting season. Wildlife managers should encourage large protected permanent pools adjacent to hunted wetlands to increase pintail numbers within wetland environments and responsibly benefit hunting opportunities while improving pintail conservation.

Improvement of the internal light environment on the objects of transport infrastructure with aid of sun-protective devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stetsky, Sergey

2017-10-01

The article analyzes the problems of outdoor stationary sun-protective devices (S.P.D.) and their influence on the natural daylighting levels in the premises of civil objects of transport infrastructure under the hot and sunny climatic conditions of the environment. It is noted, that with clear sky, typical for the said climate, non-uniform luminance of the sky differs seriously from the luminance of standard overcast sky with diffused light, recommended by C.I.E. (Commission International D’Eclairage).A conclusion is made, that with clear sky conditions, a sun-protective devices in the form of stationary canopies (awninas) help to improve the lighting environment in the premises considered. This becomes possible due to reflected sun flow from the surfaces of SPD employed, as well as due to rise of a daylight factor values in farmost from windows zones of interiors, because of the increase of luminance factor values of the sky areas, observed from these zones. Thus, the SPD considered, in the hot and sunny climatic conditions are able not only to carry out their main function of passive method of solar radiation and thermal control in the interiors, but also to act as an efficient measure to improve lightning environment of the premises in question.

The O2, pH and Ca2+ Microenvironment of Benthic Foraminifera in a High CO2 World

PubMed Central

Glas, Martin S.; Fabricius, Katharina E.; de Beer, Dirk; Uthicke, Sven

2012-01-01

Ocean acidification (OA) can have adverse effects on marine calcifiers. Yet, phototrophic marine calcifiers elevate their external oxygen and pH microenvironment in daylight, through the uptake of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) by photosynthesis. We studied to which extent pH elevation within their microenvironments in daylight can counteract ambient seawater pH reductions, i.e. OA conditions. We measured the O2 and pH microenvironment of four photosymbiotic and two symbiont-free benthic tropical foraminiferal species at three different OA treatments (∼432, 1141 and 2151 µatm pCO2). The O2 concentration difference between the seawater and the test surface (ΔO2) was taken as a measure for the photosynthetic rate. Our results showed that O2 and pH levels were significantly higher on photosymbiotic foraminiferal surfaces in light than in dark conditions, and than on surfaces of symbiont-free foraminifera. Rates of photosynthesis at saturated light conditions did not change significantly between OA treatments (except in individuals that exhibited symbiont loss, i.e. bleaching, at elevated pCO2). The pH at the cell surface decreased during incubations at elevated pCO2, also during light incubations. Photosynthesis increased the surface pH but this increase was insufficient to compensate for ambient seawater pH decreases. We thus conclude that photosynthesis does only partly protect symbiont bearing foraminifera against OA. PMID:23166810

47 CFR 73.99 - Presunrise service authorization (PSRA) and postsunset service authorization (PSSA).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... authorization. (c) Extended Daylight Saving Time Pre-Sunrise Authorizations: (1) Between the first Sunday in... presunrise operations during extended daylight saving time and shall issue conforming authorizations. These...

47 CFR 73.99 - Presunrise service authorization (PSRA) and postsunset service authorization (PSSA).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... authorization. (c) Extended Daylight Saving Time Pre-Sunrise Authorizations: (1) Between the first Sunday in... presunrise operations during extended daylight saving time and shall issue conforming authorizations. These...

Mountain Retail Stores Become Showcase for Solar Energy

Science.gov Websites

-seam metal roof, a transpired solar collector (solar wall), daylighting, energy efficient windows and during daytime hours. The Bighorn Center's final design includes clerestory windows for daylighting and a

A Study on the Optimal Duration of Daylight Saving Time (DST) in Korea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mihn, Byeong-Hee; Ahn, Young Sook; Kim, Dong-Bin; Yang, Hong-Jin

2009-09-01

Daylight saving time aims at spending effective daylight in summer season. Korea had enforced daylight saving time twelve times from 1948 to 1988. Since 1988, it is not executed, but it is recently discussed the resumption of DST. In this paper, we investigate the trend of DST in other countries, review the history of DST in Korea, and suggest the optimal DST duration in terms of astronomical aspects (times of sunrise and sunset). We find that the starting day of DST in Korea is apt for the second Sunday in May or the second Sunday in April according to the time of sunrise or to the difference between Korean standard meridian and observer's, respectively. We also discuss time friction that might be caused by time difference between DST and Korea Standard Time (KST).

Super Blood Moon Lunar Eclipse

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-12-08

What time will you be able to view the Super Moon Eclipse? The images below show times to view it for Eastern Daylight Time (EDT), Central Daylight Time (CDT), Mountain Daylight Time (MDT) and Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). All of South America and most of North and Central America will see the entire eclipse, while those west of roughly 120°W will see it in progress at moonrise. You won’t need special equipment to see it. Just go outside and look up! NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram

Preventing Myopia.

PubMed

Lagrèze, Wolf A; Schaeffel, Frank

2017-09-04

Nearsightedness (myopia) has become more common around the world recently, mainly because of changes in visual, educational, and recreational behavior. The question arises how the risk of myopia and its progression can be reduced. This would lessen the prevalence and severity of myopia and also lower the risk of secondary diseases that impair visual acuity. The PubMed/Medline database was selectively searched for pertinent literature. The risk of myopia is lowered by exposure to daylight and increased by activities performed at short visual distances (close-up work). A person with little exposure to daylight has a fivefold risk of developing myopia, which can rise as high as a 16-fold risk if that person also performs close-up work. Two meta-analyses and a large randomized clinical trial from Asia have shown that the progression of myopia over two years of observation can be lessened by up to 0.71 diopters by the administration of atropine eye drops in a concentration that has practically no serious side effects. At higher doses, myopia progresses more severely than in the placebo group after the cessation of therapy. This is an off-label treatment. A weaker effect on progression has been shown for multifocal optical corrections that include both a distance correction and a correction for near vision. Effective pharmacological and optical measures are now available to lessen the progression of myopia. The increasing prevalence of myopia should motivate pediatricians, parents, and schools to pay attention to risk factors such as close-up work and lack of daylight exposure, particularly in view of the increased use of digital media.

Performance of a novel multiple-signal luminescence sediment tracing method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reimann, Tony

2014-05-01

Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) is commonly used for dating sediments. Luminescence signals build up due to exposure of mineral grains to natural ionizing radiation, and are reset when these grains are exposed to (sun)light during sediment transport and deposition. Generally, luminescence signals can be read in two ways, potentially providing information on the burial history (dating) or the transport history (sediment tracing) of mineral grains. In this study we use a novel luminescence measurement procedure (Reimann et al., submitted) that simultaneously monitors six different luminescence signals from the same sub-sample (aliquot) to infer the transport history of sand grains. Daylight exposure experiments reveal that each of these six signals resets (bleaches) at a different rate, thus allowing to trace the bleaching history of the sediment in six different observation windows. To test the feasibility of luminescence sediment tracing in shallow-marine coastal settings we took eight sediment samples from the pilot mega-nourishment Zandmotor in Kijkduin (South-Holland). This site provides relatively controlled conditions as the morphological evolution of this nourishment is densely monitored (Stive et al., 2013). After sampling the original nourishment source we took samples along the seaward facing contour of the spit that was formed from August 2011 (start of nourishment) to June 2012 (sampling). It is presumed that these samples originate from the source and were transported and deposited within the first year after construction. The measured luminescence of a sediment sample was interpolated onto the daylight bleaching curve of each signal to assign the Equivalent Exposure Time (EET) to a sample. The EET is a quantitative measure of the full daylight equivalent a sample was exposed to during sediment transport, i.e. the higher the EET the longer the sample has been transported or the more efficient it has been exposed to day-light during sediment transport. The EET increases with increasing distance from the nourishment source, indicating that our method is capable to quantify sediment transport distances. We furthermore observed that the EET of an aeolian analogue is orders of magnitudes higher than those of the water-lain transported Zandmotor samples, suggesting that our approach is also able to differentiate between different modes of coastal sediment transport. This new luminescence approach offers new possibilities to decipher the sedimentation history of palaeo-environmental archives e.g. in coastal, fluvial or aeolian settings. References: Reimann, T.et al. Quantifying the degreeof bleaching during sediment transport using a polymineral multiple-signalluminescence approach. Submitted. Stive, M.J.F. et al. 2013. A New Alternative to Saving Our Beaches from Sea-Level Rise: The SandEngine. Journal of Coastal research 29, 1001-1008.

DETAIL VIEW OF FILTER PRESS REMAINS, BOILER, SECONDARY ORE BIN, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

DETAIL VIEW OF FILTER PRESS REMAINS, BOILER, SECONDARY ORE BIN, TRAM TRESTLE AND WATER TANK, LOOKING NORTHWEST. HIS VIEW IS TAKEN FROM THE THIRD LEVEL OF THE MILL, NEARBY THE BLACKSMITH'S FORGE. - Keane Wonder Mine, Park Route 4 (Daylight Pass Cutoff), Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, CA

Teaching Science: Beats the Daylight Out of Me.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leyden, Michael B.

1995-01-01

Presents activities for observing, measuring, collecting, and graphing data about times of sunrise and sunset to teach an understanding about arrival of Daylight Savings Time in April. Also discusses seasonal affective disorder (SAD). (TM)

Dynamic modeling of potentially conflicting energy reduction strategies for residential structures in semi-arid climates.

PubMed

Hester, Nathan; Li, Ke; Schramski, John R; Crittenden, John

2012-04-30

Globally, residential energy consumption continues to rise due to a variety of trends such as increasing access to modern appliances, overall population growth, and the overall increase of electricity distribution. Currently, residential energy consumption accounts for approximately one-fifth of total U.S. energy consumption. This research analyzes the effectiveness of a range of energy-saving measures for residential houses in semi-arid climates. These energy-saving measures include: structural insulated panels (SIP) for exterior wall construction, daylight control, increased window area, efficient window glass suitable for the local weather, and several combinations of these. Our model determined that energy consumption is reduced by up to 6.1% when multiple energy savings technologies are combined. In addition, pre-construction technologies (structural insulated panels (SIPs), daylight control, and increased window area) provide roughly 4 times the energy savings when compared to post-construction technologies (window blinds and efficient window glass). The model also illuminated the importance variations in local climate and building configuration; highlighting the site-specific nature of this type of energy consumption quantification for policy and building code considerations. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Variable area light reflecting assembly

DOEpatents

Howard, T.C.

1986-12-23

Device is described for tracking daylight and projecting it into a building. The device tracks the sun and automatically adjusts both the orientation and area of the reflecting surface. The device may be mounted in either a wall or roof of a building. Additionally, multiple devices may be employed in a light shaft in a building, providing daylight to several different floors. The preferred embodiment employs a thin reflective film as the reflecting device. One edge of the reflective film is fixed, and the opposite end is attached to a spring-loaded take-up roller. As the sun moves across the sky, the take-up roller automatically adjusts the angle and surface area of the film. Additionally, louvers may be mounted at the light entrance to the device to reflect incoming daylight in an angle perpendicular to the device to provide maximum reflective capability when daylight enters the device at non-perpendicular angles. 9 figs.

Variable area light reflecting assembly

DOEpatents

Howard, Thomas C.

1986-01-01

Device for tracking daylight and projecting it into a building. The device tracks the sun and automatically adjusts both the orientation and area of the reflecting surface. The device may be mounted in either a wall or roof of a building. Additionally, multiple devices may be employed in a light shaft in a building, providing daylight to several different floors. The preferred embodiment employs a thin reflective film as the reflecting device. One edge of the reflective film is fixed, and the opposite end is attached to a spring-loaded take-up roller. As the sun moves across the sky, the take-up roller automatically adjusts the angle and surface area of the film. Additionally, louvers may be mounted at the light entrance to the device to reflect incoming daylight in an angle perpendicular to the device to provide maximum reflective capability when daylight enters the device at non-perpendicular angles.

Designed To Maximize Learning and Minimize Costs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dolan, Thomas G.

2002-01-01

Describes how the Durant Road Middle School in Raleigh, North Carolina sets a new standard in environmental school design. "Daylighting," bringing daylight into the building for psychological, health, and energy-saving benefits, plays a central role in the design. (EV)

Modelling Complex Fenestration Systems using physical and virtual models

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thanachareonkit, Anothai; Scartezzini, Jean-Louis

2010-04-15

Physical or virtual models are commonly used to visualize the conceptual ideas of architects, lighting designers and researchers; they are also employed to assess the daylighting performance of buildings, particularly in cases where Complex Fenestration Systems (CFS) are considered. Recent studies have however revealed a general tendency of physical models to over-estimate this performance, compared to those of real buildings; these discrepancies can be attributed to several reasons. In order to identify the main error sources, a series of comparisons in-between a real building (a single office room within a test module) and the corresponding physical and virtual models wasmore » undertaken. The physical model was placed in outdoor conditions, which were strictly identical to those of the real building, as well as underneath a scanning sky simulator. The virtual model simulations were carried out by way of the Radiance program using the GenSky function; an alternative evaluation method, named Partial Daylight Factor method (PDF method), was also employed with the physical model together with sky luminance distributions acquired by a digital sky scanner during the monitoring of the real building. The overall daylighting performance of physical and virtual models were assessed and compared. The causes of discrepancies between the daylighting performance of the real building and the models were analysed. The main identified sources of errors are the reproduction of building details, the CFS modelling and the mocking-up of the geometrical and photometrical properties. To study the impact of these errors on daylighting performance assessment, computer simulation models created using the Radiance program were also used to carry out a sensitivity analysis of modelling errors. The study of the models showed that large discrepancies can occur in daylighting performance assessment. In case of improper mocking-up of the glazing for instance, relative divergences of 25-40% can be found in different room locations, suggesting that more light is entering than actually monitored in the real building. All these discrepancies can however be reduced by making an effort to carefully mock up the geometry and photometry of the real building. A synthesis is presented in this article which can be used as guidelines for daylighting designers to avoid or estimate errors during CFS daylighting performance assessment. (author)« less

Standoff detection of explosives and chemical agents using broadly tuned external-cavity quantum cascade lasers (EC-QCLs)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takeuchi, Eric B.; Rayner, Timothy; Weida, Miles; Crivello, Salvatore; Day, Timothy

2007-10-01

Civilian soft targets such as transportation systems are being targeted by terrorists using IEDs and suicide bombers. Having the capability to remotely detect explosives, precursors and other chemicals would enable these assets to be protected with minimal interruption of the flow of commerce. Mid-IR laser technology offers the potential to detect explosives and other chemicals in real-time and from a safe standoff distance. While many of these agents possess "fingerprint" signatures in the mid-IR (i.e. in the 3-20 micron regime), their effective interrogation by a practical, field-deployable system has been limited by size, complexity, reliability and cost constraints of the base laser technology. Daylight Solutions has addressed these shortcomings by developing compact, portable, broadly tunable mid-IR laser sources based upon external-cavity quantum cascade technology. This technology is now being applied by Daylight in system level architectures for standoff and remote detection of explosives, precursors and chemical agents. Several of these architectures and predicted levels of performance will be presented.

Lighting the School of the Future.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clanton, Nancy

1999-01-01

Discusses the Austin Independent School District's (Texas) school redesign efforts to allow more daylight in its schools, increase the students' comfort and productivity, and lower utility costs. Return on investment potential from savings in maintenance, replacement, and productivity of the school are highlighted. (GR)

Year-Round Daylight Saving Time Study : Volume 2. Supporting Studies

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1975-06-01

This volume contains detailed background material in support of findings of the Interim Report. It includes the findings of a survey of attifudes towards daylight saving conducted by the National Opinion Research Center; description of sunrise and su...

Adverse Effects of Daylight Saving Time on Adolescents' Sleep and Vigilance

PubMed Central

Medina, Diana; Ebben, Matthew; Milrad, Sara; Atkinson, Brianna; Krieger, Ana C.

2015-01-01

Study Objectives: Daylight saving time (DST) has been established with the intent to reduce energy expenditure, however unintentional effects on sleep and vigilance have not been consistently measured. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that DST adversely affects high school students' sleep and vigilance on the school days following its implementation. Methods: A natural experiment design was used to assess baseline and post-DST differences in objective and subjective measures of sleep and vigilance by actigraphy, sleep diary, sleepiness scale, and psychomotor vigilance testing (PVT). Students were tested during school days immediately preceding and following DST. Results: A total of 40 high school students were enrolled in this study; 35 completed the protocol. Sleep duration declined by an average of 32 minutes on the weeknights post-DST, reflecting a cumulative sleep loss of 2 h 42 min as compared to the baseline week (p = 0.001). This finding was confirmed by sleep diary analyses, reflecting an average sleep loss of 27 min/night (p = 0.004) post-DST. Vigilance significantly deteriorated, with a decline in PVT performance post-DST, resulting in longer reaction times (p < 0.001) and increased lapses (p < 0.001). Increased daytime sleepiness was also demonstrated (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The early March DST onset adversely affected sleep and vigilance in high school students resulting in increased daytime sleepiness. Larger scale evaluations of sleep impairments related to DST are needed to further quantify this problem in the population. If confirmed, measures to attenuate sleep loss post-DST should be implemented. Citation: Medina D, Ebben M, Milrad S, Atkinson B, Krieger AC. Adverse effects of daylight saving time on adolescents' sleep and vigilance. J Clin Sleep Med 2015;11(8):879–884. PMID:25979095

Lighting the Way

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kennedy, Mike

2007-01-01

In recent years, more education administrators and designers have embraced the potential benefits of daylighting. They have been persuaded that using natural light to illuminate facilities enables schools and universities to conserve energy and provide a learning environment in which students perform better. For daylighting advocates, the…

A double-blind randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of daylight photodynamic therapy with methyl-aminolevulinate vs. Placebo and daylight in patients with facial photodamage.

PubMed

Sanclemente, G; Mancilla, G A; Hernandez, G

2016-04-01

Daylight PDT (dPDT) is easy to use and does not require light equipment. Such therapy has been exhaustively proved to be successful in the treatment of actinic keratosis, but its use in skin photodamage remains unclear. To evaluate dPDT's efficacy in skin facial photodamage. This was a parallel-group double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Sixty participants with symmetric facial photodamage were allocated to topical methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) and daylight vs. matching placebo and daylight. Primary outcome was global photodamage improvement/failure 1 month after the third session. Secondary outcomes included: pain evaluation; specific photodamage severity scores; sun irradiance quantification and Skindex-29 scores. Adverse events were also investigated. Primary analysis included all randomized patients. All patients sun-exposed for 120min in 3 sessions. The risk of failure was lower in the MAL-dPDT group than in the placebo plus daylight group (RR: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.08-0.41). Mean solar irradiance (W/m(2)) during the first, second and third sessions was 480.82, 430.07 and 435.84, respectively. Items 5 and 14 of Skindex-29 in the MAL-dPDT group showed statistical significant differences. Two patients in the MAL-dPDT group had serious and non-serious events not directly related to the product. dPDT with MAL was un-painful, effective and safe for the treatment of facial photodamage. Herpes simplex prophylaxis should be considered before sessions. Copyright © 2015 AEDV. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Impact of Windows and Daylight Exposure on Overall Health and Sleep Quality of Office Workers: A Case-Control Pilot Study

PubMed Central

Boubekri, Mohamed; Cheung, Ivy N.; Reid, Kathryn J.; Wang, Chia-Hui; Zee, Phyllis C.

2014-01-01

Study Objective: This research examined the impact of daylight exposure on the health of office workers from the perspective of subjective well-being and sleep quality as well as actigraphy measures of light exposure, activity, and sleep-wake patterns. Methods: Participants (N = 49) included 27 workers working in windowless environments and 22 comparable workers in workplaces with significantly more daylight. Windowless environment is defined as one without any windows or one where workstations were far away from windows and without any exposure to daylight. Well-being of the office workers was measured by Short Form-36 (SF-36), while sleep quality was measured by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). In addition, a subset of participants (N = 21; 10 workers in windowless environments and 11 workers in workplaces with windows) had actigraphy recordings to measure light exposure, activity, and sleep-wake patterns. Results: Workers in windowless environments reported poorer scores than their counterparts on two SF-36 dimensions—role limitation due to physical problems and vitality—as well as poorer overall sleep quality from the global PSQI score and the sleep disturbances component of the PSQI. Compared to the group without windows, workers with windows at the workplace had more light exposure during the workweek, a trend toward more physical activity, and longer sleep duration as measured by actigraphy. Conclusions: We suggest that architectural design of office environments should place more emphasis on sufficient daylight exposure of the workers in order to promote office workers' health and well-being. Citation: Boubekri M, Cheung IN, Reid KJ, Wang CH, Zee PC. Impact of windows and daylight exposure on overall health and sleep quality of office workers: a case-control pilot study. J Clin Sleep Med 2014;10(6):603-611. PMID:24932139

A sensor-less LED dimming system based on daylight harvesting with BIPV systems.

PubMed

Yoo, Seunghwan; Kim, Jonghun; Jang, Cheol-Yong; Jeong, Hakgeun

2014-01-13

Artificial lighting in office buildings typically requires 30% of the total energy consumption of the building, providing a substantial opportunity for energy savings. To reduce the energy consumed by indoor lighting, we propose a sensor-less light-emitting diode (LED) dimming system using daylight harvesting. In this study, we used light simulation software to quantify and visualize daylight, and analyzed the correlation between photovoltaic (PV) power generation and indoor illumination in an office with an integrated PV system. In addition, we calculated the distribution of daylight illumination into the office and dimming ratios for the individual control of LED lights. Also, we were able directly to use the electric power generated by PV system. As a result, power consumption for electric lighting was reduced by 40 - 70% depending on the season and the weather conditions. Thus, the dimming system proposed in this study can be used to control electric lighting to reduce energy use cost-effectively and simply.

Dual LED/incandescent security fixture

DOEpatents

Gauna, Kevin Wayne

2005-06-21

A dual LED and incandescent security lighting system uses a hybrid approach to LED illumination. It combines an ambient LED illuminator with a standard incandescent lamp on a motion control sensor. The LED illuminator will activate with the onset of darkness (daylight control) and typically remain on during the course of the night ("always on"). The LED illumination, typically amber, is sufficient to provide low to moderate level lighting coverage to the wall and ground area adjacent to and under the fixture. The incandescent lamp is integrated with a motion control circuit and sensor. When movement in the field of view is detected (after darkness), the incandescent lamp is switched on, providing an increased level of illumination to the area. Instead of an "always on" LED illuminator, the LEDs may also be switched off when the incandescent lamp is switched on.

A review of environmental risk factors for myopia during early life, childhood and adolescence.

PubMed

Ramamurthy, Dharani; Lin Chua, Sharon Yu; Saw, Seang-Mei

2015-11-01

Myopia is a significant public health problem worldwide, particularly in East Asian countries. The increasing prevalence of myopia poses a huge socio-economic burden and progressive high myopia can lead to sight-threatening ocular complications. Hence, the prevention of early-onset myopia progressing to pathological high myopia is important. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that increased outdoor time is an important modifiable environmental factor that protects young children from myopia. This protective effect may be due to high light intensity outdoors, the chromaticity of daylight or increased vitamin D levels. This review summarises the possible underlying biological mechanisms for the protective association between time outdoors and myopia, including the potential role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in refractive error development. Recent evidence for the role of other environmental risk factors such as near work, birth seasons, parental smoking and birth order are also summarised. © 2015 Optometry Australia.

Spectral Analysis of the Effects of Daylight Saving Time on Motor Vehicle Fatal Traffic Accidents

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1977-04-01

This report shows that Daylight Saving Time (DST) reduces the number of persons killed in motor vehicle fatal traffic accidents by about one percent. This estimate is based on a spectral (Fourier) analysis of these fatalities which utilizes a filteri...

Second-level post-occupancy evaluation (POE) analysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Collins, B.; Fisher, W.; Marans, R.W.

1989-02-14

Findings from a detailed analysis of post-occupancy evaluation data, sponsored by LRI, which involved thirteen office buildings typical of current design practice, will be discussed. Analysis of the data indicates that occupant satisfaction can be related to type of lighting system, presence of daylight, and patterns of luminance in the office. 15 refs., 9 figs., 3 tabs.

Daylighting in Classrooms.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Willi, John G.

2003-01-01

Describes how one elementary school was designed to be a flexible, innovative campus that connects learning and the learning environment. The celebration of nature is carried out in many ways within the building. Students are exposed to great vistas from every interior location. Daylighting is infused throughout the school to reinforce the desire…

Field Commissioning of a Daylight-Dimming Lighting System.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Floyd, David B.; Parker, Danny S.

A Florida elementary school cafeteria, retrofitted with a fluorescent lighting system that dims in response to available daylight, was evaluated through real time measurement of lighting and air conditioning power, work plane illumination, and interior/exterior site conditions. The new system produced a 27 percent reduction in lighting power due…

75 FR 36089 - Payment System Risk Policy; Daylight Overdraft Posting Rules

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-24

... and includes only Accounts Receivable Entry (ARC), Back Office Conversion Entry (BOC), Point-of... account balance and daylight overdraft balance in Account Management Information (AMI), which is a service... under the authority delegated to the Board by the Office of Management and Budget. No collections of...

78 FR 64026 - Investigative Hearing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-25

... Investigative Hearing. On Friday, May 17, 2013, at 6:01 p.m. eastern daylight time, eastbound Metro-North... $18.5 million. On Tuesday, May 28, 2013, at 11:57 a.m. eastern daylight time, Metro-North Railroad...; and Metro-North's organizational safety culture. Parties to the hearing include the Federal Railroad...

Urban Stream Burial Increases Watershed-Scale Nitrate Export.

PubMed

Beaulieu, Jake J; Golden, Heather E; Knightes, Christopher D; Mayer, Paul M; Kaushal, Sujay S; Pennino, Michael J; Arango, Clay P; Balz, David A; Elonen, Colleen M; Fritz, Ken M; Hill, Brian H

2015-01-01

Nitrogen (N) uptake in streams is an important ecosystem service that reduces nutrient loading to downstream ecosystems. Here we synthesize studies that investigated the effects of urban stream burial on N-uptake in two metropolitan areas and use simulation modeling to scale our measurements to the broader watershed scale. We report that nitrate travels on average 18 times farther downstream in buried than in open streams before being removed from the water column, indicating that burial substantially reduces N uptake in streams. Simulation modeling suggests that as burial expands throughout a river network, N uptake rates increase in the remaining open reaches which somewhat offsets reduced N uptake in buried reaches. This is particularly true at low levels of stream burial. At higher levels of stream burial, however, open reaches become rare and cumulative N uptake across all open reaches in the watershed rapidly declines. As a result, watershed-scale N export increases slowly at low levels of stream burial, after which increases in export become more pronounced. Stream burial in the lower, more urbanized portions of the watershed had a greater effect on N export than an equivalent amount of stream burial in the upper watershed. We suggest that stream daylighting (i.e., uncovering buried streams) can increase watershed-scale N retention.

Urban Stream Burial Increases Watershed-Scale Nitrate Export

PubMed Central

Beaulieu, Jake J.; Golden, Heather E.; Knightes, Christopher D.; Mayer, Paul M.; Kaushal, Sujay S.; Pennino, Michael J.; Arango, Clay P.; Balz, David A.; Elonen, Colleen M.; Fritz, Ken M.; Hill, Brian H.

2015-01-01

Nitrogen (N) uptake in streams is an important ecosystem service that reduces nutrient loading to downstream ecosystems. Here we synthesize studies that investigated the effects of urban stream burial on N-uptake in two metropolitan areas and use simulation modeling to scale our measurements to the broader watershed scale. We report that nitrate travels on average 18 times farther downstream in buried than in open streams before being removed from the water column, indicating that burial substantially reduces N uptake in streams. Simulation modeling suggests that as burial expands throughout a river network, N uptake rates increase in the remaining open reaches which somewhat offsets reduced N uptake in buried reaches. This is particularly true at low levels of stream burial. At higher levels of stream burial, however, open reaches become rare and cumulative N uptake across all open reaches in the watershed rapidly declines. As a result, watershed-scale N export increases slowly at low levels of stream burial, after which increases in export become more pronounced. Stream burial in the lower, more urbanized portions of the watershed had a greater effect on N export than an equivalent amount of stream burial in the upper watershed. We suggest that stream daylighting (i.e., uncovering buried streams) can increase watershed-scale N retention. PMID:26186731

Day in, Day out

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Frazier, Mary Claire

2006-01-01

Some persuasive research over the past decade shows a strong relationship between the availability of daylight in classrooms and increased test scores for students. Schools seeking to apply that research to actual school construction projects face several hurdles, but the benefits can be real and long-lasting. A properly installed, calibrated and…

Solar Glazing Tips for School Construction

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Jonathan

2012-01-01

Glazing can be optimized to enhance passive solar heating and daylight harvesting by exceeding the prescriptive limits of the energy code. This savings can be garnered without the high cost of external overhangs or expensive glazing products. The majority of savings from solar glazing are attributable to the increase in solar heating and…

Colour Mixing Based on Daylight

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meyn, Jan-Peter

2008-01-01

Colour science is based on the sensation of monochromatic light. In contrast to that, surface colours are caused by reflection of wide sections of the daylight spectrum. Non-spectral colours like magenta and purple appear homologous to colours with spectral hue, if the approach of mixing monochromatic light is abandoned. It is shown that a large…

Luminescent Solar Concentrator Daylighting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bornstein, Jonathan G.

1984-11-01

Various systems that offer potential solutions to the problem of interior daylighting have been discussed in the literature. Virtually all of these systems rely on some method of tracking the sun along its azimuth and elevation, i.e., direct imaging of the solar disk. A simpler approach, however, involves a nontracking nonimaging device that effectively eliminates moving parts and accepts both the diffuse and direct components of solar radiation. Such an approach is based on a system that combines in a common luminaire the light emitted by luminescent solar concentrators (LSC), of the three primary colors, with a highly efficient artificial point source (HID metal halide) that automatically compensates for fluctuations in the LSC array via a daylight sensor and dimming ballast. A preliminary analysis suggests that this system could supply 90% of the lighting requirement, over the course of an 8 hour day, strictly from the daylight component under typical insolation con-ditions in the Southwest United States. In office buildings alone, the total aggregate energy savings may approach a half a quad annually. This indicates a very good potential for the realization of substantial savings in building electric energy consumption.

Enriching lighting design.

PubMed

Brawley, Elizabeth C

2009-01-01

Good lighting is perhaps the most important and least understood element in designing healthcare environments. Both physically and mentally challenged individuals become more vulnerable and dependent on their environment to compensate for sensory impairments, including dimming eyesight, which interferes to some degree with daily activities as well as social and leisure activities - the things that provide emotional and social well-being. Too few building designs today result in lighting that meets the needs of these individuals, regardless of age. Typical lighting in most care environments is inadequate to meet lighting needs affecting both vision and the photobiological (non-visual) needs of synchronization of circadian rhythm, which impacts sleep and depression. Well-designed lighting is one of the most important design elements that will support an individual's ability to perform normal daily activities and decrease the level of disability associated with these impairments. Daylight contains the spectrum to which the circadian clock is most sensitive and provides higher light levels during the day. Easily accessible outdoor gardens encourage individuals outside, providing the necessary regular exposure to direct bright light that sunlight provides. The combination good interior lighting and regular daylight exposure contributes to regaining and maintaining an active and fulfilling lifestyle - greatly improving quality of life.

Comparison of Blue and White Lamp Light with Sunlight for Daylight-Mediated, 5-ALA Photodynamic Therapy, in vivo.

PubMed

Marra, Kayla; LaRochelle, Ethan P; Chapman, M Shane; Hoopes, P Jack; Lukovits, Karina; Maytin, Edward V; Hasan, Tayyaba; Pogue, Brian W

2018-04-16

Daylight-mediated photodynamic therapy (d-PDT) as a treatment for actinic keratosis (AK) is an increasingly common technique due to a significant reduction in pain, leading to better patient tolerability. While past studies have looked at different light sources and delivery methods, this study strives to provide equivalent PpIX-weighted light doses with the hypothesis that artificial light sources could be equally as effective as natural sunlight if their PpIX-weighted fluences were equalized. Normal mouse skin was used as the model to compare blue LED light, metal halide white light and natural sunlight, with minimal incubation time between topical ALA application and the onset of light delivery. A total PpIX-weighted fluence of 20 J eff cm -2 was delivered over 2 h, and the efficacy of response was quantified using three acute bioassays for PDT damage: PpIX photobleaching, Stat3 crosslinking and quantitative histopathology. These bioassays indicated blue light was slightly inferior to both sunlight and white light, but that the latter two were not significantly different. The results suggest that metal halide white light could be a reasonable alternative to daylight PDT, which should allow a more controlled treatment that is independent of weather and yet should have similar response rates with limited pain during treatment. © 2018 The American Society of Photobiology.

Integrating daylighting into a 3,000 seat church auditorium and network quality television production

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Holder, L.M. III; Holder, L.M. IV

1999-07-01

The project was designed by the Overland Partners Architectural Firm for Riverbend Church of Austin as an Auditorium for Sunday Services and a venue for special theatrical presentations for the church and the community as well. It is an amphitheater on a hillside overlooking the Colorado River Valley. The amphitheater was selected as the building form to keep the audience closer to the speaker. A 175 ft wide by 60 ft tall arched window was installed on the north face to allow the audience to see the panorama views of the tree covered hills on the other side of themore » valley in the Texas Hill Country. Although the design is quite effective in achieving the program goals, these characteristics make it difficult to achieve effective daylighting without glare for the audience and television cameras since both face the north glazing. The design team was faced with providing quality daylighting for the audience and television cameras from the wall behind the stage. Most television studios have carefully controlled lighting systems with the major lighting component from behind the cameras. Virtually all television facilities with daylight contributing to the production lighting are in a building with high shading coefficient glass producing illumination on all areas equally or almost all glass and daylighting from skylights and clearstories above. All television networks have requirements for control of the quality of the video images to parallel those conditions for the program to be aired.« less

Impact of windows and daylight exposure on overall health and sleep quality of office workers: a case-control pilot study.

PubMed

Boubekri, Mohamed; Cheung, Ivy N; Reid, Kathryn J; Wang, Chia-Hui; Zee, Phyllis C

2014-06-15

This research examined the impact of daylight exposure on the health of office workers from the perspective of subjective well-being and sleep quality as well as actigraphy measures of light exposure, activity, and sleep-wake patterns. Participants (N = 49) included 27 workers working in windowless environments and 22 comparable workers in workplaces with significantly more daylight. Windowless environment is defined as one without any windows or one where workstations were far away from windows and without any exposure to daylight. Well-being of the office workers was measured by Short Form-36 (SF-36), while sleep quality was measured by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). In addition, a subset of participants (N = 21; 10 workers in windowless environments and 11 workers in workplaces with windows) had actigraphy recordings to measure light exposure, activity, and sleep-wake patterns. Workers in windowless environments reported poorer scores than their counterparts on two SF-36 dimensions--role limitation due to physical problems and vitality--as well as poorer overall sleep quality from the global PSQI score and the sleep disturbances component of the PSQI. Compared to the group without windows, workers with windows at the workplace had more light exposure during the workweek, a trend toward more physical activity, and longer sleep duration as measured by actigraphy. We suggest that architectural design of office environments should place more emphasis on sufficient daylight exposure of the workers in order to promote office workers' health and well-being.

Re-Analysis Report: Daylighting in Schools, Additional Analysis. Tasks 2.2.1 through 2.2.5.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heschong, Lisa; Elzeyadi, Ihab; Knecht, Carey

This study expands and validates previous research that found a statistical correlation between the amount of daylight in elementary school classrooms and the performance of students on standardized math and reading tests. The researchers reanalyzed the 19971998 school year student performance data from the Capistrano Unified School District…

Electric Lighting and Daylighting in Schools. IssueTrak: A CEFPI Brief on Educational Facility Issues.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grocoff, Paul N.

This report examines both electric lighting and daylighting, listing criteria to determine the correct equipment for a school renovation or building project. Specific topics examine use of prismatic lenses; parabolic louvers; and indirect lighting, including the cost savings of using indirect lighting. The report indicates there is no clear answer…

Change in the Classroom Deportment of Children Following Change From Daylight Saving Time.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hicks, Robert A.; And Others

1980-01-01

The deportment of each student in a third-grade classroom was rated by the teacher before and after the fall change from daylight savings time, to see if this disruption in circadian rhythms alters behavior. The deportment of boys improved significantly while the deportment of girls was significantly disrupted. (Author/SJL)

Effects of cardiothoracic physiotherapy on intrapulmonary shunt in abdominal surgical patients.

PubMed

Ntoumenopoulos, George; Greenwood, Kenneth

1996-01-01

This study investigated the provision of additional evening physiotherapy on pulmonary complications and intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) after abdominal surgery. Thirty-one elderly patients received either daylight only or daylight plus evening physiotherapy for up to 48 hours. Physiotherapy included combinations of positioning, gravity assisted drainage, breathing exercises, manual techniques, coughing and airway suctioning. Measurements included Qs/Qt and post-operative pulmonary complications. While no significant difference in atelectasis was found, the post-operative Qs/Qt data averaged into six-hour time frames demonstrated significantly lower mean Qs/Qt for the daylight plus evening physiotherapy group between 18 and 24 hours post-surgery. Additional evening physiotherapy may reduce post-operative deterioration in gas exchange after major abdominal surgery.

The twilight envelope: a user-centered approach to describing roadway illumination at night.

PubMed

Andre, J; Owens, D A

2001-01-01

Visual recognition functions, such as acuity and contrast sensitivity, deteriorate rapidly over the declining luminances found during civil twilight. Thus civil twilight, a critical part of the transition between daylight and darkness, represents lighting conditions that may be useful to describe artificial illumination. Automotive headlamps project a three-dimensional beam that ranges from illumination levels comparable to daylight at the vehicle to the dark limit of civil twilight (3.3 1x) at some distance ahead. This twilight envelope is characterized as a distance beyond which foveal visual functions are severely impaired, and thus it provides a general, functional description of the useful extent of the headlamp beam. This user-centered approach to describing illumination is useful for characterizing visibility when driving at night or in other artificially lit environments. This paper discusses the twilight envelope approach and its application to intervehicle variations in headlamp systems. Actual or potential applications of this research include user-centered description of artificial illumination and driver/pedestrian safety education.

Development of Design Guidance for K-12 Schools from 30% to 50% Energy Savings: Preprint

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pless, S.; Torcellini, P.; Long, N.

2008-07-01

This paper describes the development of energy efficiency recommendations for achieving 30% whole-building energy savings in K-12 schools over levels achieved by following the ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1. These design recommendations look at building envelope, fenestration, lighting systems (including electrical lights and daylighting), HVAC systems, building automation and controls, outside air treatment, and service water heating.

Preparation and enhanced daylight-induced photocatalytic activity of C,N,S-tridoped titanium dioxide powders.

PubMed

Zhou, Minghua; Yu, Jiaguo

2008-04-15

A simple method for preparing highly daylight-induced photoactive nanocrystalline C,N,S-tridoped TiO2 powders was developed by a solid-phase reaction. The as-prepared TiO2 powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra, N2 adsorption-desorption measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the photocatalytic oxidation of formaldehyde under daylight irradiation in air. The results show that daylight-induced photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared TiO2 powders were improved by C,N,S-tridoping. The C,N,S-tridoped TiO2 powders exhibited stronger absorption in the near UV and visible-light region with red shift in the band-gap transition. When the molar ratio of CS(NH2)2 to xerogel TiO2 powders (prepared by hydrolysis of Ti(OC4H9)4 in distilled water) (R) was kept in 3, the daylight-induced photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared C,N,S-tridoped TiO2 powders were about more than six times greater than that of Degussa P25 and un-doped TiO2 powders. The high activities of the C,N,S-tridoped TiO2 can be attributed to the results of the synergetic effects of strong absorption in the near UV and visible-light region, red shift in adsorption edge and two phase structures of un-doped TiO2 and C,N,S-tridoped TiO2.

11 CFR 100.19 - File, filed or filing (2 U.S.C. 434(a)).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Time on the filing date, except that pre-election reports must have a postmark dated no later than 11:59 p.m. Eastern Standard/Daylight Time on the fifteenth day before the date of the election. (2... Standard/Daylight Time on the filing date. (d) 48-hour and 24-hour reports of independent expenditures—(1...

The time of sunrise and the number of hours with daylight may influence the diurnal rhythm of acute heart attack mortality.

PubMed

Kriszbacher, Ildikó; Bódis, József; Boncz, Imre; Koppan, Agnes; Koppan, Miklós

2010-04-01

We investigated whether the time of sunrise and the number of daylight hours have an effect on the seasonality, or the daily rhythm of heart attack mortality. We analyzed retrospectively data of patients admitted to hospitals with the diagnosis of heart attack (n=32,329) and patients who deceased of a heart attack (n=5142) between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2005 in Hungary. Heart attack mortality was highest during winter, while lowest number of events was recorded during summer . The daily peak of diurnality was between 6:00 am and 12:00 pm (33.77%). A positive correlation was found between the time of sunrise, time of sunset and the mortality caused by myocardial infarction (p<0,01). In the analysis of the number of daylight hours and the heart attack mortality we found a negative correlation (r=-0.105, p<0.05). No significant difference was found between sexes and different age-groups in heart attack mortality. Our data suggest, that the occurrence and the mortality of heart attack may be related to the time of sunrise and the number of daylight hours. Copyright 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

High-power lightweight external-cavity quantum cascade lasers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Day, Timothy; Takeuchi, Eric B.; Weida, Miles; Arnone, David; Pushkarsky, Michael; Boyden, David; Caffey, David

2009-05-01

Commercially available quantum cascade gain media has been integrated with advanced coating and die attach technologies, mid-IR micro-optics and telecom-style assembly and packaging to yield cutting edge performance. When combined into Daylight's external-cavity quantum cascade laser (ECqcL) platform, multi-Watt output power has been obtained. Daylight will describe their most recent results obtained from this platform, including high cw power from compact hermetically sealed packages and narrow spectral linewidth devices. Fiber-coupling and direct amplitude modulation from such multi-Watt lasers will also be described. In addition, Daylight will present the most recent results from their compact, portable, battery-operated "thermal laser pointers" that are being used for illumination and aiming applications. When combined with thermal imaging technology, such devices provide significant benefits in contrast and identification.

Microbiologic contamination during dental radiographic film processing.

PubMed

Stanczyk, D A; Paunovich, E D; Broome, J C; Fatone, M A

1993-07-01

This study investigated microbiologic contamination of an automatic dental radiograph processor and daylight loader during a week of simulated clinical use. Pure cultures of Candida albicans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, or Klebsiella pneumoniae were used to contaminate 320 vinyl intraoral radiograph packets. Each end of the films was deliberately contaminated during opening. These films and 24 uncontaminated control films were processed. Daylight loader ports, inlet and outlet rollers, fixer and developer samples, and 12 processed films were cultured daily. To simulate a weekend, the processor sites were cultured during 72 hours of inactivity after the contaminated runs. The results showed that contamination of the processor and daylight loader occurred and remained even after 48 hours of inactivity. Films remained contaminated after processing. In addition, cross-contamination of films occurred in the processor.

Psychological Effect of Daylighting on Behavior

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oyama, Yoshie

In order to facilitate use of daylighting in architectural design, we tried to measure the suitability of luminous environment for various behavior, including not only visual work but also refreshing and rest. An experiment was conducted with 7 luminous conditions including daylighting. The suitability of a luminous environment was measured by asking the subjects to select suitable activities and unsuitable behaviors from a given list of possible activities. The result showed the selection of unsuitable behaviors was more useful than the selection of suitable behaviors. Furthermore, lighting installations offering a steady luminous environments, were not suitable for many behaviors including refreshing and rest. The luminous environments which were bright but had some fluctuation and some non-uniformity of brightness, obtained by use of direct sunlight, were judged to be suitable for negotiating, refreshing, and meeting.

Calculating correlated color temperatures across the entire gamut of daylight and skylight chromaticities.

PubMed

Hernández-Andrés, J; Lee, R L; Romero, J

1999-09-20

Natural outdoor illumination daily undergoes large changes in its correlated color temperature (CCT), yet existing equations for calculating CCT from chromaticity coordinates span only part of this range. To improve both the gamut and accuracy of these CCT calculations, we use chromaticities calculated from our measurements of nearly 7000 daylight and skylight spectra to test an equation that accurately maps CIE 1931 chromaticities x and y into CCT. We extend the work of McCamy [Color Res. Appl. 12, 285-287 (1992)] by using a chromaticity epicenter for CCT and the inverse slope of the line that connects it to x and y. With two epicenters for different CCT ranges, our simple equation is accurate across wide chromaticity and CCT ranges (3000-10(6) K) spanned by daylight and skylight.

A computer program for analyzing the energy consumption of automatically controlled lighting systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

1982-01-01

A computer code to predict the performance of controlled lighting systems with respect to their energy saving capabilities is presented. The computer program provides a mathematical model from which comparisons of control schemes can be made on an economic basis only. The program does not calculate daylighting, but uses daylighting values as input. The program can analyze any of three power input versus light output relationships, continuous dimming with a linear response, continuous dimming with a nonlinear response, or discrete stepped response. Any of these options can be used with or without daylighting, making six distinct modes of control system operation. These relationships are described in detail. The major components of the program are discussed and examples are included to explain how to run the program.

Baseline information development for energy smart schools -- applied research, field testing and technology integration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xu, Tengfang; Piette, Mary Ann

2004-08-05

The original scope of work was to obtain and analyze existing and emerging data in four states: California, Florida, New York, and Wisconsin. The goal of this data collection was to deliver a baseline database or recommendations for such a database that could possibly contain window and daylighting features and energy performance characteristics of Kindergarten through 12th grade (K-12) school buildings (or those of classrooms when available). In particular, data analyses were performed based upon the California Commercial End-Use Survey (CEUS) databases to understand school energy use, features of window glazing, and availability of daylighting in California K-12 schools. Themore » outcomes from this baseline task can be used to assist in establishing a database of school energy performance, assessing applications of existing technologies relevant to window and daylighting design, and identifying future R&D needs. These are in line with the overall project goals as outlined in the proposal. Through the review and analysis of this data, it is clear that there are many compounding factors impacting energy use in K-12 school buildings in the U.S., and that there are various challenges in understanding the impact of K-12 classroom energy use associated with design features of window glazing and skylight. First, the energy data in the existing CEUS databases has, at most, provided the aggregated electricity and/or gas usages for the building establishments that include other school facilities on top of the classroom spaces. Although the percentage of classroom floor area in schools is often available from the databases, there is no additional information that can be used to quantitatively segregate the EUI for classroom spaces. In order to quantify the EUI for classrooms, sub-metering of energy usage by classrooms must be obtained. Second, magnitudes of energy use for electricity lighting are not attainable from the existing databases, nor are the lighting levels contributed by artificial lighting or daylight. It is impossible to reasonably estimate the lighting energy consumption for classroom areas in the sample of schools studied in this project. Third, there are many other compounding factors that may as well influence the overall classroom energy use, e.g., ventilation, insulation, system efficiency, occupancy, control, schedules, and weather. Fourth, although we have examined the school EUI grouped by various factors such as climate zones, window and daylighting design features from the California databases, no statistically significant associations can be identified from the sampled California K-12 schools in the current California CEUS. There are opportunities to expand such analyses by developing and including more powerful CEUS databases in the future. Finally, a list of parameters is recommended for future database development and for use of future investigation in K-12 classroom energy use, window and skylight design, and possible relations between them. Some of the key parameters include: (1) Energy end use data for lighting systems, classrooms, and schools; (2) Building design and operation including features for windows and daylighting; and (3) Other key parameters and information that would be available to investigate overall energy uses, building and systems design, their operation, and services provided.« less

Concept of electro-optical sensor module for sniper detection system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trzaskawka, Piotr; Dulski, Rafal; Kastek, Mariusz

2010-10-01

The paper presents an initial concept of the electro-optical sensor unit for sniper detection purposes. This unit, comprising of thermal and daylight cameras, can operate as a standalone device but its primary application is a multi-sensor sniper and shot detection system. Being a part of a larger system it should contribute to greater overall system efficiency and lower false alarm rate thanks to data and sensor fusion techniques. Additionally, it is expected to provide some pre-shot detection capabilities. Generally acoustic (or radar) systems used for shot detection offer only "after-the-shot" information and they cannot prevent enemy attack, which in case of a skilled sniper opponent usually means trouble. The passive imaging sensors presented in this paper, together with active systems detecting pointed optics, are capable of detecting specific shooter signatures or at least the presence of suspected objects in the vicinity. The proposed sensor unit use thermal camera as a primary sniper and shot detection tool. The basic camera parameters such as focal plane array size and type, focal length and aperture were chosen on the basis of assumed tactical characteristics of the system (mainly detection range) and current technology level. In order to provide costeffective solution the commercially available daylight camera modules and infrared focal plane arrays were tested, including fast cooled infrared array modules capable of 1000 fps image acquisition rate. The daylight camera operates as a support, providing corresponding visual image, easier to comprehend for a human operator. The initial assumptions concerning sensor operation were verified during laboratory and field test and some example shot recording sequences are presented.

Advanced Lighting Controls for Reducing Energy use and Cost in DoD Installations

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-01

OccuSwitch Wireless is a room-based lighting control system employing dimmable light sources, occupancy and daylight sensors , wireless interconnection...combination of wireless and wired control solution for building-wide networked system that maximizes the use of daylight while improving visual...architecture of Hybrid ILDC. Architecture: The system features wireless connectivity among sensors and actuators within a zone and exploits wired

Optimum Design Parameters of Box Window DSF Office at Different Glazing Types under Sub Interval of Intermediate Sky Conditions (20-40 klux)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elayeb, O. K.; Alghoul, M. A.; Sopian, K.; Khrita, N. G.

2017-11-01

Despite Double skin façade (DSF) buildings are widely deployed worldwide, daylighting strategy is not commonly incorporated in these buildings compare to other strategies. Therefore, further theoretical and experimental studies would lead to adopting daylighting strategy in DSF office buildings. The aim of this study is to investigate the daylighting performance of office building at different design parameters of box window DSF using different glazing types under sub interval of intermediate sky conditions (20-40) klux using the (IES VE) simulation tool from Integrated Environmental Solutions - Virtual Environment. The implemented design parameters are window wall ratio (WWR) of internal façade (10-100) %, cavity depth (CD) of DSF (1-2.5) m and different glazing types. The glazing types were selected from the list available in the (IES VE) simulation tool. After series of evaluations, bronze tinted coating (STOPSOL) is implemented for the exterior façade while clear float, clear reflective coating (STOPSOL), grey and brown tinted coating (Anti-sun float) and blue coating tinted (SUNCOOL float) are implemented for the interior façade. In this paper, several evaluation parameters are used to quantify the optimum design parameters that would balance the daylighting requirements of a box window DSF office versus sky conditions range (20-40) klux. The optimum design parameters of DSF office building obtained under different glazing types are highlighted as follows. When using bronze tinted coating (STOPSOL) for the exterior façade, the glazing types of interior façade that showed superior daylighting performance of DSF office at (CD of 1.0m with WWR of 70%), (CD of 1.5m with WWR of 70%), (CD of 2.0m with WWR of 70%) and (CD of 2.0m with WWR of 70%) are grey tinted coating (Anti-sun float), clear reflective coating (STOPSOL), brown tinted coating (Anti-sun float), and clear float glazing respectively. Blue Coating tinted (SUNCOOL float) of interior façade glazing failed to meet outstanding daylighting performance at any cavity depth.

Essence of Daylight in the Cistercian Monastic Church of S. Bento de Cástris, Évora, Portugal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martins, Ana M. T.; Carlos, Jorge S.

2017-10-01

Natural light in the Cistercian churches is closely linked not only with the liturgical requirements at the “officium” but also with the canonical hours based on the "ora et labora" dictated by the Rule of St. Benedict. The Cistercian architecture, in its beginnings (12th century forward) is characterized by austerity, simplicity and the play of light and shadow that gives value to the monastic architectural space itself, making it perfect for a contemplative experience. In the Cistercian Monastery the church is the central piece of the monastic building. Nave, transept and apse are the main architectural components to which is added the choir. This paper contextualizes the importance and close connections of natural light, within the Cistercian Monasteries architecture. Thus the essence of daylight is analysed within the Church of the Monastery of S. Bento de Cástris, in Évora, Portugal. This former Monastery (13th - 19th centuries) includes the church, at the south-eastern corner which has not only a high choir, but also a low lateral choir (within the presbytery). Its unchanged exterior walls are made of solid masonry. Although the function of the walls is primarily structural, the windows allow the daylight to penetrate the space of the church. The church has two external façades facing northeast and southeast. The combined orientation effect of the church’s main axis and the sun trajectory determines how the sunlight reaches the interior of this architectural structure. This study presents the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the luminous environment in the church of S. Bento de Cástris, being the first based on the authors’ perception of the effect of the daylight within the different areas of the enclosed space. The appreciation of the spatial experiences was supported by quantitative daylight simulations that were conducted in selected areas within the space. With this paper is intended to contribute to the debate about the specificity of daylight, in the context of Cistercian architecture.

Daylight Redirecting Window Films

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

58) • Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (P.L. 110-140) • National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2007 (P.L. 109-364) • National Defense...Authorization Act for FY 2008 (P.L. 110-181) • National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2009 (P.L. 10-417) • Executive Order 13423 • Executive...green-house gas equivalents based on national averages Green-house- gas-equivalent conversion factor for national level usage. Embedded

Community metabolism in shallow coral reef and seagrass ecosystems, lower Florida Keys

USGS Publications Warehouse

Turk, Daniela; Yates, Kimberly K.; Vega-Rodriguez, Maria; Toro-Farmer, Gerardo; L'Esperance, Chris; Melo, Nelson; Ramsewak, Deanesch; Estrada, S. Cerdeira; Muller-Karger, Frank E.; Herwitz, Stan R.; McGillis, Wade

2016-01-01

Diurnal variation of net community production (NEP) and net community calcification (NEC) were measured in coral reef and seagrass biomes during October 2012 in the lower Florida Keys using a mesocosm enclosure and the oxygen gradient flux technique. Seagrass and coral reef sites showed diurnal variations of NEP and NEC, with positive values at near-seafloor light levels >100–300 µEinstein m-2 s-1. During daylight hours, we detected an average NEP of 12.3 and 8.6 mmol O2 m-2 h-1 at the seagrass and coral reef site, respectively. At night, NEP at the seagrass site was relatively constant, while on the coral reef, net respiration was highest immediately after dusk and decreased during the rest of the night. At the seagrass site, NEC values ranged from 0.20 g CaCO3 m-2 h-1 during daylight to -0.15 g CaCO3 m-2 h-1 at night, and from 0.17 to -0.10 g CaCO3 m-2 h-1 at the coral reef site. There were no significant differences in pH and aragonite saturation states (Ωar) between the seagrass and coral reef sites. Decrease in light levels during thunderstorms significantly decreased NEP, transforming the system from net autotrophic to net heterotrophic.

Minimizing lighting power density in office rooms equipped with Anidolic Daylighting Systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Linhart, Friedrich; Scartezzini, Jean-Louis

2010-04-15

Electric lighting is responsible for up to one third of an office building's electricity needs. Making daylight more available in office buildings can not only contribute to significant energy savings but also enhance the occupants' performance and wellbeing. Anidolic Daylighting Systems (ADS) are one type of very effective facade-integrated daylighting systems. All south-facing office rooms within the LESO solar experimental building in Lausanne (Switzerland) are equipped with a given type of ADS. A recent study has shown that these offices' occupants are highly satisfied with their lighting environment. The most energy-efficient south-facing offices have a lighting power density of lessmore » than 5W/m{sup 2}. The lighting situation within these ''best practice''-offices has been assessed using the lighting simulation software RELUX Vision. Because this lighting situation is very much appreciated by the occupants, it was used as a starting point for developing even more energy-efficient office lighting designs. Two new lighting designs, leading to lighting power densities of 3.9W/m{sup 2} and 3W/m{sup 2}, respectively, have been suggested and simulated with RELUX Vision. Simulation results have shown that the expected performances of these new systems are comparable to that of the current lighting installation within the ''best practice''-offices or even better. These simulation results have been confirmed during experiments on 20 human subjects in a test office room recently set up within the LESO building. This article gives engineers, architects and light planers valuable information and ideas on how to design energy-efficient and comfortable electric lighting systems in office rooms with abundant access to daylight. (author)« less

Continuous determination of gaseous ammonia in the ambient atmosphere using fluorescence derivatization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abbas, Rana; Tanner, Roger L.

A method for continuous determination of ambient ammonia levels employing o-phthalaldehyde fluorescence derivatization is described. A simplified Venturi scrubber and gas-liquid separator have been employed for reproducible measurements of ⩾ 0.1 ppb ambient ammonia with less than 2 min time resolution. The scrubbing efficiency of the ammonia gas collection system was determined to be 29 ± 1 %. During 4 d in August 1979 ambient ammonia levels at the Brookhaven National Laboratory site averaged about 1.5 ± 1.1 ppb during afternoon daylight hours.

Daylighting and shuttering: RIB system mechanical design and preliminary performance data

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kinney, L.; Reynolds, D.

1983-12-01

The Reflective, Insulating Blind (RIB) system is a flexible, user-controlled daylighting device which also has direct thermal advantages: it can reject a considerable portion of summer sun while still retaining an adequate daylighting function; and it functions as moveable insulation to significantly decrease thermal losses through fenestration during evening hours. The conceptual design of the RIB system was accomplished by Barnes and Shapira at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Mechanical design and prototype fabrication was accomplished by the authors and 29 systems were installed immediately inside existing south-facing windows of an energy-efficient office and dormitory at ORNL. The buildingmore » is a heavily-instrumented, passively-solar-heated structure for which reliable performance data was gathered and analyzed before the addition of RIB systems, thus facilitating the interpretation of ''after RIB'' performance data.« less

Review of Radio Frequency Photonics Basics

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-09-06

essentially from “Direct Current to Daylight,” allowing use for high frequency applications. This report covers some needs and advantages of radio...operate essentially from “Direct Current (DC) to Daylight,” allowing use for high frequency applications. The following sections of this report cover...spectrum leaving higher frequencies open for new uses. Frequency bands from 600 MHz to 5 GHz are used for commercial communications in the US. The future

A tuneable approach to uniform light distribution for artificial daylight photodynamic therapy.

PubMed

O'Mahoney, Paul; Haigh, Neil; Wood, Kenny; Brown, C Tom A; Ibbotson, Sally; Eadie, Ewan

2018-06-16

Implementation of daylight photodynamic therapy (dPDT) is somewhat limited by variable weather conditions. Light sources have been employed to provide artificial dPDT indoors, with low irradiances and longer treatment times. Uniform light distribution across the target area is key to ensuring effective treatment, particularly for large areas. A novel light source is developed with tuneable direction of light emission in order to meet this challenge. Wavelength composition of the novel light source is controlled such that the protoporphyrin-IX (PpIX) weighed spectra of both the light source and daylight match. The uniformity of the light source is characterised on a flat surface, a model head and a model leg. For context, a typical conventional PDT light source is also characterised. Additionally, the wavelength uniformity across the treatment site is characterised. The PpIX-weighted spectrum of the novel light source matches with PpIX-weighted daylight spectrum, with irradiance values within the bounds for effective dPDT. By tuning the direction of light emission, improvements are seen in the uniformity across large anatomical surfaces. Wavelength uniformity is discussed. We have developed a light source that addresses the challenges in uniform, multiwavelength light distribution for large area artificial dPDT across curved anatomical surfaces. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Energy and daylighting: A correlation between quality of light and energy consciousness

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Krug, N.

1997-12-31

Energy and Daylighting, an advanced topics graduate/professional elective has been established to help the student develop a deeper understanding of Architectural Daylighting, Energy Conserving Design, and Material/Construction/Methods through direct application. After a brief survey of the principles and applications of current and developing attitudes and techniques in energy conservation and natural lighting strategies is conducted (in order to build upon previous courses), an extensive exercise follows which allows the student the opportunity for direct applications. Both computer modeling/analysis and physical modeling (light box simulation with photographic documentation) are employed to focus attention on the interrelationships between natural lighting and passivemore » energy conserving design--all within the context of establishing environmental (interior) quality and (exterior) design direction. As a result, students broaden their understanding of natural light and energy conservation as design tools; the importance of environmental responsibility, both built and natural environments; and using computer analysis as a design tool. This presentation centers around the activities and results obtained from explorations into Energy and Daylighting. Discussion will highlight the course objectives, the methodology involved in the studies, specific requirements and means of evaluation, a slide show of befores and afters (results), and a retrospective look at the course`s value, as well as future directions and implications.« less

Circadian occurrence of variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis.

PubMed

Siringo, S; Bolondi, L; Sofia, S; Hermida, R C; Gramantieri, L; Gaiani, S; Piscaglia, F; Carbone, C; Misitano, B; Corinaldesi, R

1996-12-01

Several clinical events have a rhythmicity over the 24 h period. We assessed the presence of periodic rhythm in the occurrence of haematemesis in patients with liver cirrhosis under different daylight regimens, namely during standard time and during daylight savings. Over a 48 month period there were 212 consecutive admissions of 118 cirrhotics with variceal bleeding. Complete data were available for 181 episodes of bleeding: 121 (66.9%) started with haematemesis and 60 (33.1%) started with melaena. One hundred and two (56%) episodes occurred during daylight savings and 79 (44%) occurred during standard time. The cosinor test showed a 24 h biphasic peak for the occurrence of haematemesis (09.45 and 21.45 h). Moreover, a biphasic diurnal asymmetric frequency was also found by multiple component rhythmometry. The time peaks of onset of variceal haemorrhage did not change significantly during standard time and daylight savings. Patients with more than one haematemesis episode significantly bled over the same time interval. The present study confirms that over the 24 h period variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients occurs with a predictable rhythmicity that does not seem to be under the control of the light-dark cycle. The finding of a chronorisk for variceal haemorrhage addresses specific questions for pathophysiological studies as well as for new treatment strategies.

Daylight photodynamic therapy with methylene blue in plane warts: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study.

PubMed

Fathy, Ghada; Asaad, Marwa Kamal; Rasheed, Haval Mohamad

2017-07-01

Conventional photodynamic therapy is associated with inconveniently long clinic visits and discomfort during therapy. Daylight-photodynamic therapy (DL-PDT) is an effective treatment, nearly pain free and more convenient for both the clinics and patients. There are no published studies of methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer (PS) used in DL-PDT. Forty patients had multiple plane warts; 20 patients were subjected to DL-PDT with topical 10% methylene blue gel, and 20 patients were subjected to DL-PDT with hematoxylin (placebo). Improvement was evaluated by change of the number of warts and the dermoscope picture. A total of 20 (100%) patients in group II showed no response to placebo, 13 patients (65%) in group I showed complete clearance, 2 (10%) patients showed a good response, and 5 (25%) patients had poor response to treatment (P < 0.01). No serious side effects and patients tolerated the pain well. No relapse was detected during the follow-up period (12 months). Daylight exposure was not monitored with a dosimeter. Daylight-PDT using MB is safe, easy to carry out, economic, effective, acceptable cosmetic results with no recurrence, convenient especially for children and nearly painless treatment. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Changes in morning salivary melatonin correlate with prefrontal responses during working memory performance.

PubMed

Killgore, William D S; Kent, Haley C; Knight, Sara A; Alkozei, Anna

2018-04-11

Humans demonstrate a circadian rhythm of melatonin production that closely tracks the daily light/dark cycle, with profound increases in circulating levels during the night-time and nearly nonexistent levels during daylight hours. Although melatonin is known to play a role in preparing the brain and body for sleep, its effects on cognition and brain function are not well understood. We hypothesized that declines in morning melatonin would be associated with increased functional activation within cortical regions involved in alertness, attention, and executive function. We measured the change in salivary melatonin from mid-morning to late-morning in 26 healthy young adults who were also exposed to a 30-min period of blue or amber light followed by functional MRI during a working memory task (N-back). Brain activation was regressed on the change in melatonin scores from the mid-morning to late-morning saliva samples and the role of light exposure was also assessed. Although overall melatonin levels did not change significantly over the morning at the group level, individual declines in salivary melatonin were associated with significant increases in activation within the left dorsomedial and right inferior lateral prefrontal cortex during the 2-back condition (P<0.05, cluster corrected). Medial prefrontal activation also correlated modestly with better vigilance performance during the 0-back (P<0.05), but not the 1-back or 2-back conditions. The light condition did not affect the outcomes. These findings suggest declining melatonin levels in the morning are associated with increased prefrontal cortex functioning and may play a role in the increased frontal activation that occurs following awakening.

Accident rates and the impact of daylight saving time transitions.

PubMed

Robb, David; Barnes, Thomas

2018-02-01

One-third of nations have adopted some form of Daylight Saving Time (DST). Associated costs and benefits include impacts on accident rates. Using data from 12.6 million accident claims in New Zealand during 2005-2016, we model accident rates as a function of various date-based predictors including days before/after the start and end of DST, holidays, day of week, and month of year. This is the first study to consider multiple accident categories (Road, Work, Falls and Home & Community), and the first in the southern hemisphere. The start of DST is associated with significantly higher rates of road accidents (first day +16% and second day +12%). Evidence that accident rates for Falls and Home & Community decline (increase) prior to the start (end) of DST suggest potential behavioural adaption from anticipating the change. While Work accidents show limited impact from DST changes, they exhibit a significant decline over the course of the week (Friday 13% lower than Monday), whereas Road accidents exhibit a significant increase (Friday 19% higher than Monday). Our results have implications for both DST implementation and policy. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

PePSS - A portable sky scanner for measuring extremely low night-sky brightness

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kocifaj, Miroslav; Kómar, Ladislav; Kundracik, František

2018-05-01

A new portable sky scanner designed for low-light-level detection at night is developed and employed in night sky brightness measurements in a rural region. The fast readout, adjustable sensitivity and linear response guaranteed in 5-6 orders of magnitude makes the device well suited for narrow-band photometry in both dark areas and bright urban and suburban environments. Quasi-monochromatic night-sky brightness data are advantageous in the accurate characterization of spectral power distribution of scattered and emitted light and, also allows for the possibility to retrieve light output patterns from whole-city light sources. The sky scanner can operate in both night and day regimes, taking advantage of the complementarity of both radiance data types. Due to its inherent very high sensitivity the photomultiplier tube could be used in night sky radiometry, while the spectrometer-equipped system component capable of detecting elevated intensities is used in daylight monitoring. Daylight is a source of information on atmospheric optical properties that in turn are necessary in processing night sky radiances. We believe that the sky scanner has the potential to revolutionize night-sky monitoring systems.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

Case study describes how the Byron G. Rogers Federal Building replaced existing T12 and T8 luminaires with LED dedicated troffers with advanced controls. Together these measures cut lighting energy use by nearly 60% in the 18-story, 791,000-square-foot facility. The new lighting control system provides automated dimming of lights down to 0% output when daylight provides adequate light levels. The project earned GSA an award for exemplary performance from the Interior Lighting Campaign in 2016.

Technology Assessments of High Performance Envelope with Optimized Lighting, Solar Control, and Daylighting

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, Eleanor S.; Thanachareonkit, Anothai; Touzani, Samir

The objective of this monitored field study was to identify near-term innovative façade technologies for solar control and daylighting with a goal of 20-40% energy use savings below Title 24 2013 in the 30-ft deep perimeter zone near vertical windows within cost and comfort constraints. The targeted market was new or existing commercial office buildings or buildings with similar patterns of use.

The effects on human sleep and circadian rhythms of 17 days of continuous bedrest in the absence of daylight

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Monk, T. H.; Buysse, D. J.; Billy, B. D.; Kennedy, K. S.; Kupfer, D. J.

1997-01-01

As part of a larger bedrest study involving various life science experiments, a study was conducted on the effects of 17 days of continuous bedrest and elimination of daylight on circadian rectal temperature rhythms, mood, alertness, and sleep (objective and diary) in eight healthy middle-aged men. Sleep was timed from 2300 to 0700 hours throughout. Three 72-hour measurement blocks were compared: ambulatory prebedrest, early bedrest (days 5-7), and late bedrest (days 15-17). Temperature rhythms showed reduced amplitude and later phases resulting from the bedrest conditions. This was associated with longer nocturnal sleep onset latencies and poorer subjectively rated sleep but with no reliable changes in any of the other sleep parameters. Daily changes in posture and/or exposure to daylight appear to be important determinants of a properly entrained circadian system.

Use of Daylight and Aesthetic Image of Glass Facades in Contemporary Buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roginska-Niesluchowska, Malgorzata

2017-10-01

The paper deals with the architecture of contemporary buildings in respect to their aesthetic image created by the use of natural light. Sustainability is regarded as a governing principle of contemporary architecture, where daylighting is an important factor as it affects energy consumption and environmental quality of the space inside a building. Environmental awareness of architecture, however, involves a much wider and more holistic view of design. The quality of sustainable architecture can be considered in its aesthetic and cultural context with regard to landscape, local tradition, and connection to the surrounding world. This approach is associated with the social mission of architecture, i.e. providing appropriate space for living, facilitating social relations and having positive impact on people. The purpose of the research is to study the use of daylight in creating an aesthetic image of contemporary buildings. The author focuses mainly on public buildings largely dedicated to art and culture which satisfy high functional and aesthetic requirements. The paper examines the genesis and current trends in the aesthetic image of modern buildings which use daylight as the main design strategy, focusing on the issues of glass facades. The main attention is given to the shaping of representative public areas which feature the glass facades. The research has been based on a case study, critical review of literature review, observation and synthesis. The study identifies and classifies different approaches to using daylight in these areas and highlights changes in the aesthetics of architecture made of glass, which uses daylight as the main design strategy. These changes are primarily caused by the development and spreading of new glazing materials and the use of digital method of design. The influence of light and its mode depends on glass materials but also on the local conditions of the site, and has a significant impact on the relationship between architecture and its natural and cultural environment. The subordination of architectural concept to the idea of natural lighting builds the relationship between form, function and the context of architecture, and is expressed in its structural, material and spatial properties, and in the resulting aesthetic order. Search for new architectural solutions is defined by local topographical, climatic, biological and cultural conditions. The architecture subordinate to the conception of contribution of light corresponds to the aesthetic aspirations of sustainability.

Roof aperture system for selective collection and control of solar energy for building heating, cooling and daylighting

DOEpatents

Sanders, William J.; Snyder, Marvin K.; Harter, James W.

1983-01-01

The amount of building heating, cooling and daylighting is controlled by at least one pair of solar energy passing panels, with each panel of the pair of panels being exposed to a separate direction of sun incidence. A shutter-shade combination is associated with each pair of panels and the shutter is connected to the shade so that rectilinear movement of the shutter causes pivotal movement of the shade.

Moving into the Light: The AEOS Telescope in the Daytime Operating Environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mayo, J.

Abstract for Coming into the Light: The AEOS Telescope in the Daytime Operating Environment” Interest in daylight operation for the AEOS 3.67-m Telescope first surfaced during the preparation of the AEOS specification documentation in 1991. The author and Lt Rich Elder prepared, edited and combined requirements inputs from AFRL technical staff to create the final RFP document. In this released specification, AEOS daylight performance was limited to best effort, although provisions for adding secondary mirror sky light baffling were to be provided. In 1993, during the AEOS construction phase, AFRL requested that the author prepare a report on special considerations for operating AEOS in the solar illuminated daytime environment. This report was published and briefed to AFRL and Space Command at that time. Interest in this topic at AMOS was rekindled in 2007 by Dr Joe Janni and Lt Col Scott Hunt. The author updated his 1993 report and in June 2007 presented AEOS 1993 Daylight Operation Study Revisited” at AMOS. Subsequently, Dr Stacie Williams spearheaded additional work in this critical technical area. Recent efforts at Tau Technologies LLC have focused on external AEOS telescope baffling and shielding options assessment, solar irradiation effects on optical components, especially the primary mirror, and on modeling the solar illumination on the entire telescope during daylight operation. Solid Works and Illustrator simulation models have been developed and exercised.

Impact of seasonality and air pollutants on carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and wave reflection in hypertensive patients

PubMed Central

Stea, Francesco; Massetti, Luciano; Taddei, Stefano; Ghiadoni, Lorenzo; Modesti, Pietro Amedeo

2017-01-01

Objective The effects of seasonality on blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular (CV) events are well established, while the influence of seasonality and other environmental factors on arterial stiffness and wave reflection has never been analyzed. This study evaluated whether seasonality (daily number of hours of light) and acute variations in outdoor temperature and air pollutants may affect carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) and pressure augmentation. Design and method 731 hypertensive patients (30–88 years, 417 treated) were enrolled in a cross-sectional study during a 5-year period. PWV, central BP, Augmentation Index (AIx) and Augmentation Pressure (AP) were measured in a temperature-controlled (22–24°C) room. Data of the local office of the National Climatic Data Observatory were used to estimate meteorological conditions and air pollutants (PM10, O3, CO, N2O) exposure on the same day. Results PWV (mean value 8.5±1.8 m/s) was related to age (r = 0.467, p<0.001), body mass index (r = 0.132, p<0.001), central systolic (r = 0.414, p<0.001) and diastolic BP (r = 0.093, p = 0.013), daylight hours (r = -0.176, p<0.001), mean outdoor temperature (r = -0.082, p = 0.027), O3 (r = -0.135, p<0.001), CO (r = 0.096, p = 0.012), N2O (r = 0.087, p = 0.022). In multiple linear regression analysis, adjusted for confounders, PWV remained independently associated only with daylight hours (β = -0.170; 95% CI: -0.273 to -0.067, p = 0.001). No significant correlation was found between pressure augmentation and daylight hours, mean temperature or air pollutants. The relationship was stronger in untreated patients and women. Furthermore, a positive, independent association between O3 levels and PWV emerged in untreated patients (β: 0.018; p = 0.029; CI: 0.002 to 0.034) and in women (β: 0.027; p = 0.004; CI: 0.009 to 0.045). Conclusions PWV showed a marked seasonality in hypertensive patients. Environmental O3 levels may acutely reduce arterial stiffness in hypertensive women and in untreated patients. PMID:28231259

Endogenous 6-Hydroxymelatonin Excretion and Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer: A Prospective Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-03-01

pineal gland in response to darkness. Thus, melatonin displays a strong variation during a 24- hour period: its serum levels are low during daylight...in the United States. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 87(3):227-8, 1995. Cohen M. Lippman M. Chabner B. Role of pineal gland in aetiology...hormone that is produced primarily by the pineal gland , also follows a circadian rhythm of approximately 24 hours; melatonin is secreted exclusively

How daylight influences high-order chromatic descriptors in natural images.

PubMed

Ojeda, Juan; Nieves, Juan Luis; Romero, Javier

2017-07-01

Despite the global and local daylight changes naturally occurring in natural scenes, the human visual system usually adapts quite well to those changes, developing a stable color perception. Nevertheless, the influence of daylight in modeling natural image statistics is not fully understood and has received little attention. The aim of this work was to analyze the influence of daylight changes in different high-order chromatic descriptors (i.e., color volume, color gamut, and number of discernible colors) derived from 350 color images, which were rendered under 108 natural illuminants with Correlated Color Temperatures (CCT) from 2735 to 25,889 K. Results suggest that chromatic and luminance information is almost constant and does not depend on the CCT of the illuminant for values above 14,000 K. Nevertheless, differences between the red-green and blue-yellow image components were found below that CCT, with most of the statistical descriptors analyzed showing local extremes in the range 2950 K-6300 K. Uniform regions and areas of the images attracting observers' attention were also considered in this analysis and were characterized by their patchiness index and their saliency maps. Meanwhile, the results of the patchiness index do not show a clear dependence on CCT, and it is remarkable that a significant reduction in the number of discernible colors (58% on average) was found when the images were masked with their corresponding saliency maps. Our results suggest that chromatic diversity, as defined in terms of the discernible colors, can be strongly reduced when an observer scans a natural scene. These findings support the idea that a reduction in the number of discernible colors will guide visual saliency and attention. Whatever the modeling is mediating the neural representation of natural images, natural image statistics, it is clear that natural image statistics should take into account those local maxima and minima depending on the daylight illumination and the reduction of the number of discernible colors when salient regions are considered.

Effects of weather conditions, light conditions, and road lighting on vehicle speed.

PubMed

Jägerbrand, Annika K; Sjöbergh, Jonas

2016-01-01

Light conditions are known to affect the number of vehicle accidents and fatalities but the relationship between light conditions and vehicle speed is not fully understood. This study examined whether vehicle speed on roads is higher in daylight and under road lighting than in darkness, and determined the combined effects of light conditions, posted speed limit and weather conditions on driving speed. The vehicle speed of passenger cars in different light conditions (daylight, twilight, darkness, artificial light) and different weather conditions (clear weather, rain, snow) was determined using traffic and weather data collected on an hourly basis for approximately 2 years (1 September 2012-31 May 2014) at 25 locations in Sweden (17 with road lighting and eight without). In total, the data included almost 60 million vehicle passes. The data were cleaned by removing June, July, and August, which have different traffic patterns than the rest of the year. Only data from the periods 10:00 A.M.-04:00 P.M. and 06:00 P.M.-10:00 P.M. were used, to remove traffic during rush hour and at night. Multivariate adaptive regression splines was used to evaluate the overall influence of independent variables on vehicle speed and nonparametric statistical testing was applied to test for speed differences between dark-daylight, dark-twilight, and twilight-daylight, on roads with and without road lighting. The results show that vehicle speed in general depends on several independent variables. Analyses of vehicle speed and speed differences between daylight, twilight and darkness, with and without road lighting, did not reveal any differences attributable to light conditions. However, vehicle speed decreased due to rain or snow and the decrease was higher on roads without road lighting than on roads with lighting. These results suggest that the strong association between traffic accidents and darkness or low light conditions could be explained by drivers failing to adjust their speed to the reduced visibility in dark conditions.

Effect of extraoral aging conditions on mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomer.

PubMed

Hatamleh, Muhanad M; Polyzois, Gregory L; Silikas, Nick; Watts, David C

2011-08-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of extraoral human and environmental conditions on the mechanical properties (tensile strength and modulus, elongation, tear strength hardness) of maxillofacial silicone elastomer. Specimens were fabricated using TechSil-S25 silicone elastomer (Technovent Ltd, Leeds, UK). Eight groups were prepared (21 specimens in each group; eight tensile, eight tear, five hardness) and conditioned differently as follows (groups 1 through 8): Dry storage for 24 hours; dry storage in dark for 6 months; storage in simulated sebum solution for 6 months; storage in simulated acidic perspiration for 6 months; accelerated artificial daylight aging under controlled moisture for 360 hours; outdoor weathering for 6 months; storage in antimicrobial silicone-cleaning solution for 30 hours; and mixed conditioning of sebum storage and light aging for 360 hours. The conditioning period selected simulated a prosthesis being in service for up to 12 months. Tensile and tear test specimens were fabricated and tested according to the International Standards Organization (ISO) standards no. 37 and 34, respectively. Shore A hardness test specimens were fabricated and tested according to the American Standards for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 2240. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni, and Dunnett's T3 post hoc tests (p < 0.05). Weibull analysis was also used for tensile strength and tear strength. Statistically significant differences were evident among all properties tested. Mixed conditioning of simulated sebum storage under accelerated artificial daylight aging significantly degraded mechanical properties of the silicone (p < 0.05). Mechanical properties of maxillofacial elastomers are adversely affected by human and environmental factors. Mixed aging of storage in simulated sebum under accelerated daylight aging was the most degrading regime. Accelerated aging of silicone specimens in simulated sebum under artificial daylight for 12 months of simulated clinical service greatly affected functional properties of silicone elastomer; however, in real practice, the effect is modest, since sebum concentration is lower, and daylight is less concentrated. © 2011 by The American College of Prosthodontists.

Flight directions of passerine migrants in daylight and darkness: A radar and direct visual study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gauthreaux, S. A., Jr.

1972-01-01

The application of radar and visual techniques to determine the migratory habits of passerine birds during daylight and darkness is discussed. The effects of wind on the direction of migration are examined. Scatter diagrams of daytime and nocturnal migration track directions correlated with wind direction are presented. It is concluded that migratory birds will fly at altitudes where wind direction and migratory direction are nearly the same. The effects of cloud cover and solar obscuration are considered negligible.

The Taranaki daylight fireball, 1999 July 7

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McCormick, Jennie

2006-10-01

The New Zealand Taranaki Daylight Fireball was observed on 1999 July 7 from various areas across the North and South Islands of New Zealand and had an apparent magnitude brighter than -20. The event produced more than one hundred handwritten reports, drawings, and paintings from eyewitnesses; video and audio recordings, seismic trace data, and confirmation of detection by the United States Defense Department satellites. A detailed case study based on this data shows that observations by the public are invaluable when compiling a formal history of such events.

Implementation of the U.S. Green Building Council’s LEEDS (trademark) as the Army’s Green Building Rating System

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-01-01

Systems, Thermal Comfort 1 Credit 3 Enhanced Commissioning 1 Credit 7.1 Thermal Comfort , Compliance 1 Credit 4 Enhanced Refrigerant Management 1 Credit 7.2... Thermal Comfort , Validation ? Credit 5 Measurement & Verification 1 Credit 8.1 Daylight & Views, Daylight 75% of Spaces 1 Credit 6 Green Power N...Systems, Thermal Comfort 1 Credit 3 Enhanced Commissioning 1 Credit 7.1 Thermal Comfort , Compliance 1 Credit 4 Enhanced Refrigerant Management 1 Credit 7.2

Daylight time-resolved photographs of lightning.

PubMed

Qrville, R E; Lala, G G; Idone, V P

1978-07-07

Lightning dart leaders and return strokes have been recorded in daylight with both good spatial resolution and good time resolution as part of the Thunder-storm Research International Program. The resulting time-resolved photographs are apparently equivalent to the best data obtained earlier only at night. Average two-dimensional return stroke velocities in four subsequent strokes between the ground and a height of 1400 meters were approximately 1.3 x 10(8) meters per second. The estimated systematic error is 10 to 15 percent.

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE: Crosscutting Issues Planning Conference Report

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-10-01

critical for reducing water use. As soon as you shift to increasing block tariffs, this will result in changing cropping patterns that reduce...because, as we manage our load, we can also manage our costs. I wanted to give you an idea of the context of energy use in the federal...Energy Management Program, Department of EnergyNext, to enhance indoor environmental quality, think about things, such as whether you have daylighting

Daylight photodynamic therapy with methyl-aminolevulinate for the treatment of actinic cheilitis.

PubMed

Fai, Dario; Romanello, Eugenio; Brumana, Marta Benedetta; Fai, Carlotta; Vena, Gino Antonio; Cassano, Nicoletta; Piaserico, Stefano

2015-01-01

Actinic cheilitis (AC) is a common premalignant condition that requires an effective treatment to reduce the risk of malignant transformation. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been recently added to the armamentarium available for AC treatment. Daylight PDT (D-PDT) is a novel PDT modality in which the activation of the topical photosensitizer is induced by the exposure to natural daylight instead of artificial light sources without preliminary occlusion. This simplified procedure was found to be more tolerated as compared to conventional PDT. We report our preliminary experience on the use of D-PDT using methyl-aminolevulinate cream in 10 patients with refractory AC of the lower lip. Patients received two consecutive D-PDT sessions with an interval of 7-14 days. At 3 months after therapy, a complete response was observed in seven patients, with sustained results in five patients over an observational period of 6-12 months. Treatment was well tolerated. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Daylight savings time and myocardial infarction.

PubMed

Sandhu, Amneet; Seth, Milan; Gurm, Hitinder S

2014-01-01

Prior research has shown a transient increase in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after daylight savings time (DST) in the spring as well as a decrease in AMI after returning to standard time in the fall. These findings have not been verified in a broader population and if extant, may have significant public health and policy implications. We assessed changes in admissions for AMI undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Cardiovascular Consortium (BMC2) database for the weeks following the four spring and three fall DST changes between March 2010 and September 2013. A negative binomial regression model was used to adjust for trend and seasonal variation. There was no difference in the total weekly number of PCIs performed for AMI for either the fall or spring time changes in the time period analysed. After adjustment for trend and seasonal effects, the Monday following spring time changes was associated with a 24% increase in daily AMI counts (p=0.011), and the Tuesday following fall changes was conversely associated with a 21% reduction (p=0.044). No other weekdays in the weeks following DST changes demonstrated significant associations. In the week following the seasonal time change, DST impacts the timing of presentations for AMI but does not influence the overall incidence of this disease.

Daylight control system device and method

DOEpatents

Paton, John Douglas

2007-03-13

A system and device for and a method of programming and controlling light fixtures is disclosed. A system in accordance with the present invention includes a stationary controller unit that is electrically coupled to the light fixtures. The stationary controller unit is configured to be remotely programmed with a portable commissioning device to automatically control the lights fixtures. The stationary controller unit and the portable commissioning device include light sensors, micro-computers and transceivers for measuring light levels, running programs, storing data and transmitting data between the stationary controller unit and the portable commissioning device. In operation, target light levels selected with the portable commissioning device and the controller unit is remotely programmed to automatically maintain the target level.

Daylight control system, device and method

DOEpatents

Paton, John Douglas

2012-08-28

A system and device for and a method of programming and controlling light fixtures is disclosed. A system in accordance with the present invention includes a stationary controller unit that is electrically coupled to the light fixtures. The stationary controller unit is configured to be remotely programmed with a portable commissioning device to automatically control the lights fixtures. The stationary controller unit and the portable commissioning device include light sensors, micro-computers and transceivers for measuring light levels, running programs, storing data and transmitting data between the stationary controller unit and the portable commissioning device. In operation, target light levels selected with the portable commissioning device and the controller unit is remotely programmed to automatically maintain the target level.

Daylight control system device and method

DOEpatents

Paton, John Douglas

2009-12-01

A system and device for and a method of programming and controlling light fixtures is disclosed. A system in accordance with the present invention includes a stationary controller unit that is electrically coupled to the light fixtures. The stationary controller unit is configured to be remotely programmed with a portable commissioning device to automatically control the lights fixtures. The stationary controller unit and the portable commissioning device include light sensors, micro-computers and transceivers for measuring light levels, running programs, storing data and transmitting data between the stationary controller unit and the portable commissioning device. In operation, target light levels selected with the portable commissioning device and the controller unit is remotely programmed to automatically maintain the target level.

The effect of ambient lighting on Laser Doppler Imaging of a standardized cutaneous injury model.

PubMed

Pham, Alan Chuong Q; Hei, Erik La; Harvey, John G; Holland, Andrew Ja

2017-01-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential confounding effects of four different types of ambient lighting on the results of Laser Doppler Imaging (LDI) of a standardized cutaneous injury model. After applying a mechanical stimulus to the anterior forearm of a healthy volunteer and inducing a wheal and arteriolar flare (the Triple response), we used a Laser Doppler Line Scanner (LDLS) to image the forearm under four different types of ambient lighting: light-emitting-diode (LED), compact fluorescent lighting (CFL), halogen, daylight, and darkness as a control. A spectrometer was used to measure the intensity of light energy at 785 nm, the wavelength used by the scanner for measurement under each type of ambient lighting. Neither the LED nor CFL bulbs emitted detectable light energy at a wavelength of 785 nm. The color-based representation of arbitrary perfusion unit (APU) values of the Triple response measured by the scanner was similar between darkness, LED, and CFL light. Daylight emitted 2 mW at 785 nm, with a slight variation tending more towards lower APU values compared to darkness. Halogen lighting emitted 6 mW of light energy at 785 nm rendering the color-based representation impossible to interpret. Halogen lighting and daylight have the potential to confound results of LDI of cutaneous injuries whereas LED and CFL lighting did not. Any potential sources of daylight should be reduced and halogen lighting completely covered or turned off prior to wound imaging.

The shift to and from daylight savings time and motor vehicle crashes.

PubMed

Lambe, M; Cummings, P

2000-07-01

The objective of the study was to examine whether the shifts to and from daylight savings time in Sweden have short-term effects on the incidence of traffic crashes. A database maintained by the Swedish National Road Administration was used to examine crashes from 1984 through 1995, that occurred on state roads the Monday preceding, the Monday immediately after (index Monday), and the Monday 1 week after the change to daylight savings time in the spring and for the corresponding three Mondays in the autumn. The Mondays 1 week before and after the time changes were taken as representing the expected incidence of crashes. Crash incidence was calculated per 1000 person-years using population estimates for each year of the study. The association between 1 h of possible sleep loss and crash incidence was estimated by the incidence rate ratio from negative binomial regression. The incidence rate ratio was 1.04 (95% CI, 0.92-1.16) for a Monday on which drivers were expected to have had 1 h less sleep, compared with other Mondays. In the spring, the incidence rate ratio for crashes was 1.11 (95% CI, 0.93-1.31) for Mondays after the time change compared to other spring Mondays. The corresponding rate ratio for the fall was 0.98 (95% CI, 0.84-1.15) It was concluded that the shift to and from daylight savings time did not have measurable important immediate effects on crash incidence in Sweden.

Illumination preference, illumination constancy and colour discrimination by bumblebees in an environment with patchy light.

PubMed

Arnold, Sarah E J; Chittka, Lars

2012-07-01

Patchy illumination presents foraging animals with a challenge, as the targets being sought may appear to vary in colour depending on the illumination, compromising target identification. We sought to explore how the bumblebee Bombus terrestris copes with tasks involving flower colour discrimination under patchy illumination. Light patches varied between unobscured daylight and leaf-shade, as a bee might encounter in and around woodland. Using a flight arena and coloured filters, as well as one or two different colours of artificial flower, we quantified how bees chose to forage when presented with foraging tasks under patchy illumination. Bees were better at discriminating a pair of similar colours under simulated unobscured daylight illumination than when foraging under leaf-shade illumination. Accordingly, we found that bees with prior experience of simulated daylight but not leaf-shade illumination initially preferred to forage in simulated daylight when all artificial flowers contained rewards as well as when only one colour was rewarding, whereas bees with prior experience of both illuminants did not exhibit this preference. Bees also switched between illuminants less than expected by chance. This means that bees prefer illumination conditions with which they are familiar, and in which rewarding flower colours are easily distinguishable from unrewarding ones. Under patchy illumination, colour discrimination performance was substantially poorer than in homogenous light. The bees' abilities at coping with patchy light may therefore impact on foraging behaviour in the wild, particularly in woodlands, where illumination can change over short spatial scales.

Evaluation of the Environmental Bias on Accelerometer-Measured Total Daily Activity Counts and Owner Survey Responses in Dogs with Osteoarthritis.

PubMed

Katz, Erin M; Scott, Ruth M; Thomson, Christopher B; Mesa, Eileen; Evans, Richard; Conzemius, Michael G

2017-11-01

Objective  To determine if environmental variables affect the average daily activity counts (AC) of dogs with osteoarthritis (OA) and/or owners' perception of their dog's clinical signs or quality of life. Methods  The AC and Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) owner questionnaires of 62 dogs with OA were compared with daily environmental variables including the following: average temperature (°C), high temperature (°C), low temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), total precipitation (mm), average barometric pressure (hPa) and total daylight hours. Results  Daily AC significantly correlated with average temperature and total daylight hours, but average temperature and total daylight hours accounted for less than 1% of variation in AC. No other significant relationships were found between daily AC and daily high temperature, low temperature, relative humidity, total precipitation or average barometric pressure. No statistical relationship was found between daily AC and the CBPI, nor between environmental variables and the CBPI. Canine Brief Pain Inventory scores for pain severity and pain interference decreased significantly over the test period. Clinical Significance  The relationship between daily AC and average temperature and total daylight hours was significant, but unlikely to be clinically significant. Thus, environmental variables do not appear to have a clinically relevant bias on AC or owner CBPI questionnaires. The decrease over time in CBPI pain severity and pain interference values suggests owners completing the CBPI in this study were influenced by a caregiver placebo effect. Schattauer GmbH Stuttgart.

Hybrid display of static image and aerial image by use of transparent acrylic cubes and retro-reflectors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morita, Shogo; Ito, Shusei; Yamamoto, Hirotsugu

2017-02-01

Aerial display can form transparent floating screen in the mid-air and expected to provide aerial floating signage. We have proposed aerial imaging by retro-reflection (AIRR) to form a large aerial LED screen. However, luminance of aerial image is not sufficiently high so as to be used for signage under broad daylight. The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel aerial display scheme that features hybrid display of two different types of images. Under daylight, signs made of cubes are visible. At night, or under dark lighting situation, aerial LED signs become visible. Our proposed hybrid display is composed of an LED sign, a beam splitter, retro-reflectors, and transparent acrylic cubes. Aerial LED sign is formed with AIRR. Furthermore, we place transparent acrylic cubes on the beam splitter. Light from the LED sign enters transparent acrylic cubes, reflects twice in the transparent acrylic cubes, exit and converge to planesymmetrical position with light source regarding the cube array. Thus, transparent acrylic cubes also form the real image of the source LED sign. Now, we form a sign with the transparent acrylic cubes so that this cube-based sign is apparent under daylight. We have developed a proto-type display by use of 1-cm transparent cubes and retro-reflective sheeting and successfully confirmed aerial image forming with AIRR and transparent cubes as well as cube-based sign under daylight.

Experience-Dependent Color Constancy in Guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

PubMed Central

Intskirveli, I. E.; Roinishvili, M. O.; Kezeli, A. R.

2002-01-01

We investigated the ability to recognize the color of surfaces in fish (Poecilia reticulata), bred from birth in conditions of artificial light with constant spectral content. The capacity for color constancy significantly deteriorated when compared that to the control group. Further alteration of lighting conditions and transfer into natural daylight conditions restored the suppressed function to its normal level. We suggest that the color constancy function belongs in the visual system-response functions, the full development of which requires the accumulation of individual visual experience. PMID:12757371

Experience-dependent color constancy in guppies (Poecilia reticulata).

PubMed

Intskirveli, I E; Roinishvili, M O; Kezeli, A R

2002-01-01

We investigated the ability to recognize the color of surfaces in fish (Poecilia reticulata), bred from birth in conditions of artificial light with constant spectral content. The capacity for color constancy significantly deteriorated when compared that to the control group. Further alteration of lighting conditions and transfer into natural daylight conditions restored the suppressed function to its normal level. We suggest that the color constancy function belongs in the visual system-response functions, the full development of which requires the accumulation of individual visual experience.

Daylighting simulation: methods, algorithms, and resources

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carroll, William L.

This document presents work conducted as part of Subtask C, ''Daylighting Design Tools'', Subgroup C2, ''New Daylight Algorithms'', of the IEA SHC Task 21 and the ECBCS Program Annex 29 ''Daylight in Buildings''. The search for and collection of daylighting analysis methods and algorithms led to two important observations. First, there is a wide range of needs for different types of methods to produce a complete analysis tool. These include: Geometry; Light modeling; Characterization of the natural illumination resource; Materials and components properties, representations; and Usability issues (interfaces, interoperability, representation of analysis results, etc). Second, very advantageously, there have beenmore » rapid advances in many basic methods in these areas, due to other forces. They are in part driven by: The commercial computer graphics community (commerce, entertainment); The lighting industry; Architectural rendering and visualization for projects; and Academia: Course materials, research. This has led to a very rich set of information resources that have direct applicability to the small daylighting analysis community. Furthermore, much of this information is in fact available online. Because much of the information about methods and algorithms is now online, an innovative reporting strategy was used: the core formats are electronic, and used to produce a printed form only secondarily. The electronic forms include both online WWW pages and a downloadable .PDF file with the same appearance and content. Both electronic forms include live primary and indirect links to actual information sources on the WWW. In most cases, little additional commentary is provided regarding the information links or citations that are provided. This in turn allows the report to be very concise. The links are expected speak for themselves. The report consists of only about 10+ pages, with about 100+ primary links, but with potentially thousands of indirect links. For purposes of the printed version, a list of the links is explicitly provided. This document exists in HTML form at the URL address: http://eande.lbl.gov/Task21/dlalgorithms.html. An equivalent downloadable PDF version, also with live links, at the URL address: http://eande.lbl.gov/Task21/dlalgorithms.pdf. A printed report can be derived directly from either of the electronic versions by simply printing either of them. In addition to the live links in the electronic forms, all report forms, electronic and paper, also have explicitly listed link addresses so that they can be followed up or referenced manually.« less

Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts.

PubMed

Kjellstrom, Tord; Briggs, David; Freyberg, Chris; Lemke, Bruno; Otto, Matthias; Hyatt, Olivia

2016-01-01

Ambient heat exposure is a well-known health hazard, which reduces human performance and work capacity at heat levels already common in tropical and subtropical areas. Various health problems have been reported. Increasing heat exposure during the hottest seasons of each year is a key feature of global climate change. Heat exhaustion and reduced human performance are often overlooked in climate change health impact analysis. Later this century, many among the four billion people who live in hot areas worldwide will experience significantly reduced work capacity owing to climate change. In some areas, 30-40% of annual daylight hours will become too hot for work to be carried out. The social and economic impacts will be considerable, with global gross domestic product (GDP) losses greater than 20% by 2100. The analysis to date is piecemeal. More analysis of climate change-related occupational health impact assessments is greatly needed.

A Stab in the Dark?: A Research Note on Temporal Patterns of Street Robbery.

PubMed

Tompson, Lisa; Bowers, Kate

2013-11-01

Test the influence of darkness in the street robbery crime event alongside temperature. Negative binomial regression models tested darkness and temperature as predictors of street robbery. Units of analysis were four 6-hr time intervals in two U.K. study areas that have different levels of darkness and variations of temperature throughout the year. Darkness is a key factor related to robbery events in both study areas. Traversing from full daylight to full darkness increased the predicted volume of robbery by a multiple of 2.6 in London and 1.2 in Glasgow. Temperature was significant only in the London study area. Interaction terms did not enhance the predictive power of the models. Darkness is an important driving factor in seasonal variation of street robbery. A further implication of the research is that time of the day patterns are crucial to understanding seasonal trends in crime data.

Effects of skylight parameters on daylighting energy savings

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Arasteh, D.; Johnson, R.; Selkowitz, S.

1985-05-01

Skylight parameters that affect lighting, cooling, heating, fan, and total energy use in office buildings are examined using the state-of-the-art building energy analysis computer code, DOE-2.1B. The lighting effects of skylight spatial distribution, skylight area, skylight visible transmission, well factor, illumination setpoint, interior partitions, ceiling height, and glazing characteristics are discussed. This study serves as the foundation for the creation of a DOE-2.1B data base and design tools for estimating daylighting energy savings from skylights. 13 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.

SPiRiT Scoring Through Self-Assessment Charrettes

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-09-01

Continued) 0 Max 17 5.C5 Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control 1 5.C6 Controllability of Systems 2 5.C7 Thermal Comfort 2 5.C8...Pollutant Source Control 1 5.C6 Controllability of Systems 2 5.C7 Thermal Comfort 2 5.C8 Daylight and Views 2 5.C9 Acoustic Environment...1 5.C6 Controllability of Systems 2 5.C7 Thermal Comfort 2 5.C8 Daylight and Views 2 5.C9 Acoustic Environment /Noise Control 1 5

Simulating the Daylight Performance of Complex Fenestration Systems Using Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Functions within Radiance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ward, Gregory; Mistrick, Ph.D., Richard; Lee, Eleanor

2011-01-21

We describe two methods which rely on bidirectional scattering distribution functions (BSDFs) to model the daylighting performance of complex fenestration systems (CFS), enabling greater flexibility and accuracy in evaluating arbitrary assemblies of glazing, shading, and other optically-complex coplanar window systems. Two tools within Radiance enable a) efficient annual performance evaluations of CFS, and b) accurate renderings of CFS despite the loss of spatial resolution associated with low-resolution BSDF datasets for inhomogeneous systems. Validation, accuracy, and limitations of the methods are discussed.

Daylighting Strategies for U. S. Air Force Office Facilities: Economic Analysis of Building Energy Performance and Life-Cycle Cost Modeling with Monte Carlo Method

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-26

annually ( McHugh , et al., 1998). USAF has used daylighting as an energy savings strategy in earlier studies (Holtz, 1990); and is pursuing it to meet...using renewable energy to generate electricity ( McHugh , et al., 1998). For example, traditional utility systems that are straining to meet peak...1998) found that lighting accounts for 40-50% of commercial energy consumption and McHugh , Burns, and Hittle (1998) stated that electric lighting and

Pituitary-gonadal hormones during prolonged residency in Antarctica.

PubMed

Sawhney, R C; Malhotra, A S; Prasad, R; Pal, K; Kumar, R; Bajaj, A C

1998-08-01

Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL) and testosterone levels were measured in nine eugonadal men in New Delhi and during the 1st week of different months of their stay at Dakshin Gangotri in Antarctica. During their 12-month stay in Antarctica, they were exposed to a severely cold climate, long polar nights and polar days, high wind velocity, increased amounts of solar and ultraviolet radiation and geomagnetism, as well as physical and social isolation. Plasma testosterone tended to increase in March, but a significant increase (P < 0.05) was not seen until April. The mean testosterone levels in May, June, September and November were also significantly higher than the March or New Delhi values. The absolute values of LH, FSH and PRL did not show any month-to-month changes in Antarctica. However, when the hormone levels were expressed as a percentage of the individual annual Antarctic mean, significant differences as a percentage of the individual annual Antarctic mean, significant differences were observed. The testosterone peak in April, May and June was associated with an increase in LH. The nadirs of testosterone, LH, FSH and PRL were seen in either July or August. FSH showed the highest values in March, whereas the highest PRL values were seen in November. These observations suggest the presence of circannual variations in gonadotropin, PRL and LH in Antarctica which are independent of polar days and polar nights. It appears that factors other than the duration of daylight might be involved in regulating these changes. The significance of maintenance of testosterone levels in the supra-physiological range in Antarctica remains unknown but may be important in acclimatization/habituation to the extreme polar cold by increasing basal metabolic rate, protein synthesis and erythropoiesis.

Living Expert System (LEXSYS). Volume 6

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-05-15

NOT CONSIDER A FAST MOVER A THREAT UNLESS YOU ARE THINKING ABOUT THE FLOT AREA. AWAY FROM THE FLOT DEFENSIVE ARRAY FIGHTERS HAVE THE LUXURY TO FLY...HIGHER, INCREASING THEIR RADAR COVERAGE AND DENYING YOUR EFFECTIVE USE OF MASKING. I WOULD AGREE THAT AROUND THE FLOT FIGHTERS ARE MOVING TO FAST AND...SAY THAT AFTER IT COMES OFF THE RAIL, COUNTERMEASURES ARE FEW AND FAR BETWEEN. IN DAYLIGHT, HIGH ANGLE STRAFE IS VERY EFFECTIVE AGAINST HELOS BECAUSE

High prevalence of asymptomatic vitamin D and iron deficiency in East African immigrant children and adolescents living in a temperate climate

PubMed Central

McGillivray, George; Skull, Susan A; Davie, Gabrielle; Kofoed, Sarah E; Frydenberg, Alexis; Rice, James; Cooke, Regina; Carapetis, Jonathan R

2007-01-01

Objectives Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is common in immigrant children with increased skin pigmentation living in higher latitudes. We assessed the pattern of and risk factors for VDD in immigrant East African children living in Melbourne (latitude 37°49′ South). Study design A prospective survey of 232 East African children attending a clinic in Melbourne. Data were collected by questionnaire, medical assessment and laboratory tests. Results Low 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25‐OHD) levels (<50 nmol/l) occurred in 87% of children, and VDD (25‐OHD <25 nmol/l) in 44%. Risk factors included age <5 years, female gender, increased time in Australia, decreased daylight exposure and winter/spring season. Anaemia (20%), vitamin A deficiency (20%) and iron deficiency (19%) were also identified. Conclusions Asymptomatic VDD is common in East African immigrant children residing at a temperate latitude. Risk factors for VDD limit endogenous vitamin D production. Screening of immigrant children with increased skin pigmentation for VDD, anaemia, iron and vitamin A deficiency is appropriate. VDD in adolescent females identifies an increased risk of future infants with VDD. PMID:17768148

Mitigation of harmful indoor organic vapors using plug-flow unit coated with 2D g-C3N4 and metallic Cu dual-incorporated 1D titania heterostructure.

PubMed

Kim, Dong Jin; Jo, Wan-Kuen

2018-07-01

Herein, a plug-flow reactor coated with one-dimensional (1D) TiO 2 nanotube (TNT) heterostructures incorporated with g-C 3 N 4 (CN) and metallic Cu (CN/Cu/TNT) nanocomposite and irradiated by a daylight lamp was newly applied for the mitigation of harmful indoor organic vapors. The CN/Cu/TNT catalyst showed high mitigation efficiency for all target pollutants, followed by Cu-incorporated TNT (Cu/TNT), CN-incorporated TNT (CN/TNT), TNT, and TiO 2 , in that order. The order of their photocatalytic activities agrees with that of the electron‒hole separation rates determined from their photoluminescence emission spectra. The mitigation efficiency of the CN/Cu/TNT catalyst increased as the CN-to-Cu/TNT percentage was increased from 1% to 10%, but subsequently decreased as the CN-to-Cu/TNT percentage increased to 20%. The mitigation efficiencies of the CN/Cu/TNT catalyst decreased with increasing relative humidity, feed pollutant concentrations, and airstream flow rates. However, in most cases, the reaction rates of the target compounds increased when the feed concentration was increased from 1 to 5 ppm. The mineralization rates of all target pollutants were lower than the corresponding photocatalytic mitigation rates, which could be ascribed to the production of CO and organic intermediates observed during the photocatalysis of the target pollutants. Nevertheless, the intermediates formed during the photocatalytic mitigation process would not cause significant adverse health effects to building occupants, because their concentrations were far below their exposure or threshold limit values. A probable mechanism for the photocatalytic mitigation of the organic vapors by the CN/Cu/TNT catalyst under daylight illumination was also proposed. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sea-level rise and refuge habitats for tidal marsh species: can artificial islands save the California Ridgway's rail?

USGS Publications Warehouse

Overton, Cory T.; Takekawa, John Y.; Casazza, Michael L.; Bui, Thuy-Vy D.; Holyoak, Marcel; Strong, Donald R.

2014-01-01

Terrestrial species living in intertidal habitats experience refuge limitation during periods of tidal inundation, which may be exacerbated by seasonal variation in vegetation structure, tidal cycles, and land-use change. Sea-level rise projections indicate the severity of refuge limitation may increase. Artificial habitats that provide escape cover during tidal inundation have been proposed as a temporary solution to alleviate these limitations. We tested for evidence of refuge habitat limitation in a population of endangered California Ridgway's rail (Rallus obsoletus obsoletus; hereafter California rail) through use of artificial floating island habitats provided during two winters. Previous studies demonstrated that California rail mortality was especially high during the winter and periods of increased tidal inundation, suggesting that tidal refuge habitat is critical to survival. In our study, California rail regularly used artificial islands during higher tides and daylight hours. When tide levels inundated the marsh plain, use of artificial islands was at least 300 times more frequent than would be expected if California rails used artificial habitats proportional to their availability (0.016%). Probability of use varied among islands, and low levels of use were observed at night. These patterns may result from anti-predator behaviors and heterogeneity in either rail density or availability of natural refuges. Endemic saltmarsh species are increasingly at risk from habitat change resulting from sea-level rise and development of adjacent uplands. Escape cover during tidal inundation may need to be supplemented if species are to survive. Artificial habitats may provide effective short-term mitigation for habitat change and sea-level rise in tidal marsh environments, particularly for conservation-reliant species such as California rails.

COSMIC RADIATION AND TUBERCULOSIS. IV. INFLUENCE OF COSMIC RADIATION ON TUBERCULOSIS AT HIGH ALTITUDE (3,130 M) AND AT SEA-LEVEL

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ong, S.G.

1964-01-01

At high altitude (3,130 m) tuberculous mice exposed to cosmic radiation under 10 cm of lead showed significantly greater mean survival time and a significantly greater number of survivors than tuberculous mice exposed to direct cosmic radiation. Tuberculous mice exposed to cosmic radiation at high altitude under 10 cm of lead showed a significantly greater mean survival time than tuberculous mice kept at sea level, exposed to direct cosmic radiation, and to cosmic radiation under 1, 2, and 10 cm of lead. The correlation analysis shows that a decreas in lung lesions is associated with an increase in survival time.more » The decrease in lung lesions is associated with an enlargement of the spleen. At high altitude the female showed a significantly greater number of survivors than the male. At sea level no significant difference was observed. On the average the female showed a significantly greater number of survivors. The beneficial effect of daylight with ultraviolet light on tuberculous mice was manifested in a lower maximum of mortality and in a significant decrease of lung and spleen lesions. (auth)« less

The effect of ambient lighting on Laser Doppler Imaging of a standardized cutaneous injury model

PubMed Central

Pham, Alan Chuong Q; Hei, Erik La; Harvey, John G; Holland, Andrew JA

2017-01-01

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential confounding effects of four different types of ambient lighting on the results of Laser Doppler Imaging (LDI) of a standardized cutaneous injury model. Methods: After applying a mechanical stimulus to the anterior forearm of a healthy volunteer and inducing a wheal and arteriolar flare (the Triple response), we used a Laser Doppler Line Scanner (LDLS) to image the forearm under four different types of ambient lighting: light-emitting-diode (LED), compact fluorescent lighting (CFL), halogen, daylight, and darkness as a control. A spectrometer was used to measure the intensity of light energy at 785 nm, the wavelength used by the scanner for measurement under each type of ambient lighting. Results: Neither the LED nor CFL bulbs emitted detectable light energy at a wavelength of 785 nm. The color-based representation of arbitrary perfusion unit (APU) values of the Triple response measured by the scanner was similar between darkness, LED, and CFL light. Daylight emitted 2 mW at 785 nm, with a slight variation tending more towards lower APU values compared to darkness. Halogen lighting emitted 6 mW of light energy at 785 nm rendering the color-based representation impossible to interpret. Conclusions: Halogen lighting and daylight have the potential to confound results of LDI of cutaneous injuries whereas LED and CFL lighting did not. Any potential sources of daylight should be reduced and halogen lighting completely covered or turned off prior to wound imaging. PMID:29348978

Applying the Multiple Signal Classification Method to Silent Object Detection Using Ambient Noise

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mori, Kazuyoshi; Yokoyama, Tomoki; Hasegawa, Akio; Matsuda, Minoru

2004-05-01

The revolutionary concept of using ocean ambient noise positively to detect objects, called acoustic daylight imaging, has attracted much attention. The authors attempted the detection of a silent target object using ambient noise and a wide-band beam former consisting of an array of receivers. In experimental results obtained in air, using the wide-band beam former, we successfully applied the delay-sum array (DSA) method to detect a silent target object in an acoustic noise field generated by a large number of transducers. This paper reports some experimental results obtained by applying the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) method to a wide-band beam former to detect silent targets. The ocean ambient noise was simulated by transducers decentralized to many points in air. Both MUSIC and DSA detected a spherical target object in the noise field. The relative power levels near the target obtained with MUSIC were compared with those obtained by DSA. Then the effectiveness of the MUSIC method was evaluated according to the rate of increase in the maximum and minimum relative power levels.

The ambient acoustic environment in Laguna San Ignacio, Baja California Sur, Mexico.

PubMed

Seger, Kerri D; Thode, Aaron M; Swartz, Steven L; Urbán, Jorge R

2015-11-01

Each winter gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) breed and calve in Laguna San Ignacio, Mexico, where a robust, yet regulated, whale-watching industry exists. Baseline acoustic environments in LSI's three zones were monitored between 2008 and 2013, in anticipation of a new road being paved that will potentially increase tourist activity to this relatively isolated location. These zones differ in levels of both gray whale usage and tourist activity. Ambient sound level distributions were computed in terms of percentiles of power spectral densities. While these distributions are consistent across years within each zone, inter-zone differences are substantial. The acoustic environment in the upper zone is dominated by snapping shrimp that display a crepuscular cycle. Snapping shrimp also affect the middle zone, but tourist boat transits contribute to noise distributions during daylight hours. The lower zone has three source contributors to its acoustic environment: snapping shrimp, boats, and croaker fish. As suggested from earlier studies, a 300 Hz noise minimum exists in both the middle and lower zones of the lagoon, but not in the upper zone.

Optimizing lighting, thermal performance, and energy production of building facades by using automated blinds and PV cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alzoubi, Hussain Hendi

Energy consumption in buildings has recently become a major concern for environmental designers. Within this field, daylighting and solar energy design are attractive strategies for saving energy. This study seeks the integrity and the optimality of building envelopes' performance. It focuses on the transparent parts of building facades, specifically, the windows and their shading devices. It suggests a new automated method of utilizing solar energy while keeping optimal solutions for indoor daylighting. The method utilizes a statistical approach to produce mathematical equations based on physical experimentation. A full-scale mock-up representing an actual office was built. Heat gain and lighting levels were measured empirically and correlated with blind angles. Computational methods were used to estimate the power production from photovoltaic cells. Mathematical formulas were derived from the results of the experiments; these formulas were utilized to construct curves as well as mathematical equations for the purpose of optimization. The mathematical equations resulting from the optimization process were coded using Java programming language to enable future users to deal with generic locations of buildings with a broader context of various climatic conditions. For the purpose of optimization by automation under different climatic conditions, a blind control system was developed based on the findings of this study. This system calibrates the blind angles instantaneously based upon the sun position, the indoor daylight, and the power production from the photovoltaic cells. The functions of this system guarantee full control of the projected solar energy on buildings' facades for indoor lighting and heat gain. In winter, the system automatically blows heat into the space, whereas it expels heat from the space during the summer season. The study showed that the optimality of building facades' performance is achievable for integrated thermal, energy, and lighting models in buildings. There are blind angles that produce maximum energy from the photovoltaic cells while keeping indoor light within the acceptable limits that prevent undesired heat gain in summer.

To boldly gulp: standard metabolic rate and boldness have context-dependent influences on risk-taking to breathe air in a catfish.

PubMed

McKenzie, David J; Belão, Thiago C; Killen, Shaun S; Rantin, F Tadeu

2015-12-01

The African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus has bimodal respiration, it has a suprabranchial air-breathing organ alongside substantial gills. We used automated bimodal respirometry to reveal that undisturbed juvenile catfish (N=29) breathed air continuously in normoxia, with a marked diurnal cycle. Air breathing and routine metabolic rate (RMR) increased in darkness when, in the wild, this nocturnal predator forages. Aquatic hypoxia (20% air saturation) greatly increased overall reliance on air breathing. We investigated whether two measures of risk taking to breathe air, namely absolute rates of aerial O2 uptake (ṀO2,air) and the percentage of RMR obtained from air (%ṀO2,air), were influenced by individual standard metabolic rate (SMR) and boldness. In particular, whether any influence varied with resource availability (normoxia versus hypoxia) or relative fear of predation (day versus night). Individual SMR, derived from respirometry, had an overall positive influence on ṀO2,air across all contexts but a positive influence on %ṀO2,air only in hypoxia. Thus, a pervasive effect of SMR on air breathing became most acute in hypoxia, when individuals with higher O2 demand took proportionally more risks. Boldness was estimated as time required to resume air breathing after a fearful stimulus in daylight normoxia (Tres). Although Tres had no overall influence on ṀO2,air or %ṀO2,air, there was a negative relationship between Tres and %ṀO2,air in daylight, in normoxia and hypoxia. There were two Tres response groups, 'bold' phenotypes with Tres below 75 min (N=13) which, in daylight, breathed proportionally more air than 'shy' phenotypes with Tres above 115 min (N=16). Therefore, individual boldness influenced air breathing when fear of predation was high. Thus, individual energy demand and personality did not have parallel influences on the emergent tendency to take risks to obtain a resource; their influences varied in strength with context. © 2015. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

Energy performance and savings potentials with skylights

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Arasteh, D.; Johnson, R.; Selkowitz, S.

1984-12-01

This study systematically explores the energy effects of skylight systems in a prototypical office building module and examines the savings from daylighting. For specific climates, roof/skylight characteristics are identified that minimize total energy or peak electrical demand. Simplified techniques for energy performance calculation are also presented based on a multiple regression analysis of our data base so that one may easily evaluate daylighting's effects on total and component energy loads and electrical peaks. This provides additional insights into the influence of skylight parameters on energy consumption and electrical peaks. We use the DOE-2.1B energy analysis program with newly incorporated daylightingmore » algorithms to determine hourly, monthly, and annual impacts of daylighting strategies on electrical lighting consumption, cooling, heating, fan power, peak electrical demands, and total energy use. A data base of more than 2000 parametric simulations for 14 US climates has been generated. Parameters varied include skylight-to-roof ratio, shading coefficient, visible transmittance, skylight well light loss, electric lighting power density, roof heat transfer coefficient, and electric lighting control type. 14 references, 13 figures, 4 tables.« less

A spatially augmented reality sketching interface for architectural daylighting design.

PubMed

Sheng, Yu; Yapo, Theodore C; Young, Christopher; Cutler, Barbara

2011-01-01

We present an application of interactive global illumination and spatially augmented reality to architectural daylight modeling that allows designers to explore alternative designs and new technologies for improving the sustainability of their buildings. Images of a model in the real world, captured by a camera above the scene, are processed to construct a virtual 3D model. To achieve interactive rendering rates, we use a hybrid rendering technique, leveraging radiosity to simulate the interreflectance between diffuse patches and shadow volumes to generate per-pixel direct illumination. The rendered images are then projected on the real model by four calibrated projectors to help users study the daylighting illumination. The virtual heliodon is a physical design environment in which multiple designers, a designer and a client, or a teacher and students can gather to experience animated visualizations of the natural illumination within a proposed design by controlling the time of day, season, and climate. Furthermore, participants may interactively redesign the geometry and materials of the space by manipulating physical design elements and see the updated lighting simulation. © 2011 IEEE Published by the IEEE Computer Society

Light-scattering properties of a Venetian blind slat used for daylighting applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nilsson, Annica M.; Jonsson, Jacob C.

2010-12-15

The low cost, simplicity, and aesthetic appearance of external and internal shading devices, make them commonly used for daylighting and glare-control applications. Shading devices, such as Venetian blinds, screens, and roller shades, generally exhibit light scattering and/or light redirecting properties. This requires the bi-directional scattering distribution function (BSDF) of the material to be known in order to accurately predict the daylight distribution and energy flow through the fenestration system. Acquiring the complete BSDF is not a straightforward task, and to complete the process it is often required that a model is used to complement the measured data. In this project,more » a Venetian blind slat with a white top surface and a brushed aluminum bottom surface was optically characterized. A goniophotometer and an integrating sphere spectrophotometer were used to determine the angle resolved and hemispherical reflectance of the sample, respectively. The acquired data were fitted to a scattering model providing one Lambertian and one angle dependent description of the surface properties. These were used in combination with raytracing to obtain the complete BSDFs of the Venetian blind system. (author)« less

Determinants of Colour Constancy and the Blue Bias

PubMed Central

Gegenfurtner, Karl

2017-01-01

We investigated several sensory and cognitive determinants of colour constancy across 40 illumination hues. In the first experiment, we measured colour naming for the illumination and for the colour induced by the illumination on the colorimetric grey. Results confirmed that the induced colours are approximately complementary to the colour of the illumination. In the second experiment, we measured colour constancy using achromatic adjustments. Average colour constancy was perfect under the blue daylight illumination and decreased in colour directions away from the blue daylight illumination due to undershooting and a strong blue bias. Apart from this blue bias, colour constancy was not related to illumination discrimination and to chromatic detection measured previously with the same setup and stimuli. We also observed a strong negative relationship between the degree of colour constancy and the consensus of naming the illumination colour. Constancy coincided with a low naming consensus, in particular because bluish illumination colours were sometimes seen as achromatic. Blue bias and category consensus alone explained >68%, and all determinants together explained >94% of the variance of achromatic adjustments. These findings suggest that colour constancy is optimised for blue daylight. PMID:29348910

Anti-inflammatory activities of garlic sprouts, a source of α-linolenic acid and 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan, in RAW 264.7 cells.

PubMed

Gdula-Argasińska, Joanna; Paśko, Paweł; Sułkowska-Ziaja, Katarzyna; Kała, Katarzyna; Muszyńska, Bożena

2017-01-01

The purpose of this study was to analyze the indolic, phenolic, and fatty acid content and antioxidant activity of garlic sprouts growing in the dark and in the daylight. The pro- or anti-inflammatory properties of the garlic sprout extract were investigated by evaluating the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E synthase (cPGES), glutathione S transferase (GSTM1), nuclear factor NF-κB, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) protein levels in the RAW 264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The highest amount of total indolic (73.56 mg/100 g f.w.) and phenolic compounds (36.23 mg/100 g f.w.) was detected in garlic sprouts grown in the daylight. Studies on antioxidant activity (the FRAP and DPPH method) of garlic sprouts showed that this activity is significantly higher for sprouts grown in full access to light when compared to those grown in the dark. In garlic sprout extracts, α-linolenic acid (ALA) was found to be in greater amount. COX-2 and cPGES level was lower when compared to LPS alone activated cells. After garlic extract treatment, higher level of GSTM1, PPARΥ, cytosolic p50 and p65 protein, as well as a lower NF-ĸB p50/p65 activity was noted in the RAW 264.7 cells which suggested PPARs and AhR transrepression mechanism of NF-ĸB signalling. The obtained results indicate Allium sativum sprouts are a rich source of n-3 fatty acids, indolic and phenolic compounds characterized by anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity, which may support their high therapeutic and dietary potential.

Daylight savings time and myocardial infarction

PubMed Central

Sandhu, Amneet; Seth, Milan; Gurm, Hitinder S

2014-01-01

Background Prior research has shown a transient increase in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after daylight savings time (DST) in the spring as well as a decrease in AMI after returning to standard time in the fall. These findings have not been verified in a broader population and if extant, may have significant public health and policy implications. Methods We assessed changes in admissions for AMI undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Cardiovascular Consortium (BMC2) database for the weeks following the four spring and three fall DST changes between March 2010 and September 2013. A negative binomial regression model was used to adjust for trend and seasonal variation. Results There was no difference in the total weekly number of PCIs performed for AMI for either the fall or spring time changes in the time period analysed. After adjustment for trend and seasonal effects, the Monday following spring time changes was associated with a 24% increase in daily AMI counts (p=0.011), and the Tuesday following fall changes was conversely associated with a 21% reduction (p=0.044). No other weekdays in the weeks following DST changes demonstrated significant associations. Conclusions In the week following the seasonal time change, DST impacts the timing of presentations for AMI but does not influence the overall incidence of this disease. PMID:25332784

Energy performance of semi-transparent PV modules for applications in buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fung, Yu Yan

Owing to the increasing awareness on energy conservation and environmental protection, building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) has been developed rapidly in the past decade. A number of research studies have been conducted on the energy performance of BIPV systems. However, most of the previous studies focused on the systems that incorporated with opaque type PV modules, little attention has been devoted to semi-transparent type PV modules, which have been commonly integrated in modern architectures. This thesis aims at evaluating the energy performance of the semi-transparent BIPV modules, including heat gains to the indoor environment, power generation from the PV modules and daylight utilization. Solar radiation intensity on PV module's surfaces is an essential parameter for assessing energy performance of the PV modules. Different slope solar radiation models are analyzed and compared. The model that best suits Hong Kong situations is selected for the further development of the energy performance of the BIPV modules. The optimum orientation and tilted angle are determined in the analysis. In addition to the solar radiation models, a detailed investigation on the heat gain through the semi-transparent BIPV modules is carried out in this study. A one-dimensional transient heat transfer model, the SPVHG model, for evaluating the thermal performance of the semi-transparent BIPV modules is developed. The SPVHG model considers in detail the energy that is transmitted, absorbed and reflected in each element of the BIPV modules such as solar cells and glass layers. A computer program of the model is written accordingly. By applying the SPVHG model, the heat gain through the semi-transparent BIPV module of any thickness can be determined for any solar irradiance level. The annual performance can also be assessed by inputting annual weather data to the model. In order to verify the SPVHG model, laboratory tests have been carried out on semi-transparent BIPV modules. A well-insulated calorimeter box and an adjustable steady-state type solar simulator which can provide up to 1600 W/m2 have been used in the tests. Energy that transmitted through the semi-transparent BIPV modules and entered the calorimeter box was evaluated. It was found that the experimental results and the simulated results support each other. The SPVHG model is validated and can be used for further studies. Other than heat transfer, power production and the daylight utilization are also the vital parts in the energy performance assessment of the semi-transparent BIPV module for applications in building facades. Power generation models of both opaque and semi-transparent BIPV modules are investigated in this study. In order to test the validity of the power generation model, measurements on a BIPV system of an existing building are carried out. The measurement results reveal a good validity of the power generation model. Only a minor modification to the model is required. The daylight utilization is evaluated by using an indoor illuminance model. The model estimates the mean internal illuminance on the working plane of a room when there is both sunlight and skylight. Consequently, the power saving due to the daylight utilization can be determined. By using the SPVHG model together with the power generation model and the indoor illuminance model, the energy performance, in terms of electricity benefit, of building facades that incorporated with semi-transparent BIPV modules is evaluated. Different scenarios are studied by changing various parameters such as the window to wall ratios, thickness and efficiency of the solar cells. The results show that the solar cells within the semi-transparent BIPV modules significantly reduce the solar heat gain and thus reduce the power consumption of air-conditioning systems. Taking into account the impacts of PV electricity generation and daylight utilization, the optimum solar cell area ratio in the PV modules varies from 0.7 to 0.9 for different window-to-wall ratios of the building facade. The largest net electricity benefit of the BIPV facade under the simulation conditions is around 120 kWh/m 2. The SPVHG model developed in this study is a precise model for calculating the amount of heat gains through the semi-transparent BIPV modules. By considering also the power generation and daylight utilization, the electricity benefit of different BIPV facade configurations can be simulated. This information should help engineers predict the cooling load due to the BIPV facade and thus review their designs for energy efficiency optimization. On the whole, the results of this study provide valuable reference to local engineers, designers and professionals for efficient BIPV facade applications.

Temporal Allocation of Foraging Effort in Female Australian Fur Seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus)

PubMed Central

Hoskins, Andrew J.; Arnould, John P. Y.

2013-01-01

Across an individual's life, foraging decisions will be affected by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic drivers that act at differing timescales. This study aimed to assess how female Australian fur seals allocated foraging effort and the behavioural changes used to achieve this at three temporal scales: within a day, across a foraging trip and across the final six months of the lactation period. Foraging effort peaked during daylight hours (57% of time diving) with lulls in activity just prior to and after daylight. Dive duration reduced across the day (196 s to 168 s) but this was compensated for by an increase in the vertical travel rate (1500–1600 m·h−1) and a reduction in postdive duration (111–90 s). This suggests physiological constraints (digestive costs) or prey availability may be limiting mean dive durations as a day progresses. During short trips (<2.9 d), effort remained steady at 55% of time diving, whereas, on long trips (>2.9 d) effort increased up to 2–3 d and then decreased. Dive duration decreased at the same rate in short and long trips, respectively, before stabilising (long trips) between 4–5 d. Suggesting that the same processes (digestive costs or prey availability) working at the daily scale may also be present across a trip. Across the lactation period, foraging effort, dive duration and vertical travel rate increased until August, before beginning to decrease. This suggests that as the nutritional demands of the suckling pup and developing foetus increase, female effort increases to accommodate this, providing insight into the potential constraints of maternal investment in this species. PMID:24244511

Invasive fishes generate biogeochemical hotspots in a nutrient-limited system.

PubMed

Capps, Krista A; Flecker, Alexander S

2013-01-01

Fishes can play important functional roles in the nutrient dynamics of freshwater systems. Aggregating fishes have the potential to generate areas of increased biogeochemical activity, or hotspots, in streams and rivers. Many of the studies documenting the functional role of fishes in nutrient dynamics have focused on native fish species; however, introduced fishes may restructure nutrient storage and cycling freshwater systems as they can attain high population densities in novel environments. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a non-native catfish (Loricariidae: Pterygoplichthys) on nitrogen and phosphorus remineralization and estimate whether large aggregations of these fish generate measurable biogeochemical hotspots within nutrient-limited ecosystems. Loricariids formed large aggregations during daylight hours and dispersed throughout the stream during evening hours to graze benthic habitats. Excretion rates of phosphorus were twice as great during nighttime hours when fishes were actively feeding; however, there was no diel pattern in nitrogen excretion rates. Our results indicate that spatially heterogeneous aggregations of loricariids can significantly elevate dissolved nutrient concentrations via excretion relative to ambient nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations during daylight hours, creating biogeochemical hotspots and potentially altering nutrient dynamics in invaded systems.

Invasive Fishes Generate Biogeochemical Hotspots in a Nutrient-Limited System

PubMed Central

Capps, Krista A.; Flecker, Alexander S.

2013-01-01

Fishes can play important functional roles in the nutrient dynamics of freshwater systems. Aggregating fishes have the potential to generate areas of increased biogeochemical activity, or hotspots, in streams and rivers. Many of the studies documenting the functional role of fishes in nutrient dynamics have focused on native fish species; however, introduced fishes may restructure nutrient storage and cycling freshwater systems as they can attain high population densities in novel environments. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a non-native catfish (Loricariidae: Pterygoplichthys) on nitrogen and phosphorus remineralization and estimate whether large aggregations of these fish generate measurable biogeochemical hotspots within nutrient-limited ecosystems. Loricariids formed large aggregations during daylight hours and dispersed throughout the stream during evening hours to graze benthic habitats. Excretion rates of phosphorus were twice as great during nighttime hours when fishes were actively feeding; however, there was no diel pattern in nitrogen excretion rates. Our results indicate that spatially heterogeneous aggregations of loricariids can significantly elevate dissolved nutrient concentrations via excretion relative to ambient nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations during daylight hours, creating biogeochemical hotspots and potentially altering nutrient dynamics in invaded systems. PMID:23342083

Daylight operation of a sodium laser guide star

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hart, Michael; Jefferies, Stuart; Murphy, Neil

2016-07-01

We report photometric measurements of a sodium resonance guide star against the daylight sky when observed through a tuned magneto-optical filter (MOF). The MOF comprises a sodium vapor cell in a kilogauss-level magnetic field between crossed polarizers and has a very narrow transmission profile at the sodium D2 resonance of approximately 0.008 nm. Our observations were made with the 1.5 m Kuiper telescope on Mt. Bigelow, AZ, which has a separately mounted guide star laser projecting a circularly polarized single-frequency beam of approximately 6.5 W at 589.16 nm. Both the beam projector and the 1.5 m telescope were pointed close to zenith; the baseline between them is approximately 5 m. Measurements of the guide star were made on the morning of 2016 March 24 using an imaging camera focused on the beacon and looking through the full aperture of the telescope. The guide star flux was estimated at 1.20×106 photon/m2/s while at approximately 45 minutes after sunrise, the sky background through the MOF was 1100 photon/m2/s/arcsec2. We interpret our results in terms of thermal infrared observations with adaptive optics on the next generation of extremely large telescopes now being built.

An artificial solar spectrum substantially alters plant development compared with usual climate room irradiance spectra.

PubMed

Hogewoning, Sander W; Douwstra, Peter; Trouwborst, Govert; van Ieperen, Wim; Harbinson, Jeremy

2010-03-01

Plant responses to the light spectrum under which plants are grown affect their developmental characteristics in a complicated manner. Lamps widely used to provide growth irradiance emit spectra which are very different from natural daylight spectra. Whereas specific responses of plants to a spectrum differing from natural daylight may sometimes be predictable, the overall plant response is generally difficult to predict due to the complicated interaction of the many different responses. So far studies on plant responses to spectra either use no daylight control or, if a natural daylight control is used, it will fluctuate in intensity and spectrum. An artificial solar (AS) spectrum which closely resembles a sunlight spectrum has been engineered, and growth, morphogenesis, and photosynthetic characteristics of cucumber plants grown for 13 d under this spectrum have been compared with their performance under fluorescent tubes (FTs) and a high pressure sodium lamp (HPS). The total dry weight of the AS-grown plants was 2.3 and 1.6 times greater than that of the FT and HPS plants, respectively, and the height of the AS plants was 4-5 times greater. This striking difference appeared to be related to a more efficient light interception by the AS plants, characterized by longer petioles, a greater leaf unfolding rate, and a lower investment in leaf mass relative to leaf area. Photosynthesis per leaf area was not greater for the AS plants. The extreme differences in plant response to the AS spectrum compared with the widely used protected cultivation light sources tested highlights the importance of a more natural spectrum, such as the AS spectrum, if the aim is to produce plants representative of field conditions.

Generation of daylight reference years for two European cities with different climate: Athens, Greece and Bratislava, Slovakia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Markou, M. T.; Kambezidis, H. D.; Bartzokas, A.; Darula, S.; Kittler, R.

2007-12-01

In this work, daylight reference years (DRYs), based on daylight and solar radiation measurements, are designed for two European cities, Athens, Greece and Bratislava, Slovakia, by using the Danish method, the Festa-Ratto technique and the Modified Sandia National Laboratories methodology. The data basis consists of 5-minute values of global and diffuse horizontal illuminance, global and diffuse horizontal irradiance, zenith luminance and solar altitude as well as of daily values of sunshine duration for 5 years for Athens and 8 years for Bratislava. Moreover, Linke's turbidity factor, luminous turbidity factor and relative sunshine duration are calculated and utilized. Then, for each DRY, the predominant sky-luminance distributions over Athens and Bratislava are identified, by using the methodology of Kittler et al., who corresponded the main sky conditions to 15 theoretical sky standards in diagrams of the ratio of zenith luminance to diffuse horizontal illuminance against solar altitude. For both cities the three aforementioned methods do not create identical DRYs. Despite the differences, the sky types defined for each of the two places seem not to depend on the choice of DRY. The predominant sky standard, for all of them, is a cloudless, polluted sky with a broad solar corona for Athens and an overcast sky with slight brightening towards the sun as well as very clear sky with low atmospheric turbidity for Bratislava. However, the selection of the DRY, which represents best the daylight conditions, is necessary for studies in saving energy in buildings. The DRY, which is created by the Modified Sandia National Laboratories method, is chosen for most cases, while the one created by the Danish method is also useful on certain occasions.

Local and Regional Winds: Their Names and Attributes,

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-03-30

bryza morska ("sea breeze"), but it is weaker than it, blowing across the surface of a large lake toward the shore during the daylight hours, mainly...city toward its center, with a simultaneous increase in convection movements above it. Bryza morska ("sea breeze") -- a wind blowing from off the sea...during the summer season for several days during the month; the bryza morska ("sea breeze") may be felt, depending on its intensity, up to distances of

Daylight saving time can decrease the frequency of wildlife–vehicle collisions

PubMed Central

Ellis, William A.; FitzGibbon, Sean I.; Barth, Benjamin J.; Niehaus, Amanda C.; David, Gwendolyn K.; Taylor, Brendan D.; Matsushige, Helena; Melzer, Alistair; Bercovitch, Fred B.; Carrick, Frank; Jones, Darryl N.; Dexter, Cathryn; Gillett, Amber; Predavec, Martin; Lunney, Dan

2016-01-01

Daylight saving time (DST) could reduce collisions with wildlife by changing the timing of commuter traffic relative to the behaviour of nocturnal animals. To test this idea, we tracked wild koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in southeast Queensland, where koalas have declined by 80% in the last 20 years, and compared their movements with traffic patterns along roads where they are often killed. Using a simple model, we found that DST could decrease collisions with koalas by 8% on weekdays and 11% at weekends, simply by shifting the timing of traffic relative to darkness. Wildlife conservation and road safety should become part of the debate on DST. PMID:27881767

Acceleration of Radiance for Lighting Simulation by Using Parallel Computing with OpenCL

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zuo, Wangda; McNeil, Andrew; Wetter, Michael

2011-09-06

We report on the acceleration of annual daylighting simulations for fenestration systems in the Radiance ray-tracing program. The algorithm was optimized to reduce both the redundant data input/output operations and the floating-point operations. To further accelerate the simulation speed, the calculation for matrix multiplications was implemented using parallel computing on a graphics processing unit. We used OpenCL, which is a cross-platform parallel programming language. Numerical experiments show that the combination of the above measures can speed up the annual daylighting simulations 101.7 times or 28.6 times when the sky vector has 146 or 2306 elements, respectively.

Periodic catatonia with long-term treatment: a case report.

PubMed

Chen, Ruei-An; Huang, Tiao-Lai

2017-09-29

Periodic catatonia has long been a challenging diagnosis and there are no absolute guidelines for treatment when precipitating factors are also unclear. We report a schizophrenia patient with periodic catatonia with a 15-year treatment course. A possible correlation between decreased daylight exposure and periodic attacks has been observed. We describe a 49-year-old woman with periodic catatonia associated with schizophrenia with 15 years of follow-up. The patient was treated with the antipsychotics risperidone, haloperidol, loxapine and quetiapine, but catatonia still relapsed once per year during the first few years of her disease course. The treatment was consequently been switched to clozapine due to fluctuated psychotic illness, and a longer duration of remittance was achieved. Lorazepam-diazepam protocol was used for rapid relief of catatonic symptoms, and was able to significantly shorten the duration of the symptoms. In addition, we observed a possible correlation between catatonic episodes and decreased daylight exposure during the 15-year duration. Successful treatment of acute periodic catatonia was achieved with a lorazepam-diazepam protocol, and the patient remained in remission for a longer duration under clozapine treatment. Besides, the possibility of decreased daylight exposure acting as a precipitating factor was observed during our 15 years of follow-up.

Color tuning in alert macaque V1 assessed with fMRI and single-unit recording shows a bias toward daylight colors.

PubMed

Lafer-Sousa, Rosa; Liu, Yang O; Lafer-Sousa, Luis; Wiest, Michael C; Conway, Bevil R

2012-05-01

Colors defined by the two intermediate directions in color space, "orange-cyan" and "lime-magenta," elicit the same spatiotemporal average response from the two cardinal chromatic channels in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). While we found LGN functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses to these pairs of colors were statistically indistinguishable, primary visual cortex (V1) fMRI responses were stronger to orange-cyan. Moreover, linear combinations of single-cell responses to cone-isolating stimuli of V1 cone-opponent cells also yielded stronger predicted responses to orange-cyan over lime-magenta, suggesting these neurons underlie the fMRI result. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that V1 recombines LGN signals into "higher-order" mechanisms tuned to noncardinal color directions. In light of work showing that natural images and daylight samples are biased toward orange-cyan, our findings further suggest that V1 is adapted to daylight. V1, especially double-opponent cells, may function to extract spatial information from color boundaries correlated with scene-structure cues, such as shadows lit by ambient blue sky juxtaposed with surfaces reflecting sunshine. © 2012 Optical Society of America

Daylight coloring for monochrome infrared imagery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gabura, James

2015-05-01

The effectiveness of infrared imagery in poor visibility situations is well established and the range of applications is expanding as we enter a new era of inexpensive thermal imagers for mobile phones. However there is a problem in that the counterintuitive reflectance characteristics of various common scene elements can cause slowed reaction times and impaired situational awareness-consequences that can be especially detrimental in emergency situations. While multiband infrared sensors can be used, they are inherently more costly. Here we propose a technique for adding a daylight color appearance to single band infrared images, using the normally overlooked property of local image texture. The simple method described here is illustrated with colorized images from the visible red and long wave infrared bands. Our colorizing process not only imparts a natural daylight appearance to infrared images but also enhances the contrast and visibility of otherwise obscure detail. We anticipate that this colorizing method will lead to a better user experience, faster reaction times and improved situational awareness for a growing community of infrared camera users. A natural extension of our process could expand upon its texture discerning feature by adding specialized filters for discriminating specific targets.

Effect of light and heat on the stability of montelukast in solution and in its solid state.

PubMed

Al Omari, Mahmoud M; Zoubi, Rufaida M; Hasan, Enas I; Khader, Tariq Z; Badwan, Adnan A

2007-11-05

The chemical stability of montelukast (Monte) in solution and in its solid state was studied. A simultaneous measurement of Monte and its degradation products was determined using a selective HPLC method. The HPLC system comprised a reversed phase column (C18) as the stationary phase and a mixture of ammonium acetate buffer of pH 3.5 and methanol (15:85 v/v) as the mobile phase. The UV detection was conducted at 254 nm. Monte in solution showed instability when exposed to light leading to the formation of its cis-isomer as the major photoproduct. The rate of photodegradation of Monte in solution exposed to various light sources increases in the order of; sodium

Microbial dinitrogen fixation in coral holobionts exposed to thermal stress and bleaching.

PubMed

Cardini, Ulisse; van Hoytema, Nanne; Bednarz, Vanessa N; Rix, Laura; Foster, Rachel A; Al-Rshaidat, Mamoon M D; Wild, Christian

2016-09-01

Coral holobionts (i.e., coral-algal-prokaryote symbioses) exhibit dissimilar thermal sensitivities that may determine which coral species will adapt to global warming. Nonetheless, studies simultaneously investigating the effects of warming on all holobiont members are lacking. Here we show that exposure to increased temperature affects key physiological traits of all members (herein: animal host, zooxanthellae and diazotrophs) of both Stylophora pistillata and Acropora hemprichii during and after thermal stress. S. pistillata experienced severe loss of zooxanthellae (i.e., bleaching) with no net photosynthesis at the end of the experiment. Conversely, A. hemprichii was more resilient to thermal stress. Exposure to increased temperature (+ 6°C) resulted in a drastic increase in daylight dinitrogen (N2 ) fixation, particularly in A. hemprichii (threefold compared with controls). After the temperature was reduced again to in situ levels, diazotrophs exhibited a reversed diel pattern of activity, with increased N2 fixation rates recorded only in the dark, particularly in bleached S. pistillata (twofold compared to controls). Concurrently, both animal hosts, but particularly bleached S. pistillata, reduced both organic matter release and heterotrophic feeding on picoplankton. Our findings indicate that physiological plasticity by coral-associated diazotrophs may play an important role in determining the response of coral holobionts to ocean warming. © 2016 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Moonlight affects nocturnal Period2 transcript levels in the pineal gland of the reef fish Siganus guttatus.

PubMed

Sugama, Nozomi; Park, Ji-Gweon; Park, Yong-Ju; Takeuchi, Yuki; Kim, Se-Jae; Takemura, Akihiro

2008-09-01

The golden rabbitfish Siganus guttatus is a reef fish with a restricted lunar-synchronized spawning cycle. It is not known how the fish recognizes cues from the moon and exerts moon-related activities. In order to evaluate the perception and utilization of moonlight by the fish, the present study aimed to clone and characterize Period2 (Per2), a light-inducible clock gene in lower vertebrates, and to examine daily variations in rabbitfish Per2 (rfPer2) expression as well as the effect of light and moonlight on its expression in the pineal gland. The partially-cloned rfPer2 cDNA (2933 bp) was highly homologous (72%) to zebrafish Per2. The rfPer2 levels increased at ZT6 and decreased at ZT18 in the whole brain and several peripheral organs. The rfPer2 expression in the pineal gland exhibited a daily variation with an increase during daytime. Exposing the fish to light during nighttime resulted in a rapid increase of its expression in the pineal gland, while the level was decreased by intercepting light during daytime. Two hours after exposing the fish to moonlight at the full moon period, the rfPer2 expression was upregulated. These results suggest that rfPer2 is a light-inducible clock gene and that its expression is affected not only by daylight but also by moonlight. Since the rfPer2 expression level during the full moon period was higher than that during the new moon period, the monthly variation in the rfPer2 expression is likely to occur with the change in amplitude between the full and new moon periods.

Improved space object detection using short-exposure image data with daylight background.

PubMed

Becker, David; Cain, Stephen

2018-05-10

Space object detection is of great importance in the highly dependent yet competitive and congested space domain. The detection algorithms employed play a crucial role in fulfilling the detection component in the space situational awareness mission to detect, track, characterize, and catalog unknown space objects. Many current space detection algorithms use a matched filter or a spatial correlator on long-exposure data to make a detection decision at a single pixel point of a spatial image based on the assumption that the data follow a Gaussian distribution. Long-exposure imaging is critical to detection performance in these algorithms; however, for imaging under daylight conditions, it becomes necessary to create a long-exposure image as the sum of many short-exposure images. This paper explores the potential for increasing detection capabilities for small and dim space objects in a stack of short-exposure images dominated by a bright background. The algorithm proposed in this paper improves the traditional stack and average method of forming a long-exposure image by selectively removing short-exposure frames of data that do not positively contribute to the overall signal-to-noise ratio of the averaged image. The performance of the algorithm is compared to a traditional matched filter detector using data generated in MATLAB as well as laboratory-collected data. The results are illustrated on a receiver operating characteristic curve to highlight the increased probability of detection associated with the proposed algorithm.

Does the transition into daylight saving time really cause partial sleep deprivation?

PubMed

Toth Quintilham, Manoel Carlos; Adamowicz, Taísa; Pereira, Erico Felden; Pedrazzoli, Mario; Louzada, Fernando Mazzilli

2014-01-01

To identify possible changes in the sleep patterns according to chronotype in undergraduate students during the daylight saving time (DST) transition. A total of 378 students answered the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) to determine their chronotype and kept a diary about sleep-wake schedules 1 week before and after the DST transition. Oral mucosal cell samples were collected for genetic analysis. After the DST transition, intermediate types (I-types) delayed bedtime and increased their time in bed and all groups delayed their wake-up time. All groups presented a shorter phase angle between sunset and the bedtime after the DST transition. On the other hand, only E-types showed a tendency to reduce the phase angle between sunrise and wake-up time, while I-types and M-types kept the same phase angles between sunrise and wake-up time after the DST transition. The polymorphisms in the human genes CLOCK and PER3 were not associated with individual differences in sleep patterns, nor were they associated with an adjustment to the DST transition. Under the new set of social times determined by DST, the adjustment was only partial. I-types delayed bedtime and all groups delayed their wake-up times after the beginning of DST. Consequently, the time in bed after the DST transition was not reduced; Morning (M-types) and Evening-types (E-types) kept the same time in bed and I-types showed an increase on it.

A model for diurnal patterns of carbon fixation in a Precambrian microbial mat based on a modern analog

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rothschild, L. J.

1991-01-01

Microbial mat communities are one of the first and most prevalent biological communities known from the Precambrian fossil record. These fossil mat communities are found as laminated sedimentary rock structures called stromatolites. Using a modern microbial mat as an analog for Precambrian stromatolites, a study of carbon fixation during a diurnal cycle under ambient conditions was undertaken. The rate of carbon fixation depends primarily on the availability of light (consistent with photosynthetic carbon fixation) and inorganic carbon, and not nitrogen or phosphorus. Atmospheric PCO2 is thought to have decreased from 10 bars at 4 Ga (10(9) years before present) to approximately 10(-4) bars today, implying a change in the availability of inorganic carbon for carbon fixation. Experimental manipulation of levels of inorganic carbon to levels that may have been available to Precambrian mat communities resulted in increased levels of carbon fixation during daylight hours. Combining these data with models of daylength during the Precambrian, models are derived for diurnal patterns of photosynthetic carbon fixation in a Precambrian microbial mat community. The models suggest that, even in the face of shorter daylengths during the Precambrian, total daily carbon fixation has been declining over geological time, with most of the decrease having occurred during the Precambrian.

Efficiency in energy production and consumption

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kellogg, Ryan Mayer

This dissertation deals with economic efficiency in the energy industry and consists of three parts. The first examines how joint experience between pairs of firms working together in oil and gas drilling improves productivity. Part two asks whether oil producers time their drilling optimally by taking real options effects into consideration. Finally, I investigate the efficiency with which energy is consumed, asking whether extending Daylight Saving Time (DST) reduces electricity use. The chapter "Learning by Drilling: Inter-Firm Learning and Relationship Persistence in the Texas Oilpatch" examines how oil production companies and the drilling rigs they hire improve drilling productivity by learning through joint experience. I find that the joint productivity of a lead firm and its drilling contractor is enhanced significantly as they accumulate experience working together. Moreover, this result is robust to other relationship specificities and standard firm-specific learning-by-doing effects. The second chapter, "Drill Now or Drill Later: The Effect of Expected Volatility on Investment," investigates the extent to which firms' drilling behavior accords with a key prescription of real options theory: irreversible investments such as drilling should be deferred when the expected volatility of the investments' payoffs increases. I combine detailed data on oil drilling with expectations of future oil price volatility that I derive from the NYMEX futures options market. Conditioning on expected price levels, I find that oil production companies significantly reduce the number of wells they drill when expected price volatility is high. I conclude with "Daylight Time and Energy: Evidence from an Australian Experiment," co-authored with Hendrik Wolff. This chapter assesses DST's impact on electricity demand using a quasi-experiment in which parts of Australia extended DST in 2000 to facilitate the Sydney Olympics. We show that the extension did not reduce overall electricity consumption, but did cause a substantial intra-day shift in demand consistent with activity patterns that are tied to the clock rather than sunrise and sunset.

Energy Savings Potential of SSL in Horticultural Applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stober, Kelsey; Lee, Kyung; Yamada, Mary

Report that presents the findings for horticultural lighting applications where light-emitting diode (LED) products are now competing with traditional light sources. The three main categories of indoor horticulture were investigated: supplemented greenhouses, which use electric lighting to extend the hours of daylight, supplement low levels of sunlight on cloudy days, or disrupt periods of darkness to alter plant growth; non-stacked indoor farms, where plants are grown in a single layer on the floor under ceiling-mounted lighting; and vertical farms, where plants are stacked along vertical shelving to maximize grow space, and the lighting is typically mounted within the shelving units.

Shortwave Radiation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Klassen, Steve; Bugbee, Bruce

2005-01-01

Accurate shortwave radiation data is critical to evapotranspiration (ET) models used for developing irrigation schedules to optimize crop production while saving water, minimizing fertilizer, herbicide, and pesticide applications, reducing soil erosion, and protecting surface and ground water quality. Low cost silicon cell pyranometers have proven to be sufficiently accurate and robust for widespread use in agricultural applications under unobstructed daylight conditions. More expensive thermopile pyranometers are required for use as calibration standards and measurements under light with unique spectral properties (electric lights, under vegetation, in greenhouses and growth chambers). Routine cleaning, leveling, and annual calibration checks will help to ensure the integrity of long-term data.

An airborne laser fluorosensor for the detection of oil on water

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kim, H. H.; Hickman, G. D.

1975-01-01

An airborne laser fluorosensor for the detection of oil derivatives on water has been tested. The system transmits 337 nm UV radiation at the rate of 100 pulses per second and monitors fluorescent emission at 540 nm. Daylight flight tests were made over the areas of controlled oil spills and additional reconnaissance flights were made over a 50 km stretch of the Delaware River to establish ambient oil baseline in the river. The results show that the device is capable of monitoring and mapping out extremely low level oil on water which cannot be identified by ordinary photographic method.

OVERVIEW OF STAMP MILL SITE,LOOKING SOUTHWEST. THE LOWER TRAM TERMINAL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

OVERVIEW OF STAMP MILL SITE,LOOKING SOUTHWEST. THE LOWER TRAM TERMINAL IS OUT OF FRAME, JUST TO THE RIGHT. WATER TANK, LOADING PLATFORM, AND TRAM TRESTLE LEADING UP TO THE TRAM TERMINAL ARE AT RIGHT. THE STRUCTURE AT EXTREME RIGHT BELOW THE TRESTLE, ARE REMAINS OF A SECONDARY ORE BIN, WITH BALL MILL FOUNDATIONS AND WOOD DEBRIS JUST BELOW ON THE SECOND LEVEL. AT CENTER IS A BOILER AND THE FRAME WORK OF A FILTER PRESS. THE SMALL STRUCTURE AT CENTER LEFT IS AN INTERPRETIVE SIGN PLACED BY THE PARK SERVICE. AT LOWER LEFT, THIRD LEVEL OF THE MILL, ARE THE REMAINS OF A BLACKSMITH'S FORGE. - Keane Wonder Mine, Park Route 4 (Daylight Pass Cutoff), Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, CA

A key role for cyclic nucleotide gated (CNG) channels in cGMP-related retinitis pigmentosa.

PubMed

Paquet-Durand, François; Beck, Susanne; Michalakis, Stylianos; Goldmann, Tobias; Huber, Gesine; Mühlfriedel, Regine; Trifunović, Dragana; Fischer, M Dominik; Fahl, Edda; Duetsch, Gabriele; Becirovic, Elvir; Wolfrum, Uwe; van Veen, Theo; Biel, Martin; Tanimoto, Naoyuki; Seeliger, Mathias W

2011-03-01

The rd1 natural mutant is one of the first and probably the most commonly studied mouse model for retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a severe and frequently blinding human retinal degeneration. In several decades of research, the link between the increase in photoreceptor cGMP levels and the extremely rapid cell death gave rise to a number of hypotheses. Here, we provide clear evidence that the presence of cyclic nucleotide gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment membrane is the key to rod photoreceptor loss. In Cngb1(-/-) × rd1 double mutants devoid of regular CNG channels, cGMP levels are still pathologically high, but rod photoreceptor viability and outer segment morphology are greatly improved. Importantly, cone photoreceptors, the basis for high-resolution daylight and colour vision, survived and remained functional for extended periods of time. These findings strongly support the hypothesis of deleterious calcium (Ca(2+))-influx as the cause of rapid rod cell death and highlight the importance of CNG channels in this process. Furthermore, our findings suggest that targeting rod CNG channels, rather than general Ca(2+)-channel blockade, is a most promising symptomatic approach to treat otherwise incurable forms of cGMP-related RP.

Growth/reflectance model interface for wheat and corresponding model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Suits, G. H.; Sieron, R.; Odenweller, J.

1984-01-01

The use of modeling to explore the possibility of discovering new and useful crop condition indicators which might be available from the Thematic Mapper and to connect these symptoms to the biological causes in the crop is discussed. A crop growth model was used to predict the day to day growth features of the crop as it responds biologically to the various environmental factors. A reflectance model was used to predict the character of the interaction of daylight with the predicted growth features. An atmospheric path radiance was added to the reflected daylight to simulate the radiance appearing at the sensor. Finally, the digitized data sent to a ground station were calculated. The crop under investigation is wheat.

Daylight saving time can decrease the frequency of wildlife-vehicle collisions.

PubMed

Ellis, William A; FitzGibbon, Sean I; Barth, Benjamin J; Niehaus, Amanda C; David, Gwendolyn K; Taylor, Brendan D; Matsushige, Helena; Melzer, Alistair; Bercovitch, Fred B; Carrick, Frank; Jones, Darryl N; Dexter, Cathryn; Gillett, Amber; Predavec, Martin; Lunney, Dan; Wilson, Robbie S

2016-11-01

Daylight saving time (DST) could reduce collisions with wildlife by changing the timing of commuter traffic relative to the behaviour of nocturnal animals. To test this idea, we tracked wild koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in southeast Queensland, where koalas have declined by 80% in the last 20 years, and compared their movements with traffic patterns along roads where they are often killed. Using a simple model, we found that DST could decrease collisions with koalas by 8% on weekdays and 11% at weekends, simply by shifting the timing of traffic relative to darkness. Wildlife conservation and road safety should become part of the debate on DST. © 2016 The Author(s).

Characteristics of fishing operations, environment and life history contributing to small cetacean bycatch in the northeast Atlantic.

PubMed

Brown, Susie; Reid, David; Rogan, Emer

2014-01-01

Fisheries bycatch is a key threat to cetacean species globally. Managing the impact requires an understanding of the conditions under which animals are caught and the sections of the population affected. We used observer data collected on an albacore tuna gillnet fishery in the northeast Atlantic, to assess operational and environmental factors contributing to bycatch of common and striped dolphins, using generalised linear models and model averaging. Life history demographics of the captured animals were also investigated. In both species, young males dominated the catch. The age ratio of common dolphins was significantly different from that estimated for the population in the region, based on life tables (G = 17.1, d.f. = 2, p = 0.002). Skewed age and sex ratios may reflect varying vulnerability to capture, through differences in behaviour or segregation in populations. Adult females constituted the second largest portion of the bycatch for both species, with potential consequences for population sustainability. Depth was the most important parameter influencing bycatch of both species and reflected what is known about common and striped dolphin habitat use in the region as the probability of catching common dolphins decreased, and striped dolphins increased, with increasing depth. Striped dolphin capture was similarly influenced by the extent to which operations were conducted in daylight, with the probability of capture increasing with increased operations in the pre-sunset and post-sunrise period, potentially driven by increased ability of observers to record animals during daylight operations, or by diurnal movements increasing contact with the fishery. Effort, based on net length and soak time, had little influence on the probability of capturing either species. Our results illustrate the importance of assessing the demographic of the animals captured during observer programmes and, perhaps more importantly, suggest that effort restrictions alone may not be sufficient to eradicate bycatch in areas where driftnets and small cetaceans co-occur.

Characteristics of Fishing Operations, Environment and Life History Contributing to Small Cetacean Bycatch in the Northeast Atlantic

PubMed Central

Brown, Susie; Reid, David; Rogan, Emer

2014-01-01

Fisheries bycatch is a key threat to cetacean species globally. Managing the impact requires an understanding of the conditions under which animals are caught and the sections of the population affected. We used observer data collected on an albacore tuna gillnet fishery in the northeast Atlantic, to assess operational and environmental factors contributing to bycatch of common and striped dolphins, using generalised linear models and model averaging. Life history demographics of the captured animals were also investigated. In both species, young males dominated the catch. The age ratio of common dolphins was significantly different from that estimated for the population in the region, based on life tables (G = 17.1, d.f. = 2, p = 0.002). Skewed age and sex ratios may reflect varying vulnerability to capture, through differences in behaviour or segregation in populations. Adult females constituted the second largest portion of the bycatch for both species, with potential consequences for population sustainability. Depth was the most important parameter influencing bycatch of both species and reflected what is known about common and striped dolphin habitat use in the region as the probability of catching common dolphins decreased, and striped dolphins increased, with increasing depth. Striped dolphin capture was similarly influenced by the extent to which operations were conducted in daylight, with the probability of capture increasing with increased operations in the pre-sunset and post-sunrise period, potentially driven by increased ability of observers to record animals during daylight operations, or by diurnal movements increasing contact with the fishery. Effort, based on net length and soak time, had little influence on the probability of capturing either species. Our results illustrate the importance of assessing the demographic of the animals captured during observer programmes and, perhaps more importantly, suggest that effort restrictions alone may not be sufficient to eradicate bycatch in areas where driftnets and small cetaceans co-occur. PMID:25121802

Daylighting performance and thermal implications of skylights vs. south-facing roof monitors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rosenbaum, M.; Coldham, B.

1997-12-31

This paper reports the results of a comparison of skylights vs. south-facing roof monitors for daylighting the north wall zone of a 10,000 ft{sup 2} office building near Manchester, NH. A physical model was constructed and tested. Simultaneously, the building`s annual thermal performance was modeled with Energy-10 hourly simulation software, and its peak heating and cooling load performance was modeled with the Carrier Corp. Hourly Analysis Program (HAP). Apertures were built into the roof of the model, and several skylight and south-facing roof monitor configurations were tested in both clear and overcast conditions. A design goal was to have themore » building be daylit on overcast as well as clear days. This goal was based more on enhancement of the working environment than it was on electrical energy savings. Monitors with overhangs performed poorly in the overcast conditions--it was determined that 2.4 times as much monitor aperture was needed to yield equivalent light levels in overcast conditions. The thermal models showed that the annual heating and cooling energy cost for the building was the same for either strategy, but that peak cooling loads and peak heating loads were lower with the skylit version. The authors concluded that skylights were preferred over monitors in this application, due to similar annual energy costs, lower peak loads, and lower construction cost.« less

Multiobjective generalized extremal optimization algorithm for simulation of daylight illuminants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Srividya Ravindra; Kurian, Ciji Pearl; Gomes-Borges, Marcos Eduardo

2017-10-01

Daylight illuminants are widely used as references for color quality testing and optical vision testing applications. Presently used daylight simulators make use of fluorescent bulbs that are not tunable and occupy more space inside the quality testing chambers. By designing a spectrally tunable LED light source with an optimal number of LEDs, cost, space, and energy can be saved. This paper describes an application of the generalized extremal optimization (GEO) algorithm for selection of the appropriate quantity and quality of LEDs that compose the light source. The multiobjective approach of this algorithm tries to get the best spectral simulation with minimum fitness error toward the target spectrum, correlated color temperature (CCT) the same as the target spectrum, high color rendering index (CRI), and luminous flux as required for testing applications. GEO is a global search algorithm based on phenomena of natural evolution and is especially designed to be used in complex optimization problems. Several simulations have been conducted to validate the performance of the algorithm. The methodology applied to model the LEDs, together with the theoretical basis for CCT and CRI calculation, is presented in this paper. A comparative result analysis of M-GEO evolutionary algorithm with the Levenberg-Marquardt conventional deterministic algorithm is also presented.

What Is the Reference? An Examination of Alternatives to the Reference Sources Used in IES TM-30-15

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Royer, Michael P.

A study was undertaken to document the role of the reference illuminant in the IES TM-30-15 method for evaluating color rendition. TM-30-15 relies on a relative reference scheme; that is, the reference illuminant and test source always have the same correlated color temperature (CCT). The reference illuminant is a Planckian radiator, model of daylight, or combination of those two, depending on the exact CCT of the test source. Three alternative reference schemes were considered: 1) either using all Planckian radiators or all daylight models; 2) using only one of ten possible illuminants (Planckian, daylight, or equal energy), regardless of themore » CCT of the test source; 3) using an off-Planckian reference illuminant (i.e., a source with a negative Duv). No reference scheme is inherently superior to another, with differences in metric values largely a result of small differences in gamut shape of the reference alternatives. While using any of the alternative schemes is more reasonable in the TM-30-15 evaluation framework than it was with the CIE CRI framework, the differences still ultimately manifest only as changes in interpretation of the results. References are employed in color rendering measures to provide a familiar point of comparison, not to establish an ideal source.« less

Decreased retinal sensitivity in depressive disorder: a controlled study.

PubMed

Berman, G; Muttuvelu, D; Berman, D; Larsen, J I; Licht, R W; Ledolter, J; Kardon, R H

2018-03-01

To compare pupil responses in depressed patients with a seasonal pattern, depressed patients without a seasonal pattern and healthy controls as a function of daylight hours on the testing day. Patients suffering from a major depressive episode were included in wintertime. The pupil light reflex was measured at inclusion and in the following summer using a binocular pupillometer. A protocol of low (1 lux) and high (400 lux) intensity red and blue lights was used to assess rod, cone and melanopsin-containing intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglion cell input to the pupil reflex. The mean group pupil responses associated with a melanopsin-mediated sustained pupil response at 400 lux blue light were significantly reduced in the depressed subjects (N = 39) as compared to the healthy controls (N = 24) (P = 0.023). Across all groups, a reduction in number of daylight hours was significantly associated with a reduction in sustained pupil response (P = 0.007). All groups showed an equal effect of daylight hours on the melanopsin-mediated sustained pupil response. The melanopsin-mediated sustained pupil contraction to offset of high-intensity blue light is reduced in depressed patients. These results further emphasize the interaction of light exposure with depression. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Modified optical fiber daylighting system with sunlight transportation in free space.

PubMed

Vu, Ngoc-Hai; Pham, Thanh-Tuan; Shin, Seoyong

2016-12-26

We present the design, optical simulation, and experiment of a modified optical fiber daylighting system (M-OFDS) for indoor lighting. The M-OFDS is comprised of three sub-systems: concentration, collimation, and distribution. The concentration part is formed by coupling a Fresnel lens with a large-core plastic optical fiber. The sunlight collected by the concentration sub-system is propagated in a plastic optical fiber and then collimated by the collimator, which is a combination of a parabolic mirror and a convex lens. The collimated beam of sunlight travels in free space and is guided to the interior by directing flat mirrors, where it is diffused uniformly by a distributor. All parameters of the system are calculated theoretically. Based on the designed system, our simulation results demonstrated a maximum optical efficiency of 71%. The simulation results also showed that sunlight could be delivered to the illumination destination at distance of 30 m. A prototype of the M-OFDS was fabricated, and preliminary experiments were performed outdoors. The simulation results and experimental results confirmed that the M-OFDS was designed effectively. A large-scale system constructed by several M-OFDSs is also proposed. The results showed that the presented optical fiber daylighting system is a strong candidate for an inexpensive and highly efficient application of solar energy in buildings.

Circular polarization of twilight.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Angel, J. R. P.; Illing, R.; Martin, P. G.

1972-01-01

Review of observations of circular polarization of twilight performed with a polarimeter which uses an electronically switched Pockels cell operated as a reversible quarter-wave plate to convert circular into linear polarization. The latter was then analyzed by a Wollaston prism followed by two gallium-arsenide photomultipliers. The discovery of a definite natural circular polarization at twilight does suggest that, with increased observation precision, measurements of the small daylight component are possible. These could give useful information about particles in the atmosphere and be valuable in studies of meteorology and air pollution.

Development of Design Guidance for K-12 Schools: From 30% to 50% Energy Savings

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pless, S.; Torcellini, P.; Long, N.

2008-01-01

This paper describes the development of energy efficiency recommendations for achieving 30% whole-building energy savings in K-12 Schools over levels achieved by following the ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (1999 and 2004 versions). Exhaustive simulations were run to create packages of energy design solutions available over a wide range of K-12 schools and climates. These design recommendations look at building envelope, fenestration, lighting systems (including electrical lights and daylighting), HVAC systems, building automation and controls, outside air treatment, and service water heating. We document and discuss the energy modeling performed to demonstrate that themore » recommendations will result in at least 30% energy savings over ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and ASHRAE 90.1-2004. Recommendations are evaluated based on the availability of daylighting for the school and by the type of HVAC system. Compared to the ASHRAE 90.1-1999 baseline, the recommendations result in more than 30% savings in all climate zones for both daylit and nondaylit elementary, middle, and high schools with a range of HVAC system types. These recommendations have been included in the Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 School Buildings. Compared to the more stringent ASHRAE 90.1-2004 baseline, the recommendations result in more than 30% savings in all climate zones, for only the daylit elementary, middle, and high schools, with a range of HVAC system types. To inform the future development of recommendations for higher level of energy savings, we analyzed a subset of recommendations to understand which energy efficiency technologies would be needed to achieve 50% energy savings.« less

MODIS Measures Fraction of Sunlight Absorbed by Plants

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

At the height of the solar cycle, the Sun is finally displaying some fireworks. This image from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) shows a large solar flare from June 6, 2000 at 1424 Universal Time (10:24 AM Eastern Daylight Savings Time). Associated with the flare was a coronal mass ejection that sent a wave of fast moving charged particles straight towards Earth. (The image was acquired by the Extreme ultaviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT), one of 12 instruments aboard SOHO) Solar activity affects the Earth in several ways. The particles generated by flares can disrupt satellite communications and interfere with power transmission on the Earth's surface. Earth's climate is tied to the total energy emitted by the sun, cooling when the sun radiates less energy and warming when solar output increases. Solar radiation also produces ozone in the stratosphere, so total ozone levels tend to increase during the solar maximum. For more information about these solar flares and the SOHO mission, see NASA Science News or the SOHO home page. For more about the links between the sun and climate change, see Sunspots and the Solar Max. Image courtesy SOHO Extreme ultaviolet Imaging Telescope, ESA/NASA

Solar Flare Aimed at Earth

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

At the height of the solar cycle, the Sun is finally displaying some fireworks. This image from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) shows a large solar flare from June 6, 2000 at 1424 Universal Time (10:24 AM Eastern Daylight Savings Time). Associated with the flare was a coronal mass ejection that sent a wave of fast moving charged particles straight towards Earth. (The image was acquired by the Extreme ultaviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT), one of 12 instruments aboard SOHO) Solar activity affects the Earth in several ways. The particles generated by flares can disrupt satellite communications and interfere with power transmission on the Earth's surface. Earth's climate is tied to the total energy emitted by the sun, cooling when the sun radiates less energy and warming when solar output increases. Solar radiation also produces ozone in the stratosphere, so total ozone levels tend to increase during the solar maximum. For more information about these solar flares and the SOHO mission, see NASA Science News or the SOHO home page. For more about the links between the sun and climate change, see Sunspots and the Solar Max. Image courtesy SOHO Extreme ultaviolet Imaging Telescope, ESA/NASA

Hurricane Celia off the Pacific Coast of Mexico

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

[figure removed for brevity, see original site] [figure removed for brevity, see original site] Figure 1: July 19 Daylight Snapshot for PIA00438 Figure 2: July 21 Daylight Snapshot for PIA00438 Hurricane Celia as observed by NASA's spaceborne Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). This image shows Celia on July 23 in visible light, as you would perceive it from space. Located in the eastern north Pacific Ocean off the coast of Mexico, Celia's winds have now dissipated to highs of 40 mph. Celia was the first hurricane of the eastern north Pacific season. Figure 1 is a daylight snapshot taken on July 19; Celia as tropical storm, winds at 50mph. Figure 2 is a daylight snapshot taken on July 21; Celia has a small eye with an 80-90% closed eyewall; sustained winds at 75mph with gusts reaching 92mph; Celia is upgraded to hurricane status.

The major contribution to radiation (infrared light) that AIRS channels sense comes from different levels in the atmosphere, depending upon the channel wavelength. To create the movies, a set of AIRS channels were selected which probe the atmosphere at progressively deeper levels. If there were no clouds, the color in each frame would be nearly uniform until the Earth's surface is encountered. The tropospheric air temperature warms at a rate of 6 K (about 11 F) for each kilometer of descent toward the surface. Thus the colors would gradually change from cold to warm as the movie progresses.

Clouds block the infrared radiation. Thus wherever there are clouds we can penetrate no deeper in infrared. The color remains fixed as the movie progresses, for that area of the image is 'stuck' to the cloud top temperature. The coldest temperatures around 220 K (about -65 F) come from altitudes of about 10 miles.

We therefore see in a 'surface channel' at the end of the movie, signals from clouds as cold as 220 K and from Earth's surface at 310 K (about 100 F). The very coldest clouds are seen in deep convection thunderstorms over land.

Movies [figure removed for brevity, see original site] Quick Time Movie July 20

[figure removed for brevity, see original site] Quick Time Movie July 22 Celia located in upper left. The other intense convection area towards the center of the granule exhibits no circulation.

[figure removed for brevity, see original site] Quick Time Movie July 23 Dry air is now eating into Celia; the storm is becoming disorganized and weak.

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder Experiment, with its visible, infrared, and microwave detectors, provides a three-dimensional look at Earth's weather. Working in tandem, the three instruments can make simultaneous observations all the way down to the Earth's surface, even in the presence of heavy clouds. With more than 2,000 channels sensing different regions of the atmosphere, the system creates a global, 3-D map of atmospheric temperature and humidity and provides information on clouds, greenhouse gases, and many other atmospheric phenomena. The AIRS Infrared Sounder Experiment flies onboard NASA's Aqua spacecraft and is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., under contract to NASA. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.

Characterization of SWIR cameras by MRC measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gerken, M.; Schlemmer, H.; Haan, Hubertus A.; Siemens, Christofer; Münzberg, M.

2014-05-01

Cameras for the SWIR wavelength range are becoming more and more important because of the better observation range for day-light operation under adverse weather conditions (haze, fog, rain). In order to choose the best suitable SWIR camera or to qualify a camera for a given application, characterization of the camera by means of the Minimum Resolvable Contrast MRC concept is favorable as the MRC comprises all relevant properties of the instrument. With the MRC known for a given camera device the achievable observation range can be calculated for every combination of target size, illumination level or weather conditions. MRC measurements in the SWIR wavelength band can be performed widely along the guidelines of the MRC measurements of a visual camera. Typically measurements are performed with a set of resolution targets (e.g. USAF 1951 target) manufactured with different contrast values from 50% down to less than 1%. For a given illumination level the achievable spatial resolution is then measured for each target. The resulting curve is showing the minimum contrast that is necessary to resolve the structure of a target as a function of spatial frequency. To perform MRC measurements for SWIR cameras at first the irradiation parameters have to be given in radiometric instead of photometric units which are limited in their use to the visible range. In order to do so, SWIR illumination levels for typical daylight and twilight conditions have to be defined. At second, a radiation source is necessary with appropriate emission in the SWIR range (e.g. incandescent lamp) and the irradiance has to be measured in W/m2 instead of Lux = Lumen/m2. At third, the contrast values of the targets have to be calibrated newly for the SWIR range because they typically differ from the values determined for the visual range. Measured MRC values of three cameras are compared to the specified performance data of the devices and the results of a multi-band in-house designed Vis-SWIR camera system are discussed.

Skylight energy performance and design optimization

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Arasteh, D.; Johnson, R.; Selkowitz, S.

1984-02-01

Proper skylight utilization can significantly lower energy requirements and peak electrical loads for space conditioning and lighting in commercial buildings. In this study we systematically explore the energy effects of skylight systems in a prototypical office building and examine the savings from daylighting. The DOE-2.1B energy analysis computer program with its newly incorporated daylighting algorithms was used to generate more than 2000 parametric simulations for seven US climates. The parameters varied include skylight-to-roof ratio, shading coefficient, visible transmittance, skylight well light loss, electric lighting power density, roof heat transfer coefficient, and type of electric lighting control. For specific climates wemore » identify roof/skylight characteristics that minimize total energy or peak electrical load requirements.« less

Solar collector with altitude tracking

DOEpatents

Barak, Amitzur Z.

1977-01-01

A device is provided for turning a solar collector about an east-west horizontal axis so that the collector is tilted toward the sun as the EWV altitude of the sun varies each day. It includes one or more heat responsive elements and a shading means aligned so that within a range of EWV altitudes of the sun during daylight hours the shading means shades the element or elements while during the rest of the daylight hours the elements or elements are heated by the sun to assume heated, stable states. Mechanical linkage between the collector and the element is responsive to the states of the element or elements to tilt the collector in accordance with variations in the EWV altitude of the sun.

Impact of daylight savings time on spontaneous pregnancy loss in in vitro fertilization patients.

PubMed

Liu, Constance; Politch, Joseph A; Cullerton, Evan; Go, Kathryn; Pang, Samuel; Kuohung, Wendy

2017-01-01

Transition into daylight savings time (DST) has studied negative impacts on health, but little is known regarding impact on fertility. This retrospective cohort study evaluates DST impact on pregnancy and pregnancy loss rates in 1,654 autologous in vitro fertilization cycles (2009 to 2012). Study groups were identified based on the relationship of DST to embryo transfer. Pregnancy rates were similar in Spring and Fall (41.4%, 42.2%). Pregnancy loss rates were also comparable between Spring and Fall (15.5%, 17.1%), but rates of loss were significantly higher in Spring when DST occurred after embryo transfer (24.3%). Loss was marked in patients with a history of prior spontaneous pregnancy loss (60.5%).

LeRoy Doggett and Daylight Saving Time: A Reminiscence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bartky, I. R.

1997-12-01

Daylight Saving Time (DST) has been a concern of Congress ever since its adoption in 1918. Yet, not until 1976 did Members of Congress have astronomical, geographic and demographic information in terms of the country's Standard Time zones. This information and various impact analyses were developed by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) at the request of the House of Representatives, which was reviewing the effects of a two-year, DST experiment on the American public. The displays in the study gave legislators a way to consider alternate observance periods in a systematic manner. The leader of the DST study team will detail LeRoy Doggett's involvement during the hectic, three-month analysis period that culminated with NBS officials testifying before Congress.

Hurricane Celia off the Pacific Coast of Mexico

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-07-23

Hurricane Celia as observed by NASA's spaceborne Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). This image shows Celia on July 23 in visible light, as you would perceive it from space. Located in the eastern north Pacific Ocean off the coast of Mexico, Celia's winds have now dissipated to highs of 40 mph. Celia was the first hurricane of the eastern north Pacific season. Figure 1 is a daylight snapshot taken on July 19; Celia as tropical storm, winds at 50mph. Figure 2 is a daylight snapshot taken on July 21; Celia has a small eye with an 80-90% closed eyewall; sustained winds at 75mph with gusts reaching 92mph; Celia is upgraded to hurricane status. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00438

Relation of Total and Cardiovascular Death Rates to Climate System, Temperature, Barometric Pressure, and Respiratory Infection.

PubMed

Schwartz, Bryan G; Qualls, Clifford; Kloner, Robert A; Laskey, Warren K

2015-10-15

A distinct seasonal pattern in total and cardiovascular death rates has been reported. The factors contributing to this pattern have not been fully explored. Seven locations (average total population 71,354,000) were selected where data were available including relatively warm, cold, and moderate temperatures. Over the period 2004 to 2009, there were 2,526,123 all-cause deaths, 838,264 circulatory deaths, 255,273 coronary heart disease deaths, and 135,801 ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) deaths. We used time series and multivariate regression modeling to explore the association between death rates and climatic factors (temperature, dew point, precipitation, barometric pressure), influenza levels, air pollution levels, hours of daylight, and day of week. Average seasonal patterns for all-cause and cardiovascular deaths were very similar across the 7 locations despite differences in climate. After adjusting for multiple covariates and potential confounders, there was a 0.49% increase in all-cause death rate for every 1°C decrease. In general, all-cause, circulatory, coronary heart disease and STEMI death rates increased linearly with decreasing temperatures. The temperature effect varied by location, including temperature's linear slope, cubic fit, positional shift on the temperature axis, and the presence of circulatory death increases in locally hot temperatures. The variable effect of temperature by location suggests that people acclimatize to local temperature cycles. All-cause and circulatory death rates also demonstrated sizable associations with influenza levels, dew point temperature, and barometric pressure. A greater understanding of how climate, temperature, and barometric pressure influence cardiovascular responses would enhance our understanding of circulatory and STEMI deaths. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Transition into and out of daylight saving time and spontaneous delivery: a population-based study

PubMed Central

László, Krisztina D; Cnattingius, Sven; Janszky, Imre

2016-01-01

Objective To investigate whether the circadian rhythm disruption following the transition into and out of daylight saving time (DST) is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous delivery. Design We compared the number of spontaneous deliveries in the Swedish Medical Birth Register during the week after the change to and the week after the change from DST (exposure periods) with the average number of spontaneous deliveries in the control period, defined as the week before and the week after each exposure period. Setting Sweden, 1993–2006. Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcomes were the weekly and the daily number of spontaneous deliveries in the exposure and the control periods. In secondary analyses we also compared the mean length of pregnancy of the women with spontaneous deliveries in the exposure and control periods. Results The number of deliveries during the week after the transition into or out of DST was similar to that in the comparison period (18 519 observed vs 18 434 expected in case of the spring shift and 19 073 observed vs 19 122 expected in case of the autumn shift); the corresponding incidence ratio and 95% CIs were 1.005 (0.990 to 1.019) and 0.997 (0.983 to 1.012), respectively. There were no differences in the length of gestation of the deliveries in the exposure and the control periods. Conclusions Our results do not support the hypothesis that a minor circadian rhythm disruption is associated with an increased short-term risk of spontaneous delivery. PMID:27630067

Life-threatening motor vehicle crashes in bright sunlight

PubMed Central

Redelmeier, Donald A.; Raza, Sheharyar

2017-01-01

Abstract Bright sunlight may create visual illusions that lead to driver error, including fallible distance judgment from aerial perspective. We tested whether the risk of a life-threatening motor vehicle crash was increased when driving in bright sunlight. This longitudinal, case-only, paired-comparison analysis evaluated patients hospitalized because of a motor vehicle crash between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2014. The relative risk of a crash associated with bright sunlight was estimated by evaluating the prevailing weather at the time and place of the crash compared with the weather at the same hour and location on control days a week earlier and a week later. The majority of patients (n = 6962) were injured during daylight hours and bright sunlight was the most common weather condition at the time and place of the crash. The risk of a life-threatening crash was 16% higher during bright sunlight than normal weather (95% confidence interval: 9–24, P < 0.001). The increased risk was accentuated in the early afternoon, disappeared at night, extended to patients with different characteristics, involved crashes with diverse features, not apparent with cloudy weather, and contributed to about 5000 additional patient-days in hospital. The increased risk extended to patients with high crash severity as indicated by ambulance involvement, surgical procedures, length of hospital stay, intensive care unit admission, and patient mortality. The increased risk was not easily attributed to differences in alcohol consumption, driving distances, or anomalies of adverse weather. Bright sunlight is associated with an increased risk of a life-threatening motor vehicle crash. An awareness of this risk might inform driver education, trauma staffing, and safety warnings to prevent a life-threatening motor vehicle crash. Level of evidence: Epidemiologic Study, level III. PMID:28072708

Urban crash-related child pedestrian injury incidence and characteristics associated with injury severity.

PubMed

Koopmans, Joy M; Friedman, Lee; Kwon, Soyang; Sheehan, Karen

2015-04-01

Describe age-based urban pedestrian versus auto crash characteristics and identify crash characteristics associated with injury severity. Secondary analysis of the 2004-2010 National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration database for Illinois. All persons in Chicago crashes with age data who were listed as pedestrians (n=7175 child age ≤19 yo, n=16,398 adult age ≥20 yo) were included. Incidence and crash characteristics were analyzed by age groups and year. Main outcome measures were incidence, crash setting, and injury severity. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate injury severity by crash characteristics. Overall incidence was higher for child (146.6 per 100,000) versus adult (117.3 per 100,000) pedestrians but case fatality rate was lower (0.7% for children, 1.7% for adults). Child but not adult pedestrian injury incidence declined over time (trend test p<0.0001 for <5 yo, 5-9 yo, and 10-14 yo; p<0.05 for 15-19 yo, p=0.96 for ≥20 yo). Most crashes for both children and adults took place during optimal driving conditions. Injuries were more frequent during warmer months for younger age groups compared to older (χ(2)p<0.001). Midblock crashes increased as age decreased (p<0.0001 for trend). Most crashes occurred at sites with sub-optimal traffic controls but varied by age (p<0.0001 for trend). Crashes were more likely to be during daylight on dry roads in clear weather conditions for younger age groups compared to older (χ(2)p<0.001). Daylight was associated with less severe injury (child OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.87-0.98; adult OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.87-0.93). The incidence of urban pedestrian crashes declined over time for child subgroups but not for adults. The setting of pedestrian crashes in Chicago today varies by age but is similar to that seen in other urban locales previously. Injuries for all age groups tend to be less severe during daylight conditions. Age-based prevention efforts may prove beneficial. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In-situ shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy: development and demonstration of a portable sensor system at 785 nm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maiwald, M.; Müller, A.; Sumpf, B.

2017-02-01

In-situ shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS) experiments are presented using a portable sensor system. Key elements of this system are an in-house developed handheld probe with an implemented dual-wavelength diode laser at 785 nm. An optical power of 120 mW is achieved ex probe. Raman experiments are carried out in the laboratory for qualification using polystyrene as test sample. Here, a shot-noise limited signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 120 is achieved. Stability tests were performed and show a stable position of the Raman line under study within 0.1 cm-1 and a stable Raman intensity better +/- 2% mainly limited by shot noise interference. SERDS experiments are carried out in an apple orchard for demonstration. Green apple leafs are used as test samples. The Raman spectra show huge background interferences by fluorescence and ambient daylight which almost obscure Raman signals from green leafs. The selected excitation power is 50 mW and the exposure time is 0.2 s to avoid detector saturation. SERDS efficiently separates the Raman signals from fluorescence and daylight contributions and generates an 11-fold improvement of the signal-to-background noise with respect to the measured Raman signals. The results demonstrate the capability of the portable SERDS system and enable rapid in-situ and undisturbed Raman investigations under daylight conditions.

10 CFR 434.601 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... innovative designs, materials, and equipment such as daylighting, passive solar heating, and heat recovery... select the fuel source for the HVAC systems, service hot water, and process loads from available...

Rickets

MedlinePlus

... or produced by the skin when exposed to sunlight. Lack of vitamin D production by the skin ... who: Live in climates with little exposure to sunlight Must stay indoors Work indoors during the daylight ...

New Trends in Educational Lighting Systems.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Murphy, Peter

2001-01-01

Explores technological trends for improving campus lighting, including the use of direct-indirect suspended fluorescent lighting, suspended linear lighting, high-efficiency optical systems, and occupancy and daylight sensors. (GR)

Creating Ideal Facilities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kennedy, Mike

2002-01-01

Reviews ways that schools can provide effective indoor learning environments by paying attention to the following areas: daylighting, acoustics, space allocation, technology implementation, ergonomics, maintenance, indoor air quality, safety, restrooms, and roofing. (GR)

76 FR 18467 - Pattern of Violations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-04

... Eastern Daylight Savings Time on April 18, 2011. ADDRESSES: Submit comments by any of the following... proposed rule addressing Pattern of Violations (POV). This extension gives commenters additional time to...

Eye Exam

MedlinePlus

... may use a variety of instruments, shine bright lights directly at your eyes and request that you ... exam is complete, as daylight or other bright lights may be uncomfortable or cause blurred vision. Also, ...

In-situ sonosynthesis of nano N-doped ZnO on wool producing fabric with photo and bio activities, cell viability and enhanced mechanical properties.

PubMed

Behzadnia, Amir; Montazer, Majid; Rad, Mahnaz Mahmoudi

2015-08-01

Here, a simple processing route is introduced for preparation of N-doped nano structure ZnO at 75-80°C using in-situ sonosynthesis method through hydrolysis of zinc acetate at pH≈9-10 adjusting with ammonia. Synthesis and fabrication of nano N-doped ZnO were carried out on the wool fabric through impregnation of the fabric in ultrasound bath using different concentrations of zinc acetate followed by curing. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the treated fabrics were assessed against two common pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and the diploid fungus namely Candida albicans. The photo-catalytic activity of nano N-doped ZnO particles on the wool fabric was determined by degradation of Methylene Blue under daylight irradiation. Increasing zinc acetate and prolonged sonication time led to higher photo-catalytic activity as more dye stain degraded from the stained treated fabric under daylight. Higher photo-catalytic activity was observed on the nano N-doped ZnO sonotreated wool fabric having more hydrophilicity. Finally, the treatment indicated no negative effect on the fabric safety while reduced alkaline solubility and yellowness even enhanced the fabric tensile strength. The response surface methodology was also utilized to optimize the wool fabric treatment conditions. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Factors associated with civilian drivers involved in crashes with emergency vehicles.

PubMed

Drucker, Christopher; Gerberich, Susan G; Manser, Michael P; Alexander, Bruce H; Church, Timothy R; Ryan, Andrew D; Becic, Ensar

2013-06-01

Motor vehicle crashes involving civilian and emergency vehicles (EVs) have been a known problem that contributes to fatal and nonfatal injuries; however, characteristics associated with civilian drivers have not been examined adequately. This study used data from The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the National Automotive Sampling System General Estimates System to identify driver, roadway, environmental, and crash factors, and consequences for civilian drivers involved in fatal and nonfatal crashes with in-use and in-transport EVs. In general, drivers involved in emergency-civilian crashes (ECCs) were more often driving: straight through intersections (vs. same direction) of four-points or more (vs. not at intersection); where traffic signals were present (vs. no traffic control device); and at night (vs. midday). For nonfatal ECCs, drivers were more often driving: distracted (vs. not distracted); with vision obstructed by external objects (vs. no obstruction); on dark but lighted roads (vs. daylight); and in opposite directions (vs. same directions) of the EVs. Consequences included increased risk of injury (vs. no injury) and receiving traffic violations (vs. no violation). Fatal ECCs were associated with driving on urban roads (vs. rural), although these types of crashes were less likely to occur on dark roads (vs. daylight). The findings of this study suggest drivers may have difficulties in visually detecting EVs in different environments. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Weather factor impacts on commuting to work by bicycle.

PubMed

Flynn, Brian S; Dana, Greg S; Sears, Justine; Aultman-Hall, Lisa

2012-02-01

Quantify the impact of weather conditions on individual decisions to commute to work by bicycle among a diverse panel of adults who commute ≥2 miles each way. Working adults (n=163) in a northern U.S. state reported transportation mode for four seven-day periods in 2009-2010 that maximized seasonal weather variations. Personal characteristics, trip to work distances, and commuting mode data were linked to location- and time-specific weather data and daylight hours. Analyses focused on effect of weather conditions on reports of commuting by bicycle. Participants were diverse in age, gender and bicycle use, but were relatively well-educated; they traveled to work by bicycle on 34.5% of the logged commuting days. Modeling indicated that the likelihood of bicycle commuting increased in the absence of rain (odds ratio=1.91; 95% confidence interval 1.42, 2.57) and with higher temperatures (1.03; 1.02, 1.04), and decreased with snow (0.90; 0.84, 0.98) and wind (0.95; 0.92, 0.97). Independent effects also were found for bicycle commuting distance, gender, and age, but not for daylight hours. Precipitation, temperature, wind and snow conditions had significant and substantial independent effects on the odds of travel to work by bicycle among a diverse panel of adult bicycle commuters. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Two-Band Pyrometers Detect Hydrogen Fires

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Collins, J. David; Youngquist, Robert C.; Simmons, Stephen M.

1993-01-01

Two-band infrared pyrometers detect small hydrogen fires at greater distances in full daylight being developed. Detectors utilize part of infrared spectrum in which signals from hydrogen flames 10 to the 3rd power to 10 to the 4th power times as intense as ultraviolet region of current detectors. Utilize low-loss infrared lenses for focusing and for limiting fields of view to screen out spurious signals from nearby sources. Working distances of as much as 100 meters possible. Portable, battery-powered unit gives audible alarm, in form of increase in frequency of tone, when aimed at hydrogen fire.

Solar flair.

PubMed Central

Manuel, John S

2003-01-01

Design innovations and government-sponsored financial incentives are making solar energy increasingly attractive to homeowners and institutional customers such as school districts. In particular, the passive solar design concept of daylighting is gaining favor among educators due to evidence of improved performance by students working in daylit classrooms. Electricity-generating photovoltaic systems are also becoming more popular, especially in states such as California that have high electric rates and frequent power shortages. To help spread the word about solar power, the U.S. Department of Energy staged its first-ever Solar Decathlon in October 2002. This event featured solar-savvy homes designed by 14 college teams. PMID:12573926

Eavesdropping on elephants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Payne, Katy

2004-05-01

The Elephant Listening Project is creating an acoustic monitoring program for African forest elephants, an endangered species that lives in dense forests where visual censusing is impossible. In 2002, a 21/2-month continuous recording was made on an array of autonomous recording units (ARUs) surrounding a forest clearing in the Central African Republic. Each day between 10 and 160 forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis), the subjects of Andrea Turkalo's 13-year demographic study, were present on the clearing. Thousands of vocalizations were recorded, most of which contained infrasonic energy. The calls were located in space using software developed in the Bioacoustics Research Program. During daylight hours simultaneous video recordings were made. GPS time-synchronization of video cameras and the ARUs made it possible to identify the elephants responsible for many calls and to examine associated circumstances and behaviors. Recordings were also made on a second acoustic array, permitting a preliminary estimate of propagation and an indication of source level for selected elephant calls. Automatic detection of elephant calls is increasing the feasibility of analyzing long acoustic recordings, and paving the way for finer-tuned analyses, with an ultimate goal of describing forest elephants' acoustic repertoire.

VLED for Si wafer-level packaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chu, Chen-Fu; Chen, Chiming; Yen, Jui-Kang; Chen, Yung-Wei; Tsou, Chingfu; Chang, Chunming; Doan, Trung; Tran, Chuong Anh

2012-03-01

In this paper, we introduced the advantages of Vertical Light emitting diode (VLED) on copper alloy with Si-wafer level packaging technologies. The silicon-based packaging substrate starts with a <100> dou-ble-side polished p-type silicon wafer, then anisotropic wet etching technology is done to construct the re-flector depression and micro through-holes on the silicon substrate. The operating voltage, at a typical cur-rent of 350 milli-ampere (mA), is 3.2V. The operation voltage is less than 3.7V under higher current driving conditions of 1A. The VLED chip on Si package has excellent heat dissipation and can be operated at high currents up to 1A without efficiency degradation. The typical spatial radiation pattern emits a uniform light lambertian distribution from -65° to 65° which can be easily fit for secondary optics. The correlated color temperature (CCT) has only 5% variation for daylight and less than 2% variation for warm white, when the junction temperature is increased from 25°C to 110°C, suggesting a stable CCT during operation for general lighting application. Coupled with aspheric lens and micro lens array in a wafer level process, it has almost the same light distribution intensity for special secondary optics lighting applications. In addition, the ul-tra-violet (UV) VLED, featuring a silicon substrate and hard glass cover, manufactured by wafer level pack-aging emits high power UV wavelengths appropriate for curing, currency, document verification, tanning, medical, and sterilization applications.

Light Motives.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Filler, Martin

1979-01-01

The new energy consciousness has led to a thorough reevaluation of how artificial lighting can be used wisely, while other researchers have explored the potential of daylighting as an alternative interior light source. (Author/MLF)

Testing simulation and structural models with applications to energy demand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wolff, Hendrik

2007-12-01

This dissertation deals with energy demand and consists of two parts. Part one proposes a unified econometric framework for modeling energy demand and examples illustrate the benefits of the technique by estimating the elasticity of substitution between energy and capital. Part two assesses the energy conservation policy of Daylight Saving Time and empirically tests the performance of electricity simulation. In particular, the chapter "Imposing Monotonicity and Curvature on Flexible Functional Forms" proposes an estimator for inference using structural models derived from economic theory. This is motivated by the fact that in many areas of economic analysis theory restricts the shape as well as other characteristics of functions used to represent economic constructs. Specific contributions are (a) to increase the computational speed and tractability of imposing regularity conditions, (b) to provide regularity preserving point estimates, (c) to avoid biases existent in previous applications, and (d) to illustrate the benefits of our approach via numerical simulation results. The chapter "Can We Close the Gap between the Empirical Model and Economic Theory" discusses the more fundamental question of whether the imposition of a particular theory to a dataset is justified. I propose a hypothesis test to examine whether the estimated empirical model is consistent with the assumed economic theory. Although the proposed methodology could be applied to a wide set of economic models, this is particularly relevant for estimating policy parameters that affect energy markets. This is demonstrated by estimating the Slutsky matrix and the elasticity of substitution between energy and capital, which are crucial parameters used in computable general equilibrium models analyzing energy demand and the impacts of environmental regulations. Using the Berndt and Wood dataset, I find that capital and energy are complements and that the data are significantly consistent with duality theory. Both results would not necessarily be achieved using standard econometric methods. The final chapter "Daylight Time and Energy" uses a quasi-experiment to evaluate a popular energy conservation policy: we challenge the conventional wisdom that extending Daylight Saving Time (DST) reduces energy demand. Using detailed panel data on half-hourly electricity consumption, prices, and weather conditions from four Australian states we employ a novel 'triple-difference' technique to test the electricity-saving hypothesis. We show that the extension failed to reduce electricity demand and instead increased electricity prices. We also apply the most sophisticated electricity simulation model available in the literature to the Australian data. We find that prior simulation models significantly overstate electricity savings. Our results suggest that extending DST will fail as an instrument to save energy resources.

Development of Shanghai satellite laser ranging station

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yang, Fu-Min; Tan, De-Tong; Xiao, Chi-Kun; Chen, Wan-Zhen; Zhang, J.-H.; Zhang, Z.-P.; Lu, Wen-Hu; Hu, Z.-Q.; Tang, W.-F.; Chen, J.-P.

1993-01-01

The topics covered include the following: improvement of the system hardware; upgrading of the software; the observation status; preliminary daylight tracking capability; testing the new type of laser; and future plans.

Haul-Out Behavior of Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) in Hood Canal, Washington

PubMed Central

London, Josh M.; Ver Hoef, Jay M.; Jeffries, Steven J.; Lance, Monique M.; Boveng, Peter L.

2012-01-01

The goal of this study was to model haul-out behavior of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Hood Canal region of Washington State with respect to changes in physiological, environmental, and temporal covariates. Previous research has provided a solid understanding of seal haul-out behavior. Here, we expand on that work using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with temporal autocorrelation and a large dataset. Our dataset included behavioral haul-out records from archival and VHF radio tag deployments on 25 individual seals representing 61,430 seal hours. A novel application for increased computational efficiency allowed us to examine this large dataset with a GLMM that appropriately accounts for temporal autocorellation. We found significant relationships with the covariates hour of day, day of year, minutes from high tide and year. Additionally, there was a significant effect of the interaction term hour of day : day of year. This interaction term demonstrated that seals are more likely to haul out during nighttime hours in August and September, but then switch to predominantly daylight haul-out patterns in October and November. We attribute this change in behavior to an effect of human disturbance levels. This study also examined a unique ecological event to determine the role of increased killer whale (Orcinus orca) predation on haul-out behavior. In 2003 and 2005 these harbor seals were exposed to unprecedented levels of killer whale predation and results show an overall increase in haul-out probability after exposure to killer whales. The outcome of this study will be integral to understanding any changes in population abundance as a result of increased killer whale predation. PMID:22723851

Wireless alerting system using vibration for vehicles dashboard

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raj, Sweta; Rai, Shweta; Magaramagara, Wilbert; Sivacoumar, R.

2017-11-01

This paper aims at improving the engine life of any vehicle through a continuous measurement and monitoring of vital engine operational parameters and providing an effective alerting to drivers for any abnormality. Vehicles currently are using audio and visible alerting signals through alarms and light as a warning to the driver but these are not effective in noisy environments and during daylight. Through the use of the sense of feeling a driver can be alerted effectively. The need to no other vehicle parameter needs to be aided through the mobile display (phone).Thus a system is designed and implements to measure engine temperature, RPM, Oil level and Coolant level using appropriate sensors and a wireless communication (Bluetooth) is established to actuate a portable vibration control device and to read the different vehicle sensor readings through an android application for display and diagnosis.

Building-Integrated Solar Energy Devices based on Wavelength Selective Films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ulavi, Tejas

A potentially attractive option for building integrated solar is to employ hybrid solar collectors which serve dual purposes, combining solar thermal technology with either thin film photovoltaics or daylighting. In this study, two hybrid concepts, a hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collector and a hybrid 'solar window', are presented and analyzed to evaluate technical performance. In both concepts, a wavelength selective film is coupled with a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) to reflect and concentrate the infrared portion of the solar spectrum onto a tubular absorber. The visible portion of the spectrum is transmitted through the concentrator to either a thin film Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) solar panel for electricity generation or into the interior space for daylighting. Special attention is given to the design of the hybrid devices for aesthetic building integration. An adaptive concentrator design based on asymmetrical truncation of CPCs is presented for the hybrid solar window concept. The energetic and spectral split between the solar thermal module and the PV or daylighting module are functions of the optical properties of the wavelength selective film and the concentrator geometry, and are determined using a Monte Carlo Ray-Tracing (MCRT) model. Results obtained from the MCRT can be used in conjugation with meteorological data for specific applications to study the impact of CPC design parameters including the half-acceptance angle thetac, absorber diameter D and truncation on the annual thermal and PV/daylighting efficiencies. The hybrid PV/T system is analyzed for a rooftop application in Phoenix, AZ. Compared to a system of the same area with independent solar thermal and PV modules, the hybrid PV/T provides 20% more energy, annually. However, the increase in total delivered energy is due solely to the addition of the thermal module and is achieved at an expense of a decrease in the annual electrical efficiency from 8.8% to 5.8% due to shading by the absorber tubes. For this reason, the PV/T hybrid is not recommended over other options in new installations. The hybrid solar window is evaluated for a horizontal skylight and south and east facing vertical windows in Minneapolis, MN. The predicted visible transmittance for the solar window is 0.66 to 0.73 for single glazed systems and 0.61 to 0.67 for double glazed systems. The solar heat gain coefficient and the U-factor for the window are comparable to existing glazing technology. Annual thermal efficiencies of up to 24% and 26% are predicted for the vertical window and the horizontal skylight respectively. Experimental measurements of the solar thermal component of the window confirm the trends of the model. In conclusion, the hybrid solar window combines the functionality of an energy efficient fenestration system with hybrid thermal energy generation to provide a compelling solution towards sustainable design of the built environment.

31 CFR 588.302 - Effective date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY WESTERN BALKANS STABILIZATION REGULATIONS General... interests in property are blocked pursuant to § 588.201(a)(1), 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time, June 27...

14 CFR 103.11 - Daylight operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) of this section, ultralight vehicles may be operated during the twilight periods 30... civil twilight as defined in the Air Almanac, if: (1) The vehicle is equipped with an operating...

Jet Lag Disorder

MedlinePlus

... light signal is low, the hypothalamus tells the pineal gland, a small organ situated in the brain, to ... During daylight hours, the opposite occurs, and the pineal gland produces very little melatonin. You may be able ...

Predicting optical and thermal characteristics of transparent single-glazed domed skylights

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Laouadi, A.; Atif, M.R.

1999-07-01

Optical and thermal characteristics of domed skylights are important to solve the trade-off between daylighting and thermal design. However, there is a lack of daylighting and thermal design tools for domed skylights. Optical and thermal characteristics of transparent single-glazed hemispherical domed skylights under sun and sky light are evaluated based on an optical model for domed skylights. The optical model is based on tracing the beam and diffuse radiation transmission through the dome surface. A simple method is proposed to replace single-glazed hemispherical domed skylights by optically and thermally equivalent single-glazed planar skylights to accommodate limitations of energy computer programs.more » Under sunlight, single-glazed hemispherical domed skylights yield slightly lower equivalent solar transmittance and solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) at near normal zenith angles than those of single-glazed planar skylights. However, single-glazed hemispherical domed skylights yield substantially higher equivalent solar transmittance and SHGC at high zenith angles and around the horizon. Under isotropic skylight, single-glazed hemispherical domed skylights yield slightly lower equivalent solar transmittance and SHGC than those of single-glazed planar skylights. Daily solar heat gains of single-glazed hemispherical domed skylights are higher than those of single-glazed horizontal planar skylights in both winter and summer. In summer, the solar heat gain of single-glazed hemispherical domed skylights can reach 3% to 9% higher than those of horizontal single-glazed planar skylights for latitudes varying between 0 and 55{degree} (north/south). In winter, however, the solar heat gains of single-glazed hemispherical domed skylights increase significantly with the increase of the site latitude and can reach 232% higher than those of horizontal single-glazed planar skylights, particularly for high latitude countries.« less

Transition into and out of daylight saving time and spontaneous delivery: a population-based study.

PubMed

László, Krisztina D; Cnattingius, Sven; Janszky, Imre

2016-09-14

To investigate whether the circadian rhythm disruption following the transition into and out of daylight saving time (DST) is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous delivery. We compared the number of spontaneous deliveries in the Swedish Medical Birth Register during the week after the change to and the week after the change from DST (exposure periods) with the average number of spontaneous deliveries in the control period, defined as the week before and the week after each exposure period. Sweden, 1993-2006. The primary outcomes were the weekly and the daily number of spontaneous deliveries in the exposure and the control periods. In secondary analyses we also compared the mean length of pregnancy of the women with spontaneous deliveries in the exposure and control periods. The number of deliveries during the week after the transition into or out of DST was similar to that in the comparison period (18 519 observed vs 18 434 expected in case of the spring shift and 19 073 observed vs 19 122 expected in case of the autumn shift); the corresponding incidence ratio and 95% CIs were 1.005 (0.990 to 1.019) and 0.997 (0.983 to 1.012), respectively. There were no differences in the length of gestation of the deliveries in the exposure and the control periods. Our results do not support the hypothesis that a minor circadian rhythm disruption is associated with an increased short-term risk of spontaneous delivery. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/

Incidence of myocardial infarction with shifts to and from daylight savings time.

PubMed

Jiddou, Monica R; Pica, Mark; Boura, Judy; Qu, Lihua; Franklin, Barry A

2013-03-01

Modulators of normal bodily functions such as the duration and quality of sleep might transiently influence cardiovascular risk. The transition to daylight savings time (DST) has been associated with a short-term increased incidence ratio (IR) of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The present retrospective study examined the IR of AMIs that presented to our hospitals the week after DST and after the autumn switch to standard time, October 2006 to April 2012, with specific reference to the AMI type. Our study population (n = 935 patients; 59% men, 41% women) was obtained from the electronic medical records of the Royal Oak and Troy campuses of the Beaumont Hospitals in Michigan. Overall, the frequency of AMI was similar in the spring and autumn, 463 (49.5%) and 472 (50.5%), respectively. The IR for the first week after the spring shift was 1.17 (95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.36). After the transition from DST in the autumn, the IR for the same period was lower, but not significantly different, 0.99 (95% confidence interval 0.85 to 1.16). Nevertheless, the greatest increase in AMI occurred on the first day (Sunday) after the spring shift to DST (1.71, 95% confidence interval 1.09 to 2.02; p <0.05). Also, a significantly greater incidence was found of non-ST-segment myocardial infarction after the transition to DST in the study group compared with that in the control group (p = 0.022). In conclusion, these data suggest that shifts to and from DST might transiently affect the incidence and type of acute cardiac events, albeit modestly. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Energy Smart Schools--Applied Research, Field Testing, and Technology Integration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nebiat Solomon; Robin Vieira; William L. Manz

2004-12-01

The National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO) in conjunction with the California Energy Commission, the Energy Center of Wisconsin, the Florida Solar Energy Center, the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, and the Ohio Department of Development's Office of Energy Efficiency conducted a four-year, cost-share project with the U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy to focus on energy efficiency and high-performance technologies in our nation's schools. NASEO was the program lead for the MOU-State Schools Working group, established in conjunction with the USDOE Memorandum of Understanding process for collaboration among statemore » and federal energy research and demonstration offices and organizations. The MOU-State Schools Working Group included State Energy Offices and other state energy research organizations from all regions of the country. Through surveys and analyses, the Working Group determined the school-related energy priorities of the states and established a set of tasks to be accomplished, including the installation and evaluation of microturbines, advanced daylighting research, testing of schools and classrooms, and integrated school building technologies. The Energy Smart Schools project resulted in the adoption of advanced energy efficiency technologies in both the renovation of existing schools and building of new ones; the education of school administrators, architects, engineers, and manufacturers nationwide about the energy-saving, economic, and environmental benefits of energy efficiency technologies; and improved the learning environment for the nation's students through use of better temperature controls, improvements in air quality, and increased daylighting in classrooms. It also provided an opportunity for states to share and replicate successful projects to increase their energy efficiency while at the same time driving down their energy costs.« less

Energy and life-cycle cost analysis of a six-story office building

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Turiel, I.

1981-10-01

An energy analysis computer program, DOE-2, was used to compute annual energy use for a typical office building as originally designed and with several energy conserving design modifications. The largest energy use reductions were obtained with the incorporation of daylighting techniques, the use of double pane windows, night temperature setback, and the reduction of artificial lighting levels. A life-cycle cost model was developed to assess the cost-effectiveness of the design modifications discussed. The model incorporates such features as inclusion of taxes, depreciation, and financing of conservation investments. The energy conserving strategies are ranked according to economic criteria such as net present benefit, discounted payback period, and benefit to cost ratio.

34 CFR 101.33 - Filing and service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... to 5:30 p.m., eastern standard or daylight saving time, whichever is effective in the District of Columbia at the time. Originals only on exhibits and transcripts of testimony need be filed. For...

Saving Watts of Energy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Raloff, Janet

1978-01-01

Presented are different research program developments aimed at reducing the consumption of electrical energy for artificial lights. Explains the idea of the dimmers, where the amount of incoming daylight regulates the current needed for the lamp. (GA)

34 CFR 101.33 - Filing and service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... to 5:30 p.m., eastern standard or daylight saving time, whichever is effective in the District of Columbia at the time. Originals only on exhibits and transcripts of testimony need be filed. For...

34 CFR 101.33 - Filing and service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... to 5:30 p.m., eastern standard or daylight saving time, whichever is effective in the District of Columbia at the time. Originals only on exhibits and transcripts of testimony need be filed. For...

34 CFR 101.33 - Filing and service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.... to 5:30 p.m., eastern standard or daylight saving time, whichever is effective in the District of Columbia at the time. Originals only on exhibits and transcripts of testimony need be filed. For...

34 CFR 101.33 - Filing and service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... to 5:30 p.m., eastern standard or daylight saving time, whichever is effective in the District of Columbia at the time. Originals only on exhibits and transcripts of testimony need be filed. For...

Compact turbidity meter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirschberg, J. G.

1979-01-01

Proposed monitor that detects back-reflected infrared radiation makes in situ turbidity measurements of lakes, streams, and other bodies of water. Monitor is compact, works well in daylight as at night, and is easily operated in rough seas.

Biogeography of time partitioning in mammals.

PubMed

Bennie, Jonathan J; Duffy, James P; Inger, Richard; Gaston, Kevin J

2014-09-23

Many animals regulate their activity over a 24-h sleep-wake cycle, concentrating their peak periods of activity to coincide with the hours of daylight, darkness, or twilight, or using different periods of light and darkness in more complex ways. These behavioral differences, which are in themselves functional traits, are associated with suites of physiological and morphological adaptations with implications for the ecological roles of species. The biogeography of diel time partitioning is, however, poorly understood. Here, we document basic biogeographic patterns of time partitioning by mammals and ecologically relevant large-scale patterns of natural variation in "illuminated activity time" constrained by temperature, and we determine how well the first of these are predicted by the second. Although the majority of mammals are nocturnal, the distributions of diurnal and crepuscular species richness are strongly associated with the availability of biologically useful daylight and twilight, respectively. Cathemerality is associated with relatively long hours of daylight and twilight in the northern Holarctic region, whereas the proportion of nocturnal species is highest in arid regions and lowest at extreme high altitudes. Although thermal constraints on activity have been identified as key to the distributions of organisms, constraints due to functional adaptation to the light environment are less well studied. Global patterns in diversity are constrained by the availability of the temporal niche; disruption of these constraints by the spread of artificial lighting and anthropogenic climate change, and the potential effects on time partitioning, are likely to be critical influences on species' future distributions.

Robust colour constancy in red-green dichromats

PubMed Central

Linhares, João M. M.; Moreira, Humberto; Lillo, Julio; Nascimento, Sérgio M. C.

2017-01-01

Colour discrimination has been widely studied in red-green (R-G) dichromats but the extent to which their colour constancy is affected remains unclear. This work estimated the extent of colour constancy for four normal trichromatic observers and seven R-G dichromats when viewing natural scenes under simulated daylight illuminants. Hyperspectral imaging data from natural scenes were used to generate the stimuli on a calibrated CRT display. In experiment 1, observers viewed a reference scene illuminated by daylight with a correlated colour temperature (CCT) of 6700K; observers then viewed sequentially two versions of the same scene, one illuminated by either a higher or lower CCT (condition 1, pure CCT change with constant luminance) or a higher or lower average luminance (condition 2, pure luminance change with a constant CCT). The observers’ task was to identify the version of the scene that looked different from the reference scene. Thresholds for detecting a pure CCT change or a pure luminance change were estimated, and it was found that those for R-G dichromats were marginally higher than for normal trichromats regarding CCT. In experiment 2, observers viewed sequentially a reference scene and a comparison scene with a CCT change or a luminance change above threshold for each observer. The observers’ task was to identify whether or not the change was an intensity change. No significant differences were found between the responses of normal trichromats and dichromats. These data suggest robust colour constancy mechanisms along daylight locus in R-G dichromacy. PMID:28662218

Robust colour constancy in red-green dichromats.

PubMed

Álvaro, Leticia; Linhares, João M M; Moreira, Humberto; Lillo, Julio; Nascimento, Sérgio M C

2017-01-01

Colour discrimination has been widely studied in red-green (R-G) dichromats but the extent to which their colour constancy is affected remains unclear. This work estimated the extent of colour constancy for four normal trichromatic observers and seven R-G dichromats when viewing natural scenes under simulated daylight illuminants. Hyperspectral imaging data from natural scenes were used to generate the stimuli on a calibrated CRT display. In experiment 1, observers viewed a reference scene illuminated by daylight with a correlated colour temperature (CCT) of 6700K; observers then viewed sequentially two versions of the same scene, one illuminated by either a higher or lower CCT (condition 1, pure CCT change with constant luminance) or a higher or lower average luminance (condition 2, pure luminance change with a constant CCT). The observers' task was to identify the version of the scene that looked different from the reference scene. Thresholds for detecting a pure CCT change or a pure luminance change were estimated, and it was found that those for R-G dichromats were marginally higher than for normal trichromats regarding CCT. In experiment 2, observers viewed sequentially a reference scene and a comparison scene with a CCT change or a luminance change above threshold for each observer. The observers' task was to identify whether or not the change was an intensity change. No significant differences were found between the responses of normal trichromats and dichromats. These data suggest robust colour constancy mechanisms along daylight locus in R-G dichromacy.

Endotracheal Intubation With and Without Night Vision Goggles in a Helicopter and Emergency Room Setting: A Manikin Study.

PubMed

Gellerfors, Mikael; Svensén, Christer; Linde, Joacim; Lossius, Hans Morten; Gryth, Dan

2015-09-01

Securing the airway by endotracheal intubation (ETI) is a key issue in prehospital critical care. Night vision goggles (NVG) are used by personnel operating in low-light environments. We examined the feasibility of an anesthesiologist performed ETI using NVG in a helicopter setting. Twelve anesthesiologists performed ETI on a manikin in an emergency room (ER) setting and two helicopter settings, with randomization to either rotary wing daylight (RW-D) or rotary wing in total darkness using binocular NVG (RW-NVG). Primary endpoint was intubation time. Secondary endpoints included success rate, Cormack-Lehane (CL) score, and subjective difficulty according to the Visual Analoge Scale (VAS). The median intubation time was shorter for the RW-D compared to the RW-NVG setting (16.5 seconds vs. 30.0 seconds; p = 0,03). We found no difference in median intubation time for the ER and RW-D settings (16.8 seconds vs. 16.5 seconds; p = 0.91). For all scenarios, success rate was 100%. CL and VAS varied between the ER setting (CL 1.8, VAS 2.8), RW-D setting (CL 2.0, VAS 3.0), and RW-NVG setting (CL 3.0, VAS 6.5). This study suggests that anesthesiologists successfully and quickly can perform ETI in a helicopter setting both in daylight and in darkness using binocular NVG, but with shorter intubation times in daylight. Reprint & Copyright © 2015 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

Healthy Learning.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kennedy, Mike

2003-01-01

Offers ten suggestions for schools and universities to help maintain a healthy indoor environment: proper flooring, sanitary washrooms, consistent maintenance, indoor air quality, preventing mold, daylighting, good acoustics, avoiding volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ergonomic furniture, and well-maintained roofs. (EV)

The Amateur Scientist.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Walker, Jearl

1989-01-01

Explains the color change of the sky by using scattering with science history. Provides several diagrams in each case, such as daylight, twilight, just after sunset, setting sun, and earth's shadow. Presents a reference of three further reading materials. (YP)

Super Typhoon Haitang

NASA Image and Video Library

2005-07-18

Typhoon Haitang is shown here churning steadily towards Taiwan and China. This image shows the storm swirling wind patterns as observed by NASA QuikScat satellite on July 14, 2005, at 19:19 UTC 14:19 Eastern Daylight Time.

17 CFR 171.3 - Business address; hours.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

.... until 4:45 p.m., eastern standard time or eastern daylight savings time, whichever is currently in effect in Washington, DC. [55 FR 41068, Oct. 9, 1990, as amended at 60 FR 49336, Sept. 25, 1995] ...

Solar Geometry

Atmospheric Science Data Center

2014-09-25

Solar Noon (GMT time) The time when the sun is due south in the northern hemisphere or due north in the southern ... The average cosine of the angle between the sun and directly overhead during daylight hours.   Cosine solar ...

Data and Tools | Integrated Energy Solutions | NREL

Science.gov Websites

for a research campus eQUEST. Detailed analysis of today's state-of-the-art building design source software tools to support whole building energy modeling and advanced daylight analysis BESTEST-EX

Overhead guide sign retroreflectivity and illumination : [technical summary].

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-01-01

Compared to daylight driving, nighttime driving is more demanding because of visibility : issues, such as a drivers visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, distance judgment, and : color discrimination. Overhead highway signs are very important for e...

Energy and lighting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berman, Samuel

1985-11-01

Advances in research for new types of lighting with increased efficacies (lumens/watt) are discussed in the following areas: (1) high-frequency, solid-state ballasts, (2) isotopic enhancement of mercury isotopes, (3) magnetic augmentation, (4) electrodeless, ultra-high frequency, (5) tuned phosphors, (6) two-photon phosphors, (7) heat mirrors, and (8) advanced control circuits to take advantage of daylight and occupancy. As of 1985, improvements in efficacy have been accomplished on an economic basis to save energy for (1) high frequency ballasts (25%), (2) isotopic enhancement (5%), and (8) advanced control circuits (up to 50%). Most of these advances depend on a deeper understanding of the weakly ionized plasma as a radiating and diffusing medium.

Dawn song in natural and artificial continuous day: Light pollution affects songbirds at high latitudes.

PubMed

Derryberry, Elizabeth P

2017-10-01

In Focus: Da Silva, A., & Kempenaers, B. (2017). Singing from North to South: Latitudinal variation in timing of dawn singing under natural and artificial light conditions. Journal of Animal Ecology, 86, 1286-1297. doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.12739 Satellite images of the world at night show bright dots connected by glowing lines crisscrossing the globe. As these connect-the-dots become brighter and expand into more and more remote regions, much of the flora and fauna of the world are experiencing evolutionarily unprecedented levels of light at night. Light cues are essential to most physiological and behavioural processes, and so the need to measure the effects of light pollution on these processes is critical. In this issue, Da Silva and Kempenaers take on this task using an important reproductive behaviour in songbirds-dawn song. The geographic, temporal and taxonomic breadth of sampling in this study allows for a close examination of a potentially complex interaction between light pollution and natural variation in the behaviour of dawn singing across latitude, season and species. Their extensive dataset highlights complexity in how songbirds respond to light pollution. Although light pollution has a strong effect on the timing of dawn song, not all songbirds respond the same way to light pollution, and the effects of light pollution vary with changes in natural light levels. Early dawn singers show more flexibility in the timing of dawn song across the season and across latitudes than late dawn singers, and also appear less affected by light pollution at high latitudes than are late dawn singers. These findings suggest that not all songbirds are responding to artificial continuous daylight as they do to natural continuous daylight, highlighting the general need to measure the fitness effects of light pollution. © 2017 The Author. Journal of Animal Ecology © 2017 British Ecological Society.

Relative roles of emissions and meteorology in the diurnal pattern of urban PM10: analysis of the daylight saving time effect.

PubMed

Muñoz, Ricardo C

2012-06-01

Daylight saving time (DST) is a common practice in many countries, in which Official Time (OT) is abruptly shifted 1 hour with respect to solar time on two occasions every year (in fall and spring). All anthropogenic emitting processes tied to OT like job and school commuting traffic, abruptly change in this moment their timing with respect to solar time, inducing a sudden shift between emissions and the meteorological factors that control the dispersion and transport of air pollutants. Analyzing 13 years of hourly particulate matter (PM10) concentrations measured in Santiago, Chile, we demonstrate that the DST practice has observable non-trivial effects in the PM10 diurnal cycle. The clearest impact is in the morning peak of PM10 during the fall DST change, which occurs later and has on average a significant smaller magnitude in the days after the DST change as compared to the days before it. This decrease in magnitude is most remarkable because it occurs in a period of the year when overall PM10 concentrations increase due to generally worsening of the dispersion conditions. Results are shown for seven monitoring stations around the city, and for the fall and spring DST changes. They show clearly the interplay of emissions and meteorology in conditioning urban air pollution problems, highlighting the role of the morning and evening transitions of the atmospheric boundary layer in shaping the diurnal pattern of urban air pollutant concentrations.

Performance of a light fluorescence device for the detection of microbial plaque and gingival inflammation.

PubMed

Rechmann, Peter; Liou, Shasan W; Rechmann, Beate M T; Featherstone, John D B

2016-01-01

The hypothesis to be tested was that using the SOPROCARE system in fluorescence perio-mode allows scoring of microbial plaque that is comparable to the Turesky modification of the Quigley Hein plaque index (T-QH) and scoring of gingival inflammation comparable to the Silness and Löe gingival inflammation index (GI). Fifty-five subjects with various amounts of microbial plaque were recruited. The T-QH and GI index were recorded. SOPROCARE pictures were recorded in fluorescence perio-mode and in daylight mode. Finally, conventional digital photographs were taken. All pictures were assessed using the same criteria as described for the clinical indices. The average T-QH was 1.1 ± 1.2 (mean ± SD). Scoring with SOPROCARE perio-mode led to a slightly higher average than the T-QH scores. SOPROCARE daylight mode and digital photography showed the highest plaque scores. The average GI index was 0.7 ± 0.9. SOPROCARE in perio-mode scored slightly lower. Linear regression fits between the different clinical indices and SOPROCARE scores were significantly different from zero demonstrating high goodness of fit. The study demonstrated that the SOPROCARE fluorescence assessment tool in perio-mode allows reliable judgment of microbial plaque and gingival inflammation levels similar to the established Turesky-modified Quigley Hein index and the Silness and Löe gingival inflammation index. Training on plaque-free teeth will actually reduce scoring errors. The SOPROCARE fluorescence tool in perio-mode provides reliable evaluation of microbial plaque and gingival inflammation for the dental clinician.

Light redirecting system using sine-wave based panels for dense urban areas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohamed, Mohamed W. N.; Mashaly, Islam A.; Mohamed, Osama N.; El-Henawy, Sally I.; Galal, Ola; Taha, Iman; Nassar, Khaled; Safwat, Amr M. E.

2014-09-01

Cities and towns around the world are becoming more condensed due to the shrinking amount of buildable areas, which significantly reduces the amount of light that occupants have access to. This lack of natural lighting results in health, safety and quality of life degradation. This paper presents a new technique of transmitting sunlight downward into narrow alleys and streets, by using a daylighting guiding acrylic panel that is capable of changing the direction and distribution of the incident light. The core of the proposed daylight guidance system is made up of light transmission panels with high quality. The corrugations have sine wave shaped cross-section so that the panel functions as an optical diffuser perpendicular to the direction of sunlight propagation. The day lighting system consists of the corrugated panels and a lattice frame, which supports the panel. The proposed system is to be mounted on the building roof facing the sun so as to redirect the incident sunlight downward into the narrow alleys or streets. Since building sizes and orientations are different the frame is arranged such that substantially deep light penetration and high luminance level can be achieved. Simulation results show that the proposed panel improves the illuminance values by more than 200% and 400% in autumn and winter, respectively, provides fan-out angle that exceeds 80° for certain solar altitudes and the transmitted power percentage varies from 40% to 90% as the solar altitude varies from 10° to 80°. Experimental results are in a good agreement with the simulations.

Transient modelling of lacustrine regressions: two case studies from the Andean Altiplano

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Condom, Thomas; Coudrain, Anne; Dezetter, Alain; Brunstein, Daniel; Delclaux, François; Jean-Emmanuel, Sicart

2004-09-01

A model was developed for estimating the delay between a change in climatic conditions and the corresponding fall of water level in large lakes. The input data include: rainfall, temperature, extraterrestrial radiation and astronomical mid-month daylight hours. The model uses two empirical coefficients for computing the potential evaporation and one parameter for the soil capacity. The case studies are two subcatchments of the Altiplano (196 000 km2), in which the central low points are Lake Titicaca and a salar corresponding to the desiccation of the Tauca palaeolake. During the Holocene, the two catchments experienced a 100 m fall in water level corresponding to a decrease in water surface area of 3586 km2 and 55 000 km2, respectively. Under modern climatic conditions with a marked rainy season, the model allows simulation of water levels in good agreement with the observations: 3810 m a.s.l. for Lake Titicaca and lack of permanent wide ponds in the southern subcatchment. Simulations were carried out under different climatic conditions that might explain the Holocene fall in water level. Computed results show quite different behaviour for the two subcatchments. For the northern subcatchment, the time required for the 100 m fall in lake-level ranges between 200 and 2000 years when, compared with the present conditions, (i) the rainfall is decreased by 15% (640 mm/year), or (ii) the temperature is increased by 5.5 °C, or (iii) rainfall is distributed equally over the year. For the southern subcatchment (Tauca palaeolake), the time required for a 100 m decrease in water level ranges between 50 and 100 years. This decrease requires precipitation values lower than 330 mm/year.

31 CFR 588.205 - Expenses of maintaining blocked property; liquidation of blocked account.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... WESTERN BALKANS STABILIZATION REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 588.205 Expenses of maintaining blocked property... license or permit granted before 12:01 a.m., eastern daylight time, June 27, 2001, all expenses incident...

Daybreak at Gale Crater

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-07-22

This computer-generated view depicts part of Mars at the boundary between darkness and daylight, with an area including Gale Crater beginning to catch morning light. NASA has selected Gale as the landing site for the Mars Science Laboratory mission.

21 CFR 1316.45 - Filings; address; hours.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... through Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. eastern standard or daylight saving time, whichever is effective in the District of Columbia at the time, except on national legal holidays. Documents shall be dated...

21 CFR 1316.45 - Filings; address; hours.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... through Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. eastern standard or daylight saving time, whichever is effective in the District of Columbia at the time, except on national legal holidays. Documents shall be dated...

21 CFR 1316.45 - Filings; address; hours.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... through Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. eastern standard or daylight saving time, whichever is effective in the District of Columbia at the time, except on national legal holidays. Documents shall be dated...

21 CFR 1316.45 - Filings; address; hours.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... through Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. eastern standard or daylight saving time, whichever is effective in the District of Columbia at the time, except on national legal holidays. Documents shall be dated...

12 CFR 11.3 - Filing requirements and inspection of documents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... submitted by direct transmission on or before 10 p.m. Eastern Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Savings Time, whichever is currently in effect, shall be deemed filed on the same business day. (4) Mandatory compliance...

12 CFR 11.3 - Filing requirements and inspection of documents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... submitted by direct transmission on or before 10 p.m. Eastern Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Savings Time, whichever is currently in effect, shall be deemed filed on the same business day. (4) Mandatory compliance...

12 CFR 11.3 - Filing requirements and inspection of documents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... submitted by direct transmission on or before 10 p.m. Eastern Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Savings Time, whichever is currently in effect, shall be deemed filed on the same business day. (4) Mandatory compliance...

12 CFR 11.3 - Filing requirements and inspection of documents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... submitted by direct transmission on or before 10 p.m. Eastern Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Savings Time, whichever is currently in effect, shall be deemed filed on the same business day. (4) Mandatory compliance...

75 FR 14131 - Broadband Technology Opportunities Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-24

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Telecommunications and Information Administration [Docket Number: 0907141137-0154-09] RIN 0660-ZA28 Broadband Technology Opportunities Program AGENCY: National... under the Broadband Technology Opportunities Program (BTOP) is extended until 10 p.m. Eastern Daylight...

Validation of the Five-Phase Method for Simulating Complex Fenestration Systems with Radiance against Field Measurements

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Geisler-Moroder, David; Lee, Eleanor S.; Ward, Gregory J.

2016-08-29

The Five-Phase Method (5-pm) for simulating complex fenestration systems with Radiance is validated against field measurements. The capability of the method to predict workplane illuminances, vertical sensor illuminances, and glare indices derived from captured and rendered high dynamic range (HDR) images is investigated. To be able to accurately represent the direct sun part of the daylight not only in sensor point simulations, but also in renderings of interior scenes, the 5-pm calculation procedure was extended. The validation shows that the 5-pm is superior to the Three-Phase Method for predicting horizontal and vertical illuminance sensor values as well as glare indicesmore » derived from rendered images. Even with input data from global and diffuse horizontal irradiance measurements only, daylight glare probability (DGP) values can be predicted within 10% error of measured values for most situations.« less

Analysis on energy use in reuse cement silo for campus building

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fidiya Nugrahani, Elita; Winda Murti, Izzati; Arifianti, Qurrotin M. O.

2018-03-01

Semen Gresik, the first cement factory in Indonesia owned by the government was operated since 1957 and stopped the operation around 1997. The owner, PT. Semen Indonesia (Persero) intended to reuse cement factory for the campus building, Universitas Internasional Semen Indonesia (UISI). This research proposed to analyze the future Energy Use Intensity (EUI) and recommendation energy efficiency in renovating silo through simulation. The result of future EUI in existing building was 234 kWh/m2.year. The scenarios created to reduce energy use in six sectors: window shades, window material, infiltration, daylighting, plug load, air-conditioning and operation schedule. The lowest EUI estimated at 98.27 by use 2/3 window shades, triple low emission window glass, lighting efficiency at 3.23 W/m2, maximize daylighting and occupancy control, minimize infiltration to 0.17 ACH, and 12/5 for operation schedule.

Seasonality of suicides: environmental, sociological and biological covariations.

PubMed

Souêtre, E; Salvati, E; Belugou, J L; Douillet, P; Braccini, T; Darcourt, G

1987-01-01

The monthly rates of completed suicides in France from 1978 until 1982 were analyzed. The seasonal variations of environmental (daylight and sunlight durations, mean temperature, geomagnetism), sociological (unemployment, deaths of all causes, birth and conception rates), and biological (melatonin, cortisol and serotonin circannual rhythms) factors were compared to the seasonal patterns of suicides. A clear seasonal variation (with peaks in May and September) in suicidal behavior was detected. These patterns tended to differ as a function of age (bimodal in young, unimodal in old people). The component analysis clearly pointed out that seasonal patterns of suicides may be considered as the sum of two components, unimodal and bimodal. Almost similar covariations were found between the main seasonal (unimodal) component of suicides and environmental (daylight duration and mean monthly temperature) or sociological factors whereas the secondary component was more correlated to variations in environmental factors and, to some extent, to biological parameters.

Effect of summer daylight exposure and genetic background on growth in growth hormone-deficient children.

PubMed

De Leonibus, C; Chatelain, P; Knight, C; Clayton, P; Stevens, A

2016-11-01

The response to growth hormone in humans is dependent on phenotypic, genetic and environmental factors. The present study in children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) collected worldwide characterised gene-environment interactions on growth response to recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH). Growth responses in children are linked to latitude, and we found that a correlate of latitude, summer daylight exposure (SDE), was a key environmental factor related to growth response to r-hGH. In turn growth response was determined by an interaction between both SDE and genes known to affect growth response to r-hGH. In addition, analysis of associated networks of gene expression implicated a role for circadian clock pathways and specifically the developmental transcription factor NANOG. This work provides the first observation of gene-environment interactions in children treated with r-hGH.

Effect of summer daylight exposure and genetic background on growth in growth hormone-deficient children

PubMed Central

De Leonibus, C; Chatelain, P; Knight, C; Clayton, P; Stevens, A

2016-01-01

The response to growth hormone in humans is dependent on phenotypic, genetic and environmental factors. The present study in children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) collected worldwide characterised gene–environment interactions on growth response to recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH). Growth responses in children are linked to latitude, and we found that a correlate of latitude, summer daylight exposure (SDE), was a key environmental factor related to growth response to r-hGH. In turn growth response was determined by an interaction between both SDE and genes known to affect growth response to r-hGH. In addition, analysis of associated networks of gene expression implicated a role for circadian clock pathways and specifically the developmental transcription factor NANOG. This work provides the first observation of gene–environment interactions in children treated with r-hGH. PMID:26503811

Influence of daylight and noise current on cloud and aerosol observations by spaceborne elastic scattering lidar.

PubMed

Nakajima, T Y; Imai, T; Uchino, O; Nagai, T

1999-08-20

The influence of daylight and noise current on cloud and aerosol observations by realistic spaceborne lidar was examined by computer simulations. The reflected solar radiations, which contaminate the daytime return signals of lidar operations, were strictly and explicitly estimated by accurate radiative transfer calculations. It was found that the model multilayer cirrus clouds and the boundary layer aerosols could be observed during the daytime and the nighttime with only a few laser shots. However, high background noise and noise current make it difficult to observe volcanic aerosols in middle and upper atmospheric layers. Optimal combinations of the laser power and receiver field of view are proposed to compensate for the negative influence that is due to these noises. For the computer simulations, we used a realistic set of lidar parameters similar to the Experimental Lidar in-Space Equipment of the National Space Development Agency of Japan.

Use of a Novel Rover-mounted Fluorescence Imager and Fluorescent Probes to Detect Biological Material in the Atacama Desert in Daylight

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weinstein, S.; Pane, D.; Warren-Rhodes, K.; Cockell, C.; Ernst, L. A.; Minkley, E.; Fisher, G.; Emani, S.; Wettergreen, D. S.; Wagner, M.

2005-01-01

We have developed an imaging system, the Fluorescence Imager (FI), for detecting fluorescence signals from sparse microorganisms and biofilms during autonomous rover exploration. The fluorescence signals arise both from naturally occurring chromophores, such as chlorophyll of cyanobacteria and lichens, and from fluorescent probes applied to soil and rocks. Daylight imaging has been accomplished by a novel use of a high-powered flashlamp synchronized to a CCD camera. The fluorescent probes are cell permanent stains that have extremely low intrinsic fluorescence (quantum yields less than 0.01) and a large fluorescence enhancement (quantum yields greater than 0.4) when bound to the target. Each probe specifically targets either carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids or membrane lipids, the four classes of macromolecules found in terrestrial life. The intent of the probes is to interrogate the environment for surface and endolithic life forms.

IOCCG Report Number 16, 2015 Ocean Colour Remote Sensing in Polar Seas . Chapter 2; The Polar Environment: Sun, Clouds, and Ice

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Comiso, Josefino C.; Perovich, Don; Stamnes, Knut; Stuart, Venetia (Editor)

2015-01-01

The polar regions are places of extremes. There are months when the regions are enveloped in unending darkness, and months when they are in continuous daylight. During the daylight months the sun is low on the horizon and often obscured by clouds. In the dark winter months temperatures are brutally cold, and high winds and blowing snow are common. Even in summer, temperatures seldom rise above 0degC. The cold winter temperatures cause the ocean to freeze, forming sea ice. This sea ice cover acts as a barrier limiting the transfer of heat, moisture, and momentum between the atmosphere and the ocean. It also greatly complicates the optical signature of the surface. Taken together, these factors make the polar regions a highly challenging environment for optical remote sensing of the ocean.

Growing and processing conditions lead to changes in the carotenoid profile of spinach.

PubMed

Heymann, Thomas; Westphal, Lore; Wessjohann, Ludger; Glomb, Marcus A

2014-05-28

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different light regimens during spinach cultivation on the isomeric composition of β-carotene. Irradiation with a halogen lamp, which has a wavelength spectrum close to that of daylight, was used to mimic field-grown conditions. The additional use of optical filters was established as a model system for greenhouse cultivation. Field-grown model systems led to a preferential increase of 9-cis-β-carotene, whereas 13-cis-β-carotene was just formed at the beginning of irradiation. Additionally 9,13-di-cis-β-carotene decreased significantly in the presence of energy-rich light. Isomerization of β-carotene was strongly suppressed during irradiation in greenhouse-grown model systems and led to significant differences. These results were verified in biological samples. Authentic field-grown spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) showed among changes of other isomers a significantly higher level of 9-cis-isomers (7.52 ± 0.14%) and a significantly lower level of 9,13-di-cis-isomers (0.25 ± 0.03%) compared to authentic greenhouse-grown spinach (6.49 ± 0.11 and 0.76 ± 0.05%). Almost all analyzed commercial spinach samples (fresh and frozen) were identified as common field-grown cultivation. Further investigations resulted in a clear differentiation of frozen commercial samples from fresh spinach, caused by significantly higher levels of 13-cis- and 15-cis-β-carotene as a result of industrial blanching processes.

The relationship between visibility aid use and motor vehicle related injuries among bicyclists presenting to emergency departments.

PubMed

Hagel, B E; Romanow, N T R; Morgunov, N; Embree, T; Couperthwaite, A B; Voaklander, D; Rowe, B H

2014-04-01

Little is known about the effectiveness of visibility aids (VAs; e.g., reflectors, lights, fluorescent clothing) in reducing the risk of a bicyclist-motor-vehicle (MV) collision. To determine if VAs reduce the risk of a bicyclist-MV collision. Cases were bicyclists struck by a MV and assessed at Calgary and Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, emergency departments (EDs) from May 2008 to October 2010. Controls were bicyclists with non-MV injuries. Participants were interviewed about their personal and injury characteristics, including use of VAs. Injury information was collected from charts. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for VAs during daylight and dark conditions, and adjusted for confounders using logistic regression. Missing values were imputed using chained equations and adjusted OR estimates from the imputed data were calculated. There were 2403 injured bicyclists including 278 cases. After adjusting for age, sex, type of bicycling (commuting vs. recreational) and bicyclist speed, white compared with black (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.28, 0.95), and bicyclist self-reported light compared with dark coloured (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.49, 0.92) upper body clothing reduced the odds of a MV collision during daylight. After imputing missing values, white compared with black (OR 0.57; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.99) and bicyclist self-reported light compared with dark coloured (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.52, 0.97) upper body clothing remained protective against MV collision in daylight conditions. During dark conditions, crude estimates indicated that reflective clothing or other items, red/orange/yellow front upper body clothing compared with black, fluorescent clothing, headlights and tail lights were estimated to increase the odds of a MV collision. An imputed adjusted analysis revealed that red/orange/yellow front upper body clothing colour (OR 4.11; 95% CI 1.06, 15.99) and tail lights (OR 2.54; 95% CI: 1.06, 6.07) remained the only significant risk factors for MV collisions. One or more visibility aids reduced the odds of a bicyclist MV collision resulting in hospitalization. Bicyclist clothing choice may be important in reducing the risk of MV collision. The protective effect of visibility aids varies based on light conditions, and non-bicyclist risk factors also need to be considered. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Shade matching performance of normal and color vision-deficient dental professionals with standard daylight and tungsten illuminants.

PubMed

Gokce, Hasan Suat; Piskin, Bulent; Ceyhan, Dogan; Gokce, Sila Mermut; Arisan, Volkan

2010-03-01

The lighting conditions of the environment and visual deficiencies such as red-green color vision deficiency affect the clinical shade matching performance of dental professionals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shade matching performance of normal and color vision-deficient dental professionals with standard daylight and tungsten illuminants. Two sets of porcelain disc replicas of 16 shade guide tabs (VITA Lumin) were manufactured to exact L*a*b* values by using a colorimeter. Then these twin porcelain discs (13 mm x 2.4 mm) were mixed up and placed into a color-matching cabinet that standardized the lighting conditions for the observation tests. Normal and red-green color vision-deficient dental professionals were asked to match the 32 porcelain discs using standard artificial daylight D65 (high color temperature) and tungsten filament lamp light (T) (low color temperature) illuminants. The results were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA and paired and independent samples t tests for the differences between dental professionals and differences between the illuminants (alpha=.05). Regarding the sum of the correct shade match scores of all observations with both illuminants, the difference between normal vision and red-green color vision-deficient dental professional groups was not statistically significant (F=4.132; P=.054). However, the correct shade match scores of each group were significantly different for each illuminant (P<.005). The correct shade matching scores of normal color vision dental professionals were significantly higher with D65 illuminant (t=7.004; P<.001). Color matching scores of red-green color vision-deficient dental professionals (approximately 5.7 more pairs than with D65) were significantly higher with T illuminant (t=5.977; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS.: Within the limitations of this study, the shade matching performance of dental professionals was affected by color vision deficiency and the color temperature of the illuminant. The color vision-deficient group was notably unsuccessful with the D65 illuminant in shade matching. In contrast, there was a significant increase in the shade matching performance of the color vision-deficient group with T illuminant. The lower color temperature illuminant dramatically decreased the normal color vision groups' correct shade matching score. (c) 2010 The Editorial Council of the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

In-Flight Ultraviolet Radiation on Commercial Airplanes.

PubMed

Cadilhac, Pascal; Bouton, Marie-Christine; Cantegril, Monique; Cardines, Catherine; Gisquet, Alain; Kaufman, Noël; Klerlein, Michel

2017-10-01

Epidemiological studies suggest that pilots and cabin crew have higher incidences and mortality rates of cutaneous malignant melanoma than those of the general population. Exposure to UV radiation is one of the main risk factors for this type of cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of UV radiation in an airliner in flight. Measurements were taken with a three sensor-integrated electronics UV radiometer (A, B, and C) during 14 flights from July to October 2016. They were performed during daylight hours once the airliner had reached cruising altitude. We failed to find UVC radiation. The measurements detected neither UV A nor B in any parts of the cabins of the planes tested, nor in the Airbus cockpits. UVA radiation was however found in the cockpit of Boeing 777s. But UVA levels remained well below the values found at ground level and they were also strongly reduced (more than 10 times) by cockpit sun visors. Few studies have assessed the level of UV radiation in an airplane. They suggested that the cockpit windshields reduced this type of radiation to some degree (according mainly to the wavelength of the radiation and the nature of the windshield). Our study strongly confirms these results and suggests that increased incidence of melanoma and mortality by this type of illness found among pilots and airline cabin crews may not be related to in-flight UV radiation exposure.Cadilhac P, Bouton M-C, Cantegril M, Cardines C, Gisquet A, Kaufman N, Klerlein M. In-flight ultraviolet radiation on commercial airplanes. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2017; 88(10):947-951.

Impact of daylight saving time on road traffic collision risk: a systematic review

PubMed Central

Carey, Rachel N; Sarma, Kiran M

2017-01-01

Background Bills have been put forward in the UK and Republic of Ireland proposing a move to Central European Time (CET). Proponents argue that such a change will have benefits for road safety, with daylight being shifted from the morning, when collision risk is lower, to the evening, when risk is higher. Studies examining the impact of daylight saving time (DST) on road traffic collision risk can help inform the debate on the potential road safety benefits of a move to CET. The objective of this systematic review was to examine the impact of DST on collision risk. Methods Major electronic databases were searched, with no restrictions as to date of publication (the last search was performed in January 2017). Access to unpublished reports was requested through an international expert group. Studies that provided a quantitative analysis of the effect of DST on road safety-related outcomes were included. The primary outcomes of interest were road traffic collisions, injuries and fatalities. Findings Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Seventeen examined the short-term impact of transitions around DST and 12 examined long-term effects. Findings from the short-term studies were inconsistent. The long-term findings suggested a positive effect of DST. However, this cannot be attributed solely to DST, as a range of road collision risk factors vary over time. Interpretation The evidence from this review cannot support or refute the assertion that a permanent shift in light from morning to evening will have a road safety benefit. PMID:28674131

Light and Libraries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scherer, Jeffrey

1999-01-01

Addresses how to integrate various types of light within the context of library design. Discusses light basics; the light spectrum; light measurement; reflectance; glare and brightness ratio; daylighting; electric lighting; and computer screens and lighting. Includes a checklist for plan review. (Author/LRW)

36 CFR 1150.23 - Filing and service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... legal holidays excepted) from 9 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Standard or Daylight Savings Time, whichever is effective in the city where the office of the judge is located at the time. (c) Service. Service of one copy...

38 CFR 18b.22 - Filing and service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... excepted) from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., eastern standard or daylight saving time, whichever is effective in the District of Columbia at the time. Originals only of exhibits and transcripts of testimony need be filed...

Lighting: Green Light.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maniccia, Dorine

2003-01-01

Explains that by using sustainable (green) building practices, schools and universities can make their lighting systems more efficient, noting that embracing green design principles can help schools attract students. Discusses lighting-control technologies (occupancy sensing technology, daylighting technology, and scheduling based technologies),…

38 CFR 18b.22 - Filing and service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... excepted) from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., eastern standard or daylight saving time, whichever is effective in the District of Columbia at the time. Originals only of exhibits and transcripts of testimony need be filed...

38 CFR 18b.22 - Filing and service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... excepted) from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., eastern standard or daylight saving time, whichever is effective in the District of Columbia at the time. Originals only of exhibits and transcripts of testimony need be filed...

36 CFR 1150.23 - Filing and service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... legal holidays excepted) from 9 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Standard or Daylight Savings Time, whichever is effective in the city where the office of the judge is located at the time. (c) Service. Service of one copy...

36 CFR 1150.23 - Filing and service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... legal holidays excepted) from 9 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Standard or Daylight Savings Time, whichever is effective in the city where the office of the judge is located at the time. (c) Service. Service of one copy...

38 CFR 18b.22 - Filing and service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... excepted) from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., eastern standard or daylight saving time, whichever is effective in the District of Columbia at the time. Originals only of exhibits and transcripts of testimony need be filed...

38 CFR 18b.22 - Filing and service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... excepted) from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., eastern standard or daylight saving time, whichever is effective in the District of Columbia at the time. Originals only of exhibits and transcripts of testimony need be filed...

36 CFR 1150.23 - Filing and service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... legal holidays excepted) from 9 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Standard or Daylight Savings Time, whichever is effective in the city where the office of the judge is located at the time. (c) Service. Service of one copy...

17 CFR 230.459 - Calculation of effective date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... of 24 hours each from 5:30 p.m. eastern standard time or eastern daylight-saving time, whichever is in effect at the principal office of the Commission on the date of filing. [Reg. C, 12 FR 4075, June...

17 CFR 230.459 - Calculation of effective date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... of 24 hours each from 5:30 p.m. eastern standard time or eastern daylight-saving time, whichever is in effect at the principal office of the Commission on the date of filing. [Reg. C, 12 FR 4075, June...

17 CFR 230.459 - Calculation of effective date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... of 24 hours each from 5:30 p.m. eastern standard time or eastern daylight-saving time, whichever is in effect at the principal office of the Commission on the date of filing. [Reg. C, 12 FR 4075, June...

17 CFR 230.459 - Calculation of effective date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... of 24 hours each from 5:30 p.m. eastern standard time or eastern daylight-saving time, whichever is in effect at the principal office of the Commission on the date of filing. [Reg. C, 12 FR 4075, June...

17 CFR 230.459 - Calculation of effective date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... of 24 hours each from 5:30 p.m. eastern standard time or eastern daylight-saving time, whichever is in effect at the principal office of the Commission on the date of filing. [Reg. C, 12 FR 4075, June...

An investigation of streaking on highway traffic signs.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1974-01-01

During a night inspection, dark streaks were observed on the faces of many reflectorized highway signs. Although the streaks were not visible during daylight, they substantially reduced the reflectivity of the signs at night. This study was initiated...

78 FR 32474 - Request for Comments: LSC Appropriations Request for FY 2015

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-30

... and is seeking public comment and testimony on what the amount of its request should be. DATES... p.m., Eastern Daylight Time, on Thursday June 6, 2013. LSC invites public comment on what its FY...

DETAIL VIEW OF UPPER TRAM TERMINAL STRUCTURE, LOOKING SOUTH TOWARD ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

DETAIL VIEW OF UPPER TRAM TERMINAL STRUCTURE, LOOKING SOUTH TOWARD THE FRONT OF THE STRUCTURE. THE WHEELS AT THE TOP OF THE TRAM BUCKETS RODE OFF THE STATIONARY CABLES ONTO THE TRACK SUPPORTED BY THE "C" IRONS SUSPENDED FROM THE TOP TIMBERS ON THE LEFT AND RIGHT. THE BUCKET OPENING MECHANISM IS ON THE LEFT, AND PART OF THE CLOSING MECHANISM ON THE RIGHT EDGE OF THE FRAME. THE TWO CABLES AT CENTER ARE THE STATIONARY TRAM CABLES THAT RUN ALONG THE TOP OF THE SUPPORT TOWERS ON WHICH THE WHEELS OF THE TRAM BUCKETS RODE. THEY ARE ANCHORED AT GROUND LEVEL JUST OFF FRAME TO THE LOWER LEFT. - Keane Wonder Mine, Park Route 4 (Daylight Pass Cutoff), Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, CA

Low cost and compact quantum key distribution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duligall, J. L.; Godfrey, M. S.; Harrison, K. A.; Munro, W. J.; Rarity, J. G.

2006-10-01

We present the design of a novel free-space quantum cryptography system, complete with purpose-built software, that can operate in daylight conditions. The transmitter and receiver modules are built using inexpensive off-the-shelf components. Both modules are compact allowing the generation of renewed shared secrets on demand over a short range of a few metres. An analysis of the software is shown as well as results of error rates and therefore shared secret yields at varying background light levels. As the system is designed to eventually work in short-range consumer applications, we also present a use scenario where the consumer can regularly 'top up' a store of secrets for use in a variety of one-time-pad (OTP) and authentication protocols.

Influence of daylight on the fate of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles in natural aquatic environments.

PubMed

Odzak, Niksa; Kistler, David; Sigg, Laura

2017-07-01

Nanoparticles, such as silver (Ag-NP) and zinc oxide (ZnO-NP), are increasingly used in many consumer products. These nanoparticles (NPs) will likely be exposed to the aquatic environment (rain, river, lake water) and to light (visible and UV) in the products where they are applied, or after those products are discharged. Dissolution of Ag-NP and ZnO-NP is an important process because the dissolved Ag + and Zn 2+ are readily available and toxic for aquatic organisms. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of daylight (UV and visible) for the fate of engineered Ag-NP and ZnO-NPs in different types of natural waters. Ag-NP and ZnO-NP were exposed to rainwater, river Rhine, and lake waters (Greifen, Lucerne, Cristallina, Gruère) under different light conditions (no light, UV 300-400 nm and visible light 400-700 nm) for up to 8 days. Stronger agglomeration of Ag-NP was observed in the waters with higher ionic strength in comparison to those with lower ionic strength. Visible light tended to increase the dissolution of Ag-NP under most natural water conditions in comparison to dark conditions, whereas UV-light led to decreased dissolved Ag + after longer exposure time. These effects illustrate the dynamic interactions of Ag-NP with light, which may lead both to increased oxidation and to increased reduction of Ag + by organic compounds under UV-light. In the case of ZnO-NP, agglomeration occurred at higher ionic strength, but the effects of pH were predominant for dissolution, which occurred up to concentrations close to the solubility limit of ZnO(s) at pH around 8.2 and to nearly complete dissolution of ZnO-NP at lower pH (pH 4.8-6.5), with both visible and UV-light facilitating dissolution. This study thus shows that light conditions play an important role in the dissolution processes of nanoparticles. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Differences between mean tide level and mean sea level

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Woodworth, P. L.

2017-01-01

This paper discusses the differences between mean tide level (MTL) and mean sea level (MSL) as demonstrated using information from a global tide gauge data set. The roles of the two main contributors to differences between MTL and MSL (the M4 harmonic of the M2 semidiurnal tide, and the combination of the diurnal tides K1 and O1) are described, with a particular focus on the spatial scales of variation in MTL-MSL due to each contributor. Findings from the tide gauge data set are contrasted with those from a state-of-the-art global tide model. The study is of interest within tidal science, but also has practical importance regarding the type of mean level used to define land survey datums. In addition, an appreciation of MTL-MSL difference is important in the use of the historical sea level data used in climate change research, with implications for some of the data stored in international databanks. Particular studies are made of how MTL and MSL might differ through the year, and if MTL is measured in daylight hours only, as has been the practice of some national geodetic agencies on occasions in the past.

Numerical model for the thermal behavior of thermocline storage tanks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ehtiwesh, Ismael A. S.; Sousa, Antonio C. M.

2018-03-01

Energy storage is a critical factor in the advancement of solar thermal power systems for the sustained delivery of electricity. In addition, the incorporation of thermal energy storage into the operation of concentrated solar power systems (CSPs) offers the potential of delivering electricity without fossil-fuel backup even during peak demand, independent of weather conditions and daylight. Despite this potential, some areas of the design and performance of thermocline systems still require further attention for future incorporation in commercial CSPs, particularly, their operation and control. Therefore, the present study aims to develop a simple but efficient numerical model to allow the comprehensive analysis of thermocline storage systems aiming better understanding of their dynamic temperature response. The validation results, despite the simplifying assumptions of the numerical model, agree well with the experiments for the time evolution of the thermocline region. Three different cases are considered to test the versatility of the numerical model; for the particular type of a storage tank with top round impingement inlet, a simple analytical model was developed to take into consideration the increased turbulence level in the mixing region. The numerical predictions for the three cases are in general good agreement against the experimental results.

Sustainable Campus Housing.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shimm, Jon

2001-01-01

Discusses how incorporating energy-efficient features into residence halls can save money and make students' campus experience more enjoyable. Use of heat-recovery systems, low-impact lighting, and natural daylighting are explored as are ideas to consider for future residence hall construction projects or renovations. (GR)

77 FR 59014 - Sunshine Act Meeting; Notice

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-25

... the meetings of the Institutional Advancement Committee and the Audit Committee, which will run... Eastern Daylight Time. ** The meeting of the Institutional Advancement Committee will run concurrently.... Institutional Advancement Committee** 5. Audit Committee Monday, October 1, 2012 1. Promotion & Provision for...

36 CFR § 1150.23 - Filing and service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (Federal legal holidays excepted) from 9 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Standard or Daylight Savings Time, whichever is effective in the city where the office of the judge is located at the time. (c) Service. Service of one copy...

Elements of Green.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Turckes, Steven; Engelbrecht, Kathie

2002-01-01

Discusses incorporating green design into school construction, asserting that schools can improve their impact on the environment and reduce their operating costs while educating people about the value of sustainable design. Addresses energy reduction (including daylighting), site design for low environmental impact, flexible design, indoor air…

Fly Photoreceptors Demonstrate Energy-Information Trade-Offs in Neural Coding

PubMed Central

Niven, Jeremy E; Anderson, John C; Laughlin, Simon B

2007-01-01

Trade-offs between energy consumption and neuronal performance must shape the design and evolution of nervous systems, but we lack empirical data showing how neuronal energy costs vary according to performance. Using intracellular recordings from the intact retinas of four flies, Drosophila melanogaster, D. virilis, Calliphora vicina, and Sarcophaga carnaria, we measured the rates at which homologous R1–6 photoreceptors of these species transmit information from the same stimuli and estimated the energy they consumed. In all species, both information rate and energy consumption increase with light intensity. Energy consumption rises from a baseline, the energy required to maintain the dark resting potential. This substantial fixed cost, ∼20% of a photoreceptor's maximum consumption, causes the unit cost of information (ATP molecules hydrolysed per bit) to fall as information rate increases. The highest information rates, achieved at bright daylight levels, differed according to species, from ∼200 bits s−1 in D. melanogaster to ∼1,000 bits s−1 in S. carnaria. Comparing species, the fixed cost, the total cost of signalling, and the unit cost (cost per bit) all increase with a photoreceptor's highest information rate to make information more expensive in higher performance cells. This law of diminishing returns promotes the evolution of economical structures by severely penalising overcapacity. Similar relationships could influence the function and design of many neurons because they are subject to similar biophysical constraints on information throughput. PMID:17373859

McMYB10 Modulates the Expression of a Ubiquitin Ligase, McCOP1 During Leaf Coloration in Crabapple

PubMed Central

Li, Ke-Ting; Zhang, Jie; Kang, Yan-Hui; Chen, Meng-Chen; Song, Ting-Ting; Geng, Hui; Tian, Ji; Yao, Yun-Cong

2018-01-01

In higher plants, anthocyanins are protective secondary metabolites, which contribute to the color of leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits, and have been found to have an antioxidant role in human health. In this study, we determined the expression of McMYB10 and its specific E3 ubiquitin ligase, McCOP1, in crabapple leaves during the course of a day and in five leaf development stages. Interestingly, the results showed that the transcription level of McCOP1 genes was higher in daylight than at night, and the transcripts of McMYB10 presented a positive correlation with the transcription of McCOP1-1 and McCOP1-2 and anthocyanin accumulation in a crabapple cultivar with red-colored leaves. Several MYB transcription factor (TF) binding sites of the MYBCORE type were found in the McCOP1-1 and McCOP1-2 promoters, and we deduced that there may be a relationship between McMYB10 and McCOP1-1 and McCOP1-2 at the transcriptional level. Yeast one hybrid (Y1H) and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated that the McMYB10 TF binds specifically to the promoter of McCOP1-1 and McCOP1-2. Furthermore, increased levels of McMYB10 promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis and the expression level of McCOP1-1 and McCOP1-2 in crabapple leaves during continuous light treatments, and overexpression or silencing of McMYB10 in crabapple leaves and apple fruits also result in an increase or decrease, respectively, in the expression of McCOP1-1 and McCOP1-2 and in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Our results reveal a new self-regulation mechanism in where McMYB10 modulates its own expression by activating McCOP1-1 and McCOP1-2 expression to promote ubiquitination of the McMYB10 protein by McCOP1. PMID:29915606

Public engagement in 3D flood modelling through integrating crowd sourced imagery with UAV photogrammetry to create a 3D flood hydrograph.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bond, C. E.; Howell, J.; Butler, R.

2016-12-01

With an increase in flood and storm events affecting infrastructure the role of weather systems, in a changing climate, and their impact is of increasing interest. Here we present a new workflow integrating crowd sourced imagery from the public with UAV photogrammetry to create, the first 3D hydrograph of a major flooding event. On December 30th 2015, Storm Frank resulted in high magnitude rainfall, within the Dee catchment in Aberdeenshire, resulting in the highest ever-recorded river level for the Dee, with significant impact on infrastructure and river morphology. The worst of the flooding occurred during daylight hours and was digitally captured by the public on smart phones and cameras. After the flood event a UAV was used to shoot photogrammetry to create a textured elevation model of the area around Aboyne Bridge on the River Dee. A media campaign aided crowd sourced digital imagery from the public, resulting in over 1,000 images submitted by the public. EXIF data captured by the imagery of the time, date were used to sort the images into a time series. Markers such as signs, walls, fences and roads within the images were used to determine river level height through the flood, and matched onto the elevation model to contour the change in river level. The resulting 3D hydrograph shows the build up of water on the up-stream side of the Bridge that resulted in significant scouring and under-mining in the flood. We have created the first known data based 3D hydrograph for a river section, from a UAV photogrammetric model and crowd sourced imagery. For future flood warning and infrastructure management a solution that allows a realtime hydrograph to be created utilising augmented reality to integrate the river level information in crowd sourced imagery directly onto a 3D model, would significantly improve management planning and infrastructure resilience assessment.

In-situ data collection for oil palm tree height determination using synthetic aperture radar

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pohl, C.; Loong, C. K.

2016-04-01

The oil palm is recognized as the “golden crop,” producing the highest oil yield among oil seed crops. Malaysia, the world's second largest producer of palm oil, has 16 per cent of its territory planted with oil palms. To cope with the increasing global demand on edible oil, additional areas of oil palm are forecast to increase globally by 12 to 19 million hectares by 2050. Due to the limited land bank in Malaysia, new strategies have to be developed to avoid unauthorized clearing of primary forest for the use of oil palm cultivation. Microwave remote sensing could play a part by providing relevant, timely and accurate information for a plantation monitoring system. The use of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has the advantage of daylight- and weather-independence, a criterion that is very relevant in constantly cloud-covered tropical regions, such as Malaysia. Using interferometric SAR, (InSAR) topographical and tree height profiles of oil palm plantations can be created; such information is useful for mapping oil palm age profiles of the plantations in the country. This paper reports on the use of SAR and InSAR in a multisensory context to provide up-to-date information at plantation level. Remote sensing and in-situ data collection for tree height determination are described. Further research to be carried out over the next two years is outlined.

Circadian Rhythm Regulates Development of Enamel in Mouse Mandibular First Molar

PubMed Central

Tao, Jiang; Zhai, Yue; Park, Hyun; Han, Junli; Dong, Jianhui; Xie, Ming; Gu, Ting; Lewi, Keidren; Ji, Fang; Jia, William

2016-01-01

Rhythmic incremental growth lines and the presence of melatonin receptors were discovered in tooth enamel, suggesting possible role of circadian rhythm. We therefore hypothesized that circadian rhythm may regulate enamel formation through melatonin receptors. To test this hypothesis, we examined expression of melatonin receptors (MTs) and amelogenin (AMELX), a maker of enamel formation, during tooth germ development in mouse. Using qRT-PCR and immunocytochemistry, we found that mRNA and protein levels of both MTs and AMELX in normal mandibular first molar tooth germs increased gradually after birth, peaked at 3 or 4 day postnatal, and then decreased. Expression of MTs and AMELX by immunocytochemistry was significantly delayed in neonatal mice raised in all-dark or all-light environment as well as the enamel development. Furthermore, development of tooth enamel was also delayed showing significant immature histology in those animals, especially for newborn mice raised in all daylight condition. Interestingly, disruption in circadian rhythm in pregnant mice also resulted in delayed enamel development in their babies. Treatment with melatonin receptor antagonist 4P-PDOT in pregnant mice caused underexpression of MTs and AMELX associated with long-lasting deficiency in baby enamel tissue. Electromicroscopic evidence demonstrated increased necrosis and poor enamel mineralization in ameloblasts. The above results suggest that circadian rhythm is important for normal enamel development at both pre- and postnatal stages. Melatonin receptors were partly responsible for the regulation. PMID:27494172

Circadian Rhythm Regulates Development of Enamel in Mouse Mandibular First Molar.

PubMed

Tao, Jiang; Zhai, Yue; Park, Hyun; Han, Junli; Dong, Jianhui; Xie, Ming; Gu, Ting; Lewi, Keidren; Ji, Fang; Jia, William

2016-01-01

Rhythmic incremental growth lines and the presence of melatonin receptors were discovered in tooth enamel, suggesting possible role of circadian rhythm. We therefore hypothesized that circadian rhythm may regulate enamel formation through melatonin receptors. To test this hypothesis, we examined expression of melatonin receptors (MTs) and amelogenin (AMELX), a maker of enamel formation, during tooth germ development in mouse. Using qRT-PCR and immunocytochemistry, we found that mRNA and protein levels of both MTs and AMELX in normal mandibular first molar tooth germs increased gradually after birth, peaked at 3 or 4 day postnatal, and then decreased. Expression of MTs and AMELX by immunocytochemistry was significantly delayed in neonatal mice raised in all-dark or all-light environment as well as the enamel development. Furthermore, development of tooth enamel was also delayed showing significant immature histology in those animals, especially for newborn mice raised in all daylight condition. Interestingly, disruption in circadian rhythm in pregnant mice also resulted in delayed enamel development in their babies. Treatment with melatonin receptor antagonist 4P-PDOT in pregnant mice caused underexpression of MTs and AMELX associated with long-lasting deficiency in baby enamel tissue. Electromicroscopic evidence demonstrated increased necrosis and poor enamel mineralization in ameloblasts. The above results suggest that circadian rhythm is important for normal enamel development at both pre- and postnatal stages. Melatonin receptors were partly responsible for the regulation.

Chronobiological Hypothesis about the Association Between Height Growth Seasonality and Geographical Differences in Body Height According to Effective Day Length

PubMed Central

Higuchi, Yukito

2016-01-01

Studies on growth hormone therapy in children have shown that height velocity is greater in summer than in winter and that this difference increases with latitude. It is hypothesized that summer daylight is a causative factor and that geographical distribution of body height will approximate the distribution of summer day length over time. This is an ecological analysis of prefecture-level data on the height of Japanese youth. Mesh climatic data of effective day length were collated. While height velocity was greatest during the summer, the height of Japanese youth was strongly and negatively correlated with the distribution of winter effective day length. Therefore, it is anticipated that summer height velocity is greater according to winter day length (dark period). This may be due to epigenetic modifications, involving reversible DNA methylation and thyroid hormone regulation found in the reproductive system of seasonal breeding vertebrates. If the function is applicable to humans, summer height growth may quantitatively increase with winter day length, and height growth seasonality can be explained by thyroid hormone activities that-induced by DNA methylation-change depending on the seasonal difference in day length. Moreover, geographical differences in body height may be caused by geographical differences in effective day length, which could influence melatonin secretion among subjects who spend a significant time indoors.

Driver electronic device use in 2008

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-09-01

The 2008 hand-held cell phone use rate translates into 812,000 vehicles being driven by someone using a hand-held cell phone at any given daylight moment.1 It also translates into an estimated 11 percent of the vehicles whose drivers were using some ...

78 FR 46596 - Secretarial Commission on Indian Trust Administration and Reform

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-01

... begin at 8:30 a.m. and end at 1 p.m. Alaska Daylight Time on August 19, 2013. Members of the public who... meals are the responsibility of the participating public. To review all related material on the...

Color and Light in Learning.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rittner-Heir, Robbin M.

2002-01-01

Discusses studies showing that color and light have a significant influence on how students learn and retain information (for example, daylight is much more beneficial than fluorescent light). Describes how many architects and designers are now incorporating these findings into their work in schools. (EV)

Development and test of selected model pedestrian safety regulations

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1981-04-01

Two model regulations to remove parking--one from suburban streets in daylight hours and one on the last 50 feet of the approach to crosswalks--were designed in previous work to prevent pedestrian dart and dash accidents by removing screening vehicle...

DETAIL TOP VIEW OF AERIAL TRAMWAY DRIVE MECHANISM, LOOKING NORTHEAST. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

DETAIL TOP VIEW OF AERIAL TRAMWAY DRIVE MECHANISM, LOOKING NORTHEAST. THE FRICTION BRAKING SYSTEM CAN BE SEEN IN SHADOW ABOVE THE LARGE CABLE WHEEL BELOW. - Keane Wonder Mine, Park Route 4 (Daylight Pass Cutoff), Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, CA

Color defective vision and the recognition of aviation color signal light flashes.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1971-06-01

A previous study reported on the efficiency with which various tests of color defective vision can predict performance during daylight conditions on a practical test of ability to discriminate aviation signal red, white, and green. In the current stu...

78 FR 7485 - Designation of Seven Individuals and One Entity Pursuant to Executive Order 13581, “Blocking...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-01

...). The Order was effective at 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on July 25, 2011. In the Order, the..., Marina), Burj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; DOB 15 Sep 1979; Passport 514763020 (Russia...

CONSTANS-like 9 (COL9) delays the flowering time in Oryza sativa by repressing the Ehd1 pathway.

PubMed

Liu, Hao; Gu, Fengwei; Dong, Shuangyu; Liu, Wei; Wang, Hui; Chen, Zhiqiang; Wang, Jiafeng

2016-10-14

Flowering or heading is one of most important agronomic traits in rice. It has been characterized that CONSTANS (CO) and CONSTANS-like (COL) proteins are critical flowering regulators in response to photoperiodic stress in plants. We have previously identified that the COL family member OsCOL9 can positively enhance the rice blast resistance. In the present study, we aimed to explore the functional role of OsCOL9 in modulating the photoperiodic flowering. Our data showed that overexpression of OsCOL9 delayed the flowering time under both short-day (SD) and long-day (LD) conditions, leading to suppressed expressions of EHd1, RFT and Hd3a at the mRNA Level. OsCOL9 expression exhibited two types of circadian patterns under different daylight conditions, and it could delay the heading date by suppressing the Ehd1 photoperiodic flowering pathway. In contrast, the expressions of previously reported flowering regulators were not significantly changed in OsCOL9 transgenic plants, indicating that OsCOL9 functioned independently of other flowering pathways. In addition, OsCOL9 served as a potential yield gene, and its deficiency reduced the grain number of main panicle in plants. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid assay indicated that OsCOL9 physically interacted with Receptor for Activated C-kinase 1 (OsRACK1). Rhythmic pattern analysis suggested that OsRACK1 responded to the change of daylight, which was regulated by the circadian clock. Taken together, our results revealed that OsCOL9 could delay the flowering time in rice by repressing the Ehd1 pathway. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Can colour vision re-evolve? Variation in the X-linked opsin locus of cathemeral Azara's owl monkeys (Aotus azarae azarae).

PubMed

Mundy, N I; Morningstar, N C; Baden, A L; Fernandez-Duque, E; Dávalos, V M; Bradley, B J

2016-01-01

Do evolutionary specializations lead to evolutionary constraint? This appears plausible, particularly when specialization leads to loss of complex adaptations. In the owl monkey lineage, nocturnality clearly arose from a diurnal ancestor. This behavioural shift was accompanied by morphological changes in the eye and orbit and complete loss of colour vision via missense mutations in the gene encoding the short-wave sensitive visual pigment (SWS opsin). Interestingly, at least one subspecies of owl monkey, Azara's owl monkey (Aotus azarae azarae), has regained activity in daylight. Given that all primate species that are active in daylight, including primarily diurnal species and species that are active during both day and night, have at least dichromatic colour vision, it seems reasonable to propose that dichromacy would be adaptive in A. a. azarae. With a disabled SWS opsin, the main avenue available for Azara's owl monkeys to re-evolve colour vision is via a polymorphism in the intact X-linked opsin locus, which commonly occurs in other New World monkeys. To examine this possibility we assayed variation in the X-linked opsin of A. a. azarae, focusing on the three exons (3, 4 and 5) that control spectral sensitivity. We found low opsin genetic variation on a population level, and no differences at the three main sites that lead to variation in spectral sensitivity in the opsins of other New World monkeys. Two rare alleles with single amino acid variants are segregating in the population, but previous functional studies indicate that these are unlikely to affect spectral sensitivity. Genetic constraint on the re-evolution of colour vision is likely operating in Azara's owl monkey, which may affect the niche that this subspecies is able to occupy.

Daytime Utilization of a University Observatory for Laboratory Instruction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mattox, J. R.

2006-08-01

Scheduling convenience provides a strong incentive to fully explore effective utilization of educational observatories during daylight hours. I present two compelling daytime student activities that I developed at the Observatory at Fayetteville State University. My Introductory Astronomy Laboratory classes pursue these as separate investigations. My Physical Science classes complete both in a single lab period of 110 minutes duration. Both of these activities are also appropriate for High School student investigators, and could be used as demonstrations for younger students. Daylight Observation of Venus. With a clear sky, and when its elongation exceeds ~20˚, Venus is readily apparent in the daytime sky once a telescope is pointed at it. This is accomplished either with a digital pointing system, or with setting circles on a polar-aligned mount using the Sun to initialize the RA circle. Using the telescope pointing as a reference, it is also possible under optimal circumstances for students to see Venus in the daytime sky with naked eyes. Students are asked to write about the circumstances that made it possible to see Venus. Educational utilization of daytime observations of the Moon, Jupiter, Saturn, and the brightest stars are also discussed. Using a CCD Camera to Determine the Temperature of a Sunspot. After my students view the Sun with Eclipse Glasses and in projection using a 3-inch refractor, they analyze a CCD image of a sunspot (which they obtain if possible) to determine the ratio of its surface intensity relative to the normal solar surface. They then use the Stefan-Boltzmann law (usually with some coaching) to determine the sunspot temperature given the nominal surface temperature of the Sun. Appropriate safety precautions are presented given the hazards of magnified sunlight. Mitigation of dome seeing during daylight hours is discussed.

Pitfalls of insulin pump clocks: technical glitches that may potentially affect medical care in patients with diabetes.

PubMed

Aldasouqi, Saleh A; Reed, Amy J

2014-11-01

The objective was to raise awareness about the importance of ensuring that insulin pumps internal clocks are set up correctly at all times. This is a very important safety issue because all commercially available insulin pumps are not GPS-enabled (though this is controversial), nor equipped with automatically adjusting internal clocks. Special attention is paid to how basal and bolus dose errors can be introduced by daylight savings time changes, travel across time zones, and am-pm clock errors. Correct setting of insulin pump internal clock is crucial for appropriate insulin delivery. A comprehensive literature review is provided, as are illustrative cases. Incorrect setting can potentially result in incorrect insulin delivery, with potential harmful consequences, if too much or too little insulin is delivered. Daylight saving time changes may not significantly affect basal insulin delivery, given the triviality of the time difference. However, bolus insulin doses can be dramatically affected. Such problems may occur when pump wearers have large variations in their insulin to carb ratio, especially if they forget to change their pump clock in the spring. More worrisome than daylight saving time change is the am-pm clock setting. If this setting is set up incorrectly, both basal rates and bolus doses will be affected. Appropriate insulin delivery through insulin pumps requires correct correlation between dose settings and internal clock time settings. Because insulin pumps are not GPS-enabled or automatically time-adjusting, extra caution should be practiced by patients to ensure correct time settings at all times. Clinicians and diabetes educators should verify the date/time of insulin pumps during patients' visits, and should remind their patients to always verify these settings. © 2014 Diabetes Technology Society.

Impact of daylight saving time on road traffic collision risk: a systematic review.

PubMed

Carey, Rachel N; Sarma, Kiran M

2017-07-02

Bills have been put forward in the UK and Republic of Ireland proposing a move to Central European Time (CET). Proponents argue that such a change will have benefits for road safety, with daylight being shifted from the morning, when collision risk is lower, to the evening, when risk is higher. Studies examining the impact of daylight saving time (DST) on road traffic collision risk can help inform the debate on the potential road safety benefits of a move to CET. The objective of this systematic review was to examine the impact of DST on collision risk. Major electronic databases were searched, with no restrictions as to date of publication (the last search was performed in January 2017). Access to unpublished reports was requested through an international expert group. Studies that provided a quantitative analysis of the effect of DST on road safety-related outcomes were included. The primary outcomes of interest were road traffic collisions, injuries and fatalities. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Seventeen examined the short-term impact of transitions around DST and 12 examined long-term effects. Findings from the short-term studies were inconsistent. The long-term findings suggested a positive effect of DST. However, this cannot be attributed solely to DST, as a range of road collision risk factors vary over time. The evidence from this review cannot support or refute the assertion that a permanent shift in light from morning to evening will have a road safety benefit. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

Quantifying riverine surface currents from time sequences of thermal infrared imagery

USGS Publications Warehouse

Puleo, J.A.; McKenna, T.E.; Holland, K.T.; Calantoni, J.

2012-01-01

River surface currents are quantified from thermal and visible band imagery using two methods. One method utilizes time stacks of pixel intensity to estimate the streamwise velocity at multiple locations. The other method uses particle image velocimetry to solve for optimal two-dimensional pixel displacements between successive frames. Field validation was carried out on the Wolf River, a small coastal plain river near Landon, Mississippi, United States, on 26-27 May 2010 by collecting imagery in association with in situ velocities sampled using electromagnetic current meters deployed 0.1 m below the river surface. Comparisons are made between mean in situ velocities and image-derived velocities from 23 thermal and 6 visible-band image sequences (5 min length) during daylight and darkness conditions. The thermal signal was a small apparent temperature contrast induced by turbulent mixing of a thin layer of cooler water near the river surface with underlying warmer water. The visible-band signal was foam on the water surface. For thermal imagery, streamwise velocities derived from the pixel time stack and particle image velocimetry technique were generally highly correlated to mean streamwise current meter velocities during darkness (r 2 typically greater than 0.9) and early morning daylight (r 2 typically greater than 0.83). Streamwise velocities from the pixel time stack technique had high correlation for visible-band imagery during early morning daylight hours with respect to mean current meter velocities (r 2 > 0.86). Streamwise velocities for the particle image velocimetry technique for visible-band imagery had weaker correlations with only three out of six correlations performed having an r 2 exceeding 0.6. Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union.

Pitfalls of Insulin Pump Clocks

PubMed Central

Reed, Amy J.

2014-01-01

The objective was to raise awareness about the importance of ensuring that insulin pumps internal clocks are set up correctly at all times. This is a very important safety issue because all commercially available insulin pumps are not GPS-enabled (though this is controversial), nor equipped with automatically adjusting internal clocks. Special attention is paid to how basal and bolus dose errors can be introduced by daylight savings time changes, travel across time zones, and am-pm clock errors. Correct setting of insulin pump internal clock is crucial for appropriate insulin delivery. A comprehensive literature review is provided, as are illustrative cases. Incorrect setting can potentially result in incorrect insulin delivery, with potential harmful consequences, if too much or too little insulin is delivered. Daylight saving time changes may not significantly affect basal insulin delivery, given the triviality of the time difference. However, bolus insulin doses can be dramatically affected. Such problems may occur when pump wearers have large variations in their insulin to carb ratio, especially if they forget to change their pump clock in the spring. More worrisome than daylight saving time change is the am-pm clock setting. If this setting is set up incorrectly, both basal rates and bolus doses will be affected. Appropriate insulin delivery through insulin pumps requires correct correlation between dose settings and internal clock time settings. Because insulin pumps are not GPS-enabled or automatically time-adjusting, extra caution should be practiced by patients to ensure correct time settings at all times. Clinicians and diabetes educators should verify the date/time of insulin pumps during patients’ visits, and should remind their patients to always verify these settings. PMID:25355713

Gas discharge headlights and visibility of coloured road signs.

PubMed

Venkatachalam, Kannan; Smith, George

2000-01-01

BACKGROUND: Automotive headlamps mostly use the tungsten halogen bulb but several years ago a new type of headlamp, the gas discharge bulb, was introduced. Because of the different spectral output of this type of lamp, there has been a suggestion that it may affect the colour recognition and sign conspicuity under night-time conditions. In this study, the visibility of the road signs is used to examine the effect of the gas discharge lamp's spectrum compared with that of the conventional halogen headlamp. METHODS: The spectral output of the lamps and the spectral reflectance of common-coloured road signs were measured using a Spectra-Pritchard spectroradiometer. Using luminous reflectance data, chromaticity co-ordinates and the colorimetric shift of the road signs, when illuminated by gas discharge lamps, were plotted using CIE x,y co-ordinate system. Colour rendering indices of the lamp were calculated using Munsell samples and road signs as proscribed by the CIE Publication. In addition, the visibility index of the road signs was calculated using Adrian's 'Visibility of Target' model. RESULTS: The gas discharge headlamp has more energy in the blue region and less energy in the red region of the spectrum than the halogen headlamp. The general colour rendering index of the gas discharge lamp is higher than that of the halogen lamp. When compared with daylight, all coloured road signs used in this study have less colorimetric shift when illuminated by the gas discharge headlamp than by the halogen headlamp. CONCLUSION: The result indicates that the gas discharge lamp, while having a very different spectrum from daylight or tungsten halogen lamps, should not have a deleterious effect on sign detection or recognition, when compared to daylight or tungsten halogen lamps.

Evening daylight may cause adolescents to sleep less in spring than in winter.

PubMed

Figueiro, Mariana G; Rea, Mark S

2010-07-01

Sleep restriction commonly experienced by adolescents can stem from a slower increase in sleep pressure by the homeostatic processes and from phase delays of the circadian system. With regard to the latter potential cause, the authors hypothesized that because there is more natural evening light during the spring than winter, a sample of adolescent students would be more phase delayed in spring than in winter, would have later sleep onset times, and because of fixed school schedules would have shorter sleep durations. Sixteen eighth-grade subjects were recruited for the study. The authors collected sleep logs and saliva samples to determine their dim light melatonin onset (DLMO), a well-established circadian marker. Actual circadian light exposures experienced by a subset of 12 subjects over the course of 7 days in winter and in spring using a personal, head-worn, circadian light measurement device are also reported here. Results showed that this sample of adolescents was exposed to significantly more circadian light in spring than in winter, especially during the evening hours when light exposure would likely delay circadian phase. Consistent with the light data, DLMO and sleep onset times were significantly more delayed, and sleep durations were significantly shorter in spring than in winter. The present ecological study of light, circadian phase, and self-reported sleep suggests that greater access to evening daylight in the spring may lead to sleep restriction in adolescents while attending school. Therefore, lighting schemes that reduce evening light in the spring may encourage longer sleep times in adolescents.

An Adaptive Intelligent Integrated Lighting Control Approach for High-Performance Office Buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karizi, Nasim

An acute and crucial societal problem is the energy consumed in existing commercial buildings. There are 1.5 million commercial buildings in the U.S. with only about 3% being built each year. Hence, existing buildings need to be properly operated and maintained for several decades. Application of integrated centralized control systems in buildings could lead to more than 50% energy savings. This research work demonstrates an innovative adaptive integrated lighting control approach which could achieve significant energy savings and increase indoor comfort in high performance office buildings. In the first phase of the study, a predictive algorithm was developed and validated through experiments in an actual test room. The objective was to regulate daylight on a specified work plane by controlling the blind slat angles. Furthermore, a sensor-based integrated adaptive lighting controller was designed in Simulink which included an innovative sensor optimization approach based on genetic algorithm to minimize the number of sensors and efficiently place them in the office. The controller was designed based on simple integral controllers. The objective of developed control algorithm was to improve the illuminance situation in the office through controlling the daylight and electrical lighting. To evaluate the performance of the system, the controller was applied on experimental office model in Lee et al.'s research study in 1998. The result of the developed control approach indicate a significantly improvement in lighting situation and 1-23% and 50-78% monthly electrical energy savings in the office model, compared to two static strategies when the blinds were left open and closed during the whole year respectively.

Green Infrastructure Benefits for Communities Managing Nitrate in their Drinking Water Sources

EPA Science Inventory

Nitrate in water moving through the “biologically active soil zone” of riparian zones, wetlands and streams may undergo denitrification. Therefore GI techniques such as conservation and restoration of riparian zones, wetlands and streams (daylighting) have the potential to remov...

Lighting for Schools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Benya, James R.

This publication highlights some of the benefits of proper daylighting design in educational facilities, discusses energy efficient electric lighting choices schools can make that are long lasting and require little maintenance, and offers six steps for designing lighting systems that use half the energy of earlier conventional designs. Several…

Nature's Design Rules.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reicher, Dan

2000-01-01

Discusses school design considerations for energy-efficient schools that provide learning environments that lead to improved student performance. Design myths are addressed as are use of daylighting and designing schools that can teach students and adults about the importance of conserving energy and money. Two online resources are included. (GR)

Color defective vision and day and night recognition of aviation color signal light flashes.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1971-07-01

A previous study reported on the efficiency with which various tests of color defective vision can predict performance during daylight conditions on a practical test of ability to discriminate aviation signal red, white, and green. In the current stu...

Power, Politics and Purchasing.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moore, Deborah P.

2000-01-01

Explores the overlapping of energy efficiency, budget-cutting, and facility needs in K-12 schools. Utilities expenditures in schools are discussed for electricity and natural gas as are energy-saving alternatives such as daylighting, solar energy, wind production of power, and geothermal energy. Sources for further information conclude the…

Nighttime enforcement of seat belt laws: an evaluation of three community programs : traffic tech.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-04-01

Enforcement of seat belt laws has been conducted largely : during daylight hours. Daytime enforcement programs : have worked well to improve observed belt use rates during : the day, but have been shown less often to affect nighttime : use. Fatality ...

75 FR 17166 - NASA Advisory Council; Aeronautics Committee; Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-05

... NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION [Notice (10-038)] NASA Advisory Council; Aeronautics... Aeronautics and Space Administration announces a meeting of the Aeronautics Committee of the NASA Advisory... a.m. to 1 p.m.; Eastern Daylight Time. ADDRESSES: NASA Langley Research Center, Building 1219, Room...

Rob Guglielmetti | NREL

Science.gov Websites

2009. Rob's areas of expertise are daylighting, physically based lighting simulation, the integration of lighting simulation with whole-building energy simulations, and high-dynamic range imaging. He has simulation, and high-dynamic range imaging. Rob is an advisory member of the Illuminating Engineering Society

76 FR 14379 - Marine Fisheries Advisory Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-16

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration RIN 0648-XA265 Marine... Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce. ACTION: Notice of open public meeting. SUMMARY: This notice sets...: The meeting is scheduled for March 30, 2011, 2-3:30 p.m., Eastern Daylight Time. ADDRESSES: Conference...

Distribution of intertidal eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) with bathymetry in three Pacific Northwest estuaries

EPA Science Inventory

Distributions of native intertidal eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) and non-vegetated substrates in three coastal estuaries of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) were determined using color infrared (CIR) aerial orthophotography during daylight low tides. Comparison of the digital classif...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

none,

This LEED Platinum home was built on the site of a 60-year-old bungalow that was demolished. It boasts views of Candlewood Lake, a great deal of daylight, and projected annual energy savings of almost $3,000. This home was awarded a 2013 Housing Innovation Award in the custom builder category.

Safety recommendation : right wing separation

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1999-05-28

On April 19, 1999, at about 12:46 p.m. eastern daylight time, a Beech T-34A, N140SW, operated by Sky Warriors, Inc., collided with the ground near Rydall, Georgia, following an inflight separation of the right wing. Both the air transport pilot and t...

Can the RUVIS reflected UV imaging system visualize fingerprint corrosion on brass cartridge casings postfiring?

PubMed

Leintz, Rachel; Bond, John W

2013-05-01

Comparisons are made between the visualization of fingerprint corrosion ridge detail on fired brass cartridge casings, where fingerprint sweat was deposited prefiring, using both ultraviolet (UV) and visible (natural daylight) light sources. A reflected ultraviolet imaging system (RUVIS), normally used for visualizing latent fingerprint sweat deposits, is compared with optical interference and digital color mapping of visible light, the latter using apparatus constructed to easily enable selection of the optimum viewing angle. Results show that reflected UV, with a monochromatic UV source of 254 nm, was unable to visualize fingerprint ridge detail on any of 12 casings analyzed, whereas optical interference and digital color mapping using natural daylight yielded ridge detail on three casings. Reasons for the lack of success with RUVIS are discussed in terms of the variation in thickness of the thin film of metal oxide corrosion and absorption wavelengths for the corrosion products of brass. © 2013 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.

Progress Towards Highly Efficient Windows for Zero—Energy Buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Selkowitz, Stephen

2008-09-01

Energy efficient windows could save 4 quads/year, with an additional 1 quad/year gain from daylighting in commercial buildings. This corresponds to 13% of energy used by US buildings and 5% of all energy used by the US. The technical potential is thus very large and the economic potential is slowly becoming a reality. This paper describes the progress in energy efficient windows that employ low-emissivity glazing, electrochromic switchable coatings and other novel materials. Dynamic systems are being developed that use sensors and controls to modulate daylighting and shading contributions in response to occupancy, comfort and energy needs. Improving the energy performance of windows involves physics in a variety of application: optics, heat transfer, materials science and applied engineering. Technical solutions must also be compatible with national policy, codes and standards, economics, business practice and investment, real and perceived risks, comfort, health, safety, productivity, amenities, and occupant preference and values. The challenge is to optimize energy performance by understanding and reinforcing the synergetic coupling between these many issues.

Seasonal Variation in Bright Daylight Exposure, Mood and Behavior among a Group of Office Workers in Sweden

PubMed Central

Laike, Thorbjörn; Morita, Takeshi

2018-01-01

The purpose of the study was to investigate seasonal variation in mood and behavior among a group of office workers in Sweden (56°N). Thirty subjects participated in this longitudinal study. The subjects kept a weekly log that included questionnaires for ratings of psychological wellbeing and daily sleep-activity diaries where they also noted time spent outdoors. The lighting conditions in the offices were subjectively evaluated during one day, five times over the year. There was a seasonal variation in positive affect and in sleep-activity behavior. Across the year, there was a large variation in the total time spent outdoors in daylight. The subjects reported seasonal variation concerning the pleasantness, variation and strength of the light in the offices and regarding the visibility in the rooms. Finally, the subjects spent most of their time indoors, relying on artificial lighting, which demonstrates the importance of the lighting quality in indoor environments.

Daylight-mediated photodynamic therapy in Spain: advantages and disadvantages.

PubMed

Pérez-Pérez, L; García-Gavín, J; Gilaberte, Y

2014-09-01

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an option for the treatment of actinic keratosis, Bowen disease, and certain types of basal cell carcinoma. It is also used to treat various other types of skin condition, including inflammatory and infectious disorders. The main disadvantages of PDT are the time it takes to administer (both for the patient and for health professionals) and the pain associated with treatment. Daylight-mediated PDT has recently been reported to be an alternative to the conventional approach. Several studies have shown it to be similar in efficacy to and better tolerated than classic PDT for the treatment of mild to moderate actinic keratosis. Nevertheless, most of these studies are from northern Europe, and no data have been reported from southern Europe. The present article reviews the main studies published to date, presents the treatment protocol, and summarizes our experience with a group of treated patients. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier España, S.L.U. y AEDV. All rights reserved.

Morning ambush attacks by black-footed ferrets on emerging prairie dogs

USGS Publications Warehouse

Eads, D.A.; Biggins, D.E.; Jachowski, D.S.; Livieri, T.M.; Millspaugh, J.J.; Forsberg, M.

2010-01-01

Black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) often hunt at night, attacking normally diurnal prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) in underground burrow systems. While monitoring black-footed ferrets in South Dakota during morning daylight hours, we observed an adult female ferret ambush a black-tailed prairie dog (C. ludovicianus) emerging from a burrow. On a neighboring colony, we observed a second adult female ferret engaging in similar ambush behaviors on 12 occasions, although prey was not visible. We retrospectively assessed radio-telemetry data on white-tailed prairie dogs (C. leucurus) and a male and a female ferret to evaluate ferret activity in relation to timing of prairie dog emergence. Activity of radio-collared ferrets was high during the hourly period when prairie dogs first emerged and the following 2 hr, relative to later daylight hours. Such behavior is consistent with behaviors observed in South Dakota. Nighttime movements by ferrets might involve hunting but also reconnaissance of prey preparatory to morning ambush attacks.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - From a burst of fire and smoke, the Delta II launch vehicle races into the sky carrying the second Mars Exploration Rover, Opportunity. The bright glare briefly illuminated Florida Space Coast beaches. Opportunity’s dash to Mars began with liftoff at 11:18:15 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla. The spacecraft separated successfully from the Delta's third stage 83 minutes later, after it had been boosted out of Earth orbit and onto a course toward Mars.

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-07-07

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - From a burst of fire and smoke, the Delta II launch vehicle races into the sky carrying the second Mars Exploration Rover, Opportunity. The bright glare briefly illuminated Florida Space Coast beaches. Opportunity’s dash to Mars began with liftoff at 11:18:15 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla. The spacecraft separated successfully from the Delta's third stage 83 minutes later, after it had been boosted out of Earth orbit and onto a course toward Mars.

Selection of the thermal imaging approach for the XM29 combat rifle fire control system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brindley, Eric; Lillie, Jack; Plocki, Peter; Volz, Robert T.

2003-09-01

The paper briefly describes the XM29 (formerly OICW) weapon, its fire control system and the requirements for thermal imaging. System level constraints on the in-hand weight dictate the need for a high degree of integration with other elements of the system such as the laser rangefinder, direct view optics and daylight video, all operating at different wavelengths. The available Focal Plane Array technology choices are outlined and the evaluation process is described, including characterization at the US Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) and recent field-testing at Quantico USMC base, Virginia. This paper addresses the trade study, technology assessment and test-bed effort. The relationship between field and lab testing performance is compared and path forward recommended.

Aqueous-phase source of formic acid in clouds

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chameides, W. L.; Davis, D. D.

1983-01-01

The coupled gas- and aqueous-phase cloud chemistry of HCOOH were examined for controlling factors in the acidity of cloud and rainwater. Attention was given to the aqueous OH/HO2 system that yields an OH species that is highly reactive with other species, notably SO2 and the formaldehyde/formic acid complex. A numerical model was developed to simulate the cloud chemistry in the remote troposphere, with considerations given to CH4-CO-NO(x)-O3-H(x)O(y) system. It was determined that aqueous phase OH radicals can produce and destroy formic acid droplets in daylight conditions, as well as control formic acid levels in rainwater. It is sugested that the same types of reactions may be involved in the control of acetic acid and other organic acids.

Do maize models capture the impacts of heat and drought stresses on yield? Using algorithm ensembles to identify successful approaches.

PubMed

Jin, Zhenong; Zhuang, Qianlai; Tan, Zeli; Dukes, Jeffrey S; Zheng, Bangyou; Melillo, Jerry M

2016-09-01

Stresses from heat and drought are expected to increasingly suppress crop yields, but the degree to which current models can represent these effects is uncertain. Here we evaluate the algorithms that determine impacts of heat and drought stress on maize in 16 major maize models by incorporating these algorithms into a standard model, the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM), and running an ensemble of simulations. Although both daily mean temperature and daylight temperature are common choice of forcing heat stress algorithms, current parameterizations in most models favor the use of daylight temperature even though the algorithm was designed for daily mean temperature. Different drought algorithms (i.e., a function of soil water content, of soil water supply to demand ratio, and of actual to potential transpiration ratio) simulated considerably different patterns of water shortage over the growing season, but nonetheless predicted similar decreases in annual yield. Using the selected combination of algorithms, our simulations show that maize yield reduction was more sensitive to drought stress than to heat stress for the US Midwest since the 1980s, and this pattern will continue under future scenarios; the influence of excessive heat will become increasingly prominent by the late 21st century. Our review of algorithms in 16 crop models suggests that the impacts of heat and drought stress on plant yield can be best described by crop models that: (i) incorporate event-based descriptions of heat and drought stress, (ii) consider the effects of nighttime warming, and (iii) coordinate the interactions among multiple stresses. Our study identifies the proficiency with which different model formulations capture the impacts of heat and drought stress on maize biomass and yield production. The framework presented here can be applied to other modeled processes and used to improve yield predictions of other crops with a wide variety of crop models. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Chosen risk level during car-following in adverse weather conditions.

PubMed

Hjelkrem, Odd André; Ryeng, Eirin Olaussen

2016-10-01

This study examines how precipitation, light conditions and surface conditions affect the drivers' risk perception. An indicator CRI (Chosen Risk Index) is defined, which describes the chosen risk level for drivers in a car-following situation. The dataset contains about 70 000 observations of driver behaviour and weather status on a rural road. Based on the theory of risk homeostasis and an assumption that driving behaviour in situations with daylight, dry road and no precipitation reflects drivers' target level of risk, generalised linear models (GLM) were estimated for cars and trucks separately to reveal the effect of adverse weather conditions on risk perception. The analyses show that both car and truck drivers perceive the highest risk when driving on snow covered roads. For car drivers, a snow covered road in combination with moderate rain or light snow are the factors which lowers the CRI the most. For trucks, snow cover and partially covered roads significantly lowers the CRI, while precipitation did not seem to impose any higher risk. Interaction effects were found for car drivers only. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dillard Drive Middle & Elementary School, Raleigh, North Carolina.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Design Cost Data, 2001

2001-01-01

Presents design features of the Dillard Drive Middle & Elementary School (North Carolina) that incorporates daylighting in the majority of the classrooms, the gymnasium, dining room, and media center. The design also uses advanced lighting controls, fiber optic networking, automatic environmental controls, and an energy management system that…

50 CFR 216.254 - Mitigation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... whenever darkness or weather conditions will preclude completion of the post-test survey effort described in § 216.255. (5) If post-detonation surveys determine that a serious injury or lethal take of a... adequate daylight for pre- and post-detonation monitoring, mission launches may not take place earlier than...

78 FR 70046 - Payment System Risk Policy; Daylight Overdraft Posting Rules

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-22

... INFORMATION CONTACT: Jeffrey D. Walker, Assistant Director (202-721-4559) or Michelle D. Olivier, Financial... Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (TDD) only, please call 202-263-4869. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background... debits and credits to institutions' Federal Reserve accounts for different payment types.\\1\\ The...

Japanese Aircraft Cameras

DTIC Science & Technology

1946-09-01

camera is supported on four rubber grummets to a metal base which is normally attached in tho aircraft by bolts. The pistol grip remote control...daylight loading (h) Supply • 24 volts 1.7 35 nun Cino Gun Pantra ( Tyre number unknown) ’ ." The oamora dsscribod below is a clockwork

Schweinfurt Raids and the Pause in Daylight Strategic Bombing

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-06-13

fundamentally flawed doctrine based upon faulty assumptions and the end result was the heavy loss of aircrew and aircraft. The Schweinfurt missions...maneuverable German fighters due to the Lightning’s turbochargers performing badly at higher altitudes in the high humidity and colder temperatures. The P-38

75 FR 41239 - Sunshine Act; Notice of Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-15

... LEGAL SERVICES CORPORATION Sunshine Act; Notice of Meeting TIME AND DATE: The Legal Services Corporation Board of Directors' Search Committee for LSC President (``Search Committee'' or ``Committee'') will meet on July 20, 2010. The meeting will begin at 4 p.m. (Central Daylight Savings Time) and...

Evaluating autofluorescence in live and dead tarnished plant bug (Lygus lineolaris)

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Insects exhibit a wide variety of colors, often beautiful, when viewed in daylight conditions. When examined with ultraviolet illumination and fluorescence microscope filters, an additional spectrum of color is visible. Furthermore, some of the fluorescence of insects is visible only in live insects...

30 CFR 254.44 - Calculating response equipment effective daily recovery capacities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OFFSHORE OIL-SPILL RESPONSE REQUIREMENTS FOR FACILITIES LOCATED SEAWARD OF THE... operations due to available daylight, sea state, temperature, viscosity, and emulsification of the oil being... specific oil recovery devices, you must submit evidence to substantiate that efficiency factor. Adequate...

30 CFR 254.44 - Calculating response equipment effective daily recovery capacities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OFFSHORE OIL-SPILL RESPONSE REQUIREMENTS FOR FACILITIES LOCATED SEAWARD OF THE... operations due to available daylight, sea state, temperature, viscosity, and emulsification of the oil being... specific oil recovery devices, you must submit evidence to substantiate that efficiency factor. Adequate...

Quantifying the radiant exposure and effective dose in patients treated for actinic keratoses with topical photodynamic therapy using daylight and LED white light

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Manley, M.; Collins, P.; Gray, L.; O'Gorman, S.; McCavana, J.

2018-02-01

Daylight photodynamic therapy (dl-PDT) is as effective as conventional PDT (c-PDT) for treating actinic keratoses but has the advantage of reducing patient discomfort significantly. Topical dl-PDT and white light-PDT (wl-PDT) differ from c-PDT by way of light sources and methodology. We measured the variables associated with light dose delivery to skin surface and influence of geometry using a radiometer, a spectral radiometer and an illuminance meter. The associated errors of the measurement methods were assessed. The spectral and spatial distribution of the radiant energy from the LED white light source was evaluated in order to define the maximum treatment area, setup and treatment protocol for wl-PDT. We compared the data with two red LED light sources we use for c-PDT. The calculated effective light dose is the product of the normalised absorption spectrum of the photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), the irradiance spectrum and the treatment time. The effective light dose from daylight ranged from 3  ±  0.4 to 44  ±  6 J cm-2due to varying weather conditions. The effective light dose for wl-PDT was reproducible for treatments but it varied across the treatment area between 4  ±  0.1 J cm-2 at the edge and 9  ±  0.1 J cm-2 centrally. The effective light dose for the red waveband (615-645 nm) was 0.42  ±  0.05 J cm-2 on a clear day, 0.05  ±  0.01 J cm-2 on an overcast day and 0.9  ±  0.01 J cm-2 using the white light. This compares with 0.95  ±  0.01 and 0.84  ±  0.01 J cm-2 for c-PDT devices. Estimated errors associated with indirect determination of daylight effective light dose were very significant, particularly for effective light doses less than 5 J cm-2 (up to 83% for irradiance calculations). The primary source of error is in establishment of the relationship between irradiance or illuminance and effective dose. Use of the O’Mahoney model is recommended using a calibrated logging illuminance meter with the detector in the plane of the treatment area.

Estimating population heat exposure and impacts on working people in conjunction with climate change

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kjellstrom, Tord; Freyberg, Chris; Lemke, Bruno; Otto, Matthias; Briggs, David

2018-03-01

Increased environmental heat levels as a result of climate change present a major challenge to the health, wellbeing and sustainability of human communities in already hot parts of this planet. This challenge has many facets from direct clinical health effects of daily heat exposure to indirect effects related to poor air quality, poor access to safe drinking water, poor access to nutritious and safe food and inadequate protection from disease vectors and environmental toxic chemicals. The increasing environmental heat is a threat to environmental sustainability. In addition, social conditions can be undermined by the negative effects of increased heat on daily work and life activities and on local cultural practices. The methodology we describe can be used to produce quantitative estimates of the impacts of climate change on work activities in countries and local communities. We show in maps the increasing heat exposures in the shade expressed as the occupational heat stress index Wet Bulb Globe Temperature. Some tropical and sub-tropical areas already experience serious heat stress, and the continuing heating will substantially reduce work capacity and labour productivity in widening parts of the world. Southern parts of Europe and the USA will also be affected. Even the lowest target for climate change (average global temperature change = 1.5 °C at representative concentration pathway (RCP2.6) will increase the loss of daylight work hour output due to heat in many tropical areas from less than 2% now up to more than 6% at the end of the century. A global temperature change of 2.7 °C (at RCP6.0) will double this annual heat impact on work in such areas. Calculations of this type of heat impact at country level show that in the USA, the loss of work capacity in moderate level work in the shade will increase from 0.17% now to more than 1.3% at the end of the century based on the 2.7 °C temperature change. The impact is naturally mainly occurring in the southern hotter areas. In China, the heat impact will increase from 0.3 to 2%, and in India, from 2 to 8%. Especially affected countries, such as Cambodia, may have losses going beyond 10%, while countries with most of the population at high cooler altitude, such as Ethiopia, may experience much lower losses.

Life-threatening motor vehicle crashes in bright sunlight.

PubMed

Redelmeier, Donald A; Raza, Sheharyar

2017-01-01

Bright sunlight may create visual illusions that lead to driver error, including fallible distance judgment from aerial perspective. We tested whether the risk of a life-threatening motor vehicle crash was increased when driving in bright sunlight.This longitudinal, case-only, paired-comparison analysis evaluated patients hospitalized because of a motor vehicle crash between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2014. The relative risk of a crash associated with bright sunlight was estimated by evaluating the prevailing weather at the time and place of the crash compared with the weather at the same hour and location on control days a week earlier and a week later.The majority of patients (n = 6962) were injured during daylight hours and bright sunlight was the most common weather condition at the time and place of the crash. The risk of a life-threatening crash was 16% higher during bright sunlight than normal weather (95% confidence interval: 9-24, P < 0.001). The increased risk was accentuated in the early afternoon, disappeared at night, extended to patients with different characteristics, involved crashes with diverse features, not apparent with cloudy weather, and contributed to about 5000 additional patient-days in hospital. The increased risk extended to patients with high crash severity as indicated by ambulance involvement, surgical procedures, length of hospital stay, intensive care unit admission, and patient mortality. The increased risk was not easily attributed to differences in alcohol consumption, driving distances, or anomalies of adverse weather.Bright sunlight is associated with an increased risk of a life-threatening motor vehicle crash. An awareness of this risk might inform driver education, trauma staffing, and safety warnings to prevent a life-threatening motor vehicle crash. Epidemiologic Study, level III.

Near Real Time website for IASI observations of atmospheric anomalies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hayer, Catherine; Grainger, Don; Marsh, Kevin; Carboni, Elisa; Ventress, Lucy; Smith, Andrew

2014-05-01

Rapid analysis of satellite observations of the state of the atmosphere and the contaminant levels within it can be used for pollution monitoring, forest fire detection and volcanic activity monitoring. There are numerous operational satellite instruments for which this is possible. The IASI instruments, currently flying on board the MetOp-A and MetOp-B satellite platforms, are used to produce Near Real Time (NRT) data using analysis algorithms developed by Oxford University. The data is then displayed on a website within 3 hours of measurement. This allows for the semi-continuous monitoring of the state of the atmosphere over most of the globe, both in daylight and at night. Global coverage is achieved 4 times per day, which is a significant advantage over most of the alternatives, either geostationary, giving limited spatial coverage, or UV instruments which are only able to observe during the daylight side of the orbit. The website includes flags for atmospheric contaminants detectable by IASI, including dust, biomass burning-derived species and volcanic ash and SO2. In the near future, the website will be developed to also include a quantitative estimate of the mass loading of SO2 contained within any volcanic cloud. Emissions of volcanic products, such as ash and SO2, are useful indicators of a change in the activity level of a volcano. Since many volcanoes are only monitored by remote sensing methods, such as satellite instruments, this can be the only such indicator available. These emissions are also dangerous to passing aircraft, causing damage to external surfaces of the plane and to the engines, sometimes leading to failure. Evacuation of regions surrounding volcanoes, and cessation or diversion of air traffic around actively erupting volcanoes is costly and highly disruptive but is sometimes required. Up to date information is of critical importance as to when to make these sensitive decisions. An archive of data will be available to allow for easy comparison with previous related events, such as large dust storms, forest fires or volcanic eruptions over the whole of the IASI lifetime. The website is being developed in conjunction with the Centre for Environmental Data Archival (CEDA).

76 FR 63660 - Sunshine Act Meetings; Notice

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-13

... Daylight Time. ** The meeting of the Institutional Advancement Committee will run concurrently with the...** 2:15 p.m. 3. Institutional Advancement Committee** 3:00 p.m. 4. Audit Committee** 3:30 p.m. Tuesday... benefits plan document, to consider and act on the report of the Institutional Advancement Committee...

49 CFR 1.21 - Reservations of Authority to the Secretary of Transportation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... and advanced (daylight) time (15 U.S.C. 260 et seq.). (2) Legislation, rulemakings, and reports. (i... President or Congress of any report or any proposed transportation policy or investment standards or... to career Civil Service positions. (v) Approval of employment of experts or consultants. (vi...

Bring It in

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kennedy, Mike

2006-01-01

In recent years, scores of educators and designers have been won over to the view that natural light--provided by the sun instead of bulbs or tubes--is desirable and beneficial for education facilities. Studies that show students performing better in classrooms that have the right kinds of daylighting bear out the intuitive beliefs of many…

Lighting in Schools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Department of Education and Science, London (England).

The application of good lighting principles to school design is discussed. Part 1 of the study is concerned with the general principles of light and vision as they affect lighting in schools. Parts 2 and 3 deal with the application of these principles to daylighting and artificial lighting. Part 4 discusses the circumstances in which the…

Energy-Efficient Schools: Three Case Studies from Oregon.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

2003

This document presents case studies of three schools or districts in Oregon that have implemented steps to promote energy efficiency. Steps taken by the schools include daylighting, energy audits, special energy loans, new ventilation design, and sustainable building practices. The facilities described are Ash Creek Intermediate School in…

A Proposed Astronomy Learning Progression for Remote Telescope Observation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Slater, Timothy F.; Burrows, Andrea C.; French, Debbie A.; Sanchez, Richard A.; Tatge, Coty B.

2014-01-01

Providing meaningful telescope observing experiences for students who are deeply urban or distantly rural place-bound--or even daylight time-bound--has consistently presented a formidable challenge for astronomy educators. For nearly 2 decades, the Internet has promised unfettered access for large numbers of students to conduct remote telescope…

50 CFR 217.114 - Mitigation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... of the post-test survey effort described in § 217.115. (vi) If post-detonation surveys determine that...-Surface Gunnery Missions at Eglin Gulf Test and Training Range (EGTTR) in the Gulf of Mexico § 217.114... m (1,000 ft) or greater. (v) To ensure adequate daylight for pre- and post-detonation monitoring...

Statistics for Geography Teachers: Topics in Geography, Number 2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Council for Geographic Education.

This publication is designed to provide geography teachers with useful statistical information. It presents tables, maps, graphs, diagrams, and explanations of statistical data in 24 areas. The areas in which statistics are given are conversions, measurement, astronomy, time, daylight, twilight, latitude and longitude as distance, the relationship…

Shade effects on growth, flowering, and fruit of apple

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Light is a critical resource needed by plants for growth and reproduction. A major portion of the apple (Malus xdomestica Borkh.) tree’s canopy is subjected to shade during most daylight hours each day and such shade may affect productivity. The current research determined effects of morning, afte...

International piracy and armed robbery at sea : hindering maritime trade and water transportation around the world

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-04-01

Pirates prey upon targets of opportunity. Given optimal conditions (e.g., calm weather, slow cruising speed, and daylight4) relatively small, fast vessels (e.g., containerships) may be no less at risk than large, slower vessels (e.g., crude carriers)...

78 FR 39326 - Notice Pursuant To the National Cooperative Research and Production Act of 1993-Opendaylight...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-01

... Limited, Kawasaki, JAPAN; Hewlett Packard Company, Palo Alto, CA; Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA; International Business Machines Inc., Endicott, NY; Inocybe Technologies Inc...Daylight's planned activity is to (a) Advance the creation, evolution, promotion, and support of an open...

76 FR 33721 - Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Specified Activities; Harbor Activities Related to the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-09

... an unmitigable adverse impact on the availability of the species or stock(s) for subsistence uses... daylight hours at high tide, approaching the wharf at less than 0.75 knot (less than one mph). At least one... of [[Page 33723

77 FR 22666 - Payment System Risk Policy; Daylight Overdraft Posting Rules

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-17

... of separately-sorted savings bonds and to eliminate a reference to the contractual clearing balance... clearing balance program are effective July 12, 2012. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Susan V. Foley... account balances according to a set of ``posting rules'' that determine the intraday timing of debits and...

78 FR 40434 - Meeting of the Manufacturing Council

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-05

... subcommittees. The subcommittees--Workforce and Public Perception of Manufacturing; Innovation, Research and.... Government and the manufacturing sector. DATES: July 23, 2013, 10:00 a.m.-12:30 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time... comments from members of the public attending the meeting. To accommodate as many speakers as possible, the...

Portable light detection system for the blind

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilber, R. L.; Carpenter, B. L.

1973-01-01

System can be used to detect "ready" light on automatic cooking device, to tell if lights are on for visitors, or to tell whether it is daylight or dark outside. Device is actuated like flashlight. Light impinging on photo cell activates transistor which energizes buzzer to indicate presence of light.

OBLIQUE DETAIL VIEW OF LOWER TRAM TERMINAL, LOOKING NORTHWEST. THE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

OBLIQUE DETAIL VIEW OF LOWER TRAM TERMINAL, LOOKING NORTHWEST. THE JAW CRUSHER FOUNDATION CAN BE CLEARLY SEEN AT CENTER LEFT WITH A CONVEYOR TO CARRY CRUSHED ORE UP TO THE SECONDARY ORE BIN,LEFT. - Keane Wonder Mine, Park Route 4 (Daylight Pass Cutoff), Death Valley Junction, Inyo County, CA

77 FR 53184 - 36(b)(1) Arms Sales Notification

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-31

..., multi-field of view EO/IR system. The system provides color daylight TV and night time IR video with a... along with ground moving target indicator (GMTI) modes. It will also have two onboard workstations that...-locate, collect, and display the relevant information to two operators for analysis and recording...

Between the Dark and the Daylight.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morneau, Robert F.

1998-01-01

Asserts that, unless we balance work and contemplation, we lose control of our lives and ourselves. Offers three ideas to return equilibrium to our lives for consideration: specificity, accountability, and expectations. Suggests specific activities, such as committing to a time-management program, as processes for reaching a harmony of action and…

Perception and eye movements in simulated traffic situations.

PubMed

Luoma, J

1984-01-01

In an experiment to simulate the perception task of a driver, subjects were shown uninterrupted series of colour slides of different kinds of highway scenes. The dependent variables were eye fixations, fixation times and conscious perceptions for the part of the traffic signs and roadside advertisements. Perceptions were achieved mostly as a result of fixation, but partly also by using peripheral vision. On the other hand fixation did not always cause perception. The lengthening of fixation time increased the number of correct perceptions. When the traffic sign and the roadside advertisement were in the same slide, the advertisement disturbed the perception of the sign, but in the daylight conditions this effect was not noticed as an alteration of the fixation of the sign, but as prevention of further information processing. The disturbing influence of the advertisement was increased by its bad information ergonomics which caused a long fixation time.

Modification of graphene oxide films by radiofrequency N2 plasma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Neustroev, E. P.; Burtseva, E. K.; Soloviev, B. D.; Prokopiev, A. R.; Popov, V. I.; Timofeev, V. B.

2018-04-01

The effect of treatment in nitrogen plasma on the properties of partially reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was studied. A comparison is made between two different sample locations in the reaction chamber. It is shown that in the case when rGO films were turned towards the inductor of the plasma system, the etching rate is much higher. Effective nitrogen functionalization of rGO was established in the second position, when the rGO films were turned in the opposite direction. In this case, the nitrogen content increases to 5 at% of the initial value. The change in the current-voltage characteristics is observed under illumination, which is independent of the wavelength. On and off daylight changes the resistance to 30% of the initial value. The magnitude of the photocurrent increases depending on the applied voltage. The effect is most noticeable for thin rGO films 10-15 nm in thickness.

Fatal accidents following changes in daylight savings time: the American experience.

PubMed

Varughese; Allen

2001-01-01

Objective: This study examines specific hypotheses that both sleep loss and behavioral changes occurring with the time shifts for Daylight Savings Time (DST) significantly effect the number of fatal traffic accidents in the United States of America.Background: It has been reported that there is a significant increase in the number of automobile accidents in the spring shift to DST due to the loss of 1 h of sleep. But the extra hour gained at night with the shift from DST in the fall has been variably reported to be associated with increases and decreases in the number of automobile accidents which may reflect either behavioral anticipation with an extended late night prior to the change or the benefit of extra sleep after the change.Methods: Data from 21 years of United States' fatal automobile accidents were gathered. The mean number of accidents on the days at the time of the shifts (Saturday, Sunday and Monday) was compared to the average of the corresponding mean number of accidents on the matching day of the weeks preceding and following the shift. This was repeated for each DST shift. The number of accidents for a particular shift was also correlated with the year of the accidents.Results: There was a significant increase in accidents for the Monday immediately following the spring shift to DST (t=1.92, P=0.034). There was also a significant increase in number of accidents on the Sunday of the fall shift from DST (P<0.002). No significant changes were observed for the other days. A significant negative correlation with the year was found between the number of accidents on the Saturdays and Sundays but not Mondays.Conclusions: The sleep deprivation on the Monday following shift to DST in the spring results in a small increase in fatal accidents. The behavioral adaptation anticipating the longer day on Sunday of the shift from DST in the fall leads to an increased number of accidents suggesting an increase in late night (early Sunday morning) driving when traffic related fatalities are high possibly related to alcohol consumption and driving while sleepy. Public health educators should probably consider issuing warnings both about the effects of sleep loss in the spring shift and possible behaviors such as staying out later, particularly when consuming alcohol in the fall shift. Sleep clinicians should be aware that health consequences from forced changes in the circadian patterns resulting from DST come not only from physiological adjustments but also from behavioral responses to forced circadian changes.

Effects of reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations on physiology and fluorescence of hermatypic corals and benthic algae

PubMed Central

Smith, Jennifer E.; Thompson, Melissa

2014-01-01

While shifts from coral to seaweed dominance have become increasingly common on coral reefs and factors triggering these shifts successively identified, the primary mechanisms involved in coral-algae interactions remain unclear. Amongst various potential mechanisms, algal exudates can mediate increases in microbial activity, leading to localized hypoxic conditions which may cause coral mortality in the direct vicinity. Most of the processes likely causing such algal exudate induced coral mortality have been quantified (e.g., labile organic matter release, increased microbial metabolism, decreased dissolved oxygen availability), yet little is known about how reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations affect competitive dynamics between seaweeds and corals. The goals of this study were to investigate the effects of different levels of oxygen including hypoxic conditions on a common hermatypic coral Acropora yongei and the common green alga Bryopsis pennata. Specifically, we examined how photosynthetic oxygen production, dark and daylight adapted quantum yield, intensity and anatomical distribution of the coral innate fluorescence, and visual estimates of health varied with differing background oxygen conditions. Our results showed that the algae were significantly more tolerant to extremely low oxygen concentrations (2–4 mg L−1) than corals. Furthermore corals could tolerate reduced oxygen concentrations, but only until a given threshold determined by a combination of exposure time and concentration. Exceeding this threshold led to rapid loss of coral tissue and mortality. This study concludes that hypoxia may indeed play a significant role, or in some cases may even be the main cause, for coral tissue loss during coral-algae interaction processes. PMID:24482757

Effects of reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations on physiology and fluorescence of hermatypic corals and benthic algae.

PubMed

Haas, Andreas F; Smith, Jennifer E; Thompson, Melissa; Deheyn, Dimitri D

2014-01-01

While shifts from coral to seaweed dominance have become increasingly common on coral reefs and factors triggering these shifts successively identified, the primary mechanisms involved in coral-algae interactions remain unclear. Amongst various potential mechanisms, algal exudates can mediate increases in microbial activity, leading to localized hypoxic conditions which may cause coral mortality in the direct vicinity. Most of the processes likely causing such algal exudate induced coral mortality have been quantified (e.g., labile organic matter release, increased microbial metabolism, decreased dissolved oxygen availability), yet little is known about how reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations affect competitive dynamics between seaweeds and corals. The goals of this study were to investigate the effects of different levels of oxygen including hypoxic conditions on a common hermatypic coral Acropora yongei and the common green alga Bryopsis pennata. Specifically, we examined how photosynthetic oxygen production, dark and daylight adapted quantum yield, intensity and anatomical distribution of the coral innate fluorescence, and visual estimates of health varied with differing background oxygen conditions. Our results showed that the algae were significantly more tolerant to extremely low oxygen concentrations (2-4 mg L(-1)) than corals. Furthermore corals could tolerate reduced oxygen concentrations, but only until a given threshold determined by a combination of exposure time and concentration. Exceeding this threshold led to rapid loss of coral tissue and mortality. This study concludes that hypoxia may indeed play a significant role, or in some cases may even be the main cause, for coral tissue loss during coral-algae interaction processes.

Solar Versus Fission Surface Power for Mars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rucker, Michelle A.; Oleson, Steve; George, Pat; Landis, Geoffrey A.; Fincannon, James; Bogner, Amee; Jones, Robert E.; Turnbull, Elizabeth; McNatt, Jeremiah; Martini, Michael C.;

Modeling the direct sun component in buildings using matrix algebraic approaches: Methods and validation

DOE PAGES

Lee, Eleanor S.; Geisler-Moroder, David; Ward, Gregory

2017-12-23

Simulation tools that enable annual energy performance analysis of optically-complex fenestration systems have been widely adopted by the building industry for use in building design, code development, and the development of rating and certification programs for commercially-available shading and daylighting products. The tools rely on a three-phase matrix operation to compute solar heat gains, using as input low-resolution bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF) data (10–15° angular resolution; BSDF data define the angle-dependent behavior of light-scattering materials and systems). Measurement standards and product libraries for BSDF data are undergoing development to support solar heat gain calculations. Simulation of other metrics suchmore » as discomfort glare, annual solar exposure, and potentially thermal discomfort, however, require algorithms and BSDF input data that more accurately model the spatial distribution of transmitted and reflected irradiance or illuminance from the sun (0.5° resolution). This study describes such algorithms and input data, then validates the tools (i.e., an interpolation tool for measured BSDF data and the five-phase method) through comparisons with ray-tracing simulations and field monitored data from a full-scale testbed. Simulations of daylight-redirecting films, a micro-louvered screen, and venetian blinds using variable resolution, tensor tree BSDF input data derived from interpolated scanning goniophotometer measurements were shown to agree with field monitored data to within 20% for greater than 75% of the measurement period for illuminance-based performance parameters. The three-phase method delivered significantly less accurate results. We discuss the ramifications of these findings on industry and provide recommendations to increase end user awareness of the current limitations of existing software tools and BSDF product libraries.« less

The effect of daylight versus darkness on driver sleepiness: a driving simulator study.

PubMed

Ahlström, Christer; Anund, Anna; Fors, Carina; Åkerstedt, Torbjörn

2018-06-01

Driver sleepiness studies are often carried out with alert drivers during daytime and sleep-deprived drivers during night-time. This design results in a mixture of different factors (e.g. circadian effects, homeostatic effects, light conditions) that may confound the results. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of light conditions on driver sleepiness. Thirty young male drivers (23.6 ± 1.7 years old) participated in a driving simulator experiment where they drove on a rural road. A 2 × 2 design was used with the conditions daylight versus darkness, and daytime (full sleep) versus night-time (sleep deprived). The results show that light condition had an independent effect on the sleepiness variables. The subjective sleepiness measured by Karolinska Sleepiness Scale was higher, lateral position more left-oriented, speed lower, electroencephalogram alpha and theta higher, and blink durations were longer during darkness. The number of line crossings did not change significantly with light condition. The day/night condition had profound effects on most sleepiness indicators while controlling for light condition. The number of line crossings was higher during night driving, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale was higher, blink durations were longer and speed was lower. There were no significant interactions, indicating that light conditions have an additive effect on sleepiness. In conclusion, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and blink durations increase primarily with sleep deprivation, but also as an effect of darkness. Line crossings are mainly driven by the need for sleep and the reduced alertness at the circadian nadir. Lane position is, however, more determined by light conditions than by sleepiness. © 2017 European Sleep Research Society.

Modeling the direct sun component in buildings using matrix algebraic approaches: Methods and validation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, Eleanor S.; Geisler-Moroder, David; Ward, Gregory

Simulation tools that enable annual energy performance analysis of optically-complex fenestration systems have been widely adopted by the building industry for use in building design, code development, and the development of rating and certification programs for commercially-available shading and daylighting products. The tools rely on a three-phase matrix operation to compute solar heat gains, using as input low-resolution bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF) data (10–15° angular resolution; BSDF data define the angle-dependent behavior of light-scattering materials and systems). Measurement standards and product libraries for BSDF data are undergoing development to support solar heat gain calculations. Simulation of other metrics suchmore » as discomfort glare, annual solar exposure, and potentially thermal discomfort, however, require algorithms and BSDF input data that more accurately model the spatial distribution of transmitted and reflected irradiance or illuminance from the sun (0.5° resolution). This study describes such algorithms and input data, then validates the tools (i.e., an interpolation tool for measured BSDF data and the five-phase method) through comparisons with ray-tracing simulations and field monitored data from a full-scale testbed. Simulations of daylight-redirecting films, a micro-louvered screen, and venetian blinds using variable resolution, tensor tree BSDF input data derived from interpolated scanning goniophotometer measurements were shown to agree with field monitored data to within 20% for greater than 75% of the measurement period for illuminance-based performance parameters. The three-phase method delivered significantly less accurate results. We discuss the ramifications of these findings on industry and provide recommendations to increase end user awareness of the current limitations of existing software tools and BSDF product libraries.« less

Development of a pyrolysis waste recovery model with designs, test plans, and applications for space-based habitats

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roberson, Bobby J.

1992-01-01

Extensive literature searches revealed the numerous advantages of using pyrolysis as a means of recovering usable resources from inedible plant biomass, paper, plastics, other polymers, and human waste. A possible design of a pyrolysis reactor with test plans and applications for use on a space-based habitat are proposed. The proposed system will accommodate the wastes generated by a four-person crew while requiring solar energy as the only power source. Waste materials will be collected and stored during the 15-day lunar darkness periods. Resource recovery will occur during the daylight periods. Usable gases such as methane and hydrogen and a solid char will be produced while reducing the mass and volume of the waste to almost infinitely small levels. The system will be operated economically, safely, and in a non-polluting manner.

Novel high-performance scattering materials for use in energy-saving light fittings and skylights based on polymer pigmented with polymer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, Geoffrey B.; Earp, Alan; Franklin, Jim B.; McCredie, Geoffrey

2001-11-01

Simple quantitative performance criteria are developed for translucent materials in terms of hemispherical visible transmittance, and angular spread of transmitted luminance using a half angle. Criteria are linked to applications in luminaires and skylights with emphasis on maximising visible throughput while minimising glare. These basic criteria are also extended to angle of incidence changes which are substantial. Example data is provided showing that acrylic pigmented with spherical polymer particles can have total hemispherical transmittance with weak thickness dependence, which is better than clear sheet, while the spread of transmitted light is quite thickness-sensitive and occurs over wider angles than inorganic pigments. This combination means significantly fewer lamps can achieve specified lux levels with low glare, and smaller skylights can provide higher, more uniform daylight illuminance.

Study of annoyance due to urban automobile traffic

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aubree, D.; Auzou, S.; Rapin, J. M.

1984-01-01

Continuous traffic noise measurements were carried out over 48 hour periods in front of a hundred buildings in different types of streets in Paris and its suburbs. Physical interpretation of the results provides a noise prediction formula for a traditional type of street. The noise at each point was characterized by a limited number of parameters by means of factor analysis, and their effect on the degree of disturbance by 700 individuals questioned near the measurement stations was studied. It was found that many additional factors affect disturbance besides noise, and that the dispersion of replies for any given noise situation is very wide. A disturbance index is proposed which takes into account the daylight level L(50), the position of rooms in the dwelling exposed to noise, and the individual degrees of satisfaction with the area.

A View on Future Building System Modeling and Simulation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wetter, Michael

This chapter presents what a future environment for building system modeling and simulation may look like. As buildings continue to require increased performance and better comfort, their energy and control systems are becoming more integrated and complex. We therefore focus in this chapter on the modeling, simulation and analysis of building energy and control systems. Such systems can be classified as heterogeneous systems because they involve multiple domains, such as thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer, electrical systems, control systems and communication systems. Also, they typically involve multiple temporal and spatial scales, and their evolution can be described bymore » coupled differential equations, discrete equations and events. Modeling and simulating such systems requires a higher level of abstraction and modularisation to manage the increased complexity compared to what is used in today's building simulation programs. Therefore, the trend towards more integrated building systems is likely to be a driving force for changing the status quo of today's building simulation programs. Thischapter discusses evolving modeling requirements and outlines a path toward a future environment for modeling and simulation of heterogeneous building systems.A range of topics that would require many additional pages of discussion has been omitted. Examples include computational fluid dynamics for air and particle flow in and around buildings, people movement, daylight simulation, uncertainty propagation and optimisation methods for building design and controls. For different discussions and perspectives on the future of building modeling and simulation, we refer to Sahlin (2000), Augenbroe (2001) and Malkawi and Augenbroe (2004).« less

Cellular phone use while driving at night.

PubMed

Vivoda, Jonathon M; Eby, David W; St Louis, Renée M; Kostyniuk, Lidia P

2008-03-01

Use of a cellular phone has been shown to negatively affect one's attention to the driving task, leading to an increase in crash risk. At any given daylight hour, about 6% of US drivers are actively talking on a hand-held cell phone. However, previous surveys have focused only on cell phone use during the day. Driving at night has been shown to be a riskier activity than driving during the day. The purpose of the current study was to assess the rate of hand-held cellular phone use while driving at night, using specialized night vision equipment. In 2006, two statewide direct observation survey waves of nighttime cellular phone use were conducted in Indiana utilizing specialized night vision equipment. Combined results of driver hand-held cellular phone use from both waves are presented in this manuscript. The rates of nighttime cell phone use were similar to results found in previous daytime studies. The overall rate of nighttime hand-held cellular phone use was 5.8 +/- 0.6%. Cellular phone use was highest for females and for younger drivers. In fact, the highest rate observed during the study (of 11.9%) was for 16-to 29-year-old females. The high level of cellular phone use found within the young age group, coupled with the increased crash risk associated with cellular phone use, nighttime driving, and for young drivers in general, suggests that this issue may become an important transportation-related concern.

46 CFR 160.021-4 - Approval and production tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... stray daylight, the first test plate is illuminated by light from the specimen placed at a distance of about 1.5 m (5 ft.). The second test plate is illuminated only by light from an incandescent lamp... viewed directly, the second through combinations of Lovibond red, yellow, and blue glasses selected so as...

46 CFR 160.021-4 - Approval and production tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... daylight, the first test plate is illuminated by light from the specimen placed at a distance of about 1.5 m (5 ft.). The second test plate is illuminated only by light from an incandescent lamp operated at... viewed directly, the second through combinations of Lovibond red, yellow, and blue glasses selected so as...

46 CFR 160.021-4 - Approval and production tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... stray daylight, the first test plate is illuminated by light from the specimen placed at a distance of about 1.5 m (5 ft.). The second test plate is illuminated only by light from an incandescent lamp... viewed directly, the second through combinations of Lovibond red, yellow, and blue glasses selected so as...