29 CFR 1915.136 - Internal combustion engines, other than ship's equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 7 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Internal combustion engines, other than ship's equipment... SHIPYARD EMPLOYMENT Tools and Related Equipment § 1915.136 Internal combustion engines, other than ship's...) When internal combustion engines furnished by the employer are used in a fixed position below decks...

29 CFR 1915.136 - Internal combustion engines, other than ship's equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 7 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Internal combustion engines, other than ship's equipment... SHIPYARD EMPLOYMENT Tools and Related Equipment § 1915.136 Internal combustion engines, other than ship's...) When internal combustion engines furnished by the employer are used in a fixed position below decks...

29 CFR 1915.136 - Internal combustion engines, other than ship's equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 7 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Internal combustion engines, other than ship's equipment... SHIPYARD EMPLOYMENT Tools and Related Equipment § 1915.136 Internal combustion engines, other than ship's...) When internal combustion engines furnished by the employer are used in a fixed position below decks...

29 CFR 1915.136 - Internal combustion engines, other than ship's equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 7 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Internal combustion engines, other than ship's equipment... SHIPYARD EMPLOYMENT Tools and Related Equipment § 1915.136 Internal combustion engines, other than ship's...) When internal combustion engines furnished by the employer are used in a fixed position below decks...

29 CFR 1915.136 - Internal combustion engines, other than ship's equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 7 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Internal combustion engines, other than ship's equipment... SHIPYARD EMPLOYMENT Tools and Related Equipment § 1915.136 Internal combustion engines, other than ship's...) When internal combustion engines furnished by the employer are used in a fixed position below decks...

Nalco Fuel Tech

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Michalak, S.

1995-12-31

The Nalco Fuel Tech with its seat at Naperville (near Chicago), Illinois, is an engineering company working in the field of technology and equipment for environmental protection. A major portion of NALCO products constitute chemical materials and additives used in environmental protection technologies (waste-water treatment plants, water treatment, fuel modifiers, etc.). Basing in part on the experience, laboratories and RD potential of the mother company, the Nalco Fuel Tech Company developed and implemented in the power industry a series of technologies aimed at the reduction of environment-polluting products of fuel combustion. The engineering solution of Nalco Fuel Tech belong tomore » a new generation of environmental protection techniques developed in the USA. They consist in actions focused on the sources of pollutants, i.e., in upgrading the combustion chambers of power engineering plants, e.g., boilers or communal and/or industrial waste combustion units. The Nalco Fuel Tech development and research group cooperates with leading US investigation and research institutes.« less

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-01-24

The Water Mist commercial research program is scheduled to fly an investigation on STS-107 in 2002 in the updated Combustion Module (CM-2), a sophisticated combustion chamber plus diagnostic equipment. The Center for the Commercial Applications of Combustion in Space (CCACS), a NASA Commercial Space Center located at the Colorado School of Mines, is investigating the properties of mist fire suppression in microgravity with Industry Partner Environmental Engineering Concepts. These experiments consist of varying water droplet sizes and water mist concentrations applied to flame fronts of different propane/air mixtures. Observations from these tests will provide valuable information on the change of flame speed in the presence of water mist. Shown here is a flame front propagating through the Mist flame tube during 1-g testing at NASA/Glenn Research Center.

Water Mist Experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

The Water Mist commercial research program is scheduled to fly an investigation on STS-107 in 2002 in the updated Combustion Module (CM-2), a sophisticated combustion chamber plus diagnostic equipment. The Center for the Commercial Applications of Combustion in Space (CCACS), a NASA Commercial Space Center located at the Colorado School of Mines, is investigating the properties of mist fire suppression in microgravity with Industry Partner Environmental Engineering Concepts. These experiments consist of varying water droplet sizes and water mist concentrations applied to flame fronts of different propane/air mixtures. Observations from these tests will provide valuable information on the change of flame speed in the presence of water mist. Shown here is a flame front propagating through the Mist flame tube during 1-g testing at NASA/Glenn Research Center.

Design and process integration of organic Rankine cycle utilizing biomass for power generation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ependi, S.; Nur, T. B.

2018-02-01

Indonesia has high potential biomass energy sources from palm oil mill industry activities. The growing interest on Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) application to produce electricity by utilizing biomass energy sources are increasingly due to its successfully used for generating electricity from rejected waste heat to the environment in industrial processes. In this study, the potential of the palm oil empty fruit bunch, and wood chip have been used as fuel for biomass to generate electricity based ORC with combustion processes. The heat from combustion burner was transfer by thermal oil heater to evaporate ORC working fluid in the evaporator unit. The Syltherm-XLT thermal oil was used as the heat carrier from combustion burner, while R245fa was used as the working fluid for ORC unit. Appropriate designs integration from biomass combustion unit to ORC unit have been analyzed and proposed to generate expander shaft-work. Moreover, the effect of recuperator on the total system efficiency has also been investigated. It was observed that the fuel consumption was increased when the ORC unit equipped recuperator operated until certain pressure and decreased when operated at high pressure.

40 CFR 60.4242 - What other requirements must I meet if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines or equipment containing stationary SI internal combustion engines or a manufacturer of equipment containing such engines? 60.4242... Ignition Internal Combustion Engines Compliance Requirements for Manufacturers § 60.4242 What other...

40 CFR 60.4242 - What other requirements must I meet if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines or equipment containing stationary SI internal combustion engines or a manufacturer of equipment containing such engines? 60.4242... Ignition Internal Combustion Engines Compliance Requirements for Manufacturers § 60.4242 What other...

40 CFR 60.4242 - What other requirements must I meet if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines or equipment containing stationary SI internal combustion engines or a manufacturer of equipment containing such engines? 60.4242... Ignition Internal Combustion Engines Compliance Requirements for Manufacturers § 60.4242 What other...

40 CFR 60.4242 - What other requirements must I meet if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines or equipment containing stationary SI internal combustion engines or a manufacturer of equipment containing such engines? 60.4242... Ignition Internal Combustion Engines Compliance Requirements for Manufacturers § 60.4242 What other...

40 CFR 60.4242 - What other requirements must I meet if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines or equipment containing stationary SI internal combustion engines or a manufacturer of equipment containing such engines? 60.4242... Ignition Internal Combustion Engines Compliance Requirements for Manufacturers § 60.4242 What other...

BMDO Technology and the Electric Utility Industry

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-01-01

use flue gas desulfurization systems, called scrubbers, to control the emissions of S02. In general, such systems allow combustion gases to pass...M) of flue gas desulfurization systems were about .0114 cents per kilowatt-hour. This small fraction of a penny translates to hundreds of millions...diluent gas , and opacity of units (the percentage of light that one can see through the flue gas ). According to requirements, CEM equipment must be

Pollution reduction technologies being applied to small coal-fired boiler systems in Poland

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Markussen, J.M.; Gyorke, D.F.

1997-12-31

To help in alleviating air pollution problems in Poland, various US environmental technologies are being installed in the city of Krakow to reduce emissions from short-stack coal- and coke-fired boilers. Introduction of low-cost, effective US pollution abatement and energy efficiency technologies is being completed through the US-Polish Krakow Clean Fossil Fuels and Energy Efficiency Program. Seven US firms are currently participating in the program; five projects are well under way and two are in the design phase. The technologies being applied in Krakow include modern district heating equipment and controls, coal preparation techniques, micronized coal combustion, automatic combustion controls, andmore » high-efficiency particulate control equipment. These technologies will be discussed along with pollutant reduction results obtained to date. Applications of these technologies are providing some efficient and economical answers to Krakow`s severe air pollution problems. Certainly, these technologies could be equally effective in many industrial cities throughout the world with similar air pollution concerns.« less

Pyrophoric sulfides influence over the minimum ignition temperature of dust cloud

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prodan, Maria; Lupu, Leonard Andrei; Ghicioi, Emilian; Nalboc, Irina; Szollosi-Mota, Andrei

2017-12-01

The dust cloud is the main form of existence of combustible dust in the production area and together with the existence of effective ignition sources are the main causes of dust explosions in production processes. The minimum ignition temperature has an important role in the process of selecting the explosion-protected electrical equipment when performing the explosion risk assessment of combustible dusts. The heated surfaces are able to ignite the dust clouds that can form in process industry. The oil products usually contain hydrogen sulfide and thus on the pipe walls iron sulfides can form, which can be very dangerous from health and safety point of view. In order to study the influence of the pyrophoric sulfide over the minimum ignition temperature of combustible dusts for this work were performed several experiments on a residue collected from the oil pipes contaminated with commercially iron sulfide.

Automated Boiler Combustion Controls for Emission Reduction and Efficiency Improvement

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None, None

1998-12-02

In the late 1980s, then President Bush visited Krakow, Poland. The terrible air quality theremotivated him to initiate a USAID-funded program, managed by DOE, entitled "Krakow Clean Fossil Fuels and Energy Efficiency Program." The primary objective of this program was to encourage the formation of commercial ventures between U.S. and Polish firms to provide equipment and/or services to reduce pollution from low-emission sources in Krakow, Poland. This program led to the award of a number of cooperative agreements, including one to Control Techtronics International. The technical objective of CTI's cooperative agreement is to apply combustion controls to existing boiler plantsmore » in Krakow and transfer knowledge and technology through a joint U.S. and Polish commercial venture. CTI installed automatic combustion controls on five coal boilers for the district heating system in Krakow. Three of these were for domestic hot-water boilers, and two were for steam for industrial boilers. The following results have occurred due to the addition of CTI's combustion controls on these five existing boilers: ! 25% energy savings ! 85% reduction in particulate emissions The joint venture company CTI-Polska was then established. Eleven additional technical and costing proposals were initiated to upgrade other coal boilers in Krakow. To date, no co-financing has been made available on the Polish side. CTI-Polska continues in operation, serving customers in Russia and Ukraine. Should the market in Poland materialize, the joint venture company is established there to provide equipment and service.« less

Experimental investigations of the minimum ignition energy and the minimum ignition temperature of inert and combustible dust cloud mixtures.

PubMed

Addai, Emmanuel Kwasi; Gabel, Dieter; Krause, Ulrich

2016-04-15

The risks associated with dust explosions still exist in industries that either process or handle combustible dust. This explosion risk could be prevented or mitigated by applying the principle of inherent safety (moderation). This is achieved by adding an inert material to a highly combustible material in order to decrease the ignition sensitivity of the combustible dust. The presented paper deals with the experimental investigation of the influence of adding an inert dust on the minimum ignition energy and the minimum ignition temperature of the combustible/inert dust mixtures. The experimental investigation was done in two laboratory scale equipment: the Hartmann apparatus and the Godbert-Greenwald furnace for the minimum ignition energy and the minimum ignition temperature test respectively. This was achieved by mixing various amounts of three inert materials (magnesium oxide, ammonium sulphate and sand) and six combustible dusts (brown coal, lycopodium, toner, niacin, corn starch and high density polyethylene). Generally, increasing the inert materials concentration increases the minimum ignition energy as well as the minimum ignition temperatures until a threshold is reached where no ignition was obtained. The permissible range for the inert mixture to minimize the ignition risk lies between 60 to 80%. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

LIEKKI -- Combustion and gasification research in Finland 1988--1998

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hupa, M.; Matinlinna, J.

1996-12-31

The objective of the Combustion and Gasification Research Program LIEKKI is to develop environmentally sound energy production techniques that are based on combustion and/or gasification. The research supports equipment manufacturers in Finland as they develop and improve their top export products, such as the fluidized bed boilers, black liquor recovery boilers, and heavy diesel power plants. The research is also heavily focused on new techniques not yet on the market, ones with higher efficiency of electricity production and, simultaneously, significantly simpler emission control systems. The most important concepts here include combustors or gasifiers based on fluidized bed technology at elevatedmore » pressures. At present the LIEKKI program includes 49 research projects and it connects some 150 scientists and research engineers in the universities and research centers of Finland. The overall annual budget of the program has been around 10 Mill. USD, co-funded by the industry and the government agency TEKES (Technology Development Centre) in Finland. The program is coordinated by Aabo Akademi University in Turku, Finland.« less

40 CFR 63.6120 - What performance tests and other procedures must I use?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... your stationary combustion turbine is not equipped with an oxidation catalyst, you must petition the... Administrator. (f) If your stationary combustion turbine is not equipped with an oxidation catalyst and you...

Exergy analysis on industrial boiler energy conservation and emission evaluation applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Henan

2017-06-01

Industrial boiler is one of the most energy-consuming equipments in china, the annual consumption of energy accounts for about one-third of the national energy consumption. Industrial boilers in service at present have several severe problems such as small capacity, low efficiency, high energy consumption and causing severe pollution on environment. In recent years, our country in the big scope, long time serious fog weather, with coal-fired industrial boilers is closely related to the regional characteristics of high strength and low emissions [1]. The energy-efficient and emission-reducing of industry boiler is of great significance to improve China’s energy usage efficiency and environmental protection. Difference in thermal equilibrium theory is widely used in boiler design, exergy analysis method is established on the basis of the first law and second law of thermodynamics, by studying the cycle of the effect of energy conversion and utilization, to analyze its influencing factors, to reveal the exergy loss of location, distribution and size, find out the weak links, and a method of mining system of the boiler energy saving potential. Exergy analysis method is used for layer combustion boiler efficiency and pollutant emission characteristics analysis and evaluation, and can more objectively and accurately the energy conserving potential of the mining system of the boiler, find out the weak link of energy consumption, and improve equipment performance to improve the industrial boiler environmental friendliness.

Furnace devices aerodynamics optimization for fuel combustion efficiency improvement and nitrogen oxide emission reduction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Volkov, E. P.; Prokhorov, V. B.; Arkhipov, A. M.; Chernov, S. L.; Kirichkov, V. S.; Kaverin, A. A.

2017-11-01

MPEI conducts researches on physical and mathematical models of furnace chambers for improvement of power-generation equipment fuel combustion efficiency and ecological safety. Results of these researches are general principles of furnace aerodynamics arrangement for straight-flow burners and various fuels. It has been shown, that staged combustion arrangement with early heating and igniting with torch distribution in all furnace volume allows to obtain low carbon in fly ash and nitrogen oxide emission and also to improve boiler operation reliability with expand load adjustment range. For solid fuel combustion efficiency improvement it is practical to use high-placed and strongly down-tilted straight-flow burners, which increases high-temperature zone residence time for fuel particles. In some cases, for this combustion scheme it is possible to avoid slag-tap removal (STR) combustion and to use Dry-bottom ash removal (DBAR) combustion with tolerable carbon in fly ash level. It is worth noting that boilers with STR have very high nitrogen oxide emission levels (1200-1800 mg/m3) and narrow load adjustment range, which is determined by liquid slag output stability, so most industrially-developed countries don’t use this technology. Final decision about overhaul of boiler unit is made with regard to physical and mathematical modeling results for furnace and zonal thermal calculations for furnace and boiler as a whole. Overhaul of boilers to provide staged combustion and straight-flow burners and nozzles allows ensuring regulatory nitrogen oxide emission levels and corresponding best available technology criteria, which is especially relevant due to changes in Russian environmental regulation.

Cogeneration Technology Alternatives Study (CTAS). Volume 3: Energy conversion system characteristics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1980-01-01

Six current and thirty-six advanced energy conversion systems were defined and combined with appropriate balance of plant equipment. Twenty-six industrial processes were selected from among the high energy consuming industries to serve as a frame work for the study. Each conversion system was analyzed as a cogenerator with each industrial plant. Fuel consumption, costs, and environmental intrusion were evaluated and compared to corresponding traditional values. The advanced energy conversion technologies indicated reduced fuel consumption, costs, and emissions. Fuel energy savings of 10 to 25 percent were predicted compared to traditional on site furnaces and utility electricity. With the variety of industrial requirements, each advanced technology had attractive applications. Fuel cells indicated the greatest fuel energy savings and emission reductions. Gas turbines and combined cycles indicated high overall annual savings. Steam turbines and gas turbines produced high estimated returns. In some applications, diesels were most efficient. The advanced technologies used coal derived fuels, or coal with advanced fluid bed combustion or on site gasifications. Data and information for both current and advanced energy conversion technology are presented. Schematic and physical descriptions, performance data, equipment cost estimates, and predicted emissions are included. Technical developments which are needed to achieve commercialization in the 1985-2000 period are identified.

40 CFR 60.4333 - What are my general requirements for complying with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... stationary combustion turbine, air pollution control equipment, and monitoring equipment in a manner consistent with good air pollution control practices for minimizing emissions at all times including during... of Performance for Stationary Combustion Turbines General Compliance Requirements § 60.4333 What are...

40 CFR 60.4333 - What are my general requirements for complying with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... stationary combustion turbine, air pollution control equipment, and monitoring equipment in a manner consistent with good air pollution control practices for minimizing emissions at all times including during... of Performance for Stationary Combustion Turbines General Compliance Requirements § 60.4333 What are...

40 CFR 60.4333 - What are my general requirements for complying with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... stationary combustion turbine, air pollution control equipment, and monitoring equipment in a manner consistent with good air pollution control practices for minimizing emissions at all times including during... of Performance for Stationary Combustion Turbines General Compliance Requirements § 60.4333 What are...

A Review of LOX/Kerosene Combustion Instability in American and Russian Combustion Devices in Application to Next-Generation Launch Technology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rocker, Marvin; Nesman, Tomas E.; Hulka, James R.; Dougherty, N. Sam

2003-01-01

The Next-Generation Launch Technology (NGLT) project was introduced with its objectives. To meet the objectives, NASA has directed aerospace industry to perform advances and risk reduction of relevant technologies, including propulsion. Originally, the propulsion industry focused on producing both LOWLH2 and LOWkerosene flight engine technology demonstrators. These flight engine technology demonstrators were briefly reviewed. NASA recently redirected this focus to Lowkerosene only. Discussion of LOWkerosene combustion devices was and is prefaced by grave concerns about combustion instability. These concerns have prompted a review of LOWkerosene combustion instability in American and Russian combustion devices. In the review of the Russian propulsion industry's experience in eliminating LOWkerosene combustion instabilities, the history of principal Russian rocket scientists and their role in the development of LOXkerosene combustion devices is presented. The innovative methods implemented by the Russians of eliminations combustion instabilities in LOXkerosene combustion devices were reviewed. The successful elimination of these combustion instabilities has resulted in two generations of Russian-produced, high-performance LOWkerosene combustion devices.

Comparison of catalytic converter performance in internal combustion engine fueled with Ron 95 and Ron 97 gasoline

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leman, A. M.; Rahman, Fakhrurrazi; Jajuli, Afiqah; Feriyanto, Dafit; Zakaria, Supaat

2017-09-01

Generating ideal stability between engine performance, fuel consumption and emission is one of the main challenges in the automotive industry. The characteristics of engine combustion and creation of emission might simply change with different types of operating parameters. This study aims in investigating the relationship between two types of fuels on the performance and exhaust emission of internal combustion engine using ceramic and metallic catalytic converters. Experimental tests were performed on Mitsubishi 4G93 engine by applying several ranges of engine speeds to determine the conversion of pollutant gases released by the engine. The obtained results specify that the usage of RON 97 equipped with metallic converters might increase the conversion percentage of 1.31% for CO and 126 ppm of HC gases. The metallic converters can perform higher conversion compared to ceramic because in the high space velocities, metallic has higher surface geometry area and higher amount of transverse Peclet number (Pi). Ceramic converters achieved conversion at 2496 ppm of NOx gas, which is higher than the metallic converter.

Catalytic converters for exhaust emission control of commercial equipment powered by internal combustion engines.

PubMed Central

Cohn, J G

1975-01-01

The development of PTX, monolithic catalytic exhaust purifiers, is outlined, and their first use for exhaust emissions control of commercial equipment is described. The main use of PTX converters is on forklift trucks. The purification achievable with PTX-equipped fork-lift trucks under various operational conditions is discussed, and examples from the field are given. During more than ten years of operation, no adverse health effects have been reported, and PTX-equipped internal combustion engines appear safe for use in confined areas. PMID:50933

EMISSIONS OF TRACE PRODUCTS OF INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION FROM A PILOT-SCALE INCINERATOR SECONDARY COMBUSTION CHAMBER

EPA Science Inventory

Experiments were performed on a 73 kW rotary kiln incinerator simulator equipped with a 73 kW secondary combustion chamber (SCC) to examine emissions of products of incomplete combustion (PICs) resulting from incineration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and dichlorometh...

76 FR 63571 - Airworthiness Directives; Eclipse Aerospace, Inc. Airplanes Equipped With Pratt & Whitney Canada...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-13

... design change for the combustion chamber liner assembly. This proposed AD would retain the requirements... design change to the combustion chamber liner assembly. The current design of the combustion chamber liner assembly is a one- piece configuration. The new design change involves replacing the combustion...

40 CFR 60.4219 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... given them in the CAA and in subpart A of this part. Combustion turbine means all equipment, including but not limited to the turbine, the fuel, air, lubrication and exhaust gas systems, control systems... simple cycle combustion turbine, any regenerative/recuperative cycle combustion turbine, the combustion...

Wood energy-commercial applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kennel, R. P.

1978-01-01

Wood energy is being widely investigated in many areas of the country because of the many obvious benefits of wood fuel such as the low price per million Btus relative to coal, oil, and gas; the wide availability of noncommercial wood and the proven ability to harvest it; established technology which is reliable and free of pollution; renewable resources; better conservation for harvested land; and the potential for jobs creation. The Southeastern United States has a specific leadership role in wood energy based on its established forest products industry experience and the potential application of wood energy to other industries and institutions. Significant questions about the widespread usage of wood energy are being answered in demonstrations around the country as well as the Southeast in areas of wood storage and bulk handling; high capitalization costs for harvesting and combustion equipment; long term supply and demand contracts; and the economic feasibility of wood energy outside the forest products industry.

GHGRP Miscellaneous Combustion Sector Industrial Profile

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA's Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program periodically produces detailed profiles of the various industries that report under the program. The profiles available for download below contain detailed analyses for the Miscellaneous Combustion industry.

IR gas cloud imaging in oil and gas applications: immunity to false stimuli

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Naranjo, Edward; Baliga, Shakar; Park, John; Bernascolle, Philippe

2011-05-01

Fixed gas detection equipment for the petroleum industries is no ordinary equipment. It is designed for continued unattended surveillance in harsh environments. The equipment must be reliable and require limited field maintenance. An additional requirement is a high resistance to false alarms and interferences, which can potentially reduce the detector's efficacy and the level of protection provided. In recent years, several manufactures of IR imaging devices have launched commercial models that are applicable to a wide range of chemical species and suitable for industrial use. These cameras are rugged and sufficiently sensitive to detect low concentrations of combustible and toxic gases. Nonetheless, as users become acquainted with these imaging systems, questions of resilience to solar and flame radiation and other IR sources, interferences by fog or steam, have begun to emerge. These questions, in fact, reflect similar concerns as those raised with open path IR gas detectors when they first appeared in the market over 20 years ago. This paper examines an IR gas imager's performance when exposed to several false alarm sources. Gas detection sensitivity in the presence of false stimuli and response and recovery times under an uncontrolled outdoor environment were measured. The results show the specific model tested is reasonably immune to false alarms, while response times were unaffected by the presence of these sources.

[Effect of combustion devices on the quality of indoor air].

PubMed

Ulbrich, G

1982-01-01

Combustion devices and the equipment conducting their effluent gases such as ducts and chimneys are factors which might have an unreasonable or even dangerous impact on the quality of air inside buildings. There is a danger of flue gases entering the indoor environment during the heating process (a) if the air-circulation associated with the operation of a combustion device is disturbed or even interrupted, (b) if the air stream - as far as flue gases are involved - flows under elevated pressure, and (c) if the combustion device and the flue gas conducting equipment are not leak-proof. These three cases and their influence on indoor air quality are extensively discussed. In the German Combustion Device Code from 1980 care is taken to minimize the pollutant concentrations in rooms with combustion devices by setting special requirements for the room in which the device is located, and by prescribing the standardization of the technical characteristics of chimneys and combustion devices.

46 CFR 32.56-50 - Combustible veneers-T/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Combustible veneers-T/ALL. 32.56-50 Section 32.56-50 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS SPECIAL EQUIPMENT, MACHINERY, AND HULL....56-50 Combustible veneers—T/ALL. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section combustible...

46 CFR 32.56-50 - Combustible veneers-T/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Combustible veneers-T/ALL. 32.56-50 Section 32.56-50 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS SPECIAL EQUIPMENT, MACHINERY, AND HULL....56-50 Combustible veneers—T/ALL. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section combustible...

40 CFR 60.4310 - What types of operations are exempt from these standards of performance?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Standards of Performance for Stationary Combustion Turbines Applicability § 60.4310 What types of operations are exempt from these standards of performance? (a) Emergency combustion turbines, as defined in § 60... combustion turbines engaged by manufacturers in research and development of equipment for both combustion...

40 CFR 60.4310 - What types of operations are exempt from these standards of performance?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Standards of Performance for Stationary Combustion Turbines Applicability § 60.4310 What types of operations are exempt from these standards of performance? (a) Emergency combustion turbines, as defined in § 60... combustion turbines engaged by manufacturers in research and development of equipment for both combustion...

40 CFR 60.4310 - What types of operations are exempt from these standards of performance?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Standards of Performance for Stationary Combustion Turbines Applicability § 60.4310 What types of operations are exempt from these standards of performance? (a) Emergency combustion turbines, as defined in § 60... combustion turbines engaged by manufacturers in research and development of equipment for both combustion...

Electrical and electronic plastics waste co-combustion with municipal solid waste for energy recovery

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vehlow, J.; Mark, F.E.

1997-12-01

The recovery or disposal of end-of-life electrical and electronic (E+E) equipment is receiving considerable attention from industry organisations such as APME in order to supply factual information which can be used in the development of a clear industry strategy. It is hoped that such information will persuade EU member states to define the best management practices for this waste stream. One of the difficulties regarding the recovery or disposal of E+E waste is a lack of data regarding its behaviour when incinerated. This lack of data has led to unfounded conclusions by sonic parties that plastic wastes contain harmful halogenatedmore » species which are difficult to treat and remove, and when incinerated contribute to the emission of halogenated species and are responsible for the major portion of emissions. APME has a comprehensive testing program investigating the impact of plastics on municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration. APME`s previous work has demonstrated the positive, beneficial effects of mixed waste plastics in the MSW energy recovery process as well as studying halogen behaviour during the combustion of packaging plastics waste and construction foam from the building industry. The current study was designed to evaluate the incineration of MSW containing typical levels of electrical and electronic (E+E) plastic waste, as well as MSW containing E+E waste in amounts up to 12%.« less

Prechamber equipped laser ignition for improved performance in natural gas engines

DOE PAGES

Almansour, Bader; Vasu, Subith; Gupta, Sreenath B.; ...

2017-04-25

Lean-burn operation of stationary natural gas engines offers lower NO x emissions and improved efficiency. A proven pathway to extend lean-burn operation has been to use laser ignition instead of standard spark ignition. However, under lean conditions, flame speed reduces thereby offsetting any efficiency gains resulting from the higher ratio of specific heats, γ. The reduced flame speeds, in turn, can be compensated with the use of a prechamber to result in volumetric ignition, and thereby lead to faster combustion. In this study, the optimal geometry of PCLI was identified through several tests in a single-cylinder engine as a compromisemore » between autoignition, NO x and soot formation within the prechamber. Subsequently, tests were conducted in a single-cylinder natural gas engine comparing the performance of three ignition systems: standard electrical spark ignition (SI), single-point laser ignition (LI), and prechamber equipped laser ignition (PCLI). Out of the three, the performance of PCLI was far superior compared to the other two. Efficiency gain of 2.1% points could be achieved while complying with EPA regulation (BSNO x < 1.34 kW-hr) and the industry standard for ignition stability (COV_IMEP < 5%). Finally, test results and data analysis are presented identifying the combustion mechanisms leading to the improved performance.« less

Development of Methods and Equipment for Sheet Stamping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Botashev, A. Yu; Bisilov, N. U.; Malsugenov, R. S.

2018-03-01

New methods of sheet stamping were developed: the gas forming with double-sided heating of a blank part and the gas molding with backpressure. In case of the first method the blank part is heated to the set temperature by means of a double-sided impact of combustion products of gas mixtures, after which, under the influence of gas pressure a stamping process is performed. In case of gas molding with backpressure, the blank part is heated to the set temperature by one-sided impact of the combustion products, while backpressure is created on the opposite side of the blank part by compressed air. In both methods the deformation takes place in the temperature range of warm or hot treatment due to the heating of a blank part. This allows one to form parts of complicated shape within one technological operation, which significantly reduces the cost of production. To implement these methods, original devices were designed and produced, which are new types of forging and stamping equipment. Using these devices, an experimental research on the stamping process was carried out and high-quality parts were obtained, which makes it possible to recommend the developed methods of stamping in the industrial production. Their application in small-scale production will allow one to reduce the cost price of stamped parts 2 or 3 times.

40 CFR 60.4231 - What emission standards must I meet if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines or equipment containing such... Stationary Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines Emission Standards for Manufacturers § 60.4231 What emission standards must I meet if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines or...

40 CFR 60.4238 - What are my compliance requirements if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines â¤19 KW (25 HP) or a manufacturer... Standards of Performance for Stationary Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines Compliance Requirements... SI internal combustion engines ≤19 KW (25 HP) or a manufacturer of equipment containing such engines...

40 CFR 60.4231 - What emission standards must I meet if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines or equipment containing such... Stationary Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines Emission Standards for Manufacturers § 60.4231 What emission standards must I meet if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines or...

40 CFR 60.4231 - What emission standards must I meet if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines or equipment containing such... Stationary Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines Emission Standards for Manufacturers § 60.4231 What emission standards must I meet if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines or...

40 CFR 60.4238 - What are my compliance requirements if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines â¤19 KW (25 HP) or a manufacturer... Standards of Performance for Stationary Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines Compliance Requirements... SI internal combustion engines ≤19 KW (25 HP) or a manufacturer of equipment containing such engines...

40 CFR 60.4231 - What emission standards must I meet if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines or equipment containing such... Stationary Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines Emission Standards for Manufacturers § 60.4231 What emission standards must I meet if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines or...

40 CFR 60.4238 - What are my compliance requirements if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines â¤19 KW (25 HP) or a manufacturer... Standards of Performance for Stationary Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines Compliance Requirements... SI internal combustion engines ≤19 KW (25 HP) or a manufacturer of equipment containing such engines...

40 CFR 60.4231 - What emission standards must I meet if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines or equipment containing such... Stationary Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines Emission Standards for Manufacturers § 60.4231 What emission standards must I meet if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines or...

40 CFR 60.4238 - What are my compliance requirements if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines â¤19 KW (25 HP) or a manufacturer... Standards of Performance for Stationary Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines Compliance Requirements... SI internal combustion engines ≤19 KW (25 HP) or a manufacturer of equipment containing such engines...

40 CFR 60.4238 - What are my compliance requirements if I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... I am a manufacturer of stationary SI internal combustion engines â¤19 KW (25 HP) or a manufacturer... Standards of Performance for Stationary Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines Compliance Requirements... SI internal combustion engines ≤19 KW (25 HP) or a manufacturer of equipment containing such engines...

Cogeneration Technology Alternatives Study (CTAS) Volume 5: Analytical approach and results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1980-01-01

Data and information in the area of advanced energy conversion systems for industrial cogeneration applications in the 1985 to 2000 time period are provided. Six current and thirty-six advanced energy conversion systems were defined and combined with appropriate balance of plant equipment. Twenty-six industrial processes were selected from among the high energy consuming industries to serve as a framework for the study. Each conversion system was analyzed as a cogenerator with each industrial plant. Fuel consumption, costs, and environmental intrusion were evaluated and compared to corresponding traditional values. Various cogeneration strategies were analyzed and both topping and bottoming (using industrial by-product heat) applications were included. The advanced energy conversion technologies indicated reduced fuel consumption, costs, and emissions. Typically fuel energy savings of 10 to 25 percent were predicted compared to traditional on site furnaces and utility electricity. Gas turbines and combined cycles indicated high overall annual cost savings. Steam turbines and gas turbines produced high estimated returns. In some applications, diesels were most efficient. The advanced technologies used coal derived fuels, or coal with advanced fluid bed combustion or on site gasification systems.

Plasma Torch for Plasma Ignition and Combustion of Coal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ustimenko, Alexandr; Messerle, Vladimir

2015-09-01

Plasma-fuel systems (PFS) have been developed to improve coal combustion efficiency. PFS is a pulverized coal burner equipped with arc plasma torch producing high temperature air stream of 4000 - 6000 K. Plasma activation of coal at the PFS increases the coal reactivity and provides more effective ignition and ecologically friendly incineration of low-rank coal. The main and crucial element of PFS is plasma torch. Simplicity and reliability of the industrial arc plasma torches using cylindrical copper cathode and air as plasma forming gas predestined their application at heat and power engineering for plasma aided coal combustion. Life time of these plasma torches electrodes is critical and usually limited to 200 hours. Considered in this report direct current arc plasma torch has the cathode life significantly exceeded 1000 hours. To ensure the electrodes long life the process of hydrocarbon gas dissociation in the electric arc discharge is used. In accordance to this method atoms and ions of carbon from near-electrode plasma deposit on the active surface of the electrodes and form electrode carbon condensate which operates as ``actual'' electrode. Complex physicochemical investigation showed that deposit consists of nanocarbon material.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-10-04

The Water Mist commercial research program is scheduled to fly an investigation on STS-107 in 2002. This investigation will be flown as an Experimental Mounting Structure (EMS) insert into the updated Combustion Module (CM-2), a sophisticated combustion chamber plus diagnostic equipment. (The investigation hardware is shown here mounted in a non-flight frame similar to the EMS.) Water Mist is a commercial research program by the Center for Commercial Applications of Combustion in Space (CCACS), a NASA Commercial Space Center located at the Colorado School of Mines, in Golden, CO and Industry Partner Environmental Engineering Concepts. The program is focused on developing water mist as a replacement for bromine-based chemical fire suppression agents (halons). By conducting the experiments in microgravity, interference from convection currents is minimized and fundamental knowledge can be gained. This knowledge is incorporated into models, which can be used to simulate a variety of physical environments. The immediate objective of the project is to study the effect of a fine water mist on a laminar propagating flame generated in a propane-air mixture at various equivalence ratios. The effects of droplet size and concentration on the speed of the flame front is used as a measure of the effectiveness of fire suppression in this highly controlled experimental environment.

46 CFR 32.50-35 - Remote manual shutdown for internal combustion engine driven cargo pump on tank vessels-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Remote manual shutdown for internal combustion engine... for Cargo Handling § 32.50-35 Remote manual shutdown for internal combustion engine driven cargo pump on tank vessels—TB/ALL. (a) Any tank vessel which is equipped with an internal combustion engine...

46 CFR 32.50-35 - Remote manual shutdown for internal combustion engine driven cargo pump on tank vessels-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Remote manual shutdown for internal combustion engine... for Cargo Handling § 32.50-35 Remote manual shutdown for internal combustion engine driven cargo pump on tank vessels—TB/ALL. (a) Any tank vessel which is equipped with an internal combustion engine...

46 CFR 32.50-35 - Remote manual shutdown for internal combustion engine driven cargo pump on tank vessels-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Remote manual shutdown for internal combustion engine... for Cargo Handling § 32.50-35 Remote manual shutdown for internal combustion engine driven cargo pump on tank vessels—TB/ALL. (a) Any tank vessel which is equipped with an internal combustion engine...

46 CFR 32.50-35 - Remote manual shutdown for internal combustion engine driven cargo pump on tank vessels-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Remote manual shutdown for internal combustion engine... for Cargo Handling § 32.50-35 Remote manual shutdown for internal combustion engine driven cargo pump on tank vessels—TB/ALL. (a) Any tank vessel which is equipped with an internal combustion engine...

46 CFR 32.50-35 - Remote manual shutdown for internal combustion engine driven cargo pump on tank vessels-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Remote manual shutdown for internal combustion engine... for Cargo Handling § 32.50-35 Remote manual shutdown for internal combustion engine driven cargo pump on tank vessels—TB/ALL. (a) Any tank vessel which is equipped with an internal combustion engine...

International Experience in Developing Low-Emission Combustors for Land-Based, Large Gas-Turbine Units: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries' Equipment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bulysova, L. A.; Vasil'ev, V. D.; Berne, A. L.; Gutnik, M. N.; Ageev, A. V.

2018-05-01

This is the second paper in a series of publications summarizing the international experience in the development of low-emission combustors (LEC) for land-based, large (above 250 MW) gas-turbine units (GTU). The purpose of this series is to generalize and analyze the approaches used by various manufacturers in designing flowpaths for fuel and air in LECs, managing fuel combustion, and controlling the fuel flow. The efficiency of advanced GTUs can be as high as 43% (with an output of 350-500 MW) while the efficiency of 600-800 MW combined-cycle units with these GTUs can attain 63.5%. These high efficiencies require a compression ratio of 20-24 and a temperature as high as 1600°C at the combustor outlet. Accordingly, the temperature in the combustion zone also rises. All the requirements for the control of harmful emissions from these GTUs are met. All the manufacturers and designers of LECs for modern GTUs encounter similar problems, such as emissions control, combustion instability, and reliable cooling of hot path parts. Methods of their elimination are different and interesting from the standpoint of science and practice. One more essential requirement is that the efficiency and environmental performance indices must be maintained irrespective of the fuel composition or heating value and also in operation at part loads below 40% of rated. This paper deals with Mitsubishi Series M701 GTUs, F, G, or J class, which have gained a good reputation in the power equipment market. A design of a burner for LECs and a control method providing stable low-emission fuel combustion are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of air bypass valves installed in each liner to maintain a nearly constant air to fuel ratio within a wide range of GTU loads are described. Methods for controlling low- and high-frequency combustion instabilities are outlined. Upgrading of the cooling system for the wall of a liner and a transition piece is of great interest. Change over from effusion (or film) cooling to convective steam cooling and convective air cooling has considerably increased the GTU efficiency.

40 CFR 63.6085 - Am I subject to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Stationary Combustion Turbines What This... operate a stationary combustion turbine located at a major source of HAP emissions. (a) Stationary combustion turbine means all equipment, including but not limited to the turbine, the fuel, air, lubrication...

40 CFR 63.6120 - What performance tests and other procedures must I use?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... parameters associated with operation of the stationary combustion turbine and any emission control device... CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Stationary Combustion Turbines... your stationary combustion turbine is not equipped with an oxidation catalyst, you must petition the...

40 CFR 63.6085 - Am I subject to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Stationary Combustion Turbines What This... operate a stationary combustion turbine located at a major source of HAP emissions. (a) Stationary combustion turbine means all equipment, including but not limited to the turbine, the fuel, air, lubrication...

40 CFR 63.6085 - Am I subject to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Stationary Combustion Turbines What This... operate a stationary combustion turbine located at a major source of HAP emissions. (a) Stationary combustion turbine means all equipment, including but not limited to the turbine, the fuel, air, lubrication...

FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM RESIDUAL FUEL OIL COMBUSTION: CHARACTERIZATION AND MECHANISMS OF FORMATION

EPA Science Inventory

The paper gives results of a comparison of the characteristics of particulate matter (PM) emitted from residual fuel oil combustion in two types of combustion equipment. A small commercial 732-kW fire-tube boiler yielded a weakly bi-modal particulate size distribution (PSD) with...

FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM RESIDUAL FUEL OIL COMBUSTION: CHARACTERIZATION AND MECHANISMS OF FORMATION

EPA Science Inventory

The paper gives results of a comparison of the characteristics of particulate matter (PM) emitted from residual fuel oil combustion in two types of combustion equipment. A small commercial 732-kW-rated fire-tube boiler yielded a weakly bimodal PM size distribution (PSD) with over...

30 CFR 57.4262 - Underground transformer stations, combustible liquid storage and dispensing areas, pump rooms...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Underground transformer stations, combustible... and Control Firefighting Equipment § 57.4262 Underground transformer stations, combustible liquid storage and dispensing areas, pump rooms, compressor rooms, and hoist rooms. Transformer stations, storage...

30 CFR 57.4262 - Underground transformer stations, combustible liquid storage and dispensing areas, pump rooms...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Underground transformer stations, combustible... and Control Firefighting Equipment § 57.4262 Underground transformer stations, combustible liquid storage and dispensing areas, pump rooms, compressor rooms, and hoist rooms. Transformer stations, storage...

30 CFR 57.4262 - Underground transformer stations, combustible liquid storage and dispensing areas, pump rooms...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Underground transformer stations, combustible... and Control Firefighting Equipment § 57.4262 Underground transformer stations, combustible liquid storage and dispensing areas, pump rooms, compressor rooms, and hoist rooms. Transformer stations, storage...

30 CFR 57.4262 - Underground transformer stations, combustible liquid storage and dispensing areas, pump rooms...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Underground transformer stations, combustible... and Control Firefighting Equipment § 57.4262 Underground transformer stations, combustible liquid storage and dispensing areas, pump rooms, compressor rooms, and hoist rooms. Transformer stations, storage...

30 CFR 57.4262 - Underground transformer stations, combustible liquid storage and dispensing areas, pump rooms...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Underground transformer stations, combustible... and Control Firefighting Equipment § 57.4262 Underground transformer stations, combustible liquid storage and dispensing areas, pump rooms, compressor rooms, and hoist rooms. Transformer stations, storage...

77 FR 10341 - Revisions to Federal Implementation Plans To Reduce Interstate Transport of Fine Particulate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-21

... supporting the proposed revisions, which specifically addressed post-combustion pollution control equipment... on the proposed revisions rule (76 FR 63860, October 14, 2011) regarding post-combustion control... annual SO 2 budgets based on comments received on the revision rule regarding post-combustion control...

Hydrogen and water reactor safety: proceedings

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1982-01-01

Separate abstracts were prepared for papers presented in the following areas of interest: 1) hydrogen research programs; 2) hydrogen behavior during light water reactor accidents; 3) combustible gas generation; 4) hydrogen transport and mixing; 5) combustion modeling and experiments; 6) accelerated flames and detonations; 7) combustion mitigation and control; and 8) equipment survivability.

49 CFR 177.834 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... transporting certain flammable material—(i) Use of combustion cargo heaters. A motor vehicle equipped with a combustion cargo heater may be used to transport Class 3 (flammable liquid) or Division 2.1 (flammable gas...) Heater requirements under § 393.77 of this title are complied with. (ii) Effective date for combustion...

The classification of explosion-proof protected induction motor into adequate temperature and efficiency class

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brinovar, Iztok; Srpčič, Gregor; Seme, Sebastijan; Štumberger, Bojan; Hadžiselimović, Miralem

2017-07-01

This article deals with the classification of explosion-proof protected induction motors, which are used in hazardous areas, into adequate temperature and efficiency class. Hazardous areas are defined as locations with a potentially explosive atmosphere where explosion may occur due to present of flammable gasses, liquids or combustible dusts (industrial plants, mines, etc.). Electric motors and electrical equipment used in such locations must be specially designed and tested to prevent electrical initiation of explosion due to high surface temperature and arcing contacts. This article presents the basic tests of three-phase explosion-proof protected induction motor with special emphasis on the measuring system and temperature rise test. All the measurements were performed with high-accuracy instrumentation and accessory equipment and carried out at the Institute of energy technology in the Electric machines and drives laboratory and Applied electrical engineering laboratory.

Proceedings of the 1991 Oil Heat Technology Conference and Workshop

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McDonald, R.J.

This Conference, which was the sixth held since 1984, is a key technology-transfer activity supported by the ongoing Combustion Equipment Technology program at BNL, and is aimed at providing a forum for the exchange of information among international researchers, engineers, manufacturers, and marketers of oil-fired space-conditioning equipment. The objectives of the Conference were to: Identify and evaluate the state-of-the-art and recommend; new initiatives to satisfy consumer needs cost-effectively, reliably, and safely; Foster cooperation among federal and industrial representatives with the common goal of national security via energy conservation. The 1991 Oil Technology Conference comprised: (a) two plenary sessions devoted tomore » presentations and summations by public and private sector representatives from the United States, Europe, and Canada; and, (b) four workshops which focused on mainstream issues in oil-heating technology. Selected papers have been processed separately for inclusion in the Energy Science and Technology Database.« less

Coal-fired boiler houses in Cracow present state and possibilities to improve their efficiency

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cyklis, P.; Butcher, T.A.

1995-12-31

A significant amount of heat energy both for heating and process purposes is generated in Cracow, Poland in small-and medium size local boiler houses. The operating procedure of these boiler houses is most often economically and ecologically ineffective because of the bad condition of boilers and lack of funds to install automation, control and measurement equipment. Within the Polish-American Program of Elimination of Low Emission Sources financed by the US Department of Energy, the ENERGOEKSPERT Co., Ltd. investigated chosen boiler houses in Cracow, commissioned by the Cracow Development Office. The results of these investigations were subject of engineering analysis carriedmore » out at the Institute of Industrial Equipment and Power Engineering, Technical University, Cracow. The analysis proved that the low-cost improvement of economic efficiency and reduction of air pollutant emission is feasible for combustion of coal fuels.« less

Mobilizable RDF/d-RDF burning program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Niemann, K.; Campbell, J.

1982-03-01

The Mobilizable RDF/d-RDF Burning Program was conceived to promote the utilization of refuse-derived fuels (RDF) as a supplement to existing fossil fuel sources in industrial-sized boilers. The program explores the design, development, and eventual construction of densified-RDF (d-RDF) for use in boiler combustion testing as a supplement to stoker coal or wood wastes. The equipment would be mounted on trailers and assembled and operated at preselected sites throughout the country where approximately 750 tons of RDF would be produced and test burned in a local boiler. The equipment, to include a transportable RDF boiler metering and feed system, would thenmore » be moved and operated at two to three test sites annually. The program is intended to encourage the construction of permanent resource recovery facilities by involving local waste handling groups in operating the equipment and producing fuel, and potential local fuel users in testing the fuel in their boilers. The Mobilizable Program was developed from two separate tasks. The first task developed the concept behind the program and defined its operational and organizational structure. The second task, a follow-up to the first, was intended principally to finalize test locations, develop equipment designs and specifications, and formalize a management program. This report summarizes the principal findings of both tasks. It identifies the criteria used to identify test locations, outlines the program's management structure, presents design and performance specifications for both the fuel production equipment and boiler fuel feed systems, and provides a detailed evaluation of the parameters involved in burning RDF in industrial-sized boilers. Final conclusions and recommendations identify problem areas encountered in the program, and discuss possible future directions for such a program.« less

Combustion characteristics of eastern white pine bark and Douglas fir planer shavings. Technical Progress Report No. 5, September 16, 1977--September 15, 1978

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Junge, D.C.

1978-12-01

Significant quantities of wood residue fuels are presently being used in industrial steam generating facilities. Recent studies indicate that substantial additional quantities of wood residue fuels are available for energy generation in the form of steam and/or electricity. A limited data base on the combustion characteristics of wood residue fuels has resulted in the installation and operation of inefficient combustion systems for these fuels. This investigation of the combustion characteristics of wood residue fuels was undertaken to provide a data base which could be used to optimize the combustion of such fuels. Optimization of the combustion process in industrial boilersmore » serves to improve combustion efficiency and to reduce air pollutant emissions generated in the combustion process. Data are presented on the combustion characteristics of eastern white pine bark mixed with Douglas fir planer shavings.« less

Installation-Wide Energy Conservation Demonstration at Fort McClellan, Alabama

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-11-01

Inefficient Electrical Motors 12 Dispensary Chiller Installation 12 Combustion Optimization of Gas-fired Heating Equipment 12 Infiltration Study of Family... Chiller Installation 34 5 FAMILY HOUSING .................................................... 37 Combustion Optimization of Gas-fired Heating...in Outdoor Air Ventilation 59 Replacement of Inefficient Electric Motors 59 Dispensary Chiller Installation 60 Combustion Optimization of Gas-fired

46 CFR 108.127 - Storage lockers for combustibles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Storage lockers for combustibles. 108.127 Section 108... DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Construction and Arrangement Fire Protection: General § 108.127 Storage lockers for combustibles. Each oil and paint locker must be made of steel or an equivalent material or be completely lined...

46 CFR 108.127 - Storage lockers for combustibles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Storage lockers for combustibles. 108.127 Section 108... DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Construction and Arrangement Fire Protection: General § 108.127 Storage lockers for combustibles. Each oil and paint locker must be made of steel or an equivalent material or be completely lined...

46 CFR 108.127 - Storage lockers for combustibles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Storage lockers for combustibles. 108.127 Section 108... DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Construction and Arrangement Fire Protection: General § 108.127 Storage lockers for combustibles. Each oil and paint locker must be made of steel or an equivalent material or be completely lined...

46 CFR 108.127 - Storage lockers for combustibles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Storage lockers for combustibles. 108.127 Section 108... DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Construction and Arrangement Fire Protection: General § 108.127 Storage lockers for combustibles. Each oil and paint locker must be made of steel or an equivalent material or be completely lined...

46 CFR 108.127 - Storage lockers for combustibles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Storage lockers for combustibles. 108.127 Section 108... DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT Construction and Arrangement Fire Protection: General § 108.127 Storage lockers for combustibles. Each oil and paint locker must be made of steel or an equivalent material or be completely lined...

40 CFR 75.53 - Monitoring plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... are pre-combustion, post-combustion, or integral to the combustion process; control equipment code... fuel flow-to-load test in section 2.1.7 of appendix D to this part is used: (A) The upper and lower... and applied to the hourly flow rate data: (A) Stack or duct width at the test location, ft; (B) Stack...

Energy recovery and emissions of PBDD/Fs and PBDEs from cocombustion of woodchip and wastewater sludge in an industrial boiler.

PubMed

Chang, Shun-Shiang Chang; Lee, Wen-Jhy Lee; Wang, Lin-Chi Wang; Chang-Chien, Guo-Ping Chang-Chien; Wu, Chang-Yu

2013-01-01

The emissions of polybrominated dibenzo-pdioxins,dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from trial combustion of 10 wt % dried industrial wastewater-treatment sludge (IWTS) and 90 wt % woodchip in an industrial boiler were investigated and compared to that from woodchip combustion. The PBDD/F toxic equivalent (TEQ) andPBDE emissions increased from 0.121 pg TEQ Nm−3 and 2260 pgNm−3, respectively, of the woodchip combustion to 0.211 pg TEQNm−3 and 4200 pg Nm−3, respectively, of the trial combustion.PBDD/F and PBDE congener profiles of inputs and outputs of the same type of combustion were similar; they also show similarity between woodchip and trial combustions, revealing that the destruction pathway was little affected by the introduction of the IWTS. The fates of PBDD/Fs and PBDEs show that the indigenous pollutants in the feed were effectively depleted (>93.5%). The dominant releasing route of PBDD/F and PBDE shifted from the stack flue gas of woodchip combustion to the ashes of trial combustion. This study demonstrates that co-combustion not only handles the fast growing sludge stream but also yields a saving of 26.3% in the fuel cost and treatment fees of sludge and ashes.

Combustion characteristics of lodge pole pine wood chips. Technical progress report No. 15, September 16, 1978-September 15, 1979

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Junge, D.C.

1979-09-01

Significant quantits of wood resiue fuels are presently being used in industrial steam generating facilities. Recent studies indicate that substantial additional quantities of wood residue fuels are available for energy generation in the form of steam and/or electricity. A limited data base on the combustion characteristics of wood residue fuels has resulted in the installation and operation of inefficient combustion systems for these fuels. This investigation of the combustion characteristics of wood residue fuels was undertaken to provide a data base which could be used to optimize the combustion of such fuels. Optimization of the combustion process in industrial boilersmore » serves to improve combustion efficiency and to reduce air pollutant emissions generated in the combustion process. This report presents data on the combustion characteristics of lodge pole pine wood chips. The data were obtained in a pilot scale combustion test facility at Oregon State University.« less

49 CFR 176.905 - Motor vehicles or mechanical equipment powered by internal combustion engines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... of ignition. A motor vehicle or mechanical equipment showing any signs of leakage or electrical fault... smoke or fire detection system capable of alerting personnel on the bridge. (h) All electrical equipment...

Effects of preheated combustion air on laminar coflow diffusion flames under normal and microgravity conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghaderi Yeganeh, Mohammad

Global energy consumption has been increasing around the world, owing to the rapid growth of industrialization and improvements in the standard of living. As a result, more carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide are being released into the environment. Therefore, techniques for achieving combustion at reduced carbon dioxide and nitric oxide emission levels have drawn increased attention. Combustion with a highly preheated air and low-oxygen concentration has been shown to provide significant energy savings, reduce pollution and equipment size, and uniform thermal characteristics within the combustion chamber. However, the fundamental understanding of this technique is limited. The motivation of the present study is to identify the effects of preheated combustion air on laminar coflow diffusion flames. Combustion characteristics of laminar coflow diffusion flames are evaluated for the effects of preheated combustion air temperature under normal and low-gravity conditions. Experimental measurements are conducted using direct flame photography, particle image velocimetry (PIV) and optical emission spectroscopy diagnostics. Laminar coflow diffusion flames are examined under four experimental conditions: normal-temperature/normal-gravity (case I), preheated-temperature/normal gravity (case II), normal-temperature/low-gravity (case III), and preheated-temperature/low-gravity (case IV). Comparisons between these four cases yield significant insights. In our studies, increasing the combustion air temperature by 400 K (from 300 K to 700 K), causes a 37.1% reduction in the flame length and about a 25% increase in peak flame temperature. The results also show that a 400 K increase in the preheated air temperature increases CH concentration of the flame by about 83.3% (CH is a marker for the rate of chemical reaction), and also increases the C2 concentration by about 60% (C2 is a marker for the soot precursor). It can therefore be concluded that preheating the combustion air increases the energy release intensity, flame temperature, C2 concentration, and, presumably, NOx production. Our work is the first to consider preheated temperature/low-gravity combustion. The results of our experiments reveal new insights. Where as increasing the temperature of the combustion air reduces the laminar flame width under normal gravity, we find that, in a low-gravity environment, increasing the combustion air temperature causes a significant increase in the flame width.

The FCF Combustion Integrated Rack: Microgravity Combustion Science Onboard the International Space Station

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

OMalley, Terence F.; Weiland, Karen J.

2002-01-01

The Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) is one of three facility payload racks being developed for the International Space Station (ISS) Fluids and Combustion Facility (FCF). Most microgravity combustion experiments will be performed onboard the Space Station in the Combustion Integrated Rack. Experiment-specific equipment will be installed on orbit in the CIR to customize it to perform many different scientific experiments during the ten or more years that it will operate on orbit. This paper provides an overview of the CIR, including a description of its preliminary design and planned accommodations for microgravity combustion science experiments, and descriptions of the combustion science experiments currently planned for the CIR.

The metrological assurance of quality petroleum products. Methods for determining octane and sulfur numbers in the petroleum products

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shalkov, A. V.; Fadeev, Y. A.

2018-01-01

At present, solving environmental problems in industrially developed regions with a large concentration of mining and machine building enterprises is one of the main socially important tasks. Taking into account the increase in the volume of mining, there is an increase in the environmental burden, which affects the internal migration of the population. This is particularly evident in the examples of single-industry towns, in which a gradual decrease in the young workable population occurs. The article presents an analysis of the sources of maximum pollution of the environment by coal mining enterprises. Modern methods of controlling automobile fuel were analyzed. The analysis of fuel quality and the environmental assessment of combustion products was carried out. The equipment used in the article makes it possible to exclude substandard fuel and to reduce harmful emissions of vehicles to the atmosphere.

Water Mist fire suppression experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

The Water Mist commercial research program is scheduled to fly an investigation on STS-107 in 2002. This investigation will be flown as an Experimental Mounting Structure (EMS) insert into the updated Combustion Module (CM-2), a sophisticated combustion chamber plus diagnostic equipment. (The investigation hardware is shown here mounted in a non-flight frame similar to the EMS.) Water Mist is a commercial research program by the Center for Commercial Applications of Combustion in Space (CCACS), a NASA Commercial Space Center located at the Colorado School of Mines, in Golden, CO and Industry Partner Environmental Engineering Concepts. The program is focused on developing water mist as a replacement for bromine-based chemical fire suppression agents (halons). By conducting the experiments in microgravity, interference from convection currents is minimized and fundamental knowledge can be gained. This knowledge is incorporated into models, which can be used to simulate a variety of physical environments. The immediate objective of the project is to study the effect of a fine water mist on a laminar propagating flame generated in a propane-air mixture at various equivalence ratios. The effects of droplet size and concentration on the speed of the flame front is used as a measure of the effectiveness of fire suppression in this highly controlled experimental environment.

77 FR 17099 - Proposed Extension of Existing Information Collection; Diesel-Powered Equipment for Underground...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-23

... combustible coal dust and explosive methane gas are present. This information collection request (ICR) was... underground coal mine where combustible coal dust and explosive methane gas are present. This information...

Evaluation of a dual-chamber kerosene-heater combustion technology. Topical report, June-December 1985

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kardas, A.

1987-10-01

A kerosene heater equipped with a dual-chamber combustor was procured, tested, and technically evaluated to determine its applicability to natural gas combustion. The kerosene heater was found to have nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO/sub 2/), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions of 0.0)2, 0.006 and 0.02 lb/10/sup 6/ Btu input, respectively, much lower than those of blue-flame natural-gas combustors. A basic study was conducted to understand the interaction between kerosene combustion and the surrounding metal sleeves forming the dual chamber. Combustion characteristics of kerosene and natural gas were compared to formulate potential designs of low-emitting natural gas combustors. Three conceptsmore » were developed for low-emitting burners: an atmospheric burner to replace the kerosene wick in the dual chamber; the same concept with a powered vent; and a two-stage system equipped with a powered vent.« less

DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION OF NOVEL LOW-NOx BURNERS IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cygan, David

Gas Technology Institute (GTI), together with Hamworthy Peabody Combustion Incorporated (formerly Peabody Engineering Corporation), the University of Utah, and Far West Electrochemical have developed and demonstrated an innovative combustion system suitable for natural gas and coke-oven gas firing within the steel industry. The combustion system is a simple, low-cost, energy-efficient burner that can reduce NOx by more than 75%. The U.S. steel industry needs to address NOx control at its steelmaking facilities. A significant part of NOx emissions comes from gas-fired boilers. In steel plants, byproduct gases – blast furnace gas (BFG) and coke-oven gas (COG) – are widely usedmore » together with natural gas to fire furnaces and boilers. In steel plants, natural gas can be fired together with BFG and COG, but, typically, the addition of natural gas raises NOx emissions, which can already be high because of residual fuel-bound nitrogen in COG. The Project Team has applied its expertise in low-NOx burners to lower NOx levels for these applications by combining advanced burner geometry and combustion staging with control strategies tailored to mixtures of natural gas and byproduct fuel gases. These methods reduce all varieties of NOx – thermal NOx produced by high flame temperatures, prompt NOx produced by complex chain reactions involving radical hydrocarbon species and NOx from fuel-bound nitrogen compounds such as ammonia found in COG. The Project Team has expanded GTI’s highly successful low-NOx forced internal recirculation (FIR) burner, previously developed for natural gas-fired boilers, into facilities that utilize BFG and COG. For natural gas firing, these burners have been shown to reduce NOx emissions from typical uncontrolled levels of 80-100 vppm to single-digit levels (9 vppm). This is done without the energy efficiency penalties incurred by alternative NOx control methods, such as external flue gas recirculation (FGR), water injection, and selective non-catalytic reduction. The FIR burner was previously demonstrated on firetube and watertube boilers, and these units are still operating at several industrial and commercial boiler sites in sizes ranging from 2.5 to 60 million Btu/h. This report covers the development of an innovative combustion system suitable for natural gas or coke-oven gas firing within the steel industry. The prototype FIR burner was evaluated on a 20 million Btu/h watertube boiler. Acceptable burner performance was obtained when firing natural gas and simulated coke-oven gas doped with ammonia. The laboratory data reveals a direct relationship between NOx formation and the ammonia concentration in the fuel. In addition, NOx formation increases as the primary stoichiometric ratio (PSR) increases. Representative ammonia concentrations, as documented in the steel industry, ranged from 200 to 500 vppm. When the laboratory burner/boiler was operated with 500 vppm ammonia in the fuel, NOx emissions ranged from 50 to 75 vppm. This, conservatively, is 75% less than state-of-the-art burner performance. When the burner is operated with 200 vppm ammonia in the fuel, the corresponding NOx emissions would range from 30 to 45 vppm, 84% less than present burner technology. During field evaluation on a 174 million Btu/h industrial prototype burner both natural gas and actual COG from on-site generation were tested. Despite the elevated hydrogen cyanide and ammonia content in the COG throughout the test program, the FIR burner showed an improvement over baseline emissions. At full load; 167 million Btu/h, NOx emissions were relatively low at 169 vppm. This represents a 30% reduction compared to baseline emissions not accounting for the higher hydrogen cyanide content in the COG. CO emissions remained below 20 vppm and were stable across the firing range. This represents a 68% reduction compared to baseline CO emissions. When firing natural gas, emissions were stable as firing rate increased over the range. At low fire; 45 million Btu/h, NOx emissions where 33 vppm and increased at full load; 144 million Btu/h, to 49 vppm. CO emissions fluctuated with the oxygen content and remained below 135 vppm during all tests. The boiler’s maximum output was not achieved due to a limitation dictated by the host site natural gas supply. The FIR burner benefits the public by simultaneously addressing the problems of air pollution and energy conservation through a low-NOx combustion technology that does not increase energy consumption. Continuing activities include the negotiation of a license with Hamworthy Peabody Combustion, Incorporated (Hamworthy Peabody) to commercialize the FIR burner for steel industry applications. Hamworthy Peabody is one of the largest U.S. manufacturers of combustion equipment for boilers in the Steel Industry, and has stated their intention to commercialize the FIR burner.« less

Clean Air Act Standards and Guidelines for Energy, Engines, and Combustion

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This page contains the stationary sources of air pollution for the energy, engines, and combustion industries, and their corresponding air pollution regulations. To learn more about the regulations for each industry, just click on the links below.

76 FR 78526 - Airworthiness Directives; Eclipse Aerospace, Inc. Airplanes Equipped With Pratt & Whitney Canada...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-19

... design change for the combustion chamber liner assembly. This new AD retains the requirements of the... compliance with paragraph (g) of this AD, on both engines replace the turbofan engine combustion chamber...

Cogeneration technology alternatives study. Volume 1: Summary report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1980-01-01

Data and information in the area of advanced energy conversion systems for industrial congeneration applications in the 1985-2000 time period was studied. Six current and thirty-one advanced energy conversion systems were defined and combined with appropriate balance-of-plant equipment. Twenty-six industrial processes were selected from among the high energy consuming industries to serve as a framework for the study. Each conversion system was analyzed as a cogenerator with each industrial plant. Fuel consumption, costs, and environmental intrusion were evaluated and compared to corresponding traditional values. Various cogeneration strategies were analyzed and both topping and bottoming (using industrial by-product heat) applications were included. The advanced energy conversion technologies indicated reduced fuel consumption, costs, and emissions. Typically fuel energy savings of 10 to 25 percent were predicted compared to traditional on-site furnaces and utility electricity. With the variety of industrial requirements, each advanced technology had attractive applications. Overall, fuel cells indicated the greatest fuel energy savings and emission reductions. Gas turbines and combined cycles indicated high overall annual cost savings. Steam turbines and gas turbines produced high estimated returns. In some applications, diesels were most efficient. The advanced technologies used coal-derived fuels, or coal with advanced fluid bed combustion or on-site gasification systems.

46 CFR 153.466 - Electrical equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Electrical equipment. 153.466 Section 153.466 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES SHIPS CARRYING... Requirements for Flammable Or Combustible Cargoes § 153.466 Electrical equipment. A tankship carrying a...

46 CFR 153.466 - Electrical equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Electrical equipment. 153.466 Section 153.466 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES SHIPS CARRYING... Requirements for Flammable Or Combustible Cargoes § 153.466 Electrical equipment. A tankship carrying a...

46 CFR 153.466 - Electrical equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Electrical equipment. 153.466 Section 153.466 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES SHIPS CARRYING... Requirements for Flammable Or Combustible Cargoes § 153.466 Electrical equipment. A tankship carrying a...

46 CFR 153.466 - Electrical equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Electrical equipment. 153.466 Section 153.466 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES SHIPS CARRYING... Requirements for Flammable Or Combustible Cargoes § 153.466 Electrical equipment. A tankship carrying a...

46 CFR 153.466 - Electrical equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Electrical equipment. 153.466 Section 153.466 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES SHIPS CARRYING... Requirements for Flammable Or Combustible Cargoes § 153.466 Electrical equipment. A tankship carrying a...

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Development for Auxiliary Power in Heavy Duty Vehicle Applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Daniel T. Hennessy

2010-06-15

Changing economic and environmental needs of the trucking industry is driving the use of auxiliary power unit (APU) technology for over the road haul trucks. The trucking industry in the United States remains the key to the economy of the nation and one of the major changes affecting the trucking industry is the reduction of engine idling. Delphi Automotive Systems, LLC (Delphi) teamed with heavy-duty truck Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) PACCAR Incorporated (PACCAR), and Volvo Trucks North America (VTNA) to define system level requirements and develop an SOFC based APU. The project defines system level requirements, and subsequently designs andmore » implements an optimized system architecture using an SOFC APU to demonstrate and validate that the APU will meet system level goals. The primary focus is on APUs in the range of 3-5 kW for truck idling reduction. Fuels utilized were derived from low-sulfur diesel fuel. Key areas of study and development included sulfur remediation with reformer operation; stack sensitivity testing; testing of catalyst carbon plugging and combustion start plugging; system pre-combustion; and overall system and electrical integration. This development, once fully implemented and commercialized, has the potential to significantly reduce the fuel idling Class 7/8 trucks consume. In addition, the significant amounts of NOx, CO2 and PM that are produced under these engine idling conditions will be virtually eliminated, inclusive of the noise pollution. The environmental impact will be significant with the added benefit of fuel savings and payback for the vehicle operators / owners.« less

Current status and prospect: Coal water mixture technology in Indonesia

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sastrawinata, T.; Suwono, A.

1996-12-31

This paper covers the status of Coal Water Mixture (CWM) technology in Indonesia and also the prospect for implementing this technology. Advantageous use of a pipeline for coal transportation is geographically inconvenient. Characteristics of CWM for Indonesian coal and combustion characteristics of CWM for Indonesian coal are reviewed. The coal reserve estimated in Indonesia is about 36 billions tons with ratio of lignite and higher rank is 60:40. The main problems faced in the coal utilization in Indonesia is the transportation from the mines to the users. Remote, limited infrastructure and the geographic conditions are factors which contribute to themore » problems. The CWM made of Indonesian low rank coal from various origins has been prepared for further study. The CWM of various coal concentration up to 66% with good handling and storage stability was obtained. Rheological measurements of the obtained CWM shows that for high coal concentration (greater than about 40%), in addition to the yield stress, the solution also behaves as the power law model of fluid. Energy Technology Laboratory has just started to investigate the combustion characteristics of CWM. CWM in Indonesia has not been utilized commercially in the industrial boiler, so that needs to be studied comprehensively. The technical aspects in this is stressed on the combustion characteristics in the boiler furnace. LSDE has a state of the art coal combustion facility that includes a chemical analytic laboratory and a boiler simulator equipped with complete data acquisition. The experiments will have several numerical criteria to characterize CWS combustion process, i.e., Maximum Furnace Exit Temperature, firing rate, pressure drop in the test section, deposit strength and deposit weight, swirl flow number.« less

40 CFR 1074.5 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... activity engaged in as a vocation. Construction equipment or vehicle means any internal combustion engine... vehicle means any internal combustion engine-powered machine primarily used in the commercial production... STATE STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES FOR WAIVER OF FEDERAL PREEMPTION FOR NONROAD ENGINES AND NONROAD VEHICLES...

40 CFR 1074.5 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... activity engaged in as a vocation. Construction equipment or vehicle means any internal combustion engine... vehicle means any internal combustion engine-powered machine primarily used in the commercial production... STATE STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES FOR WAIVER OF FEDERAL PREEMPTION FOR NONROAD ENGINES AND NONROAD VEHICLES...

Study of industry requirements that can be fulfilled by combustion experimentation aboard space station

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Priem, Richard J.

1988-01-01

The purpose of this study is to define the requirements of commercially motivated microgravity combustion experiments and the optimal way for space station to accommodate these requirements. Representatives of commercial organizations, universities and government agencies were contacted. Interest in and needs for microgravity combustion studies are identified for commercial/industrial groups involved in fire safety with terrestrial applications, fire safety with space applications, propulsion and power, industrial burners, or pollution control. From these interests and needs experiments involving: (1) no flow with solid or liquid fuels; (2) homogeneous mixtures of fuel and air; (3) low flow with solid or liquid fuels; (4) low flow with gaseous fuel; (5) high pressure combustion; and (6) special burner systems are described and space station resource requirements for each type of experiment provided. Critical technologies involving the creation of a laboratory environment and methods for combining experimental needs into one experiment in order to obtain effective use of space station are discussed. Diagnostic techniques for monitoring combustion process parameters are identified.

Atmospheric toxic metals emission inventory and spatial characteristics from anthropogenic sources of Guangdong province, China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cher, S.; Menghua, L.; Xiao, X.; Yuqi, W.; Zhuangmin, Z.; Zhijiong, H.; Cheng, L.; Guanglin, J.; Zibing, Y.; Junyu, Z.

2017-12-01

Atmospheric toxic metals (TMs) are part of particulate matters, and may create adverse effects on the environment and human health depending upon their bioavailability and toxicity. Localized emission inventory is fundamental for parsing of toxic metals to identify key sources in order to formulate efficient toxic metals control strategies. With the use of the latest municipal level environment statistical data, this study developed a bottom-up emission inventory of five toxic metals (Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Cr) from anthropogenic activities in Guangdong province for the year of 2014. Major atmospheric toxic metals sources including combustion sources (coal, oil, biomass, municipal solid waste) and industrial process sources (cement production, nonferrous metal smelting, iron and steel industry, battery and fluorescent lamp production) were investigated. Results showed that: (1) The total emissions of Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Cr in Guangdong province were 18.14, 32.59, 411.34, 13.13, 84.16 t, respectively. (2) Different pollutants have obvious characteristics of emission sources. For total Hg emission, 46% comes from combustion sources, of which 32% from coal combustion and 8% from MSW combustion. Other 54% comes from industrial processes, which dominated by the cement (19%), fluorescent lamp (18%) and battery production (13%). Of the total Hg emission, 69% is released as Hg0 , 29% as Hg2+ , and only 2% as Hgp due to strict particulate matters controls policies. For As emissions, coal combustion, nonferrous metal smelting and iron and steel industry contributed approximate 48%, 25% and 24%, respectively. Pb emissions primarily come from battery production (42%), iron and steel industry (21%) and on-road mobile gasoline combustion (17%). Cd and Cr emissions were dominated by nonferrous metal smelting (71%) and iron and steel industry (82%), respectively. (3) In term of the spatial distribution, emissions of atmospheric toxic metals are mainly concentrated in the central region of the Pearl River Delta, such as, Guangzhou, Dongguan, and Foshan et.al. These areas were characterized with large amounts of coal combustion, battery production and fluorescent production. With the implementation of ultra-low emission standards in coal-fired power plant, TMs emissions from industrial process sources should be emphasized.

Mercury speciation and emissions from coal combustion in Guiyang, Southwest China.

PubMed

Tang, Shunlin; Feng, Xinbin; Qiu, Jianrong; Yin, Guoxun; Yang, Zaichan

2007-10-01

Although China has been regarded as one of the largest anthropogenic mercury emission source with coal combustion, so far the actual measurements of Hg species and Hg emissions from the combustion and the capture of Hg in Chinese emission control devices were very limited. Aiming at Hg mercury species measurements in Guiyang, the capital city of Guizhou province in Southwest China, we studied flue gases of medium-to-small-sized industrial steam coal-firing boiler (10-30 t/h) with no control devices, medium-to-small-sized industrial steam coal-firing boiler with WFGD and large-scale coal combustion with ESPs using Ontario Hytro method. We obtained mercury emission factors of the three representative coal combustion and estimated mercury emissions in Guiyang in 2003, as well as the whole province from 1986 to 2002. Coal combustion in Guiyang emitted 1898 kg mercury to the atmosphere, of which 36% Hg is released from power plants, 41% from industrial coal combustion, and 23% from domestic users, and 267 kg is Hg(p), 813 kg is Hg(2+) and 817 kg is Hg0. Mercury emission in Guizhou province increased sharply from 5.8 t in 1986 to 16.4 t in 2002. With the implementation of national economic strategy of China's Western Development, the annual mercury emission from coal combustion in the province is estimated to be about 32 t in 2015.

Characterization of Oxy-combustion Impacts in Existing Coal-fired Boilers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Adams, Bradley; Davis, Kevin; Senior, Constance

Reaction Engineering International (REI) managed a team of experts from University of Utah, Siemens Energy, Praxair, Vattenfall AB, Sandia National Laboratories, Brigham Young University (BYU) and Corrosion Management Ltd. to perform multi-scale experiments, coupled with mechanism development, process modeling and CFD modeling, for both applied and fundamental investigations. The primary objective of this program was to acquire data and develop tools to characterize and predict impacts of CO{sub 2} flue gas recycle and burner feed design on flame characteristics (burnout, NO{sub x}, SO{sub x}, mercury and fine particle emissions, heat transfer) and operational concerns (fouling, slagging and corrosion) inherent inmore » the retrofit of existing coal-fired boilers for oxy-coal combustion. Experimental work was conducted at Sandia National Laboratories’ Entrained Flow Reactor, the University of Utah Industrial Combustion Research Facility, and Brigham Young University. Process modeling and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling was performed at REI. Successful completion of the project objectives resulted in the following key deliverables: 1) Multi-scale test data from 0.1 kW bench-scale, 100 kW and 200 kW laboratory-scale, and 1 MW semi-industrial scale combustors that describe differences in flame characteristics, fouling, slagging and corrosion for coal combustion under air-firing and oxygen-firing conditions, including sensitivity to oxy-burner design and flue gas recycle composition. 2) Validated mechanisms developed from test data that describe fouling, slagging, waterwall corrosion, heat transfer, char burnout and sooting under coal oxy-combustion conditions. The mechanisms were presented in a form suitable for inclusion in CFD models or process models. 3) Principles to guide design of pilot-scale and full-scale coal oxy-firing systems and flue gas recycle configurations, such that boiler operational impacts from oxy-combustion retrofits are minimized. 4) Assessment of oxy-combustion impacts in two full-scale coal-fired utility boiler retrofits based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of air-fired and oxygen-fired operation. This research determined that it is technically feasible to retrofit the combustion system in an air-fired boiler for oxy-fired operation. The impacts of CO{sub 2} flue gas recycle and burner design on flame characteristics (burnout, NO{sub x}, SO{sub x}, mercury and fine particle emissions, heat transfer) and operational concerns (fouling, slagging and corrosion) were minimal, with the exception of high sulfur levels resulting from untreated flue gas recycle with medium and high-sulfur coals. This work focused on combustion in the radiant and convective sections of the boiler and did not address boiler system integration issues, plant efficiencies, impacts on downstream air pollution control devices, or CO{sub 2} capture and compression. The experimental data, oxy-firing system principles and oxy-combustion process mechanisms provided by this work can be used by electric utilities, boiler OEMs, equipment suppliers, design firms, software vendors, consultants and government agencies to assess retrofit applications of oxy-combustion technologies to existing boilers and to guide development of new designs.« less

Industrial Facility Combustion Energy Use

DOE Data Explorer

McMillan, Colin

2016-08-01

Facility-level industrial combustion energy use is calculated from greenhouse gas emissions data reported by large emitters (>25,000 metric tons CO2e per year) under the U.S. EPA's Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP, https://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting). The calculation applies EPA default emissions factors to reported fuel use by fuel type. Additional facility information is included with calculated combustion energy values, such as industry type (six-digit NAICS code), location (lat, long, zip code, county, and state), combustion unit type, and combustion unit name. Further identification of combustion energy use is provided by calculating energy end use (e.g., conventional boiler use, co-generation/CHP use, process heating, other facility support) by manufacturing NAICS code. Manufacturing facilities are matched by their NAICS code and reported fuel type with the proportion of combustion fuel energy for each end use category identified in the 2010 Energy Information Administration Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS, http://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/data/2010/). MECS data are adjusted to account for data that were withheld or whose end use was unspecified following the procedure described in Fox, Don B., Daniel Sutter, and Jefferson W. Tester. 2011. The Thermal Spectrum of Low-Temperature Energy Use in the United States, NY: Cornell Energy Institute.

Combustion Fundamentals Research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1983-01-01

Increased emphasis is placed on fundamental and generic research at Lewis Research Center with less systems development efforts. This is especially true in combustion research, where the study of combustion fundamentals has grown significantly in order to better address the perceived long term technical needs of the aerospace industry. The main thrusts for this combustion fundamentals program area are as follows: analytical models of combustion processes, model verification experiments, fundamental combustion experiments, and advanced numeric techniques.

40 CFR 62.15410 - What definitions must I know?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... period during which the municipal waste combustion unit combusts fossil fuel or other solid waste fuel... combusts municipal solid waste with nonmunicipal solid waste fuel (for example, coal, industrial process... permit that limits it to combusting a fuel feed stream which is 30 percent or less (by weight) municipal...

Development of a test method for distillation of diesel-biodiesel-alcohols mixtures at reduced pressure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Niculescu, R.; Iosub, I.; Clenci, A.; Zaharia, C.; Iorga-Simăn, V.

2017-10-01

Increased environmental awareness and depletion of fossil petroleum resources are driving the automotive industry to seek out and use alternative fuels. For instance, the biofuel is a major renewable energy source to supplement declining fossil fuel resources. The addition of alcohols like methanol and ethanol is practical in biodiesel blends due to its miscibility with the pure biodiesel. Alcohols also improve physico-chemical properties of biodiesel blends, which lead to improved combustion efficiency. Proper volatility of fuels is critical to the operation of internal combustion engines with respect to both performance and emissions. Volatility may be characterised by various measurements, the most common of which are vapour pressure, distillation and the vapour/liquid ratio. The presence of ethanol or other oxygenates may affect these properties and, as a result, performance and emissions, as well. However, in the case of diesel-biodiesel-alcohols mixtures, the variance of component volatility makes difficult the analysis of the overall volatility. Thus, the paper presents an experimental method of distilling diesel-biodiesel-alcohols mixtures by adjusting the boiler pressure of an i-Fischer Dist equipment.

Multi-stage combustion using nitrogen-enriched air

DOEpatents

Fischer, Larry E.; Anderson, Brian L.

2004-09-14

Multi-stage combustion technology combined with nitrogen-enriched air technology for controlling the combustion temperature and products to extend the maintenance and lifetime cycles of materials in contact with combustion products and to reduce pollutants while maintaining relatively high combustion and thermal cycle efficiencies. The first stage of combustion operates fuel rich where most of the heat of combustion is released by burning it with nitrogen-enriched air. Part of the energy in the combustion gases is used to perform work or to provide heat. The cooled combustion gases are reheated by additional stages of combustion until the last stage is at or near stoichiometric conditions. Additional energy is extracted from each stage to result in relatively high thermal cycle efficiency. The air is enriched with nitrogen using air separation technologies such as diffusion, permeable membrane, absorption, and cryogenics. The combustion method is applicable to many types of combustion equipment, including: boilers, burners, turbines, internal combustion engines, and many types of fuel including hydrogen and carbon-based fuels including methane and coal.

Assessment of Literature Related to Combustion Appliance Venting Systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rapp, V. H.; Less, B. D.; Singer, B. C.

In many residential building retrofit programs, air tightening to increase energy efficiency is often constrained by safety concerns with naturally vented combustion appliances. Tighter residential buildings more readily depressurize when exhaust equipment is operated, making combustion appliances more prone to backdraft or spill combustion exhaust into the living space. Several measures, such as installation guidelines, vent sizing codes, and combustion safety diagnostics, are in place with the intent to prevent backdrafting and combustion spillage, but the diagnostics conflict and the risk mitigation objective is inconsistent. This literature review summarizes the metrics and diagnostics used to assess combustion safety, documents theirmore » technical basis, and investigates their risk mitigations. It compiles information from the following: codes for combustion appliance venting and installation; standards and guidelines for combustion safety diagnostics; research evaluating combustion safety diagnostics; research investigating wind effects on building depressurization and venting; and software for simulating vent system performance.« less

Meta-control of combustion performance with a data mining approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Zhe

Large scale combustion process is complex and proposes challenges of optimizing its performance. Traditional approaches based on thermal dynamics have limitations on finding optimal operational regions due to time-shift nature of the process. Recent advances in information technology enable people collect large volumes of process data easily and continuously. The collected process data contains rich information about the process and, to some extent, represents a digital copy of the process over time. Although large volumes of data exist in industrial combustion processes, they are not fully utilized to the level where the process can be optimized. Data mining is an emerging science which finds patterns or models from large data sets. It has found many successful applications in business marketing, medical and manufacturing domains The focus of this dissertation is on applying data mining to industrial combustion processes, and ultimately optimizing the combustion performance. However the philosophy, methods and frameworks discussed in this research can also be applied to other industrial processes. Optimizing an industrial combustion process has two major challenges. One is the underlying process model changes over time and obtaining an accurate process model is nontrivial. The other is that a process model with high fidelity is usually highly nonlinear, solving the optimization problem needs efficient heuristics. This dissertation is set to solve these two major challenges. The major contribution of this 4-year research is the data-driven solution to optimize the combustion process, where process model or knowledge is identified based on the process data, then optimization is executed by evolutionary algorithms to search for optimal operating regions.

Toxic emissions during co-combustion of biomass-waste wood-lignite blends in an industrial boiler.

PubMed

Samaras, P; Skodras, G; Sakellaropoulos, G P; Blumenstock, M; Schramm, K W; Kettrup, A

2001-01-01

The objectives of this work were to study the PCDD/F emissions during the co-combustion of waste wood/coal co-combustion in an industrial boiler and to determine the relation of the toxic emissions to the fuel properties. Co-combustion experiments were performed in a 13.8 MWthermal industrial moving grate combustor. The fuels which were examined in this study included Greek lignite, natural uncontaminated wood, power poles and medium density fibers (MDFs) which were by-products of the plant production process. Fuel blends were prepared by mixing single components in various concentrations. PCDD/F emissions were collected during experimental runs and were analyzed according to standard methods. Low PCDD/F emissions were obtained during the co-combustion tests, lower than the limit value of 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm3. The lowest values were observed during the combustion of fuel blends containing MDF, possibly due to the inhibitory action of some of the N-containing MDF ingredients, such as urea. No direct correlation was found between the PCDD/F and the copper emissions, while examination of the PCDD/F homologue patterns revealed the predominance of the lower chlorinated isomers over the higher ones.

Fire toxicology program. JSC methodology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schneider, H.; Bafus, D.

1978-01-01

Toxicological testing of spacecraft materials was initiated in 1965. Toxicological evaluations of the pyrolysis/combustion products of candidate spacecraft materials were performed using a modified 142 liter Bethlehem Chamber equipped with a Linberg Model 55031 furnace external to the chamber. In all of the assessments, lethality was chosen as the endpoint. A new pyrolysis/combustion chamber was developed for toxicological testing and ranking of both spacecraft and aircraft materials. The pyrolysis/combustion chamber permits the use of both behavior and physiological measurements as indicators of incapacitation. Methods were developed which employ high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to generate chamber atmospheric profiles which indicate the reproductibility of pyrolysate concentrations. The atmospheric volatile profiles in combination with CO, CO2, and O2 analysis indicates that small chamber equipped with an internal furnace will give reproducible results.

Full hoop casing for midframe of industrial gas turbine engine

DOEpatents

Myers, Gerald A.; Charron, Richard C.

2015-12-01

A can annular industrial gas turbine engine, including: a single-piece rotor shaft spanning a compressor section (82), a combustion section (84), a turbine section (86); and a combustion section casing (10) having a section (28) configured as a full hoop. When the combustion section casing is detached from the engine and moved to a maintenance position to allow access to an interior of the engine, a positioning jig (98) is used to support the compressor section casing (83) and turbine section casing (87).

Properties of TiNi intermetallic compound industrially produced by combustion synthesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kaieda, Yoshinari

Most TiNi shape memory intermetallic compounds are conventionally produced by the process including high frequency induction vacuum melting and casting. A gravity segregation occurs in a cast TiNi ingot because of the big difference in the specific gravity between Ti and Ni. It is difficult to control accurately the phase transformation temperature of TiNi shape memory intermetallic compound produced by the conventional process, because the martensitic transformation temperature shifts by 10K due to the change in 0.1 % of Ni content. Homogeneous TiNi intermetallic compound is produced by the industrial process including combustion synthesis method, which is a newly developedmore » manufacturing process. In the new process, phase transformation temperatures of TiNi can be controlled accurately by controlling the ratio of Ti and Ni elemental starting powders. The chemical component, the impurities and the phase transformation temperatures of the TiNi products industrially produced by the process are revealed. These properties are vitally important when combustion synthesis method is applied to an industrial mass production process for producing TiNi shape memory intermetallic compounds. TiNi shape memory products are industrially and commercially produced today the industrial process including combustion synthesis. The total production weight in a year is 30 tins in 1994.« less

49 CFR 176.905 - Stowage of motor vehicles or mechanical equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

.... (a) A vehicle or any mechanical equipment powered by an internal combustion engine, a fuel cell... equipment and there are no signs of leakage from the battery, engine, fuel cell, compressed gas cylinder or... fuel leaks and identifiable faults in the electrical system that could result in short circuit or other...

49 CFR 176.905 - Stowage of motor vehicles or mechanical equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

.... (a) A vehicle or any mechanical equipment powered by an internal combustion engine, a fuel cell... equipment and there are no signs of leakage from the battery, engine, fuel cell, compressed gas cylinder or... fuel leaks and identifiable faults in the electrical system that could result in short circuit or other...

29 CFR 1926.151 - Fire prevention.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... inches shall be maintained between such piping and combustible material. (3) Smoking shall be prohibited...: “No Smoking or Open Flame.” (4) Portable battery powered lighting equipment, used in connection with... maintained around lights and heating units to prevent ignition of combustible materials. (7) A clearance of...

40 CFR 96.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used...

40 CFR 96.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used...

40 CFR 96.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used...

40 CFR 96.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used...

40 CFR 96.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used...

FUEL RICH SULFUR CAPTURE IN A COMBUSTION ENVIRONMENT

EPA Science Inventory

A refractory-lined, natural gas furnace was used to study fuel rich sulfur capture reactions of calcium sorbents under typical combustion conditions. The fuel rich sulfur species H2S and COS were monitored in a near-continuous fashion using a gas chromatograph equipped with a fl...

CRITERIA POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES IN THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY VOLUME II. APPENDICES A-I

EPA Science Inventory

The report summarizes emission factors for criteria pollutants (NOx, CO, CH4, C2H6, THC, NMHC, and NMEHC) from stationary internal combustion engines and gas turbines used in the natural gas industry. The emission factors were calculated from test results from five test campaigns...

CRITERIA POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES IN THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY VOLUME 1. TECHNICAL REPORT

EPA Science Inventory

The report summarizes emission factors for criteria pollutants (NOx, CO, CH4, C2H6, THC, NMHC, and NMEHC) from stationary internal combustion engines and gas turbines used in the natural gas industry. The emission factors were calculated from test results from five test campaigns...

NOx Emission Reduction by Oscillating combustion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Institute of Gas Technology

2004-01-30

High-temperature, natural gas-fired furnaces, especially those fired with preheated air, produce large quantities of NO{sub x} per ton of material processed. Regulations on emissions from industrial furnaces are becoming increasingly more stringent. In addition, competition is forcing operators to make their furnaces more productive and/or efficient. Switching from preheated air to industrial oxygen can increase efficiency and reduce NO{sub x}, but oxygen is significantly more costly than air and may not be compatible with the material being heated. What was needed, and what was developed during this project, is a technology that reduces NO{sub x} emissions while increasing furnace efficiencymore » for both air- and oxy-fired furnaces. Oscillating combustion is a retrofit technology that involves the forced oscillation of the fuel flow rate to a furnace. These oscillations create successive, fuel-rich and fuel-lean zones within the furnace. Heat transfer from the flame to the load increases due to the more luminous fuel-rich zones, a longer overall flame length, and the breakup of the thermal boundary layer. The increased heat transfer shortens heat up times, thereby increasing furnace productivity, and reduces the heat going up the stack, thereby increasing efficiency. The fuel-rich and fuel-lean zones also produce substantially less NO{sub x} than firing at a constant excess air level. The longer flames and higher heat transfer rate reduces overall peak flame temperature and thus reduces additional NO{sub x} formation from the eventual mixing of the zones and burnout of combustibles from the rich zones. This project involved the development of hardware to implement oscillating combustion on an industrial scale, the laboratory testing of oscillating combustion on various types of industrial burners, and the field testing of oscillating combustion on several types of industrial furnace. Before laboratory testing began, a market study was conducted, based on the attributes of oscillating combustion and on the results of an earlier project at GTI and Air Liquide, to determine which applications for oscillating combustion would show the greatest probability for technical success and greatest probability for market acceptability. The market study indicated that furnaces in the steel, glass, and metal melting industries would perform well in both categories. These findings guided the selection of burners for laboratory testing and, with the results of the laboratory testing, guided the selection of field test sites.« less

NOx Emission Reduction by Oscillating Combustion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

John C. Wagner

2004-03-31

High-temperature, natural gas-fired furnaces, especially those fired with preheated air, produce large quantities of NO{sub x} per ton of material processed. Regulations on emissions from industrial furnaces are becoming increasingly more stringent. In addition, competition is forcing operators to make their furnaces more productive and/or efficient. Switching from preheated air to industrial oxygen can increase efficiency and reduce NO{sub x}, but oxygen is significantly more costly than air and may not be compatible with the material being heated. What was needed, and what was developed during this project, is a technology that reduces NO{sub x} emissions while increasing furnace efficiencymore » for both air- and oxy-fired furnaces. Oscillating combustion is a retrofit technology that involves the forced oscillation of the fuel flow rate to a furnace. These oscillations create successive, fuel-rich and fuel-lean zones within the furnace. Heat transfer from the flame to the load increases due to the more luminous fuel-rich zones, a longer overall flame length, and the breakup of the thermal boundary layer. The increased heat transfer shortens heat up times, thereby increasing furnace productivity, and reduces the heat going up the stack, thereby increasing efficiency. The fuel-rich and fuel-lean zones also produce substantially less NO{sub x} than firing at a constant excess air level. The longer flames and higher heat transfer rate reduces overall peak flame temperature and thus reduces additional NO{sub x} formation from the eventual mixing of the zones and burnout of combustibles from the rich zones. This project involved the development of hardware to implement oscillating combustion on an industrial scale, the laboratory testing of oscillating combustion on various types of industrial burners, and the field testing of oscillating combustion on several types of industrial furnace. Before laboratory testing began, a market study was conducted, based on the attributes of oscillating combustion and on the results of an earlier project at GTI and Air Liquide, to determine which applications for oscillating combustion would show the greatest probability for technical success and greatest probability for market acceptability. The market study indicated that furnaces in the steel, glass, and metal melting industries would perform well in both categories. These findings guided the selection of burners for laboratory testing and, with the results of the laboratory testing, guided the selection of field test sites.« less

Anthropogenic fugitive, combustion and industrial dust is a significant, underrepresented fine particulate matter source in global atmospheric models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Philip, Sajeev; Martin, Randall V.; Snider, Graydon; Weagle, Crystal L.; van Donkelaar, Aaron; Brauer, Michael; Henze, Daven K.; Klimont, Zbigniew; Venkataraman, Chandra; Guttikunda, Sarath K.; Zhang, Qiang

2017-04-01

Global measurements of the elemental composition of fine particulate matter across several urban locations by the Surface Particulate Matter Network reveal an enhanced fraction of anthropogenic dust compared to natural dust sources, especially over Asia. We develop a global simulation of anthropogenic fugitive, combustion, and industrial dust which, to our knowledge, is partially missing or strongly underrepresented in global models. We estimate 2-16 μg m-3 increase in fine particulate mass concentration across East and South Asia by including anthropogenic fugitive, combustion, and industrial dust emissions. A simulation including anthropogenic fugitive, combustion, and industrial dust emissions increases the correlation from 0.06 to 0.66 of simulated fine dust in comparison with Surface Particulate Matter Network measurements at 13 globally dispersed locations, and reduces the low bias by 10% in total fine particulate mass in comparison with global in situ observations. Global population-weighted PM2.5 increases by 2.9 μg m-3 (10%). Our assessment ascertains the urgent need of including this underrepresented fine anthropogenic dust source into global bottom-up emission inventories and global models.

Microgravity: A New Tool for Basic and Applied Research in Space

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1985-01-01

This brochure highlights selected aspects of the NASA Microgravity Science and Applications program. So that we can expand our understanding and control of physical processes, this program supports basic and applied research in electronic materials, metals, glasses and ceramics, biological materials, combustion and fluids and chemicals. NASA facilities that provide weightless environments on the ground, in the air, and in space are available to U.S. and foreign investigators representing the academic and industrial communities. After a brief history of microgravity research, the text explains the advantages and methods of performing microgravity research. Illustrations follow of equipment used and experiments preformed aboard the Shuttle and of prospects for future research. The brochure concludes be describing the program goals and the opportunities for participation.

Portable Hydraulic Powerpack

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, L. A.; Henry, R. L.; Fedor, O. H.; Owens, L. J.

1986-01-01

Rechargeable hydraulic powerpack functions as lightweight, compact source of mechanical energy. Self-contained hydraulic powerpack derives energy from solid chemical charge. Combustion of charge initiated by small hammer, and revolving feeder replaces charges expended. Combustion gases cool during expansion in turbine and not too hot for release to atmosphere. Unit has applications driving wheelchairs and operating drills, winches, and other equipment in remote areas. Also replaces electric motors and internal-combustion engines as source of power in explosive atmospheres.

Automotive and Construction Equipment for Arctic Use: Heating and Cold Starting

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-04-01

heater. Catalytic combustion heaters similar to that shown in Figure 12 produce flameless heat using gasoline, benzene or a similar fuel and have... combustion chamber; physical scientist, is a • engine compartment air; and member of CRREL’s * personnel and cargo compartments. Applied Research Wind...component warping and thermal cracking. When coolant is pumped, heat is not only provided to the cylinders, thereby warming the combustion cha iber and the

Thermogravimetric characterization of irrigated bermudagrass as a combustion feedstock

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The bioenergy production industry can benefit from a greater understanding of potential differences among the various feedstock materials and production influences on thermochemical conversion processes such as combustion. The thermal degradation of biomass during combustion can quickly be assessed ...

Combustion noise

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Strahle, W. C.

1977-01-01

A review of the subject of combustion generated noise is presented. Combustion noise is an important noise source in industrial furnaces and process heaters, turbopropulsion and gas turbine systems, flaring operations, Diesel engines, and rocket engines. The state-of-the-art in combustion noise importance, understanding, prediction and scaling is presented for these systems. The fundamentals and available theories of combustion noise are given. Controversies in the field are discussed and recommendations for future research are made.

40 CFR 98.173 - Calculating GHG emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... associated requirements for Tier 4 in subpart C of this part (General Stationary Fuel Combustion Sources). (b... basis (% CO2). Q = Hourly stack gas volumetric flow rate (scfh). %H2O = Hourly moisture percentage in... vented through the same stack as any combustion unit or process equipment that reports CO2 emissions...

40 CFR 98.173 - Calculating GHG emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... associated requirements for Tier 4 in subpart C of this part (General Stationary Fuel Combustion Sources). (b..., dry basis (% CO2). Q = Hourly stack gas volumetric flow rate (scfh). %H2O = Hourly moisture percentage... reduction furnace are vented through the same stack as any combustion unit or process equipment that reports...

40 CFR 98.173 - Calculating GHG emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... associated requirements for Tier 4 in subpart C of this part (General Stationary Fuel Combustion Sources). (b... basis (% CO2). Q = Hourly stack gas volumetric flow rate (scfh). %H2O = Hourly moisture percentage in... vented through the same stack as any combustion unit or process equipment that reports CO2 emissions...

SECONDARY COMBUSTION OF PENTABORANE-HYDRAZINE EXHAUST IN AIR

DTIC Science & Technology

The design of the first of two liquid micromotors , has been completed. This micromotor will be used for the determination of characteristic velocity... micromotor and auxiliary equipment has been initiated. A tentative test plan has been developed for the study of the combustion characteristics in air of the pentaborane-hydrazine system.

40 CFR 63.6120 - What performance tests and other procedures must I use?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... parameters associated with operation of the stationary combustion turbine and any emission control device... Turbines Testing and Initial Compliance Requirements § 63.6120 What performance tests and other procedures.... (e) If your stationary combustion turbine is not equipped with an oxidation catalyst, you must...

40 CFR 63.6120 - What performance tests and other procedures must I use?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... parameters associated with operation of the stationary combustion turbine and any emission control device... Turbines Testing and Initial Compliance Requirements § 63.6120 What performance tests and other procedures.... (e) If your stationary combustion turbine is not equipped with an oxidation catalyst, you must...

40 CFR 63.6120 - What performance tests and other procedures must I use?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... parameters associated with operation of the stationary combustion turbine and any emission control device... Turbines Testing and Initial Compliance Requirements § 63.6120 What performance tests and other procedures.... (e) If your stationary combustion turbine is not equipped with an oxidation catalyst, you must...

An assessment of advanced technology for industrial cogeneration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moore, N.

1983-01-01

The potential of advanced fuel utilization and energy conversion technologies to enhance the outlook for the increased use of industrial cogeneration was assessed. The attributes of advanced cogeneration systems that served as the basis for the assessment included their fuel flexibility and potential for low emissions, efficiency of fuel or energy utilization, capital equipment and operating costs, and state of technological development. Over thirty advanced cogeneration systems were evaluated. These cogeneration system options were based on Rankine cycle, gas turbine engine, reciprocating engine, Stirling engine, and fuel cell energy conversion systems. The alternatives for fuel utilization included atmospheric and pressurized fluidized bed combustors, gasifiers, conventional combustion systems, alternative energy sources, and waste heat recovery. Two advanced cogeneration systems with mid-term (3 to 5 year) potential were found to offer low emissions, multi-fuel capability, and a low cost of producing electricity. Both advanced cogeneration systems are based on conventional gas turbine engine/exhaust heat recovery technology; however, they incorporate advanced fuel utilization systems.

78 FR 54197 - Energy Efficiency Program for Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Energy Conservation Standards...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-03

.... EERE-2013-BT-STD-0030] RIN 1904-AD01 Energy Efficiency Program for Commercial and Industrial Equipment... Certain Industrial Equipment,'' a program covering certain commercial and industrial equipment (hereafter... (AEMTCA), Public Law 112-210 (Dec. 18, 2012). EPCA covers many types of commercial and industrial...

40 CFR 60.4345 - What are the requirements for the continuous emission monitoring system equipment, if I choose to...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... continuous emission monitoring system equipment, if I choose to use this option? 60.4345 Section 60.4345... PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Stationary Combustion Turbines Monitoring § 60.4345 What are the requirements for the continuous emission monitoring system equipment, if I...

40 CFR 60.4345 - What are the requirements for the continuous emission monitoring system equipment, if I choose to...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... continuous emission monitoring system equipment, if I choose to use this option? 60.4345 Section 60.4345... PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Stationary Combustion Turbines Monitoring § 60.4345 What are the requirements for the continuous emission monitoring system equipment, if I...

40 CFR 60.2145 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and the operating limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration... own or operate an existing commercial or industrial combustion unit that combusted a fuel or non-waste... internal and external corrosion. (3) Use a pressure sensor with a minimum tolerance of 1.27 centimeters of...

40 CFR 60.2145 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and the operating limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration... own or operate an existing commercial or industrial combustion unit that combusted a fuel or non-waste... external corrosion. (3) Use a pressure sensor with a minimum tolerance of 1.27 centimeters of water or a...

AIR TOXICS EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRONICS INCINERATION

EPA Science Inventory

The purpose of this project is to examine the emissions of air toxics from the combustion of electronics equipment, primarily personal computer components. Due to a shortage of recycling programs for personal computers and other personal electronics equipment, most of these mate...

An experimental investigation of concentrated slop combustion characteristics in cyclone furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Panpokha, Suphaopich; Wongwuttanasatian, Tanakorn; Tangchaichit, Kiatfa

2018-02-01

Slop is a by-product in alcoholic industries requiring costly waste management. An idea of using slop as a fuel in a boiler for the industries was proposed. Due to high content of ash, a cyclone furnace was designed to combust the slop. This study aims to examine the concentrated slop combustion in a designed cyclone furnace, consisting of combustion temperature and exhaust gases. The tests were carried out under 4 different air-fuel ratios. Fuels injected into the furnace were 3 g/s of concentrated slop and 1 g/s of diesel. The air-fuel ratios were corresponding to 100, 120, 140 and 160 percent theoretical air. The results demonstrated that combustion of concentrated slop can gave temperature of 800-1000°C and a suitable theoretical air was 100%-120%, because the combustion temperature was higher than that of other cases. In cyclone combustion, excess air is not recommended because it affects a reduction in overall temperature inside the cyclone furnace. It is expected that utilization of the concentrated slop (by-product) will be beneficial in the development of green and zero waste factory.

40 CFR 60.335 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... stationary combustion turbines; units used in association with heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) equipped... = observed humidity of ambient air, g H2O/g air, e = transcendental constant, 2.718, and Ta = ambient... combustion turbine must still be met. (4) If water or steam injection is used to control NOX with no...

40 CFR 98.173 - Calculating GHG emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... associated requirements for Tier 4 in subpart C of this part (General Stationary Fuel Combustion Sources). (b... basis (% CO2). Q = Hourly stack gas volumetric flow rate (scfh). %H2O = Hourly moisture percentage in... furnace are vented through the same stack as any combustion unit or process equipment that reports CO2...

40 CFR 86.1806-05 - On-board diagnostics for vehicles less than or equal to 14,000 pounds GVWR.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.../mi. (2) Engine misfire. Lack of cylinder combustion must be detected. (3) Exhaust gas sensors—(i... cylinder combustion must be detected. (3) Oxygen sensors. If equipped, oxygen sensor deterioration or... directly intended to control emissions, including but not necessarily limited to, the exhaust gas...

76 FR 67259 - Frequency Regulation Compensation in the Organized Wholesale Power Markets

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-31

... rapid action of turbine governor control to change a generator's output and of demand response resources... generators (e.g., water, steam and combustion turbines) that are specially equipped for this purpose... as adding a combustion turbine to the system for regulation purposes.'' \\54\\ \\53\\ Makarov, Y.V., Ma...

TESTING AT NREL OF THE MINIPILOT SOLAR SYSTEM FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE THERMAL DESTRUCTION

EPA Science Inventory

A minipilot solar system (MSS) was built at MRI, transported to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and tested at NREL's high flux solar furnace. The MSS involved combustion of a liquid feed in a combustion reactor equipped with a quartz window at one end for solar i...

Proceedings of the 1997 oil heat technology conference and workshop

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McDonald, R.J.

1997-09-01

This report documents the Proceedings of the 1997 Oil Heat Technology Conference and Workshop, held on April 3--4 at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), and sponsored by the US Department of Energy--Office of Building Technologies, State and Community programs (DOE-BTS), in cooperation with the Petroleum Marketers Association of America (PMAA). This Conference is a key technology transfer activity supported by the ongoing Combustion Equipment Technology (Oil-Heat R and D) program at BNL, and is aimed at providing a forum for the exchange of information among international researchers, engineers, manufacturers, and marketers of oil-fired space-conditioning equipment. The objectives of the Conference weremore » to: identify and evaluate the state-of-the-art and recommend new initiatives for higher efficiency, a cleaner environment, and to satisfy consumer needs cost-effectively, reliably, and safely: and foster cooperation among federal and industrial representatives with the common goal of sustained national economic growth and energy security via energy conservation. The 1997 Oil Technology Conference comprised: (a) five plenary sessions devoted to presentations and summations by public and private sector industry representatives from the US, and Canada, and (b) four workshops which focused on mainstream issues in oil-heating technology. This book contains 14 technical papers and four summaries from the workshops. Selected papers have been indexed separately for inclusion in the Energy Science and Technology Database.« less

Restoring a Classic Electric Car

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kraft, Thomas E.

2012-01-01

One hundred years ago, automobiles were powered by steam, electricity, or internal combustion. Female drivers favored electric cars because, unlike early internal-combustion vehicles, they did not require a crank for starting. Nonetheless, internal-combustion vehicles came to dominate the industry and it's only in recent years that the electrics…

DEVELOPMENT OF A CORE COMBUSTION RESEARCH PROGRAM PLAN FOR EPA

EPA Science Inventory

The report described a plan, evolving from a review of the state- of-the-art in combustion research, for a long- term research program in combustion and thermal destruction. trawman plan was prepared and reviewed by a panel of representatives from industry, academia, and governme...

Selection of technology for the low calorific synthetic gas combustion in the gas turbine combustion chamber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Filippov, Prokopy; Levin, Evgeny; Ryzhkov, Alexander

2017-10-01

The leading gas turbines manufacturers are developing the technologies of the environmental friendly combustion of industrial and synthetic gases of low calorific values. In this case they are faced with critical problems concerning combustion stability assurance and the necessity of the gas turbines significant modernization due to the differences between the low calorific and natural gases. The numerical simulation results of the low calorific value synthetic gas combustion in the combustion chamber by means of different technologies are considered in the paper.

44 CFR 327.3 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... PREPAREDNESS POLICY ON USE OF GOVERNMENT-OWNED INDUSTRIAL PLANT EQUIPMENT BY PRIVATE INDUSTRY (DMO-10A) § 327.3..., that agency may provide to private industry such Government-owned industrial plant equipment as is... to supply Government-owned industrial plant equipment to private industry, these agencies will...

FY2017 Advanced Combustion Systems and Fuels Annual Progress Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None, None

The Advanced Combustion Systems and Fuels Program supports VTO’s goal and focuses early-stage research and development (R&D) to improve understanding of the combustion processes, fuel properties, and emission control technologies while generating knowledge and insight necessary for industry to develop the next generation of engines.

Novel incineration technology integrated with drying, pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion of MSW and ashes vitrification.

PubMed

Liu, Yangsheng; Liu, Yushan

2005-05-15

The conventional mass burn systems for municipal solid waste (MSW) emit large amount of acidic gases and dioxins as well as heavy metals due to the large excess air ratio. Additionally, the final process residues, bottom ash with potential leachability of heavy metals and fly ash with high level of heavy metals and dioxins, also constitute a major environmental problem. To deal with these issues more effectively, a novel MSW incineration technology was developed in this study. MSW drying, pyrolysis, gasification, incineration, and ash vitrification were achieved as a spectrum of combustion by the same equipment (primary chamber) in one step. In practice, the primary chamber of this technology actually acted as both gasifier for organic matter and vitrifying reactor for ashes, and the combustion process was mainly completed in the secondary chamber. Experiments were carried outto examine its characteristics in an industrial MSW incineration plant, located in Taiyuan, with a capability of 100 tons per day (TPD). Results showed that (1) the pyrolysis, gasification, and vitrification processes in the primary chamber presented good behaviors resulting in effluent gases with high contents of combustibles (e.g., CO and CH4) and bottom ash with a low loss-on-ignition (L.o.l), low leachability of heavy metals, and low toxicity of cyanide and fluoride. The vitrified bottom ash was benign to its environment and required no further processing for its potential applications. (2) Low stack emissions of dioxins (0.076 ng of TEQ m(-3)), heavy metals (ranging from 0.013 to 0.033 mg m(-3)), and other air pollutants were achieved. This new technology could effectively dispose Chinese MSW with a low calorific value and high water content; additionally, it also had a low capital and operating costs compared with the imported systems.

Equipment concept design and development plans for microgravity science and applications research on space station: Combustion tunnel, laser diagnostic system, advanced modular furnace, integrated electronics laboratory

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Uhran, M. L.; Youngblood, W. W.; Georgekutty, T.; Fiske, M. R.; Wear, W. O.

1986-01-01

Taking advantage of the microgravity environment of space NASA has initiated the preliminary design of a permanently manned space station that will support technological advances in process science and stimulate the development of new and improved materials having applications across the commercial spectrum. Previous studies have been performed to define from the researcher's perspective, the requirements for laboratory equipment to accommodate microgravity experiments on the space station. Functional requirements for the identified experimental apparatus and support equipment were determined. From these hardware requirements, several items were selected for concept designs and subsequent formulation of development plans. This report documents the concept designs and development plans for two items of experiment apparatus - the Combustion Tunnel and the Advanced Modular Furnace, and two items of support equipment the Laser Diagnostic System and the Integrated Electronics Laboratory. For each concept design, key technology developments were identified that are required to enable or enhance the development of the respective hardware.

Green Propellant Test Capabilities of the Altitude Combustion Stand at the NASA Glenn Research Center

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kubiak, Jonathan M.; Arnett, Lori A.

2016-01-01

The NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) is committed to providing simulated altitude rocket test capabilities to NASA programs, other government agencies, private industry partners, and academic partners. A primary facility to support those needs is the Altitude Combustion Stand (ACS). ACS provides the capability to test combustion components at a simulated altitude up to 100,000 ft. (approx.0.2 psia/10 Torr) through a nitrogen-driven ejector system. The facility is equipped with an axial thrust stand, gaseous and cryogenic liquid propellant feed systems, data acquisition system with up to 1000 Hz recording, and automated facility control system. Propellant capabilities include gaseous and liquid hydrogen, gaseous and liquid oxygen, and liquid methane. A water-cooled diffuser, exhaust spray cooling chamber, and multi-stage ejector systems can enable run times up to 180 seconds to 16 minutes. The system can accommodate engines up to 2000-lbf thrust, liquid propellant supply pressures up to 1800 psia, and test at the component level. Engines can also be fired at sea level if needed. The NASA GRC is in the process of modifying ACS capabilities to enable the testing of green propellant (GP) thrusters and components. Green propellants are actively being explored throughout government and industry as a non-toxic replacement to hydrazine monopropellants for applications such as reaction control systems or small spacecraft main propulsion systems. These propellants offer increased performance and cost savings over hydrazine. The modification of ACS is intended to enable testing of a wide range of green propellant engines for research and qualification-like testing applications. Once complete, ACS will have the capability to test green propellant engines up to 880 N in thrust, thermally condition the green propellants, provide test durations up to 60 minutes depending on thrust class, provide high speed control and data acquisition, as well as provide advanced imaging and diagnostics such as infrared (IR) imaging.

Combustible dusts: a serious industrial hazard.

PubMed

Joseph, Giby

2007-04-11

After investigating three fatal explosions in manufacturing plants, the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) has concluded: The explosive hazard of combustible dust is not well known, and helping industry to understand this hazard is a priority. Prompted by these three incidents in North Carolina, Kentucky and Indiana and the need to increase the hazard awareness, CSB is conducting a study to examine the nature and scope of dust explosion risks in industry and to identify initiatives that may be necessary to more effectively prevent combustible dust fires and explosions. Such initiatives may include regulatory action, voluntary consensus standards, or other measures that could be taken by industry, labor, government, and other parties. A critical task of the dust study is analyzing past incidents to determine the severity of the problem within industry. The analysis is focusing on the number of incidents, injuries and fatalities, industrial sectors affected, and regulatory oversight. This paper presents the preliminary findings from CSBs analysis of combustible dust incidents over the past 25 years. This paper has not been approved by the Board and is published for general informational purposes only. Every effort has been made to accurately present the contents of any Board-approved report mentioned in this paper. Any material in the paper that did not originate in a Board-approved report is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not represent an official finding, conclusion, or position of the Board.

Effects of alternate fuels. Report No. 2. Analysis of basic refractories degraded by residual oil combustion products

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wei, G. C.; Tennery, V. J.

1978-02-01

Industrial conversion in the U.S. to alternate fuels from natural gas is presently under way and will accelerate rapidly as a result of gas curtailments and National policy considerations. Currently the prime alternate fuels are distillate and residual oils and coal. Conversion to residual oils or coal for high-temperature process heat applications is anticipated to result in accelerated refractory and insulation corrosion and degradation due to reactions between fuel impurities and the ceramic linings of high-temperature equipment. Understanding the nature of such reactions and identification of means for preventing or retarding them will be of considerable assistance to both refractorymore » manufacturers and users as well as a significant contribution to energy conservation.« less

Health and environmental effects of refuse derived fuel (RDF) production and RDF/coal co-firing technologies

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

O'Toole, J.J.; Wessels, T.E.; Lynch, J.F.

1981-10-01

Six facilities, representing the scope of different co-firing techniques with their associated RDF production systems were reviewed in detail for combustion equipment, firing modes, emission control systems, residue handling/disposal, and effluent wastewater treatment. These facilities encompass all currently operational or soon to be operational co-firing plants and associated RDF production systems. Occupational health and safety risks for these plants were evaluated on the basis of fatal and nonfatal accidents and disease arising from the respective fuel cycles, coal and RDF. Occupational risks include exposure to pathogenic organisms in the workplace. Unusual events that are life threatening in the RDF processingmore » industry (e.g., explosions) are also discussed and remedial and safety measures reviewed. 80 refs., 4 figs., 30 tabs.« less

40 CFR 86.1806-05 - On-board diagnostics for vehicles less than or equal to 14,000 pounds GVWR.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.../mi. (2) Engine misfire. Lack of cylinder combustion must be detected. (3) Exhaust gas sensors—(i... the catalytic converter. (ii) Diesel. Lack of cylinder combustion must be detected. (3) Oxygen sensors. If equipped, oxygen sensor deterioration or malfunction resulting in exhaust emissions exceeding 1.5...

Nitrogen Isotope Composition of Thermally Produced NOx from Various Fossil-Fuel Combustion Sources.

PubMed

Walters, Wendell W; Tharp, Bruce D; Fang, Huan; Kozak, Brian J; Michalski, Greg

2015-10-06

The nitrogen stable isotope composition of NOx (δ(15)N-NOx) may be a useful indicator for NOx source partitioning, which would help constrain NOx source contributions in nitrogen deposition studies. However, there is large uncertainty in the δ(15)N-NOx values for anthropogenic sources other than on-road vehicles and coal-fired energy generating units. To this end, this study presents a broad analysis of δ(15)N-NOx from several fossil-fuel combustion sources that includes: airplanes, gasoline-powered vehicles not equipped with a three-way catalytic converter, lawn equipment, utility vehicles, urban buses, semitrucks, residential gas furnaces, and natural-gas-fired power plants. A relatively large range of δ(15)N-NOx values was measured from -28.1‰ to 8.5‰ for individual exhaust/flue samples that generally tended to be negative due to the kinetic isotope effect associated with thermal NOx production. A negative correlation between NOx concentrations and δ(15)N-NOx for fossil-fuel combustion sources equipped with selective catalytic reducers was observed, suggesting that the catalytic reduction of NOx increases δ(15)N-NOx values relative to the NOx produced through fossil-fuel combustion processes. Combining the δ(15)N-NOx measured in this study with previous published values, a δ(15)N-NOx regional and seasonal isoscape was constructed for the contiguous U.S., which demonstrates seasonal and regional importance of various NOx sources.

49 CFR 176.93 - Vehicles having refrigerating or heating equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... combustion motors which expose the occupants of the passenger vehicles to excessive concentrations of exhaust... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Vehicles having refrigerating or heating equipment... CARRIAGE BY VESSEL Special Requirements for Transport Vehicles Loaded With Hazardous Materials and...

49 CFR 176.93 - Vehicles having refrigerating or heating equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... combustion motors which expose the occupants of the passenger vehicles to excessive concentrations of exhaust... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Vehicles having refrigerating or heating equipment... CARRIAGE BY VESSEL Special Requirements for Transport Vehicles Loaded With Hazardous Materials and...

Performance of a flameless combustion furnace using biogas and natural gas.

PubMed

Colorado, A F; Herrera, B A; Amell, A A

2010-04-01

Flameless combustion technology has proved to be flexible regarding the utilization of conventional fuels. This flexibility is associated with the main characteristic of the combustion regime, which is the mixing of the reactants above the autoignition temperature of the fuel. Flameless combustion advantages when using conventional fuels are a proven fact. However, it is necessary to assess thermal equipments performance when utilizing bio-fuels, which usually are obtained from biomass gasification and the excreta of animals in bio-digesters. The effect of using biogas on the performance of an experimental furnace equipped with a self-regenerative Flameless burner is reported in this paper. All the results were compared to the performance of the system fueled with natural gas. Results showed that temperature field and uniformity are similar for both fuels; although biogas temperatures were slightly lower due to the larger amount of inert gases (CO(2)) in its composition that cool down the reactions. Species patterns and pollutant emissions showed similar trends and values for both fuels, and the energy balance for biogas showed a minor reduction of the efficiency of the furnace; this confirms that Flameless combustion is highly flexible to burn conventional and diluted fuels. Important modifications on the burner were not necessary to run the system using biogas. Additionally, in order to highlight the advantages of the Flameless combustion regime, some comparisons of the burner performance working in Flameless mode and working in conventional mode are presented. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Energy industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Staszak, Katarzyna; Wieszczycka, Karolina

2018-04-01

The potential sources of metals from energy industries are discussed. The discussion is organized based on two main metal-contains wastes from power plants: ashes, slags from combustion process and spent catalysts from selective catalytic NOx reduction process with ammonia, known as SCR. The compositions, methods of metals recovery, based mainly on leaching process, and their further application are presented. Solid coal combustion wastes are sources of various compounds such as silica, alumina, iron oxide, and calcium. In the case of the spent SCR catalysts mainly two metals are considered: vanadium and tungsten - basic components of industrial ones.

Electronic business in the home medical equipment industry.

PubMed

Wei, June; Graham, Michael J; Liu, Lai C

2011-01-01

This paper aims at developing electronic business solutions to increase value for the home medical equipment industry. First, an electronic strategic value chain model was developed for the home medical equipment industry. Second, electronic business solutions were mapped from this model. Third, the top 20 dominant companies in the home medical equipment industry were investigated to see the current adoption patterns of these electronic business solutions. The solutions will be beneficial to decision-makers in the information technology adoptions in the home medical equipment industry to increase the business values.

Criteria pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions from CNG transit buses equipped with three-way catalysts compared to lean-burn engines and oxidation catalyst technologies.

PubMed

Yoon, Seungju; Collins, John; Thiruvengadam, Arvind; Gautam, Mridul; Herner, Jorn; Ayala, Alberto

2013-08-01

Engine and exhaust control technologies applied to compressed natural gas (CNG) transit buses have advanced from lean-burn, to lean-burn with oxidation catalyst (OxC), to stoichiometric combustion with three-way catalyst (TWC). With this technology advancement, regulated gaseous and particulate matter emissions have been significantly reduced. Two CNG transit buses equipped with stoichiometric combustion engines and TWCs were tested on a chassis dynamometer, and their emissions were measured. Emissions from the stoichiometric engines with TWCs were then compared to the emissions from lean-burn CNG transit buses tested in previous studies. Stoichiometric combustion with TWC was effective in reducing emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)), particulate matter (PM), and nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) by 87% to 98% depending on pollutants and test cycles, compared to lean combustion. The high removal efficiencies exceeded the emission reduction required from the certification standards, especially for NO(x) and PM. While the certification standards require 95% and 90% reductions for NO(x) and PM, respectively, from the engine model years 1998-2003 to the engine model year 2007, the measured NO(x) and PM emissions show 96% and 95% reductions, respectively, from the lean-burn engines to the stoichiometric engines with TWC over the transient Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) cycle. One drawback of stoichiometric combustion with TWC is that this technology produces higher carbon monoxide (CO) emissions than lean combustion. In regard to controlling CO emissions, lean combustion with OxC is more effective than stoichiometric combustion. Stoichiometric combustion with TWC produced higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) than lean combustion during the UDDS cycle, but lower GHG emissions during the steady-state cruise cycle. Stoichiometric combustion with three-way catalyst is currently the best emission control technology available for compressed natural gas (CNG) transit buses to meet the stringent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2010 heavy-duty engine NO(x) emissions standard. For existing lean-burn CNG transit buses in the fleet, oxidation catalyst would be the most effective retrofit technology for the control of NMHC and CO emissions.

Sensors for Metering Heat Flux Area Density and Metrological Equipment for the Heat Flux Density Measurement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Doronin, D. O.

2018-04-01

The demand in measuring and studies of heat conduction of various media is very urgent now. This article considers the problem of heat conduction monitoring and measurement in various media and materials in any industries and branches of science as well as metrological support of the heat flux measurement equipment. The main study objects are both the sensors manufactured and facilities onto which these sensors will be installed: different cladding structures of the buildings, awnings, rocket fairings, boiler units, internal combustion engines. The Company develops and manufactures different types of heat flux sensors: thermocouple, thin-film, heterogeneous gradient as well as metrological equipment for the gauging calibration of the heat flux density measurement. The calibration shall be performed using both referencing method in the unit and by fixed setting of the heat flux in the unit. To manufacture heterogeneous heat flux gradient sensors (HHFGS) the Company developed and designed a number of units: diffusion welding unit, HHFGS cutting unit. Rather good quality HHFGS prototypes were obtained. At this stage the factory tests on the equipment for the heat flux density measurement equipment are planned. A high-sensitivity heat flux sensor was produced, now it is tested at the Construction Physics Research Institute (Moscow). It became possible to create thin-film heat flux sensors with the sensitivity not worse than that of the sensors manufactured by Captec Company (France). The Company has sufficient premises to supply the market with a wide range of sensors, to master new sensor manufacture technologies which will enable their application range.

40 CFR 63.1201 - Definitions and acronyms used in this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... subpart A of this part, or in this section as follows: Air pollution control system means the equipment used to reduce the release of particulate matter and other pollutants to the atmosphere. Automatic... and air pollution control devices, as well as the combustion chamber equipment. Hazardous waste...

40 CFR 63.6155 - What records must I keep?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Stationary Combustion Turbines Notifications, Reports, and... occurrence and duration of each malfunction of the air pollution control equipment, if applicable, as required in § 63.10(b)(2)(ii). (5) Records of all maintenance on the air pollution control equipment as...

Plasma-assisted combustion technology for NOx reduction in industrial burners.

PubMed

Lee, Dae Hoon; Kim, Kwan-Tae; Kang, Hee Seok; Song, Young-Hoon; Park, Jae Eon

2013-10-01

Stronger regulations on nitrogen oxide (NOx) production have recently promoted the creation of a diverse array of technologies for NOx reduction, particularly within the combustion process, where reduction is least expensive. In this paper, we discuss a new combustion technology that can reduce NOx emissions within industrial burners to single-digit parts per million levels without employing exhaust gas recirculation or other NOx reduction mechanisms. This new technology uses a simple modification of commercial burners, such that they are able to perform plasma-assisted staged combustion without altering the outer configuration of the commercial reference burner. We embedded the first-stage combustor within the head of the commercial reference burner, where it operated as a reformer that could host a partial oxidation process, producing hydrogen-rich reformate or synthesis gas product. The resulting hydrogen-rich flow then ignited and stabilized the combustion flame apart from the burner rim. Ultimately, the enhanced mixing and removal of hot spots with a widened flame area acted as the main mechanisms of NOx reduction. Because this plasma burner acted as a low NOx burner and was able to reduce NOx by more than half compared to the commercial reference burner, this methodology offers important cost-effective possibilities for NOx reduction in industrial applications.

Air pollution source apportionment before, during, and after the 2008 Beijing Olympics and association of sources to aldehydes and biomarkers of blood coagulation, pulmonary and systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress in healthy young adults

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Altemose, Brent A.

Based on principal component analysis (PCA) of air pollution data collected during the Summer Olympic Games held in Beijing, China during 2008, the five source types of air pollution identified -- natural soil/road dust, vehicle and industrial combustion, vegetative burning, oil combustion, and secondary formation, were all distinctly lower during the Olympics. This was particularly true for vehicle and industrial combustion and oil combustion, and during the main games period between the opening and closing ceremonies. The reduction in secondary formation was reflective of a reduction in nitrogen oxides, but this also contributed to increased ozone concentrations during the Olympic period. Among three toxic aldehydes measured in Beijing during the same time period, only acetaldehyde had a reduction in mean concentration during the Olympic air pollution control period compared to the pre-Olympic period. Accordingly, acetaldehyde was significantly correlated with primary emission sources including vegetative burning and oil combustion, and with several pollutants emitted mainly from primary sources. In contrast, formaldehyde and acrolein increased during the Olympic air pollution control period; accordingly both were significantly correlated with ozone and with the secondary formation source type. These findings indicate primary sources may dominate for acetaldehyde while secondary sources may dominate for formaldehyde and acrolein. Biomarkers for pulmonary inflammation (exhaled breath condensate (EBC) pH, exhaled nitric oxide, and EBC nitrite) and hemostasis and blood coagulation (vWF and sCD62p) were most consistently associated with vehicle and industrial combustion, oil combustion, and vegetative burning. The systemic inflammation biomarker 8-OHdG was most consistently associated with vehicle and industrial combustion. In contrast, the associations between the biomarkers and the aldehydes were generally not significant or in the hypothesized direction, although EBC nitrite was associated with both acrolein and acetaldehyde, and sCD62p was associated with acetaldehyde. Notably, the biomarker sCD40L showed few significant associations with any of the air pollution source types or aldehydes. The findings indicate that implementing controls for combustion sources may have a positive impact on cardiorespiratory health, even in healthy young adults. More aggressive control of vegetative burning and further reduction of nitrogen oxide concentrations would likely have an even more positive impact.

Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), Westinghouse phase 1. Volume 3: Combustors, furnaces and low-BTU gasifiers. [used in coal gasification and coal liquefaction (equipment specifications)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hamm, J. R.

1976-01-01

Information is presented on the design, performance, operating characteristics, cost, and development status of coal preparation equipment, combustion equipment, furnaces, low-Btu gasification processes, low-temperature carbonization processes, desulfurization processes, and pollution particulate removal equipment. The information was compiled for use by the various cycle concept leaders in determining the performance, capital costs, energy costs, and natural resource requirements of each of their system configurations.

Steam generation by combustion of processed waste fats

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pudel, F.; Lengenfeld, P.

1993-12-31

The use of specially processed waste fats as a fuel oil substitute offers, at attractive costs, an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional disposal like refuse incineration or deposition. For that purpose the processed fat is mixed with EL fuel oil and burned in a standard steam generation plant equipped with special accessories. The measured emission values of the combustion processes are very low.

49 CFR 176.905 - Stowage of motor vehicles or mechanical equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... combustion engine using liquid fuel that has a flashpoint less than 38 °C (100 °F), the fuel tank is empty... has an internal combustion engine using liquid fuel that has a flashpoint of 38 °C (100 °F) or higher... CARRIAGE BY VESSEL Detailed Requirements for Cotton and Vegetable Fibers, Motor Vehicles, and Asbestos...

Coal fired air turbine cogeneration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Foster-Pegg, R. W.

Fuel options and generator configurations for installation of cogenerator equipment are reviewed, noting that the use of oil or gas may be precluded by cost or legislation within the lifetime of any cogeneration equipment yet to be installed. A coal fueled air turbine cogenerator plant is described, which uses external combustion in a limestone bed at atmospheric pressure and in which air tubes are sunk to gain heat for a gas turbine. The limestone in the 26 MW unit absorbs sulfur from the coal, and can be replaced by other sorbents depending on types of coal available and stringency of local environmental regulations. Low temperature combustion reduces NOx formation and release of alkali salts and corrosion. The air heat is exhausted through a heat recovery boiler to produce process steam, then can be refed into the combustion chamber to satisfy preheat requirements. All parts of the cogenerator are designed to withstand full combustion temperature (1500 F) in the event of air flow stoppage. Costs are compared with those of a coal fired boiler and purchased power, and it is shown that the increased capital requirements for cogenerator apparatus will yield a 2.8 year payback. Detailed flow charts, diagrams and costs schedules are included.

Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tree-rings of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) from two industrial sites in the Pearl River Delta, south China.

PubMed

Kuang, Yuan-wen; Zhou, Guo-yi; Wen, Da-zhi; Li, Jiong; Sun, Fang-fang

2011-09-01

Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined and potential sources of PAHs were identified from the dated tree-rings of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) near two industrial sites (Danshuikeng, DSK and Xiqiaoshan, XQS) in the Pearl River Delta of south China. Total concentrations of PAHs (∑PAHs) were revealed with similar patterns of temporal trends in the tree-rings at both sites, suggesting tree-rings recorded the historical variation in atmospheric PAHs. The differences of individual PAHs and of ∑PAHs detected in the tree-rings between the two sites reflected the historical differences of airborne PAHs. Regional changes in industrial activities might contribute to the site-specific and period-specific patterns of the tree-ring PAHs. The diagnostic PAH ratios of Ant/(Ant + PA), FL/(FL + Pyr), and BaA/(BaA + Chr)) revealed that PAHs in the tree-rings at both sites mainly stemmed from the combustion process (pyrogenic sources). Principal component analysis further confirmed that wood burning, coal combustion, diesel, and gasoline-powered vehicular emissions were the dominant contributors of PAHs sources at DSK, while diesel combustion, gasoline and natural gas combustion, and incomplete coal combustion were responsible for the main origins of PAHs at XQS. Tree-ring analysis of PAHs was indicative of PAHs from a mixture of sources of combustion, thus minimizing the bias of short-term active air sampling.

CIBO special project study: Fluidized bed combustion by-products

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Soyka, P.A.

1996-12-31

Information is outlined on a Council of Industrial Boiler Owners (CIBO) Special Project Study on fluidized bed combustion by-products. Data are presented on a fossil fuel combustion by-products (FFCB) Survey; study population and response pattern; survey respondent characteristics; FFCB characterization; productive use and impacts; on-site FFCB disposal; and environmental characteristics of FFCB disposal units.

Effect of Electric Field in the Stabilized Premixed Flame on Combustion Process Emissions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Otto, Krickis

2017-10-01

The effect of the AC and DC electrical field on combustion processes has been investigated by various researchers. The results of these experiments do not always correlate, due to different experiment conditions and experiment equipment variations. The observed effects of the electrical field impact on the combustion process depends on the applied voltage polarity, flame speed and combustion physics. During the experiment was defined that starting from 1000 V the ionic wind takes the effect on emissions in flue gases, flame shape and combustion instabilities. Simulation combustion process in hermetically sealed chamber with excess oxygen amount 3 % in flue gases showed that the positive effect of electrical field on emissions lies in region from 30 to 400 V. In aforementioned voltage range carbon monoxide emissions were reduced by 6 % and at the same time the nitrogen oxide emissions were increased by 3.5 %.

Technology Being Developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: Ultra-Low- Emission Combustion Technologies for Heat and Power Generation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cheng, Robert K.

2001-01-01

The Combustion Technologies Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has developed simple, low-cost, yet robust combustion technologies that may change the fundamental design concept of burners for boilers and furnaces, and injectors for gas turbine combustors. The new technologies utilize lean premixed combustion and could bring about significant pollution reductions from commercial and industrial combustion processes and may also improve efficiency. The technologies are spinoffs of two fundamental research projects: An inner-ring burner insert for lean flame stabilization developed for NASA- sponsored reduced-gravity combustion experiments. A low-swirl burner developed for Department of Energy Basic Energy Sciences research on turbulent combustion.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1999 OIL HEAT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

MCDONALD,R.J.

1999-04-01

The 1999 Oil Heat Technology Conference and Workshop, April 15-16 at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is sponsored by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs (DOEBTS). The meeting is also co-sponsored by the: Petroleum Marketers Association of America, New England Fuel Institute, Oilheat Manufacturers Association, National Association of Oil Heat Service Managers, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Empire State Petroleum Association, New York Oil Heating Association, Oil Heat Institute of Long Island, and the Pennsylvania Petroleum Association. BNL is proud to acknowledge all of our 1999 co-sponsors, without their helpmore » and support the conference would have been canceled due to budget restrictions. It is quite gratifying to see an industry come together to help support an activity like the technology conference, for the benefit of the industry as a whole. The 1999 Oil Heat Technology Conference and Workshop, will be the thirteenth since 1984, is a very valuable technology transfer activity supported by the ongoing Combustion Equipment Technology (Oilheat R and D) program at BNL. The foremost reason for the conference is to provide a platform for the exchange of information and perspectives among international researchers, engineers, manufacturers, service technicians, and marketers of oil-fired space-conditioning equipment. They will provide a conduit by which information and ideas can be exchanged to examine present technologies, as well as helping to develop the future course for oil heating advancement. These conferences also serve as a stage for unifying government representatives, researchers, fuel oil marketers, and other members of the oil-heat industry in addressing technology advancements in this important energy use sector.« less

77 FR 16769 - Energy Conservation Program for Certain Industrial Equipment: Energy Conservation Standards and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-22

... Conservation Program for Certain Industrial Equipment: Energy Conservation Standards and Test Procedures for...-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)/Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) Standard 90.1-2010... Industrial Equipment, which includes the commercial heating, air-conditioning, and water-heating equipment...

77 FR 75400 - Labeling Requirements for Commercial and Industrial Equipment

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-20

.... EERE-2012-BT-NOA-0037] RIN 1904-AC84 Labeling Requirements for Commercial and Industrial Equipment... standards for certain commercial and industrial equipment, and requires the Department of Energy (DOE) to administer an energy conservation program for the equipment, including the development of labeling...

10 CFR 34.20 - Performance requirements for industrial radiography equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Performance requirements for industrial radiography equipment. 34.20 Section 34.20 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION LICENSES FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY AND RADIATION SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHIC OPERATIONS Equipment § 34.20 Performance...

10 CFR 34.20 - Performance requirements for industrial radiography equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Performance requirements for industrial radiography equipment. 34.20 Section 34.20 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION LICENSES FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY AND RADIATION SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHIC OPERATIONS Equipment § 34.20 Performance...

10 CFR 34.20 - Performance requirements for industrial radiography equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Performance requirements for industrial radiography equipment. 34.20 Section 34.20 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION LICENSES FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY AND RADIATION SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHIC OPERATIONS Equipment § 34.20 Performance...

10 CFR 34.20 - Performance requirements for industrial radiography equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Performance requirements for industrial radiography equipment. 34.20 Section 34.20 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION LICENSES FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY AND RADIATION SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHIC OPERATIONS Equipment § 34.20 Performance...

10 CFR 34.20 - Performance requirements for industrial radiography equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Performance requirements for industrial radiography equipment. 34.20 Section 34.20 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION LICENSES FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY AND RADIATION SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHIC OPERATIONS Equipment § 34.20 Performance...

The development of an electrochemical technique for in situ calibrating of combustible gas detectors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shumar, J. W.; Lantz, J. B.; Schubert, F. H.

1976-01-01

A program to determine the feasibility of performing in situ calibration of combustible gas detectors was successfully completed. Several possible techniques for performing the in situ calibration were proposed. The approach that showed the most promise involved the use of a miniature water vapor electrolysis cell for the generation of hydrogen within the flame arrestor of a combustible gas detector to be used for the purpose of calibrating the combustible gas detectors. A preliminary breadboard of the in situ calibration hardware was designed, fabricated and assembled. The breadboard equipment consisted of a commercially available combustible gas detector, modified to incorporate a water vapor electrolysis cell, and the instrumentation required for controlling the water vapor electrolysis and controlling and calibrating the combustible gas detector. The results showed that operation of the water vapor electrolysis at a given current density for a specific time period resulted in the attainment of a hydrogen concentration plateau within the flame arrestor of the combustible gas detector.

78 FR 6352 - Personal Protective Equipment for General Industry; Extension of the Office of Management and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-30

...] Personal Protective Equipment for General Industry; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB... collection requirements contained in the Personal Protective Equipment Standard for General Industry (29 CFR... personal protective equipment (PPE) necessary. Where such hazards are present, employers must communicate...

Super Boiler: Packed Media/Transport Membrane Boiler Development and Demonstration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liss, William E; Cygan, David F

2013-04-17

Gas Technology Institute (GTI) and Cleaver-Brooks developed a new gas-fired steam generation system the Super Boiler for increased energy efficiency, reduced equipment size, and reduced emissions. The system consists of a firetube boiler with a unique staged furnace design, a two-stage burner system with engineered internal recirculation and inter-stage cooling integral to the boiler, unique convective pass design with extended internal surfaces for enhanced heat transfer, and a novel integrated heat recovery system to extract maximum energy from the flue gas. With these combined innovations, the Super Boiler technical goals were set at 94% HHV fuel efficiency, operation on naturalmore » gas with <5 ppmv NOx (referenced to 3%O2), and 50% smaller than conventional boilers of similar steam output. To demonstrate these technical goals, the project culminated in the industrial demonstration of this new high-efficiency technology on a 300 HP boiler at Clement Pappas, a juice bottler located in Ontario, California. The Super Boiler combustion system is based on two stage combustion which combines air staging, internal flue gas recirculation, inter-stage cooling, and unique fuel-air mixing technology to achieve low emissions rather than external flue gas recirculation which is most commonly used today. The two-stage combustion provides lower emissions because of the integrated design of the boiler and combustion system which permit precise control of peak flame temperatures in both primary and secondary stages of combustion. To reduce equipment size, the Super Boiler's dual furnace design increases radiant heat transfer to the furnace walls, allowing shorter overall furnace length, and also employs convective tubes with extended surfaces that increase heat transfer by up to 18-fold compared to conventional bare tubes. In this way, a two-pass boiler can achieve the same efficiency as a traditional three or four-pass firetube boiler design. The Super Boiler is consequently up to 50% smaller in footprint, has a smaller diameter, and is up to 50% lower in weight, resulting in very compact design with reduced material cost and labor costs, while requiring less boiler room floor space. For enhanced energy efficiency, the heat recovery system uses a transport membrane condenser (TMC), a humidifying air heater (HAH), and a split-stage economizer to extract maximum energy from the flue gas. The TMC is a new innovation that pulls a major portion of water vapor produced by the combustion process from the flue gases along with its sensible and latent heat. This results in nearly 100% transfer of heat to the boiler feed water. The HAH improves the effectiveness of the TMC, particularly in steam systems that do not have a large amount of cold makeup water. In addition, the HAH humidifies the combustion air to reduce NOx formation. The split-stage economizer preheats boiler feed water in the same way as a conventional economizer, but extracts more heat by working in tandem with the TMC and HAH to reduce flue gas temperature. These components are designed to work synergistically to achieve energy efficiencies of 92-94% which is 10-15% higher than today's typical firetube boilers.« less

49 CFR 176.905 - Stowage of motor vehicles or mechanical equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... powered by an internal combustion engine, a fuel cell, batteries or a combination thereof, is subject to... leakage from the battery, engine, fuel cell, compressed gas cylinder or accumulator, or fuel tank, as..., each vehicle or mechanical equipment must be inspected for fuel leaks and identifiable faults in the...

29 CFR 1910.107 - Spray finishing using flammable and combustible materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... finishing material. (5) Dry spray booth. A spray booth not equipped with a water washing system as described in subparagraph (4) of this paragraph. A dry spray booth may be equipped with (i) distribution or... it enters the exhaust duct; or (ii) overspray dry filters to minimize dusts; or (iii) overspray dry...

29 CFR 1910.107 - Spray finishing using flammable and combustible materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... finishing material. (5) Dry spray booth. A spray booth not equipped with a water washing system as described in subparagraph (4) of this paragraph. A dry spray booth may be equipped with (i) distribution or... it enters the exhaust duct; or (ii) overspray dry filters to minimize dusts; or (iii) overspray dry...

29 CFR 1910.107 - Spray finishing using flammable and combustible materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... finishing material. (5) Dry spray booth. A spray booth not equipped with a water washing system as described in subparagraph (4) of this paragraph. A dry spray booth may be equipped with (i) distribution or... it enters the exhaust duct; or (ii) overspray dry filters to minimize dusts; or (iii) overspray dry...

40 CFR 63.1201 - Definitions and acronyms used in this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... in the Act, in subpart A of this part, or in this section as follows: Air pollution control system means the equipment used to reduce the release of particulate matter and other pollutants to the... and air pollution control devices, as well as the combustion chamber equipment. Hazardous waste...

40 CFR 63.1201 - Definitions and acronyms used in this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... in the Act, in subpart A of this part, or in this section as follows: Air pollution control system means the equipment used to reduce the release of particulate matter and other pollutants to the... and air pollution control devices, as well as the combustion chamber equipment. Hazardous waste...

49 CFR 173.220 - Internal combustion engines, self-propelled vehicles, mechanical equipment containing internal...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... mechanical equipment) containing lithium batteries, must be described as “Lithium ion batteries contained in... lithium battery; or (4) Except as provided in paragraph (f)(1) of this section, it contains other... § 173.21 of this subchapter when transported by rail, highway or vessel. (d) Lithium batteries. Except...

49 CFR 173.220 - Internal combustion engines, self-propelled vehicles, mechanical equipment containing internal...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... mechanical equipment) containing lithium batteries, must be described as “Lithium ion batteries contained in... lithium battery; or (4) Except as provided in paragraph (f)(1) of this section, it contains other... § 173.21 of this subchapter when transported by rail, highway or vessel. (d) Lithium batteries. Except...

Nitric oxide reduction in coal combustion: role of char surface complexes in heterogeneous reactions.

PubMed

Arenillas, Ana; Rubiera, Fernando; Pis, José J

2002-12-15

Nitrogen oxides are one of the major environmental problems arising from fossil fuel combustion. Coal char is relatively rich in nitrogen, and so this is an important source of nitrogen oxides during coal combustion. However, due to its carbonaceous nature, char can also reduce NO through heterogeneous reduction. The objectives of this work were on one hand to compare NO emissions from coal combustion in two different types of equipment and on the other hand to study the influence of char surface chemistry on NO reduction. A series of combustion tests were carried out in two different scale devices: a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled to a mass spectrometer and an FTIR (TG-MS-FTIR) and a fluidized bed reactor with an on line battery of analyzers. The TG-MS-FTIR system was also used to perform a specific study on NO heterogeneous reduction reactions using chars with different surface chemistry. According to the results obtained, it can be said that the TG-MS-FTIR system provides valuable information about NO heterogeneous reduction and it can give good trends of the behavior in other combustion equipments (i.e., fluidized bed combustors). It has been also pointed out that NO-char interaction depends to a large extent on temperature. In the low-temperature range (<800 degrees C), NO heterogeneous reduction seems to be controlled by the evolution of surface complexes. In the high-temperature range (>800 degrees C), a different mechanism is involved in NO heterogeneous reduction, the nature of the carbon matrix being a key factor.

Supplement B to compilation of air pollutant emission factors, volume 1. Stationary point and area sources

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

This document contains emission factors and process information for more than 200 air pollution source categories. This Supplement to AP-42 addresses pollutant-generating activity from Bituminous And Subbituminous Coal Combustion, Anthracite Coal Combustion, Fuel Oil Combustion, Natural Gas Combustion, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Combustion, Wood Waste Combustion In Boilers, Lignite Combustion, Bagasse Combustion In Sugar Mills, Residential Fireplaces, Residential Wood Stoves, Waste Oil Combustion, Stationary Gas Turbines For Electricity Generation, Heavy-duty Natural Gas-fired Pipeline Compressor Engines And Turbines, Gasoline and Diesel Industrial Engines, Large Stationary Diesel And All Stationary Dual-fuel Engines, Adipic Acid, Cotton Ginning, Alfafalfa Dehydrating, Malt Beverages, Ceramic Products Manufacturing,more » Electroplating, Wildfires And Prescribed Burning, Emissions From Soils-Greenhouse Gases, Termites-Greenhouse Gases, and Lightning Emissions-Greenhouse Gases.« less

75 FR 32142 - Combustible Dust

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-07

.... Contact Mat Chibbaro, P.E., Fire Protection Engineer, Office of Safety Systems, OSHA Directorate of..., and metals (such as aluminum and magnesium). Industries that may have combustible dust hazards include..., chemical manufacturing, textile manufacturing, furniture manufacturing, metal processing, fabricated metal...

Increasing Operational Stability in Low NOX GT Combustor Using Fuel Rich Concentric Pilot Combustor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Levy, Yeshayahou; Erenburg, Vladimir; Sherbaum, Valery; Ovcharenko, Vitali; Rosentsvit, Leonid; Chudnovsky, Boris; Herszage, Amiel; Talanker, Alexander

2012-03-01

Lean combustion is a method in which combustion takes place under low equivalence ratio and relatively low combustion temperatures. As such, it has the potential to lower the effect of the relatively high activation energy nitrogen-oxygen reactions which are responsible for substantial NOX formation during combustion processes. However, lowering temperature reduces the reaction rate and deteriorates combustion stability. The objective of the present study is to reduce the lower equivalence ratio limit of the stable combustion operational boundary in lean Gas Turbine (GT) combustors while still maintaining combustion stability. A lean premixed gaseous combustor was equipped with a surrounding concentric pilot flame operating under rich conditions, thus generating a hot stream of combustion products with significant amount of reactive radicals. The main combustor's fuel-air composition was varied from stoichiometric to lean mixtures. The pilot's mixture composition was also varied by changing the air flow rate, within a limited rich mixtures range. The pilot fuel flow rate was always lower than five percent of the total fuel supply at the specific stage of the experiments.

Laser-induced incandescence: Particulate diagnostics for combustion, atmospheric, and industrial applications

DOE PAGES

Michelsen, H. A.; Schulz, C.; Smallwood, G. J.; ...

2015-09-09

The understanding of soot formation in combustion processes and the optimization of practical combustion systems require in situ measurement techniques that can provide important characteristics, such as particle concentrations and sizes, under a variety of conditions. Of equal importance are techniques suitable for characterizing soot particles produced from incomplete combustion and emitted into the environment. Also, the production of engineered nanoparticles, such as carbon blacks, may benefit from techniques that allow for online monitoring of these processes.

Electronic equipment vulnerability to fire released carbon fibers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pride, R. A.; Mchatton, A. D.; Musselman, K. A.

1980-01-01

The vulnerability of electronic equipment to damage by carbon fibers released from burning aircraft type structural composite materials was investigated. Tests were conducted on commercially available stereo power amplifiers which showed that the equipment was damaged by fire released carbon fibers but not by the composite resin residue, soot and products of combustion of the fuel associated with burning the carbon fiber composites. Results indicate that the failure rates of the equipment exposed to the fire released fiber were consistent with predictions based on tests using virgin fibers.

78 FR 49202 - Energy Conservation Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Proposed...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-13

.... EERE-2013-BT-STD-0030] RIN 1904-AD01 Energy Conservation Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial... efficiency of certain industrial equipment to conserve the energy resources of the Nation. DATES: DOE will... codification in the U.S. Code, establishes the ``Energy Conservation Program for Certain Industrial Equipment...

Conceptual design for the space station Freedom modular combustion facility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1989-01-01

A definition study and conceptual design for a combustion science facility that will be located in the Space Station Freedom's baseline U.S. Laboratory module is being performed. This modular, user-friendly facility, called the Modular Combustion Facility, will be available for use by industry, academic, and government research communities in the mid-1990's. The Facility will support research experiments dealing with the study of combustion and its byproducts. Because of the lack of gravity-induced convection, research into the mechanisms of combustion in the absence of gravity will help to provide a better understanding of the fundamentals of the combustion process. The background, current status, and future activities of the effort are covered.

Starting procedure for internal combustion vessels

DOEpatents

Harris, Harry A.

1978-09-26

A vertical vessel, having a low bed of broken material, having included combustible material, is initially ignited by a plurality of ignitors spaced over the surface of the bed, by adding fresh, broken material onto the bed to buildup the bed to its operating depth and then passing a combustible mixture of gas upwardly through the material, at a rate to prevent back-firing of the gas, while air and recycled gas is passed through the bed to thereby heat the material and commence the desired laterally uniform combustion in the bed. The procedure permits precise control of the air and gaseous fuel mixtures and material rates, and permits the use of the process equipment designed for continuous operation of the vessel.

Modelling and simulation of wood chip combustion in a hot air generator system.

PubMed

Rajika, J K A T; Narayana, Mahinsasa

2016-01-01

This study focuses on modelling and simulation of horizontal moving bed/grate wood chip combustor. A standalone finite volume based 2-D steady state Euler-Euler Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was developed for packed bed combustion. Packed bed combustion of a medium scale biomass combustor, which was retrofitted from wood log to wood chip feeding for Tea drying in Sri Lanka, was evaluated by a CFD simulation study. The model was validated by the experimental results of an industrial biomass combustor for a hot air generation system in tea industry. Open-source CFD tool; OpenFOAM was used to generate CFD model source code for the packed bed combustion and simulated along with an available solver for free board region modelling in the CFD tool. Height of the packed bed is about 20 cm and biomass particles are assumed to be spherical shape with constant surface area to volume ratio. Temperature measurements of the combustor are well agreed with simulation results while gas phase compositions have discrepancies. Combustion efficiency of the validated hot air generator is around 52.2 %.

49 CFR 173.220 - Internal combustion engines, self-propelled vehicles, mechanical equipment containing internal...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... “Lithium ion batteries contained in equipment” or “Lithium metal batteries contained in equipment,” as... lithium battery; or (4) Except as provided in paragraph (f)(1) of this section, it contains other... § 173.21 of this subchapter when transported by rail, highway or vessel. (d) Lithium batteries. Except...

40 CFR 52.1070 - Identification of plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Burning Equipment 11/11/02 8/6/03, 68 FR 46487 (c)(181). 26.11.06.06 Volatile Organic Compounds 9/22/97 5... a State effective date of 5/8/95 [(c)(182)(i)(C)]. 26.11.06.10 Refuse Burning Prohibited in Certain....11.09Control of Fuel Burning Equipment, Stationary Internal Combustion Engines, and Certain Fuel...

Combustion physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jones, A. R.

1985-11-01

Over 90% of our energy comes from combustion. By the year 2000 the figure will still be 80%, even allowing for nuclear and alternative energy sources. There are many familiar examples of combustion use, both domestic and industrial. These range from the Bunsen burner to large flares, from small combustion chambers, such as those in car engines, to industrial furnaces for steel manufacture or the generation of megawatts of electricity. There are also fires and explosions. The bountiful energy release from combustion, however, brings its problems, prominent among which are diminishing fuel resources and pollution. Combustion science is directed towards finding ways of improving efficiency and reducing pollution. One may ask, since combustion is a chemical reaction, why physics is involved: the answer is in three parts. First, chemicals cannot react unless they come together. In most flames the fuel and air are initially separate. The chemical reaction in the gas phase is very fast compared with the rate of mixing. Thus, once the fuel and air are mixed the reaction can be considered to occur instantaneously and fluid mechanics limits the rate of burning. Secondly, thermodynamics and heat transfer determine the thermal properties of the combustion products. Heat transfer also plays a role by preheating the reactants and is essential to extracting useful work. Fluid mechanics is relevant if work is to be performed directly, as in a turbine. Finally, physical methods, including electric probes, acoustics, optics, spectroscopy and pyrometry, are used to examine flames. The article is concerned mainly with how physics is used to improve the efficiency of combustion.

44 CFR 327.2 - Scope and applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... OF HOMELAND SECURITY PREPAREDNESS POLICY ON USE OF GOVERNMENT-OWNED INDUSTRIAL PLANT EQUIPMENT BY... Executive orders concerning use of that equipment. (b) As used herein, industrial plant equipment means... departments and agencies having, for purposes of mobilization readiness, Government-owned industrial plant...

Results of the use of a system for continuous measurement of combustibles in the fly ash produced by burning of anthracite fines in a TPP-210A boiler

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

S.A. Fil; L.V. Golyshev; I.S. Mysak

2002-11-15

Data on the use of RCA-2000 (Mark & Vedell, Denmark) stationary analyzers of the content of combustibles in fly ash for optimizing the furnace performance of a TPP-210A boiler and determining the effect of process switchings of the boiler equipment on the quality of the furnace performance are presented.

EMISSIONS OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS AS PRODUCTS OF INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION FROM INCINERATORS

EPA Science Inventory

The paper discusses emissions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as products of incomplete combustion from incinerators. PCBs were used widely as industrial chemicals, particularly as additives in electrical transformer cooling oil. Growing evidence of PCBs' role as a persistent...

REVISED EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODOLOGIES FOR INDUSTRIAL, RESIDENTIAL, AND ELECTRIC UTILITY STATIONARY COMBUSTION SOURCES

EPA Science Inventory

The report describes the development of improved and streamlined EPA emission estimation methods for stationary combustion area sources by the Joint Emissions Inventory Oversight Group (JEIOG) research program. These sources include categories traditionally labeled "other statio...

Proceedings of Office of Surface Mining Coal Combustion By-product Government/Regulatory Panel: University of Kentucky international ash utilization symposium

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vories, K.C.

2003-07-01

Short papers are given on: the Coal Combustion Program (C2P2) (J. Glenn); regional environmental concerns with disposal of coal combustion wastes at mines (T. FitzGerald); power plant waste mine filling - an environmental perspective (L.G. Evans); utility industry perspective regarding coal combustion product management and regulation (J. Roewer); coal combustion products opportunities for beneficial use (D.C. Goss); state perspective on mine placement of coal combustion by-products (G.E. Conrad); Texas regulations provide for beneficial use of coal combustion ash (S.S. Ferguson); and the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act - a response to concerns about placement of CCBs at coal minemore » sites (K.C. Vories). The questions and answers are also included.« less

Research and Development of Natural Draft Ultra-Low Emissions Burners for Gas Appliances

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Therkelsen, Peter; Cheng, Robert; Sholes, Darren

Combustion systems used in residential and commercial cooking appliances must be robust and easy to use while meeting air quality standards. Current air quality standards for cooking appliances are far greater than other stationary combustion equipment. By developing an advanced low emission combustion system for cooking appliances, the air quality impacts from these devices can be reduced. This project adapted the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) Ring-Stabilizer Burner combustion technology for residential and commercial natural gas fired cooking appliances (such as ovens, ranges, and cooktops). LBNL originally developed the Ring-Stabilizer Burner for a NASA funded microgravity experiment. This natural draftmore » combustion technology reduces NOx emissions significantly below current SCAQMD emissions standards without post combustion treatment. Additionally, the Ring-Stabilizer Burner technology does not require the assistance of a blower to achieve an ultra-low emission lean premix flame. The research team evaluated the Ring-Stabilizer Burner and fabricated the most promising designs based on their emissions and turndown.« less

Performance of Several Combustion Chambers Designed for Aircraft Oil Engines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Joachim, William F; Kemper, Carlton

1928-01-01

Several investigations have been made on single-cylinder test engines to determine the performance characteristics of four types of combustion chambers designed for aircraft oil engines. Two of the combustion chambers studied were bulb-type precombustion chambers, the connecting orifice of one having been designed to produce high turbulence by tangential air flow in both the precombustion chamber and the cylinder. The other two were integral combustion chambers, one being dome-shaped and the other pent-roof shaped. The injection systems used included cam and eccentric driven fuel pumps, and diaphragm and spring-loaded fuel-injection valves. A diaphragm type maximum cylinder pressure indicator was used in part of these investigations with which the cylinder pressures were controlled to definite valves. The performance of the engines when equipped with each of the combustion chambers is discussed. The best performance for the tests reported was obtained with a bulb-type combustion chamber designed to give a high degree of turbulence within the bulb and cylinder. (author)

77 FR 72763 - Energy Conservation Program: Certification of Commercial and Industrial HVAC, Refrigeration and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-06

... Commercial and Industrial HVAC, Refrigeration and Water Heating Equipment AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency... extension to the compliance date for the certification provisions of commercial refrigeration equipment... refrigeration equipment; commercial HVAC equipment; commercial WH equipment; and walk-in coolers and freezers...

Development and integration of a scalable low NOx combustion chamber for a hydrogen-fueled aerogas turbine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boerner, S.; Funke, H. H.-W.; Hendrick, P.; Recker, E.; Elsing, R.

2013-03-01

The usage of alternative fuels in aircraft industry plays an important role of current aero engine research and development processes. The micromix burning principle allows a secure and low NOx combustion of gaseous hydrogen. The combustion principle is based on the fluid phenomenon of jet in cross flow and achieves a significant lowering in NOx formation by using multiple miniaturized flames. The paper highlights the development and the integration of a combustion chamber, based on the micromix combustion principle, into an Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) GTCP 36-300 with regard to the necessary modifications on the gas turbine and on the engine controller.

The present state and future directions of PDF methods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pope, S. B.

1992-01-01

The objectives of the workshop are presented in viewgraph format, as is this entire article. The objectives are to discuss the present status and the future direction of various levels of engineering turbulence modeling related to Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) computations for propulsion; to assure that combustion is an essential part of propulsion; and to discuss Probability Density Function (PDF) methods for turbulent combustion. Essential to the integration of turbulent combustion models is the development of turbulent model, chemical kinetics, and numerical method. Some turbulent combustion models typically used in industry are the k-epsilon turbulent model, the equilibrium/mixing limited combustion, and the finite volume codes.

NACA Photographer Films a Ramjet Test

NASA Image and Video Library

1946-10-21

A National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) photographer films the test of a ramjet engine at the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory. The laboratory had an arsenal of facilities to test the engines and their components, and immersed itself in the study of turbojet and ramjet engines during the mid-1940s. Combustion, fuel injection, flameouts, and performance at high altitudes were of particular interest to researchers. They devised elaborate schemes to instrument the engines in order to record temperature, pressure, and other data. Many of the tests were also filmed so Lewis researchers could visually review the combustion performance along with the data. The photographer in this image was using high-speed film to document a thrust augmentation study at Lewis’ Jet Static Propulsion Laboratory. The ramjet in this photograph was equipped with a special afterburner as part of a general effort to improve engine performance. Lewis’ Photo Lab was established in 1942. The staff was expanded over the next few years as more test facilities became operational. The Photo Lab’s staff and specialized equipment have been key research tools for decades. They accompany pilots on test flights, use high-speed cameras to capture fleeting processes like combustion, and work with technology, such as the Schlieren camera, to capture supersonic aerodynamics. In addition, the group has documented construction projects, performed publicity work, created images for reports, and photographed data recording equipment.

Conditional Moment Closure of Mixing and Reaction in Turbulent Nonpremixed Combustion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, Nigel S. A.

1996-01-01

Nonpremixed combustion is the process whereby fuel and oxidizer species, which are each nonflammable in isolation, concurrently mix to burn a flammable mixture, and chemically react in the flammable mixture. In cases of practical industrial interest, the bulk of nonpremixed combustion occurs in a turbulent mixing regime where enhanced mass transfer rates flow the maximum power density to be achieved in any given thermochemical device.

Detailed model for practical pulverized coal furnaces and gasifiers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, P.J.; Smoot, L.D.

1989-08-01

This study has been supported by a consortium of nine industrial and governmental sponsors. Work was initiated on May 1, 1985 and completed August 31, 1989. The central objective of this work was to develop, evaluate and apply a practical combustion model for utility boilers, industrial furnaces and gasifiers. Key accomplishments have included: Development of an advanced first-generation, computer model for combustion in three dimensional furnaces; development of a new first generation fouling and slagging submodel; detailed evaluation of an existing NO{sub x} submodel; development and evaluation of an improved radiation submodel; preparation and distribution of a three-volume final report:more » (a) Volume 1: General Technical Report; (b) Volume 2: PCGC-3 User's Manual; (c) Volume 3: Data Book for Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Combustion Models; and organization of a user's workshop on the three-dimensional code. The furnace computer model developed under this study requires further development before it can be applied generally to all applications; however, it can be used now by specialists for many specific applications, including non-combusting systems and combusting geseous systems. A new combustion center was organized and work was initiated to continue the important research effort initiated by this study. 212 refs., 72 figs., 38 tabs.« less

Global combustion: the connection between fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions (1997-2010).

PubMed

Balch, Jennifer K; Nagy, R Chelsea; Archibald, Sally; Bowman, David M J S; Moritz, Max A; Roos, Christopher I; Scott, Andrew C; Williamson, Grant J

2016-06-05

Humans use combustion for heating and cooking, managing lands, and, more recently, for fuelling the industrial economy. As a shift to fossil-fuel-based energy occurs, we expect that anthropogenic biomass burning in open landscapes will decline as it becomes less fundamental to energy acquisition and livelihoods. Using global data on both fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions, we tested this relationship over a 14 year period (1997-2010). The global average annual carbon emissions from biomass burning during this time were 2.2 Pg C per year (±0.3 s.d.), approximately one-third of fossil fuel emissions over the same period (7.3 Pg C, ±0.8 s.d.). There was a significant inverse relationship between average annual fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions. Fossil fuel emissions explained 8% of the variation in biomass burning emissions at a global scale, but this varied substantially by land cover. For example, fossil fuel burning explained 31% of the variation in biomass burning in woody savannas, but was a non-significant predictor for evergreen needleleaf forests. In the land covers most dominated by human use, croplands and urban areas, fossil fuel emissions were more than 30- and 500-fold greater than biomass burning emissions. This relationship suggests that combustion practices may be shifting from open landscape burning to contained combustion for industrial purposes, and highlights the need to take into account how humans appropriate combustion in global modelling of contemporary fire. Industrialized combustion is not only an important driver of atmospheric change, but also an important driver of landscape change through companion declines in human-started fires.This article is part of the themed issue 'The interaction of fire and mankind'. © 2016 The Author(s).

Global combustion: the connection between fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions (1997–2010)

PubMed Central

Balch, Jennifer K.; Nagy, R. Chelsea; Archibald, Sally; Moritz, Max A.; Williamson, Grant J.

2016-01-01

Humans use combustion for heating and cooking, managing lands, and, more recently, for fuelling the industrial economy. As a shift to fossil-fuel-based energy occurs, we expect that anthropogenic biomass burning in open landscapes will decline as it becomes less fundamental to energy acquisition and livelihoods. Using global data on both fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions, we tested this relationship over a 14 year period (1997–2010). The global average annual carbon emissions from biomass burning during this time were 2.2 Pg C per year (±0.3 s.d.), approximately one-third of fossil fuel emissions over the same period (7.3 Pg C, ±0.8 s.d.). There was a significant inverse relationship between average annual fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions. Fossil fuel emissions explained 8% of the variation in biomass burning emissions at a global scale, but this varied substantially by land cover. For example, fossil fuel burning explained 31% of the variation in biomass burning in woody savannas, but was a non-significant predictor for evergreen needleleaf forests. In the land covers most dominated by human use, croplands and urban areas, fossil fuel emissions were more than 30- and 500-fold greater than biomass burning emissions. This relationship suggests that combustion practices may be shifting from open landscape burning to contained combustion for industrial purposes, and highlights the need to take into account how humans appropriate combustion in global modelling of contemporary fire. Industrialized combustion is not only an important driver of atmospheric change, but also an important driver of landscape change through companion declines in human-started fires. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’. PMID:27216509

Equipment failures and their contribution to industrial incidents and accidents in the manufacturing industry.

PubMed

Bourassa, Dominic; Gauthier, François; Abdul-Nour, Georges

2016-01-01

Accidental events in manufacturing industries can be caused by many factors, including work methods, lack of training, equipment design, maintenance and reliability. This study is aimed at determining the contribution of failures of commonly used industrial equipment, such as machines, tools and material handling equipment, to the chain of causality of industrial accidents and incidents. Based on a case study which aimed at the analysis of an existing pulp and paper company's accident database, this paper examines the number, type and gravity of the failures involved in these events and their causes. Results from this study show that equipment failures had a major effect on the number and severity of accidents accounted for in the database: 272 out of 773 accidental events were related to equipment failure, where 13 of them had direct human consequences. Failures that contributed directly or indirectly to these events are analyzed.

Fast-regenerable sulfur dioxide adsorbents for diesel engine emission control

DOEpatents

Li, Liyu [Richland, WA; King, David L [Richland, WA

2011-03-15

Disclosed herein are sorbents and devices for controlling sulfur oxides emissions as well as systems including such sorbents and devices. Also disclosed are methods for making and using the disclosed sorbents, devices and systems. In one embodiment the disclosed sorbents can be conveniently regenerated, such as under normal exhaust stream from a combustion engine, particularly a diesel engine. Accordingly, also disclosed are combustion vehicles equipped with sulfur dioxide emission control devices.

General Aviation Avionics Statistics: 1977.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-01

combustion of fuel, the gases of combustion (or the heated air) being used both to rotate the turbine and to create a thrust-producing engine. Turboprop...cc 0 4) 0 𔃾) cu z 4) 0 a$. .- MCI 1001 APPENDIX D AIRSPACE STRUCTURE 101 APPENDIX D. AIRSPACE STRUCTURE -t FLIO* - -FL450 I ContinentalI Control...Compass 9. Landing gear 4. Tachometer 10. Belts 5. Oil temperature 11. Special equipment for 6. Emergency locator over water flights transmitter

Physico-chemical and optical properties of combustion-generated particles from coal-fired power plant, automobile and ship engine and charcoal kiln.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Hwajin

2015-04-01

Similarities and differences in physico-chemical and optical properties of combustion generated particles from various sources were investigated. Coal-fired power plant, charcoal kiln, automobile and ship engine were major sources, representing combustions of coal, biomass and two different types of diesel, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) equipped with both SEM and HRTEM were used for physico-chemical analysis. Light absorbing properties were assessed using a spectrometer equipped with an integrating sphere. Particles generated from different combustion sources and conditions demonstrate great variability in their morphology, structure and composition. From coal-fired power plant, both fly ash and flue gas were mostly composed of heterogeneously mixed mineral ash spheres, suggesting that the complete combustion was occurred releasing carbonaceous species out at high temperature (1200-1300 °C). Both automobile and ship exhausts from diesel combustions show typical features of soot: concentric circles comprised of closely-packed graphene layers. However, heavy fuel oil (HFO) combusted particles from ship exhaust demonstrate more complex compositions containing different morphology of particles other than soot, e.g., spherical shape of char particles composed of minerals and carbon. Even for the soot aggregates, particles from HFO burning have different chemical compositions; carbon is dominated but Ca (29.8%), S (28.7%), Na(1%), and Mg(1%) are contained, respectively which were not found from particles of automobile emission. This indicates that chemical compositions and burning conditions are significant to determine the fate of particles. Finally, from biomass burning, amorphous and droplet-like carbonaceous particles with no crystallite structure are observed and they are generally formed by the condensation of low volatile species at low-temperature (~300-800 °C) combustion conditions. Depending on burning sources, significantly different optical properties were observed; diesel combustion particles from automobile and ship showed wavelength independent absorbing properties whereas the particles from coal and charcoal kiln combustion showed the enhanced absorption at shorter wavelength which is a brown carbon characteristic. Our findings suggest that source dependent properties and distributions across the globe should be considered when their impacts on climate change and air qualities are discussed.

Sensitivity Analysis to Turbulent Combustion Models for Combustor-Turbine Interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miki, Kenji; Moder, Jeff; Liou, Meng-Sing

2017-11-01

The recently-updated Open National CombustionCode (Open NCC) equipped with alarge-eddy simulation (LES) is applied to model the flow field inside the Energy Efficient Engine (EEE) in conjunction with sensitivity analysis to turbulent combustion models. In this study, we consider three different turbulence-combustion interaction models, the Eddy-Breakup model (EBU), the Linear-Eddy Model (LEM) and the Probability Density Function (PDF)model as well as the laminar chemistry model. Acomprehensive comparison of the flow field and the flame structure will be provided. One of our main interests isto understand how a different model predicts thermal variation on the surface of the first stage vane. Considering that these models are often used in combustor/turbine communities, this study should provide some guidelines on numerical modeling of combustor-turbine interactions.

The effect of using bomb calorimeter in improving science process skills of physics students

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Edie, S. S.; Masturi; Safitri, H. N.; Alighiri, D.; Susilawati; Sari, L. M. E. K.; Marwoto, P.; Iswari, R. S.

2018-03-01

The bomb calorimeter is laboratory equipment which serves to calculate the value of combustion heat or heat capacity of a sample in excess oxygen combustion. This study aims to determine the effect of using bomb calorimeter on science process skill of physics students. Influences include the effectiveness of using the equipment and knowing the improvement of students’ science process skills before and after using tools. The sample used simple random sampling with one group pretest-posttest research design. The instrument that used is written test that adjusts with science process skills aspect. Analysis of the effectiveness of bomb calorimeter showed useful result 87.88%, while the study of science skill improvement showed n-gain value 0.64 that is the medium category.

Development and testing of synthetic riprap constructed from coal combustion products (CCPs).

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-07-01

Even with an increase in the amount of coal combustion products (CCPs) used in concrete con-struction, soil stabilization, and other : applications, the coal power industry must dispose of a sig-nificant amount of fly ash and bottom ash. One potentia...

Combustible dust tests

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The sugar dust explosion in Georgia on February 7, 2008 killed 14 workers and injured many others (OSHA, 2009). As a consequence of this explosion, OSHA revised its Combustible Dust National Emphasis (NEP) program. The NEP targets 64 industries with more than 1,000 inspections and has found more tha...

Detailed Results from the Flame Extinguishment Experiment (FLEX) March 2009 to December 2011

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dietrich, Daniel L.; Ferkul, Paul V.; Bryg, Victoria M.; Nayagam, M. Vedha; Hicks, Michael C.; Williams, Forman A.; Dryer, Frederick L.; Shaw, Benjamin D.; Choi, Mun Y.; Avedisian, C. Thomas

2015-01-01

The Flame Extinguishment Experiment (FLEX) program is a continuing set of experiments on droplet combustion, performed employing the Multi-User Droplet Combustion Apparatus (MDCA), inside the chamber of the Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR), which is located in the Destiny module of the International Space Station (ISS). This report describes the experimental hardware, the diagnostic equipment, the experimental procedures, and the methods of data analysis for FLEX. It also presents the results of the first 284 tests performed. The intent is not to interpret the experimental results but rather to make them available to the entire scientific community for possible future interpretations.

Torrefaction of cedarwood in a pilot scale rotary kiln and the influence of industrial flue gas.

PubMed

Mei, Yanyang; Liu, Rujie; Yang, Qing; Yang, Haiping; Shao, Jingai; Draper, Christopher; Zhang, Shihong; Chen, Hanping

2015-02-01

Torrefaction of cedarwood was performed in a pilot-scale rotary kiln at various temperatures (200, 230, 260 and 290°C). The torrefaction properties, the influence on the grindability and hydroscopicity of the torrefied biomass were investigated in detail as well as the combustion performance. It turned out that, compared with raw biomass, the grindability and the hydrophobicity of the torrefied biomass were significantly improved, and the increasing torrefaction temperature resulted in a decrease in grinding energy consumption and an increase in the proportion of smaller-sized particles. The use of industrial flue gas had a significant influence on the behavior of cedarwood during torrefaction and the properties of the resultant solid products. To optimize the energy density and energy yield, the temperature of torrefaction using flue gas should be controlled within 260°C. Additionally, the combustion of torrefied samples was mainly the combustion of chars, with similar combustion characteristics to lignite. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Medical equipment industry in India: Production, procurement and utilization.

PubMed

Chakravarthi, Indira

2013-01-01

This article presents information on the medical equipment industry in India-on production, procurement and utilization related activities of key players in the sector, in light of the current policies of liberalization and growth of a "health-care industry" in India. Policy approaches to medical equipment have been discussed elsewhere.

78 FR 26544 - Energy Efficiency Program for Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Public Meeting and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-07

... Efficiency Program for Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Public Meeting and Availability of the Framework... the development of energy conservation standards for commercial and industrial fan and blower equipment published on February 1, 2013, is extended to June 3, 2013. DATES: The comment period for the...

78 FR 12251 - Energy Efficiency Program for Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Public Meeting and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-22

... Efficiency Program for Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Public Meeting and Availability of the Framework... the notice of public meeting and availability of the Framework Document pertaining to the development of energy conservation standards for commercial and industrial fan and blower equipment published on...

Rethinking chiller plant design

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Meckler, M.

1998-07-01

While most refrigeration chillers operate today on electricity, the use of natural gas is becoming an increasingly attractive alternative. This is largely because electricity does not use energy very efficiency (because of transmission and combustion fuel losses), high demand charges, and the high incremental cost of electricity to operate chillers. The use of gas engine-driven chillers eliminates the high incremental cost of electricity. Additionally, gas engine-driven systems can operate with COPs up to 1.8 and, therefore, are economically viable alternatives. Recent advances in gas engine-driven and DFA absorption chillers, and in commercially viable solid and liquid desiccant-cooling systems, suggest amore » bright future for the gas industry. The use of such equipment in conjunction with or in place of commercially available electrical-powered alternatives can significantly impact demand-side management savings for utility ratepayers in the short run and provide significant hybrid opportunities for deregulated markets in the intermediate to long term.« less

Rethinking chiller plant design

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Meckler, M.

1998-01-01

While most refrigeration chillers operate today on electricity, the use of natural gas is becoming an increasingly attractive alternative. This is largely because electricity does not use energy very efficiently (due to transmission and combustion fuel losses), high demand charges, and the high incremental cost of electricity to operate chillers. The use of gas engine-driven chillers eliminates the high incremental cost of electricity. Additionally, gas engine-driven systems can operate with COPs up to 1.8 and therefore are economically viable alternatives. Recent advances in gas engine-driven and direct-fired absorption chillers and in commercially viable solid- and liquid-desiccant cooling systems suggest amore » bright future for the gas industry. The use of such equipment in conjunction with or in place of commercially available electrical-powered alternatives can significantly impact demand-side management savings for utility ratepayers in the short run and provide significant hybrid opportunities for deregulated markets in the intermediate to long term.« less

Handheld Multi-Gas Meters Market Survey Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Williams, Gustavious; Wald-Hopkins, Mark David; Obrey, Stephen J.

2016-06-23

Handheld multi-gas meters (MGMs) are equipped with sensors to monitor oxygen (O2) levels and additional sensors to detect the presence of combustible or toxic gases in the environment. This report is limited to operational response-type MGMs that include at least four different sensors. These sensors can vary by type and by the chemical monitored. In real time, the sensors report the concentration of monitored gases in the atmosphere near the MGM. To provide emergency responders with information on handheld multi-gas meters, the System Assessment and Validation for Emergency Responders (SAVER) Program conducted a market survey. This market survey report ismore » based on information gathered between November 2015 and February 2016 from vendors, Internet research, industry publications, an emergency responder focus group, and a government issued Request for Information (RFI) that was posted on the Federal Business Opportunities website.« less

Particulate air pollution from combustion and construction in coastal and urban areas of China.

PubMed

Chen, Bing; Chen, Jinsheng; Zhao, Jinping; Zhang, Fuwang

2011-11-01

In China, the areas that are undergoing rapid urban growth are faced with increasingly more complicated air pollution problems. Sources of air pollution need to be identified and their contributions quantified. In this study, PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters < or =2.5 microm), PM2.5-10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters 2.5-10 microm), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations were measured from April to July 2009 at four selected areas in Xiamen (the downtown area, an industrial park, a suburb, and one remote site). The contributions of carbonaceous aerosols to PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 were 20-30% and 10-20%, respectively, indicating that finer particles contained more carbonaceous aerosols. The EC concentrations in PM2.5 at the downtown, industrial, suburb, and remote sites were 2.16 +/- 0.61, 2.05 +/- 0.45, 1.69 +/- 0.54, and 0.65 +/- 0.43 microg m-3, respectively, showing a decrease from the urban and industrial hotspots to the surrounding areas. These data show that carbonaceous aerosols emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels in urban and industrial hotspots influence air quality at the regional scale. Higher levels of PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 were observed at the suburb site compared to the urban and industrial sites. Peak EC concentrations in PM2.5 were observed during the morning and evening rush hours. However, peak PM2.5 levels at the suburb site were observed around noon, which coincides with construction work hours, instead of the morning and evening rush hours when emissions from combustion dominated. These findings indicate that both fuel combustion and construction have exacerbated air pollution in coastal and urban areas in China.

Technologies for Energy from Biomass by Direct Combustion, Gasification, and Liquefaction.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-05-01

1980 1982 1984 Development Alberta Industrial Dev. X American Fyr. Feeder X Andco, Inc. X Applied Engineering Co., Inc. X Biomass Corp. X Bio-Solar x...Feeder ANDCO, Inc. Applied Engineering Company Biomass Corporation Bio-Solar Research and Development Corporation Combustion Power Company, Inc. Davy...Andco. Inc. X Applied Engineering Co., Inc. X Biomass Corp. X , Big-Solar .X I Combustion Power .. XI Davy Powergas X j Dekalb Acresearch, Inc.- x Duvant

30 CFR 18.25 - Combustible gases from insulating material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., EVALUATION, AND APPROVAL OF MINING PRODUCTS ELECTRIC MOTOR-DRIVEN MINE EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES Construction... enclosures where the materials are subjected to destructive electrical action. (b) Parts coated or...

40 CFR 258.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...; stone, glass, clay, and concrete products; textile manufacturing; transportation equipment; and water... the MSWLF unit meets the conditions of § 258.1(f)(1). Open burning means the combustion of solid waste...

40 CFR 258.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...; stone, glass, clay, and concrete products; textile manufacturing; transportation equipment; and water... the MSWLF unit meets the conditions of § 258.1(f)(1). Open burning means the combustion of solid waste...

40 CFR 258.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...; stone, glass, clay, and concrete products; textile manufacturing; transportation equipment; and water... the MSWLF unit meets the conditions of § 258.1(f)(1). Open burning means the combustion of solid waste...

PEER REVIEW SUPPORTING THE STANDARDS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF COAL COMBUSTION WASTES PART 1 AND 2

EPA Science Inventory

EPA has been working on developing risk assessments to assist regulators, industry, and the public in evaluating the environmental risks associated with Fossil Fuel Combustion Waste(s) (FFCW) management/disposal in landfills, surface impoundments, other disposal procedures and b...

Simultaneous gas chromatographic determination of four toxic gases generally present in combustion atmospheres.

PubMed

Endecott, B R; Sanders, D C; Chaturvedi, A K

1996-01-01

The measurement of combustion gases produced by burning aircraft cabin materials poses a continuing limitation for smoke toxicity research. Because toxic effects of gases depend on both their concentrations and the duration of exposure, frequent atmosphere sampling is necessary to define the gas concentration-exposure time curve. A gas chromatographic (GC) method was developed for the simultaneous analyses of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The method used an MTI M200 dual-column gas chromatograph equipped with 4-m molecular sieve-5A and 8-m PoraPlot-U wall-coated capillary columns and two low-volume, high-sensitivity thermal conductivity detectors. Detectability (in parts per million [ppm]) and retention times (in seconds) for the gases were as follows: CO, 100 ppm, 28 s; H2S, 50 ppm, 26 s; SO2, 125 ppm, 76 s; and HCN, 60 ppm, 108 s. The method was effective for determining these gases in mixtures and in the combustion atmospheres generated by burning wool (CO, HCN, and H2S) and modacrylic fabrics (CO and HCN). Common atmospheric gaseous or combustion products (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapor, and other volatiles) did not interfere with the analyses. However, filtration of the combustion atmospheres was necessary to prevent restriction of the GC sampling inlet by smoke particulates. The speed, sensitivity, and selectivity of this method make it suitable for smoke toxicity research and for evaluating performance of passenger protective breathing equipment. Also, this method can potentially be modified to analyze these gases when they are liberated from biosamples.

78 FR 11996 - Energy Efficiency Program for Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Commercial and Industrial Pumps

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-21

.... EERE-2011-BT-STD-0031] RIN 1904-AC54 Energy Efficiency Program for Commercial and Industrial Equipment... meeting and availability of the Framework Document pertaining to the development of energy conservation... to and the issues presented by these equipment types, and in consideration of the travel schedules of...

The combustion properties analysis of various liquid fuels based on crude oil and renewables

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grab-Rogalinski, K.; Szwaja, S.

2016-09-01

The paper presents results of investigation on combustion properties analysis of hydrocarbon based liquid fuels commonly used in the CI engine. The analysis was performed with aid of the CRU (Combustion Research Unit). CRU is the machine consisted of a constant volume combustion chamber equipped with one or two fuel injectors and a pressure sensor. Fuel can be injected under various both injection pressure and injection duration, also with two injector versions two stage combustion with pilot injection can be simulated, that makes it possible to introduce and modify additional parameter which is injection delay (defined as the time between pilot and main injection). On a basis of this investigation such combustion parameters as pressure increase, rate of heat release, ignition delay and combustion duration can be determined. The research was performed for the four fuels as follows: LFO, HFO, Biofuel from rape seeds and Glycerol under various injection parameters as well as combustion chamber thermodynamic conditions. Under these tests the change in such injection parameters as injection pressure, use of pilot injection, injection delay and injection duration, for main injection, were made. Moreover, fuels were tested under different conditions of load, what was determined by initial conditions (pressure and temperature) in the combustion chamber. Stored data from research allows to compare combustion parameters for fuels applied to tests and show this comparison in diagrams.

Properties of Artificial Gaseous Mixtures for their Safe Use and Support the Natural Gas Supply Networks / Własności Sztucznych Mieszanin Gazowych do Bezpiecznego ich Użytkowania i Wspomagania Zasilania Sieci Gazu Ziemnego

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Łaciak, Mariusz

2012-11-01

The increase in natural gas consumption by the general public and industry development, in particular the petrochemical and chemical industries, has made increasing the world interest in using gas replacement for natural gas, both as mixtures of flammable gases and gas mixtures as LPG with air (SNG - Synthetic Natural Gas). Economic analysis in many cases prove that to ensure interchangeability of gas would cost less than the increase in pipeline capacity to deliver the same quantity of natural gas. In addition, SNG systems and installations, could be considered as investments to improve security and flexibility of gas supply. Known existing methods for determining the interchangeability of gases in gas gear based on Wobbe index, which determines the heat input and the burning rate tide, which in turn is related to flame stability. Exceeding the Wobbe index of a value increases the amount of carbon monoxide in the exhaust than the permissible concentration. Methods of determining the interchangeability of gases is characterized by a gas in relation to the above-described phenomena by means of quantitative indicators, or using diagrams interchangeability, where the gas is characterized by the position of a point in a coordinate system. The best known method for determining the interchangeability of gases is Delbourg method, in which the gas is characterized by the revised (expanded) Wobbe Index (Wr), the combustion potential, rate of soot formation (Ic) and the ratio of the formation of yellow ends (I). Universal way to determine the interchangeability of gas is also Weaver accounting method. It does not require determination of the reference gas. It is designed for utensils for household gas and gas pressure p = 1.25 kPa. The criteria and definition of gas interchangeability volatility in practice to the combustion in a gas gear. In the case of gas exchange in industrial furnaces, interchangeability criteria are usually not very useful because of other conditions of combustion and heat exchange. In industrial reheating furnace gas is combusted in a sealed combustion chambers. Air supply is regulated. The exhaust gases are discharged into canals and the chimney to the atmosphere. The temperature difference between load (fuel gas) and the flame is much less than in the case of gas household appliances. In the furnace heat exchange takes place mainly by radiation in 85% to 95%. The value of heat flux flowing from the gas to a heated charge is not proportional to the heat load burners. Interchangeability of gas is linked by adding to natural gas, a certain amount of gas that is a substitute for natural gas in meeting the criteria for substitution in order to ensure certainty of supply of natural gas to customers. Gases that can be used in the processes of blending and used as replacement gases are mainly a mixture of propane and propane - butane (LPG - Liquid Petroleum Gas), landfill gas or biogas (LFG - Landfill Gas) and dimethyl ether (DME). One of the more well-known gas mixtures used in many countries around the world to compensate for peak demands is a mixture containing about 75% of natural gas and approximately 25% propane / air (LPG / air). Also in Poland is prepared to amend the provisions in this regard (at this moment - oxygen in the gas network can not exceed 0.2%). In this paper, the calculations of interchangeability of gas mixtures LFG - LPG and LPG - air (SNG) for natural gas was made. It was determined whether the analyzed mixtures have similar stable flame zones regardless of the quality of LFG fuel and whether they may in whole or in part replace CH4, without any modification of equipment suction air for combustion. The obtained results will determine whether the fuel can be used as a replacement for natural gas used in such household appliances and, possibly, industrial burners. In connection with the possibility of changes in the quality of LFG, depending on such factors as storage time, as pre-treatment, will be determined the degree of interchangeability of LFG as a fuel mixed with regard to its quality.

49 CFR 174.112 - Loading Division 1.3 materials and Division 1.2 (explosive) materials (Also see § 174.101).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... materials and Division 1.2 (explosive) materials may not be loaded, transported or stored in a rail car equipped with any type of lighted heater or open-flame device, or in a rail car equipped with any apparatus or mechanism utilizing an internal combustion engine in its operation. (b) Except as provided in...

49 CFR 174.112 - Loading Division 1.3 materials and Division 1.2 (explosive) materials (Also see § 174.101).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... materials and Division 1.2 (explosive) materials may not be loaded, transported or stored in a rail car equipped with any type of lighted heater or open-flame device, or in a rail car equipped with any apparatus or mechanism utilizing an internal combustion engine in its operation. (b) Except as provided in...

49 CFR 174.112 - Loading Division 1.3 materials and Division 1.2 (explosive) materials (Also see § 174.101).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... materials and Division 1.2 (explosive) materials may not be loaded, transported or stored in a rail car equipped with any type of lighted heater or open-flame device, or in a rail car equipped with any apparatus or mechanism utilizing an internal combustion engine in its operation. (b) Except as provided in...

49 CFR 174.112 - Loading Division 1.3 materials and Division 1.2 (explosive) materials (Also see § 174.101).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... materials and Division 1.2 (explosive) materials may not be loaded, transported or stored in a rail car equipped with any type of lighted heater or open-flame device, or in a rail car equipped with any apparatus or mechanism utilizing an internal combustion engine in its operation. (b) Except as provided in...

49 CFR 174.112 - Loading Division 1.3 materials and Division 1.2 (explosive) materials (Also see § 174.101).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... materials and Division 1.2 (explosive) materials may not be loaded, transported or stored in a rail car equipped with any type of lighted heater or open-flame device, or in a rail car equipped with any apparatus or mechanism utilizing an internal combustion engine in its operation. (b) Except as provided in...

Trial production of fuel pellet from Acacia mangium bark waste biomass

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amirta, R.; Anwar, T.; Sudrajat; Yuliansyah; Suwinarti, W.

2018-04-01

Fuel pellet is one of the innovation products that can be produced from various sources of biomass such as agricultural residues, forestry and also wood industries including wood bark. Herein this paper, the potential fuel pellet production using Acacia mangium bark that abundant wasted from chip mill industry was studied. Fuel pellet was produced using a modified animal feed pellet press machine equipped with rotating roller-cylinders. The international standards quality of fuel pellet such as ONORM (Austria), SS (Sweden), DIN (Germany), EN (European) and ITEBE (Italy) were used to evaluate the optimum composition of feedstock and additive used. Theresults showed the quality offuel pellet produced were good compared to commercial sawdust pellet. Mixed of Acacia bark (dust) with 10% of tapioca and 20% of glycerol (w/w) was increased the stable form of pellet and the highest heating value to reached 4,383 Kcal/kg (calorific value). Blending of Acacia bark with tapioca and glycerol was positively improved its physical, chemical and combustion properties to met the international standards requirement for export market. Based on this finding, production of fuel pellet from Acacia bark waste biomass was promising to be developed as an alternative substitution of fossil energy in the future.

5 CFR 532.267 - Special wage schedules for aircraft, electronic, and optical instrument overhaul and repair...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes: 2007 NAICS codes 2007 NAICS industry titles 3341 Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing. 33422 Radio and television broadcasting and wireless communications equipment manufacturing. 33429 Other communications equipment manufacturing. 3343 Audio and video equipment...

5 CFR 532.267 - Special wage schedules for aircraft, electronic, and optical instrument overhaul and repair...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes: 2007 NAICS codes 2007 NAICS industry titles 3341 Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing. 33422 Radio and television broadcasting and wireless communications equipment manufacturing. 33429 Other communications equipment manufacturing. 3343 Audio and video equipment...

5 CFR 532.267 - Special wage schedules for aircraft, electronic, and optical instrument overhaul and repair...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes: 2007 NAICS codes 2007 NAICS industry titles 3341 Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing. 33422 Radio and television broadcasting and wireless communications equipment manufacturing. 33429 Other communications equipment manufacturing. 3343 Audio and video equipment...

75 FR 71596 - Energy Efficiency Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Test Procedures for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-24

... Efficiency Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Test Procedures for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Department of Energy. ACTION... amendments to its test procedure for commercial refrigeration equipment (CRE). The amendments would update...

Proceedings of Symposium on Water-in-Fuel Emulsions in Combustion held Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 20-21 April 1977.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-09-01

This symposium, sponsored by the DOT's U.S. Coast Guard and Office of the Secretary, provided a forum for researchers involved in the use of water-in-fuel emulsions in combustion. Participants from academia, industry and government contributed papers...

Spray atomization of bio-oil/ethanol blends with externally mixed nozzles

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Experiments were conducted to investigate the properties of sprays of pyrolysis oil from biomass (bio-oil) using an air assisted atomization nozzle operated without combustion to explore the potential of pyrolysis oil combustion in industrial and home furnaces. Bio-oil was blended with ethanol to im...

Selected results from combustion research at the Lewis Research Center

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, R. E.

1981-01-01

Combustion research at Lewis is organized to provide a balanced program responsive to national needs and the gas turbine industry. The results of this research is a technology base that assists the gas turbine engine manufacturers in developing new and improved combustion systems for advanced civil and military engines with significant improvements in performance, durability, fuel flexibility and control of exhaust emissions. Research efforts consist of fundamentals and modeling, and applied component and combustor research.

Combustion characteristics of Douglas Fir planer shavings. Technical progress report No. 4, September 16, 1977--September 15, 1978

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Junge, D.C.

1978-12-01

Significant quantities of wood residue fuels are presently being used in industrial steam generating facilities. Recent studies indicate that substantial additional quantities of wood residue fuels are available for energy generation in the form of steam and/or electricity. A limited data base on the combustion characteristics of wood residue fuels has resulted in the installation and operation of inefficient combustion systems for these fuels. This investigation of the combustion characteristics of wood residue fuels was undertaken to provide a data base which could be used to optimize the combustion of such fuels. Optimization of the the combustion process in industrialmore » boilers serves to improve combustion efficiency and to reduce air pollutant emissions generated in the combustion process. This report presents data on the combustion characteristics of Douglas Fir planer shavings. The data were obtained in a pilot scale combustion test facility at Oregon State Univerisity. Other technical reports present data on the combustion characteristics of: Douglas Fir bark, Red Alder sawdust, Red Alder bark, Ponderosa pine bark, Hemlock bark, and Eastern White Pine bark. An executive summary report is also available which compares the combustion characteristics of the various fuel species.« less

Emissions of Trace Products of Incomplete Combustion from a Pilot-Scale Incinerator Secondary Combustion Chamber.

PubMed

Lemieux, Paul M; Ryan, Jeffrey V; Bass, Charles; Barat, Robert

1996-04-01

Experiments were performed on a 73 kW rotary kiln incinerator simulator equipped with a 73 kW secondary combustion chamber (SCC) to examine emissions of products of incomplete combustion (PICs) resulting from incineration of carbon tetrachloride (CC14) and dichloromethane (CH2C12). Species were measured using an on-line gas chromatograph (GC) system capable of measuring concentrations of eight species of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a near-realtime fashion. Samples were taken at several points within the SCC, to generate species profiles with respect to system residence time. For the experiments, the afterburner on the SCC was operated at conditions ranging from fuel-rich to fuellean, while the kiln was operated at a constant set of conditions. Results indicate that combustion of CH2C12 produces higher levels of measured PICs than combustion of CC14, particularly 1, 2 dichlorobenzene, and to a lesser extent, monochlorobenzene. Benzene emissions were predominantly affected by the afterburner air/fuel ratio regardless of whether or not a surrogate waste was being fed.

FUEL EFFECTS ON COMBUSTION WITH EGR DILUTION IN SPARK IGNITED ENGINES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Szybist, James P

The use of EGR as a diluent allows operation with an overall stoichiometric charge composition, and the addition of cooled EGR results in well-understood thermodynamic benefits for improved fuel consumption. This study investigates the effect of fuel on the combustion and emission response of EGR dilution in spark ignited engines. A 2.0 L GM Ecotec LNF engine equipped with the production side-mounted direct injection (DI) fueling system is used in this study. Ethanol, isooctane and certified gasoline are investigated with EGR from 0% to the EGR dilution tolerance. Constant BMEP at 2000 rpm was operated with varying CA50 from 8more » CAD to 16 CAD aTDCf. The results show that ethanol gives the largest EGR tolerance at a given combustion phasing, engine load and speed. The improved EGR dilution tolerance with ethanol is attributed to a faster flame speed, which manifests itself as shorter combustion duration. Data shows that the combustion stability limit occurs at a critical combustion duration that is fuel independent. Due to different flame speeds, this critical combustion duration occurs at different EGR levels for the different fuels.« less

Emissions from small-scale energy production using co-combustion of biofuel and the dry fraction of household waste.

PubMed

Hedman, Björn; Burvall, Jan; Nilsson, Calle; Marklund, Stellan

2005-01-01

In sparsely populated rural areas, recycling of household waste might not always be the most environmentally advantageous solution due to the total amount of transport involved. In this study, an alternative approach to recycling has been tested using efficient small-scale biofuel boilers for co-combustion of biofuel and high-energy waste. The dry combustible fraction of source-sorted household waste was mixed with the energy crop reed canary-grass (Phalaris Arundinacea L.), and combusted in both a 5-kW pilot scale reactor and a biofuel boiler with 140-180 kW output capacity, in the form of pellets and briquettes, respectively. The chlorine content of the waste fraction was 0.2%, most of which originated from plastics. The HCl emissions exceeded levels stipulated in new EU-directives, but levels of equal magnitude were also generated from combustion of the pure biofuel. Addition of waste to the biofuel did not give any apparent increase in emissions of organic compounds. Dioxin levels were close to stipulated limits. With further refinement of combustion equipment, small-scale co-combustion systems have the potential to comply with emission regulations.

Innovative Defense Acquisition Concept Deployer Equipment Bundle (DEB)

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-01

time for industrial base ramp-up. The Deployer Equipment Bundle (DEB) concept would outfit early deploying brigade combat teams (BCTs) to the next...major contingency with the most modern, lifesaving equipment available, providing sufficient buffer stock to enable the industrial base to ramp up to...full capacity. This concept procures organizational clothing and individual protective equipment (OCIE) and personal protective equipment (PPE) for

Emission characteristics of NOx, CO, NH3 and VOCs from gas-fired industrial boilers based on field measurements in Beijing city, China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yue, Tao; Gao, Xiang; Gao, Jiajia; Tong, Yali; Wang, Kun; Zuo, Penglai; Zhang, Xiaoxi; Tong, Li; Wang, Chenlong; Xue, Yifeng

2018-07-01

In the past decade, due to the management policies and coal combustion controls in Beijing, the consumption of natural gas has increased gradually. Nevertheless, the research on the emission characteristics of gaseous pollutants emitted from gas-fired industrial boilers, especially considering the influence of low nitrogen (low-NOx) retrofit policy of gas boilers, is scarcely. In this study, based on literature and field investigations, onsite measurements of NOx, CO, NH3 and VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) emissions from gas-fired industrial boilers as well as the key factors that affected the emission of gaseous pollutants were discussed. Category-specific emission factors (EFs) of NOx, CO, NH3 and VOCs were obtained from the field measurements of 1107 "low-NOx" retrofitted and unabated gas-fired industrial boilers. Our results showed that operating load and control measures were the two key factors affecting the formation of gaseous pollutants. The EFs of NOx (EFNOx) and CO (EFCO) of atmospheric combustion boilers (ACBs) were much higher than the EFs of chamber combustion boilers (CCBs). The total emissions of NOx, CO, NH3 and VOCs from gas-fired industrial boilers in Beijing in the year of 2015 were estimated at 10489.6 t, 3272.8 t, 196.4 t and 235.4 t, respectively. Alkanes, BTEX, oxygenated VOCs and non-reactive organic matter were the four main chemical components of VOCs. As for the spatial distributions, the emissions of NOx, CO, NH3 and VOCs from gas-fired industrial boilers in Beijing were predominantly concentrated in central six urban districts. In the future, more detailed investigation and field tests for all kinds of gas-fired industrial boilers are still greatly needed to achieve more reliable estimations of atmospheric pollutants from gas-fired industrial boilers.

40 CFR 60.2635 - What are the operator training and qualification requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) Combustion controls and monitoring. (v) Operation of air pollution control equipment and factors affecting... devices. (vii) Actions to correct malfunctions or conditions that may lead to malfunction. (viii) Bottom...

Safety in the Chemical Laboratory: Fire Safety and Fire Control in the Chemistry Laboratory.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilbraham, A. C.

1979-01-01

Discusses fire safety and fire control in the chemistry laboratory. The combustion process, extinguishing equipment, extinguisher maintenance and location, and fire safety and practices are included. (HM)

Diesel Locomotive Exhaust Emission Control and Abatement

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1972-06-01

Exhaust emissions from diesel locomotives are a product of engine design and combustion characteristics. These pollutants, control methods, and emissions reduction through engine maintenance and retrofittable equipment changes are discussed in this r...

46 CFR 34.50-5 - Classification-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... fires in combustible or flammable liquids such as gasoline, lubricating oil, diesel oil, greases, etc., where a blanketing or smothering effect is essential. (3) “C” for fires in electrical equipment where...

46 CFR 34.50-5 - Classification-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... fires in combustible or flammable liquids such as gasoline, lubricating oil, diesel oil, greases, etc., where a blanketing or smothering effect is essential. (3) “C” for fires in electrical equipment where...

Trends in multi-pollutant emissions from a technology-linked inventory for India: II. Residential, agricultural and informal industry sectors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pandey, Apoorva; Sadavarte, Pankaj; Rao, Anand B.; Venkataraman, Chandra

2014-12-01

Dispersed traditional combustion technologies, characterized by inefficient combustion and significant emissions, are widely used in residential cooking and "informal industries" including brick production, food and agricultural product processing operations like drying and cooking operations related to sugarcane juice, milk, food-grain, jute, silk, tea and coffee. In addition, seasonal agricultural residue burning in field is a discontinuous source of significant emissions. Here we estimate fuel consumption in these sectors and agricultural residue burned using detailed technology divisions and survey-based primary data for 2010 and projected between 1996 and 2015. In the residential sector, a decline in the fraction of solid biomass users for cooking from 79% in 1996 to 65% in 2010 was offset by a growing population, leading to a nearly constant population of solid biomass users, with a corresponding increase in the population of LPG users. Emissions from agriculture followed the growth in agricultural production and diesel use by tractors and pumps. Trends in emissions from the informal industries sector followed those in coal combustion in brick kilns. Residential biomass cooking stoves were the largest contributors to emissions of PM2.5, OC, CO, NMVOC and CH4. Highest emitting technologies of BC were residential kerosene wick lamps. Emissions of SO2 were largely from coal combustion in Bull's trench kilns and other brick manufacturing technologies. Diesel use in tractors was the major source of NOx emissions. Uncertainties in emission estimates were principally from highly uncertain emission factors, particularly for technologies in the informal industries.

Some infra-red applications in combustion technology. Interim report 1 March-31 August 78

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Swithenbank, J.; Turan, A.; Taylor, D.S.

1978-01-01

Infrared technology finds many applications in the field of combustion ranging from pollution monitoring, through military systems, to the control of industrial furnaces and boilers. This review of some selected concepts highlights the interaction between the diagnostic role of infrared measurements and the current status of mathematical modelling of combustion systems. The link between measurement and and computing has also evolved to the point where a digital processor is becoming an inherent part of many new instruments. This point is illustrated by reference to the diffraction particle size meter, fire detection and alarm systems, and furnace control. In the future,more » as fuels become scarce and expensive, and micro-electronics become more available and inexpensive, it is certain that infrared devices will find increasing application in smaller industries and the home. (Author)« less

Measure Guideline: Combustion Safety for Natural Draft Appliances Using Indoor Air

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brand, L.

2014-04-01

This measure guideline covers how to assess and carry out the combustion safety procedures for appliances and heating equipment that uses indoor air for combustion in low-rise residential buildings. Only appliances installed in the living space, or in an area freely communicating with the living space, vented alone or in tandem with another appliance are considered here. A separate measure guideline addresses combustion appliances located either within the living space in enclosed closets or side rooms or outside the living space in an adjacent area like an attic or garage that use outdoor air for combustion. This document is formore » inspectors, auditors, and technicians working in homes where energy upgrades are being conducted whether or not air infiltration control is included in the package of measures being applied. In the indoor combustion air case, guidelines summarized here are based on language provided in several of the codes to establish minimum requirements for the space using simplified prescriptive measures. In addition, building performance testing procedures are provided by testing agencies. The codes in combination with the test procedures offer comprehensive combustion safety coverage to address safety concerns, allowing inexperienced residential energy retrofit inspectors to effectively address combustion safety issues and allow energy retrofits to proceed.« less

Combustion Safety for Appliances Using Indoor Air (Fact Sheet)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

2014-05-01

This measure guideline covers how to assess and carry out the combustion safety procedures for appliances and heating equipment that uses indoor air for combustion in low-rise residential buildings. Only appliances installed in the living space, or in an area freely communicating with the living space, vented alone or in tandem with another appliance are considered here. A separate measure guideline addresses combustion appliances located either within the living space in enclosed closets or side rooms or outside the living space in an adjacent area like an attic or garage that use outdoor air for combustion. This document is formore » inspectors, auditors, and technicians working in homes where energy upgrades are being conducted whether or not air infiltration control is included in the package of measures being applied. In the indoor combustion air case, guidelines summarized here are based on language provided in several of the codes to establish minimum requirements for the space using simplified prescriptive measures. In addition, building performance testing procedures are provided by testing agencies. The codes in combination with the test procedures offer comprehensive combustion safety coverage to address safety concerns, allowing inexperienced residential energy retrofit inspectors to effectively address combustion safety issues and allow energy retrofits to proceed.« less

High Efficiency, Clean Combustion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Donald Stanton

2010-03-31

Energy use in trucks has been increasing at a faster rate than that of automobiles within the U.S. transportation sector. According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA) Annual Energy Outlook (AEO), a 23% increase in fuel consumption for the U.S. heavy duty truck segment is expected between 2009 to 2020. The heavy duty vehicle oil consumption is projected to grow between 2009 and 2050 while light duty vehicle (LDV) fuel consumption will eventually experience a decrease. By 2050, the oil consumption rate by LDVs is anticipated to decrease below 2009 levels due to CAFE standards and biofuel use. In contrast,more » the heavy duty oil consumption rate is anticipated to double. The increasing trend in oil consumption for heavy trucks is linked to the vitality, security, and growth of the U.S. economy. An essential part of a stable and vibrant U.S. economy is a productive U.S. trucking industry. Studies have shown that the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) is strongly correlated to freight transport. Over 90% of all U.S. freight tonnage is transported by diesel power and over 75% is transported by trucks. Given the vital role that the trucking industry plays in the economy, improving the efficiency of the transportation of goods was a central focus of the Cummins High Efficient Clean Combustion (HECC) program. In a commercial vehicle, the diesel engine remains the largest source of fuel efficiency loss, but remains the greatest opportunity for fuel efficiency improvements. In addition to reducing oil consumption and the dependency on foreign oil, this project will mitigate the impact on the environment by meeting US EPA 2010 emissions regulations. Innovation is a key element in sustaining a U.S. trucking industry that is competitive in global markets. Unlike passenger vehicles, the trucking industry cannot simply downsize the vehicle and still transport the freight with improved efficiency. The truck manufacturing and supporting industries are faced with numerous challenges to reduce oil consumption and greenhouse gases, meet stringent emissions regulations, provide customer value, and improve safety. The HECC program successfully reduced engine fuel consumption and greenhouse gases while providing greater customer valve. The US EPA 2010 emissions standard poses a significant challenge for developing clean diesel powertrains that meet the DoE Vehicle Technologies Multi-Year Program Plan (MYPP) for fuel efficiency improvement while remaining affordable. Along with exhaust emissions, an emphasis on heavy duty vehicle fuel efficiency is being driven by increased energy costs as well as the potential regulation of greenhouse gases. An important element of the success of meeting emissions while significantly improving efficiency is leveraging Cummins component technologies such as fuel injection equipment, aftertreatment, turbomahcinery, electronic controls, and combustion systems. Innovation in component technology coupled with system integration is enabling Cummins to move forward with the development of high efficiency clean diesel products with a long term goal of reaching a 55% peak brake thermal efficiency for the engine plus aftertreatment system. The first step in developing high efficiency clean products has been supported by the DoE co-sponsored HECC program. The objectives of the HECC program are: (1) To design and develop advanced diesel engine architectures capable of achieving US EPA 2010 emission regulations while improving the brake thermal efficiency by 10% compared to the baseline (a state of the art 2007 production diesel engine). (2) To design and develop components and subsystems (fuel systems, air handling, controls, etc) to enable construction and development of multi-cylinder engines. (3) To perform an assessment of the commercial viability of the newly developed engine technology. (4) To specify fuel properties conducive to improvements in emissions, reliability, and fuel efficiency for engines using high-efficiency clean combustion (HECC) technologies. To demonstrate the technology is compatible with B20 (biodiesel). (5) To further improve the brake thermal efficiency of the engine as integrated into the vehicle. To demonstrate robustness and commercial viability of the HECC engine technology as integrated into the vehicles. The Cummins HECC program supported the Advanced Combustion Engine R&D and Fuels Technology initiatives of the DoE Vehicle Technologies Multi-Year Program Plan (MYPP). In particular, the HECC project goals enabled the DoE Vehicle Technologies Program (VTP) to meet energy-efficiency improvement targets for advanced combustion engines suitable for passenger and commercial vehicles, as well as addressing technology barriers and R&D needs that are common between passenger and commercial vehicle applications of advanced combustion engines.« less

Development studies of a novel wet oxidation process

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rogers, T.W.; Dhooge, P.M.

1995-12-01

Many DOE waste streams and remediates contain complex and variable mixtures of organic compounds, toxic metals, and radionuclides. These materials are often dispersed in organic or inorganic matrices, such as personal protective equipment, various sludges, soils, and water. Incineration and similar combustive processes do not appear to be viable options for treatment of these waste streams due to various considerations. There is a need for non-combustion processes with a wide application range to treat the large majority of these waste forms. The non-combustion process should also be safe, effective, cost-competitive, permit-able, and preferrably mobile. This paper describes the DETOX processmore » of organic waste oxidation.« less

High-resolution sampling and analysis of ambient particulate matter in the Pearl River Delta region of southern China: source apportionment and health risk implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Shengzhen; Davy, Perry K.; Huang, Minjuan; Duan, Jingbo; Wang, Xuemei; Fan, Qi; Chang, Ming; Liu, Yiming; Chen, Weihua; Xie, Shanju; Ancelet, Travis; Trompetter, William J.

2018-02-01

Hazardous air pollutants, such as trace elements in particulate matter (PM), are known or highly suspected to cause detrimental effects on human health. To understand the sources and associated risks of PM to human health, hourly time-integrated major trace elements in size-segregated coarse (PM2.5-10) and fine (PM2.5) particulate matter were collected at the industrial city of Foshan in the Pearl River Delta region, China. Receptor modeling of the data set by positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to identify six sources contributing to PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations at the site. Dominant sources included industrial coal combustion, secondary inorganic aerosol, motor vehicles and construction dust along with two intermittent sources (biomass combustion and marine aerosol). The biomass combustion source was found to be a significant contributor to peak PM2.5 episodes along with motor vehicles and industrial coal combustion. Conditional probability function (CPF) analysis was applied to estimate the source locations using the PMF-resolved source contribution coupled with the surface wind direction data. Health exposure risk of hazardous trace elements (Pb, As, Si, Cr, Mn and Ni) and source-specific values were estimated. The total hazard quotient (HQ) of PM2.5 was 2.09, higher than the acceptable limit (HQ = 1). The total carcinogenic risk (CR) was 3.37 × 10-3 for PM2.5, which was 3 times higher than the least stringent limit (1.0 × 10-4). Among the selected trace elements, As and Pb posed the highest non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to human health, respectively. In addition, our results show that the industrial coal combustion source is the dominant non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk contributor, highlighting the need for stringent control of this source. This study provides new insight for policy makers to prioritize sources in air quality management and health risk reduction.

An evaluation of continuous emissions monitoring systems for improving industrial boiler efficiency

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eckerlin, H.M.; Hall, R.C.

1996-12-31

An experimental evaluation of currently available continuous emissions monitoring systems has been conducted at an industrial boiler facility. The analyzers used in the study represented a range of sensors and sampling systems. The performance of three systems was monitored and compared over a six-month period. Careful records were also kept on installation, calibration and maintenance requirements. Research results suggest that (at present) the close-coupled extractive systems using a zirconium oxide sensor (for O{sub 2}) and a catalytic combustibles sensor (for CO/combustibles) offer the most reliable, trouble-free performance. The project also provided valuable insights on a variety of issues relating tomore » the continuous monitoring of emissions from industrial boilers.« less

An evaluation of continuous emissions monitoring systems for improving industrial boiler efficiency

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eckerlin, H.M.; Hall, R.C.

1996-05-01

An experimental evaluation of currently available continuous emissions monitoring systems has been conducted at an industrial boiler facility. The analyzers used in the study represented a range of sensors and sampling systems. The performance of three systems was monitored and compared over a six-month period. Careful records were also kept on installation, calibration and maintenance requirements. Research results suggest that (at present) the close-coupled extractive systems using a zirconium oxide sensor (for O{sub 2}) and a catalytic combustibles sensor (for CO/combustibles) offer the most reliable, trouble-free performance. The project also provided valuable insights on a variety of issues relating tomore » the continuous monitoring of emissions from industrial boilers.« less

Experimental gas-fired pulse-combustion studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Blomquist, C. A.

1982-01-01

Experimental studies conducted at Argonne National Laboratory on a gas-fired, water-cooled, Helmholtz-type pulse combustion burner are discussed. In addition to the experimental work, information is presented on the evolution of pulse combustion, the types of pulse combustion burners and their applications, and the types of fuels used. Also included is a survey of other pertinent studies of gas-fired pulse combustion. The burner used in the Argonne research effort was equipped with adjustable air and gas flapper valves and was operated stably over a heat-input range of 30,000 to 200,000 Btu/h. The burner's overall heat transfer in the pulsating mode was 22 to 31% higher than when the unit was operated in the steady mode. Important phenomena discussed include (1) effects on performance produced by inserting a corebustor to change tailpipe diameter, (2) effects observed following addition of an air-inlet decoupling chamber to the unit, and (3) occurrence of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas.

The Diesel Combustion Collaboratory: Combustion Researchers Collaborating over the Internet

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

C. M. Pancerella; L. A. Rahn; C. Yang

2000-02-01

The Diesel Combustion Collaborator (DCC) is a pilot project to develop and deploy collaborative technologies to combustion researchers distributed throughout the DOE national laboratories, academia, and industry. The result is a problem-solving environment for combustion research. Researchers collaborate over the Internet using DCC tools, which include: a distributed execution management system for running combustion models on widely distributed computers, including supercomputers; web-accessible data archiving capabilities for sharing graphical experimental or modeling data; electronic notebooks and shared workspaces for facilitating collaboration; visualization of combustion data; and video-conferencing and data-conferencing among researchers at remote sites. Security is a key aspect of themore » collaborative tools. In many cases, the authors have integrated these tools to allow data, including large combustion data sets, to flow seamlessly, for example, from modeling tools to data archives. In this paper the authors describe the work of a larger collaborative effort to design, implement and deploy the DCC.« less

Research of the Quality of Quarry Dumpers Engine Crankshafts Sliding Bearings of Various Manufacturers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Korotkov, Alexander; Korotkova, Lidiya; Vidin, Denis

2017-11-01

Sliding bearings are an important part of many large and critical components. They are widely used in power equipment, high-capacity pumps, compressors, electric motors and internal combustion engines (ICE). As a rule, sliding bearings include an antifriction bushing, part of the shaft surface (bearing journal), and a layer of oil between them. These are complex and critical parts in which there may occur dangerous defects, and which directly affect the durability, accuracy and reliability of the entire unit. To ensure high reliability of the equipment with sliding bearings applied in complex equipment, it is necessary to provide the quality control and sufficient level of monitoring of the technical condition, as well as diagnosis of emerging defects. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the internal combustion engines sliding bearings quality of various manufacturing companies. It gives operational properties of bearings depending on the compositional composition. The results of chemical analysis of the base, the cover and intermediate layers of the ICE liners are presented here. We have also made recommendations to increase the operational performance of sliding bearings.

Applying air pollution modelling within a multi-criteria decision analysis framework to evaluate UK air quality policies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chalabi, Zaid; Milojevic, Ai; Doherty, Ruth M.; Stevenson, David S.; MacKenzie, Ian A.; Milner, James; Vieno, Massimo; Williams, Martin; Wilkinson, Paul

2017-10-01

A decision support system for evaluating UK air quality policies is presented. It combines the output from a chemistry transport model, a health impact model and other impact models within a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework. As a proof-of-concept, the MCDA framework is used to evaluate and compare idealized emission reduction policies in four sectors (combustion in energy and transformation industries, non-industrial combustion plants, road transport and agriculture) and across six outcomes or criteria (mortality, health inequality, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity, crop yield and air quality legal compliance). To illustrate a realistic use of the MCDA framework, the relative importance of the criteria were elicited from a number of stakeholders acting as proxy policy makers. In the prototype decision problem, we show that reducing emissions from industrial combustion (followed very closely by road transport and agriculture) is more advantageous than equivalent reductions from the other sectors when all the criteria are taken into account. Extensions of the MCDA framework to support policy makers in practice are discussed.

Renewable Energy Laboratory Development for Biofuels Advanced Combustion Studies

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Soloiu, Valentin A.

2012-03-31

The research advanced fundamental science and applied engineering for increasing the efficiency of internal combustion engines and meeting emissions regulations with biofuels. The project developed a laboratory with new experiments and allowed investigation of new fuels and their combustion and emissions. This project supports a sustainable domestic biofuels and automotive industry creating economic opportunities across the nation, reducing the dependence on foreign oil, and enhancing U.S. energy security. The one year period of research developed fundamental knowledge and applied technology in advanced combustion, emissions and biofuels formulation to increase vehicle's efficiency. Biofuels combustion was investigated in a Compression Ignition Directmore » Injection (DI) to develop idling strategies with biofuels and an Indirect Diesel Injection (IDI) intended for auxiliary power unit.« less

Fleet/TYCOM Level Survey of Armament Handling Problems - Task One of the Naval Aviation Armament Support Equipment Program Management Study

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-06-21

7. AUTHOR(#) 6. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(#) PILA /UDERIAN 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK...mechanically complex (i.e. contains an internal combustion engine) and/or comes in direct support of the aircraft is managed and maintained by the AIMD. The...an internal combustion engine. Accordingly, only the Aero 33D/E Trailer, Aero 51B Trailer, 21A/C Bomb Skid, and Aero 47A Weapons Loader are maintained

Research on the competitiveness of high-tech industries in northeast China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Lei; Wang, Yang; Wang, Ming-Quan; Xiao, Yan-Bo; Gao, Ming

2017-06-01

Based on characteristics of high-tech industry in Northeast China, high-tech industry competitiveness index system was developed, and the competitiveness of high-tech industry was evaluated through principal component analysis and location quotient method. The results showed that the scale of high-tech industry in Northeast China as a whole was small, and presented a decreasing trend for the proportion in the country. The competitiveness of high-tech industry in Northeast China lagged far behind that of the eastern and central regions. The high-tech industry competitiveness of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in China ranked 15, 19 and 21, respectively. The manufacture of medicine in Jilin province, and the manufacture of aircraft and spacecraft and the related equipment in Liaoning and Heilongjiang provinces had high competitive advantage, but the manufacture of electronic equipment and communication equipment and the manufacture of computers and office equipment was lack of competitiveness. The development suggestions were put forward to improve the competitiveness of high-tech industries in Northeast China.

Non-invasive system for monitoring of the manufacturing equipment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mazăre, A. G.; Belu, N.; Ionescu, L. M.; Rachieru, N.; Misztal, A.

2017-08-01

The automotive industry is one of the most important industries in the world that concerns the economy and the world culture. High demand has resulted in increasing of the pressure on the production lines. In conclusion, it is required more careful in monitoring of the production equipment not only for maintenance but also for staff safety and to increase the quality of production. In this paper, we propose a solution for non-invasive monitoring of the industrial equipment operation by measuring the current consumption on energy supply lines. Thus, it is determined the utilization schedule of the equipment and operation mode. Based on these measurements, it’s built an activity report for that equipment, available to the quality management and maintenance team. The solution consists of the current measuring equipment, with self-harvesting capabilities and radio transceiver, and an embedded system which run a server. The current measuring equipment will transmit data about consumption of each energy supply network line where is placed the industrial equipment. So, we have an internal measuring radio network. The embedded system will collect data for the equipment and put in a local data base and it will provide via an intranet application. The entire system not requires any supplementary energy supply and interventions in the factory infrastructure. It is experimented in a company from the automotive industries.

ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF NOVEL INSTRUMENTATION FOR MEASUREMENT OF LEAD ISOTOPE RATIOS IN ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION SOURCE APPORTIONMENT STUDIES

EPA Science Inventory

In spite of the reduced flux of lead to the atmosphere from the combustion of leaded gasoline, anthropogenic sources still dominate the supply of lead to the atmosphere and the environment. Emissions from coal and oil combustion, industrial processes, and municipal incineration w...

Turbulent transport measurements in a model of GT-combustor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chikishev, L. M.; Gobyzov, O. A.; Sharaborin, D. K.; Lobasov, A. S.; Dulin, V. M.; Markovich, D. M.; Tsatiashvili, V. V.

2016-10-01

To reduce NOx formation modern industrial power gas-turbines utilizes lean premixed combustion of natural gas. The uniform distribution of local fuel/air ratio in the combustion chamber plays one of the key roles in the field of lean combustion to prevent thermo-acoustic pulsations. Present paper reports on simultaneous Particle Image Velocimetry and acetone Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence measurements in a cold model of GT-combustor to investigate mixing processes which are relevant to the organization of lean premixed combustion. Velocity and passive admixture pulsations correlations were measured to verify gradient closer model, which is often used in Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulation of turbulent mixing.

Handbook of infrared radiation from combustion gases

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ludwig, C. B.; Malkmus, W.; Reardon, J. E.; Thomson, J. A. L.; Goulard, R. (Editor)

1973-01-01

The treatment of radiant emission and absorption by combustion gases are discussed. Typical applications include: (1) rocket combustion chambers and exhausts, (2) turbojet engines and exhausts, and (3) industrial furnaces. Some mention is made of radiant heat transfer problems in planetary atmospheres, in stellar atmospheres, and in reentry plasmas. Particular consideration is given to the temperature range from 500K to 3000K and the pressure range from 0.001 atmosphere to 30 atmospheres. Strong emphasis is given to the combustion products of hydrocarbon fuels with oxygen, specifically to carbon dioxide, water vapor, and carbon monoxide. In addition, species such as HF, HC1, CN, OH, and NO are treated.

Manual ahorro de energia en la industria (Energy conservation manual for industry)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1983-01-01

This manual gives general guidelines on which to base an energy conservation program, signals situations and opportunities for energy savings in an industrial plant, provides information for easy quantification of energy loss, and signals how to correct deficiencies in certain important aspects such as combustion and insulation. One chapter deals with heat audits, an extremely useful tool for identifying areas on which one should concentrate to achieve energy savings. The manual also describes general heating systems with a view to pointing out ways to increase efficiency and eliminate defects, including steam systems and oil, coal, and firewood combustion.

Impacts of coal burning on ambient PM2.5 pollution in China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Qiao; Cai, Siyi; Wang, Shuxiao; Zhao, Bin; Martin, Randall V.; Brauer, Michael; Cohen, Aaron; Jiang, Jingkun; Zhou, Wei; Hao, Jiming; Frostad, Joseph; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Burnett, Richard T.

2017-04-01

High concentration of fine particles (PM2.5), the primary concern about air quality in China, is believed to closely relate to China's large consumption of coal. In order to quantitatively identify the contributions of coal combustion in different sectors to ambient PM2. 5, we developed an emission inventory for the year 2013 using up-to-date information on energy consumption and emission controls, and we conducted standard and sensitivity simulations using the chemical transport model GEOS-Chem. According to the simulation, coal combustion contributes 22 µg m-3 (40 %) to the total PM2. 5 concentration at national level (averaged in 74 major cities) and up to 37 µg m-3 (50 %) in the Sichuan Basin. Among major coal-burning sectors, industrial coal burning is the dominant contributor, with a national average contribution of 10 µg m-3 (17 %), followed by coal combustion in power plants and the domestic sector. The national average contribution due to coal combustion is estimated to be 18 µg m-3 (46 %) in summer and 28 µg m-3 (35 %) in winter. While the contribution of domestic coal burning shows an obvious reduction from winter to summer, contributions of coal combustion in power plants and the industrial sector remain at relatively constant levels throughout the year.

The effect of emission from coal combustion in nonindustrial sources on deposition of sulfur and oxidized nitrogen in Poland.

PubMed

Kryza, Maciej; Werner, Małgorzata; Błaś, Marek; Dore, Anthony J; Sobik, Mieczysław

2010-07-01

Poland has one of the largest sulfur and nitrogen emissions in Europe. This is mainly because coal is a main fuel in industrial and nonindustrial combustion. The aim of this paper is to assess the amount of sulfur and nitrogen deposited from SNAP sector 02 (nonindustrial sources) coal combustion. To assess this issue, the Fine Resolution Atmospheric Multipollutant Exchange (FRAME) model was used. The results suggest that industrial combustion has the largest impact on deposition of oxidized sulfur, whereas the oxidized nitrogen national deposition budget is dominated by transboundary transport. The total mass of pollutants deposited in Poland, originating from nonindustrial coal combustion, is 45 Gg of sulfur and 2.5 Gg of nitrogen, which is over 18% of oxidized sulfur and nearly 2% of oxidized nitrogen deposited. SNAP 02 is responsible for up to 80% of dry-deposited sulfur and 11% of nitrogen. The contribution to wet deposition is largest in central Poland in the case of sulfur and in some areas can exceed 11%. For oxidized nitrogen, nonindustrial emissions contribute less than 1% over the whole area of Poland. The switch from coal to gas fuel in this sector will result in benefits in sulfur and nitrogen deposition reduction.

Article "403. Toxicology of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)"

EPA Science Inventory

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are all synthetic chemicals, either intentionally or unintentionally produced/released. Some POPs are pesticides. Others are industrial products or unintended by-products resulting from industrial processes or combustions (see figure 1). POPs ...

Study of the continuous corrosion in an oxidation environment derived from the theoretical combustion products in a refinery. Case study: Ferritic steel ASTM A335 P91

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alviz Meza, A.; Kafarov, V.; Y Peña Ballesteros, D.

2017-12-01

Corrosion studies are key element that ensure the correct functioning of equipment in the industrial sector. The oxidation phenomena were evaluated, taking as a case study steel ASTM A335 P91 (P91), a steel of typical use in equipment that work at high temperatures. Five (5) exposure times were selected for the experimental development: 1, 20, 50, 100 and 200h; as well as four (4) analysis temperatures: 450, 550, 650 and 750°C. Through the metallographic analysis was possible to evidence the presence of multiple carbide precipitates and a ferritic structure, after all the temperatures tested. On the other hand, the analysis of hardness and microhardness showed an increase for all the evaluated temperatures. These increases were mainly related to the precipitation of carbides in the coupons of P91. Regarding to the chemical analysis, it was possible to conclude that after 200h of experimentation in each temperature, a layer of duplex oxide, composed mainly of hematite, magnetite and spinel iron-chromium, was formed in the O2/H2O atmosphere. Finally, the kinetic study demonstrated that the oxide layer formed on each coupon of P91 was of protective character.

Biodiesel versus Diesel: A Pilot Study Comparing Exhaust Exposures for Employees at a Rural Municipal Facility

PubMed Central

Traviss, Nora; Thelen, Brett Amy; Ingalls, Jaime Kathryn; Treadwell, Melinda Dawn

2016-01-01

Many organizations interested in renewable, domestic energy have switched from petroleum diesel to biodiesel blends for use in transportation and heavy-duty equipment. Although considerable evidence exists on the negative health effects of petroleum diesel exhaust exposures in occupational settings, there has been little research examining biodiesel exposures. Working collaboratively with a local municipality, concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and other air toxics were measured at a recycling facility in southwestern New Hampshire while heavy equipment operated first on petroleum diesel and then on a B20 blend (20% soy-based biodiesel/80% petroleum diesel). This pilot study used a combination of established industrial hygiene and environmental air monitoring methods to estimate occupational exposure profiles to PM and air toxics from combustion of petroleum diesel and biodiesel. Results indicate that B20 use dramatically reduces work area respirable particle, PM2.5 (PM ≤2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter), and formaldehyde levels compared with petroleum diesel. Some volatile organic compound concentrations were higher for petroleum diesel and others were higher for the B20 blend. Overall, this study suggests that biodiesel blends reduce worker exposure to and health risk from petroleum diesel exhaust, but additional exposure research is recommended. PMID:20863048

Occupational health and safety assessment of exposure to jet fuel combustion products in air medical transport.

PubMed

MacDonald, Russell D; Thomas, Laura; Rusk, Frederick C; Marques, Shauna D; McGuire, Dan

2010-01-01

Transport medicine personnel are potentially exposed to jet fuel combustion products. Setting-specific data are required to determine whether this poses a risk. This study assessed exposure to jet fuel combustion products, compared various engine ignition scenarios, and determined methods to minimize exposure. The Beechcraft King Air B200 turboprop aircraft equipped with twin turbine engines, using a kerosene-based jet fuel (Jet A-1), was used to measure products of combustion during boarding, engine startup, and flight in three separate engine start scenarios ("shielded": internal engine start, door closed; "exposed": ground power unit start, door open; and "minimized": ground power unit right engine start, door open). Real-time continuous monitoring equipment was used for oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter. Integrated methods were used for aldehydes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Samples were taken in the paramedic breathing zone for approximately 60 minutes, starting just before the paramedics boarded the aircraft. Data were compared against regulated time-weighted exposure thresholds to determine the presence of potentially harmful products of combustion. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, volatile organic compounds, and aliphatic hydrocarbons were found at very low concentrations or beneath the limits of detection. There were significant differences in exposures to particulates, carbon monoxide, and total volatile organic compound between the "exposed" and "minimized" scenarios. Elevated concentrations of carbon monoxide and total volatile organic compounds were present during the ground power unit-assisted dual-engine start. There were no appreciable exposures during the "minimized" or "shielded" scenarios. Air medical personnel exposures to jet fuel combustion products were generally low and did not exceed established U.S. or Canadian health and safety exposure limits. Avoidance of ground power unit-assisted dual-engine starts and closing the hangar door prior to start minimize or eliminate the occupational exposure.

Presence of PAHs in milk of industrial farms from Tizayuca, Hidalgo, Mexico.

PubMed

Gutiérrez, Rey; Vega, Salvador; Ortiz, Rutilio; Pérez, José Jesús; Schettino, Beatriz

2015-01-01

The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cow's milk from industrial farms that are located near an industrial park in Hidalgo, Mexico. It was found that the concentrations of PAHs in the raw milk of cattle from industrial farms have increased in recent years. Composite samples were collected between 2008 and 2010 and analysis carried out according to 8100 EPA procedures and analyzed by gas chromatography with FID detection. The results show that combustion PAHs were mostly Ace, Acy, and Fla (0.25, 0.32, and 0.22 µg g(-1), respectively). Diagnostic ratios were used to show that the probable sources were grass and fuel combustion. The sum of concentrations of 16 individual PAHs did not breach permissible levels in milk (25 µg g(-1) according to the United States EPA), indicating a limited health risk to animals and humans in the study area. The industrial park has adequate pollutant emission regulations.

44 CFR 327.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... PREPAREDNESS POLICY ON USE OF GOVERNMENT-OWNED INDUSTRIAL PLANT EQUIPMENT BY PRIVATE INDUSTRY (DMO-10A) § 327.1 Purpose. This part establishes policy on the use by private industry of Government-owned industrial plant equipment. This policy is necessary to maintain a highly effective and immediately available reserve of such...

78 FR 7306 - Energy Efficiency Program for Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Public Meeting and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-01

... Efficiency Program for Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Public Meeting and Availability of the Framework Document for Commercial and Industrial Fans and Blowers AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable... and industrial fans and blowers. To inform interested parties and to facilitate this process, DOE has...

78 FR 7304 - Energy Efficiency Program for Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Public Meeting and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-01

... Efficiency Program for Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Public Meeting and Availability of the Framework Document for Commercial and Industrial Pumps AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy... industrial pumps. To inform interested parties and to facilitate this process, DOE has prepared a Framework...

Raymond Hansen | NREL

Science.gov Websites

Raymond Hansen Photo of Raymond Hansen Raymond Hansen Industrial Research Equipment Technician Pyrolysis Areas of Expertise Industrial equipment fabrication specialist Pilot plant operator/trainer Education Industrial Science Program, Red Rocks Community College, 2006-present Professional Experience

Development and Validation of a 3-Dimensional CFB Furnace Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vepsäläinen, Arl; Myöhänen, Karl; Hyppäneni, Timo; Leino, Timo; Tourunen, Antti

At Foster Wheeler, a three-dimensional CFB furnace model is essential part of knowledge development of CFB furnace process regarding solid mixing, combustion, emission formation and heat transfer. Results of laboratory and pilot scale phenomenon research are utilized in development of sub-models. Analyses of field-test results in industrial-scale CFB boilers including furnace profile measurements are simultaneously carried out with development of 3-dimensional process modeling, which provides a chain of knowledge that is utilized as feedback for phenomenon research. Knowledge gathered by model validation studies and up-to-date parameter databases are utilized in performance prediction and design development of CFB boiler furnaces. This paper reports recent development steps related to modeling of combustion and formation of char and volatiles of various fuel types in CFB conditions. Also a new model for predicting the formation of nitrogen oxides is presented. Validation of mixing and combustion parameters for solids and gases are based on test balances at several large-scale CFB boilers combusting coal, peat and bio-fuels. Field-tests including lateral and vertical furnace profile measurements and characterization of solid materials provides a window for characterization of fuel specific mixing and combustion behavior in CFB furnace at different loads and operation conditions. Measured horizontal gas profiles are projection of balance between fuel mixing and reactions at lower part of furnace and are used together with both lateral temperature profiles at bed and upper parts of furnace for determination of solid mixing and combustion model parameters. Modeling of char and volatile based formation of NO profiles is followed by analysis of oxidizing and reducing regions formed due lower furnace design and mixing characteristics of fuel and combustion airs effecting to formation ofNO furnace profile by reduction and volatile-nitrogen reactions. This paper presents CFB process analysis focused on combustion and NO profiles in pilot and industrial scale bituminous coal combustion.

76 FR 34914 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products and Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-15

... Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Proposed Determination of Set-Top Boxes and Network Equipment as a... that set-top boxes and network equipment qualify as a covered product under Part A of Title III of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA), as amended. DOE has determined that set-top boxes and network...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wolfmeyer, J.C.; Jowers, C.; Weinstein, R.E.

As the power industry moves toward increased competition, low operating costs become increasingly important for continued profitability. This paper provides an overview of the plant concept evaluation of using an emerging coal-fired technology for repowering one of Duke Energy steam generating stations. The paper describes the results of a US Department of Energy (DOE) conceptual design evaluation of an early commercial repowering application of advanced circulating pressurized fluidized bed combustion combined cycle technology (APFBC). The paper provides a review of the DOE study and summarizes the preliminary results. It shows the prospects for APFBC repowering, and discusses how this mightmore » be an attractive option for a wide range of existing power plants, when added baseload coal-fired generation is needed. This paper presents an APFBC concept under development by DOE and equipment manufacturers. This all-coal technology has projected energy efficiency in the 42 to 46% HHV (43 to 48% LHV) range and environmental emissions superior to New Source Performance Standards (NSPS). A DOE-sponsored Clean Coal Technology (CCT) demonstration program will pioneer the first commercial APFBC demonstration in year 2001. That 170 MWe APFBC CCT demonstration will use all new equipment, and become the City of Lakeland's C.D. McIntosh, Jr. steam plant Unit 4. This paper's concept evaluation is for a larger implementation. A Westinghouse W501F combustion turbine modified for APFBC operation is considered for use to produce a 300+MWe class APFBC combined cycle. At this size, APFBC has a wide application for repowering many existing units in America, Here, APFBC would repower an existing generation station, the Duke Energy Company's Dan River steam station. Repowering concepts are presented for APFBC repowering of Unit 3. The existing coal-fired Unit 3 has an output of about 150 MWe. When repowered with APFBC, this unit is boosted to about 280 MWe output, with high-energy efficiency.« less

Characteristics of coking coal burnout

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nakamura, M.; Bailey, J.G.

An attempt was made to clarify the characteristics of coking coal burnout by the morphological analysis of char and fly ash samples. Laboratory-scale combustion testing, simulating an ignition process, was carried out for three kinds of coal (two coking coals and one non-coking coal for reference), and sampled chars were analyzed for size, shape and type by image analysis. The full combustion process was examined in industrial-scale combustion testing for the same kinds of coal. Char sampled at the burner outlet and fly ash at the furnace exit were also analyzed. The difference between the char type, swelling properties, agglomeration,more » anisotropy and carbon burnout were compared at laboratory scale and at industrial scale. As a result, it was found that coking coals produced chars with relatively thicker walls, which mainly impeded char burnout, especially for low volatile coals.« less

Combustible Tobacco and Smokeless Tobacco Use Among Working Adults-United States, 2012 to 2014.

PubMed

Syamlal, Girija; Jamal, Ahmed; Mazurek, Jacek M

2016-12-01

The aim of this study was to examine tobacco use among working adults at least 18 years of age. The 2012 to 2014 National Health Interview Survey (n = 105,779) was used to estimate prevalences for cigarette smoking, other combustible tobacco use, and smokeless tobacco use and prevalence odds ratios (PORs) for any tobacco product use among working adults at least 18 years of age, by industry and occupation. Of the estimated 144 million currently employed adults, 17% were cigarette smokers, 7.0% other noncigarette combustible tobacco users, and 3.4% smokeless tobacco users. Odds of using tobacco varied by sociodemographic characteristics and by industry and occupations. Disparities in tobacco use exist among working adults. Continued implementation of proven interventions to prevent and reduce all forms of tobacco use among U.S. workers is warranted, particularly among those workers with a higher burden of use.

Divided Combustion Chamber Gasoline Engines - A Review for Emissions and Efficiency

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bascunana, Jose L.

1974-01-01

Describes characteristic designs of the engine. Data for fuel economy and emission are presented. Data show that automobiles equipped with one of the engines described have passed the 1975 Federal Emissions Standards. (SLH)

40 CFR 98.30 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... generators and emergency equipment, as defined in § 98.6. (3) Irrigation pumps at agricultural operations. (4... a unit that combusts hazardous waste (as defined in 40 CFR 261.3), reporting of GHG emissions is not...

76 FR 80928 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-27

... operation and maintenance of this equipment. These standards rely on the capture and reduction of methane, carbon dioxide, and non-methane organic gas compound emissions by combustion devices (boilers, internal...

Zone radiometer measurements on a model rocket exhaust plume

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1972-01-01

Radiometer for analytical prediction of rocket plume-to-booster thermal radiation and convective heating is described. Applications for engine combustion analysis, incineration, and pollution control by high temperature processing are discussed. Illustrations of equipment are included.

Improved fire resistant radio frequency anechoic materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Robinson, D. A.

1969-01-01

Protective, flameproof foam covering improves the resistance to fire and surface contamination of low-cost radio frequency absorbing and shielding anechoic materials. This promotes safety of operating personnel and equipment being tested in an otherwise combustible anechoic chamber.

Industrial Mechanical Maintenance.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hendrix, Laborn J.

This manual was developed to assist teachers in Oklahoma in preparing students for industrial mechanical maintenance. The materials in this teacher's guide are organized in 14 units of instruction covering the following four areas: receiving and setting equipment; equipment hookup and operation; equipment layout, anchoring, and setup; and…

15 CFR 700.51 - Requests for priority rating authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... (Continued) BUREAU OF INDUSTRY AND SECURITY, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL SECURITY INDUSTRIAL BASE... authorized include: (1) Production or construction equipment; (2) Computers when not used as production items... construction equipment. (1) A request for priority rating authority for production or construction equipment...

Combustion Stages of a Single Heavy Oil Droplet in Microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ikegami, M.; Xu, G.; Ikeda, K.; Honma, S.; Nagaishi, H.; Dietrich, D. L.; Struk, P. M.; Takeshita, Y.

2001-01-01

Heavy oil is a common fuel for industrial furnaces, boilers, marines and diesel engines. Previous studies showed that the combustion of heavy oil involves not only the complete burning of volatile matters but also the burn-out of coke residues. Detailed knowledge about heavy oil combustion therefore requires an understanding of the different burning stages of heavy oil droplets in the burner. This in turn, demands knowledge about the single droplet evaporation and combustion characteristics. This study measured the temperature and size histories of heavy oil (C glass) droplets burning in microgravity to elucidate the various stages that occur during combustion. The elimination of the gravity-induced gas convection in microgravity allows the droplet combustion to be studied in greater detail. Noting that the compositions of heavy oil are various, we also tested the fuel blends of a diesel light oil (LO) and a heavy oil residue (HOR).

Sixth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sacksteder, Kurt (Compiler)

2001-01-01

This conference proceedings document is a compilation of papers presented orally or as poster displays to the Sixth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop held in Cleveland, Ohio on May 22-24, 2001. The purpose of the workshop is to present and exchange research results from theoretical and experimental work in combustion science using the reduced-gravity environment as a research tool. The results are contributed by researchers funded by NASA throughout the United States at universities, industry and government research agencies, and by researchers from international partner countries that are also participating in the microgravity combustion science research discipline. These research results are intended for use by public and private sector organizations for academic purposes, for the development of technologies needed for Human Exploration and Development of Space, and to improve Earth-bound combustion and fire-safety related technologies.

Effect of warning statements in e-cigarette advertisements: an experiment with young adults in the US

PubMed Central

Sanders-Jackson, Ashley; Schleicher, Nina C.; Fortmann, Stephen P.; Henriksen, Lisa

2016-01-01

Background and Aims This on-line experiment examined whether the addition of ingredient- or industry-themed warning statements in television advertisements for e-cigarettes would affect young adults’ craving for and risk perceptions of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes, as well as intent to purchase e-cigarettes. Design Advertisements for two leading e-cigarette brands were edited to contain a warning statement about product ingredients or about the tobacco industry. Participants were assigned randomly to one of eight treatments or one of two brand-specific control conditions without any warning statement. Participants Young adults (n=900, ages 18–34 years) in a web panel were recruited from three groups: recent e-cigarette users, current smokers who used combustible cigarettes exclusively and non-users of either product. Measurements Craving and risk perceptions (addictiveness, harmful to health in general, harmful to others) were measured separately for e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes. The Juster scale measured intention to purchase e-cigarettes. Findings Exposure to both types of warnings was associated with lower craving for e-cigarettes among e-cigarette users and smokers who experienced any craving (P <0.01) and lower intention to purchase among all participants (P <0.001). Only exposure to ingredient-themed warnings was associated with lower craving for combustible cigarettes (P<0.05). Participants who saw industry-themed warnings reported greater perceptions of general harm (P<0.001), but also rated e-cigarettes as less addictive than the control conditions (P<0.05). Conclusion The addition of ingredient- or industry-themed warning statements to e-cigarette television advertising similarly reduces craving and purchase intent for e-cigarettes, but has inconsistent effects on perceived risks. PMID:25557128

Effect of warning statements in e-cigarette advertisements: an experiment with young adults in the United States.

PubMed

Sanders-Jackson, Ashley; Schleicher, Nina C; Fortmann, Stephen P; Henriksen, Lisa

2015-12-01

This on-line experiment examined whether the addition of ingredient- or industry-themed warning statements in television advertisements for e-cigarettes would affect young adults' craving for and risk perceptions of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes, as well as intent to purchase e-cigarettes. Advertisements for two leading e-cigarette brands were edited to contain a warning statement about product ingredients or about the tobacco industry. Participants were assigned randomly to one of eight treatments or one of two brand-specific control conditions without any warning statement. Young adults (n=900, aged 18-34 years) in a web panel were recruited from three groups: recent e-cigarette users, current smokers who used combustible cigarettes exclusively and non-users of either product. Craving and risk perceptions (addictiveness, harmful to health in general, harmful to others) were measured separately for e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes. The Juster scale measured intention to purchase e-cigarettes. Exposure to both types of warnings was associated with lower craving for e-cigarettes among e-cigarette users and smokers who experienced any craving (P<0.01) and lower intention to purchase among all participants (P<0.001). Only exposure to ingredient-themed warnings was associated with lower craving for combustible cigarettes (P<0.05). Participants who saw industry-themed warnings reported greater perceptions of general harm (P<0.001), but also rated e-cigarettes as less addictive than the control conditions (P<0.05). The addition of ingredient- or industry-themed warning statements to e-cigarette television advertising similarly reduces craving and purchase intent for e-cigarettes, but has inconsistent effects on perceived risks. © 2015 Society for the Study of Addiction.

Waste Minimization Program. Air Force Plant 4.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-02-01

incinerator equipped with a secondary combustion chamber and venturi scrubber could serve AFP 4’s needs. As the wastes listed in Table 3-6 contain negligible... scrubber water treatment in the AFP 4eatment. waste treatment system. 2.3 ECONOMICS -Table 2-3 summarizes the projected economics of the recommendations for...control devices. These paint booths are equipped with water curtain air scrubbers which remove solids from the booth exhaust by providing - intimate

Fuel and Combustion Characteristics of Organic Wastes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Namba, Kunihiko; Ida, Tamio

From a viewpoint of environmental preservation and resource protection, the recycling of wastes has been promoting. Expectations to new energy resource are growing by decrease of fossil fuel. Biomass is one of new energies for prevent global warning. This study is an attempt to burn biomass lamps made from residues in order to thermally recycle waste products of drink industries. The pyrolytic properties of shochu dregs and used tea leaves were observed by thermo-gravimertic analysis (TG) to obtained fundamental data of drink waste pyrolysis. It observed that shochu dregs pyrolyze under lower temperature than used tea leaves. These wastes were compressed by hot press apparatus in the temperature range from 140 to 180 °C for use as Bio-fuel (BF). The combustion behavior of BF was observed in fall-type electric furnace, where video-recording was carried out at sequential steps, such as ignition, visible envelope flame combustion and char combustion to obtain combustion characteristics such as ignition delay, visible flame combustion time and char combustion time.

A practical approach in porous medium combustion for domestic application: A review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ismail, A. K.; Ibrahim, N. H.; Shamsuddin, K. A.; Abdullah, M. Z.; Zubair, M.

2018-05-01

Combustion in porous media has been widely studied. Many application involving the combustion of porous media has been reported in various way with most consider on numerical works and industrial application. Besides, recent application of porous medium combustion for domestic is the topic of interest among researchers. In this paper, a review was conducted on the combustion of porous media in term of practical application for domestic consumers. Details on the type of fuel used including bio fuel and their system have been search thoroughly. Most of the system have utilized compressed air system to provide lean combustion in domestic application. Some self-aspirating system of porous medium burner was also reported. The application of new technology such as cogeneration by using thermoelectric cells in tandem with porous medium combustion is also revised according to recent work which have already been published. Besides, the recent advances which include coating of porous material is also considered at the end of this paper.

EMISSIONS AND COST ESTIMATES FOR GLOBALLY SIGNIFICANT ANTHROPOGENIC COMBUSTION SOURCES OF NOX, N2O, CH4, CO AND CO2

EPA Science Inventory

The report discusses the development of emission factors for CO2, CO, CH4, NOx, and N2O for about 80 globally significant combustion sources in seven source categories: utility, industrial, fuel production, transportation, residential, commercial, and kilns/ovens/dryers. ecause o...

Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1998-01-01

The Microgravity Science Glovebox is a facility for performing microgravity research in the areas of materials, combustion, fluids and biotechnology science. The facility occupies a full ISPR, consisting of: the ISPR rack and infrastructure for the rack, the glovebox core facility, data handling, rack stowage, outfitting equipment, and a video subsystem. MSG core facility provides the experiment developers a chamber with air filtering and recycling, up to two levels of containment, an airlock for transfer of payload equipment to/from the main volume, interface resources for the payload inside the core facility, resources inside the airlock, and storage drawers for MSG support equipment and consumables.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

1998-05-01

The Microgravity Science Glovebox is a facility for performing microgravity research in the areas of materials, combustion, fluids and biotechnology science. The facility occupies a full ISPR, consisting of: the ISPR rack and infrastructure for the rack, the glovebox core facility, data handling, rack stowage, outfitting equipment, and a video subsystem. MSG core facility provides the experiment developers a chamber with air filtering and recycling, up to two levels of containment, an airlock for transfer of payload equipment to/from the main volume, interface resources for the payload inside the core facility, resources inside the airlock, and storage drawers for MSG support equipment and consumables.

Experience gained from using water and steam for bringing the operation of aircraft- and marine-derivative gas-turbine engines in compliance with environmental standards

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Datsenko, V. V.; Zeigarnik, Yu. A.; Kosoi, A. S.

2014-04-01

Practical experience gained from using water and steam admission into the combustion chambers of aircraft- and marine-derivative gas turbines for bringing their operation in compliance with the requirements of environmental standards is described. The design and schematic modifications of combustion chambers and fuel system through which this goal is achieved are considered. The results obtained from industrial and rig tests of combustion chambers fitted with water or steam admission systems are presented.

Gas turbine engine with radial diffuser and shortened mid section

DOEpatents

Charron, Richard C.; Montgomery, Matthew D.

2015-09-08

An industrial gas turbine engine (10), including: a can annular combustion assembly (80), having a plurality of discrete flow ducts configured to receive combustion gas from respective combustors (82) and deliver the combustion gas along a straight flow path at a speed and orientation appropriate for delivery directly onto the first row (56) of turbine blades (62); and a compressor diffuser (32) having a redirecting surface (130, 140) configured to receive an axial flow of compressed air and redirect the axial flow of compressed air radially outward.

49 CFR 229.99 - Safety hangers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Safety hangers. 229.99 Section 229.99..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVE SAFETY STANDARDS Safety Requirements Internal Combustion Equipment § 229.99 Safety hangers. Drive shafts shall have safety hangers. ...

49 CFR 229.99 - Safety hangers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Safety hangers. 229.99 Section 229.99..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVE SAFETY STANDARDS Safety Requirements Internal Combustion Equipment § 229.99 Safety hangers. Drive shafts shall have safety hangers. ...

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric PM2.5 and PM10 at a coal-based industrial city: Implication for PAH control at industrial agglomeration regions, China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Di; Wang, Zongshuang; Chen, Jianhua; Kong, Shaofei; Fu, Xiao; Deng, Hongbing; Shao, Guofan; Wu, Gang

2014-11-01

Eighteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 and PM10 are identified and quantified at five sites of E'erduosi in 2005 by GC-MS. Total PAH concentrations in PM2.5 and PM10 are in the ranges of 0.58-145.01 ng m- 3 and 5.80-180.32 ng m- 3 for the five sites, decreasing as coal-chemical base site (ZGE) > heavy industrial site (QPJ) > residential site with heavy traffic (DS) > suburban site surrounded by grassland (HJQ) > background site (QGN) for both PM2.5 and PM10. PAH concentrations in the coal-chemical base site are 250 and 31.1 times of those in the background site. Flu, Pyr, Chr, BbF, BeP, IND and BghiP are abundant for the coal-chemical base site, totally accounting for 75% of the PAH concentrations. 4, 5 and 6 rings PAHs are dominant, accounting for 88.9-94.2% and 90.5-94.1% of PAHs in PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. Combustion-derived PAH concentrations cover 42%-84% and 75%-82% of PAHs in PM2.5 and PM10, indicating large amounts of combustion sources existed for them in E'erduosi. PAH compositions between PM2.5 and PM10 are quite different from each other for sites with few human activities (HJQ and QGN) by coefficient of divergence analysis. Results obtained from principal component analysis and diagnostic ratios indicate that coal combustion, vehicle emission, wood combustion and industrial processes are the main sources for PAHs in E'erduosi. According to BaP equivalent concentration, the potential health risk of PAHs in PM2.5 at the two industrial sites ZGE and QPJ are 537 and 460 times of those for the background site. And they are 4.3 and 3.7 times of those for the residential site. The potential PAH pollution in particles at other industrial agglomeration regions that occurred in China in recent years should be paid attention by the local government.

Composition and source apportionment of PM1 at urban site Kanpur in India using PMF coupled with CBPF

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rai, Pragati; Chakraborty, Abhishek; Mandariya, Anil Kumar; Gupta, Tarun

2016-09-01

This study addresses the three major questions: (1) what are the emission sources of PM1 which are affecting the study area; (2) where do these emission sources come from; and (3) is there any temporal variation in the emission sources. To address these issues, two advanced statistical methods are described in this paper. Identification of emission sources was performed by EPA PMF (v 5.0) and to understand the temporal variability, sampling was done for three winter seasons 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2011-12 within Kanpur city. To identify the possible source directions, Conditional Bivariate Probability function (CBPF) was used. The average PM1 concentration was higher in 2008-09 followed by 2011-12 and 2009-10 winter seasons. 2008-09 winter showed sources such as secondary sources mixed with power plant emission (42.8%), industrial emission (32.3%), coal combustion, brick kilns and vehicular emission (13.2%) and residual oil combustion and road dust (11.7%). The major contributors during winter season 2009-10 were secondary sources (33.1%), biomass burning (23.3%), heavy oil combustion (13%), vehicular emission mixed with crustal dust (11.3%), leather tanning industries (10.3%), industrial emission (4%), coal combustion and brick kilns (3.4%) and solid waste burning and incineration (1.5%) compared to secondary sources mixed with biomass burning (42.3%), industrial emission and crustal dust (35.1%) and vehicular emission and brick kilns (22.6%) during 2011-12 winter season. PMF model revealed that secondary sources were the main contributors for all the three winter seasons followed by biomass burning and power plant emission. The results of CBPF analysis agreed well with the locations of known local point sources., e.g. in the case of industrial emissions, the maximum probability was in the direction between NES direction where almost all the major industries are located in and around Kanpur while in the opposite direction the probability of biomass burning was high due to a rural area in NWS direction.

Knocking in the Otto-cycle Engine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weinhart, H

1939-01-01

Engine knock is, as is known, preceded by normal burning of the first part of the charge, and only the part burned last (residual charge), knocks. The aim of the present measurements was, first, to reexamine the combustion form in this residual charge, because of the absence of uniform and frequently contradictory results in the very extensive literature on the subject. On top of that, an attempt was to be made to gain a deeper insight into the mechanism accompanying the combustion process, by means of the electrical test equipment perfected in recent years.

Oxygen index: An approximate value for the evaluation of combustion characteristics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zartmann, I.; Reinwardt, D.; Franke, A.

1986-01-01

The oxygen index has gained international recognition for the determination of combustion characteristics of plastic material. The amounts of oxygen and nitrogen were more accurately determined for existing test equipment in order to specify the oxygen index as precisely and as reproducible as possible. Parameters are outlined such as the size of the ignition flame, ignition of test pieces, test piece sizes and test temperature. The minimum oxygen index was determined by the dimension and duration of the fire. The results are sufficiently accurate for factory operating conditions and are also reproducible.

REVIEW ARTICLE: Industrial applications of temperature and species concentration monitoring using laser diagnostics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deguchi, Y.; Noda, M.; Fukuda, Y.; Ichinose, Y.; Endo, Y.; Inada, M.; Abe, Y.; Iwasaki, S.

2002-10-01

Industrial applications of laser diagnostics have been demonstrated for the purpose of clarifying combustor chemical reaction mechanisms, as well as temperature and harmful substance monitoring in large-scale burners and commercial plant exhaust ducts, and the combustion control of commercial plants. Laser induced fluorescence (LIF), laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), and tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) have accordingly been applied in various industrial fields. In this study, temperature and species concentration were measured inside gas turbine combustors, a diesel engine, and a large-scale industrial burner using LIF. This technique introduces a new tool with respect to practical combustors for the analysis of NO formation characteristics, turbulent flame front structure, and differences between standard and improved combustors. On-line monitoring of trace elements to the ppb level was also successfully demonstrated using LIBS. The automated LIBS unit was found to be capable of monitoring trace element concentration fluctuations at ppb levels with a 1 min detection time under actual plant conditions. In addition, real-time measurement of O2 and CO concentrations in a commercial incinerator furnace was performed using TDLAS to improve the combustion control. By using the multiple-point laser measurement results to control secondary air allocation, higher secondary combustion efficiency was achieved, and CO concentration (considered to be a substitute indicator for dioxins) was reduced from 11.9 to 8.0 ppm.

The pyrohealth transition: how combustion emissions have shaped health through human history.

PubMed

Johnston, Fay H; Melody, Shannon; Bowman, David M J S

2016-06-05

Air pollution from landscape fires, domestic fires and fossil fuel combustion is recognized as the single most important global environmental risk factor for human mortality and is associated with a global burden of disease almost as large as that of tobacco smoking. The shift from a reliance on biomass to fossil fuels for powering economies, broadly described as the pyric transition, frames key patterns in human fire usage and landscape fire activity. These have produced distinct patters of human exposure to air pollution associated with the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions and post-industrial the Earth global system-wide changes increasingly known as the Anthropocene. Changes in patterns of human fertility, mortality and morbidity associated with economic development have been previously described in terms of demographic, epidemiological and nutrition transitions, yet these frameworks have not explicitly considered the direct consequences of combustion emissions for human health. To address this gap, we propose a pyrohealth transition and use data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) collaboration to compare direct mortality impacts of emissions from landscape fires, domestic fires, fossil fuel combustion and the global epidemic of tobacco smoking. Improving human health and reducing the environmental impacts on the Earth system will require a considerable reduction in biomass and fossil fuel combustion.This article is part of the themed issue 'The interaction of fire and mankind'. © 2016 The Author(s).

The pyrohealth transition: how combustion emissions have shaped health through human history

PubMed Central

Johnston, Fay H.; Melody, Shannon

2016-01-01

Air pollution from landscape fires, domestic fires and fossil fuel combustion is recognized as the single most important global environmental risk factor for human mortality and is associated with a global burden of disease almost as large as that of tobacco smoking. The shift from a reliance on biomass to fossil fuels for powering economies, broadly described as the pyric transition, frames key patterns in human fire usage and landscape fire activity. These have produced distinct patters of human exposure to air pollution associated with the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions and post-industrial the Earth global system-wide changes increasingly known as the Anthropocene. Changes in patterns of human fertility, mortality and morbidity associated with economic development have been previously described in terms of demographic, epidemiological and nutrition transitions, yet these frameworks have not explicitly considered the direct consequences of combustion emissions for human health. To address this gap, we propose a pyrohealth transition and use data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) collaboration to compare direct mortality impacts of emissions from landscape fires, domestic fires, fossil fuel combustion and the global epidemic of tobacco smoking. Improving human health and reducing the environmental impacts on the Earth system will require a considerable reduction in biomass and fossil fuel combustion. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’. PMID:27216506

National Environmental Policy: Coordination or Confusion?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Adams, Sexton; And Others

1976-01-01

The Fossil Energy Program is attempting to develop and demonstrate, in conjunction with industry, the technology necessary for establishing a synthetic fuels-from coal industry. Technologies discussed include coal liquefaction, high and low BTU gasification, advanced power systems, direct combustion, Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and petroleum,…

77 FR 28376 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request; Information...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-14

... products that will emit GHG when released, combusted, or oxidized, industrial gas suppliers, and... Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request; Information Collection Request for the Greenhouse Gas..., including aircraft engine manufacturers; facilities in certain industrial categories that emit greenhouse...

78 FR 9111 - Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units: Reconsideration and Final Amendments...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-07

... established standards in this final rule for the following four subcategories of CISWI units: Incinerators (i... incinerators; ERUs (i.e., units that would be boilers or process heaters if they did not combust solid waste); and waste burning kilns (i.e., units that would be cement kilns if they did not combust solid waste...

Experimental and numerical studies of rotating drum grate furnace

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Basista, Grzegorz; Szubel, Mateusz; Filipowicz, Mariusz; Tomczyk, Bartosz; Krakowiak, Joanna

Waste material from the meat industry can be taken into account as a biofuel. Studies confirm, that calorific value is higher and ash content is lower comparing to some conventional fuels. EU directives regulate details of thermal disposal of the waste material from the meat industry - especially in range of the process temperature and time of the particle presence in area of the combustion zone. The paper describes design of the rotating drum grate stove, dedicated to thermal disposal of the meat wastes as well as solid biomass (pellet, small bricket, wood chips) combustion. Device has been developed in frames of cooperation between AGH University of Science and Technology (Krakow, Poland) and producer focused on technologies of energy utilization of biomass in distributed generation. Results of measurements of selected operational parameters performed during startup of the furnace have been presented and discussed. Furthermore, numerical model of the combustion process has been developed to complement experimental results in range of the temperature and oxygen distribution in the area of the combustion chamber. ANSYS CFX solver has been applied to perform simulations including rotational domain related with specifics of operation of the device. Results of numerical modelling and experimental studies have been summarized and compared.

Fifth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sacksteder, Kurt (Compiler)

1999-01-01

This conference proceedings document is a compilation of 120 papers presented orally or as poster displays to the Fifth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop held in Cleveland, Ohio on May 18-20, 1999. The purpose of the workshop is to present and exchange research results from theoretical and experimental work in combustion science using the reduced-gravity environment as a research tool. The results are contributed by researchers funded by NASA throughout the United States at universities, industry and government research agencies, and by researchers from at least eight international partner countries that are also participating in the microgravity combustion science research discipline. These research results are intended for use by public and private sector organizations for academic purposes, for the development of technologies needed for the Human Exploration and Development of Space, and to improve Earth-bound combustion and fire-safety related technologies.

High-resolution sampling and analysis of air particulate matter in the Pear River Delta region of Southern China: source apportionment and health risk assessment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, S.; Day, P. K.; Wang, X.

2017-12-01

Hazardous air pollutants, such as trace elements in particulate matters (PM), are known or highly suspected to cause detrimental effects on human health. To understand the sources and associated risks of PM to human health, hourly time-integrated major trace elements in size-segregated coarse (PM10-2.5) and fine (PM2.5) particulate matter were collected and examined in an industrial city of Foshan in the Pearl River Delta region, China. Receptor modeling of the dataset by positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to identify six sources contributing to PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations at the site. Dominant sources included industrial coal combustion, secondary inorganic aerosol, motor vehicles and construction dust along with two intermittent sources, biomass combustion and marine aerosol. The biomass combustion source was found to be a significant contributor to peak PM2.5 episodes along with motor vehicles and industrial coal combustion. Conditional probability function (CPF) was applied to estimate the local source effects from wind direction using the PMF-resolved source contribution coupled with the surface wind direction data. Health exposure risk for hazardous trace elements (Pb, As, Cr, Ni, Zn, V, Cu, Mn, Fe) and source-specific values were estimated. The total hazard quotient (total HQ =HI) of PM2.5 was 2.09, which is two times higher than the acceptable limit (HQ = 1). The total carcinogenic risk was 3.37*10-3 for PM2.5, which was three orders higher than the acceptable limit (i.e. 1.0*10-6). Among the selected trace elements, As and Pb posed the highest non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for human health, respectively. In additional, our results showed that industrial coal combustion source was the dominant non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks contributor, highlighting the need for stringent control of this source. This study can provide new insight for policy makers to prioritize sources in air quality management and health risk reduction.

DEVELOPMENT OF A SUPERSONIC TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT ENGINE - PHASE II-A.

DTIC Science & Technology

JET TRANSPORT PLANES, *SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT ) (U) TURBOJET ENGINES , PERFORMANCE( ENGINEERING ), TURBOFAN ENGINES , AFTERBURNING, SPECIFICATIONS...COMPRESSORS, GEOMETRY, TURBOJET INLETS, COMBUSTION, TEST EQUIPMENT, TURBINE BLADES , HEAT TRANSFER, AIRFOILS , CASCADE STRUCTURES, EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, PLUG NOZZLES, ANECHOIC CHAMBERS, BEARINGS, SEALS, DESIGN, FATIGUE(MECHANICS)

Wood chips for fuel and energy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1978-01-01

A separate abstract was prepared for each of 13 individual presentations. Included in the appendices is: (1) a reprint from the journal Pulp and Paper, June 1978, by Larry Burkholder entitled, Wholetree Chipping Provides an Answer to Multiple Wood Fiber Use; and (2) a pictorial and graphical description of the York-Shipley (York, PA) Fluid Flame Solid Wastes Converter and list of installations using the converter. Also inluded as appendices are: (a) literature available on energy from biomass; (b) Canadian Government sources of information on use of biomass energy for industrial purposes; (c) list of New York State Dept. of Environmentalmore » Conservation Directors and Regional Foresters; (d) Northeast wood-fired boiler consulting firms; (e) list of suppliers of wood and wood residues as an energy source; (f) list of manufacturers of combustion and heat-recovery systems; (g) list of manufacturers of pollution control and monitoring equipment; and (h) potential sources of financing for energy-related projects in New York.« less

Development and Hot-fire Testing of Additively Manufactured Copper Combustion Chambers for Liquid Rocket Engine Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gradl, Paul R.; Greene, Sandy Elam; Protz, Christopher S.; Ellis, David L.; Lerch, Bradley A.; Locci, Ivan E.

2017-01-01

NASA and industry partners are working towards fabrication process development to reduce costs and schedules associated with manufacturing liquid rocket engine components with the goal of reducing overall mission costs. One such technique being evaluated is powder-bed fusion or selective laser melting (SLM), commonly referred to as additive manufacturing (AM). The NASA Low Cost Upper Stage Propulsion (LCUSP) program was designed to develop processes and material characterization for GRCop-84 (a NASA Glenn Research Center-developed copper, chrome, niobium alloy) commensurate with powder-bed AM, evaluate bimetallic deposition, and complete testing of a full scale combustion chamber. As part of this development, the process has been transferred to industry partners to enable a long-term supply chain of monolithic copper combustion chambers. To advance the processes further and allow for optimization with multiple materials, NASA is also investigating the feasibility of bimetallic AM chambers. In addition to the LCUSP program, NASA has completed a series of development programs and hot-fire tests to demonstrate SLM GRCop-84 and other AM techniques. NASA's efforts include a 4K lbf thrust liquid oxygen/methane (LOX/CH4) combustion chamber and subscale thrust chambers for 1.2K lbf LOX/hydrogen (H2) applications that have been designed and fabricated with SLM GRCop-84. The same technologies for these lower thrust applications are being applied to 25-35K lbf main combustion chamber (MCC) designs. This paper describes the design, development, manufacturing and testing of these numerous combustion chambers, and the associated lessons learned throughout their design and development processes.

Rare earth elements in fly ashes created during the coal burning process in certain coal-fired power plants operating in Poland - Upper Silesian Industrial Region.

PubMed

Smolka-Danielowska, Danuta

2010-11-01

The subject of the study covered volatile ashes created during hard coal burning process in ash furnaces, in power plants operating in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region, Southern Poland. Coal-fired power plants are furnished with dust extracting devices, electro precipitators, with 99-99.6% combustion gas extracting efficiency. Activity concentrations ofTh-232, Ra-226, K-40, Ac-228, U-235 and U-238 were measured with gamma-ray spectrometer. Concentrations of selected rare soil elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Y, Gd, Th, U) were analysed by means of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Mineral phases of individual ash particles were identified with the use of scanning electron microscope equipped with EDS attachment. Laser granulometric analyses were executed with the use of Analyssette analyser. The activity of the investigated fly-ash samples is several times higher than that of the bituminous coal samples; in the coal, the activities are: 226Ra - 85.4 Bq kg(-1), 40 K-689 Bq kg(-1), 232Th - 100.8 Bq kg(-1), 235U-13.5 Bq kg(-1), 238U-50 Bq kg(-1) and 228Ac - 82.4 Bq kg(-1).

Characterisation and seasonal variations of particles in the atmosphere of rural, urban and industrial areas: Organic compounds.

PubMed

Cazier, Fabrice; Genevray, Paul; Dewaele, Dorothée; Nouali, Habiba; Verdin, Anthony; Ledoux, Frédéric; Hachimi, Adam; Courcot, Lucie; Billet, Sylvain; Bouhsina, Saâd; Shirali, Pirouz; Garçon, Guillaume; Courcot, Dominique

2016-06-01

Atmospheric aerosol samples (PM2.5-0.3, i.e., atmospheric particles ranging from 0.3 to 2.5μm) were collected during two periods: spring-summer 2008 and autumn-winter 2008-2009, using high volume samplers equipped with cascade impactors. Two sites located in the Northern France were compared in this study: a highly industrialised city (Dunkirk) and a rural site (Rubrouck). Physicochemical analysis of particulate matter (PM) was undertaken to propose parameters that could be used to distinguish the various sources and to exhibit seasonal variations but also to provide knowledge of chemical element composition for the interpretation of future toxicological studies. The study showed that PM2.5-0.3 concentration in the atmosphere of the rural area remains stable along the year and was significantly lower than in the urban or industrial ones, for which concentrations increase during winter. High concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins, furans and dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), generated by industrial activities, traffic and municipal wastes incineration were detected in the samples. Specific criteria like Carbon Preference Index (CPI) and Combustion PAHs/Total PAHs ratio (CPAHs/TPAHs) were used to identify the possible sources of atmospheric pollution. They revealed that paraffins are mainly emitted by biogenic sources in spring-summer whereas as in the case of PAHs, they have numerous anthropogenic emission sources in autumn-winter (mainly from traffic and domestic heating). Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Contribution of biomass combustion to air pollutant emissions =

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goncalves, Catia Vanessa Maio

In Portugal, it was estimated that around 1.95 Mton/year of wood is used in residential wood burning for heating and cooking. Additionally, in the last decades, burnt forest area has also been increasing. These combustions result in high levels of toxic air pollutants and a large perturbation of atmospheric chemistry, interfere with climate and have adverse effects on health. Accurate quantification of the amounts of trace gases and particulate matter emitted from residential wood burning, agriculture and garden waste burning and forest fires on a regional and global basis is essential for various purposes, including: the investigation of several atmospheric processes, the reporting of greenhouse gas emissions, and quantification of the air pollution sources that affect human health at regional scales. In Southern Europe, data on detailed emission factors from biomass burning are rather inexistent. Emission inventories and source apportionment, photochemical and climate change models use default values obtained for US and Northern Europe biofuels. Thus, it is desirable to use more specific locally available data. The objective of this study is to characterise and quantify the contribution of biomass combustion sources to atmospheric trace gases and aerosol concentrations more representative of the national reality. Laboratory (residential wood combustion) and field (agriculture/garden waste burning and experimental wildland fires) sampling experiments were carried out. In the laboratory, after the selection of the most representative wood species and combustion equipment in Portugal, a sampling program to determine gaseous and particulate matter emission rates was set up, including organic and inorganic aerosol composition. In the field, the smoke plumes from agriculture/garden waste and experimental wildland fires were sampled. The results of this study show that the combustion equipment and biofuel type used have an important role in the emission levels and composition. Significant differences between the use of traditional combustion equipment versus modern equipments were also observed. These differences are due to higher combustion efficiency of modern equipment, reflecting the smallest amount of particulate matter, organic carbon and carbon monoxide released. With regard to experimental wildland fires in shrub dominated areas, it was observed that the largest organic fraction in the samples studied was mainly composed by vegetation pyrolysis products. The major organic components in the smoke samples were pyrolysates of vegetation cuticles, mainly comprising steradienes and sterol derivatives, carbohydrates from the breakdown of cellulose, aliphatic lipids from vegetation waxes and methoxyphenols from the lignin thermal degradation. Despite being a banned practice in our country, agriculture/garden waste burning is actually quite common. To assess the particulate matter composition, the smoke from three different agriculture/garden residues have been sampled into 3 different size fractions (PM2.5, PM2.5-10 and PM>10). Despite distribution patterns of organic compounds in particulate matter varied among residues, the amounts of phenolics (polyphenol and guaiacyl derivatives) and organic acids were always predominant over other organic compounds in the organosoluble fraction of smoke. Among biomarkers, levoglucosan, beta-sitosterol and phytol were detected in appreciable amounts in the smoke of all agriculture/garden residues. In addition, inositol may be considered as an eventual tracer for the smoke from potato haulm burning. It was shown that the prevailing ambient conditions (such as high humidity in the atmosphere) likely contributed to atmospheric processes (e.g. coagulation and hygroscopic growth), which influenced the particle size characteristics of the smoke tracers, shifting their distribution to larger diameters. An assessment of household biomass consumption was also made through a national scale survey. The information obtained with the survey combined with the databases on emission factors from the laboratory and field tests allowed us to estimate the pollutant amounts emitted in each Portuguese district. In addition to a likely contribution to the improvement of emission inventories, emission factors obtained for tracer compounds in this study can be applied in receptor models to assess the contribution of biomass burning to the levels of atmospheric aerosols and their constituents obtained in monitoring campaigns in Mediterranean Europe.

Industrial Education. "Small Engines".

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Parma City School District, OH.

Part of a series of curriculum guides dealing with industrial education in junior high schools, this guide provides the student with information and manipulative experiences on small gasoline engines. Included are sections on shop adjustment, safety, small engines, internal combustion, engine construction, four stroke engines, two stroke engines,…

Applications of aerospace technology in the electric power industry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, F. D.; Heins, C. F.

1974-01-01

Existing applications of NASA contributions to disciplines such as combustion engineering, mechanical engineering, materials science, quality assurance and computer control are outlined to illustrate how space technology is used in the electric power industry. Corporate strategies to acquire relevant space technology are described.

Magnetic characteristics of industrial dust from different sources of emission: A case study of Poland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Szuszkiewicz, Marcin; Magiera, Tadeusz; Kapička, Aleš; Petrovský, Eduard; Grison, Hanna; Gołuchowska, Beata

2015-05-01

Dust emission and deposition in topsoil have negative effect on individual components of the ecosystem. In addition to routine geochemical analyses, magnetic measurements may provide useful complementary information related to the type, concentration and grain-size distribution of the technogenic magnetic particles (TMPs) and thus the degree of contamination of the environment. The aim of this contribution is to use magnetic parameters in distinguishing dust from a wide range of sources of air pollution (power industry, cement, coke, ceramic industries and biomass combustion). We measured magnetic susceptibility, hysteresis parameters and thermomagnetic curves. Our results suggest that predominant component in tested samples is magnetite, only dust from coking plant and the combustion of lignite contained also maghemite and/or hematite. Mixture of sizes, ranging from fine single-domain to coarse multi-domain grains, was detected. Our results indicate that industrial dusts from various sources of emissions have different specific magnetic properties and magnetic measurements may provide very helpful information.

76 FR 56125 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products and Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-12

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 10 CFR Part 430 [Docket No. EERE-2011-BT-STD-0047] RIN 1904-AC56 Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products and Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Energy Conservation Standards for Direct Heating Equipment AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Department...

77 FR 76972 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products and Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-31

... Conservation Program for Consumer Products and Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Proposed... the criteria for covered equipment under Part A-1 of Title III of the Energy Policy and Conservation... the Energy Policy and Conservation Act V. Procedural Issues and Regulatory Review A. Review Under...

48 CFR 245.608-71 - Screening industrial plant equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Screening industrial plant..., and Disposal of Contractor Inventory 245.608-71 Screening industrial plant equipment. (a) Reporting. Within 15 days of receipt, the plant clearance officer will forward two copies of the DD Form 1342, DoD...

National Combustion Code Parallel Performance Enhancements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Quealy, Angela; Benyo, Theresa (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

The National Combustion Code (NCC) is being developed by an industry-government team for the design and analysis of combustion systems. The unstructured grid, reacting flow code uses a distributed memory, message passing model for its parallel implementation. The focus of the present effort has been to improve the performance of the NCC code to meet combustor designer requirements for model accuracy and analysis turnaround time. Improving the performance of this code contributes significantly to the overall reduction in time and cost of the combustor design cycle. This report describes recent parallel processing modifications to NCC that have improved the parallel scalability of the code, enabling a two hour turnaround for a 1.3 million element fully reacting combustion simulation on an SGI Origin 2000.

An overview of turbomachinery project in Malaysian oil and gas industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abd. Rahman Sabri, Harris; Rahim, Abd. Rahman Abdul; Yew, Wong Kuan; Ismail, Syuhaida

2017-12-01

Being the most demanding, challenging and exciting engineering and technological advances has provided escalated interests amongst the engineers at large to venture into the oil and gas (O&G) industry. Although claimed as the most expensive industry in the world via the utilisation of critical equipments, the O&G industry is still recording notorius failures in its project management especially due to turbomachinery issues, the heart equipment of any O&G project. Therefore, it is important for this paper to review turbomachinery project as one of the long lead items during project executions that is also proven to be the most costly and expensive equipment. This paper therefore discusses the gaps in turbomachinery studies via literature review in highlighting its application in O&G projects. It is found that the main components of turbomachinery are driver and driven equipment, which are applied for mechanical equipment, Electric Power Generation and heat generation for Combined Cycled Configuration. Important variables for turbomachinery selection include: (1) process requirement; (2) site location; (3) driver selection; (4) equipment sparing philosophy; (5) efficiency and reliability; (6) operability and maintainability; and (7) cost. It is hoped that this paper would lead to the successful project management of turbomachinery in the O&G industry.

Investigation on combustion characteristics and NO formation of methane with swirling and non-swirling high temperature air

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xing; Jia, Li

2014-10-01

Combustion characteristics of methane jet flames in an industrial burner working in high temperature combustion regime were investigated experimentally and numerically to clarify the effects of swirling high temperature air on combustion. Speziale-Sarkar-Gatski (SSG) Reynolds stress model, Eddy-Dissipation Model (EDM), Discrete Ordinates Method (DTM) combined with Weighted-Sum-of-Grey Gases Model (WSGG) were employed for the numerical simulation. Both Thermal-NO and Prompt-NO mechanism were considered to evaluate the NO formation. Temperature distribution, NO emissions by experiment and computation in swirling and non-swirling patterns show combustion characteristics of methane jet flames are totally different. Non-swirling high temperature air made high NO formation while significant NO prohibition were achieved by swirling high temperature air. Furthermore, velocity fields, dimensionless major species mole fraction distributions and Thermal-NO molar reaction rate profiles by computation interpret an inner exhaust gas recirculation formed in the combustion zone in swirling case.

Physicochemical characterization of fine particles from small-scale wood combustion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lamberg, Heikki; Nuutinen, Kati; Tissari, Jarkko; Ruusunen, Jarno; Yli-Pirilä, Pasi; Sippula, Olli; Tapanainen, Maija; Jalava, Pasi; Makkonen, Ulla; Teinilä, Kimmo; Saarnio, Karri; Hillamo, Risto; Hirvonen, Maija-Riitta; Jokiniemi, Jorma

2011-12-01

Emissions from small-scale wood combustion appliances are of special interest since fine particles have been consistently associated with adverse health effects. It has been reported that the physicochemical characteristics of the emitted particles affect also their toxic properties but the mechanisms behind these phenomena and the causative role of particles from wood combustion sources are still mostly unknown. Combustion situations vary significantly in small-scale appliances, especially in batch combustion. Combustion behaviour is affected by fuel properties, appliance type and operational practice. Particle samples were collected from six appliances representing different combustion situations in small-scale combustion. These appliances were five wood log fuelled stoves, including one stove equipped with modern combustion technology, three different conventional combustion appliances and one sauna stove. In addition, a modern small-scale pellet boiler represented advanced continuous combustion technology. The aim of the study was to analyze gas composition and fine particle properties over different combustion situations. Fine particle (PM 1) emissions and their chemical constituents emerging from different combustion situations were compared and this physicochemical data was combined with the toxicological data on cellular responses induced by the same particles (see Tapanainen et al., 2011). There were significant differences in the particle emissions from different combustion situations. Overall, the efficient combustion in the pellet boiler produced the smallest emissions whereas inefficient batch combustion in a sauna stove created the largest emissions. Improved batch combustion with air-staging produced about 2.5-fold PM 1 emissions compared to the modern pellet boiler (50.7 mg MJ -1 and 19.7 mg MJ -1, respectively), but the difference in the total particulate PAH content was 750-fold (90 μg MJ -1 and 0.12 μg MJ -1, respectively). Improved batch combustion and conventional batch combustion showed almost the same PM 1 emissions (51.6 mg MJ -1), but a 10-fold difference in total particulate PAH emissions (910 μg MJ -1). These results highlight that same PM 1 emissions can be associated with very different chemical compositions, potentially leading to different toxic properties of the particles. Thus, changing from an old, less efficient, combustion appliance to a modern appliance can have a greater impact on toxic properties than the emitted PM 1 mass might indicate.

Detection and analysis of emitted radiation for advanced monitoring and control of combustors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ballester, J.; Sanz, A.; Hernandez, R.; Smolarz, A.

2005-09-01

The permanent optimization of combustion equipment could provide very important benefits in terms of efficiency, reliability and reduced pollution. However, current capabilities for monitoring and control of industrial flames are very limited; the lack of reliable diagnostic techniques is, most probably, the main obstacle to achieve those goals. Novel instrumentation systems based on the processing of the radiation emitted by the flames could help greatly to fill this gap, as radiation signals are known to contain very rich information about flame properties Optical sensors offer the benefit of being selective, rapid and able to gather data from extremely hostile environments. Passive optical sensors offer the further advantages of simplicity and low cost. With the rapidly growing capability of sensor hardware, there is an increased interest and need to develop data interpretation strategies that will allow optical flame emission data to be converted into meaningful combustor state information. The present work describes new results achieved on the use of optical sensors for the development of advanced monitoring systems of lean-premixed flames representative of gas turbine combustors. Different complementary signals have been analyzed: broad band emission using a Si photodiode, a narrow band around 310 nm measured with a photomultiplier and measurement of UV+VIS emission spectra. The signals have been processed using both conventional and advanced methods. The results obtained demonstrate that optical sensors can yield useful, instantaneous information on the actual flame properties, not available with the sensors currently used in practical combustion systems.

GENERIC VERIFICATION PROTOCOL: DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND COMBINED HEAT AND POWER FIELD TESTING PROTOCOL

EPA Science Inventory

This report is a generic verification protocol by which EPA’s Environmental Technology Verification program tests newly developed equipment for distributed generation of electric power, usually micro-turbine generators and internal combustion engine generators. The protocol will ...

DEMONSTRATION BULLETIN: LOW TEMPERATURE THERMAL TREATMENT (LT3®) SYSTEM

EPA Science Inventory

The Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Weston) low temperature thermal treatment (LT³®) system thermally desorbs organic compounds from contaminated soil without heating the soil to combustion temperatures. The transportable system is comprised of equipment assembled on thre...

46 CFR 162.017-2 - Type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... APPROVAL ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT General Provisions; Valves, Pressure-Vacuum Relief, for Tank Vessels § 162.017-2 Type. This specification covers the design and construction of pressure-vacuum relief valves intended for use in venting systems on all tank vessels transporting inflammable or combustible liquids...

46 CFR 162.017-2 - Type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... APPROVAL ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT General Provisions; Valves, Pressure-Vacuum Relief, for Tank Vessels § 162.017-2 Type. This specification covers the design and construction of pressure-vacuum relief valves intended for use in venting systems on all tank vessels transporting inflammable or combustible liquids...

46 CFR 162.017-2 - Type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... APPROVAL ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT General Provisions; Valves, Pressure-Vacuum Relief, for Tank Vessels § 162.017-2 Type. This specification covers the design and construction of pressure-vacuum relief valves intended for use in venting systems on all tank vessels transporting inflammable or combustible liquids...

CFD Analysis of the 24-inch JIRAD Hybrid Rocket Motor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liang, Pak-Yan; Ungewitter, Ronald; Claflin, Scott

1996-01-01

A series of multispecies, multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses of the 24-inch diameter joint government industry industrial research and development (JIRAD) hybrid rocket motor is described. The 24-inch JIRAD hybrid motor operates by injection of liquid oxygen (LOX) into a vaporization plenum chamber upstream of ports in the hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) solid fuel. The injector spray pattern had a strong influence on combustion stability of the JIRAD motor so a CFD study was initiated to define the injector end flow field under different oxidizer spray patterns and operating conditions. By using CFD to gain a clear picture of the flow field and temperature distribution within the JIRAD motor, it is hoped that the fundamental mechanisms of hybrid combustion instability may be identified and then suppressed by simple alterations to the oxidizer injection parameters such as injection angle and velocity. The simulations in this study were carried out using the General Algorithm for Analysis of Combustion SYstems (GALACSY) multiphase combustion codes. GALACSY consists of a comprehensive set of droplet dynamic submodels (atomization, evaporation, etc.) and a computationally efficient hydrocarbon chemistry package built around a robust Navier-Stokes solver optimized for low Mach number flows. Lagrangian tracking of dispersed particles describes a closely coupled spray phase. The CFD cases described in this paper represent various levels of simplification of the problem. They include: (A) gaseous oxygen with combusting fuel vapor blowing off the walls at various oxidizer injection angles and velocities, (B) gaseous oxygen with combusting fuel vapor blowing off the walls, and (C) liquid oxygen with combusting fuel vapor blowing off the walls. The study used an axisymmetric model and the results indicate that the injector design significantly effects the flow field in the injector end of the motor. Markedly different recirculation patterns are observed in the vaporization chamber as the oxygen velocity and/or spray pattern is varied. The ability of these recirculation patterns to stabilize the diffusion flame above the surface of the solid fuel gives a plausible explanation for the experimentally determined combustion stability characteristics of the JIRAD motor, and suggests how combustion stability can be assured by modifications to the injector design.

Effect of cavity configuration on kerosene spark ignition in a scramjet combustor at Ma 4.5 flight condition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bao, Heng; Zhou, Jin; Pan, Yu

2015-12-01

Spark ignition experiments of liquid kerosene are conducted in a scramjet model equipped with dual-cavities at Ma 4.5 flight condition with a stagnation temperature of 1032 K. The ignition ability of two cavities with different length is compared and analyzed based on the wall pressure distribution along the combustor and the thrust evolution. The experimental results indicate that the longer cavity (L/D=7) is more suitable than the smaller cavity (L/D=5) in spark ignition. When employing the smaller cavity, three steady combustion states are observed after spark ignition. The concept of 'local flame' is adopted to explain the expanding problem of weak combustion. The local equivalence ratio in the shear layer is the dominated factor in determining the developing process of local flame. The final steady combustion mode of the combustor is dependent on the flame developing process. When employing the longer cavity, the establishment of intense combustion state can be much easier.

Performance Evaluation of Bucket based Excavating, Loading and Transport (BELT) Equipment - An OEE Approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohammadi, Mousa; Rai, Piyush; Gupta, Suprakash

2017-03-01

Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) has been used since last over two decades as a measure of performance in manufacturing industries. Unfortunately, enough, application of OEE in mining and excavation industry has not been duly adopted. In this paper an effort has been made to identify the OEE for performance evaluation of Bucket based Excavating, Loading and Transport (BELT) equipment. The conceptual model of OEE, as used in the manufacturing industries, has been revised to adapt to the BELT equipment. The revised and adapted model considered the operational time, speed and bucket capacity utilization losses as the key OEE components for evaluating the performance of BELT equipment. To illustrate the efficacy of the devised model on real-time basis, a case study was undertaken on the biggest single bucket excavating equipment - the dragline, in a large surface coal mine. One-year data was collected in order to evaluate the proposed OEE model.

Application of a catalytic combustion sensor (Pellistor) for the monitoring of the explosiveness of a hydrogen-air mixture in the upper explosive limit range

PubMed Central

Krawczyk, M.; Namiesnik, J.

2003-01-01

A new technique is presented for continuous measurements of hydrogen contamination by air in the upper explosive limit range. It is based on the application of a catalytic combustion sensor placed in a cell through which the tested sample passes. The air content is the function of the quantity of formed heat during catalytic combustion of hydrogen inside the sensor. There is the possibility of using the method in industrial installations by using hydrogen for cooling electric current generators. PMID:18924620

Vortex Simulation of Turbulent Combustion

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-10-01

14. Nissan Motor Company Research Center, Yokoska, Japan, April 1990. 15. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Yokohama, Japan, April 1990. 16. Mazda Motor ...University of Rome Workshop on Fluid Mechanics of Combustion, June 1989. 2. Brown University, October 1989. 3. Ford Motor Company, Meeting on Flow...Computational Fluid Dynamics, Tokyo, Japan, April 1990. 12. Honda Motor Company, Wako, Japan, April 1990. 13. Toyota Motor Company, Nagoya, Japan, April 1990

Ethical home medical equipment business practices.

PubMed

Parver, C

1991-11-01

National uniform standards as a condition for receipt of a Medicare provider number would help rid the home medical equipment industry of those unethical and unscrupulous suppliers who have tarnished the industry's reputation.

Basic Study on the Generation of RF Plasmas in Premixed Oxy-combustion with Methane

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Osaka, Yugo; Kobayashi, Noriyuki; Razzak, M. A.; Ohno, Noriyasu; Takamura, Shuichi; Uesugi, Yoshihiko

Oxy-combustion generates a high temperature field (above 3000 K), which is applied to next generation power plants and high temperature industrial technologies because of N2 free processes. However, the combustion temperature is so high that the furnace wall may be fatally damaged. In addition, it is very difficult to control the heat flux and chemical species' concentrations because of rapid chemical reactions. We have developed a new method for controlling the flame by electromagnetic force on this field. In this paper, we experimentally investigated the power coupling between the premixed oxy-combustion with methane and radio frequency (RF) power through the induction coil. By optimizing the power coupling, we observed that the flame can absorb RF power up to 1.5 kW. Spectroscopic measurements also showed an increase in the emission intensity from OH radicals in the flame, indicating improved combustibility.

Recovery Act: Brea California Combined Cycle Electric Generating Plant Fueled by Waste Landfill Gas

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Galowitz, Stephen

The primary objective of the Project was to maximize the productive use of the substantial quantities of waste landfill gas generated and collected at the Olinda Landfill near Brea, California. An extensive analysis was conducted and it was determined that utilization of the waste gas for power generation in a combustion turbine combined cycle facility was the highest and best use. The resulting Project reflected a cost effective balance of the following specific sub-objectives: • Meeting the environmental and regulatory requirements, particularly the compliance obligations imposed on the landfill to collect, process and destroy landfill gas • Utilizing proven andmore » reliable technology and equipment • Maximizing electrical efficiency • Maximizing electric generating capacity, consistent with the anticipated quantities of landfill gas generated and collected at the Olinda Landfill • Maximizing equipment uptime • Minimizing water consumption • Minimizing post-combustion emissions • The Project produced and will produce a myriad of beneficial impacts. o The Project created 360 FTE construction and manufacturing jobs and 15 FTE permanent jobs associated with the operation and maintenance of the plant and equipment. o By combining state-of-the-art gas clean up systems with post combustion emissions control systems, the Project established new national standards for best available control technology (BACT). o The Project will annually produce 280,320 MWh’s of clean energy o By destroying the methane in the landfill gas, the Project will generate CO2 equivalent reductions of 164,938 tons annually. The completed facility produces 27.4 MWnet and operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week.« less

Experimental investigation on the combustion characteristics of aluminum in air

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Yunchao; Xia, Zhixun; Huang, Liya; Yan, Xiaoting

2016-12-01

With the aim of revealing the detailed process of aluminum combustion in air, this paper reports an experimental study on the combustion of aluminum droplets. In this work, the aluminum wires were exposed and heated by a CO2 laser to produce aluminum droplets, and then these droplets were ignited and burnt in air. The changing processes of aluminum wires, droplets and flames were directly recorded by a high-speed camera, which was equipped with a high magnification zoom lens. Meanwhile, the spectrum distribution of the flame was also registered by an optical spectrometer. Besides, burning residuals were collected and analyzed by the methods of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS). Experimental results show that, during combustion, the aluminum droplet is covered by a spherical vapor-phase flame, and the diameter of this flame is about 1.4 times of the droplet diameter, statistically. In the later stages of combustion, the molten aluminum and condensed oxide products can react to generate gaseous Al and Al2O spontaneously. Little holes are found on the surface of residuals, which are the transport channels of gaseous products, namely the gaseous Al and Al2O. The combustion residuals are consisted by lots of aluminum oxide particles with diameters less than 1 μm.

Operating environmental laboratories--an overview of analysis equipment procurement and management.

PubMed

Pandya, G H; Shinde, V M; Kanade, G S; Kondawar, V K

2003-10-01

Management of equipment in an environmental laboratory requires planning involving assessment of the workload on a particular equipment, establishment of criteria and specification for the purchase of equipment, creation of infrastructure for installation and testing of the equipment, optimization of analysis conditions, development of preventive maintenance procedures and establishment of in-house repair facilities. The paper reports the results of such an analysis carried for operating environmental laboratories associated with R& D work, serving as an Govt. laboratory or attached to an Industry for analysing industrial emissions.

Heavy Equipment Technician: Apprenticeship Course Outline. Apprenticeship and Industry Training. 1912

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alberta Advanced Education and Technology, 2012

2012-01-01

The graduate of the Heavy Equipment Technician apprenticeship program is a certified journeyperson who will be able to: (1) diagnose repair, and maintain by skills and knowledge gained through training and experience any of the working parts of diesel engines as well as the various components of mobile industrial equipment; (2) use, competently,…

49 CFR 218.101 - Leaving rolling and on-track maintenance-of-way equipment in the clear.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... switching lead track on which the equipment is standing; or (4) The equipment is on an industry track beyond the clearance point of the switch leading to the industry. (c) Each railroad shall implement... clearance points will not permit a person to safely ride on the side of a car. ...

49 CFR 218.101 - Leaving rolling and on-track maintenance-of-way equipment in the clear.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... switching lead track on which the equipment is standing; or (4) The equipment is on an industry track beyond the clearance point of the switch leading to the industry. (c) Each railroad shall implement... clearance points will not permit a person to safely ride on the side of a car. ...

49 CFR 218.101 - Leaving rolling and on-track maintenance-of-way equipment in the clear.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... switching lead track on which the equipment is standing; or (4) The equipment is on an industry track beyond the clearance point of the switch leading to the industry. (c) Each railroad shall implement... clearance points will not permit a person to safely ride on the side of a car. ...

49 CFR 218.101 - Leaving rolling and on-track maintenance-of-way equipment in the clear.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... switching lead track on which the equipment is standing; or (4) The equipment is on an industry track beyond the clearance point of the switch leading to the industry. (c) Each railroad shall implement... clearance points will not permit a person to safely ride on the side of a car. ...

49 CFR 218.101 - Leaving rolling and on-track maintenance-of-way equipment in the clear.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... switching lead track on which the equipment is standing; or (4) The equipment is on an industry track beyond the clearance point of the switch leading to the industry. (c) Each railroad shall implement... clearance points will not permit a person to safely ride on the side of a car. ...

Detection of cylinder unbalance from Bayesian inference combining cylinder pressure and vibration block measurement in a Diesel engine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nguyen, Emmanuel; Antoni, Jerome; Grondin, Olivier

2009-12-01

In the automotive industry, the necessary reduction of pollutant emission for new Diesel engines requires the control of combustion events. This control is efficient provided combustion parameters such as combustion occurrence and combustion energy are relevant. Combustion parameters are traditionally measured from cylinder pressure sensors. However this kind of sensor is expensive and has a limited lifetime. Thus this paper proposes to use only one cylinder pressure on a multi-cylinder engine and to extract combustion parameters from the other cylinders with low cost knock sensors. Knock sensors measure the vibration circulating on the engine block, hence they do not all contain the information on the combustion processes, but they are also contaminated by other mechanical noises that disorder the signal. The question is how to combine the information coming from one cylinder pressure and knock sensors to obtain the most relevant combustion parameters in all engine cylinders. In this paper, the issue is addressed trough the Bayesian inference formalism. In that cylinder where a cylinder pressure sensor is mounted, combustion parameters will be measured directly. In the other cylinders, they will be measured indirectly from Bayesian inference. Experimental results obtained on a four cylinder Diesel engine demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm toward that purpose.

Design, Development and Hotfire Testing of Monolithic Copper and Bimetallic Additively Manufactured Combustion Chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gradl, Paul; Barnett, Greg; Brandsmeier, Will; Greene, Sandy Elam; Protz, Chris

2016-01-01

NASA and industry partners are working towards fabrication process development to reduce costs and schedules associated with manufacturing liquid rocket engine components with the goal of reducing overall mission costs. One such technique being evaluated is powder-bed fusion or selective laser melting (SLM) otherwise commonly referred to as additive manufacturing. The NASA Low Cost Upper Stage Propulsion (LCUSP) program was designed to develop processes and material characterization for the GRCop-84 copper-alloy commensurate with powder bed additive manufacturing, evaluate bimetallic deposition and complete testing of a full scale combustion chamber. As part of this development, the process has been transferred to industry partners to enable a long-term supply chain of monolithic copper combustion chambers. As a direct spin off of this program, NASA is working with industry partners to further develop the printing process for the GRCop-84 material in addition to the C-18150 (CuCrZr) material. To advance the process further and allow for optimization with multiple materials, NASA is also investigating the feasibility of bimetallic additively manufactured chambers. A 1.2k sized thrust-chamber was designed and developed to compare the printing process of the GRCop-84 and C-18150 SLM materials. A series of similar MCC liners also completed development with an Inconel 625 jacket bonded to the GRcop-84 liner evaluating direct metal deposition (DMD) laser and arc-based techniques. This paper describes the design, development, manufacturing and testing of these combustion chambers and associated lessons learned throughout the design and development process.

27 CFR 6.88 - Equipment and supplies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... act by an industry member of selling equipment or supplies to a retailer does not constitute a means... a price not less than the cost to the industry member who initially purchased them, and if the price is collected within 30 days of the date of the sale. The act by an industry member of installing...

Mobile Training Laboratories, Mobile Equipment and Programs Offered in Business or Industry. Status Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harry, Raymond L.

A literature review and telephone survey examined the following alternate methods for delivering vocational education services: mobile training laboratories, mobile training programs, training programs offered by educational institutions in business and industry facilities, and equipment loaned or supplied as a gift by business and industry for…

Industrial Equipment Maintenance. Vocational Education Curriculum Guide. Industrial and Technical Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

West Virginia State Vocational Curriculum Lab., Cedar Lakes.

This curriculum guide contains 10 units that provide the basic curriculum components required to develop lesson plans for the industrial equipment maintenance curriculum. The guide is not intended to be a complete, self-contained curriculum, but instead provides the teacher with a number of informational items related to the learning outcomes and…

Fertilisers production from ashes after sewage sludge combustion - A strategy towards sustainable development.

PubMed

Gorazda, Katarzyna; Tarko, Barbara; Wzorek, Zbigniew; Kominko, Halyna; Nowak, Anna K; Kulczycka, Joanna; Henclik, Anna; Smol, Marzena

2017-04-01

Sustainable development and circular economy rules force the global fertilizer industry to develop new phosphorous recovery methods from alternative sources. In this paper a phosphorus recovery technology from Polish industrial Sewage Sludge Ashes was investigated (PolFerAsh - Polish Fertilizers form Ash). A wet method with the use of mineral acid and neutralization was proposed. Detailed characteristic of SSA from largest mono-combustion plans were given and compared to raw materials used on the market. The technological factors associated with such materials were discussed. The composition of the extracts was compared to typical industrial phosphoric acid and standard values characterizing suspension fertilizers. The most favorable conditions for selective precipitation of phosphorus compounds were revealed. The fertilizers obtained also meet EU regulations in the case of the newly discussed Cd content. The process was scaled up and a flow mass diagram was defined. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Combustion driven ammonia generation strategies for passive ammonia SCR system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Toner, Joel G.; Narayanaswamy, Kushal; Szekely, Jr., Gerald A.

A method for controlling ammonia generation in an exhaust gas feedstream output from an internal combustion engine equipped with an exhaust aftertreatment system including a first aftertreatment device includes executing an ammonia generation cycle to generate ammonia on the first aftertreatment device. A desired air-fuel ratio output from the engine and entering the exhaust aftertreatment system conducive for generating ammonia on the first aftertreatment device is determined. Operation of a selected combination of a plurality of cylinders of the engine is selectively altered to achieve the desired air-fuel ratio entering the exhaust aftertreatment system.

Altitude Performance Characteristics of Tail-pipe Burner with Variable-area Exhaust Nozzle

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jansen, Emmert T; Thorman, H Carl

1950-01-01

An investigation was conducted in the NACA Lewis altitude wind tunnel to determine effect of altitude and flight Mach number on performance of tail-pipe burner equipped with variable-area exhaust nozzle and installed on full-scale turbojet engine. At a given flight Mach number, with constant exhaust-gas and turbine-outlet temperatures, increasing altitude lowered the tail-pipe combustion efficiency and raised the specific fuel consumption while the augmented thrust ratio remained approximately constant. At a given altitude, increasing flight Mach number raised the combustion efficiency and augmented thrust ratio and lowered the specific fuel consumption.

An innovative approach to the development of a portable unit for analytical flame characterization in a microgravity environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dubinskiy, Mark A.; Kamal, Mohammed M.; Misra, Prabhaker

1995-01-01

The availability of manned laboratory facilities in space offers wonderful opportunities and challenges in microgravity combustion science and technology. In turn, the fundamentals of microgravity combustion science can be studied via spectroscopic characterization of free radicals generated in flames. The laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique is a noninvasive method of considerable utility in combustion physics and chemistry suitable for monitoring not only specific species and their kinetics, but it is also important for imaging of flames. This makes LIF one of the most important tools for microgravity combustion science. Flame characterization under microgravity conditions using LIF is expected to be more informative than other methods aimed at searching for effects like pumping phenomenon that can be modeled via ground level experiments. A primary goal of our work consisted in working out an innovative approach to devising an LIF-based analytical unit suitable for in-space flame characterization. It was decided to follow two approaches in tandem: (1) use the existing laboratory (non-portable) equipment and determine the optimal set of parameters for flames that can be used as analytical criteria for flame characterization under microgravity conditions; and (2) use state-of-the-art developments in laser technology and concentrate some effort in devising a layout for the portable analytical equipment. This paper presents an up-to-date summary of the results of our experiments aimed at the creation of the portable device for combustion studies in a microgravity environment, which is based on a portable UV tunable solid-state laser for excitation of free radicals normally present in flames in detectable amounts. A systematic approach has allowed us to make a convenient choice of species under investigation, as well as the proper tunable laser system, and also enabled us to carry out LIF experiments on free radicals using a solid-state laser tunable in the UV.

40 CFR 60.561 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... that transport gas or vapor from a piece or pieces of equipment to a control device. Continuous... essentially continuously. Control device means an enclosed combustion device, vapor recovery system, or flare... have one or more end finishers. Existing control device means, for the purposes of these standards, an...

40 CFR 60.561 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... that transport gas or vapor from a piece or pieces of equipment to a control device. Continuous... essentially continuously. Control device means an enclosed combustion device, vapor recovery system, or flare... have one or more end finishers. Existing control device means, for the purposes of these standards, an...

Results of industrial tests of carbonate additive to fuel oil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zvereva, E. R.; Dmitriev, A. V.; Shageev, M. F.; Akhmetvalieva, G. R.

2017-08-01

Fuel oil plays an important role in the energy balance of our country. The quality of fuel oil significantly affects the conditions of its transport, storage, and combustion; release of contaminants to atmosphere; and the operation of main and auxiliary facilities of HPPs. According to the Energy Strategy of Russia for the Period until 2030, the oil-refining ratio gradually increases; as a result, the fraction of straight-run fuel oil in heavy fuel oils consistently decreases, which leads to the worsening of performance characteristics of fuel oil. Consequently, the problem of the increase in the quality of residual fuel oil is quite topical. In this paper, it is suggested to treat fuel oil by additives during its combustion, which would provide the improvement of ecological and economic indicators of oil-fired HPPs. Advantages of this method include simplicity of implementation, low energy and capital expenses, and the possibility to use production waste as additives. In the paper, the results are presented of industrial tests of the combustion of fuel oil with the additive of dewatered carbonate sludge, which is formed during coagulation and lime treatment of environmental waters on HPPs. The design of a volume delivery device is developed for the steady additive input to the boiler air duct. The values are given for the main parameters of the condition of a TGM-84B boiler plant. The mechanism of action of dewatered carbonate sludge on sulfur oxides, which are formed during fuel oil combustion, is considered. Results of industrial tests indicate the decrease in the mass fraction of discharged sulfur oxides by 36.5%. Evaluation of the prevented damage from sulfur oxide discharged into atmospheric air shows that the combustion of the fuel oil of 100 brand using carbonate sludge as an additive (0.1 wt %) saves nearly 6 million rubles a year during environmental actions at the consumption of fuel oil of 138240 t/year.

Early Implementation of Large Scale Carbon Dioxide Removal Projects through the Cement Industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zeman, F. S.

2014-12-01

The development of large-scale carbon dioxide reduction projects requires high purity CO2and a reactive cation source. A project seeking to provide both of these requirements will likely face cost barriers with current carbon prices. The cement industry is a suitable early implementation site for such projects by virtue of the properties of its exhaust gases and those of waste concrete. Cement plants are the second largest source of industrial CO2 emissions, globally. It is also the second largest commodity after water, has no ready substitute and is literally the foundation of society. Finally, half of the CO2 emissions originate from process reactions rather than fossil fuel combustion resulting in higher flue gas CO2concentrations. These properties, with the co-benefits of oxygen combustion, create a favorable environment for spatially suitable projects. Oxygen combustion involves substituting produced oxygen for air in a combustion reaction. The absence of gaseous N2 necessitates the recirculation of exhaust gases to maintain kiln temperatures, which increase the CO2 concentrations from 28% to 80% or more. Gas exit temperatures are also elevated (>300oC) and can reach higher temperatures if the multi stage pre-heater towers, that recover heat, are re-designed in light of FGR. A ready source of cations can be found in waste concrete, a by-product of construction and demolition activities. These wastes can be processed to remove cations and then reacted with atmospheric CO2 to produce carbonate minerals. While not carbon negative, they represent a demonstration opportunity for binding atmospheric CO2while producing a saleable product (precipitated calcium carbonate). This paper will present experimental results on PCC production from waste concrete along with modeling results for oxygen combustion at cement facilities. The results will be presented with a view to mineral sequestration process design and implementation.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Van Blarigan, P.

A hydrogen fueled engine is being developed specifically for the auxiliary power unit (APU) in a series type hybrid vehicle. Hydrogen is different from other internal combustion (IC) engine fuels, and hybrid vehicle IC engine requirements are different from those of other IC vehicle engines. Together these differences will allow a new engine design based on first principles that will maximize thermal efficiency while minimizing principal emissions. The experimental program is proceeding in four steps: (1) Demonstration of the emissions and the indicated thermal efficiency capability of a standard CLR research engine modified for higher compression ratios and hydrogen fueledmore » operation. (2) Design and test a new combustion chamber geometry for an existing single cylinder research engine, in an attempt to improve on the baseline indicated thermal efficiency of the CLR engine. (3) Design and build, in conjunction with an industrial collaborator, a new full scale research engine designed to maximize brake thermal efficiency. Include a full complement of combustion diagnostics. (4) Incorporate all of the knowledge thus obtained in the design and fabrication, by an industrial collaborator, of the hydrogen fueled engine for the hybrid vehicle power train illustrator. Results of the CLR baseline engine testing are presented, as well as preliminary data from the new combustion chamber engine. The CLR data confirm the low NOx produced by lean operation. The preliminary indicated thermal efficiency data from the new combustion chamber design engine show an improvement relative to the CLR engine. Comparison with previous high compression engine results shows reasonable agreement.« less

78 FR 39776 - Notice of Determinations Regarding Eligibility To Apply for Worker Adjustment Assistance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-02

... domestic industry in an investigation resulting in-- (A) an affirmative determination of serious injury or..., 2012. Inc., Environmental Combustion & Controls, Engineering Document Control, Manpower. 82,700 Dell..., Manpower, Spherion, Preference. 82,675A DMI Industries, Inc., Otter Tulsa, OK February 13, 2012. Tail Corp...

Thermal exploitation of wastes with lignite for energy production.

PubMed

Grammelis, Panagiotis; Kakaras, Emmanuel; Skodras, George

2003-11-01

The thermal exploitation of wastewood with Greek lignite was investigated by performing tests in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor, a 1-MW(th) semi-industrial circulating fluidized bed combustor, and an industrial boiler. Blends of natural wood, demolition wood, railroad sleepers, medium-density fiberboard residues, and power poles with lignite were used, and the co-combustion efficiency and the effect of wastewood addition on the emitted pollutants were investigated. Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen emissions were continuously monitored, and, during the industrial-scale tests, the toxic emissions (polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans and heavy metals) were determined. Ash samples were analyzed for heavy metals in an inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy spectrophotometer. Problems were observed during the preparation of wastewood, because species embedded with different compounds, such as railway sleepers and demolition wood, were not easily treated. All wastewood blends were proven good fuels; co-combustion proceeded smoothly and homogeneous temperature and pressure profiles were obtained. Although some fluctuations were observed, low emissions of gaseous pollutants were obtained for all fuel blends. The metal element emissions (in the flue gases and the solid residues) were lower than the legislative limits. Therefore, wastewood co-combustion with lignite can be realized, provided that the fuel handling and preparation can be practically performed in large-scale installations.

Development and Hotfire Testing of Additively Manufactured Copper Combustion Chambers for Liquid Rocket Engine Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gradl, Paul R.; Greene, Sandy; Protz, Chris

2017-01-01

NASA and industry partners are working towards fabrication process development to reduce costs and schedules associated with manufacturing liquid rocket engine components with the goal of reducing overall mission costs. One such technique being evaluated is powder-bed fusion or selective laser melting (SLM), commonly referred to as additive manufacturing (AM). The NASA Low Cost Upper Stage Propulsion (LCUSP) program was designed to develop processes and material characterization for GRCop-84 (a NASA Glenn Research Center-developed copper, chrome, niobium alloy) commensurate with powder bed AM, evaluate bimetallic deposition, and complete testing of a full scale combustion chamber. As part of this development, the process has been transferred to industry partners to enable a long-term supply chain of monolithic copper combustion chambers. To advance the processes further and allow for optimization with multiple materials, NASA is also investigating the feasibility of bimetallic AM chambers. In addition to the LCUSP program, NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has completed a series of development programs and hot-fire tests to demonstrate SLM GRCop-84 and other AM techniques. MSFC’s efforts include a 4,000 pounds-force thrust liquid oxygen/methane (LOX/CH4) combustion chamber. Small thrust chambers for 1,200 pounds-force LOX/hydrogen (H2) applications have also been designed and fabricated with SLM GRCop-84. Similar chambers have also completed development with an Inconel 625 jacket bonded to the GRCop-84 material, evaluating direct metal deposition (DMD) laser- and arc-based techniques. The same technologies for these lower thrust applications are being applied to 25,000-35,000 pounds-force main combustion chamber (MCC) designs. This paper describes the design, development, manufacturing and testing of these numerous combustion chambers, and the associated lessons learned throughout their design and development processes.

Industrial waste water in Bangkok, Thailand: Definitional mission report. Export trade information

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pfrang, W.

A definitional mission visited Thailand between February 1 and 7, 1992 to study the market opportunities for US manufacturers in providing pollution control equipment. Thailand presently lacks industrial machinery required for pollution control equipment. Consequently, this equipment must be imported for both industrial and municipal waste treatment facilities. The US has both the applicable technology and manufactured goods to serve the market. There is, however, stiff competition from Europe and especially Japan, who offer financial assistance at preferential rates for these types of projects.

Nebraska Industrial Technology Education Teachers Identify the Equipment Their Students Use.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rogers, George E.

A study asked 287 industrial technology education (ITE) teachers in Nebraska to identify what equipment was being used by ITE students. It also compared ITE equipment usage with regard to school type and school size. The response rate was 59.2 percent (n=170). Findings indicated the drill press and band saw were the most widely used pieces of…

Exergy analysis of biomass organic Rankine cycle for power generation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nur, T. B.; Sunoto

2018-02-01

The study examines proposed small biomass-fed Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) power plant through exergy analysis. The system consists of combustion burner unit to utilize biomass as fuel, and organic Rankine cycle unit to produce power from the expander. The heat from combustion burner was transfered by thermal oil heater to evaporate ORC working fluid in the evaporator part. The effects of adding recuperator into exergy destruction were investigated. Furthermore, the results of the variations of system configurations with different operating parameters, such as the evaporating pressures, ambient temperatures, and expander pressures were analyzed. It was found that the largest exergy destruction occurs during processes are at combustion part, followed by evaporator, condenser, expander, and pump. The ORC system equipped with a recuperator unit exhibited good operational characteristics under wide range conditions compared to the one without recuperator.

Numerical Modeling of Turbulent Combustion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ghoneim, A. F.; Chorin, A. J.; Oppenheim, A. K.

1983-01-01

The work in numerical modeling is focused on the use of the random vortex method to treat turbulent flow fields associated with combustion while flame fronts are considered as interfaces between reactants and products, propagating with the flow and at the same time advancing in the direction normal to themselves at a prescribed burning speed. The latter is associated with the generation of specific volume (the flame front acting, in effect, as the locus of volumetric sources) to account for the expansion of the flow field due to the exothermicity of the combustion process. The model was applied to the flow in a channel equipped with a rearward facing step. The results obtained revealed the mechanism of the formation of large scale turbulent structure in the wake of the step, while it showed the flame to stabilize on the outer edges of these eddies.

Advanced Boost System Developing for High EGR Applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sun, Harold

2012-09-30

To support industry efforts of clean and efficient internal combustion engine development for passenger and commercial applications • This program focuses on turbocharger improvement for medium and light duty diesel applications, from complete system optimization percepective to enable commercialization of advanced diesel combustion technologies, such as HCCI/LTC. • Improve combined turbocharger efficiency up to 10% or fuel economy by 3% on FTP cycle at Tier II Bin 5 emission level.

49 CFR 173.427 - Transport requirements for low specific activity (LSA) Class 7 (radioactive) materials and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... subchapter) cargo tank motor vehicles. Bottom outlets are not authorized. Trailer-on-flat-car service is not... conveyances 1. LSA-I No limit. 2. LSA-II and LSA-III; Non-combustible solids No limit. 3. LSA-II and LSA-III; Combustible solids and all liquids and gases 100 A2 4. SCO 100 A2 Table 6—Industrial Package Integrity...

49 CFR 173.427 - Transport requirements for low specific activity (LSA) Class 7 (radioactive) materials and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... subchapter) cargo tank motor vehicles. Bottom outlets are not authorized. Trailer-on-flat-car service is not... conveyances 1. LSA-I No limit. 2. LSA-II and LSA-III; Non-combustible solids No limit. 3. LSA-II and LSA-III; Combustible solids and all liquids and gases 100 A2 4. SCO 100 A2 Table 6—Industrial Package Integrity...

Source apportionment of ambient volatile organic compounds in the Pearl River Delta, China: Part II

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Ying; Shao, Min; Lu, Sihua; Chang, Chih-Chung; Wang, Jia-Lin; Fu, Linlin

The chemical mass balance receptor model was applied to the source apportionment of 58 hydrocarbons measured at seven sites in a field campaign that examined regional air quality in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in the fall of 2004. A total of 12 volatile organic compound (VOC) emission sources were considered, including gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicle exhausts, headspace vapors of gasoline and diesel fuel, vehicle evaporative emissions, liquid petroleum gas (LPG) leakage, paint vapors, asphalt emissions from paved roads, biomass combustion, coal combustion, the chemical industry, and petroleum refineries. Vehicle exhaust was the largest source of VOCs, contributing to >50% of ambient VOCs at the three urban sites (Guangzhou, Foshan, and Zhongshan). LPG leakage played an important role, representing 8-16% of emissions at most sites in the PRD. Solvent usage was the biggest emitter of VOCs at Dongguan, an industrial site, contributing 33% of ambient VOCs. Similarly, at Xinken, a non-urban site, the evaporation of solvents and coatings was the largest emission source, accounting for 31% of emissions, probably because it was downwind of Dongguan. Local biomass combustion was a noticeable source of VOCs at Xinken; although its contribution was estimated at 14.3%, biomass combustion was the third largest VOC source at this site.

44 CFR 327.3 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY... afforded an advantage over his competitors and that Government-owned industrial plant equipment is... business establishments are provided with Government-owned industrial plant equipment shall be subject to...

78 FR 41333 - Energy Efficiency Program for Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Public Meeting and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-10

.... EERE-2013-BT-STD-0022] RIN 1904-AD00 Energy Efficiency Program for Commercial and Industrial Equipment... the Framework Document pertaining to the development of energy conservation standards for refrigerated...

Quantifying Molecular Hydrogen Emissions and an Industrial Leakage Rate for the South Coast Air Basin of California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Irish, M. C.; Schroeder, J.; Beyersdorf, A. J.; Blake, D. R.

2015-12-01

The poorly understood atmospheric budget and distribution of molecular hydrogen (H2) have invited further research since the discovery that emissions from a hydrogen-based economy could have negative impacts on the global climate system and stratospheric ozone. The burgeoning fuel cell electric vehicle industry in the South Coast Air Basin of California (SoCAB) presents an opportunity to observe and constrain urban anthropogenic H2 emissions. This work presents the first H2 emissions estimate for the SoCAB and calculates an upper limit for the current rate of leakage from production and distribution infrastructure within the region. A top-down method utilized whole air samples collected during the Student Airborne Research Program (SARP) onboard the NASA DC-8 research aircraft from 23-25 June 2015 to estimate H2 emissions from combustion and non-combustion sources. H2:carbon monoxide (CO) and H2:carbon dioxide ratios from airborne observations were compared with experimentally established ratios from pure combustion source ratios and scaled with the well-constrained CO emissions inventory to yield H2 emissions of 24.9 ± 3.6 Gg a-1 (1σ) from combustion engines and 8.2 ± 4.7 Gg a-1 from non-combustion sources. Total daily production of H2 in the SoCAB was compared with the top-down results to estimate an upper limit leakage rate (5%) where all emissions not accounted for by incomplete combustion in engines were assumed to be emitted from H2 infrastructure. For bottom-up validation, the NOAA Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory dispersion model was run iteratively with all known stationary sources in attempt to constrain emissions. While this investigation determined that H2 emissions from non-combustion sources in the SoCAB are likely significant, more in-depth analysis is required to better predict the atmospheric implications of a hydrogen economy.

Tool Efficiency Analysis model research in SEMI industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lei, Ma; Nana, Zhang; Zhongqiu, Zhang

2018-06-01

One of the key goals in SEMI industry is to improve equipment through put and ensure equipment production efficiency maximization. This paper is based on SEMI standards in semiconductor equipment control, defines the transaction rules between different tool states, and presents a TEA system model which is to analysis tool performance automatically based on finite state machine. The system was applied to fab tools and verified its effectiveness successfully, and obtained the parameter values used to measure the equipment performance, also including the advices of improvement.

New Compressor Added to Glenn's 450- psig Combustion Air System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Swan, Jeffrey A.

2000-01-01

In September 1999, the Central Process Systems Engineering Branch and the Maintenance and the Central Process Systems Operations Branch, released for service a new high pressure compressor to supplement the 450-psig Combustion Air System at the NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field. The new compressor, designated C-18, is located in Glenn s Central Air Equipment Building and is remotely operated from the Central Control Building. C-18 can provide 40 pounds per second (pps) of airflow at pressure to our research customers. This capability augments our existing system capacity (compressors C 4 at 38 pps and C-5 at 32 pps), which is generated from Glenn's Engine Research Building. The C-18 compressor was originally part of Glenn's 21-Inch Hypersonic Tunnel, which was transferred from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to Glenn in the mid-1980's. With the investment of construction of facilities funding, the compressor was modified, new mechanical and electrical support equipment were purchased, and the unit was installed in the basement of the Central Air Equipment Building. After several weeks of checkout and troubleshooting, the new compressor was ready for long-term, reliable operations. With a total of 110 pps in airflow now available, Glenn is well positioned to support the high-pressure air test requirements of our research customers.

40 CFR 63.1001 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... that returns process fluid to the process and is not vented directly to the atmosphere. Closed-purge.... Combustion device means an individual unit of equipment, such as a flare, incinerator, process heater, or..., flares, boilers, and process heaters. Primary condensers on steam strippers or fuel gas systems are not...

40 CFR 63.1001 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... that returns process fluid to the process and is not vented directly to the atmosphere. Closed-purge.... Combustion device means an individual unit of equipment, such as a flare, incinerator, process heater, or..., flares, boilers, and process heaters. Primary condensers on steam strippers or fuel gas systems are not...

40 CFR 63.1001 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... that returns process fluid to the process and is not vented directly to the atmosphere. Closed-purge.... Combustion device means an individual unit of equipment, such as a flare, incinerator, process heater, or..., flares, boilers, and process heaters. Primary condensers on steam strippers or fuel gas systems are not...

40 CFR 63.1001 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... that returns process fluid to the process and is not vented directly to the atmosphere. Closed-purge.... Combustion device means an individual unit of equipment, such as a flare, incinerator, process heater, or..., flares, boilers, and process heaters. Primary condensers on steam strippers or fuel gas systems are not...

Burning crude oil without pollution

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Houseman, J.

1979-01-01

Crude oil can be burned at drilling sites by two-stage combustion process without producing pollution. Process allows easier conformance to strict federal or state clean air standards without installation of costly pollution removal equipment. Secondary oil recovery can be accomplished with injection of steam heating by burning oil.

46 CFR 162.017-2 - Type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... APPROVAL ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT Valves, Pressure-Vacuum Relief, for Tank Vessels § 162.017-2 Type. This specification covers the design and construction of pressure-vacuum relief valves intended for use in venting systems on all tank vessels transporting inflammable or combustible liquids. [56 FR 35827, July 29, 1991] ...

46 CFR 162.017-2 - Type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... APPROVAL ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT Valves, Pressure-Vacuum Relief, for Tank Vessels § 162.017-2 Type. This specification covers the design and construction of pressure-vacuum relief valves intended for use in venting systems on all tank vessels transporting inflammable or combustible liquids. [56 FR 35827, July 29, 1991] ...

29 CFR 1926.1501 - Cranes and derricks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... internal combustion engine powered equipment exhausts in enclosed spaces, tests shall be made and recorded... transmitter shall be de-energized or tests shall be made to determine if electrical charge is induced on the..., or locomotive cranes in use shall meet the applicable requirements for design, inspection...

40 CFR 60.51a - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... that produces gases, liquids, or solids through the heating of MSW, and the gases, liquids, or solids... the highest 4-hour arithmetic average flue gas temperature measured at the particulate matter control... setting or equipment that combusts solid, liquid, or gasified MSW including, but not limited to, field...

40 CFR 60.51a - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... that produces gases, liquids, or solids through the heating of MSW, and the gases, liquids, or solids... the highest 4-hour arithmetic average flue gas temperature measured at the particulate matter control... setting or equipment that combusts solid, liquid, or gasified MSW including, but not limited to, field...

40 CFR 60.51a - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... that produces gases, liquids, or solids through the heating of MSW, and the gases, liquids, or solids... the highest 4-hour arithmetic average flue gas temperature measured at the particulate matter control... setting or equipment that combusts solid, liquid, or gasified MSW including, but not limited to, field...

Comparative study of gas-analyzing systems designed for continuous monitoring of TPP emissions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kondrat'eva, O. E.; Roslyakov, P. V.

2017-06-01

Determining the composition of combustion products is important in terms of both control of emissions into the atmosphere from thermal power plants and optimization of fuel combustion processes in electric power plants. For this purpose, the concentration of oxygen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, and sulfur oxides in flue gases is monitored; in case of solid fuel combustion, fly ash concentration is monitored as well. According to the new nature conservation law in Russia, all large TPPs shall be equipped with continuous emission monitoring and measurement systems (CEMMS) into the atmosphere. In order to ensure the continuous monitoring of pollutant emissions, direct round-the-clock measurements are conducted with the use of either domestically produced or imported gas analyzers and analysis systems, the operation of which is based on various physicochemical methods and which can be generally used when introducing CEMMS. Depending on the type and purposes of measurement, various kinds of instruments having different features may be used. This article represents a comparative study of gas-analysis systems for measuring the content of polluting substances in exhaust gases based on various physical and physicochemical analysis methods. It lists basic characteristics of the methods commonly applied in the area of gas analysis. It is proven that, considering the necessity of the long-term, continuous operation of gas analyzers for monitoring and measurement of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere, as well as the requirements for reliability and independence from aggressive components and temperature of the gas flow, it is preferable to use optical gas analyzers for the aforementioned purposes. In order to reduce the costs of equipment comprising a CEMMS at a TPP and optimize the combustion processes, electrochemical and thermomagnetic gas analyzers may also be used.

47 CFR 18.107 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... connection with industrial heating operations utilized in a manufacturing or production process. (e) Medical.... (c) Industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) equipment. Equipment or appliances designed to generate... applications in the field of telecommunication. Typical ISM applications are the production of physical...

The recovery of waste and off-gas in Large Combustion Plants subject to IPPC National Permit in Italy.

PubMed

Di Marco, Giuseppe; Manuzzi, Raffaella

2018-03-01

The recovery of off-gas, waste, and biomass in Large Combustion Plants for energy production gives the opportunity to recycle waste and by-products and to recover materials produced in agricultural and industrial activities. The paper illustrates the Italian situation regarding the production of energy from off-gas, biomass, and waste in Large Combustion Plants subject to Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) National Permit. Moreover, it focuses on the 4 Italian Large Combustion Plants producing energy from biomass and waste. For these ones it illustrates the specific issues related to and provides a description of the solutions adopted in the 4 Italian plants. Given that air emission performance is the most relevant aspect of this kind of plants, the paper specifically focuses and reports results about this subject. In particular, in Italy among 113 LCPs subject to IPPC National Permit we have found that 4 plants use as fuel waste (i.e. solid or liquid biomasses and Solid Recovered Fuels), or a mixture of waste and traditional fuels (co-combustion of Solid Recovered Fuels and coal), and that 11 plants use as fuel off-gases listed in Annex X (i.e. Refinery Fuel Gas, Syngas, and gases produced in iron and steel industries). Moreover, there are 2 IPPC chemical plants that recovery energy from different off-gases not listed in Annex X. Regarding the 4 LCPs that produce energy from waste combustion or co-combustion, we find that they take into account all the specific issues related to this kind of plants (i.e. detailed waste characterization, waste acceptance procedures, waste handling and storage, waste pretreatment and emissions to air), and adopt solutions that are best available techniques to prevent pollution. Moreover for one of these plants, the only one for which we have a significant set of monitoring data because it obtained the IPPC National Permit in 2008, we find that energy efficiency and air emissions of the principal pollutants are in good compliance with European coal- and lignite-fired combustion plants co-incinerating waste and with BAT-AELs reported in the BREF document. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tools for Schools. Defense Industrial Reserve Loan Program. Public Law 93-155, 93rd Congress.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Defense Logistics Agency (DOD), Memphis, TN.

This brochure describes the "Tools for Schools" Loan Program and includes guidelines for preparation of an application for a loan of industrial manufacturing equipment from the Defense Industrial Reserve (DIR). The first section is in question-and-answer form and describes the program through which equipment from DIR may be loaned to any…

METHANE EMISSIONS FROM THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY VOLUME 6: VENTED & COMBUSTION SOURCE SUMMARY

EPA Science Inventory

The 15-volume report summarizes the results of a comprehensive program to quantify methane (CH4) emissions from the U.S. natural gas industry for the base year. The objective was to determine CH4 emissions from the wellhead and ending downstream at the customer's meter. The accur...

CRADA opportunities in pressurized combustion research

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maloney, D J; Norton, T S; Casleton, K H

1995-06-01

The Morgantown Energy Technology Center recently began operation of a Low Emissions Combustor Test and Research (LECTR) Facility. This facility was built to support the development of Advanced Gas Turbine Systems (ATS) by providing test facilities and engineering support to METC customers through the ATS University-Industry Consortium and through CRADA participation with industrial partners.

Refuse derived fuel (RDF) plasma torch gasification as a feasible route to produce low environmental impact syngas for the cement industry.

PubMed

López-Sabirón, Ana M; Fleiger, Kristina; Schäfer, Stefan; Antoñanzas, Javier; Irazustabarrena, Ane; Aranda-Usón, Alfonso; Ferreira, Germán A

2015-08-01

Plasma torch gasification (PTG) is currently researched as a technology for solid waste recovery. However, scientific studies based on evaluating its environmental implications considering the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology are lacking. Therefore, this work is focused on comparing the environmental effect of the emissions of syngas combustion produced by refuse derived fuel (RDF) and PTG as alternative fuels, with that related to fossil fuel combustion in the cement industry. To obtain real data, a semi-industrial scale pilot plant was used to perform experimental trials on RDF-PTG.The results highlight that PTG for waste to energy recovery in the cement industry is environmentally feasible considering its current state of development. A reduction in every impact category was found when a total or partial substitution of alternative fuel for conventional fuel in the calciner firing (60 % of total thermal energy input) was performed. Furthermore, the results revealed that electrical energy consumption in PTG is also an important parameter from the LCA approach. © The Author(s) 2015.

The origin, fate, and health effects of combustion by-products: a research framework.

PubMed

Avakian, Maureen D; Dellinger, Barry; Fiedler, Heidelore; Gullet, Brian; Koshland, Catherine; Marklund, Stellan; Oberdörster, Günter; Safe, Stephen; Sarofim, Adel; Smith, Kirk R; Schwartz, David; Suk, William A

2002-11-01

Incomplete combustion processes can emit organic pollutants, metals, and fine particles. Combustion by-products represent global human and environmental health challenges that are relevant not only in heavily industrialized nations, but also in developing nations where up to 90% of rural households rely on unprocessed biomass fuels for cooking, warmth, and light. These issues were addressed at the Seventh International Congress on Combustion By-Products, which convened 4-6 June 2001 in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. This congress included a diverse group of multidisciplinary researchers and practitioners who discussed recent developments and future goals in the control of combustion by-products and their effects of exposure on human and ecologic health. Participants recommended that interdisciplinary, coordinated research efforts should be focused to capitalize on the important potential synergisms between efforts to reduce the adverse human health effects linked to exposures to combustion by-products and broader efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and save energy through efficiency. In this article we summarize the principal findings and recommendations for research focus and direction.

FY2015 Annual Report for Alternative Fuels DISI Engine Research.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sjöberg, Carl-Magnus G.

2016-01-01

Climate change and the need to secure energy supplies are two reasons for a growing interest in engine efficiency and alternative fuels. This project contributes to the science-base needed by industry to develop highly efficient DISI engines that also beneficially exploit the different properties of alternative fuels. Our emphasis is on lean operation, which can provide higher efficiencies than traditional non-dilute stoichiometric operation. Since lean operation can lead to issues with ignition stability, slow flame propagation and low combustion efficiency, we focus on techniques that can overcome these challenges. Specifically, fuel stratification is used to ensure ignition and completeness ofmore » combustion but has soot- and NOx- emissions challenges. For ultralean well-mixed operation, turbulent deflagration can be combined with controlled end-gas auto-ignition to render mixed-mode combustion that facilitates high combustion efficiency. However, the response of both combustion and exhaust emissions to these techniques depends on the fuel properties. Therefore, to achieve optimal fuel-economy gains, the engine combustion-control strategies must be adapted to the fuel being utilized.« less

The origin, fate, and health effects of combustion by-products: a research framework.

PubMed Central

Avakian, Maureen D; Dellinger, Barry; Fiedler, Heidelore; Gullet, Brian; Koshland, Catherine; Marklund, Stellan; Oberdörster, Günter; Safe, Stephen; Sarofim, Adel; Smith, Kirk R; Schwartz, David; Suk, William A

2002-01-01

Incomplete combustion processes can emit organic pollutants, metals, and fine particles. Combustion by-products represent global human and environmental health challenges that are relevant not only in heavily industrialized nations, but also in developing nations where up to 90% of rural households rely on unprocessed biomass fuels for cooking, warmth, and light. These issues were addressed at the Seventh International Congress on Combustion By-Products, which convened 4-6 June 2001 in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. This congress included a diverse group of multidisciplinary researchers and practitioners who discussed recent developments and future goals in the control of combustion by-products and their effects of exposure on human and ecologic health. Participants recommended that interdisciplinary, coordinated research efforts should be focused to capitalize on the important potential synergisms between efforts to reduce the adverse human health effects linked to exposures to combustion by-products and broader efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and save energy through efficiency. In this article we summarize the principal findings and recommendations for research focus and direction. PMID:12417488

Energy and emission aspects of co-combustion solid recovered fuel with coal in a stoker boiler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wasielewski, Ryszard; Głód, Krzysztof; Telenga-Kopyczyńska, Jolanta

2018-01-01

The results of industrial research on co-combustion of solid recovered fuel (SRF) with hard coal in a stoker boiler type WR-25 has been presented. The share of SRF in the fuel mixture was 10%. During the co-combustion of SRF, no technological disturbances or significant reduction in energy efficiency of the boiler were noted. Obtained SO2, NOx and CO emissions were comparable with coal combustion but dust emissions increased. During combustion of the coal mixture with a 10% share of SRF in the test boiler WR-25, the emission standards established for the combustion of the dedicated fuel were met. However, comparison of obtained emission results with the emission standards established for co-incineration of waste, revealed the exceedance of permissible levels of HCl, dust, heavy metals, dioxins and furans. Additionally, the residence time of flue gases in over 850°C conditions for the test boiler WR-25 was too short (1.3 seconds) in refer to the legislative requirements (2 seconds) for the thermal conversion of waste.

Cyber and physical equipment digital control system in Industry 4.0 item designing company

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gurjanov, A. V.; Zakoldaev, D. A.; Shukalov, A. V.; Zharinov, I. O.

2018-05-01

The problem of organization of digital control of the item designing company equipped with cyber and physical systems is being studied. A scheme of cyber and physical systems and personnel interaction in the Industry 4.0 smart factory company is presented. A scheme of assembly units transportation in the Industry 4.0 smart factory company is provided. A scheme of digital control system in the Industry 4.0 smart factory company is given.

Fuels Performance: Navigating the Intersection of Fuels and Combustion (Brochure)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

2014-12-01

Researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the only national laboratory dedicated 100% to renewable energy and energy efficiency, recognize that engine and infrastructure compatibility can make or break the impact of even the most promising fuel. NREL and its industry partners navigate the intersection of fuel chemistry, ignition kinetics, combustion, and emissions, with innovative approaches to engines and fuels that meet drivers' expectations, while minimizing petroleum use and GHGs.

40 CFR 98.210 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... considered to emit CO2 if they consume at least 2,000 tons per year of carbonates heated to a temperature... that uses carbonates or carbonate containing minerals that are consumed in the production of cement... technology used to control emissions from stationary fuel combustion equipment. Emissions from carbonates...

40 CFR 98.210 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... considered to emit CO2 if they consume at least 2,000 tons per year of carbonates heated to a temperature... that uses carbonates or carbonate containing minerals that are consumed in the production of cement... technology used to control emissions from stationary fuel combustion equipment. Emissions from carbonates...

40 CFR 98.210 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... considered to emit CO2 if they consume at least 2,000 tons per year of carbonates heated to a temperature... that uses carbonates or carbonate containing minerals that are consumed in the production of cement... technology used to control emissions from stationary fuel combustion equipment. Emissions from carbonates...

40 CFR 98.210 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... considered to emit CO2 if they consume at least 2,000 tons per year of carbonates heated to a temperature... that uses carbonates or carbonate containing minerals that are consumed in the production of cement... technology used to control emissions from stationary fuel combustion equipment. Emissions from carbonates...

40 CFR 61.241 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., ductwork, connections, and, if necessary, flow-inducing devices that transport gas or vapor from a piece or.... In gas/vapor service means that a piece of equipment contains process fluid that is in the gaseous state at operating conditions. Fuel gas means gases that are combusted to derive useful work or heat...

40 CFR 61.241 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., ductwork, connections, and, if necessary, flow-inducing devices that transport gas or vapor from a piece or.... In gas/vapor service means that a piece of equipment contains process fluid that is in the gaseous state at operating conditions. Fuel gas means gases that are combusted to derive useful work or heat...

40 CFR 96.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... products), and landscape or right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used... that any portion of a ton of excess emissions shall be treated as one ton of excess emissions. Fossil...

40 CFR 96.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... products), and landscape or right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used... that any portion of a ton of excess emissions shall be treated as one ton of excess emissions. Fossil...

40 CFR 96.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... products), and landscape or right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used... that any portion of a ton of excess emissions shall be treated as one ton of excess emissions. Fossil...

40 CFR 96.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... products), and landscape or right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used... that any portion of a ton of excess emissions shall be treated as one ton of excess emissions. Fossil...

40 CFR 96.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... products), and landscape or right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used... that any portion of a ton of excess emissions shall be treated as one ton of excess emissions. Fossil...

46 CFR 118.400 - Where required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Extinguishing and Detecting Systems § 118.400 Where required. (a) The following spaces must be equipped with a... this section: (1) A space containing propulsion machinery; (2) A space containing an internal combustion engine of more than 50 hp; (3) A space containing an oil fired boiler; (4) A space containing...

46 CFR 118.400 - Where required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Extinguishing and Detecting Systems § 118.400 Where required. (a) The following spaces must be equipped with a... this section: (1) A space containing propulsion machinery; (2) A space containing an internal combustion engine of more than 50 hp; (3) A space containing an oil fired boiler; (4) A space containing...

46 CFR 118.400 - Where required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Extinguishing and Detecting Systems § 118.400 Where required. (a) The following spaces must be equipped with a... this section: (1) A space containing propulsion machinery; (2) A space containing an internal combustion engine of more than 50 hp; (3) A space containing an oil fired boiler; (4) A space containing...

46 CFR 118.400 - Where required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Extinguishing and Detecting Systems § 118.400 Where required. (a) The following spaces must be equipped with a... this section: (1) A space containing propulsion machinery; (2) A space containing an internal combustion engine of more than 50 hp; (3) A space containing an oil fired boiler; (4) A space containing...

40 CFR 63.8698 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... means an enclosed combustion device that primarily transfers heat liberated by burning fuel directly to process streams or to heat transfer liquids other than water. Research and development equipment means any... facility used to transfer oxidized asphalt from a storage tank into a tank truck, rail car, or barge...

40 CFR 63.6155 - What records must I keep?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Stationary Combustion Turbines Notifications...) Records of the occurrence and duration of each malfunction of the air pollution control equipment, if applicable, as required in § 63.10(b)(2)(ii). (5) Records of all maintenance on the air pollution control...

40 CFR 63.6155 - What records must I keep?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Stationary Combustion Turbines Notifications...) Records of the occurrence and duration of each malfunction of the air pollution control equipment, if applicable, as required in § 63.10(b)(2)(ii). (5) Records of all maintenance on the air pollution control...

40 CFR 63.6155 - What records must I keep?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Stationary Combustion Turbines Notifications...) Records of the occurrence and duration of each malfunction of the air pollution control equipment, if applicable, as required in § 63.10(b)(2)(ii). (5) Records of all maintenance on the air pollution control...

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN: PROCESS FOR THE TREATMENT OF VOLATILE ORGANIC CARBON AND HEAVY-METAL- CONTAMINATED SOIL - INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION

EPA Science Inventory

The batch steam distillation and metal extraction treatment process is a two-stage system that treats soils contaminated with organics and inorganics. This system uses conventional, readily available process equipment, and does not produce hazardous combustion products. Hazar...