Sample records for initial startup phase

  1. Characterization of On-Orbit U.S. Lab Condensate Vacuum Venting

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schmidl, W. D.; Alred, J. A.; Mikatarian, R.; Soares, C.; Miles, E.

    2002-01-01

    The venting of liquid streams into a vacuum has been studied extensively for many years. An experiment was performed aboard the International Space Station (ISS) to video tape the U.S. Lab's condensate venting event with cameras located on the Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS). Images of the vent plume were acquired close to both the port and starboard vent nozzles. The imaging started with a wider view and then zoomed in closer before the shutdown phase of the vent event occurred. The objective of this experiment was to extend our understanding of the properties of venting liquids into space. Data from the video images were analyzed to obtain the approximate cone angle encompassing the core of the vent plume. The condensate vent plume was characterized as having three phases, a startup phase, a nominal phase, and a shutdown phase. The startup phase consisted of the initial period when the vent first started and the liquid first entered the heated line. The nominal phase was the period when the majority of the liquid was vented. The shutdown phase occurs close to the end of the vent event. The shutdown phase was further divided into two parts, the shutdown initial phase, and a later shutdown sputtering phase. The shutdown initial phase occurs when gas becomes entrained in the condensate liquid being vented. The sputtering phase occurred after the vent valve was closed, and the liquid/ice in the line was removed by continuing to heat the line to bake it out. It was determined that the ice particles were ejected at higher angles, but lower velocities, during the startup and shutdown phases. The number and velocities of ice particles ejected outside of the core region, during the startup, initial shutdown and shutdown sputtering phases were determined. The core of liquid ejected during the startup and shutdown phases was contained within a half cone angle of less than 60 degrees. The startup phase took approximately 36 seconds, the shutdown initial phase took approximately 22 seconds, and the shutdown sputtering phase took approximately 32 seconds. Results from the experiment were correlated with the Boeing ISS vent plume model.

  2. Rf-assisted current startup in FED

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Borowski, S.K.; Peng, Y.K.M.; Kammash, T.

    1981-01-01

    Auxiliary rf heating of electrons before and during the current rise phase in FED is examined as a means of reducing both the initiation loop voltage and resistive flux expenditure during startup. Prior to current initiation, 1 to 2 MW of electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) power at approximately 90 GHz is used to create a small volume of high conductivity plasma near the upper hybrid resonance (UHR) region. This plasma conditioning permits a small radius (a/sub o/ approximately 0.2-0.4 m) current channel to be established with a relatively low initial loop voltage (<25 V). During the subsequent plasma expansionmore » and current ramp phase, additional rf power is introduced to reduce volt-second consumption due to plasma resistance. The physics models used for analyzing the UHR heating and current rise phases are also discussed.« less

  3. N.S. SAVANNAH, DRAFT OF FINAL SAFEGUARDS REPORT TEST, START-UP AND TRIALS, NEW YORK SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    None

    1960-04-01

    The N. S. Savannah program for testing, start-up, and initial operation of all reactor and propulsion components and systems is discussed. Definitions of test phases are given and various stages of the test program are outlined. A list of tests for the various reactor, propulsion, and other system components is included. (C.J.G.)

  4. Physics of Tokamak Plasma Start-up

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mueller, Dennis

    2012-10-01

    This tutorial describes and reviews the state-of-art in tokamak plasma start-up and its importance to next step devices such as ITER, a Fusion Nuclear Science Facility and a Tokamak/ST demo. Tokamak plasma start-up includes breakdown of the initial gas, ramp-up of the plasma current to its final value and the control of plasma parameters during those phases. Tokamaks rely on an inductive component, typically a central solenoid, which has enabled attainment of high performance levels that has enabled the construction of the ITER device. Optimizing the inductive start-up phase continues to be an area of active research, especially in regards to achieving ITER scenarios. A new generation of superconducting tokamaks, EAST and KSTAR, experiments on DIII-D and operation with JET's ITER-like wall are contributing towards this effort. Inductive start-up relies on transformer action to generate a toroidal loop voltage and successful start-up is determined by gas breakdown, avalanche physics and plasma-wall interaction. The goal of achieving steady-sate tokamak operation has motivated interest in other methods for start-up that do not rely on the central solenoid. These include Coaxial Helicity Injection, outer poloidal field coil start-up, and point source helicity injection, which have achieved 200, 150 and 100 kA respectively of toroidal current on closed flux surfaces. Other methods including merging reconnection startup and Electron Bernstein Wave (EBW) plasma start-up are being studied on various devices. EBW start-up generates a directed electron channel due to wave particle interaction physics while the other methods mentioned rely on magnetic helicity injection and magnetic reconnection which are being modeled and understood using NIMROD code simulations.

  5. RF-assisted current startup in FED

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Borowski, S. K.; Peng, Yueng Kay Martin; Kammash, T.

    1981-01-01

    Auxiliary rf heating of electrons before and during the current rise phase in FED is examined as a means of reducing both the initiation loop voltage and resistive flux expendicture during startup. Prior to current initiation, 1 to 2 MW of electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) power at {approx} 90 GHz is used to create a small volume of high conductivity plasma (T{sub e} {approx_equal} 100-200 eV, n{sub e} {approx_equal} 10{sup 13} cm{sup -3}) near the upper hybrid resonance (UHR) region. This plasma conditioning permits a small radius (a{sub o} {approx_equal} 0.2-0.4 m) current channel to be established with amore » relatively low initial loop voltage (<25 V). During the subsequent plasma expansion and current ramp phase, additional rf power is introduced to reduce volt-second consumption due to plasma resistance. The physics models used for analyzing the UHR heating and current rise phases are also discussed.« less

  6. On the breakdown modes and parameter space of Ohmic Tokamak startup

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Peng, Yanli; Jiang, Wei; Zhang, Ya; Hu, Xiwei; Zhuang, Ge; Innocenti, Maria; Lapenta, Giovanni

    2017-10-01

    Tokamak plasma has to be hot. The process of turning the initial dilute neutral hydrogen gas at room temperature into fully ionized plasma is called tokamak startup. Even with over 40 years of research, the parameter ranges for the successful startup still aren't determined by numerical simulations but by trial and errors. However, in recent years it has drawn much attention due to one of the challenges faced by ITER: the maximum electric field for startup can't exceed 0.3 V/m, which makes the parameter range for successful startup narrower. Besides, this physical mechanism is far from being understood either theoretically or numerically. In this work, we have simulated the plasma breakdown phase driven by pure Ohmic heating using a particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo code, with the aim of giving a predictive parameter range for most tokamaks, even for ITER. We have found three situations during the discharge, as a function of the initial parameters: no breakdown, breakdown and runaway. Moreover, breakdown delay and volt-second consumption under different initial conditions are evaluated. In addition, we have simulated breakdown on ITER and confirmed that when the electric field is 0.3 V/m, the optimal pre-filling pressure is 0.001 Pa, which is in good agreement with ITER's design.

  7. Solenoid-free plasma start-up in spherical tokamaks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Raman, R.; Shevchenko, V. F.

    2014-10-01

    The central solenoid is an intrinsic part of all present-day tokamaks and most spherical tokamaks. The spherical torus (ST) confinement concept is projected to operate at high toroidal beta and at a high fraction of the non-inductive bootstrap current as required for an efficient reactor system. The use of a conventional solenoid in a ST-based fusion nuclear facility is generally believed to not be a possibility. Solenoid-free plasma start-up is therefore an area of extensive worldwide research activity. Solenoid-free plasma start-up is also relevant to steady-state tokamak operation, as the central transformer coil of a conventional aspect ratio tokamak reactor would be located in a high radiation environment but would be needed only during the initial discharge initiation and current ramp-up phases. Solenoid-free operation also provides greater flexibility in the selection of the aspect ratio and simplifies the reactor design. Plasma start-up methods based on induction from external poloidal field coils, helicity injection and radio frequency current drive have all made substantial progress towards meeting this important need for the ST. Some of these systems will now undergo the final stages of test in a new generation of large STs, which are scheduled to begin operations during the next two years. This paper reviews research to date on methods for inducing the initial start-up current in STs without reliance on the conventional central solenoid.

  8. 40 CFR 63.163 - Standards: Pumps in light liquid service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... later than 1 year after the compliance date; and (C) Phase III, beginning no later than 21/2 years after... requirements; and (B) Beginning no later than 1 year after initial start-up, comply with the Phase III... parts per million or greater. (ii) For Phase II, an instrument reading of 5,000 parts per million or...

  9. 40 CFR 63.163 - Standards: Pumps in light liquid service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... later than 1 year after the compliance date; and (C) Phase III, beginning no later than 21/2 years after... requirements; and (B) Beginning no later than 1 year after initial start-up, comply with the Phase III... parts per million or greater. (ii) For Phase II, an instrument reading of 5,000 parts per million or...

  10. 40 CFR 63.163 - Standards: Pumps in light liquid service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... later than 1 year after the compliance date; and (C) Phase III, beginning no later than 21/2 years after... requirements; and (B) Beginning no later than 1 year after initial start-up, comply with the Phase III... parts per million or greater. (ii) For Phase II, an instrument reading of 5,000 parts per million or...

  11. 40 CFR 60.2953 - What information must I submit prior to initial startup?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... initial startup? 60.2953 Section 60.2953 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... and Reporting § 60.2953 What information must I submit prior to initial startup? You must submit the information specified in paragraphs (a) through (e) of this section prior to initial startup. (a) The type(s...

  12. 40 CFR 60.2953 - What information must I submit prior to initial startup?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... initial startup? 60.2953 Section 60.2953 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... initial startup? You must submit the information specified in paragraphs (a) through (e) of this section prior to initial startup. (a) The type(s) of waste to be burned. (b) The maximum design waste burning...

  13. 40 CFR 60.2953 - What information must I submit prior to initial startup?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... initial startup? 60.2953 Section 60.2953 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... initial startup? You must submit the information specified in paragraphs (a) through (e) of this section prior to initial startup. (a) The type(s) of waste to be burned. (b) The maximum design waste burning...

  14. 40 CFR 60.2953 - What information must I submit prior to initial startup?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... initial startup? 60.2953 Section 60.2953 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... initial startup? You must submit the information specified in paragraphs (a) through (e) of this section prior to initial startup. (a) The type(s) of waste to be burned. (b) The maximum design waste burning...

  15. 40 CFR 60.2195 - What information must I submit prior to initial startup?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... initial startup? 60.2195 Section 60.2195 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... What information must I submit prior to initial startup? You must submit the information specified in paragraphs (a) through (e) of this section prior to initial startup. (a) The type(s) of waste to be burned...

  16. 40 CFR 60.2953 - What information must I submit prior to initial startup?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... initial startup? 60.2953 Section 60.2953 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... and Reporting § 60.2953 What information must I submit prior to initial startup? You must submit the information specified in paragraphs (a) through (e) of this section prior to initial startup. (a) The type(s...

  17. 40 CFR 60.2195 - What information must I submit prior to initial startup?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... initial startup? 60.2195 Section 60.2195 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... What information must I submit prior to initial startup? You must submit the information specified in paragraphs (a) through (e) of this section prior to initial startup. (a) The type(s) of waste to be burned...

  18. 40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Llll of... - Summary of Reporting Requirements for New Sewage Sludge Incineration Units a

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    .... Documentation for siting requirements. 4. Anticipated date of initial startup. § 60.4915(a). Notification of initial startup Prior to initial startup 1. Maximum design dry sewage sludge burning capacity2.... 4. Anticipated date of initial startup. 5. Site-specific monitoring plan. 6. The site-specific...

  19. 40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Llll of... - Summary of Reporting Requirements for New Sewage Sludge Incineration Units a

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    .... Documentation for siting requirements. 4. Anticipated date of initial startup. § 60.4915(a). Notification of initial startup Prior to initial startup 1. Maximum design dry sewage sludge burning capacity2.... 4. Anticipated date of initial startup. 5. Site-specific monitoring plan. 6. The site-specific...

  20. 40 CFR 60.2195 - What information must I submit prior to initial startup?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... initial startup? 60.2195 Section 60.2195 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY..., 2001 Recordkeeping and Reporting § 60.2195 What information must I submit prior to initial startup? You... startup. (a) The type(s) of waste to be burned. (b) The maximum design waste burning capacity. (c) The...

  1. 40 CFR 60.2195 - What information must I submit prior to initial startup?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... initial startup? 60.2195 Section 60.2195 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY..., 2001 Recordkeeping and Reporting § 60.2195 What information must I submit prior to initial startup? You... startup. (a) The type(s) of waste to be burned. (b) The maximum design waste burning capacity. (c) The...

  2. 40 CFR 60.2195 - What information must I submit prior to initial startup?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... initial startup? 60.2195 Section 60.2195 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY..., 2001 Recordkeeping and Reporting § 60.2195 What information must I submit prior to initial startup? You... startup. (a) The type(s) of waste to be burned. (b) The maximum design waste burning capacity. (c) The...

  3. 40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Eeee of... - Summary of Reporting Requirements

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    .... Waste management plan; and § 60.2952. v. Anticipated date of initial startup. § 60.2952. 2. Startup notification a. Prior to initial startup i. Types of waste to be burned;ii. Maximum design waste burning... petition for site-specific operating limits; and § 60.2953. v. Anticipated date of initial startup. § 60...

  4. 40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Eeee of... - Summary of Reporting Requirements

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    .... Waste management plan; and § 60.2952. v. Anticipated date of initial startup. § 60.2952. 2. Startup notification a. Prior to initial startup i. Types of waste to be burned;ii. Maximum design waste burning... petition for site-specific operating limits; and § 60.2953. v. Anticipated date of initial startup. § 60...

  5. 40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Eeee of... - Summary of Reporting Requirements

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    .... Waste management plan; and § 60.2952. v. Anticipated date of initial startup. § 60.2952. 2. Startup notification a. Prior to initial startup i. Types of waste to be burned;ii. Maximum design waste burning... petition for site-specific operating limits; and § 60.2953. v. Anticipated date of initial startup. § 60...

  6. 40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Eeee of... - Summary of Reporting Requirements

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    .... Waste management plan; and § 60.2952. v. Anticipated date of initial startup. § 60.2952. 2. Startup notification a. Prior to initial startup i. Types of waste to be burned;ii. Maximum design waste burning... petition for site-specific operating limits; and § 60.2953. v. Anticipated date of initial startup. § 60...

  7. 40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Eeee of... - Summary of Reporting Requirements

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    .... Waste management plan; and § 60.2952. v. Anticipated date of initial startup. § 60.2952. 2. Startup notification a. Prior to initial startup i. Types of waste to be burned;ii. Maximum design waste burning... petition for site-specific operating limits; and § 60.2953. v. Anticipated date of initial startup. § 60...

  8. 40 CFR 63.403 - Compliance dates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... compliance date shall be 18 months after September 8, 1994. (b) For new IPCT's that have an initial startup... initial startup on or after September 8, 1994, the compliance date shall be the date of the initial startup. ...

  9. 40 CFR 63.403 - Compliance dates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... compliance date shall be 18 months after September 8, 1994. (b) For new IPCT's that have an initial startup... initial startup on or after September 8, 1994, the compliance date shall be the date of the initial startup. ...

  10. 40 CFR 63.403 - Compliance dates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... initial startup before September 8, 1994, the compliance date shall be September 8, 1994. (c) For new IPCT's that have an initial startup on or after September 8, 1994, the compliance date shall be the date of the initial startup. ...

  11. 40 CFR 63.403 - Compliance dates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... initial startup before September 8, 1994, the compliance date shall be September 8, 1994. (c) For new IPCT's that have an initial startup on or after September 8, 1994, the compliance date shall be the date of the initial startup. ...

  12. 40 CFR 63.403 - Compliance dates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... initial startup before September 8, 1994, the compliance date shall be September 8, 1994. (c) For new IPCT's that have an initial startup on or after September 8, 1994, the compliance date shall be the date of the initial startup. ...

  13. 40 CFR 63.1515 - Notifications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... has been reconstructed such that it is an affected source, that has an initial startup after the... source that has an initial startup after the effective date of this subpart and for which an application... startup; and (iv) Actual date of startup. (4) As required by § 63.9(b)(5), after the effective date of...

  14. 40 CFR 63.2862 - What records must I keep?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ...) initial startup period or the § 63.2850(e)(2) malfunction period. Complete both plans before the... such as normal operation, nonoperating, initial startup period, malfunction period, or exempt operation... inventory. (ii) The operating status of your source such as normal operation, nonoperating, initial startup...

  15. 40 CFR 63.2862 - What records must I keep?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ...) initial startup period or the § 63.2850(e)(2) malfunction period. Complete both plans before the... such as normal operation, nonoperating, initial startup period, malfunction period, or exempt operation... inventory. (ii) The operating status of your source such as normal operation, nonoperating, initial startup...

  16. 40 CFR 63.2862 - What records must I keep?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ...) initial startup period or the § 63.2850(e)(2) malfunction period. Complete both plans before the... such as normal operation, nonoperating, initial startup period, malfunction period, or exempt operation... inventory. (ii) The operating status of your source such as normal operation, nonoperating, initial startup...

  17. 40 CFR 63.2862 - What records must I keep?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ...) initial startup period or the § 63.2850(e)(2) malfunction period. Complete both plans before the... such as normal operation, nonoperating, initial startup period, malfunction period, or exempt operation... inventory. (ii) The operating status of your source such as normal operation, nonoperating, initial startup...

  18. 40 CFR 63.2862 - What records must I keep?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ...) initial startup period or the § 63.2850(e)(2) malfunction period. Complete both plans before the... such as normal operation, nonoperating, initial startup period, malfunction period, or exempt operation... inventory. (ii) The operating status of your source such as normal operation, nonoperating, initial startup...

  19. Inductive current startup in large tokamaks with expanding minor radius and RF assist

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Borowski, S.K.

    1983-01-01

    Auxiliary RF heating of electrons before and during the current rise phase of a large tokamak, such as the Fusion Engineering Device, is examined as a means of reducing both the initiation loop voltage and resistive flux expenditure during startup. Prior to current initiation, 1 to 2 MW of electron cyclotron resonance heating power at approx.90 GHz is used to create a small volume of high conductivity plasma (T/sub e/ approx. = 100 eV, n/sub e/ approx. = 10/sup 19/m/sup -3/) near the upper hybrid resonance (UHR) region. This plasma conditioning permits a small radius (a/sup 0/ approx.< 0.4 m)more » current channel to be established with a relatively low initial loop voltage (approx.< 25 V as opposed to approx.100 V without RF assist). During the subsequent plasma expansion and current ramp phase, additional RF power is introduced to reduce volt-second consumption due to plasma resistance. To study the preheating phase, a near classical particle and energy transport model is developed to estimate the electron heating efficiency in a currentless toroidal plasma. The model assumes that preferential electron heating at the UHR leads to the formation of an ambipolar sheath potential between the neutral plasma and the conducting vacuum vessel and limiter.« less

  20. Reconstruction of recycling flux from synthetic camera images, evaluated for the Wendelstein 7-X startup limiter

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Frerichs, H.; Effenberg, F.; Feng, Y.; Schmitz, O.; Stephey, L.; Reiter, D.; Börner, P.; The W7-X Team

    2017-12-01

    The interpretation of spectroscopic measurements in the edge region of high-temperature plasmas can be guided by modeling with the EMC3-EIRENE code. A versatile synthetic diagnostic module, initially developed for the generation of synthetic camera images, has been extended for the evaluation of the inverse problem in which the observable photon flux is related back to the originating particle flux (recycling). An application of this synthetic diagnostic to the startup phase (inboard) limiter in Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) is presented, and reconstruction of recycling from synthetic observation of \\renewcommand{\

  1. 40 CFR 65.48 - Reporting provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ...) CONSOLIDATED FEDERAL AIR RULE Storage Vessels § 65.48 Reporting provisions. (a) Notification of initial startup. If § 65.5(b) requires that a notification of initial startup be filed, then the content of the notification of initial startup shall at least include the information specified in § 65.5(b) and the...

  2. 40 CFR 63.366 - Reporting requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... of (initial) startup of the source. (8) The type and quantity of hazardous air pollutants emitted by.... New or reconstructed sources subject to these emissions standards with an initial startup date before... application shall be submitted as soon as practicable before the initial startup date but no later than 60...

  3. 40 CFR 65.48 - Reporting provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ...) CONSOLIDATED FEDERAL AIR RULE Storage Vessels § 65.48 Reporting provisions. (a) Notification of initial startup. If § 65.5(b) requires that a notification of initial startup be filed, then the content of the notification of initial startup shall at least include the information specified in § 65.5(b) and the...

  4. 40 CFR 65.48 - Reporting provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ...) CONSOLIDATED FEDERAL AIR RULE Storage Vessels § 65.48 Reporting provisions. (a) Notification of initial startup. If § 65.5(b) requires that a notification of initial startup be filed, then the content of the notification of initial startup shall at least include the information specified in § 65.5(b) and the...

  5. 40 CFR 65.48 - Reporting provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ...) CONSOLIDATED FEDERAL AIR RULE Storage Vessels § 65.48 Reporting provisions. (a) Notification of initial startup. If § 65.5(b) requires that a notification of initial startup be filed, then the content of the notification of initial startup shall at least include the information specified in § 65.5(b) and the...

  6. 40 CFR 63.366 - Reporting requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... of (initial) startup of the source. (8) The type and quantity of hazardous air pollutants emitted by.... New or reconstructed sources subject to these emissions standards with an initial startup date before... application shall be submitted as soon as practicable before the initial startup date but no later than 60...

  7. 40 CFR 63.366 - Reporting requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... of (initial) startup of the source. (8) The type and quantity of hazardous air pollutants emitted by.... New or reconstructed sources subject to these emissions standards with an initial startup date before... application shall be submitted as soon as practicable before the initial startup date but no later than 60...

  8. 40 CFR 63.366 - Reporting requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... of (initial) startup of the source. (8) The type and quantity of hazardous air pollutants emitted by.... New or reconstructed sources subject to these emissions standards with an initial startup date before... application shall be submitted as soon as practicable before the initial startup date but no later than 60...

  9. 40 CFR 65.48 - Reporting provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ...) CONSOLIDATED FEDERAL AIR RULE Storage Vessels § 65.48 Reporting provisions. (a) Notification of initial startup. If § 65.5(b) requires that a notification of initial startup be filed, then the content of the notification of initial startup shall at least include the information specified in § 65.5(b) and the...

  10. 40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Cccc of... - Summary of Reporting Requirements a

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... requirements • Waste management plan • Anticipated date of initial startup § 60.2190 Startup notification Prior to initial startup • Type of waste to be burned• Maximum design waste burning capacity • Anticipated... occurred during a period of startup, shutdown, or malfunction § 60.2215 and 60.2220 Qualified operator...

  11. 40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Cccc of... - Summary of Reporting Requirements a

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... requirements • Waste management plan • Anticipated date of initial startup § 60.2190 Startup notification Prior to initial startup • Type of waste to be burned• Maximum design waste burning capacity • Anticipated... occurred during a period of startup, shutdown, or malfunction § 60.2215 and 60.2220 Qualified operator...

  12. 40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Cccc of... - Summary of Reporting Requirements a

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... requirements • Waste management plan • Anticipated date of initial startup § 60.2190 Startup notification Prior to initial startup • Type of waste to be burned• Maximum design waste burning capacity • Anticipated... occurred during a period of startup, shutdown, or malfunction § 60.2215 and 60.2220 Qualified operator...

  13. Having your cake and eating it too; effective engagement in start-ups from an academic seat

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mirkin, Chad

    2012-02-01

    In order for scientific advances to have a positive impact on society, they must be successfully transitioned from conceptually fundamental endeavors in academic research laboratories to valuable enabling technologies at start-up companies. Nanosphere, NanoInk, and AuraSense are three start-up companies that have been spun out of Northwestern based on research initiated in my laboratory. These companies are focused on commercializing nanotechnology-based applications in the life science and semiconductor industries and have turned discoveries from my lab into viable commercial products. For example, several of the systems developed at these start-ups are in the clinical trial phase, with one already approved by the FDA, and they are poised to have a positive world-wide impact. Herein, I discuss the challenges associated with identifying commercial value in academic research projects, securing intellectual property, forming a company as a legal entity, and locating sources of start-up funds. Further, I will discuss the rewards of venturing into such enterprises and the ways of ensuring a start-up company's long-term success, while juggling the numerous responsibilities of an academic seat. I argue that these two activities are done not in competition, but rather are integral for driving the type of high-level, synergistic scientific research that is being done today.

  14. 40 CFR 63.9911 - By what date must I conduct performance tests or other initial compliance demonstrations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... your existing affected source; (2) By April 7, 2004 for a new source that has an initial startup date before October 10, 2003; or (3) Within 180 days after initial startup for a new source that has an initial startup date after October 10, 2003. (b) For each operation and maintenance requirement that...

  15. 40 CFR 63.9911 - By what date must I conduct performance tests or other initial compliance demonstrations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... your existing affected source; (2) By April 7, 2004 for a new source that has an initial startup date before October 10, 2003; or (3) Within 180 days after initial startup for a new source that has an initial startup date after October 10, 2003. (b) For each operation and maintenance requirement that...

  16. 40 CFR 63.9911 - By what date must I conduct performance tests or other initial compliance demonstrations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... your existing affected source; (2) By April 7, 2004 for a new source that has an initial startup date before October 10, 2003; or (3) Within 180 days after initial startup for a new source that has an initial startup date after October 10, 2003. (b) For each operation and maintenance requirement that...

  17. 40 CFR 63.9911 - By what date must I conduct performance tests or other initial compliance demonstrations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... your existing affected source; (2) By April 7, 2004 for a new source that has an initial startup date before October 10, 2003; or (3) Within 180 days after initial startup for a new source that has an initial startup date after October 10, 2003. (b) For each operation and maintenance requirement that...

  18. 40 CFR 63.9911 - By what date must I conduct performance tests or other initial compliance demonstrations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... your existing affected source; (2) By April 7, 2004 for a new source that has an initial startup date before October 10, 2003; or (3) Within 180 days after initial startup for a new source that has an initial startup date after October 10, 2003. (b) For each operation and maintenance requirement that...

  19. 40 CFR 63.2233 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... section, whichever is applicable. (1) If the initial startup of your affected source is before September... initial startup of your affected source is after September 28, 2004, then you must comply with the... in this subpart upon initial startup of your affected source. (b) If you have an existing affected...

  20. 40 CFR 63.2233 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... section, whichever is applicable. (1) If the initial startup of your affected source is before September... initial startup of your affected source is after September 28, 2004, then you must comply with the... in this subpart upon initial startup of your affected source. (b) If you have an existing affected...

  1. 40 CFR 63.1191 - What notifications must I submit?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... becomes a major source. (2) A source that has an initial startup before the effective date of the standard. (3) A new or reconstructed source that has an initial startup after the effective date of the... major source or reconstruct a major source where the initial startup of the new or reconstructed source...

  2. 40 CFR 63.2233 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... section, whichever is applicable. (1) If the initial startup of your affected source is before September... initial startup of your affected source is after September 28, 2004, then you must comply with the... in this subpart upon initial startup of your affected source. (b) If you have an existing affected...

  3. 40 CFR 63.1191 - What notifications must I submit?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... becomes a major source. (2) A source that has an initial startup before the effective date of the standard. (3) A new or reconstructed source that has an initial startup after the effective date of the... major source or reconstruct a major source where the initial startup of the new or reconstructed source...

  4. 40 CFR 63.2233 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... section, whichever is applicable. (1) If the initial startup of your affected source is before September... initial startup of your affected source is after September 28, 2004, then you must comply with the... in this subpart upon initial startup of your affected source. (b) If you have an existing affected...

  5. 40 CFR 63.1191 - What notifications must I submit?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... becomes a major source. (2) A source that has an initial startup before the effective date of the standard. (3) A new or reconstructed source that has an initial startup after the effective date of the... major source or reconstruct a major source where the initial startup of the new or reconstructed source...

  6. 40 CFR 63.2233 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... section, whichever is applicable. (1) If the initial startup of your affected source is before September... initial startup of your affected source is after September 28, 2004, then you must comply with the... in this subpart upon initial startup of your affected source. (b) If you have an existing affected...

  7. 40 CFR 61.153 - Reporting.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ..., 61.145, 61.146, and 61.148), which has an initial startup date preceding the effective date of this... days of the effective date. In the case of a new source that does not have an initial startup date... the initial startup date. Any owner or operator of an existing source shall provide the following...

  8. 40 CFR 61.153 - Reporting.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ..., 61.145, 61.146, and 61.148), which has an initial startup date preceding the effective date of this... days of the effective date. In the case of a new source that does not have an initial startup date... the initial startup date. Any owner or operator of an existing source shall provide the following...

  9. 40 CFR 61.153 - Reporting.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ..., 61.145, 61.146, and 61.148), which has an initial startup date preceding the effective date of this... days of the effective date. In the case of a new source that does not have an initial startup date... the initial startup date. Any owner or operator of an existing source shall provide the following...

  10. 40 CFR 61.153 - Reporting.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ..., 61.145, 61.146, and 61.148), which has an initial startup date preceding the effective date of this... days of the effective date. In the case of a new source that does not have an initial startup date... the initial startup date. Any owner or operator of an existing source shall provide the following...

  11. 40 CFR 61.70 - Reporting.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... source which has an initial startup date preceding the effective date, the first report is to be... Administrator. (2) In the case of a new source which did not have an initial startup date preceding the effective date, the first report is to be submitted within 180 days of the initial startup date. (c) Unless...

  12. 40 CFR 61.70 - Reporting.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... source which has an initial startup date preceding the effective date, the first report is to be... Administrator. (2) In the case of a new source which did not have an initial startup date preceding the effective date, the first report is to be submitted within 180 days of the initial startup date. (c) Unless...

  13. 40 CFR 61.153 - Reporting.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ..., 61.145, 61.146, and 61.148), which has an initial startup date preceding the effective date of this... days of the effective date. In the case of a new source that does not have an initial startup date... the initial startup date. Any owner or operator of an existing source shall provide the following...

  14. 40 CFR 61.70 - Reporting.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... source which has an initial startup date preceding the effective date, the first report is to be... Administrator. (2) In the case of a new source which did not have an initial startup date preceding the effective date, the first report is to be submitted within 180 days of the initial startup date. (c) Unless...

  15. 40 CFR 61.70 - Reporting.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... source which has an initial startup date preceding the effective date, the first report is to be... Administrator. (2) In the case of a new source which did not have an initial startup date preceding the effective date, the first report is to be submitted within 180 days of the initial startup date. (c) Unless...

  16. Emission characteristics and vapour/particulate phase distributions of PCDD/F in a hazardous waste incinerator under transient conditions

    PubMed Central

    Wang, Chao; Cen, Kefa; Ni, Mingjiang; Li, Xiaodong

    2018-01-01

    Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) emission characteristics and vapour/particulate phase partitions under three continued operation conditions, i.e. shut-down, start-up and after start-up, were investigated by sampling stack gas. The results indicated that the PCDD/F emission levels were 0.40–18.03 ng I-TEQ Nm−3, much higher than the annual monitoring level (0.016 ng I-TEQ Nm−3). Additionally, the PCDD/F emission levels in start-up were higher than the other two conditions. Furthermore, the PCDD/F congener profiles differed markedly between shut-down and start-up, and the chlorination degree of PCDD/F increased in shut-down and decreased evidently in start-up. Moreover, PCDD/F vapour/particulate phase distributions varied significantly under three transient conditions. The PCDD/F vapour phase proportion decreased as the shut-down process continued, then increased as the start-up process proceeded, finally more than 98% of the PCDD/F congeners were distributed in the vapour phase after start-up. The correlations between log(Cv/Cs) versus log pL0 of each PCDD/F congener in stack gas were disorganized in shut-down, and trend to a linear distribution after start-up. Besides, polychlorinated biphenyl emissions show behaviour similar to that of PCDD/F, and the lower chlorinated congeners have a stronger relationship with 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs, such as M1CB and D2CB. PMID:29410821

  17. 40 CFR 63.4483 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after April 19, 2004, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the...

  18. 40 CFR 63.3483 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section. (1) If the initial startup of your new or... initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after November 13, 2003, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source...

  19. 40 CFR 63.3483 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section. (1) If the initial startup of your new or... initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after November 13, 2003, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source...

  20. 40 CFR 63.11172 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after January 9, 2008, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the...

  1. 40 CFR 63.7783 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... sinter cooler at an existing sinter plant. (b) If you have a new affected source and its initial startup... source and its initial startup date is after May 20, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation and operation and maintenance requirement in this subpart that applies to you upon initial startup. (d...

  2. 40 CFR 63.9883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... new affected source and its initial startup date is on or before October 11, 2003, you must comply... initial startup date is after October 10, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (d) If your primary magnesium refinery is an area source that becomes a major source of...

  3. 40 CFR 63.9583 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... new affected source and its initial startup date is on or before October 30, 2003, you must comply... initial startup date is after October 30, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (d) If your taconite iron ore processing plant is an area source that becomes a major...

  4. 40 CFR 63.11172 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after January 9, 2008, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the...

  5. 40 CFR 63.9883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... new affected source and its initial startup date is on or before October 11, 2003, you must comply... initial startup date is after October 10, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (d) If your primary magnesium refinery is an area source that becomes a major source of...

  6. 40 CFR 63.4283 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source is before May 29, 2003, the compliance date is May 29, 2003. (2) If the initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after May 29, 2003, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an...

  7. 40 CFR 63.9583 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... new affected source and its initial startup date is on or before October 30, 2003, you must comply... initial startup date is after October 30, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (d) If your taconite iron ore processing plant is an area source that becomes a major...

  8. 40 CFR 63.7783 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... sinter cooler at an existing sinter plant. (b) If you have a new affected source and its initial startup... source and its initial startup date is after May 20, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation and operation and maintenance requirement in this subpart that applies to you upon initial startup. (d...

  9. 40 CFR 63.4483 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after April 19, 2004, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the...

  10. 40 CFR 63.7883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... applicable to your affected source. (1) If the affected source's initial startup date is on or before October... initial startup date is after October 8, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (c) If you have a new affected source that manages remediation material that is a...

  11. 40 CFR 63.8186 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... December 19, 2006. (b) If you have a new or reconstructed mercury recovery facility and its initial startup..., 2003. (c) If you have a new or reconstructed mercury recovery facility and its initial startup date is... recordkeeping and reporting requirement in this subpart that applies to you upon initial startup. (d) You must...

  12. 40 CFR 63.8186 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... December 19, 2006. (b) If you have a new or reconstructed mercury recovery facility and its initial startup..., 2003. (c) If you have a new or reconstructed mercury recovery facility and its initial startup date is... recordkeeping and reporting requirement in this subpart that applies to you upon initial startup. (d) You must...

  13. 40 CFR 63.4483 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after April 19, 2004, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the...

  14. 40 CFR 63.9786 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... section. (1) If the initial startup of your affected source is before April 16, 2003, then you must comply..., 2003. (2) If the initial startup of your affected source is after April 16, 2003, then you must comply with the emission limitations for new and reconstructed sources in this subpart upon initial startup of...

  15. 40 CFR 63.9786 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... section. (1) If the initial startup of your affected source is before April 16, 2003, then you must comply..., 2003. (2) If the initial startup of your affected source is after April 16, 2003, then you must comply with the emission limitations for new and reconstructed sources in this subpart upon initial startup of...

  16. 40 CFR 63.8186 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... December 19, 2006. (b) If you have a new or reconstructed mercury recovery facility and its initial startup..., 2003. (c) If you have a new or reconstructed mercury recovery facility and its initial startup date is... recordkeeping and reporting requirement in this subpart that applies to you upon initial startup. (d) You must...

  17. 40 CFR 63.7883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... applicable to your affected source. (1) If the affected source's initial startup date is on or before October... initial startup date is after October 8, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (c) If you have a new affected source that manages remediation material that is a...

  18. 40 CFR 63.7883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... applicable to your affected source. (1) If the affected source's initial startup date is on or before October... initial startup date is after October 8, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (c) If you have a new affected source that manages remediation material that is a...

  19. 40 CFR 63.9883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... new affected source and its initial startup date is on or before October 11, 2003, you must comply... initial startup date is after October 10, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (d) If your primary magnesium refinery is an area source that becomes a major source of...

  20. 40 CFR 63.9883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... new affected source and its initial startup date is on or before October 11, 2003, you must comply... initial startup date is after October 10, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (d) If your primary magnesium refinery is an area source that becomes a major source of...

  1. 40 CFR 63.8186 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... December 19, 2006. (b) If you have a new or reconstructed mercury recovery facility and its initial startup..., 2003. (c) If you have a new or reconstructed mercury recovery facility and its initial startup date is... recordkeeping and reporting requirement in this subpart that applies to you upon initial startup. (d) You must...

  2. 40 CFR 63.11172 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after January 9, 2008, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the...

  3. 40 CFR 63.4483 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after April 19, 2004, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the...

  4. 40 CFR 63.4283 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source is before May 29, 2003, the compliance date is May 29, 2003. (2) If the initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after May 29, 2003, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an...

  5. 40 CFR 63.7883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... applicable to your affected source. (1) If the affected source's initial startup date is on or before October... initial startup date is after October 8, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (c) If you have a new affected source that manages remediation material that is a...

  6. 40 CFR 63.9786 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... section. (1) If the initial startup of your affected source is before April 16, 2003, then you must comply..., 2003. (2) If the initial startup of your affected source is after April 16, 2003, then you must comply with the emission limitations for new and reconstructed sources in this subpart upon initial startup of...

  7. 40 CFR 63.9786 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... section. (1) If the initial startup of your affected source is before April 16, 2003, then you must comply..., 2003. (2) If the initial startup of your affected source is after April 16, 2003, then you must comply with the emission limitations for new and reconstructed sources in this subpart upon initial startup of...

  8. 40 CFR 63.9583 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... new affected source and its initial startup date is on or before October 30, 2003, you must comply... initial startup date is after October 30, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (d) If your taconite iron ore processing plant is an area source that becomes a major...

  9. 40 CFR 63.9883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... new affected source and its initial startup date is on or before October 11, 2003, you must comply... initial startup date is after October 10, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (d) If your primary magnesium refinery is an area source that becomes a major source of...

  10. 40 CFR 63.7783 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... sinter cooler at an existing sinter plant. (b) If you have a new affected source and its initial startup... source and its initial startup date is after May 20, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation and operation and maintenance requirement in this subpart that applies to you upon initial startup. (d...

  11. 40 CFR 63.4283 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source is before May 29, 2003, the compliance date is May 29, 2003. (2) If the initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after May 29, 2003, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an...

  12. 40 CFR 63.3483 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section. (1) If the initial startup of your new or... initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after November 13, 2003, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source...

  13. 40 CFR 63.9786 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... section. (1) If the initial startup of your affected source is before April 16, 2003, then you must comply..., 2003. (2) If the initial startup of your affected source is after April 16, 2003, then you must comply with the emission limitations for new and reconstructed sources in this subpart upon initial startup of...

  14. 40 CFR 63.11172 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after January 9, 2008, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the...

  15. 40 CFR 63.8186 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... December 19, 2006. (b) If you have a new or reconstructed mercury recovery facility and its initial startup..., 2003. (c) If you have a new or reconstructed mercury recovery facility and its initial startup date is... recordkeeping and reporting requirement in this subpart that applies to you upon initial startup. (d) You must...

  16. 40 CFR 63.9583 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... new affected source and its initial startup date is on or before October 30, 2003, you must comply... initial startup date is after October 30, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (d) If your taconite iron ore processing plant is an area source that becomes a major...

  17. 40 CFR 63.9583 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... new affected source and its initial startup date is on or before October 30, 2003, you must comply... initial startup date is after October 30, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (d) If your taconite iron ore processing plant is an area source that becomes a major...

  18. 40 CFR 63.11172 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after January 9, 2008, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the...

  19. 40 CFR 63.3483 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section. (1) If the initial startup of your new or... initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after November 13, 2003, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source...

  20. Investigation of Natural Circulation Instability and Transients in Passively Safe Small Modular Reactors

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ishii, Mamoru

    The NEUP funded project, NEUP-3496, aims to experimentally investigate two-phase natural circulation flow instability that could occur in Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), especially for natural circulation SMRs. The objective has been achieved by systematically performing tests to study the general natural circulation instability characteristics and the natural circulation behavior under start-up or design basis accident conditions. Experimental data sets highlighting the effect of void reactivity feedback as well as the effect of power ramp-up rate and system pressure have been used to develop a comprehensive stability map. The safety analysis code, RELAP5, has been used to evaluate experimental results andmore » models. Improvements to the constitutive relations for flashing have been made in order to develop a reliable analysis tool. This research has been focusing on two generic SMR designs, i.e. a small modular Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (SBWR) like design and a small integral Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) like design. A BWR-type natural circulation test facility was firstly built based on the three-level scaling analysis of the Purdue Novel Modular Reactor (NMR) with an electric output of 50 MWe, namely NMR-50, which represents a BWR-type SMR with a significantly reduced reactor pressure vessel (RPV) height. The experimental facility was installed with various equipment to measure thermalhydraulic parameters such as pressure, temperature, mass flow rate and void fraction. Characterization tests were performed before the startup transient tests and quasi-steady tests to determine the loop flow resistance. The control system and data acquisition system were programmed with LabVIEW to realize the realtime control and data storage. The thermal-hydraulic and nuclear coupled startup transients were performed to investigate the flow instabilities at low pressure and low power conditions for NMR-50. Two different power ramps were chosen to study the effect of startup power density on the flow instability. The experimental startup transient results showed the existence of three different flow instability mechanisms, i.e., flashing instability, condensation induced flow instability, and density wave oscillations. In addition, the void-reactivity feedback did not have significant effects on the flow instability during the startup transients for NMR-50. ii Several initial startup procedures with different power ramp rates were experimentally investigated to eliminate the flow instabilities observed from the startup transients. Particularly, the very slow startup transient and pressurized startup transient tests were performed and compared. It was found that the very slow startup transients by applying very small power density can eliminate the flashing oscillations in the single-phase natural circulation and stabilize the flow oscillations in the phase of net vapor generation. The initially pressurized startup procedure was tested to eliminate the flashing instability during the startup transients as well. The pressurized startup procedure included the initial pressurization, heat-up, and venting process. The startup transient tests showed that the pressurized startup procedure could eliminate the flow instability during the transition from single-phase flow to two-phase flow at low pressure conditions. The experimental results indicated that both startup procedures were applicable to the initial startup of NMR. However, the pressurized startup procedures might be preferred due to short operating hours required. In order to have a deeper understanding of natural circulation flow instability, the quasi-steady tests were performed using the test facility installed with preheater and subcooler. The effect of system pressure, core inlet subcooling, core power density, inlet flow resistance coefficient, and void reactivity feedback were investigated in the quasi-steady state tests. The experimental stability boundaries were determined between unstable and stable flow conditions in the dimensionless stability plane of inlet subcooling number and Zuber number. To predict the stability boundary theoretically, linear stability analysis in the frequency domain was performed at four sections of the natural circulation test loop. The flashing phenomena in the chimney section was considered as an axially uniform heat source. And the dimensionless characteristic equation of the pressure drop perturbation was obtained by considering the void fraction effect and outlet flow resistance in the core section. The theoretical flashing boundary showed some discrepancies with previous experimental data from the quasi-steady state tests. In the future, thermal non-equilibrium was recommended to improve the accuracy of flashing instability boundary. As another part of the funded research, flow instabilities of a PWR-type SMR under low pressure and low power conditions were investigated experimentally as well. The NuScale reactor design was selected as the prototype for the PWR-type SMR. In order to experimentally study the natural circulation behavior of NuScale iii reactor during accidental scenarios, detailed scaling analyses are necessary to ensure that the scaled phenomena could be obtained in a laboratory test facility. The three-level scaling method is used as well to obtain the scaling ratios derived from various non-dimensional numbers. The design of the ideally scaled facility (ISF) was initially accomplished based on these scaling ratios. Then the engineering scaled facility (ESF) was designed and constructed based on the ISF by considering engineering limitations including laboratory space, pipe size, and pipe connections etc. PWR-type SMR experiments were performed in this well-scaled test facility to investigate the potential thermal hydraulic flow instability during the blowdown events, which might occur during the loss of coolant accident (LOCA) and loss of heat sink accident (LOHS) of the prototype PWR-type SMR. Two kinds of experiments, normal blowdown event and cold blowdown event, were experimentally investigated and compared with code predictions. The normal blowdown event was experimentally simulated since an initial condition where the pressure was lower than the designed pressure of the experiment facility, while the code prediction of blowdown started from the normal operation condition. Important thermal hydraulic parameters including reactor pressure vessel (RPV) pressure, containment pressure, local void fraction and temperature, pressure drop and natural circulation flow rate were measured and analyzed during the blowdown event. The pressure and water level transients are similar to the experimental results published by NuScale [51], which proves the capability of current loop in simulating the thermal hydraulic transient of real PWR-type SMR. During the 20000s blowdown experiment, water level in the core was always above the active fuel assemble during the experiment and proved the safety of natural circulation cooling and water recycling design of PWR-type SMR. Besides, pressure, temperature, and water level transient can be accurately predicted by RELAP5 code. However, the oscillations of natural circulation flow rate, water level and pressure drops were observed during the blowdown transients. This kind of flow oscillations are related to the water level and the location upper plenum, which is a path for coolant flow from chimney to steam generator and down comer. In order to investigate the transients start from the opening of ADS valve in both experimental and numerical way, the cold blow-down experiment is conducted. For the cold blowdown event, different from setting both reactor iv pressure vessel (RPV) and containment at high temperature and pressure, only RPV was heated close to the highest designed pressure and then open the ADS valve, same process was predicted using RELAP5 code. By doing cold blowdown experiment, the entire transients from the opening of ADS can be investigated by code and benchmarked with experimental data. Similar flow instability observed in the cold blowdown experiment. The comparison between code prediction and experiment data showed that the RELAP5 code can successfully predict the pressure void fraction and temperature transient during the cold blowdown event with limited error, but numerical instability exists in predicting natural circulation flow rate. Besides, the code is lack of capability in predicting the water level related flow instability observed in experiments.« less

  1. 40 CFR 63.9565 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... limitation (including any operating limit) in this subpart during startup, shutdown, or malfunction.... Examples include hexane, toluene, and trichloroethylene. Initial startup means the first time that equipment is put into operation. Initial startup does not include operation solely for testing equipment...

  2. 40 CFR 63.9565 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... limitation (including any operating limit) in this subpart during startup, shutdown, or malfunction.... Examples include hexane, toluene, and trichloroethylene. Initial startup means the first time that equipment is put into operation. Initial startup does not include operation solely for testing equipment...

  3. 40 CFR 63.9565 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... limitation (including any operating limit) in this subpart during startup, shutdown, or malfunction.... Examples include hexane, toluene, and trichloroethylene. Initial startup means the first time that equipment is put into operation. Initial startup does not include operation solely for testing equipment...

  4. 40 CFR 63.9565 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... limitation (including any operating limit) in this subpart during startup, shutdown, or malfunction.... Examples include hexane, toluene, and trichloroethylene. Initial startup means the first time that equipment is put into operation. Initial startup does not include operation solely for testing equipment...

  5. 40 CFR 63.7283 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ..., 2006. (b) If you have a new affected source and its initial startup date is on or before April 14, 2003... its initial startup date is after April 14, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (d) You must meet the notification and schedule requirements in § 63.7340. Several of...

  6. 40 CFR 63.8395 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ...) and (2) of this section. (1) If the initial startup of your affected source is before May 16, 2003... later than May 16, 2003. (2) If the initial startup of your affected source is after May 16, 2003, then... initial startup of your affected source. (b) If you have an existing affected source, you must comply with...

  7. 40 CFR 63.1443 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... affected source and its initial startup date is on or before June 12, 2002, you must comply with each... applies to you by June 12, 2002. (c) If you have a new affected source and its initial startup date is... operation and maintenance requirement in this subpart that applies to you upon initial startup. (d) If your...

  8. 40 CFR 63.3883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... compliance date is the applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup... January 2, 2004. (2) If the initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after January 2, 2004, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an...

  9. 40 CFR 63.3083 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... compliance date is the applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup..., 2004. (2) If the initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after June 25, 2004, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing...

  10. 40 CFR 63.3083 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... compliance date is the applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup..., 2004. (2) If the initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after June 25, 2004, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing...

  11. 40 CFR 63.1443 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... source and its initial startup date is on or before June 12, 2002, you must comply with each emission... you by June 12, 2002. (c) If you have a new affected source and its initial startup date is after June... maintenance requirement in this subpart that applies to you upon initial startup. (d) If your primary copper...

  12. 40 CFR 63.8395 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ...) and (2) of this section. (1) If the initial startup of your affected source is before May 16, 2003... later than May 16, 2003. (2) If the initial startup of your affected source is after May 16, 2003, then... initial startup of your affected source. (b) If you have an existing affected source, you must comply with...

  13. 40 CFR 63.3083 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... compliance date is the applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup..., 2004. (2) If the initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after June 25, 2004, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing...

  14. 40 CFR 63.7283 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ..., 2006. (b) If you have a new affected source and its initial startup date is on or before April 14, 2003... its initial startup date is after April 14, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (d) You must meet the notification and schedule requirements in § 63.7340. Several of...

  15. 40 CFR 63.7683 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... have a new affected source for which the initial startup date is on or before April 22, 2004, you must... which the initial startup date is after April 22, 2004, you must comply with each emissions limitation... upon initial startup. (e) If your iron and steel foundry is an area source that becomes a major source...

  16. 40 CFR 63.3883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... compliance date is the applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup... January 2, 2004. (2) If the initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after January 2, 2004, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an...

  17. 40 CFR 63.3883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... compliance date is the applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup... January 2, 2004. (2) If the initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after January 2, 2004, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an...

  18. 40 CFR 63.3883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... compliance date is the applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup... January 2, 2004. (2) If the initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after January 2, 2004, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an...

  19. 40 CFR 63.1443 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... source and its initial startup date is on or before June 12, 2002, you must comply with each emission... you by June 12, 2002. (c) If you have a new affected source and its initial startup date is after June... maintenance requirement in this subpart that applies to you upon initial startup. (d) If your primary copper...

  20. 40 CFR 63.4283 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... compliance date is the applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup..., 2003. (2) If the initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after May 29, 2003, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing...

  1. 40 CFR 63.8395 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ...) and (2) of this section. (1) If the initial startup of your affected source is before May 16, 2003... later than May 16, 2003. (2) If the initial startup of your affected source is after May 16, 2003, then... initial startup of your affected source. (b) If you have an existing affected source, you must comply with...

  2. 40 CFR 63.1443 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... affected source and its initial startup date is on or before June 12, 2002, you must comply with each... applies to you by June 12, 2002. (c) If you have a new affected source and its initial startup date is... operation and maintenance requirement in this subpart that applies to you upon initial startup. (d) If your...

  3. 40 CFR 63.8395 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ...) and (2) of this section. (1) If the initial startup of your affected source is before May 16, 2003... later than May 16, 2003. (2) If the initial startup of your affected source is after May 16, 2003, then... initial startup of your affected source. (b) If you have an existing affected source, you must comply with...

  4. 40 CFR 63.8395 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ...) and (2) of this section. (1) If the initial startup of your affected source is before May 16, 2003... later than May 16, 2003. (2) If the initial startup of your affected source is after May 16, 2003, then... initial startup of your affected source. (b) If you have an existing affected source, you must comply with...

  5. 40 CFR 63.1443 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... affected source and its initial startup date is on or before June 12, 2002, you must comply with each... applies to you by June 12, 2002. (c) If you have a new affected source and its initial startup date is... operation and maintenance requirement in this subpart that applies to you upon initial startup. (d) If your...

  6. 40 CFR 63.7283 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ..., 2006. (b) If you have a new affected source and its initial startup date is on or before April 14, 2003... its initial startup date is after April 14, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (d) You must meet the notification and schedule requirements in § 63.7340. Several of...

  7. 40 CFR 63.7683 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... have a new affected source for which the initial startup date is on or before April 22, 2004, you must... which the initial startup date is after April 22, 2004, you must comply with each emissions limitation... upon initial startup. (e) If your iron and steel foundry is an area source that becomes a major source...

  8. 40 CFR 63.3083 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... the applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new...) If the initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after June 25, 2004, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source...

  9. 40 CFR 63.7683 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... have a new affected source for which the initial startup date is on or before April 22, 2004, you must... which the initial startup date is after April 22, 2004, you must comply with each emissions limitation... upon initial startup. (e) If your iron and steel foundry is an area source that becomes a major source...

  10. 40 CFR 63.7283 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ..., 2006. (b) If you have a new affected source and its initial startup date is on or before April 14, 2003... its initial startup date is after April 14, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (d) You must meet the notification and schedule requirements in § 63.7340. Several of...

  11. 40 CFR 63.7283 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ..., 2006. (b) If you have a new affected source and its initial startup date is on or before April 14, 2003... its initial startup date is after April 14, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, work... initial startup. (d) You must meet the notification and schedule requirements in § 63.7340. Several of...

  12. Understanding and predicting the dynamics of tokamak discharges during startup and rampdown

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Jackson, G. L.; Politzer, P. A.; Humphreys, D. A.

    Understanding the dynamics of plasma startup and termination is important for present tokamaks and for predictive modeling of future burning plasma devices such as ITER. We report on experiments in the DIII-D tokamak that explore the plasma startup and rampdown phases and on the benchmarking of transport models. Key issues have been examined such as plasma initiation and burnthrough with limited inductive voltage and achieving flattop and maximum burn within the technical limits of coil systems and their actuators while maintaining the desired q profile. Successful rampdown requires scenarios consistent with technical limits, including controlled H-L transitions, while avoiding verticalmore » instabilities, additional Ohmic transformer flux consumption, and density limit disruptions. Discharges were typically initiated with an inductive electric field typical of ITER, 0.3 V/m, most with second harmonic electron cyclotron assist. A fast framing camera was used during breakdown and burnthrough of low Z impurity charge states to study the formation physics. An improved 'large aperture' ITER startup scenario was developed, and aperture reduction in rampdown was found to be essential to avoid instabilities. Current evolution using neoclassical conductivity in the CORSICA code agrees with rampup experiments, but the prediction of the temperature and internal inductance evolution using the Coppi-Tang model for electron energy transport is not yet accurate enough to allow extrapolation to future devices.« less

  13. 40 CFR 63.2860 - What notifications must I submit and when?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    .... (2) The notification of actual startup date must also include whether you have elected to operate under an initial startup period subject to § 63.2850(c)(2) and provide an estimate and justification for the anticipated duration of the initial startup period. (c) Significant modification notifications...

  14. 40 CFR 63.2860 - What notifications must I submit and when?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    .... (2) The notification of actual startup date must also include whether you have elected to operate under an initial startup period subject to § 63.2850(c)(2) and provide an estimate and justification for the anticipated duration of the initial startup period. (c) Significant modification notifications...

  15. 40 CFR 63.2860 - What notifications must I submit and when?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    .... (2) The notification of actual startup date must also include whether you have elected to operate under an initial startup period subject to § 63.2850(c)(2) and provide an estimate and justification for the anticipated duration of the initial startup period. (c) Significant modification notifications...

  16. 40 CFR 61.33 - Stack sampling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... which has an initial startup date preceding February 27, 2014; or (2) Within 90 days of startup in the case of a new source which did not have an initial startup date preceding February 27, 2014. (b) The... relative frequency of operation of different types of processes, operating hours, operating capacities, or...

  17. 40 CFR 63.6 - Compliance with standards and maintenance requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... that has an initial startup before the effective date of a relevant standard established under this..., the owner or operator of a new or reconstructed affected source that has an initial startup after the... the Act must comply with such standard upon startup of the source. (3) The owner or operator of an...

  18. 40 CFR 63.6 - Compliance with standards and maintenance requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... that has an initial startup before the effective date of a relevant standard established under this..., the owner or operator of a new or reconstructed affected source that has an initial startup after the... the Act must comply with such standard upon startup of the source. (3) The owner or operator of an...

  19. 40 CFR 61.33 - Stack sampling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... of the effective date in the case of an existing source or a new source which has an initial startup date preceding the effective date; or (2) Within 90 days of startup in the case of a new source which did not have an initial startup date preceding the effective date. (b) The Administrator shall be...

  20. 40 CFR 61.33 - Stack sampling.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... of the effective date in the case of an existing source or a new source which has an initial startup date preceding the effective date; or (2) Within 90 days of startup in the case of a new source which did not have an initial startup date preceding the effective date. (b) The Administrator shall be...

  1. 40 CFR 63.6 - Compliance with standards and maintenance requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... that has an initial startup before the effective date of a relevant standard established under this..., the owner or operator of a new or reconstructed affected source that has an initial startup after the... the Act must comply with such standard upon startup of the source. (3) The owner or operator of an...

  2. 40 CFR 63.2261 - By what date must I conduct performance tests or other initial compliance demonstrations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... tests upon initial startup or no later than 180 calendar days after the compliance date that is... conduct initial compliance demonstrations that do not require performance tests upon initial startup or no...

  3. Inductive current startup in large tokamaks with expanding minor radius and rf assist

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Borowski, S.K.

    1984-02-01

    Auxiliary rf heating of electrons before and during the current-rise phase of a large tokamak, such as the Fusion Engineering Device (R = 4.8 m, a = 1.3 m, sigma = 1.6, B/sub T/ = 3.62 T), is examined as a means of reducing both the initiation loop voltage and resistive flux expenditure during startup. Prior to current initiation, 1 to 2 MW of electron cyclotron resonance heating power at approx. 90 GHz is used to create a small volume of high conductivity plasma (T/sub e/ approx. = 100 eV, n/sub e/ approx. = 10/sup 19/ m/sup -3/) near themore » upper hybrid resonance (UHR) region. This plasma conditioning permits a small radius (a/sub 0/ approx. = 0.2 to 0.4 m) current channel to be established with a relatively low initial loop voltage (less than or equal to 25 V as opposed to approx. 100 V without rf assist). During the subsequent plasma expansion and current ramp phase, a combination of rf heating (up to 5 MW) and current profile control leads to a substantial savings in volt-seconds by: (1) minimizing the resistive flux consumption; and (2) maintaining the internal flux at or near the flat profile limit.« less

  4. 40 CFR 63.4683 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after May 28, 2003, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the compliance...

  5. 40 CFR 63.4083 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section. (1) If the initial startup of your new or... startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after July 23, 2002, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the...

  6. 40 CFR 63.4683 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after May 28, 2003, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the compliance...

  7. 40 CFR 63.4083 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section. (1) If the initial startup of your new or... startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after July 23, 2002, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the...

  8. 40 CFR 63.4883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after May 23, 2003, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the compliance...

  9. 40 CFR 63.4083 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section. (1) If the initial startup of your new or... startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after July 23, 2002, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the...

  10. 40 CFR 63.4883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after May 23, 2003, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the compliance...

  11. 40 CFR 63.4083 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section. (1) If the initial startup of your new or... startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after July 23, 2002, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the...

  12. 40 CFR 63.4883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after May 23, 2003, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the compliance...

  13. 40 CFR 63.4683 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after May 28, 2003, the compliance date is the date of initial startup of your affected source. (b) For an existing affected source, the compliance...

  14. 40 CFR 63.9495 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... October 18, 2005. (b) If you have a new or reconstructed solvent mixer and its initial startup date is... initial startup. (c) If your friction materials manufacturing facility is an area source that increases... reconstructed sources upon startup or no later than October 18, 2002, whichever is later. (2) For any portion of...

  15. 40 CFR 61.164 - Test methods and procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... effective date of this subpart for a source that has an initial startup date preceding the effective date; or (2) No later than 90 days after startup for a source that has an initial startup date after the... glass type (i) produced during the 12-month period, as follows: ER17OC00.483 Where: Ti = The theoretical...

  16. 40 CFR 61.164 - Test methods and procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... effective date of this subpart for a source that has an initial startup date preceding the effective date; or (2) No later than 90 days after startup for a source that has an initial startup date after the... glass type (i) produced during the 12-month period, as follows: ER17OC00.483 Where: Ti = The theoretical...

  17. 40 CFR 61.164 - Test methods and procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... effective date of this subpart for a source that has an initial startup date preceding the effective date; or (2) No later than 90 days after startup for a source that has an initial startup date after the... glass type (i) produced during the 12-month period, as follows: ER17OC00.483 Where: Ti = The theoretical...

  18. 40 CFR 61.164 - Test methods and procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... effective date of this subpart for a source that has an initial startup date preceding the effective date; or (2) No later than 90 days after startup for a source that has an initial startup date after the... glass type (i) produced during the 12-month period, as follows: ER17OC00.483 Where: Ti = The theoretical...

  19. 40 CFR 63.2250 - What are the general requirements?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ..., except during periods of process unit or control device startup, shutdown, and malfunction; prior to process unit initial startup; and during the routine control device maintenance exemption specified in... practice requirements are not operating, or during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction. Startup...

  20. 40 CFR 63.2250 - What are the general requirements?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ..., except during periods of process unit or control device startup, shutdown, and malfunction; prior to process unit initial startup; and during the routine control device maintenance exemption specified in... practice requirements are not operating, or during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction. Startup...

  1. 40 CFR 63.2250 - What are the general requirements?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ..., except during periods of process unit or control device startup, shutdown, and malfunction; prior to process unit initial startup; and during the routine control device maintenance exemption specified in... practice requirements are not operating, or during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction. Startup...

  2. 40 CFR 63.2250 - What are the general requirements?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... periods of process unit or control device startup, shutdown, and malfunction; prior to process unit initial startup; and during the routine control device maintenance exemption specified in § 63.2251. The... are not operating, or during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction. Startup and shutdown...

  3. 40 CFR 63.2250 - What are the general requirements?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... periods of process unit or control device startup, shutdown, and malfunction; prior to process unit initial startup; and during the routine control device maintenance exemption specified in § 63.2251. The... are not operating, or during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction. Startup and shutdown...

  4. 40 CFR 63.8545 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... startup of your affected source is before May 16, 2003, then you must comply with the applicable emission...) If the initial startup of your affected source is after May 16, 2003, then you must comply with the... initial startup of your affected source. (b) If you have an existing affected source, you must comply with...

  5. 40 CFR 63.8545 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... startup of your affected source is before May 16, 2003, then you must comply with the applicable emission...) If the initial startup of your affected source is after May 16, 2003, then you must comply with the... initial startup of your affected source. (b) If you have an existing affected source, you must comply with...

  6. 40 CFR 63.8545 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... startup of your affected source is before May 16, 2003, then you must comply with the applicable emission...) If the initial startup of your affected source is after May 16, 2003, then you must comply with the... initial startup of your affected source. (b) If you have an existing affected source, you must comply with...

  7. 40 CFR 63.8545 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... startup of your affected source is before May 16, 2003, then you must comply with the applicable emission...) If the initial startup of your affected source is after May 16, 2003, then you must comply with the... initial startup of your affected source. (b) If you have an existing affected source, you must comply with...

  8. 40 CFR 63.8545 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... startup of your affected source is before May 16, 2003, then you must comply with the applicable emission...) If the initial startup of your affected source is after May 16, 2003, then you must comply with the... initial startup of your affected source. (b) If you have an existing affected source, you must comply with...

  9. Loop Heat Pipe Startup Behaviors

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ku, Jentung

    2016-01-01

    A loop heat pipe must start successfully before it can commence its service. The startup transient represents one of the most complex phenomena in the loop heat pipe operation. This paper discusses various aspects of loop heat pipe startup behaviors. Topics include the four startup scenarios, the initial fluid distribution between the evaporator and reservoir that determines the startup scenario, factors that affect the fluid distribution between the evaporator and reservoir, difficulties encountered during the low power startup, and methods to enhance the startup success. Also addressed are the pressure spike and pressure surge during the startup transient, and repeated cycles of loop startup and shutdown under certain conditions.

  10. Startup of reactors for anoxic ammonium oxidation: experiences from the first full-scale anammox reactor in Rotterdam.

    PubMed

    van der Star, Wouter R L; Abma, Wiebe R; Blommers, Dennis; Mulder, Jan-Willem; Tokutomi, Takaaki; Strous, Marc; Picioreanu, Cristian; van Loosdrecht, Mark C M

    2007-10-01

    The first full-scale anammox reactor in the world was started in Rotterdam (NL). The reactor was scaled-up directly from laboratory-scale to full-scale and treats up to 750 kg-N/d. In the initial phase of the startup, anammox conversions could not be identified by traditional methods, but quantitative PCR proved to be a reliable indicator for growth of the anammox population, indicating an anammox doubling time of 10-12 days. The experience gained during this first startup in combination with the availability of seed sludge from this reactor, will lead to a faster startup of anammox reactors in the future. The anammox reactor type employed in Rotterdam was compared to other reactor types for the anammox process. Reactors with a high specific surface area like the granular sludge reactor employed in Rotterdam provide the highest volumetric loading rates. Mass transfer of nitrite into the biofilm is limiting the conversion of those reactor types that have a lower specific surface area. Now the first full-scale commercial anammox reactor is in operation, a consistent and descriptive nomenclature is suggested for reactors in which the anammox process is employed.

  11. 40 CFR 61.09 - Notification of startup.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Notification of startup. 61.09 Section...) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS General Provisions § 61.09 Notification of startup. (a) The owner or operator of each stationary source which has an initial startup after the effective...

  12. 40 CFR 61.09 - Notification of startup.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Notification of startup. 61.09 Section...) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS General Provisions § 61.09 Notification of startup. (a) The owner or operator of each stationary source which has an initial startup after the effective...

  13. 40 CFR 61.09 - Notification of startup.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Notification of startup. 61.09 Section...) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS General Provisions § 61.09 Notification of startup. (a) The owner or operator of each stationary source which has an initial startup after the effective...

  14. 40 CFR 61.09 - Notification of startup.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Notification of startup. 61.09 Section...) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS General Provisions § 61.09 Notification of startup. (a) The owner or operator of each stationary source which has an initial startup after the effective...

  15. 40 CFR 61.09 - Notification of startup.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Notification of startup. 61.09 Section...) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS General Provisions § 61.09 Notification of startup. (a) The owner or operator of each stationary source which has an initial startup after the effective...

  16. 40 CFR 63.2261 - By what date must I conduct performance tests or other initial compliance demonstrations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... initial startup or no later than 180 calendar days after the compliance date that is specified for your... compliance demonstrations that do not require performance tests upon initial startup or no later than 30...

  17. 40 CFR 63.2261 - By what date must I conduct performance tests or other initial compliance demonstrations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... initial startup or no later than 180 calendar days after the compliance date that is specified for your... compliance demonstrations that do not require performance tests upon initial startup or no later than 30...

  18. 40 CFR 63.2261 - By what date must I conduct performance tests or other initial compliance demonstrations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... conduct performance tests upon initial startup or no later than 180 calendar days after the compliance... initial startup or no later than 30 calendar days after the compliance date that is specified for your...

  19. 40 CFR 63.2261 - By what date must I conduct performance tests or other initial compliance demonstrations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... conduct performance tests upon initial startup or no later than 180 calendar days after the compliance... initial startup or no later than 30 calendar days after the compliance date that is specified for your...

  20. Rightpollex: From Patent To Startup

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Leba, Monica; Ionica, Andreea Cristina; Dobra, Remus

    2015-07-01

    RightPollex is an innovative product patented and developed by a multidisciplinary team from the University of Petrosani. The paper presents not only the idea and implementation possibilities of this patent, but also the current stage on the path towards the development of startups, an initiative of our university together with a private investor. The result of this initiative is JV Sensor Ventures that supports several startups.

  1. 40 CFR 63.1515 - Notifications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... startup after the effective date of this subpart and for which an application for approval of construction... major affected source that has an initial startup after the effective date of this subpart and for which...); (iii) Anticipated date of startup; and (iv) Actual date of startup. (4) As required by § 63.9(b)(5...

  2. 40 CFR 63.1515 - Notifications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... startup after the effective date of this subpart and for which an application for approval of construction... major affected source that has an initial startup after the effective date of this subpart and for which...); (iii) Anticipated date of startup; and (iv) Actual date of startup. (4) As required by § 63.9(b)(5...

  3. 40 CFR 63.1515 - Notifications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... startup after the effective date of this subpart and for which an application for approval of construction... major affected source that has an initial startup after the effective date of this subpart and for which...); (iii) Anticipated date of startup; and (iv) Actual date of startup. (4) As required by § 63.9(b)(5...

  4. Startup analysis for a high temperature gas loaded heat pipe

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sockol, P. M.

    1973-01-01

    A model for the rapid startup of a high-temperature gas-loaded heat pipe is presented. A two-dimensional diffusion analysis is used to determine the rate of energy transport by the vapor between the hot and cold zones of the pipe. The vapor transport rate is then incorporated in a simple thermal model of the startup of a radiation-cooled heat pipe. Numerical results for an argon-lithium system show that radial diffusion to the cold wall can produce large vapor flow rates during a rapid startup. The results also show that startup is not initiated until the vapor pressure p sub v in the hot zone reaches a precise value proportional to the initial gas pressure p sub i. Through proper choice of p sub i, startup can be delayed until p sub v is large enough to support a heat-transfer rate sufficient to overcome a thermal load on the heat pipe.

  5. Radio-frequency-assisted current startup in the fusion engineering device

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Borowski, S. K.; Peng, Yueng Kay Martin; Kammash, T.

    1984-01-01

    Auxiliary radio-frequency (RF) heating of electrons before and during the current rise phase of a large tokamak, such as the Fusion Engineering Device (FED) (R{sub 0} = 4.8 m, a = 1.3 m, sigma = 1.6, B(R{sub 0}) = 3.62 T), is examined as a means of reducing both the initiation loop voltage and resistive flux expenditure during startup. Prior to current initiation, 1 to 2 MW of electron cyclotron resonance heating power at about90 GHz is used to create a small volume of high conductivity plasma (T {sub e} approx. = 100 eV, n {sub e} approx. = 10{supmore » 19} m{sup -3}) near the upper hybrid resonance (UHR) region. This plasma conditioning, referred to as preheating, permits a small radius (a{sub 0} approx. = 0.2 to 0.4 m) current channel to be established with a relatively low initial loop voltage (less than or equal to 25 V as opposed to about 100 V without rf assist). During the subsequent plasma expansion and current rise phase, a combination of rf heating (up to 5 MW) and linear current ramping leads to a substantial savings in voltseconds by (a) minimizing the resistive flux consumption and (b) producing broad current density profiles. (With such broad profiles, the internal flux requirements are maintained at or near the flat profile limit.)« less

  6. Radio-frequency-assisted current startup in the Fusion Engineering Device

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Borowski, S.K.; Kammash, T.; Martin Peng, Y.K.

    1984-07-01

    Auxiliary radio-frequency (RF) heating of electrons before and during the current rise phase of a large tokamak, such as the Fusion Engineering Device (FED) (R/sub 0/ = 4.8 m, a = 1.3 m, sigma = 1.6, B(R/sub 0/) = 3.62 T), is examined as a means of reducing both the initiation loop voltage and resistive flux expenditure during startup. Prior to current initiation, 1 to 2 MW of electron cyclotron resonance heating power at about90 GHz is used to create a small volume of high conductivity plasma (T /sub e/ approx. = 100 eV, n /sub e/ approx. = 10/supmore » 19/ m/sup -3/) near the upper hybrid resonance (UHR) region. This plasma conditioning, referred to as preheating, permits a small radius (a/sub 0/ approx. = 0.2 to 0.4 m) current channel to be established with a relatively low initial loop voltage (less than or equal to 25 V as opposed to about 100 V without rf assist). During the subsequent plasma expansion and current rise phase, a combination of rf heating (up to 5 MW) and linear current ramping leads to a substantial savings in voltseconds by (a) minimizing the resistive flux consumption and (b) producing broad current density profiles. (With such broad profiles, the internal flux requirements are maintained at or near the flat profile limit.)« less

  7. Under Voltage Lock-Out Design Rules for Proper Start-Up of Energy Autonomous Systems Powered by Supercapacitors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Boitier, V.; Durand Estèbe, P.; Monthéard, R.; Bafleur, M.; Dilhac, J. M.

    2013-12-01

    This paper deals with the issue of the initial start-up of an autonomous and battery-free system powered by an energy harvester associated with a storage subsystem based on supercapacitors initially discharged. A review of different low power Under Voltage Lock-Out (UVLO) solutions used to delay the load start-up and to avoid a useless discharge of supercapacitors is presented and discussed.

  8. Thermal Vacuum Testing of a Helium Loop Heat Pipe for Large Area Cryocooling

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ku, Jentung; Robinson, Franklin

    2016-01-01

    A loop heat pipe must start successfully before it can commence its service. The startup transient represents one of the most complex phenomena in the loop heat pipe operation. This paper discusses various aspects of loop heat pipe startup behaviors. Topics include the four startup scenarios, the initial fluid distribution between the evaporator and reservoir that determines the startup scenario, factors that affect the fluid distribution between the evaporator and reservoir, difficulties encountered during the low power startup, and methods to enhance the startup success. Also addressed are the pressure spike and pressure surge during the startup transient, and repeated cycles of loop startup and shutdown under certain conditions.

  9. 42 CFR 137.302 - Are Federal funds available to cover start-up costs associated with initial Tribal assumption of...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... associated with initial Tribal assumption of environmental responsibilities? 137.302 Section 137.302 Public... OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES TRIBAL SELF-GOVERNANCE Construction Nepa Process § 137.302 Are Federal funds available to cover start-up costs associated with initial Tribal assumption of environmental...

  10. 42 CFR 137.302 - Are Federal funds available to cover start-up costs associated with initial Tribal assumption of...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... associated with initial Tribal assumption of environmental responsibilities? 137.302 Section 137.302 Public... OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES TRIBAL SELF-GOVERNANCE Construction Nepa Process § 137.302 Are Federal funds available to cover start-up costs associated with initial Tribal assumption of environmental...

  11. Loop Heat Pipe Startup Behaviors

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ku, Jentung

    2014-01-01

    A loop heat pipe must start successfully before it can commence its service. The start-up transient represents one of the most complex phenomena in the loop heat pipe operation. This paper discusses various aspects of loop heat pipe start-up behaviors. Topics include the four start-up scenarios, the initial fluid distribution between the evaporator and reservoir that determines the start-up scenario, factors that affect the fluid distribution between the evaporator and reservoir, difficulties encountered during the low power start-up, and methods to enhance the start-up success. Also addressed are the thermodynamic constraint between the evaporator and reservoir in the loop heat pipe operation, the superheat requirement for nucleate boiling, pressure spike and pressure surge during the start-up transient, and repeated cycles of loop start-up andshutdown under certain conditions.

  12. Start-up and incremental practice expenses for behavior change interventions in primary care.

    PubMed

    Dodoo, Martey S; Krist, Alex H; Cifuentes, Maribel; Green, Larry A

    2008-11-01

    If behavior-change services are to be offered routinely in primary care practices, providers must be appropriately compensated. Estimating what is spent by practices in providing such services is a critical component of establishing appropriate payment and was the objective of this study. In-practice expenditure data were collected for ten different interventions, using a standardized instrument in 29 practices nested in ten practice-based research networks across the U.S. during 2006-2007. The data were analyzed using standard templates to create credible estimates of the expenses incurred for both the start-up period and the implementation phase of the interventions. Average monthly start-up expenses were $1860 per practice (SE=$455). Most start-up expenditures were for staff training. Average monthly incremental costs were $58 ($15 for provision of direct care [SE=$5]; $43 in overhead [SE=$17]) per patient participant. The bulk of the intervention expenditures was spent on the recruitment and screening of patient participants. Primary care practices must spend money to address their patients' unhealthy behaviors--at least $1860 to initiate systematic approaches and $58 monthly per participating patient to implement the approaches routinely. Until primary care payment systems incorporate these expenses, it is unlikely that these services will be readily available.

  13. DISP: Optimizations towards Scalable MPI Startup

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Fu, Huansong; Pophale, Swaroop S; Gorentla Venkata, Manjunath

    2016-01-01

    Despite the popularity of MPI for high performance computing, the startup of MPI programs faces a scalability challenge as both the execution time and memory consumption increase drastically at scale. We have examined this problem using the collective modules of Cheetah and Tuned in Open MPI as representative implementations. Previous improvements for collectives have focused on algorithmic advances and hardware off-load. In this paper, we examine the startup cost of the collective module within a communicator and explore various techniques to improve its efficiency and scalability. Accordingly, we have developed a new scalable startup scheme with three internal techniques, namelymore » Delayed Initialization, Module Sharing and Prediction-based Topology Setup (DISP). Our DISP scheme greatly benefits the collective initialization of the Cheetah module. At the same time, it helps boost the performance of non-collective initialization in the Tuned module. We evaluate the performance of our implementation on Titan supercomputer at ORNL with up to 4096 processes. The results show that our delayed initialization can speed up the startup of Tuned and Cheetah by an average of 32.0% and 29.2%, respectively, our module sharing can reduce the memory consumption of Tuned and Cheetah by up to 24.1% and 83.5%, respectively, and our prediction-based topology setup can speed up the startup of Cheetah by up to 80%.« less

  14. Unsteady heat transfer performance of heat pipe with axially swallow-tailed microgrooves

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, R. P.

    2017-04-01

    A mathematical model is developed for predicting the transient heat transfer and fluid flow of heat pipe with axially swallow-tailed microgrooves. The effects of liquid convective heat transfer in the microgrooves, liquid-vapor interfacial phase-change heat transfer and liquid-vapor interfacial shear stress are accounted for in the present model. The coupled non-linear control equations are solved numerically. Mass flow rate at the interface is obtained from the application of kinetic theory. Time variation of wall temperature is studied from the initial startup to steady state. The numerical results are verified by experiments. Time constants for startup and shutdown operation are defined to determine how fast a heat pipe responds to an applied input heat flux, which slightly decreases with increasing heat load.

  15. 40 CFR 68.52 - Operating procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ...) Initial startup; (2) Normal operations; (3) Temporary operations; (4) Emergency shutdown and operations; (5) Normal shutdown; (6) Startup following a normal or emergency shutdown or a major change that... are updated, if necessary, whenever a major change occurs and prior to startup of the changed process. ...

  16. 40 CFR 68.52 - Operating procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ...) Initial startup; (2) Normal operations; (3) Temporary operations; (4) Emergency shutdown and operations; (5) Normal shutdown; (6) Startup following a normal or emergency shutdown or a major change that... are updated, if necessary, whenever a major change occurs and prior to startup of the changed process. ...

  17. 40 CFR 68.52 - Operating procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ...) Initial startup; (2) Normal operations; (3) Temporary operations; (4) Emergency shutdown and operations; (5) Normal shutdown; (6) Startup following a normal or emergency shutdown or a major change that... are updated, if necessary, whenever a major change occurs and prior to startup of the changed process. ...

  18. 40 CFR 68.52 - Operating procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ...) Initial startup; (2) Normal operations; (3) Temporary operations; (4) Emergency shutdown and operations; (5) Normal shutdown; (6) Startup following a normal or emergency shutdown or a major change that... are updated, if necessary, whenever a major change occurs and prior to startup of the changed process. ...

  19. Help Wanted: Exploring the Value of Entrepreneurial Mentoring at Start-Up

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Brodie, Jacqueline; Van Saane, Sebastiaan Huib; Osowska, Renata

    2017-01-01

    The purpose of the research presented in this article was to investigate the added value of mentoring for entrepreneurs during the start-up phase. This small-scale exploratory research focused on five start-up entrepreneurs in Scotland to determine the entrepreneurs' perceptions regarding the "added" value of their mentoring support. To…

  20. Evolution of microorganisms in thermophilic-dry anaerobic digestion.

    PubMed

    Montero, B; Garcia-Morales, J L; Sales, D; Solera, R

    2008-05-01

    Microbial population dynamics were studied during the start-up and stabilization periods in thermophilic-dry anaerobic digestion at lab-scale. The experimental protocol was defined to quantify Eubacteria and Archaea using Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), without recycling solids. The reactor was subjected to a programme of steady-state operation over a range of the retention times from 40 to 25 days, with an organic loading rate between 4.42 and 7.50 kg volatile solid/m3/day. Changes in microbial concentrations were linked to traditional performance parameters such as biogas production and VS removal. The relations of Eubacteria:Archaea and H2-utilising methanogens:acetate-utilising methanogens were 88:12 and 11:1, respectively, during start-up stage. Hydrogenotrophic methanogens, although important in the initial phase of the reactor start-up, were displaced by acetoclastic methanogens at steady-state, thus their relation were 7:32, respectively. The methane yield coefficient, the methane content in the biogas and VS removal were stabilized around 0.30 LCH4/gCOD, 50% and 80%, respectively. Methanogenic population correlated well with performance measurements.

  1. [Study on the start-up of anaerobic ammonium oxidation process in biological activated carbon reactor].

    PubMed

    Lai, Wei-Yi; Zhou, Wei-Li; He, Sheng-Bing

    2013-08-01

    In order to shorten the start-up time of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) reactor, biological activated cabon reactor was applied. Three lab scale UASB reactors were seeded with anaerobic sludge, fed with synthetic wastewater containing ammonia and nitrite, and supplemented with granular activated carbon on day 0, 33 and 56, respectively. The nitrogen removal performance of the first reactor, into which GAC was added on day 0, showed no significant improvement in 90 days. After being suspended for about one month, the secondary start-up of this reactor succeeded in another 33 days (totally 123 days). 49 d and 85 d were taken for the other two reactors started up by the addition of GAC on day 33 and 56, respectively. After the reactors were started up, the average removal rates of total nitrogen were 89.8%, 86.7% and 86.7%, respectively. The start-up process could be divided into four stages, namely, the bacterial autolysis phase, the lag phase, the improve phase and the stationary phase, and the best time for adding GAC carrier was right after the start of the lag phase.

  2. Adaptation of Methanogenic Inocula to Anaerobic Digestion of Maize Silage

    PubMed Central

    Wojcieszak, Martyna; Pyzik, Adam; Poszytek, Krzysztof; Krawczyk, Pawel S.; Sobczak, Adam; Lipinski, Leszek; Roubinek, Otton; Palige, Jacek; Sklodowska, Aleksandra; Drewniak, Lukasz

    2017-01-01

    A well-balanced microbial consortium is crucial for efficient biogas production. In turn, one of a major factor that influence on the structure of anaerobic digestion (AD) consortium is a source of microorganisms which are used as an inoculum. This study evaluated the influence of inoculum sources (with various origin) on adaptation of a biogas community and the efficiency of the biomethanization of maize silage. As initial inocula for AD of maize silage the samples from: (i) an agricultural biogas plant (ABP) which utilizes maize silage as a main substrate, (ii) cattle slurry (CS), which contain elevated levels of lignocelluloses materials, and (iii) raw sewage sludge (RSS) with low content of plant origin materials were used. The adaptation of methanogenic consortia was monitored during a series of passages, and the functionality of the adapted consortia was verified through start-up operation of AD in two-stage reactors. During the first stages of the adaptation phase, methanogenic consortia occurred very slowly, and only after several passages did the microbial community adapts to allow production of biogas with high methane content. The ABP consortium revealed highest biogas production in the adaptation and in the start-up process. The biodiversity dynamics monitored during adaptation and start-up process showed that community profile changed in a similar direction in three studied consortia. Native communities were very distinct to each other, while at the end of the Phase II of the start-up process microbial diversity profile was similar in all consortia. All adopted bacterial communities were dominated by representatives of Porphyromonadaceae, Rikenellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Synergistaceae. A shift from low acetate-preferring acetoclastic Methanosaetaceae (ABP and RSS) and/or hydrogenotrophic Archaea, e.g., Methanomicrobiaceae (CS) prevailing in the inoculum samples to larger populations of high acetate-preferring acetoclastic Methanosarcinaceae was observed by the end of the experiment. As a result, three independent, functional communities that syntrophically produced methane from acetate (primarily) and H2/CO2, methanol and methylamines were adapted. This study provides new insights into the specific process by which different inocula sampled from typical methanogenic environments that are commonly used to initiate industrial installations gradually adapted to allow biogas production from maize silage. PMID:29033919

  3. 40 CFR 63.11506 - What are my compliance dates?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... startup date is on or before July 1, 2008, you must achieve compliance with the provisions of this subpart... startup date is after July 1, 2008, you must achieve compliance with the provisions of this subpart upon initial startup of your affected source. Standards and Compliance Requirements ...

  4. 40 CFR 63.11506 - What are my compliance dates?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... startup date is on or before July 1, 2008, you must achieve compliance with the provisions of this subpart... startup date is after July 1, 2008, you must achieve compliance with the provisions of this subpart upon initial startup of your affected source. Standards and Compliance Requirements ...

  5. 40 CFR 63.11506 - What are my compliance dates?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... startup date is on or before July 1, 2008, you must achieve compliance with the provisions of this subpart... startup date is after July 1, 2008, you must achieve compliance with the provisions of this subpart upon initial startup of your affected source. Standards and Compliance Requirements ...

  6. 40 CFR 63.11506 - What are my compliance dates?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... startup date is on or before July 1, 2008, you must achieve compliance with the provisions of this subpart... startup date is after July 1, 2008, you must achieve compliance with the provisions of this subpart upon initial startup of your affected source. Standards and Compliance Requirements ...

  7. 40 CFR 63.11641 - What are my compliance dates?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... startup of your affected source is on or before February 17, 2011, you must comply with the provisions of... initial startup of your affected source is after February 17, 2011, you must comply with the provisions of this subpart upon startup of your affected source. Standards and Compliance Requirements ...

  8. 40 CFR 63.11641 - What are my compliance dates?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... startup of your affected source is on or before February 17, 2011, you must comply with the provisions of... initial startup of your affected source is after February 17, 2011, you must comply with the provisions of this subpart upon startup of your affected source. Standards and Compliance Requirements ...

  9. 40 CFR 63.11641 - What are my compliance dates?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... startup of your affected source is on or before February 17, 2011, you must comply with the provisions of... initial startup of your affected source is after February 17, 2011, you must comply with the provisions of this subpart upon startup of your affected source. Standards and Compliance Requirements ...

  10. 40 CFR 63.11641 - What are my compliance dates?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... startup of your affected source is on or before February 17, 2011, you must comply with the provisions of... initial startup of your affected source is after February 17, 2011, you must comply with the provisions of this subpart upon startup of your affected source. Standards and Compliance Requirements ...

  11. 40 CFR 63.11506 - What are my compliance dates?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... startup date is on or before July 1, 2008, you must achieve compliance with the provisions of this subpart... startup date is after July 1, 2008, you must achieve compliance with the provisions of this subpart upon initial startup of your affected source. Standards and Compliance Requirements ...

  12. Rf-assisted current startup in the Fusion Engineering Device (FED)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Borowski, S.K.; Peng, Y.K.M.; Kammash, T.

    1982-08-01

    Auxiliary rf heating of electrons before and during the current rise phase in the Fusion Engineering Device is examined as a means of reducing both the initiation loop voltage and resistive flux expenditure during startup. Prior to current initiation 1 to 2 MW of electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) power at approx. 90 GHz is used to create a small volume of high conductivity plasma (T/sub e/ approx. = 100 eV, n/sub e/ approx. = 10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/) near the upper hybrid resonance (UHR) region. This plasma conditioning permits a small radius (a/sub o/ approx. = 0.2 to 0.4more » m) current channel to be established with a relatively low initial loop voltage (less than or equal to 25 V). During the subsequent plasma expansion and current ramp phase, additional rf power is introduced to reduce volt-second consumption due to plasma resistance. A near classical particle and energy transport model has been developed to estimate the efficiency of electron heating in a currentless toroidal plasma. The model assumes that preferential electron heating at the UHR leads to the formation of an ambipolar sheath potential between the neutral plasma and the conducting vacuum vessel and limiter. The ambipolar electric field (E/sub AMB/) enables the plasma to neutralize itself via poloidal E vector/sub AMB/ x B vector drift. This form of effective rotational transform short-circuits the vertical charge separation and improves particle confinement.« less

  13. 40 CFR 63.405 - Notification requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... all affected IPCT's that have an initial startup before September 8, 1994, shall notify the... notification is being submitted as required by this subpart; and (iv) A description of the type of water... that have an initial startup on or after September 8, 1994, shall notify the Administrator in writing...

  14. 40 CFR 63.405 - Notification requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... all affected IPCT's that have an initial startup before September 8, 1994, shall notify the... notification is being submitted as required by this subpart; and (iv) A description of the type of water... that have an initial startup on or after September 8, 1994, shall notify the Administrator in writing...

  15. 40 CFR 61.247 - Reporting requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... existing source or a new source which has an initial startup date preceding the effective date, the... sources which did not have an initial startup date preceding December 14, 2000, the statement required... identification. (ii) Type of equipment (for example, a pump or pipeline valve). (iii) Percent by weight VHAP in...

  16. 40 CFR 61.247 - Reporting requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... existing source or a new source which has an initial startup date preceding the effective date, the... sources which did not have an initial startup date preceding December 14, 2000, the statement required... identification. (ii) Type of equipment (for example, a pump or pipeline valve). (iii) Percent by weight VHAP in...

  17. 40 CFR 63.405 - Notification requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... all affected IPCT's that have an initial startup before September 8, 1994, shall notify the... notification is being submitted as required by this subpart; and (iv) A description of the type of water... that have an initial startup on or after September 8, 1994, shall notify the Administrator in writing...

  18. 40 CFR 63.405 - Notification requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... all affected IPCT's that have an initial startup before September 8, 1994, shall notify the... notification is being submitted as required by this subpart; and (iv) A description of the type of water... that have an initial startup on or after September 8, 1994, shall notify the Administrator in writing...

  19. 40 CFR 61.247 - Reporting requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... existing source or a new source which has an initial startup date preceding the effective date, the... sources which did not have an initial startup date preceding December 14, 2000, the statement required... identification. (ii) Type of equipment (for example, a pump or pipeline valve). (iii) Percent by weight VHAP in...

  20. 40 CFR 63.405 - Notification requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... all affected IPCT's that have an initial startup before September 8, 1994, shall notify the... notification is being submitted as required by this subpart; and (iv) A description of the type of water... that have an initial startup on or after September 8, 1994, shall notify the Administrator in writing...

  1. 40 CFR 63.11429 - What are my compliance dates?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... must achieve compliance with applicable provisions in this subpart by July 16, 2007. (b) If you startup... provisions in this subpart not later than July 16, 2007. (c) If you startup a new affected source after July 16, 2007, you must achieve compliance with applicable provisions in this subpart upon initial startup...

  2. 40 CFR 63.11429 - What are my compliance dates?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... must achieve compliance with applicable provisions in this subpart by July 16, 2007. (b) If you startup... provisions in this subpart not later than July 16, 2007. (c) If you startup a new affected source after July 16, 2007, you must achieve compliance with applicable provisions in this subpart upon initial startup...

  3. 40 CFR 63.11429 - What are my compliance dates?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... must achieve compliance with applicable provisions in this subpart by July 16, 2007. (b) If you startup... provisions in this subpart not later than July 16, 2007. (c) If you startup a new affected source after July 16, 2007, you must achieve compliance with applicable provisions in this subpart upon initial startup...

  4. 40 CFR 63.11429 - What are my compliance dates?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... must achieve compliance with applicable provisions in this subpart by July 16, 2007. (b) If you startup... provisions in this subpart not later than July 16, 2007. (c) If you startup a new affected source after July 16, 2007, you must achieve compliance with applicable provisions in this subpart upon initial startup...

  5. 40 CFR 63.11429 - What are my compliance dates?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... must achieve compliance with applicable provisions in this subpart by July 16, 2007. (b) If you startup... provisions in this subpart not later than July 16, 2007. (c) If you startup a new affected source after July 16, 2007, you must achieve compliance with applicable provisions in this subpart upon initial startup...

  6. Development of a cryogenic capillary pumped loop

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kroliczek, Edward J.; Cullimore, Brent

    1996-03-01

    This paper describes the initial development of a promising new cryogenic technology. Room temperature capillary pumped loops (CPLs), a derivative of heat pipe technology, have been under development for almost two decades and are emerging as a design solution for many spacecraft thermal control problems. While cryogenic capillary pumped loops have application to passive spacecraft radiators and to long term storage of cryogenic propellants and open-cycle coolants, their application to the integration of spacecraft cryocoolers has generated the most excitement. Without moving parts or complex controls, they are able to thermally connect redundant cryocoolers to a single remote load, eliminating thermal switches and providing mechanical isolation at the same time. Development of a cryogenic CPL (CCPL) presented some unique challenges including start-up from a super-critical state, the management of parasitic heat leaks and pressure containment at ambient temperatures. These challenges have been overcome with a novel design that requires no additional devices or preconditioning for start-up. This paper describes the design concept and development and results conducted under SBIR Phase I and Phase II.

  7. The Perfect Pairing: The Adult Learner and the Boutique Winery in the Start-Up Phase

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Heath-Simpson, Delta F.

    2011-01-01

    The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand and describe the lived experiences of adult learners who are owners and managers of small winery businesses operating in the start-up phase of the organizational life cycle. The study explored and identified the meaning of adult learning in the entrepreneurial context and its affect on…

  8. PCDD/F emissions during startup and shutdown of a hazardous waste incinerator.

    PubMed

    Li, Min; Wang, Chao; Cen, Kefa; Ni, Mingjiang; Li, Xiaodong

    2017-08-01

    Compared with municipal solid waste incineration, studies on the PCDD/F emissions of hazardous waste incineration (HWI) under transient conditions are rather few. This study investigates the PCDD/F emission level, congener profile and removal efficiency recorded during startup and shutdown by collecting flue gas samples at the bag filter inlet and outlet and at the stack. The PCDD/F concentration measured in the stack gas during startup and shutdown were 0.56-4.16 ng I-TEQ Nm -3 and 1.09-3.36 ng I-TEQ Nm -3 , respectively, far exceeding the present codes in China. The total amount of PCDD/F emissions, resulting from three shutdown-startup cycles of this HWI-unit is almost equal to that generated during one year under normal operating conditions. Upstream the filter, the PCDD/F in the flue gas is mainly in the particle phase; however, after being filtered PCDD/F prevails in the gas phase. The PCDD/F fraction in the gas phase even exceeds 98% after passing through the alkaline scrubber. Especially higher chlorinated PCDD/F accumulate on inner walls of filters and ducts during these startup periods and could be released again during normal operation, significantly increasing PCDD/F emissions. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  9. Manual of Considerations and Techniques for Start-Up of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rader, R. D.; And Others

    This manual provides guidance for putting into initial operation a new municipal wastewater treatment plant, a new addition to an existing treatment plant, or a change in the mode of a treatment plant's operation. Information is provided on preparing for actual treatment plant start-up. Preparation for start-up includes: staffing the plant,…

  10. Experiments with metallic and ceramic porous media

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Frederking, T. H. K.; Abbassi, P.; Khandhar, P. K.; Luna, Jack

    1988-01-01

    Work in the area of mechano-caloric phenomena was initiated during 1988 with startup in the Summer 1988 period. The ideal system utilizing He-II super-phenomena is modeled readily, within the frame of thermodynamics energetics, using the concept of an ideal superleak. The real system however uses porous media of non-ideal pore-grain ingredients. The early phase of experimental and related modeling studies is outlined for the time period from Summer 1988 to the end of 1988.

  11. Genetic Counselors in Startup Companies: Redefining the Genetic Counselor Role.

    PubMed

    Rabideau, Marina M; Wong, Kenny; Gordon, Erynn S; Ryan, Lauren

    2016-08-01

    Genetic counselors (GCs) have recently begun moving into non-clinic based roles in increasing numbers. A relatively new role for GCs is working for startup companies. Startups are newly established companies in the phase of developing and researching new scalable businesses. This article explores the experiences of four GCs working at different startup companies and aims to provide resources for GCs interested in learning more about these types of roles. The article describes startup culture, including a relatively flat organizational structure, quick product iterations, and flexibility, among other unique cultural characteristics. Financial considerations are described, including how to understand and evaluate a company's financial status, along with a brief explanation of alternate forms of compensation including stock options and equity. Specifically, the article details the uncertainties and rewards of working in a fast-paced startup environment that affords opportunities to try new roles and use the genetic counseling skill set in new ways. This article aims to aid GCs in determining whether a startup environment would be a good fit, learning how to evaluate a specific startup, and understanding how to market themselves for positions at startups.

  12. 40 CFR 63.3883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... each type of affected source is specified in paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section. The compliance... compliance date is the applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup... January 2, 2004. (2) If the initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after...

  13. 40 CFR 63.4483 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... must comply with this subpart is called the compliance date. The compliance date for each type of... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after April 19, 2004, the compliance...

  14. 40 CFR 63.1191 - What notifications must I submit?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... types of sources are subject to the standard: (1) An area source that increases its emissions so that it becomes a major source. (2) A source that has an initial startup before the effective date of the standard. (3) A new or reconstructed source that has an initial startup after the effective date of the...

  15. 40 CFR 63.1191 - What notifications must I submit?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... types of sources are subject to the standard: (1) An area source that increases its emissions so that it becomes a major source. (2) A source that has an initial startup before the effective date of the standard. (3) A new or reconstructed source that has an initial startup after the effective date of the...

  16. 40 CFR 63.3483 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... subpart is called the compliance date. The compliance date for each type of affected source is specified... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section. (1) If the initial startup of your new or... initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after November 13, 2003, the...

  17. 40 CFR 63.7545 - What notifications must I submit and when?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    .... (b) As specified in § 63.9(b)(2), if you startup your affected source before May 20, 2011, you must...)(4) and (b)(5), if you startup your new or reconstructed affected source on or after May 20, 2011, you must submit an Initial Notification not later than 15 days after the actual date of startup of the...

  18. Study of plasma start-up initiated by second harmonic electron cyclotron resonance heating on WEGA experiment

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Preynas, M.; Laqua, H. P.; Otte, M.

    Although both 1st harmonic ordinary mode (O1) and 2nd harmonic extra-ordinary mode (X2) have been successfully used to initiate pre-ionization and breakdown in many devices, a complete theoretical model is still missing to explain the success of this method. Moreover, some experimental observations are not completely understood, such as what occurs during the delay time between the turn-on of ECRH power and first signals of density or light measurements. Since during this free period the ECRH power has to be absorbed by in-vessel components, it is of prime importance to know what governs this delay time. Recently, dedicated start-up experimentsmore » have been performed on WEGA, using a 28 GHz ECRH system in X2-mode. This machine has the interesting capability to be run also as a tokamak allowing comparative experiments between stellarator (ι/2π > 0) and tokamak (ι/2π = 0) configurations. Different scans in heating power, neutral gas pressure, and rotational transform (ι) show clearly that the start-up is a two step process. A first step following the turn-on of the ECRH power during which no measurable electron density (or just above the noise level in some cases), ECE and radiated power is detected. Its duration depends strongly on the level of injected power. The second step corresponds to the gas ionization and plasma expansion phase, with a velocity of density build-up and filling-up of the vessel volume depending mainly on pressure, gas and rotational transform. Moreover, an interesting scenario of ECRH pre-ionization without loop voltage in tokamak configuration by applying a small optimal vertical field is relevant for start-up assistance on future experiments like ITER. The results from this experimental parametric study are useful for the modeling of the start-up assisted by the second harmonic electron cyclotron resonance heating. The aim of this work is to establish predictive scenarios for both ITER and W7-X operation.« less

  19. Predictive Power-balance Modeling of PEGASUS and NSTX-U Local Helicity Injection Discharges

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Barr, J. L.; Bongard, M. W.; Burke, M. G.; Fonck, R. J.; Hinson, E. T.; Perry, J. M.; Redd, A. J.; Schlossberg, D. J.

    2013-10-01

    Local helicity injection (LHI) with outer poloidal-field (PF) induction for solenoid-free startup is being studied on PEGASUS, reaching Ip <= 0 . 175 MA with 6 kA of injected current. A lumped-parameter circuit model for predicting the performance of LHI initiated plasmas is under development. The model employs energy and helicity balance, and includes applied PF ramping and the inductive effects of shape evolution. Low- A formulations for both the plasma external inductance and a uniform equilibrium-field are used to estimate inductive voltages. PEGASUS LHI plasmas are created near the outboard injectors with aspect ratio (A) ~ 5-6.5 and grow inward to fill the confinement region at A <= 1 . 3 . Initial results match experimental Ip (t) trajectories within 15 kA with a prescribed geometry evolution. Helicity injection is the largest driving term in the initial phase, but in the later phase is reduced to 20-45% of the total drive as PF induction and decreasing plasma inductance become dominant. In contrast, attaining ~1 MA non-solenoidal startup via LHI on NSTX-U will require operation in the regime where helicity injection drive exceeds inductive and geometric changes at full size. A large-area multi-injector array will increase available helicity injection by 3-4 times and allow exploration of this helicity-dominated regime at Ip ~ 0 . 3 MA in PEGASUS. Comparison of model predictions with time-evolving magnetic equilibria is in progress for model validation. Work supported by US DOE Grant DE-FG02-96ER54375.

  20. SP-100 initial startup and restart control strategy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Halfen, Frank J.; Wong, Kwok K.; Switick, Dennis M.; Shukla, Jaikaran N.

    Startup control strategies for SP-100 are described. Revised control and operating strategies are discussed which have been developed and tested using the SP-100 dynamic simulation model Aries-GFS (Generic Flight System).

  1. Two-dimensional simulation of a two-phase, regenerative pumped radiator loop utilizing direct contact heat transfer with phase change

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rhee, Hyop S.; Begg, Lester L.; Wetch, Joseph R.; Jang, Jong H.; Juhasz, Albert J.

    An innovative pumped loop concept for 600 K space power system radiators utilizing direct contact heat transfer, which facilitates repeated startup/shutdown of the power system without complex and time-consuming coolant thawing during power startup, is under development. The heat transfer process with melting/freezing of Li in an NaK flow was studied through two-dimensional time-dependent numerical simulations to characterize and predict the Li/NaK radiator performance during startup (thawing) and shutdown (cold-trapping). Effects of system parameters and the criteria for the plugging domain are presented together with temperature distribution patterns in solid Li and subsequent melting surface profile variations in time.

  2. 40 CFR 63.3083 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... you must comply with this subpart is called the compliance date. The compliance date for each type of... the applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new...) If the initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after June 25, 2004, the...

  3. 40 CFR 63.4283 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... each type of affected source is specified in paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section. The compliance... compliance date is the applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup..., 2003. (2) If the initial startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after May 29, 2003...

  4. 40 CFR 63.6105 - What are my general requirements for complying with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... to you at all times except during startup, shutdown, and malfunctions. (b) If you must comply with... times including during startup, shutdown, and malfunction. Testing and Initial Compliance Requirements ...

  5. A single center analysis of factors influencing study start-up timeline in clinical trials.

    PubMed

    Krafcik, Brianna M; Doros, Gheorghe; Malikova, Marina A

    2017-11-01

    Efficient start-up phase in clinical trials is crucial to execution. The goal was to determine factors contributing to delays. The start-up milestones were assessed for 38 studies and analyzed. Total start-up time was shorter for following studies: device trials, no outsourcing, fewer ancillary services used and in interventional versus observational designs. The use of a centralized Institutional Review Board (IRB) versus a local IRB reduced time to approval. Studies that never enrolled took longer on average to finalize their budget/contract, and obtain IRB than ones that did enroll. Different features of clinical trials can affect timeline of start-up process. An understanding of the impact of each feature allows for optimization.

  6. Demonstration of Inductive Flux Saving by Transient CHI on NSTX

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Raman, Roger

    2010-11-01

    Experiments in NSTX have now demonstrated the saving of central solenoid flux equivalent to 200kA of toroidal plasma current after coupling plasmas produced by Transient Coaxial Helicity Injection (CHI) to inductive sustainment and ramp-up of the toroidal plasma current [R. Raman, et al., PRL 104, 095003 (2010)]. This is a record for non-inductive plasma startup, and an important step for developing the spherical torus concept. With an injector current of only 4kA and total power supply energy of only 21 kJ, CHI initiated a toroidal current of 250 kA that when coupled to 0.11 Vs of induction ramped up to 525 kA without using any auxiliary heating, whereas an otherwise identical inductive-only discharge ramped to only 325 kA. This flux saving was realized by reducing the influx of low-Z impurities during the start-up phase through the use of electrode conditioning discharges, followed by lithium evaporative coating of the plasma-facing surfaces and reducing parasitic arcs in the upper divertor region through use of additional shaping-field coils. As a result of these improvements, and for the first time in NSTX, the electron temperature during the CHI phase continually increased with input energy, indicating that the additional injected energy was contributing to heating the plasma instead of being lost through impurity line radiation. Simulations with the Tokamak Simulation Code (TSC) show that the observed scaling of CHI start-up current with toroidal field in NSTX is consistent with theory, suggesting that use of CHI on larger machines is quite attractive. These exciting results from NSTX demonstrate that CHI is a viable solenoid-free plasma startup method for future STs and tokamaks. This work supported by U.S. DOE Contracts DE-AC02-09CH11466 and DE-FG02-99ER54519 AM08.

  7. 40 CFR 63.6105 - What are my general requirements for complying with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... limitations which apply to you at all times except during startup, shutdown, and malfunctions. (b) If you must... emissions at all times including during startup, shutdown, and malfunction. Testing and Initial Compliance...

  8. 40 CFR 63.6105 - What are my general requirements for complying with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... limitations which apply to you at all times except during startup, shutdown, and malfunctions. (b) If you must... emissions at all times including during startup, shutdown, and malfunction. Testing and Initial Compliance...

  9. 40 CFR 63.6105 - What are my general requirements for complying with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... limitations which apply to you at all times except during startup, shutdown, and malfunctions. (b) If you must... emissions at all times including during startup, shutdown, and malfunction. Testing and Initial Compliance...

  10. 40 CFR 63.11210 - What are my initial compliance requirements and by what date must I conduct them?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... March 21, 2011 or within 180 days after startup of the source, whichever is later, according to § 63.7(a... basis the type of fuel combusted. If you intend to burn a new type of fuel or fuel mixture that does not... than 25 months or 61 months, respectively, after the initial startup of the new or reconstructed...

  11. 40 CFR 63.11210 - What are my initial compliance requirements and by what date must I conduct them?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... March 21, 2011 or within 180 days after startup of the source, whichever is later, according to § 63.7(a... basis the type of fuel combusted. If you intend to burn a new type of fuel or fuel mixture that does not... than 25 months or 61 months, respectively, after the initial startup of the new or reconstructed...

  12. New Strategy for a Suitable Fast Stabilization of the Biomethanization Performance

    PubMed Central

    Fernández-Güelfo, L. A.; Álvarez-Gallego, C. J.; Sales Márquez, D.; Romero García, L. I.

    2012-01-01

    The start-up strategies for thermophilic anaerobic reactors usually consist of an initial mesophilic stage (35°C), with an approximate duration of 185 days, and a subsequent thermophilic stage (55°C), which normally requires around 60 days to achieve the system stabilizatio. During the first 8–10 days of the mesophilic stage, the reactor is not fed so that the inoculum, which is generally a mesophilic anaerobic sludge, may be adapted to the organic solid waste. Between mesophilic and thermophilic conditions the reactor is still not fed in an effort to prevent possible imbalances in the proces. As a consequence, the start-up and stabilization of the biomethanization performance described in the literature require, at least, around 245 days. In this sense, a new strategy for the start-up and stabilization phases is presented in this study. This approach allows an important reduction in the overall time necessary for these stages in an anaerobic continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) operated at thermophilic-dry conditions for treating the organic fraction of the municipal solid waste (OFMSW): 60 days versus 245 days of conventional strategies. The new strategy uses modified SEBAC technology to adapt an inoculum to the OFMSW and the operational conditions prior to seeding the CSTR. PMID:23193374

  13. Policy implications of startup utilization by enrollees in prepaid group plans.

    PubMed

    Baloff, N; Griffith, M J

    1984-04-01

    This article discusses several policy implications of the so-called startup effect, in which high initial health services utilization by new enrollees in prepaid group plans ( PGPs ) becomes reduced with the increasing duration of membership. Results of research in a developing PGP are analyzed as they relate to a mathematical model of startups for two measures of enrollee use. After estimating the total costs of startups in this setting, the motivating effects of such costs on PGPs are examined in relation to several policy issues--including the rate of PGP development in the United States, the use of financial incentives to enroll the elderly and medically disadvantaged, potential inequities of premium determination, the large impact of startups on disenrollment , and the federally mandated process of annual announcement of benefits and open enrollment. Ideas and mechanisms for future study on the startup effect and its policy implications are discussed.

  14. Policy implications of startup utilization by enrollees in prepaid group plans.

    PubMed Central

    Baloff, N; Griffith, M J

    1984-01-01

    This article discusses several policy implications of the so-called startup effect, in which high initial health services utilization by new enrollees in prepaid group plans ( PGPs ) becomes reduced with the increasing duration of membership. Results of research in a developing PGP are analyzed as they relate to a mathematical model of startups for two measures of enrollee use. After estimating the total costs of startups in this setting, the motivating effects of such costs on PGPs are examined in relation to several policy issues--including the rate of PGP development in the United States, the use of financial incentives to enroll the elderly and medically disadvantaged, potential inequities of premium determination, the large impact of startups on disenrollment , and the federally mandated process of annual announcement of benefits and open enrollment. Ideas and mechanisms for future study on the startup effect and its policy implications are discussed. PMID:6724954

  15. ECH-assisted startup at KSTAR

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bae, Y. S.; Jeong, J. H.; Park, S. I.; Cho, M. H.; Namkung, W.; Jackson, G. L.; Joung, M.; Yoon, S. W.; Kim, J. H.; Hahn, S. H.; Kim, W. C.; Yang, H. L.; Oh, Y. K.; Humphreys, D.; Walker, M. L.; Gorelov, Y.; Leuer, J. A.; Hyatt, A. W.; Eidietis, N. W.; Mueller, D.; Bak, J. S.; Kwon, M.

    2009-11-01

    The electron cyclotron heating (ECH)-assisted startup was successful in the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) first plasma campaign completed in June, 2008. It was observed that the second harmonic EC wave of 0.35 MW was sufficient to achieve breakdown in the ECH pre-ionization phase, to allow burn through, and to sustain the plasma during the current ramp with a low loop voltage of 2.0 V. This corresponds to a toroidal electric field of 0.24 Vm-1 at the innermost vacuum vessel wall (R = 1.3 m). Since there is no feedback control of the plasma radial position in the initial phase of the KSTAR first plasma campaign, wall contact caused the plasma current fall to zero soon after the ECH beam was turned off. Extending pulse duration of the ECH power to 190 ms allowed the plasma current to rise up to more than 100 kA with a ramp-up rate of 0.8 MA/s and the pulse duration of 210 ms. Later in the first plasma campaign, the plasma was sustained up to 865 ms with the help of additional heating of 350-ms long ECH beam and with the help of the plasma radial position feedback control. The plasma current in the pre-ionization phase was observed and it is considered to be pressure-driven Pfirsch-Schlüter current.

  16. Investigation of natural circulation instability and transients in passively safe novel modular reactor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shi, Shanbin

    The Purdue Novel Modular Reactor (NMR) is a new type small modular reactor (SMR) that belongs to the design of boiling water reactor (BWR). Specifically, the NMR is one third the height and area of a conventional BWR reactor pressure vessel (RPV) with an electric output of 50 MWe. The fuel cycle length of the NMR-50 is extended up to 10 years due to optimized neutronics design. The NMR-50 is designed with double passive engineering safety system. However, natural circulation BWRs (NCBWR) could experience certain operational difficulties due to flow instabilities that occur at low pressure and low power conditions. Static instabilities (i.e. flow excursion (Ledinegg) instability and flow pattern transition instability) and dynamic instabilities (i.e. density wave instability and flashing/condensation instability) pose a significant challenge in two-phase natural circulation systems. In order to experimentally study the natural circulation flow instability, a proper scaling methodology is needed to build a reduced-size test facility. The scaling analysis of the NMR uses a three-level scaling method, which was developed and applied for the design of the Purdue Multi-dimensional Integral Test Assembly (PUMA). Scaling criteria is derived from dimensionless field equations and constitutive equations. The scaling process is validated by the RELAP5 analysis for both steady state and startup transients. A new well-scaled natural circulation test facility is designed and constructed based on the scaling analysis of the NMR-50. The experimental facility is installed with different equipment to measure various thermal-hydraulic parameters such as pressure, temperature, mass flow rate and void fraction. Characterization tests are performed before the startup transient tests and quasi-steady tests to determine the loop flow resistance. The controlling system and data acquisition system are programmed with LabVIEW to realize the real-time control and data storage. The thermal-hydraulic and nuclear coupled startup transients are performed to investigate the flow instabilities at low pressure and low power conditions. Two different power ramps are chosen to study the effect of power density on the flow instability. The experimental startup transient tests show the existence of three different flow instability mechanisms during the low pressure startup transients, i.e., flashing instability, condensation induced instability, and density wave oscillations. Flashing instability in the chimney section of the test loop and density wave oscillation are the main flow instabilities observed when the system pressure is below 0.5 MPa. They show completely different type of oscillations, i.e., intermittent oscillation and sinusoidal oscillation, in void fraction profile during the startup transients. In order to perform nuclear-coupled startup transients with void reactivity feedback, the Point Kinetics model is utilized to calculate the transient power during the startup transients. In addition, the differences between the electric resistance heaters and typical fuel element are taken into account. The reactor power calculated shows some oscillations due to flashing instability during the transients. However, the void reactivity feedback does not have significant influence on the flow instability during the startup procedure for the NMR-50. Further investigation of very small power ramp on the startup transients is carried out for the thermal-hydraulic startup transients. It is found that very small power density can eliminate the flashing oscillation in the single phase natural circulation and stabilize the flow oscillations in the phase of net vapor generation. Furthermore, initially pressurized startup procedure is investigated to eliminate the main flow instabilities. The results show that the pressurized startup procedure can suppress the flashing instability at low pressure and low power conditions. In order to have a deep understanding of natural circulation flow instability, the quasi-steady tests are performed using the test facility installed with preheater and subcooler. The effects of system pressure, core inlet subcooling, core power density, inlet flow resistance coefficient, and void reactivity feedback are investigated in the quasi-steady state tests. The stability boundaries are determined between unstable and stable flow conditions in the dimensionless stability plane of inlet subcooling number and Zuber number. In order to predict the stability boundary theoretically, linear stability analysis in the frequency domain is performed at four sections of the loop. The flashing in the chimney is considered as an axially uniform heat source. The dimensionless characteristic equation of the pressure drop perturbation is obtained by considering the void fraction effect and outlet flow resistance in the chimney section. The flashing boundary shows some discrepancies with previous experimental data from the quasi-steady state tests. In the future, thermal non-equilibrium is recommended to improve the accuracy of flashing instability boundary.

  17. SuperJet International case study: a business network start-up in the aeronautics industry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Corallo, Angelo; de Maggio, Marco; Storelli, Davide

    This chapter presents the SuperJet International case study, a start-up in the aeronautics industry characterized by a process-oriented approach and a complex and as yet evolving network of partnerships and collaborations. The chapter aims to describe the key points of the start-up process, highlighting common factors and differences compared to the TEKNE Methodology of Change, with particular reference to the second and third phase, namely, the design and deployment of new techno-organizational systems. The SuperJet International startup is presented as a case study where strategic and organizational aspects have been jointly conceived from a network-driven perspective. The chapter compares some of the guidelines of the TEKNE Methodology of Change with experiences and actual practices deriving from interviews with key players in SJI's start-up process.

  18. Digital computer study of nuclear reactor thermal transients during startup of 60-kWe Brayton power conversion system

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Jefferies, K. S.; Tew, R. C.

    1974-01-01

    A digital computer study was made of reactor thermal transients during startup of the Brayton power conversion loop of a 60-kWe reactor Brayton power system. A startup procedure requiring the least Brayton system complication was tried first; this procedure caused violations of design limits on key reactor variables. Several modifications of this procedure were then found which caused no design limit violations. These modifications involved: (1) using a slower rate of increase in gas flow; (2) increasing the initial reactor power level to make the reactor respond faster; and (3) appropriate reactor control drum manipulation during the startup transient.

  19. The 'CommTech' Methodology: A Demand-Driven Approach to Efficient, Productive and Measurable Technology Transfer

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Horsham, Gray A. P.

    1998-01-01

    Market research sources were used to initially gather primary technological problems and needs data from non-aerospace companies in targeted industry sectors. The company-supplied information served as input data to activate or start-up an internal, phased match-making process. This process was based on technical-level relationship exploration followed by business-level agreement negotiations, and culminated with project management and execution. Space Act Agreements represented near-term outputs. Company product or process commercialization derived from Lewis support and measurable economic effects represented far-term outputs.

  20. Airborne Intelligent Display (AID) Phase I Software Description,

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-10-24

    Board Computer Characteristics 10 3.0 SOFTWARE GENERAL DESCRIPTION 13 3.1 Overview 13 3.2 System Software 14 3.2.1 System Startup 14 3.2.1.1 Initial...3 A-2 Task States A-4 A-3 Task Program Structure A-6 A-4 Task States and State Change Mechanisms A-7 A-5 Computing Return Addresses: RUNADR, SLPADR A...techniques. 2.2 Design Approach The stated objectives were met by: 1. distributing the processing load among multiple Z80 single-board computers (SBC’s). This

  1. 40 CFR 63.468 - Reporting requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... brief description of each solvent cleaning machine including machine type (batch vapor, batch cold... construction or reconstruction had commenced and initial startup had not occurred before December 2, 1994, shall submit this report as soon as practicable before startup but no later than January 31, 1995. New...

  2. 40 CFR 63.361 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... limitation (including any operating limit) or work practice standard in this subpart during startup, shutdown... date means the date of promulgation in the Federal Register notice. Initial startup date means the date... types for the purpose of controlling these emissions with a single control device. Maximum ethylene...

  3. 40 CFR 63.361 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... limitation (including any operating limit) or work practice standard in this subpart during startup, shutdown... date means the date of promulgation in the Federal Register notice. Initial startup date means the date... types for the purpose of controlling these emissions with a single control device. Maximum ethylene...

  4. 40 CFR 63.468 - Reporting requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... brief description of each solvent cleaning machine including machine type (batch vapor, batch cold... construction or reconstruction had commenced and initial startup had not occurred before December 2, 1994, shall submit this report as soon as practicable before startup but no later than January 31, 1995. New...

  5. 40 CFR 63.468 - Reporting requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... brief description of each solvent cleaning machine including machine type (batch vapor, batch cold... construction or reconstruction had commenced and initial startup had not occurred before December 2, 1994, shall submit this report as soon as practicable before startup but no later than January 31, 1995. New...

  6. 40 CFR 63.468 - Reporting requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... brief description of each solvent cleaning machine including machine type (batch vapor, batch cold... construction or reconstruction had commenced and initial startup had not occurred before December 2, 1994, shall submit this report as soon as practicable before startup but no later than January 31, 1995. New...

  7. Optimization of operation conditions for the startup of aerobic granular sludge reactors biologically removing carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous.

    PubMed

    Lochmatter, Samuel; Holliger, Christof

    2014-08-01

    The transformation of conventional flocculent sludge to aerobic granular sludge (AGS) biologically removing carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus (COD, N, P) is still a main challenge in startup of AGS sequencing batch reactors (AGS-SBRs). On the one hand a rapid granulation is desired, on the other hand good biological nutrient removal capacities have to be maintained. So far, several operation parameters have been studied separately, which makes it difficult to compare their impacts. We investigated seven operation parameters in parallel by applying a Plackett-Burman experimental design approach with the aim to propose an optimized startup strategy. Five out of the seven tested parameters had a significant impact on the startup duration. The conditions identified to allow a rapid startup of AGS-SBRs with good nutrient removal performances were (i) alternation of high and low dissolved oxygen phases during aeration, (ii) a settling strategy avoiding too high biomass washout during the first weeks of reactor operation, (iii) adaptation of the contaminant load in the early stage of the startup in order to ensure that all soluble COD was consumed before the beginning of the aeration phase, (iv) a temperature of 20 °C, and (v) a neutral pH. Under such conditions, it took less than 30 days to produce granular sludge with high removal performances for COD, N, and P. A control run using this optimized startup strategy produced again AGS with good nutrient removal performances within four weeks and the system was stable during the additional operation period of more than 50 days. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. Steam stripping of the unsaturated zone of contaminated sub-soils: The effect of diffusion/dispersion in the start-up phase

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Brouwers, H. J. H.; Gilding, B. H.

    2006-02-01

    The unsteady process of steam stripping of the unsaturated zone of soils contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is addressed. A model is presented. It accounts for the effects of water and contaminants remaining in vapour phase, as well as diffusion and dispersion of contaminants in this phase. The model has two components. The first is a one-dimensional description of the propagation of a steam front in the start-up phase. This is based on Darcy's law and conservation laws of mass and energy. The second component describes the transport of volatile contaminants. Taking the view that non-equilibrium between liquid and vapour phases exists, it accounts for evaporation, transport, and condensation at the front. This leads to a moving-boundary problem. The moving-boundary problem is brought into a fixed domain by a suitable transformation of the governing partial differential equations, and solved numerically. For a broad range of the governing dimensionless numbers, such as the Henry, Merkel and Péclet numbers, computational results are discussed. A mathematical asymptotic analysis supports this discussion. The range of parameter values for which the model is valid is investigated. Diffusion and dispersion are shown to be of qualitative importance, but to have little quantitative effect in the start-up phase.

  9. Soft-Starting Power-Factor Motor Controller

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Nola, F. J.

    1983-01-01

    Three-phase power-factor controller with soft start is based on earlier version that does not control starting transients. Additional components serve to turn off "run" command signal and substitute gradual startup command signal during preset startup interval. Improved controller reduces large current surge that usually accompanies starting. Controller applies power smoothly, without causing motor vibrations.

  10. 77 FR 74908 - Small Business Investment Companies-Early Stage SBICs

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-18

    ... President Obama's ``Start-Up America Initiative'' to promote American innovation and job creation by encouraging private sector investment in job-creating startups and small firms, accelerating research, and...). Applicants that do not address, to SBA's satisfaction, all of the comments contained in SBA's comment letter...

  11. Characteristics of adapted hydrogenotrophic community during biomethanation.

    PubMed

    Rachbauer, Lydia; Beyer, Reinhard; Bochmann, Günther; Fuchs, Werner

    2017-10-01

    The results presented in this study were carried out as concomitant experiments during the start-up and operation of a biomethanation unit to evaluate the effect of process parameters on carbon conversion, product formation (methane and acetate) and community composition. For that, two different samples were withdrawn from a trickle-bed reactor with immobilized enrichment culture of hydrogenotrophic methanogens adapted from sewage sludge. One sample was taken from the recirculation liquid during start-up phase while the other was withdrawn directly from the carrier material in the reactor. Elevated acid levels especially during start-up were shown to affect the overall carbon conversion. This effect was also seen during the acid tolerance testing reported here. Final acid concentrations of 1.6±0.3g/L resulted in a reduced conversion ratio of only 46%. Without acid addition complete conversion of CO 2 in the headspace was achieved. However, maximum methane production of 0.55±0.02mmol after 4days of incubation was monitored at moderate initial acetate concentration of 0.4g/L. In both analyzed inoculation materials Methanobacterium species were by far the most dominant Archaea with 21.8% in the recirculation liquid during start-up and 84.8% in the enrichment culture immobilized on the carrier material. The microbial composition of the two analyzed samples is in accordance with the results obtained for the carbon conversion and product formation. With approximately 50% of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes present during reactor start-up the acetic acid production significantly contributed to the overall carbon conversion. In contrast, methane was produced almost exclusively in trials representing continuous operation where acetogenic bacteria accounted only up to 17.5%. In summary, the acid accumulation monitored during reactor start-up of a biomethanation unit is most likely to result from the microbial composition present. Nevertheless, complete adaptation to hydrogenotrophic conditions was proven to alter the consortium and yield methane as main product alongside high carbon conversion of up to 70.5±1.8%. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  12. Assessment of emissions and removal of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) at start-up periods in a hazardous waste incinerator.

    PubMed

    Karademir, Aykan; Korucu, M Kemal

    2013-07-01

    A study was conducted to observe the changes in polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) levels and congener profiles in the flue gas of a hazardous waste incinerator during two start-up periods. Flue gas samplings were performed simultaneously through Air Pollution Control Devices (APCDs) (including boiler outlet, electrostatic precipitator (ESP) outlet, wet scrubbers (WS) outlet, and activated carbon (AC) filter outlet) in different combustion temperatures during a planned cold (long) start-up and an unplanned warm (short) start-up. The results showed that PCDD/F concentrations could be elevated during the start-up periods up to levels 3-4 times higher than those observed in the normal operation. Especially lower combustion temperatures in the short start-ups may cause high PCDD/F concentrations in the raw flue gas. Assessment of combustion temperatures and Furans/Dioxins values indicated that surface-catalyzed de novo synthesis was the dominant pathway in the formation of PCDD/Fs in the combustion units. PCDD/F removal efficiencies of Air Pollution Control Devices suggested that formation by de novo synthesis existed in ESP also when in operation, leading to increase of gaseous phase PCDD/Fs in ESP Particle-bound PCDD/Fs were removed mainly by ESP and WS, while gaseous phase PCDD/Fs were removed by WS, and more efficiently by AC filter. This paper evaluates PCDD/F emissions and removal performances of APCDs (ESP, wet scrubbers, and activated carbon) during two start-up periods in an incinerator. The main implications are the following: (1) start-up periods increase PCDD/F emissions up to 2-3 times in the incinerator; (2) low combustion temperatures in start-ups cause high PCDD/F emissions in raw gas; (3) formation of PCDD/Fs by de novo synthesis occurs in ESP; (4) AC is efficient in removing gaseous PCDD/Fs, but may increase particle-bound ones; and (5) scrubbers remove both gaseous and particle-bound PCDD/Fs efficiently.

  13. 40 CFR 61.165 - Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... adjustments; (4) The occurrence and duration of all startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions of the furnace; (5... in production rates, types of glass produced, and other factors that would affect the uncontrolled... days after the effective date of this subpart for a source that has an initial startup date preceding...

  14. 40 CFR 61.165 - Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... adjustments; (4) The occurrence and duration of all startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions of the furnace; (5... in production rates, types of glass produced, and other factors that would affect the uncontrolled... days after the effective date of this subpart for a source that has an initial startup date preceding...

  15. 40 CFR 61.165 - Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... adjustments; (4) The occurrence and duration of all startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions of the furnace; (5... in production rates, types of glass produced, and other factors that would affect the uncontrolled... days after the effective date of this subpart for a source that has an initial startup date preceding...

  16. 40 CFR 63.345 - Provisions for new and reconstructed sources.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... completion dates of the construction or reconstruction; (vi) The anticipated date of (initial) startup of the affected source; (vii) The type of process operation to be performed (hard or decorative chromium... startup had not occurred before January 25, 1995, the notification shall be submitted as soon as...

  17. 40 CFR 61.165 - Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... adjustments; (4) The occurrence and duration of all startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions of the furnace; (5... in production rates, types of glass produced, and other factors that would affect the uncontrolled... days after the effective date of this subpart for a source that has an initial startup date preceding...

  18. 40 CFR 61.165 - Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... adjustments; (4) The occurrence and duration of all startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions of the furnace; (5... in production rates, types of glass produced, and other factors that would affect the uncontrolled... days after the effective date of this subpart for a source that has an initial startup date preceding...

  19. 40 CFR 63.345 - Provisions for new and reconstructed sources.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... completion dates of the construction or reconstruction; (vi) The anticipated date of (initial) startup of the affected source; (vii) The type of process operation to be performed (hard or decorative chromium... startup had not occurred before January 25, 1995, the notification shall be submitted as soon as...

  20. 40 CFR 63.345 - Provisions for new and reconstructed sources.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... completion dates of the construction or reconstruction; (vi) The anticipated date of (initial) startup of the affected source; (vii) The type of process operation to be performed (hard or decorative chromium... startup had not occurred before January 25, 1995, the notification shall be submitted as soon as...

  1. Qualification of CASMO5 / SIMULATE-3K against the SPERT-III E-core cold start-up experiments

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Grandi, G.; Moberg, L.

    SIMULATE-3K is a three-dimensional kinetic code applicable to LWR Reactivity Initiated Accidents. S3K has been used to calculate several international recognized benchmarks. However, the feedback models in the benchmark exercises are different from the feedback models that SIMULATE-3K uses for LWR reactors. For this reason, it is worth comparing the SIMULATE-3K capabilities for Reactivity Initiated Accidents against kinetic experiments. The Special Power Excursion Reactor Test III was a pressurized-water, nuclear-research facility constructed to analyze the reactor kinetic behavior under initial conditions similar to those of commercial LWRs. The SPERT III E-core resembles a PWR in terms of fuel type, moderator,more » coolant flow rate, and system pressure. The initial test conditions (power, core flow, system pressure, core inlet temperature) are representative of cold start-up, hot start-up, hot standby, and hot full power. The qualification of S3K against the SPERT III E-core measurements is an ongoing work at Studsvik. In this paper, the results for the 30 cold start-up tests are presented. The results show good agreement with the experiments for the reactivity initiated accident main parameters: peak power, energy release and compensated reactivity. Predicted and measured peak powers differ at most by 13%. Measured and predicted reactivity compensations at the time of the peak power differ less than 0.01 $. Predicted and measured energy release differ at most by 13%. All differences are within the experimental uncertainty. (authors)« less

  2. Comparative study on power generation of dual-cathode microbial fuel cell according to polarization methods.

    PubMed

    Lee, Kang-yu; Ryu, Wyan-seuk; Cho, Sung-il; Lim, Kyeong-ho

    2015-11-01

    Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) exist in various forms depending on the type of pollutant to be removed and the expected performance. Dual-cathode MFCs, with their simple structure, are capable of removing both organic matter and nitrogen. Moreover, various methods are available for the collection of polarization data, which can be used to calculate the maximum power density, an important factor of MFCs. Many researchers prefer the method of varying the external resistance in a single-cycle due to the short measurement time and high accuracy. This study compared power densities of dual-cathode MFCs in a single-cycle with values calculated over multi-cycles to determine the optimal polarization method. External resistance was varied from high to low and vice versa in the single-cycle, to calculate power density. External resistance was organized in descending order with initial start-up at open circuit voltage (OCV), and then it was organized in descending order again after the initial start-up at 1000 Ω. As a result, power density was underestimated at the anoxic cathode when the external resistance was varied from low to high, and overestimated at the aerobic cathode and anoxic cathode when external resistance at OCV was reduced following initial start-up. In calculating the power densities of dual-cathode MFCs, this paper recommends the method of gradually reducing the external resistance after initial start-up with high external resistance. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  3. USE OF INTEGRATED PLANNING TOOLS FOR REVITALIZATION: SMARTE (U.S.) AND START-UP PLAN (GERMANY)

    EPA Science Inventory

    The U.S.-German Bilateral Working Group produced two primary products during Phase 3 (2000-2005). SMARTe (Sustainable Management Approaches and Revitalization Tools-electronic) is being developed in the U.S. and the START-UP Plan is being...

  4. Avoid problems during distillation column startups

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sloley, A.W.

    1996-07-01

    The startup of a distillation column is the end product of the design process. Indeed, startup is the culmination of the theory and practice of designing the column to meet the process objectives. The author will direct most of this discussion towards column revamps due to their inherent complexity; however, the points apply equally to new columns, as well. The most important question that must be answered prior to a startup is how will the distillation system changes affect initial startup, process control of the system, and normal day-to-day operations? How will the operators run the system? Steady-state distillation-column simulationsmore » alone cannot provide an authoritative answer and, indeed, engineers` over-reliance on software too often has led them to ignore many practical aspects. Computer modeling, while an important engineering tool, is not reality. Distillation columns are real functioning pieces of equipment that require practical skills to successfully modify. They are not steady-state solutions that result from converged computer simulations. Early planning, coupled with thorough inspections and comprehensive reviews of instrumentation and procedures, can play a key role in assuring smooth startups.« less

  5. Start-Up Rhetoric in Eight Speeches of Barack Obama

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    O'Connell, Daniel C.; Kowal, Sabine; Sabin, Edward J.; Lamia, John F.; Dannevik, Margaret

    2010-01-01

    Our purpose in the following was to investigate the start-up rhetoric employed by U.S. President Barack Obama in his speeches. The initial 5 min from eight of his speeches from May to September of 2009 were selected for their variety of setting, audience, theme, and purpose. It was generally hypothesized that Barack Obama, widely recognized for…

  6. 40 CFR 63.4083 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... with this subpart is called the compliance date. The compliance date for each type of affected source... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section. (1) If the initial startup of your new or... startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after July 23, 2002, the compliance date is...

  7. Isothermal thermogravimetric data acquisition analysis system

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cooper, Kenneth, Jr.

    1991-01-01

    The description of an Isothermal Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) Data Acquisition System is presented. The system consists of software and hardware to perform a wide variety of TGA experiments. The software is written in ANSI C using Borland's Turbo C++. The hardware consists of a 486/25 MHz machine with a Capital Equipment Corp. IEEE488 interface card. The interface is to a Hewlett Packard 3497A data acquisition system using two analog input cards and a digital actuator card. The system provides for 16 TGA rigs with weight and temperature measurements from each rig. Data collection is conducted in three phases. Acquisition is done at a rapid rate during initial startup, at a slower rate during extended data collection periods, and finally at a fast rate during shutdown. Parameters controlling the rate and duration of each phase are user programmable. Furnace control (raising and lowering) is also programmable. Provision is made for automatic restart in the event of power failure or other abnormal terminations. Initial trial runs were conducted to show system stability.

  8. Improving startup graphs of nonunitized turbines

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Trukhnii, A.D.; Shreder, K.; Kochetov, A.A.

    1981-12-01

    The existing startup instructions for nonunitized steam turbines in a number of cases are not optimum from the standpoint of low-cycle fatigue. Lengthening the period of acceleration, holding at idle and loading not only lead to significant startup losses of fuel, but also reduce the low-cycle strength of the rotor. Eliminating these drawbacks within the scope of ordinary technology for startup and in the absence of other factors not associated with low-cycle fatigue will enable us to reduce by more than a factor of two the length of startups from the cold and noncold states and in so doing increasemore » low-cycle lifetime by a factor of 1.5-2. The use of steam with low parameters from a collector is effective at low initial rotor temperatures, in particular, during startups from the cold state. For this case it is possible to increase low-cycle lifetime by almost a factor of 3 by limiting the total startup time by one hour. The use of steam with varying temperatures essentially solved the problem of low-cycle lifetime of a rotor during startups from all heat states, especially from the noncold and hot states. Increasing the radius of curvature of the heat channel during modernization or major overhaul of a turbine will enable us to increase its low-cycle lifetime by a factor of 2-4.« less

  9. Efficient ECH-assisted plasma start-up using trapped particle configuration in the versatile experiment spherical torus

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    An, YoungHwa; Lee, Jeongwon; Jo, JongGab; Jung, Bong-Ki; Lee, HyunYeong; Chung, Kyoung-Jae; Na, Yong-Su; Hahm, T. S.; Hwang, Y. S.

    2017-01-01

    An efficient and robust ECH (electron cyclotron heating)-assisted plasma start-up scheme with a low loop voltage and low volt-second consumption utilizing the trapped particle configuration (TPC) has been developed in the versatile experiment spherical torus (VEST). The TPC is a mirror-like magnetic field configuration providing a vertical magnetic field in the same direction as the equilibrium field. It significantly enhances ECH pre-ionization with enhanced particle confinement due to its mirror effect, and intrinsically provides an equilibrium field with a stable decay index enabling prompt plasma current initiation. Consequently, the formation of TPC before the onset of the loop voltage allows the plasma to start up with a lower loop voltage and lower volt-second consumption as well as a wider operation range in terms of ECH pre-ionization power and H2 filling pressure. The TPC can improve the widely-used field null configuration significantly for more efficient start-up when ECH pre-ionization is used. This can then be utilized in superconducting tokamaks requiring a low loop voltage start-up, such as ITER, or in spherical tori with limited volt-seconds. The TPC can be particularly useful in superconducting tokamaks with a limited current slew-rate of superconducting PF coils, as it can save volt-second consumption before plasma current initiation by providing prompt initiation with an intrinsic stable equilibrium field.

  10. Transient CFD simulation of a Francis turbine startup

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nicolle, J.; Morissette, J. F.; Giroux, A. M.

    2012-11-01

    To assess the life expectancy of hydraulic turbines, it is essential to obtain the loading on the blades, especially during transient operations known to be the most damaging. This paper presents a simplified CFD setup to model the startup phase of a Francis turbine while it goes from rest to speed no-load condition. The fluid domain included one distributor sector coupled with one runner passage. The guide vane motion and change in the angular velocity were included in a commercial code with user functions. Comparisons between numerical results and measurements acquired on a full-size turbine showed that most of the flow physics occurring during startup were captured.

  11. Fluctuating Pressure Analysis of a 2-D SSME Nozzle Air Flow Test

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Reed, Darren; Hidalgo, Homero

    1996-01-01

    To better understand the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) startup/shutdown tansients, an airflow test of a two dimensional nozzle was conducted at Marshall Space Flight Center's trisonic wind tunnel. Photographic and other instrumentation show during an SSME start large nozzle shell distortions occur as the Mach disk is passing through the nozzle. During earlier develop of the SSME, this startup transient resulted in low cycle fatigue failure of one of the LH2 feedlines. The two dimensional SSME nozzle test was designed to measure the static and fluctuating pressure environment and color Schlieren video during the startup and shutdown phases of the run profile.

  12. Time required to initiate outbreak and pandemic observational research.

    PubMed

    Rishu, Asgar H; Marinoff, Nicole; Julien, Lisa; Dumitrascu, Mariana; Marten, Nicole; Eggertson, Shauna; Willems, Su; Ruddell, Stacy; Lane, Dan; Light, Bruce; Stelfox, Henry T; Jouvet, Philippe; Hall, Richard; Reynolds, Steven; Daneman, Nick; Fowler, Robert A

    2017-08-01

    Observational research focused upon emerging infectious diseases such as Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and Zika virus has been challenging to quickly initiate. We aimed to determine the duration of start-up procedures and barriers encountered for an observational study focused upon such infectious outbreaks. At 1 pediatric and 5 adult intensive care units, we measured durations from protocol receipt to a variety of outbreak research milestones, including research ethics board (REB) approval, data sharing agreement (DSA) execution, and patient study screening initiation. The median (interquartile range) time from site receipt of the protocol to REB submission was 73 (30-126) days; to REB approval, 158 (42-188) days; to DSA completion, 276 (186-312) days; and to study screening initiation, 293 (269-391) days. The median time from REB submission to REB approval was 43 (13-85) days. The median time for all start-up procedures was 335 (188-335) days. There is a lengthy start-up period required for outbreak-focused research. Completing DSAs was the most time-consuming step. A reactive approach to newly emerging threats such as Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and Zika virus will likely not allow sufficient time to initiate research before most outbreaks are advanced. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  13. Physicochemical characteristics and microbial community evolution of biofilms during the start-up period in a moving bed biofilm reactor.

    PubMed

    Zhu, Yan; Zhang, Yan; Ren, Hong-Qiang; Geng, Jin-Ju; Xu, Ke; Huang, Hui; Ding, Li-Li

    2015-03-01

    This study aimed to investigate biofilm properties evolution coupled with different ages during the start-up period in a moving bed biofilm reactor system. Physicochemical characteristics including adhesion force, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), morphology as well as volatile solid and microbial community were studied. Results showed that the formation and development of biofilms exhibited four stages, including (I) initial attachment and young biofilm formation, (II) biofilms accumulation, (III) biofilm sloughing and updating, and (IV) biofilm maturation. During the whole start-up period, adhesion force was positively and significantly correlated with the contents of EPS, especially the content of polysaccharide. In addition, increased adhesion force and EPS were beneficial for biofilm retention. Gram-negative bacteria mainly including Sphaerotilus, Zoogloea and Haliscomenobacter were predominant in the initial stage. Actinobacteria was beneficial to resist sloughing. Furthermore, filamentous bacteria were dominant in maturation biofilm. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  14. 40 CFR 63.4883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... comply with this subpart is called the compliance date. The compliance date for each type of affected... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after May 23, 2003, the compliance date is the...

  15. 40 CFR 63.4683 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... you must comply with this subpart is called the compliance date. The compliance date for each type of... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after May 28, 2003, the compliance date is the...

  16. 40 CFR 63.4883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... with this subpart is called the compliance date. The compliance date for each type of affected source... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after May 23, 2003, the compliance date is the...

  17. 40 CFR 63.4683 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... comply with this subpart is called the compliance date. The compliance date for each type of affected... applicable date in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section: (1) If the initial startup of your new or... startup of your new or reconstructed affected source occurs after May 28, 2003, the compliance date is the...

  18. Theory of injection locking and rapid start-up of magnetrons, and effects of manufacturing errors in terahertz traveling wave tubes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pengvanich, Phongphaeth

    In this thesis, several contemporary issues on coherent radiation sources are examined. They include the fast startup and the injection locking of microwave magnetrons, and the effects of random manufacturing errors on phase and small signal gain of terahertz traveling wave amplifiers. In response to the rapid startup and low noise magnetron experiments performed at the University of Michigan that employed periodic azimuthal perturbations in the axial magnetic field, a systematic study of single particle orbits is performed for a crossed electric and periodic magnetic field. A parametric instability in the orbits, which brings a fraction of the electrons from the cathode toward the anode, is discovered. This offers an explanation of the rapid startup observed in the experiments. A phase-locking model has been constructed from circuit theory to qualitatively explain various regimes observed in kilowatt magnetron injection-locking experiments, which were performed at the University of Michigan. These experiments utilize two continuous-wave magnetrons; one functions as an oscillator and the other as a driver. Time and frequency domain solutions are developed from the model, allowing investigations into growth, saturation, and frequency response of the output. The model qualitatively recovers many of the phase-locking frequency characteristics observed in the experiments. Effects of frequency chirp and frequency perturbation on the phase and lockability have also been quantified. Development of traveling wave amplifier operating at terahertz is a subject of current interest. The small circuit size has prompted a statistical analysis of the effects of random fabrication errors on phase and small signal gain of these amplifiers. The small signal theory is treated with a continuum model in which the electron beam is monoenergetic. Circuit perturbations that vary randomly along the beam axis are introduced through the dimensionless Pierce parameters describing the beam-wave velocity mismatch (b), the gain parameter (C), and the cold tube circuit loss ( d). Our study shows that perturbation in b dominates the other two in terms of power gain and phase shift. Extensive data show that standard deviation of the output phase is linearly proportional to standard deviation of the individual perturbations in b, C and d.

  19. [Outsourcing in long-term care: a risk management approach].

    PubMed

    Guimarães, Cristina Machado; Carvalho, José Crespo de

    2012-05-01

    This article seeks to investigate outsourcing decisions in supply chain management of healthcare organizations, namely the motives and constraints behind the decision, the selection criteria for activities to be outsourced to third parties, the type of possible agreements, and the impact of this decision on the organization per se. A case study of the start-up phase of a Long-term Care unit with an innovative approach and high levels of customization was conducted to understand the outsourcing process in a start-up context (not in the standard context of organizational change) and a risk evaluation matrix was created for outsourcing activities in order to define and implement a performance monitoring process. This study seeks to understand how to evaluate and assess the risks of an outsourcing strategy and proposes a monitoring model using risk management tools. It was shown that the risk management approach can be a solution for monitoring outsourcing in the organizational start-up phase. Conclusions concerning dissatisfaction with the results of outsourcing strategies adopted are also presented.

  20. Impact of conditions at start-up on thermovibrational convective flow.

    PubMed

    Melnikov, D E; Shevtsova, V M; Legros, J C

    2008-11-01

    The development of thermovibrational convection in a cubic cell filled with high Prandtl number liquid (isopropanol) is studied. Direct nonlinear simulations are performed by solving three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in the Boussinesq approximation. The cell is subjected to high frequency periodic oscillations perpendicular to the applied temperature gradient under zero gravity. Two types of vibrations are imposed: either as a sine or cosine function of time. It is shown that the initial vibrational phase plays a significant role in the transient behavior of thermovibrational convective flow. Such knowledge is important to interpret correctly short-duration experimental results performed in microgravity, among which the most accessible are drop towers ( approximately 5s) and parabolic flights ( approximately 20s) . It is obtained that under sine vibrations, the flow reaches steady state within less than one thermal time. Under cosine acceleration, this time is 2 times longer. For cosine excitations, the Nusselt number is approximately 10 times smaller in comparison with the sine case. Besides, in the case of cosine, the Nusselt number oscillates with double frequency. However, at the steady state, time-averaged and oscillatory characteristics of the flow are independent of the vibrational start-up. The only feature that always differs the two cases is the phase difference between the velocity, temperature, and accelerations. We have found that due to nonlinear response of the system to the imposed vibrations, the phase shift between velocity and temperature is never equal exactly to pi2 , at least in weightlessness. Thus, heat transport always exists from the beginning of vibrations, although it might be weak.

  1. Startup and long term operation of enhanced biological phosphorus removal in continuous-flow reactor with granules.

    PubMed

    Li, Dong; Lv, Yufeng; Zeng, Huiping; Zhang, Jie

    2016-07-01

    The startup and long term operation of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in a continuous-flow reactor (CFR) with granules were investigated in this study. Through reducing the settling time from 9min to 3min gradually, the startup of EBPR in a CFR with granules was successfully realized in 16days. Under continuous-flow operation, the granules with good phosphorus and COD removal performance were stably operated for more than 6months. And the granules were characterized with particle size of around 960μm, loose structure and good settling ability. During the startup phase, polysaccharides (PS) was secreted excessively by microorganisms to resist the influence from the variation of operational mode. Results of relative quantitative PCR indicated that granules dominated by polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) were easier accumulated in the CFR because more excellent settling ability was needed in the system. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  2. Scram recoveries---C Reactor

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Constable, D.W.; Pierce, J.R.; Wood, S.A.

    1962-04-26

    The purpose of this report is to discuss the observations made on two equilibrium scram recovery startups (April 5 and April 16). Normally, the two startups would have little significance but unusual ruptures were experienced in the top near section of the reactor shortly after both startups, which indicates that some similarity could exist between the two. The ruptures were unusual in that the two tubes involved both had multiple ruptures. One tube contained two E{sup 2} ruptures and the other tube contained three overbore metal ruptures. The overbore tube also contained three incipient ruptures (uranium split under the can).more » The initial rise to power on both startups appeared to be normal with the flux peaking on the near side as expected. On the April 16 startup the maximum level reached was 1050 at which time a rupture in overbore tube 3062 caused on increase in pressure resulting in a high trip on the Panellit gauge. A level of 1600 was reached on the April 5 startup which was held for approximately 14 hours at which time the reactor was shut down due to rupture indications on row 29.« less

  3. Streamlined calibrations of the ATLAS precision muon chambers for initial LHC running

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Amram, N.; Ball, R.; Benhammou, Y.; Ben Moshe, M.; Dai, T.; Diehl, E. B.; Dubbert, J.; Etzion, E.; Ferretti, C.; Gregory, J.; Haider, S.; Hindes, J.; Levin, D. S.; Manilow, E.; Thun, R.; Wilson, A.; Weaverdyck, C.; Wu, Y.; Yang, H.; Zhou, B.; Zimmermann, S.

    2012-04-01

    The ATLAS Muon Spectrometer is designed to measure the momentum of muons with a resolution of dp/p=3% at 100 GeV and 10% at 1 TeV. For this task, the spectrometer employs 355,000 Monitored Drift Tubes (MDTs) arrayed in 1200 chambers. Calibration (RT) functions convert drift time measurements into tube-centered impact parameters for track segment reconstruction. RT functions depend on MDT environmental parameters and so must be appropriately calibrated for local chamber conditions. We report on the creation and application of a gas monitor system based calibration program for muon track reconstruction in the LHC startup phase.

  4. Indigenous microbial capability in solid manure residues to start-up solid-phase anaerobic digesters.

    PubMed

    Yap, S D; Astals, S; Jensen, P D; Batstone, D J; Tait, S

    2017-06-01

    Batch solid-phase anaerobic digestion is a technology for sustainable on-farm treatment of solid residues, but is an emerging technology that is yet to be optimised with respect to start-up and inoculation. In the present study, spent bedding from two piggeries (site A and B) were batch digested at total solids (TS) concentration of 5, 10 and 20% at mesophilic (37°C) and thermophilic (55°C) temperatures, without adding an external inoculum. The results showed that the indigenous microbial community present in spent bedding was able to recover the full methane potential of the bedding (140±5 and 227±6L CH 4 kgVS fed -1 for site A and B, respectively), but longer treatment times were required than for digestion with an added external inoculum. Nonetheless, at high solid loadings (i.e. TS level>10%), the digestion performance was affected by chemical inhibition due to ammonia and/or humic acid. Thermophilic temperatures did not influence digestion performance but did increase start-up failure risk. Further, inoculation of residues from the batch digestion to subsequent batch enhanced start-up and achieved full methane potential recovery of the bedding. Inoculation with liquid residue (leachate) was preferred over a solid residue, to preserve treatment capacity for fresh substrate. Overall, the study highlighted that indigenous microbial community in the solid manure residue was capable of recovering full methane potential and that solid-phase digestion was ultimately limited by chemical inhibition rather than lack of suitable microbial community. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  5. Surface-to-surface biofilm transfer: a quick and reliable startup strategy for mixed culture microbial fuel cells.

    PubMed

    Vogl, Andreas; Bischof, Franz; Wichern, Marc

    2016-01-01

    The startup of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is known to be prone to failure or result in erratic performance impeding the research. The aim of this study was to advise a quick launch strategy for laboratory-scale MFCs that ensures steady operation performance in a short period of time. Different startup strategies were investigated and compared with membraneless single chamber MFCs. A direct surface-to-surface biofilm transfer (BFT) in an operating MFC proved to be the most efficient method. It provided steady power densities of 163 ± 13 mWm(-2) 4 days after inoculation compared to 58 ± 15 mWm(-2) after 30 days following a conventional inoculation approach. The in situ BFT eliminates the need for microbial acclimation during startup and reduces performance fluctuations caused by shifts in microbial biodiversity. Anaerobic pretreatment of the substrate and addition of suspended enzymes from an operating MFC into the new MFC proved to have a beneficial effect on startup and subsequent operation. Polarization methods were applied to characterize the startup phase and the steady state operation in terms of power densities, internal resistance and power overshoot during biofilm maturation. Applying this method a well-working MFC can be multiplied into an array of identically performing MFCs.

  6. Linkage of microbial kinetics and bacterial community structure of MBR and hybrid MBBR-MBR systems to treat salinity-amended urban wastewater.

    PubMed

    Rodriguez-Sanchez, Alejandro; Leyva-Diaz, Juan Carlos; Gonzalez-Martinez, Alejandro; Poyatos, Jose Manuel

    2017-11-01

    Three pilot-scale bioreactors were started up and operated under salinity-amended urban wastewater feeding. The bioreactors were configured as membrane bioreactor and two different hybrid, moving bed biofilm reactor-membrane bioreactor and operated with a hydraulic retention time of 9.5 h, a solid residence time of 11.75 days and a total solids concentration of 2500 mg L -1 . The three systems showed excellent performance in suspended solids, BOD 5 , and COD removal (values of 96-100%, 97-99%, and 88-90%, respectively), but poor nitrogen removal (values of 20-30%). The bacterial community structure during the start-up phase and the stabilization phase were different, as showed by β-diversity analyses. The differences between aerobic and anoxic biomass-and between suspended and attached biomass-were higher at the start-up phase than at the stabilization phase. The start-up phase showed high abundances of Chiayiivirga (mean values around 3-12% relative abundance) and Luteimonas (5-8%), but in the stabilization phase, the domination belonged to Thermomonas (3-14%), Nitrobacter (3-7%), Ottowia (3-11.5%), and Comamonas (2-6%), among others. Multivariate redundancy analyses showed that Thermomonas and Nitrosomonas were positively correlated with fast autotrophic kinetics, while Caulobacter and Ottowia were positively correlated with fast heterotrophic kinetics. Nitrobacter, Rhodanobacter, and Comamonas were positively correlated with fast autotrophic and heterotrophic kinetics. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1483-1495, 2017. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

  7. A novel transient wall heat transfer approach for the start-up of SI engines with gasoline direct injection

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lejsek, David; Kulzer, André; Hammer, Jürgen

    2010-11-01

    The introduction of CO2-reduction technologies like Start-Stop or the Hybrid-Powertrain and the worldwide stringent emission legislation require a detailed optimization of the engine start-up. The combustion concept development as well as the calibration of the engine control unit makes an explicit thermodynamic analysis of the combustion process during the start-up necessary. Initially, the well-known thermodynamic analysis of in-cylinder pressure at stationary condition was transmitted to the highly non-stationary engine start-up. For this running mode of the engine the current models for calculation of the transient wall heat fluxes were found to be misleading. With a fraction of nearly 45% of the burned fuel energy, the wall heat is very important for the calculation of energy balance and for the combustion process analysis. Based on the measurements of transient wall heat transfer densities during the start-up presented in a former work (Lejsek and Kulzer in Investigations on the transient wall heat transfer at start-up for SI engines with gasoline direct injection. SAE Paper), the paper describes the development of adaptations to the known correlations by Woschni (MTZ 31:491, 1970), Hohenberg (Experimentelle Erfassung der Wandwärme von Kolbenmotoren. TU Graz, Habil., 1980) and Bargende (Ein Gleichungsansatz zur Berechnung der instationären Wandwärmeverluste im Hochdruckteil von Ottomotoren. TH Darmstadt, PhD-Thesis, 1991) for the application during engine start-up. To demonstrate the high accuracy of the model, the results of the cyclic resolved thermodynamic analysis using the presented novel approaches were compared with the results of the measurements. It is shown, that the novel heat flux models for the engine start-up process gives a cyclic resolved thermodynamic analysis to optimize the engine start-up pretty efficient.

  8. A finite element analysis of the freeze/thaw behavior of external artery heat pipes

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lu, X. J.; Peterson, G. P.

    1993-01-01

    A two-dimensional finite element model was used to determine the freeze/thaw characteristics of an external artery heat pipe. During startup, the working fluid, which was located in the liquid channel and the circumferential wall grooves, experienced a phase transformation from a solid to a liquid state. The transient heat conduction equations with moving interfacial conditions were solved using the appropriate initial boundary conditions. The modelling results include the cross-sectional temperature distribution and the interfacial or melt front position as a function of time. A fixed grid approach was adopted in the model for the phase-change process during thawing of frozen working fluid. The interfacial position between the liquid and solid regions was found by balancing the latent heat caused by interfacial movement with the heat addition or extraction at the related grid points.

  9. The Commtech Methodology: A Demand-Driven Approach to Efficient, Productive, and Measurable Technology Transfer and Commercialization

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Horsham, Gary A. P.

    1999-01-01

    This paper presents a comprehensive review and assessment of a demonstration technology transfer and commercialization prouram called "CommTech". The pro-ram was conceived and initiated in early to mid-fiscal year 1995, and extended roughly three years into the future. Market research sources were used to initially gather primary technological problems and needs data from non-aerospace companies in three targeted industry sectors: environmental, surface transportation, and bioengineering. Company-supplied information served as input data to activate or start-up an internal, phased matchmaking process. This process was based on technical-level relationship exploration followed by business-level agreement negotiations. and culminated with project management and execution. Space Act Agreements represented near-term outputs. Company product or process commercialization derived from NASA Glenn support and measurable economic effects represented far-term outputs.

  10. Noninductive RF startup in CDX-U

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jones, B.; Majeski, R.; Efthimion, P.; Kaita, R.; Menard, J.; Munsat, T.; Takase, Y.

    1998-11-01

    For the spherical torus (ST) to prove viable as a reactor, it will be necessary to devise techniques for noninductive plasma startup. Initial studies of noninductive plasma initiation have been performed on CDX-U, using the 100 kW high harmonic fast wave (HHFW) system in combination with the 1 kW 2.45 GHz electron cyclotron heating system used for breakdown. Modest density (ne ~ 10^12 cm-3), low temperature (5 eV) plasmas were formed, but the density profile was peaked far off-axis, very near the HHFW antenna. High neutral fill pressures were also required. In upcoming experiments, up to 500 kW of low frequency RF power will utilized for heating and noninductive current drive in the mode conversion regime in a target noninductive plasma formed by a combination of 5.6 and 14 GHz ECH (40 kW total). Modeling will be presented which indicates that startup to plasma currents of 60 kA is feasible with this system.

  11. Application of Townsend avalanche theory to tokamak startup by coaxial helicity injection

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hammond, K. C.; Raman, R.; Volpe, F. A.

    2018-01-01

    The Townsend avalanche theory is employed to model and interpret plasma initiation in NSTX by Ohmic heating and coaxial helicity injection (CHI). The model is informed by spatially resolved vacuum calculations of electric field and magnetic field line connection length in the poloidal cross-section. The model is shown to explain observations of Ohmic startup including the duration and location of breakdown. Adapting the model to discharges initiated by CHI offers insight into the causes of upper divertor (absorber) arcs in cases where the discharge fails to start in the lower divertor gap. Finally, upper and lower limits are established for vessel gas fill based on requirements for breakdown and radiation. It is predicted that CHI experiments on NSTX-U should be able to use as much as four times the amount of prefill gas employed in CHI experiments in NSTX. This should provide greater flexibility for plasma start-up, as the injector flux is projected to be increased in NSTX-U.

  12. Start-up of an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor treating synthetic carbohydrate rich wastewater.

    PubMed

    Yeshanew, Martha M; Frunzo, Luigi; Luongo, Vincenzo; Pirozzi, Francesco; Lens, Piet N L; Esposito, Giovanni

    2016-12-15

    The present work studied the start-up process of a mesophilic (37 ± 2 °C) anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 20 days using synthetic carbohydrate rich wastewater. Anox Kaldness-K1 carriers were used as biofilm carrier material. The reactor performance and biofilm formation were evaluated during the process. The start-up process at lower liquid recirculation flow rate enhanced the biofilm formation and reactor performance. The organic substrate composition had a major impact on early colonization of methanogenic archaea onto the surface of the Kaldness carriers during the start-up process. Specific organic substrates favouring the growth of methanogenic archaea, such as acetate, are preferred in order to facilitate the subsequent biofilm formation and AFBR start-up. The supply of 'bio-available' nutrients and trace elements, in particular iron, had an important role on optimal methanogenic activity and speeding-up of the biofilm development on the Kaldness carriers. This paper provides possible strategies to optimize the various operational parameters that influence the initial biofilm formation and development in an AFBR and similar high rate anaerobic reactors, hence can be used to reduce the long time required for process start-up. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  13. Evaluating the Role of Total Organic Carbon in Predicting the Treatment Efficacy of Biosand Filters for the Removal of Vibrio cholerae in Drinking Water During Startup.

    PubMed

    Danley-Thomson, Ashley A; Huang, Ellen C; Worley-Morse, Thomas; Gunsch, Claudia K

    2018-05-09

    In biosand filters (BSF), treatment is largely driven by the development of a biolayer (schmutzdecke) which establishes itself during the startup phase. In the present study, the effect of changing influent total organic carbon (TOC) loading on the removal efficiency of Vibrio cholerae in laboratory-operated BSFs was quantified. BSFs were charged with high, medium or low TOC influents and removal efficacy and schmutzdecke composition was monitored over two months. The highest V. cholerae removal efficiencies were observed in the BSF receiving the lowest TOC. Schmutzdecke composition was found to be influenced by influent TOC, in terms of microbial community structure and amount of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Physical/chemical attachment was shown to be important during startup. The BSF receiving influent water with lower TOC had a higher attachment coefficient than the BSF receiving high TOC water, suggesting more physical/chemical treatment in the lower TOC BSF. The high TOC BSF had more EPS than did the biofilm from the low TOC BSF, suggesting that schmutzdecke effects may be more significant at high TOC. Overall, this study confirms that influent water characteristics will affect BSF treatment efficacy of V. cholerae especially during the startup phase. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

  14. 40 CFR 63.401 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ..., ventilation, or air conditioning system. Initial startup means the initiation of recirculation water flow... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for...

  15. Temperature fluctuation of the Iceland mantle plume through time

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Spice, Holly E.; Fitton, J. Godfrey; Kirstein, Linda A.

    2016-02-01

    The newly developed Al-in-olivine geothermometer was used to find the olivine-Cr-spinel crystallization temperatures of a suite of picrites spanning the spatial and temporal extent of the North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP), which is widely considered to be the result of a deep-seated mantle plume. Our data confirm that start-up plumes are associated with a pulse of anomalously hot mantle over a large spatial area before becoming focused into a narrow upwelling. We find that the thermal anomaly on both sides of the province at Baffin Island/West Greenland and the British Isles at ˜61 Ma across an area ˜2000 km in diameter was uniform, with Al-in-olivine temperatures up to ˜300°C above that of average mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) primitive magma. Furthermore, by combining our results with geochemical data and existing geophysical and bathymetric observations, we present compelling evidence for long-term (>107 year) fluctuations in the temperature of the Iceland mantle plume. We show that the plume temperature fell from its initial high value during the start-up phase to a minimum at about 35 Ma, and that the mantle temperature beneath Iceland is currently increasing.

  16. Theoretical analysis of start-up power in helium pulsating heat pipe

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Monan; Huang, Rongjin; Xu, Dong; Li, Laifeng

    2017-02-01

    An analytical model for one-turn helium pulsating heat pipes (PHPs) with single liquid slug and vapor plug is established in present study. When an additional heat power takes place in the evaporating section, temperature and pressure will increase. The pressure wave travels through vapor and liquid phases at different speed, producing a pressure difference in the system, which acts as an exciting force to start up the oscillating motion. Results show that the start-up power of helium PHP is related to the filling ratio. The start-up power increases with the filling ration. However, there exist an upper limit. Furthermore, the start-up power also depends on the inclination angle of PHP. When the inclination angle increases, the heat input needed to start up the oscillating motion decreases. But for one-turn helium PHP, it can not be started up when the inclination angle is up to 90°, equalling to horizontal position,. While the inclination angle ranges between 0° (vertical position) and 75°, it can operate successfully.

  17. Motor power factor controller with a reduced voltage starter

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Nola, F. J. (Inventor)

    1981-01-01

    A power factor type motor controller is disclosed in which the conventional power factor constant voltage command signal is replaced during a starting interval with a graduated control voltage. This continuation-impart of a pending patent application (Serial No. 199, 765: Three Phase Factor Controller) provides a means for modifying the operation of the system for a motor start-up interval of 5 to 30 second. Using a ramp generators, an initial ramp-like signal replaces a constant power factor signal supplied by a potentiometer. The ramp-like signal is applied to a 15 terminal where it is summed with an operating power factor signal from phase detectors in order to obtain a control signal for ultimately controlling SCR devices. The SCR devices are turned on at an advancing rate with time responsive to the combination signal described rather than simply a function of a ramp-like signal alone.

  18. Experimental investigation of the ECRH stray radiation during the start-up phase in Wendelstein 7-X

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Moseev, Dmitry; Laqua, Heinrich; Marsen, Stefan; Stange, Torsten; Braune, Harald; Erckmann, Volker; Gellert, Florian; Oosterbeek, Johann Wilhelm; Wenzel, Uwe

    2017-07-01

    Electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) is the main heating mechanism in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator (W7-X). W7-X is equipped with five absolutely calibrated sniffer probes that are installed in each of the five modules of the device. The sniffer probes monitor energy flux of unabsorbed ECRH radiation in the device and interlocks are fed with the sniffer probe signals. The stray radiation level in the device changes significantly during the start-up phase: plasma is a strong microwave absorber and during its formation the stray radiation level in sniffer probes reduces by more than 95%. In this paper, we discuss the influence of neutral gas pressure and gyrotron power on plasma breakdown processes.

  19. 40 CFR 60.2141 - By what date must I conduct the initial air pollution control device inspection?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... air pollution control device inspection? 60.2141 Section 60.2141 Protection of Environment... initial air pollution control device inspection? (a) The initial air pollution control device inspection... startup. (b) Within 10 operating days following an air pollution control device inspection, all necessary...

  20. 40 CFR 60.2141 - By what date must I conduct the initial air pollution control device inspection?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... air pollution control device inspection? 60.2141 Section 60.2141 Protection of Environment... initial air pollution control device inspection? (a) The initial air pollution control device inspection... startup. (b) Within 10 operating days following an air pollution control device inspection, all necessary...

  1. Claus sulfur recovery unit startups

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Parnell, D.C.

    1973-08-01

    Because of the recent emphasis on reducing sulfur emissions to the atmosphere, Claus-type sulfur recovery units are becoming more prevalent throughout the industry. Many plants, including refinery, chemical, and natural gasoline units, are being required to install Claus sulfur recovery facilities to meet pollution requirements. Although Claus units in some cases cannot alone meet the most rigid air pollution codes currently being enforced, they are still the most economical and practical method for recovering about 94 to 97% of the sulfur from hydrogen sulfide rich gases. For best operation and longer service life, proper startup and shutdown procedures for thesemore » sulfur recovery units should be followed. On all startups and shutdowns, these units require considerable operator attention; improper operation during these critical phases can affect overall plant efficiency.« less

  2. Startup of air-cooled condensers and dry cooling towers at low temperatures of the cooling air

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Milman, O. O.; Ptakhin, A. V.; Kondratev, A. V.; Shifrin, B. A.; Yankov, G. G.

    2016-05-01

    The problems of startup and performance of air-cooled condensers (ACC) and dry cooling towers (DCT) at low cooling air temperatures are considered. Effects of the startup of the ACC at sub-zero temperatures are described. Different options of the ACC heating up are analyzed, and examples of existing technologies are presented (electric heating, heating up with hot air or steam, and internal and external heating). The use of additional heat exchanging sections, steam tracers, in the DCT design is described. The need for high power in cases of electric heating and heating up with hot air is noted. An experimental stand for research and testing of the ACC startup at low temperatures is described. The design of the three-pass ACC unit is given, and its advantages over classical single-pass design at low temperatures are listed. The formation of ice plugs inside the heat exchanging tubes during the start-up of ACC and DCT at low cooling air temperatures is analyzed. Experimental data on the effect of the steam flow rate, steam nozzle distance from the heat-exchange surface, and their orientation in space on the metal temperature were collected, and test results are analyzed. It is noted that the surface temperature at the end of the heat up is almost independent from its initial temperature. Recommendations for the safe start-up of ACCs and DCTs are given. The heating flow necessary to sufficiently heat up heat-exchange surfaces of ACCs and DCTs for the safe startup is estimated. The technology and the process of the heat up of the ACC with the heating steam external supply are described by the example of the startup of the full-scale section of the ACC at sub-zero temperatures of the cooling air, and the advantages of the proposed start-up technology are confirmed.

  3. Transport and degradation of metalaxyl and isoproturon in biopurification columns inoculated with pesticide-primed material.

    PubMed

    De Wilde, Tineke; Spanoghe, Pieter; Sniegowksi, Kristel; Ryckeboer, Jaak; Jaeken, Peter; Springael, Dirk

    2010-01-01

    Laboratory column displacement experiments were performed to examine whether addition of pesticide-primed material to the matrix of an on-farm biopurification system (BPS), intended to remove pesticides from agricultural waste water, positively affects the degradation of mobile pesticides in the system. Percolated column microcosms with varying types and amounts of metalaxyl and/or isoproturon-primed material or non-primed material were irrigated with water artificially contaminated with isoproturon and/or metalaxyl. Transport of isoproturon was well described using the convection dispersion equation and no dissipation was observed, even in columns inoculated with isoproturon-primed material. On the other hand, delayed dissipation of metalaxyl, i.e., after an initial lag phase, was encountered in all columns receiving metalaxyl. In all systems, dissipation could be described using the Monod model indicating that a metalaxyl degrading population grew in the systems. There was a clear correlation between the lag phase and the amount of metalaxyl-primed material added to the system, i.e., increasing amounts of added material resulted into shorter lag phases and hence more rapid initiation of growth-associated metalaxyl degradation in the system. Our observations suggest that indeed pesticide-primed material can reduce the start-up phase of degradation of mobile pesticides in a BPS and as such can increase its efficiency. However, the primed material should be chosen carefully and preferentially beforehand tested for its capacity to degrade the pesticide.

  4. A Rational Business Startup Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chang, Milton

    2000-03-01

    The speaker will share his experience in starting high-tech companies using a low-risk startup model. Most technical people can use this approach to start a company that begins with a modest initial goal and grows the business over time. As the company builds infrastructure and the individuals gain experience, the ability to pursue big opportunities comes naturally. The result is more likely to be a company with a long-term vision, and with the management team retaining more of the ownership.

  5. G T-Mohr Start-up Reactivity Insertion Transient Analysis Using Simulink

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Fard, Mehdi Reisi; Blue, Thomas E.; Miller, Don W.

    2006-07-01

    As a part of a Department of Energy-Nuclear Engineering Research Initiative (NERI) Project, we at OSU are investigating SiC semiconductor detectors as neutron power monitors for Generation IV power reactors. As a part of this project, we are investigating the power monitoring requirements for a specific type of Generation IV reactor, namely the GT-MHR. To evaluate the power monitoring requirements for the GT-MHR that are most demanding for a SiC diode power monitor, we have developed a Simulink model to study the transient behavior of the GT-MHR. In this paper, we describe the application of the Simulink code to themore » analysis of a series of Start-up Reactivity Insertion Transients (SURITs). The SURIT is considered to be a limiting protectable accident in terms of establishing the dynamic range of a SiC power monitor because of the low count rate of the detector during the start-up and absence of the reactivity feedback mechanism at the beginning of transient. The SURIT is studied with the ultimate goal of identifying combinations of 1) reactor power scram setpoints and 2) cram initiation times (the time in which a scram must be initiated once the setpoint is exceeded) for which the GT-MHR core is protected in the event of a continuous withdrawal of a control rod bank from the core from low powers. The SURIT is initiated by withdrawing a rod bank when the reactor is cold (300 K) and sub-critical at the BOEC (Beginning of Equilibrium Cycle) condition. Various initial power levels have been considered corresponding to various degrees of sub-criticality and various source strengths. An envelope of response is determined to establish which initial powers correspond to the worst case SURIT. (authors)« less

  6. Hollow cathode restartable 15 cm diameter ion thruster

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Wilbur, P. J.

    1973-01-01

    The effects of substituting high perveance dished grids for low perveance flat ones on performance variables and plasma properties within a 15 cm modified SERT II thruster are discussed. Results suggest good performance may be achieved as an ion thruster is throttled if the screen grid transparency is decreased with propellant flow rate. Thruster startup tests, which employ a pulsed high voltage tickler electrode between the keeper and the cathode to initiate the discharge, are described. High startup reliability at cathode tip temperatures of about 500 C without excessive component wear over 2000 startup cycles is demonstrated. Testing of a single cusp magnetic field concept of discharge plasma containment is discussed. A theory which explains the observed behavior of the device is presented and proposed thruster modifications and future testing plans are discussed.

  7. How much do physician-entrepreneurs contribute to new medical devices?

    PubMed

    Smith, Sheryl Winston; Sfekas, Andrew

    2013-05-01

    As recent public and private initiatives have sought to increase the transparency of physician-industry financial relationships (including calls for restricting collaboration), it is important to understand the extent of physicians' contributions to new medical devices. We quantify the contribution of information from physician-founded startup companies to 170 premarket approval (PMA) applications filed by 4 large incumbent medical device manufacturers over the period 1978-2007. We ask: Are incumbents more likely to incorporate information from physician-founded firms than nonphysician-founded firms? We matched the text in 4 incumbent medical device firms' PMAs (Medtronic, Johnson & Johnson, Boston Scientific, and Guidant) to the text in patent applications of 118 startup companies that received investment from these incumbents between 1978 and 2007. We use a text-matching algorithm to quantify the information contribution from physician and nonphysician-founded startups to incumbent firms' PMAs. We analyze correlates of backward citations and degree of overlap between incumbents' PMAs and startups' patents using negative binomial and tobit regressions. On average, physician-founded companies account for 11% of the information in PMAs, compared with 4% from nonphysician-founded companies. Regression results show that incumbents are significantly more likely to cite physician-founded companies' patents and to incorporate them into new devices. Physicians are an important source of medical device innovation. The results suggest that restrictions on financial relationships between providers and industry, while potentially improving patients' trust, may result in reduced medical innovation if physicians found fewer startups or if incumbent firms reduce investments in physician-founded startups.

  8. Qatar: World Oil Report 1991

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    This paper reports on oil and gas operations that have taken a marked upturn in Qatar highlighted by production expansion projects. The long-delayed beginning of production from offshore supergiant North gas field was scheduled to begin at press time at a rate of 600 to 750 MMcfd and 50,000 bcpd. Delays in production startup were caused by gas leaks around casing strings in 14 of the 16 producing wells and by the Gulf war. The $1.3 billion Phase I of development included two 8-well platforms and three support structures, plus gas and condensate lines to an onshore NGL facility. Initially,more » gas will be utilized domestically. Eventually, 300 MMcfd will be re-injected into the old Dukhan oil field.« less

  9. Expanding Non-solenoidal Startup with Local Helicity Injection to Increased Toroidal Field and Helicity Injection Rate

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Perry, J. M.; Barr, J. L.; Bodner, G. M.; Bongard, M. W.; Burke, M. G.; Fonck, R. J.; Hinson, E. T.; Lewicki, B. T.; Reusch, J. A.; Schlossberg, D. J.; Winz, G. R.

    2015-11-01

    Local helicity injection (LHI) is a non-solenoidal startup technique under development on the Pegasus ST. Plasma currents up to 0.18 MA have been initiated by LHI in conjunction with poloidal field induction. A 0-D power balance model has been developed to predict plasma current evolution by balancing helicity input against resistive dissipation. The model is being validated against a set of experimental measurements and magnetic reconstructions with radically varied plasma geometric evolutions. Outstanding physics issues with LHI startup are the scalings of confinement and MHD activity with helicity injection rate and toroidal field strength, as well as injector behavior at high field. Preliminary results from the newly-installed Thomson scattering system suggest core temperatures of a few hundred eV during LHI startup. Measurements are being expanded to multiple spatial points for ongoing confinement studies. A set of larger-area injectors is being installed in the lower divertor region, where increased toroidal field will provide a helicity injection rate over 3 times that of outboard injectors. In this regime helicity injection will be the dominant current drive. Experiments with divertor injectors will permit experimental differentiation of several possible confinement models, and demonstrate the feasibility of LHI startup at high field. Work supported by US DOE grant DE-FG02-96ER54375.

  10. Improvement of start-up and nitrogen removal of the anammox process in reactors inoculated with conventional activated sludge using biofilm carrier materials.

    PubMed

    Lu, Yi-Feng; Ma, Li-Juan; Ma, Lan; Shan, Bei; Chang, Jun-Jun

    2018-01-01

    The start-up of the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process in three up-flow column reactors seeded with common mixed activated sludge and added with three materials, sponge (R1), sponge + volcanic rock (R2) and sponge + charcoal (R3), as carriers for biofilm formation were comparatively investigated in this study. The supplement of volcanic rock and charcoal could significantly shorten the start-up time of the anammox process, which primarily occurred in the activity-enhanced phase, with ammonium and nitrite removal efficiencies stabilized above 92.5% and 93.4% after an operation period of 145, 105 and 121 d for R1, R2 and R3, respectively. After the successful anammox start-up, R2 performed significantly better in TN removal (p < .05), achieving an average rate of 91.0% and 191.5 g N m -3  d -1 compared to R1 of 88.4% and 172.1 g N m -3  d -1 , and R3 of 89.9% and 180.1 g N m -3  d -1 in the steady running phase. The ratios of consumed [Formula: see text] and generated [Formula: see text]/consumed [Formula: see text] after anammox start-up were lower than the theoretical values, probably suggesting the simultaneous existences of anammox, denitrification as well as nitrification processes in the reactors. A reddish brown biofilm was wrapped on the carriers and morphological detection of biofilm displayed the presentations of thick and compact floc aggregates and some filamentous bacteria on the sponge, and spherical-, ovoid- and shortrod-shaped microorganisms on the volcanic rock and charcoal. Using porous material as carrier for biofilm development is an effective strategy for practical application of the anammox reactor.

  11. Influence of feed/inoculum ratios and waste cooking oil content on the mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste.

    PubMed

    Li, Yangyang; Jin, Yiying; Borrion, Aiduan; Li, Jinhui

    2018-03-01

    Information on the anaerobic digestion (AD) of food waste (FW) with different waste cooking oil contents is limited in terms of the effect of the initial substrate concentrations. In this work, batch tests were performed to evaluate the combined effects of waste cooking oil content (33-53%) and feed/inoculum (F/I) ratios (0.5-1.2) on biogas/methane yield, process stability parameters and organics reduction during the FW AD. Both waste cooking oil and the inoculation ratios were found to affect digestion parameters during the AD process start-up and the F/I ratio was the predominant factor affecting AD after the start-up phase. The possible inhibition due to acidification caused by volatile fatty acids accumulation, low pH values and long-chain fatty acids was reversible. The characteristics of the final digestate indicated a stable anaerobic system, whereas samples with F/I ratios ranging from 0.8 to 1.2 display higher propionic and valeric acid contents and high amounts of total ammonia nitrogen and free ammonia nitrogen. Overall, F/I ratios higher than 0.70 caused inhibition and resulted in low biogas/methane yields from the FW. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  12. Start-up capabilities of photovoltaic module for the International Space Station

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hajela, G.; Hague, L.

    1997-12-31

    The International Space Station (ISS) uses four photovoltaic modules (PVMs) to supply electric power for the US On-Orbit Segment (USOS). The ISS is assembled on orbit over a period of about 5 years and over 40 stages. PVMs are launched and integrated with the ISS at different times during the ISS assembly. During early stages, the electric power is provided by the integrated truss segment (ITS) P6; subsequently, ITS P4, S4, and S6 are launched. PVMs are launched into space in the National Space Transportation System (NSTS) cargo bay. Each PVM consists of two independent power channels. The NSTS docksmore » with the ISS, the PVM is removed from the cargo bay and installed on the ISS. At this stage the PVM is in stowed configuration and its batteries are in fully discharged state. The start-up consists of initialization and checkout of all hardware, deployment of SAW and photovoltaic radiator (PVR), thermal conditioning batteries, and charging batteries; not necessarily in the same order for all PVMs. PVMs are designed to be capable of on-orbit start-up, within a specified time period, when external power is applied to a specified electrical interface. This paper describes the essential steps required for PVM start-up and how these operations are performed for various PVMs. The integrated operations scenarios (IOS) prepared by the NASA, Johnson Space Center, details specific procedures and timelines for start-up of each PVM. The paper describes how dormant batteries are brought to their normal operating temperature range and then charged to 100% state of charge (SOC). Total time required to complete start-up is computed and compared to the IOS timelines. External power required during start-up is computed and compared to the requirements and/or available power on ISS. Also described is how these start-up procedures can be adopted for restart of PVMs when required.« less

  13. Examination of microbial fuel cell start-up times with domestic wastewater and additional amendments.

    PubMed

    Liu, Guangli; Yates, Matthew D; Cheng, Shaoan; Call, Douglas F; Sun, Dan; Logan, Bruce E

    2011-08-01

    Rapid startup of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and other bioreactors is desirable when treating wastewaters. The startup time with unamended wastewater (118 h) was similar to that obtained by adding acetate or fumarate (110-115 h), and less than that with glucose (181 h) or Fe(III) (353 h). Initial current production took longer when phosphate buffer was added, with startup times increasing with concentration from 149 h (25 mM) to 251 h (50 mM) and 526 h (100 mM). Microbial communities that developed in the reactors contained Betaproteobacteria, Acetoanaerobium noterae, and Chlorobium sp. Anode biomass densities ranged from 200 to 600 μg/cm(2) for all amendments except Fe(Ш) (1650 μg/cm(2)). Wastewater produced 91 mW/m(2), with the other MFCs producing 50 mW/m(2) (fumarate) to 103mW/m(2) (Fe(III)) when amendments were removed. These experiments show that wastewater alone is sufficient to acclimate the reactor without the need for additional chemical amendments. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  14. Performance evaluation of startup for a yeast membrane bioreactor (MBRy) treating landfill leachate.

    PubMed

    Amaral, Míriam C S; Gomes, Rosimeire F; Brasil, Yara L; Oliveira, Sílvia M A; Moravia, Wagner G

    2017-12-06

    The startup process of a membrane bioreactor inoculated with yeast biomass (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and used in the treatment of landfill leachate was evaluated. The yeast membrane bioreactor (MBRy) was inoculated with an exogenous inoculum, a granulated active dry commercial bakers' yeast. The MBRy was successfully started up with a progressive increase in the landfill leachate percentage in the MBRy feed and the use of Sabouraud Dextrose Broth. The membrane plays an important role in the startup phase because of its full biomass retention and removal of organic matter. MBRy is a suitable and promising process to treat recalcitrant landfill leachate. After the acclimation period, the COD and NH 3 removal efficiency reached values of 72 ± 3% and 39 ± 2% respectively. MBRy shows a low membrane-fouling potential. The membrane fouling was influenced by soluble microbial products, extracellular polymeric substances, sludge particle size, and colloidal dissolved organic carbon.

  15. The start-up phase of the national satellite forest monitoring systems for DRC and PNG: a joint venture between FAO and INPE

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jonckheere, I. G.; FAO UN-REDD Team Forestry Department

    2011-12-01

    Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) is an effort to create a financial value for the carbon stored in forests, offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development. "REDD+" goes beyond deforestation and forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. In the framework of getting countries ready for REDD+, the UN-REDD Programme, a partnership between UNEP, FAO and UNDP, assists developing countries to prepare and implement national REDD+ strategies. Designed collaboratively by a broad range of stakeholders, national UN-REDD Programmes are informed by the technical expertise of FAO, UNDP and UNEP. For the monitoring, reporting and verification, FAO supports the countries to develop satellite forest monitoring systems that allow for credible measurement, reporting and verification (MRV)of REDD+ activities. These are among the most critical elements for the successful implementation of any REDD+ mechanism, also following the COP 16 decisions in Cancun last year. The UN-REDD Programme through a joint effort of FAO and Brazil's National Space Agency, INPE, is supporting countries to develop cost-effective, robust and compatible national monitoring and MRV systems, providing tools, methodologies, training and knowledge sharing that help countries to strengthen their technical and institutional capacity for effective MRV systems. To develop strong nationally-owned forest monitoring systems, technical and institutional capacity building is key. The UN-REDD Programme, through FAO, has taken on intensive training together with INPE, and has provided technical help and assistance for in-country training and implementation for national satellite forest monitoring. The goal of the start-up phase for DRC and Papua New Guinea (PNG) in this capacity building effort is the training of technical forest people and IT persons from these two interested REDD+ countries, and to set-up the national satellite forest monitoring systems. The Brazilian forest monitoring system, TerraAmazon, which is used as a basis for this initiative, allows countries to adapt it to country needs and the training on the TerraAmazon system is a tool to enhance existing capacity on carbon monitoring systems. The start-up phase of the National Forest Monitoring System for DRC and PNG will allow these countries to follow all actions related to the implementation of its national REDD+ policies and measures. The monitoring system will work as a platform to obtain information on their REDD+ results and actions, related directly or indirectly to national REDD+ strategies and may also include actions unrelated to carbon assessment, such as forest law enforcement. With the technical assistance of FAO, INPE and other stakeholders, the countries will set up an autonomous operational forest monitoring system. An initial version and the methodologies of these syste,s will be launched in Durban, South Africa during COP 17 and is presented here.

  16. Development of Coriolis mass flowmeter with digital drive and signal processing technology.

    PubMed

    Hou, Qi-Li; Xu, Ke-Jun; Fang, Min; Liu, Cui; Xiong, Wen-Jun

    2013-09-01

    Coriolis mass flowmeter (CMF) often suffers from two-phase flowrate which may cause flowtube stalling. To solve this problem, a digital drive method and a digital signal processing method of CMF is studied and implemented in this paper. A positive-negative step signal is used to initiate the flowtube oscillation without knowing the natural frequency of the flowtube. A digital zero-crossing detection method based on Lagrange interpolation is adopted to calculate the frequency and phase difference of the sensor output signals in order to synthesize the digital drive signal. The digital drive approach is implemented by a multiplying digital to analog converter (MDAC) and a direct digital synthesizer (DDS). A digital Coriolis mass flow transmitter is developed with a digital signal processor (DSP) to control the digital drive, and realize the signal processing. Water flow calibrations and gas-liquid two-phase flowrate experiments are conducted to examine the performance of the transmitter. The experimental results show that the transmitter shortens the start-up time and can maintain the oscillation of flowtube in two-phase flowrate condition. Copyright © 2013 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  17. User interface and operational issues with thermionic space power systems

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Dahlberg, R. C.; Fisher, C. R.

    1987-01-01

    Thermionic space power systems have unique features which facilitate predeployment operations, provide operational flexibility and simplify the interface with the user. These were studied in some detail during the SP-100 program from 1983 to 1985. Three examples are reviewed in this paper: (1) system readiness verification in the prelaunch phase; (2) startup, shutdown, and dormancy in the operations phase; (3) part-load operation in the operations phase.

  18. Establishment of a New School and an Innovative School: Lessons from Two Israeli Case Studies

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tubin, Dorit

    2008-01-01

    Purpose: The paper aims to explore the stages involved in the school establishment phase and detect differences between new and innovative schools startup. Design/methodology/approach: The exploratory study was conducted on the creation phase of two Israeli elementary schools: one new and one innovative. The data were collected through interviews…

  19. Initiatives in Non-Solenoidal Startup and H-mode Physics at Near-Unity A

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bongard, M. W.; Barr, J. L.; Burke, M. G.; Fonck, R. J.; Hinson, E. T.; Lewicki, B. T.; Perry, J. M.; Redd, A. J.; Schlossberg, D. J.; Thome, K. E.; Winz, G. R.

    2014-10-01

    Research on the A ~ 1 Pegasus ST is advancing the physics of non-solenoidal tokamak startup and the H-mode confinement regime. Local helicity injection (LHI) uses current sources in the plasma edge to initiate and drive Ip via DC helicity injection, subject to constraints from helicity conservation and Taylor relaxation. To date, Ip ~ 0 . 18 MA has been initiated with Iinj ~ 6 kA. A predictive 0-D power balance model of LHI Ip (t) evolution matches present discharges with strong PF induction. It projects Ip ~ 0 . 3 MA operation in Pegasus will achieve the LHI-dominated physics regime expected for 1 MA NSTX-U startup. Ohmic H-mode plasmas are routinely attained, due to the low Pth at the low BT of A --> 1 plasmas. However, both limited and favorable ∇B SN plasmas have Pth ~ 11 times higher than expected from high- A scalings. They have improved τe (H98 ~ 1) and a quiescent Jedge pedestal between edge localized modes (ELMs). Unique Jedge (t) measurements through a single Type I ELM show a complex, multimodal pedestal collapse and filament ejection. A proposed Pegasus-U initiative will upgrade the centerstack assembly and LHI injector systems, increasing BT to 1 T, Ohmic V-s by × 6 , and pulse length to 100 ms at A = 1 . 2 . This allows the physics and technology of LHI to be validated at NSTX-U relevant parameters, supports studies of nonlinear ELM dynamics, and will test high-βT tokamak stability. Work supported by US DOE Grant DE-FG02-96ER54375.

  20. Catalytic Ignition and Upstream Reaction Propagation in a Platinum Tube

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Struk, P. M.; Dietrich, D. L.; Mellish, B. P.; Miller, F. J.; T'ien, J. S.

    2007-01-01

    A challenge for catalytic combustion in monolithic reactors at elevated temperatures is the start-up or "light-off" from a cold initial condition. In this work, we demonstrate a concept called "back-end catalytic ignition that potentially can be utilized in the light-off of catalytic monoliths. An external downstream flame or Joule heating raises the temperature of a small portion of the catalyst near the outlet initiating a localized catalytic reaction that propagates upstream heating the entire channel. This work uses a transient numerical model to demonstrate "back-end" ignition within a single channel which can characterize the overall performance of a monolith. The paper presents comparisons to an experiment using a single non-adiabatic channel but the concept can be extended to the adiabatic monolith case. In the model, the time scales associated with solid heat-up are typically several orders of magnitude larger than the gas-phase and chemical kinetic time-scales. Therefore, the model assumes a quasi-steady gas-phase with respect to a transient solid. The gas phase is one-dimensional. Appropriate correlations, however, account for heat and mass transfer in a direction perpendicular to the flow. The thermally-thin solid includes axial conduction. The gas phase, however, does not include axial conduction due to the high Peclet number flows. The model includes both detailed gas-phase and catalytic surface reactions. The experiment utilizes a pure platinum circular channel oriented horizontally though which a CO/O2 mixture (equivalence ratios ranging from 0.6 to 0.9) flows at 2 m/s.

  1. Synthetic reconstruction of recycling on the limiter during startup phase of W7-X based on EMC3-EIRENE simulations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Frerichs, Heinke; Effenberg, Florian; Schmitz, Oliver; Stephey, Laurie; W7-X Team

    2016-10-01

    Interpretation of spectroscopic measurements in the edge region of high-temperature plasmas can be a challenge due to line of sight integration effects. The EMC3-EIRENE code - a 3D fluid edge plasma and kinetic neutral gas transport code - is a suitable tool for full 3D reconstruction of such signals. A versatile synthetic diagnostic module has been developed recently which allows the realistic three dimensional setup of various plasma edge diagnostics to be captured. We present an analysis of recycling on the inboard limiter of W7-X during its startup phase in terms of a synthetic camera for Hα light observations and reconstruct the particle flux from these synthetic images based on ionization per photon coefficients (S/XB). We find that line of sight integration effects can lead to misinterpretation of data (redistribution of particle flux due to neutral gas diffusion), and that local plasma effects are important for the correct treatment of photon emissions. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Grant DE-SC0014210, by startup funds of the Department of Engineering Physics at the University of Wisconsin - Madison, and by the EUROfusion Consortium under Euratom Grant No 633053.

  2. Start-up and operation strategies on the liquefied food waste anaerobic digestion and a full-scale case application.

    PubMed

    Meng, Ying; Shen, Fei; Yuan, Hairong; Zou, Dexun; Liu, Yanping; Zhu, Baoning; Chufo, Akiber; Jaffar, Muhammad; Li, Xiujin

    2014-11-01

    Batch anaerobic digestion was employed to investigate the efficient start-up strategies for the liquefied food waste, and sequencing batch digestion was also performed to determine maximum influent organic loading rate (OLR) for efficient and stable operation. The results indicated that the start-up could be well improved using appropriate wastewater organic load and food-to-microorganism ratios (F/M). When digestion was initialized at low chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 20.0 gCOD L(-1), the start-up would go well using lower F/M ratio of 0.5-0.7. The OLR 7.0 gCOD L(-1) day(-1) was recommended for operating the ASBR digestion, in which the COD conversion of 96.7 ± 0.53% and biomethane yield of 3.5 ± 0.2 L gCOD(-1) were achieved, respectively. The instability would occur when OLR was higher than 7.0 gCOD L(-1) day(-1), and this instability was not recoverable. Lipid was suggested to be removed before anaerobic digestion. The anaerobic digestion process in engineering project ran well, and good performance was achieved when the start-up and operational strategies from laboratory study were applied. For case application, stable digestion performance was achieved in a digester (850 m(3) volume) with biogas production of 1.0-3.8 m(3) m(-3) day(-1).

  3. [Start-up grants for young scientists in German medical universities : Can the clinical scientist be saved?

    PubMed

    Pabst, R; Linke, P B; Neudeck, N B A; Schmiel, M; Ernst, S B

    2016-12-01

    German medical faculties currently have severe financial problems. There is the conflict between financing teaching medical students, inpatient and outpatient costs and supporting basic and applied research. Young postdocs can apply for a grant to start research projects to establish techniques on publishing data as a basis for applying for grants from the German Research Foundation or foundations with a critical review system. Successful applicants from the years 1998-2011 were asked to answer a questionnaire. The annual number of applications ranged from 28 to 96 per year. Within the first period of our analysis ranging from 1998 to 2004, a mean number of 69.5 % ± 14.0 % of submitted grant applications were approved annually in comparison to an average approval of 30.9 % ± 11 % in the years 2006-2001. In total 353 projects were funded with a mean amount of money for a project of approximately 18,640 EUR. The mean amount of external grant money following the start-up period was 7.2 times the money initially spent. That is an excellent return of investment. There were no differences between applicants from the department of surgery or department of internal medicine. In the meantime, 56 % of men and 42 % of women have achieved the academic degree university lecturer (privatdozent). Furthermore, 71 % of the participants evaluated this start-up research as supportive for their postdoctoral qualification (habilitation). The program for initial investment for young postdocs by internal start-up grants is overall successful.

  4. 77 FR 1920 - Information Collection; Submission for OMB Review, Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-12

    ... our initiatives. Type of Review: Renewal. Agency: Corporation for National and Community Service.... Estimated Total Burden Hours: 16,667. Total Burden Cost (capital/startup): None. Total Burden Cost...

  5. Thermal Storage Properties of Molten Nitrate Salt-Based Nanofluids with Graphene Nanoplatelets.

    PubMed

    Xie, Qiangzhi; Zhu, Qunzhi; Li, Yan

    2016-12-01

    In this study, the effect of concentration of nanoparticles on the thermal storage properties of molten nitrate salt-based nanofluids with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) was investigated. Solar salt consisting of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate was utilized as the base material for the nanofluids. Homogeneous dispersion of GNPs within the solar salt was observed through scanning electron microscopy analysis. For both solar salt and resultant nanofluids, differential scanning calorimetry was employed to measure the thermal storage properties, including characteristic temperatures of phase change, startup heat, and specific heat capacity (SHC). A maximum increase of 16.7 % in SHC at the liquid phase was found at an optimal concentration of 1 wt% of GNPs. At the same concentration, the onset temperature decreased by 10.4 °C, the endset temperature decreased by 4.7 °C, and the startup heat decreased by 9 %.

  6. Design Features and Commissioning of the Versatile Experiment Spherical Torus (VEST) at Seoul National University

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    J. Chung, K.; H. An, Y.; K. Jung, B.; Y. Lee, H.; C., Sung; S. Na, Y.; S. Hahm, T.; S. Hwang, Y.

    2013-03-01

    A new spherical torus called VEST (Versatile Experiment Spherical Torus) is designed, constructed and successfully commissioned at Seoul National University. A unique design feature of the VEST is two partial solenoid coils installed at both vertical ends of a center stack, which can provide sufficient magnetic fluxes to initiate tokamak plasmas while keeping a low aspect ratio configuration in the central region. According to initial double null merging start-up scenario using the partial solenoid coils, appropriate power supplies for driving a toroidal field coil, outer poloidal field coils, and the partial solenoid coils are fabricated and successfully commissioned. For reliable start-up, a pre-ionization system with two cost-effective homemade magnetron power supplies is also prepared. In addition, magnetic and spectroscopic diagnostics with appropriate data acquisition and control systems are well prepared for initial operation of the device. The VEST is ready for tokamak plasma operation by completing and commissioning most of the designed components.

  7. 40 CFR 63.9495 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Friction Materials Manufacturing... initial startup. (c) If your friction materials manufacturing facility is an area source that increases...

  8. 40 CFR 63.9495 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Friction Materials Manufacturing... initial startup. (c) If your friction materials manufacturing facility is an area source that increases...

  9. 40 CFR 63.9495 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Friction Materials Manufacturing... initial startup. (c) If your friction materials manufacturing facility is an area source that increases...

  10. 40 CFR 63.9495 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Friction Materials Manufacturing... initial startup. (c) If your friction materials manufacturing facility is an area source that increases...

  11. Automated startup of the MIT research reactor

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kwok, K.S.

    1992-01-01

    This summary describes the development, implementation, and testing of a generic method for performing automated startups of nuclear reactors described by space-independent kinetics under conditions of closed-loop digital control. The technique entails first obtaining a reliable estimate of the reactor's initial degree of subcriticality and then substituting that estimate into a model-based control law so as to permit a power increase from subcritical on a demanded trajectory. The estimation of subcriticality is accomplished by application of the perturbed reactivity method. The shutdown reactor is perturbed by the insertion of reactivity at a known rate. Observation of the resulting period permitsmore » determination of the initial degree of subcriticality. A major advantage to this method is that repeated estimates are obtained of the same quantity. Hence, statistical methods can be applied to improve the quality of the calculation.« less

  12. Manual wheelchair propulsion patterns on natural surfaces during start-up propulsion.

    PubMed

    Koontz, Alicia M; Roche, Bailey M; Collinger, Jennifer L; Cooper, Rory A; Boninger, Michael L

    2009-11-01

    To classify propulsion patterns over surfaces encountered in the natural environment during start-up and compare selected biomechanical variables between pattern types. Case series. National Veterans Wheelchair Games, Minneapolis, MN, 2005. Manual wheelchair users (N=29). Subjects pushed their wheelchairs from a resting position over high-pile carpet, over linoleum, and up a ramp with a 5 degrees incline while propulsion kinematics and kinetics were recorded with a motion capture system and an instrumented wheel. Three raters classified the first 3 strokes as 1 of 4 types on each surface: arc, semicircular (SC), single looping over propulsion (SL), and double looping over propulsion (DL). The Fisher exact test was used to assess pattern changes between strokes and surface type. A multiple analysis of variance test was used to compare peak and average resultant force and moment about the hub, average wheel velocity, stroke frequency, contact angle, and distance traveled between stroke patterns. SL was the most common pattern used during start-up propulsion (44.9%), followed by arc (35.9%), DL (14.1%), and SC (5.1%). Subjects who dropped their hands below the rim during recovery achieved faster velocities and covered greater distances (.016< or =P< or =.075) during start-up on linoleum and carpet and applied more force during start-up on the ramp compared with those who used an arc pattern (P=.066). Classifying propulsion patterns is a difficult task that should use multiple raters. In addition, propulsion patterns change during start-up, with an arc pattern most prevalent initially. The biomechanical findings in this study agree with current clinical guidelines that recommend training users to drop the hand below the pushrim during recovery.

  13. Converting MEMS technology into profits

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bryzek, Janusz

    1998-08-01

    This paper discusses issues related to transitioning a company from the advanced technology development phase (with a particular focus on MEMS) to a profitable business, with emphasis on start-up companies. It includes several case studies from (primarily) NovaSensor MEMS development history. These case studies illustrate strategic problems with which advanced MEMS technology developers have to be concerned. Conclusions from these case studies could be used as checkpoints for future MEMS developers to increase probability of profitable operations. The objective for this paper is to share the author's experience from multiple MEMS start-ups to accelerate development of the MEMS market by focusing state- of-the-art technologists on marketing issues.

  14. Modeling of two-phase flow instabilities during startup transients utilizing RAMONA-4B methodology

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Paniagua, J.; Rohatgi, U.S.; Prasad, V.

    1996-10-01

    RAMONA-4B code is currently under development for simulating thermal hydraulic instabilities that can occur in Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) and the Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (SBWR). As one of the missions of RAMONA-4B is to simulate SBWR startup transients, where geysering or condensation-induced instability may be encountered, the code needs to be assessed for this application. This paper outlines the results of the assessments of the current version of RAMONA-4B and the modifications necessary for simulating the geysering or condensation-induced instability. The test selected for assessment are the geysering tests performed by Prof Aritomi (1993).

  15. Vapor Flow Patterns During a Start-Up Transient in Heat Pipes

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Issacci, F.; Ghoniem, N, M.; Catton, I.

    1996-01-01

    The vapor flow patterns in heat pipes are examined during the start-up transient phase. The vapor core is modelled as a channel flow using a two dimensional compressible flow model. A nonlinear filtering technique is used as a post process to eliminate the non-physical oscillations of the flow variables. For high-input heat flux, multiple shock reflections are observed in the evaporation region. The reflections cause a reverse flow in the evaporation and circulations in the adiabatic region. Furthermore, each shock reflection causes a significant increase in the local pressure and a large pressure drop along the heat pipe.

  16. Lessons learned: design, start-up, and operation of cryogenic systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bell, W. M.; Bagley, R. E.; Motew, S.; Young, P.-W.

    2014-11-01

    Cryogenic systems involving a pumped cryogenic fluid, such as liquid nitrogen (LN2), require careful design since the cryogen is close to its boiling point and cold. At 1 atmosphere, LN2 boils at 77.4 K (-320.4 F). These systems, typically, are designed to transport the cryogen, use it for process heat removal, or for generation of gas (GN2) for process use. As the design progresses, it is important to consider all aspects of the design including, cryogen storage, pressure control and safety relief systems, thermodynamic conditions, equipment and instrument selection, materials, insulation, cooldown, pump start-up, maximum design and minimum flow rates, two phase flow conditions, heat flow, process control to meet and maintain operating conditions, piping integrity, piping loads on served equipment, warm-up, venting, and shut-down. "Cutting corners" in the design process can result in stalled start-ups, field rework, schedule hits, or operational restrictions. Some of these "lessoned learned" are described in this paper.

  17. Optimization of startup and shutdown operation of simulated moving bed chromatographic processes.

    PubMed

    Li, Suzhou; Kawajiri, Yoshiaki; Raisch, Jörg; Seidel-Morgenstern, Andreas

    2011-06-24

    This paper presents new multistage optimal startup and shutdown strategies for simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatographic processes. The proposed concept allows to adjust transient operating conditions stage-wise, and provides capability to improve transient performance and to fulfill product quality specifications simultaneously. A specially tailored decomposition algorithm is developed to ensure computational tractability of the resulting dynamic optimization problems. By examining the transient operation of a literature separation example characterized by nonlinear competitive isotherm, the feasibility of the solution approach is demonstrated, and the performance of the conventional and multistage optimal transient regimes is evaluated systematically. The quantitative results clearly show that the optimal operating policies not only allow to significantly reduce both duration of the transient phase and desorbent consumption, but also enable on-spec production even during startup and shutdown periods. With the aid of the developed transient procedures, short-term separation campaigns with small batch sizes can be performed more flexibly and efficiently by SMB chromatography. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  18. Experimental and analytical study of stability characteristics of natural circulation boiling water reactors during startup transient

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Woo, Kyoungsuk

    Two-phase natural circulation loops are unstable at low pressure operating conditions. New reactor design relying on natural circulation for both normal and abnormal core cooling is susceptible to different types of flow instabilities. In contrast to forced circulation boiling water reactor (BWR), natural circulation BWR is started up without recirculation pumps. The tall chimney placed on the top of the core makes the system susceptible to flashing during low pressure start-up. In addition, the considerable saturation temperature variation may induce complicated dynamic behavior driven by thermal non-equilibrium between the liquid and steam. The thermal-hydraulic problems in two-phase natural circulation systems at low pressure and low power conditions are investigated through experimental methods. Fuel heat conduction, neutron kinetics, flow kinematics, energetics and dynamics that govern the flow behavior at low pressure, are formulated. A dimensionless analysis is introduced to obtain governing dimensionless groups which are groundwork of the system scaling. Based on the robust scaling method and start-up procedures of a typical natural circulation BWR, the simulation strategies for the transient with and without void reactivity feedback is developed. Three different heat-up rates are applied to the transient simulations to study characteristics of the stability during the start-up. Reducing heat-up rate leads to increase in the period of flashing-induced density wave oscillation and decrease in the system pressurization rate. However, reducing the heat-up rate is unable to completely prevent flashing-induced oscillations. Five characteristic regions of stability are discovered at low pressure conditions. They are stable single-phase, flashing near the separator, intermittent oscillation, sinusoidal oscillation and low subcooling stable regions. Stability maps were acquired for system pressures ranging 100 kPa to 400 kPa. According to experimental investigation, the flow becomes stable below a certain heat flux regardless of the inlet subcooling at the core and system pressure. At higher heat flux, unstable phenomena were indentified within a certain range of inlet subcooling. The unstable region diminishes as the system pressure increases. In natural circulation BWRs, the significant gravitational pressure drop over the tall chimney section induces a Type-I instability. The Type-I instability becomes especially important during low power and pressure conditions during reactor start-up. Under these circumstances the effect of pressure variations on the saturation enthalpy becomes significant. An experimental study shows that the flashing phenomenon in the adiabatic chimney section is dominant during the start-up of a natural circulation BWR. Since flashing occurs outside the core, nuclear feedback effects on the stability are small. Furthermore, the thermal-hydraulic oscillation period is much longer than power fluctuation period caused by void reactivity feedback. In the natural circulation system increasing the inlet restriction reduces the natural circulation flow rate, shifting the unstable region to higher inlet subcooling.

  19. An enhanced tokamak startup model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Goswami, Rajiv; Artaud, Jean-François

    2017-01-01

    The startup of tokamaks has been examined in the past in varying degree of detail. This phase typically involves the burnthrough of impurities and the subsequent rampup of plasma current. A zero-dimensional (0D) model is most widely used where the time evolution of volume averaged quantities determines the detailed balance between the input and loss of particle and power. But, being a 0D setup, these studies do not take into consideration the co-evolution of plasma size and shape, and instead assume an unchanging minor and major radius. However, it is known that the plasma position and its minor radius can change appreciably as the plasma evolves in time to fill in the entire available volume. In this paper, an enhanced model for the tokamak startup is introduced, which for the first time takes into account the evolution of plasma geometry during this brief but highly dynamic period by including realistic one-dimensional (1D) effects within the broad 0D framework. In addition the effect of runaway electrons (REs) has also been incorporated. The paper demonstrates that the inclusion of plasma cross section evolution in conjunction with REs plays an important role in the formation and development of tokamak startup. The model is benchmarked against experimental results from ADITYA tokamak.

  20. Management approach recommendations. Earth Observatory Satellite system definition study (EOS)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1974-01-01

    Management analyses and tradeoffs were performed to determine the most cost effective management approach for the Earth Observatory Satellite (EOS) Phase C/D. The basic objectives of the management approach are identified. Some of the subjects considered are as follows: (1) contract startup phase, (2) project management control system, (3) configuration management, (4) quality control and reliability engineering requirements, and (5) the parts procurement program.

  1. 40 CFR 63.4981 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... recordkeeping when data are based on a business accounting period. Organic HAP content means the mass of organic... CFR 70.2. Startup, initial means the first time equipment is brought online in a facility. Surface...

  2. 40 CFR 60.1160 - Who must complete the operator training course? By when?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... types of employees must complete the EPA or State-approved operator training course: (1) Chief facility... initial startup. (2) December 6, 2001. (3) The date before an employee assumes responsibilities that...

  3. 40 CFR 60.1160 - Who must complete the operator training course? By when?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... types of employees must complete the EPA or State-approved operator training course: (1) Chief facility... initial startup. (2) December 6, 2001. (3) The date before an employee assumes responsibilities that...

  4. 40 CFR 60.1160 - Who must complete the operator training course? By when?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... types of employees must complete the EPA or State-approved operator training course: (1) Chief facility... initial startup. (2) December 6, 2001. (3) The date before an employee assumes responsibilities that...

  5. 40 CFR 60.1160 - Who must complete the operator training course? By when?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... types of employees must complete the EPA or State-approved operator training course: (1) Chief facility... initial startup. (2) December 6, 2001. (3) The date before an employee assumes responsibilities that...

  6. 40 CFR 60.1160 - Who must complete the operator training course? By when?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... types of employees must complete the EPA or State-approved operator training course: (1) Chief facility... initial startup. (2) December 6, 2001. (3) The date before an employee assumes responsibilities that...

  7. Foundations as Promoters of Life Science Start-ups.

    PubMed

    Vonmont, Pascale

    2014-12-01

    Because private foundations have only modest financial resources compared to public and private-sector research funding, the only way in which foundations can play a key role is in the initial and risk financing of gap areas. This is generally in what is known as the 'valley of death', but even there an additional focus is needed. One promising field is the very early-stage support for high-risk but high-potential business cases in order to increase the number of start-ups, not only but very often in the field of life sciences. The pre-seed fund venture kick, an initiative by private foundations, is a good example of success. There is still a gap in the innovation chain in Switzerland from the first research results to becoming a successful life science company. However, for the first time promising solutions are on the way, and here too, foundations can play an important role.

  8. Heat pipe dynamic behavior

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Issacci, F.; Roche, G. L.; Klein, D. B.; Catton, I.

    1988-01-01

    The vapor flow in a heat pipe was mathematically modeled and the equations governing the transient behavior of the core were solved numerically. The modeled vapor flow is transient, axisymmetric (or two-dimensional) compressible viscous flow in a closed chamber. The two methods of solution are described. The more promising method failed (a mixed Galerkin finite difference method) whereas a more common finite difference method was successful. Preliminary results are presented showing that multi-dimensional flows need to be treated. A model of the liquid phase of a high temperature heat pipe was developed. The model is intended to be coupled to a vapor phase model for the complete solution of the heat pipe problem. The mathematical equations are formulated consistent with physical processes while allowing a computationally efficient solution. The model simulates time dependent characteristics of concern to the liquid phase including input phase change, output heat fluxes, liquid temperatures, container temperatures, liquid velocities, and liquid pressure. Preliminary results were obtained for two heat pipe startup cases. The heat pipe studied used lithium as the working fluid and an annular wick configuration. Recommendations for implementation based on the results obtained are presented. Experimental studies were initiated using a rectangular heat pipe. Both twin beam laser holography and laser Doppler anemometry were investigated. Preliminary experiments were completed and results are reported.

  9. Heat Pipe Vapor Dynamics. Ph.D. Thesis

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Issacci, Farrokh

    1990-01-01

    The dynamic behavior of the vapor flow in heat pipes is investigated at startup and during operational transients. The vapor is modeled as two-dimensional, compressible viscous flow in an enclosure with inflow and outflow boundary conditions. For steady-state and operating transients, the SIMPLER method is used. In this method a control volume approach is employed on a staggered grid which makes the scheme very stable. It is shown that for relatively low input heat fluxes the compressibility of the vapor flow is low and the SIMPLER scheme is suitable for the study of transient vapor dynamics. When the input heat flux is high or the process under a startup operation starts at very low pressures and temperatures, the vapor is highly compressible and a shock wave is created in the evaporator. It is shown that for a wide range of input heat fluxes, the standard methods, including the SIMPLER scheme, are not suitable. A nonlinear filtering technique, along with the centered difference scheme, are then used for shock capturing as well as for the solution of the cell Reynolds-number problem. For high heat flux, the startup transient phase involves multiple shock reflections in the evaporator region. Each shock reflection causes a significant increase in the local pressure and a large pressure drop along the heat pipe. Furthermore, shock reflections cause flow reversal in the evaporation region and flow circulations in the adiabatic region. The maximum and maximum-averaged pressure drops in different sections of the heat pipe oscillate periodically with time because of multiple shock reflections. The pressure drop converges to a constant value at steady state. However, it is significantly higher than its steady-state value at the initiation of the startup transient. The time for the vapor core to reach steady-state condition depends on the input heat flux, the heat pipe geometry, the working fluid, and the condenser conditions. However, the vapor transient time, for an Na-filled heat pipe is on the order of seconds. Depending on the time constant for the overall system, the vapor transient time may be very short. Therefore, the vapor core may be assumed to be quasi-steady in the transient analysis of a heat pipe operation.

  10. One Environmental Education Center's Industry Initiative: Collaborating to Create More Environmentally and Economically Sustainable Businesses

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hollweg, Karen S.

    2009-01-01

    The Centre for Environment Education (CEE) added an Industry Initiative to its portfolio of more traditional environmental education programs in 1993. This article documents the start-up and evolution of that program and the ways that businesses and CEE have worked together for a sustainable future. A specific 18-month project, in which CEE and an…

  11. Aerobic composting of distilled grain waste eluted from a Chinese spirit-making process: The effects of initial pH adjustment.

    PubMed

    Wang, Shi-Peng; Zhong, Xiao-Zhong; Wang, Ting-Ting; Sun, Zhao-Yong; Tang, Yue-Qin; Kida, Kenji

    2017-12-01

    Aerobic composting of distilled grain waste (DGW) at different initial pH values adjusted by CaO addition was investigated. Three pH-adjusted treatments with initial pH values of 4 (R1), 5 (R2) and 6 (R3) and a control treatment (R0) with a pH value of 3.5 were conducted simultaneously. The results showed that R0 had an unsuccessful start-up of composting. However, the pH-adjusted treatments produced remarkable results, with a relatively high initial pH being beneficial for the start-up. Within 65days of composting, the degradation of volatile solids (VS) and the physicochemical properties of R2 and R3 displayed similar tendencies, and both produced a mature end-product, while R1 exhibited a lower VS degradation rate, and some of its physicochemical properties indicated the end-product was immature. Quantitative PCR analysis of ammonia oxidizers indicated that the occurrence of nitrification during the composting of DGW could be attributed to the activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  12. 40 CFR 60.1380 - What must I include in my notice of construction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... waste combustion unit. (2) The planned initial startup date of your municipal waste combustion unit. (3) The types of fuels you plan to combust in your municipal waste combustion unit. (4) The capacity of...

  13. 40 CFR 60.1380 - What must I include in my notice of construction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... waste combustion unit. (2) The planned initial startup date of your municipal waste combustion unit. (3) The types of fuels you plan to combust in your municipal waste combustion unit. (4) The capacity of...

  14. 40 CFR 60.1380 - What must I include in my notice of construction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... waste combustion unit. (2) The planned initial startup date of your municipal waste combustion unit. (3) The types of fuels you plan to combust in your municipal waste combustion unit. (4) The capacity of...

  15. 40 CFR 60.1380 - What must I include in my notice of construction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... waste combustion unit. (2) The planned initial startup date of your municipal waste combustion unit. (3) The types of fuels you plan to combust in your municipal waste combustion unit. (4) The capacity of...

  16. 40 CFR 60.1380 - What must I include in my notice of construction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... waste combustion unit. (2) The planned initial startup date of your municipal waste combustion unit. (3) The types of fuels you plan to combust in your municipal waste combustion unit. (4) The capacity of...

  17. External fuel vaporization study, phase 1

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Szetela, E. J.; Chiappetta, L.

    1980-01-01

    A conceptual design study was conducted to devise and evaluate techniques for the external vaporization of fuel for use in an aircraft gas turbine with characteristics similar to the Energy Efficient Engine (E(3)). Three vaporizer concepts were selected and they were analyzed from the standpoint of fuel thermal stability, integration of the vaporizer system into the aircraft engine, engine and vaporizer dynamic response, startup and altitude restart, engine performance, control requirements, safety, and maintenance. One of the concepts was found to improve the performance of the baseline E(3) engine without seriously compromising engine startup and power change response. Increased maintenance is required because of the need for frequent pyrolytic cleaning of the surfaces in contact with hot fuel.

  18. Critical Incidents Typically Emerging during the Post-Formation Phase of a New Venture: Perspectives for Entrepreneurship Education and Start-up Counselling

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Heinrichs, Karin; Jäcklin, Benjamin

    2017-01-01

    During the post-formation phase, young ventures are often in danger of sliding into bankruptcy. The entrepreneur has to deal with a multitude of complex problems, decisions have to be made under time pressure or uncertainty, and upcoming crises have to be perceived in time. This paper presents seven critical incidents that are (1) realistic,…

  19. Passive Wake Detection Using Seal Whisker-Inspired Sensing

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-02-01

    2sA!2 (1.12) C l,v : The lift coecient in phase with velocity is a particularly important variable in this context. It describes the energy transfer ...start-up phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 2-10 C m contours plotted as a function of amplitude ratio and...minimize drag. The tube on top attaches directly to the front of the Tow Tank carriage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 C-2 (Left) Accelerometer held in

  20. Spatial Burnout in Water Reactors with Nonuniform Startup Distributions of Uranium and Boron

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Fox, Thomas A.; Bogart, Donald

    1955-01-01

    Spatial burnout calculations have been made of two types of water moderated cylindrical reactor using boron as a burnable poison to increase reactor life. Specific reactors studied were a version of the Submarine Advanced Reactor (sAR) and a supercritical water reactor (SCW) . Burnout characteristics such as reactivity excursion, neutron-flux and heat-generation distributions, and uranium and boron distributions have been determined for core lives corresponding to a burnup of approximately 7 kilograms of fully enriched uranium. All reactivity calculations have been based on the actual nonuniform distribution of absorbers existing during intervals of core life. Spatial burnout of uranium and boron and spatial build-up of fission products and equilibrium xenon have been- considered. Calculations were performed on the NACA nuclear reactor simulator using two-group diff'usion theory. The following reactor burnout characteristics have been demonstrated: 1. A significantly lower excursion in reactivity during core life may be obtained by nonuniform rather than uniform startup distribution of uranium. Results for SCW with uranium distributed to provide constant radial heat generation and a core life corresponding to a uranium burnup of 7 kilograms indicated a maximum excursion in reactivity of 2.5 percent. This compared to a maximum excursion of 4.2 percent obtained for the same core life when w'anium was uniformly distributed at startup. Boron was incorporated uniformly in these cores at startup. 2. It is possible to approach constant radial heat generation during the life of a cylindrical core by means of startup nonuniform radial and axial distributions of uranium and boron. Results for SCW with nonuniform radial distribution of uranium to provide constant radial heat generation at startup and with boron for longevity indicate relatively small departures from the initially constant radial heat generation distribution during core life. Results for SAR with a sinusoidal distribution rather than uniform axial distributions of boron indicate significant improvements in axial heat generation distribution during the greater part of core life. 3. Uranium investments for cylindrical reactors with nonuniform radial uranium distributions which provide constant radial heat generation per unit core volume are somewhat higher than for reactors with uniform uranium concentration at startup. On the other hand, uranium investments for reactors with axial boron distributions which approach constant axial heat generation are somewhat smaller than for reactors with uniform boron distributions at startup.

  1. Microstructural evolution of a model, shear-banding micellar solution during shear startup and cessation.

    PubMed

    López-Barrón, Carlos R; Gurnon, A Kate; Eberle, Aaron P R; Porcar, Lionel; Wagner, Norman J

    2014-04-01

    We present direct measurements of the evolution of the segmental-level microstructure of a stable shear-banding polymerlike micelle solution during flow startup and cessation in the plane of flow. These measurements provide a definitive, quantitative microstructural understanding of the stages observed during flow startup: an initial elastic response with limited alignment that yields with a large stress overshoot to a homogeneous flow with associated micellar alignment that persists for approximately three relaxation times. This transient is followed by a shear (kink) band formation with a flow-aligned low-viscosity band that exhibits shear-induced concentration fluctuations and coexists with a nearly isotropic band of homogenous, highly viscoelastic micellar solution. Stable, steady banding flow is achieved only after approximately two reptation times. Flow cessation from this shear-banded state is also found to be nontrivial, exhibiting an initial fast relaxation with only minor structural relaxation, followed by a slower relaxation of the aligned micellar fluid with the equilibrium fluid's characteristic relaxation time. These measurements resolve a controversy in the literature surrounding the mechanism of shear banding in entangled wormlike micelles and, by means of comparison to existing literature, provide further insights into the mechanisms driving shear-banding instabilities in related systems. The methods and instrumentation described should find broad use in exploring complex fluid rheology and testing microstructure-based constitutive equations.

  2. 40 CFR Appendix 1 to Part 3 - Priority Reports

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ...). Hazardous Air Pollutants Compliance Report Reports containing results from performance test, opacity tests, and visible emissions tests. Progress reports; periodic and immediate startup, shutdown, and... Owners report emissions data from stationary sources 51.211. Report For Initial Performance Test Report...

  3. 40 CFR Appendix 1 to Part 3 - Priority Reports

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ...). Hazardous Air Pollutants Compliance Report Reports containing results from performance test, opacity tests, and visible emissions tests. Progress reports; periodic and immediate startup, shutdown, and... Owners report emissions data from stationary sources 51.211. Report For Initial Performance Test Report...

  4. 30 CFR 250.524 - When am I required to take action from my casing diagnostic test?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    .../casing, tubing/riser, casing/casing, riser/casing, or riser/riser communication; (d) Any well that has... initial startup operations described in § 250.521; (e) Any hybrid well with casing or riser pressure...

  5. 40 CFR 60.732 - Standards for particulate matter.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... particulate matter in excess of 0.092 gram per dry standard cubic meter (g/dscm) [0.040 grain per dry standard... § 60.8 is completed, but not later than 180 days after the initial startup, whichever date comes first...

  6. Feasibility study of ECRH in NSTX-U startup plasma

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lopez, N. A.; Poli, F.; Taylor, G.; Harvey, R.; Petrov, Yu.

    2016-10-01

    A key mission goal of the National Spherical Torus eXperiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) is the demonstration of fully non-inductive startup and operation. In part to accomplish this, a 1MW, 28 GHz ECRH system is presently being developed for implementation on NSTX-U in 2018. Like most spherical tokamaks, NSTX-U operates in the overdense regime (fpe>fce) , which limits traditional ECRH to the early startup phase. An extensive modelling effort of the propagation and absorption of EC waves in the evolving plasma is thus required to define the most effective window of operation, and to optimize the launcher geometry for maximal heating and for current drive during this window. In fact, the ECRH system will play an important role in preparing a target plasma for subsequent injection of IC waves and NBI. Here we assess the feasibility of O1-mode ECRH in NSTX-U startup plasma at full field of 1T through time-dependent simulations performed with the transport solver TRANSP. Linear ray-tracing calculations conducted by GENRAY are coupled into the TRANSP framework, allowing the plasma equilibrium and the temperature profiles to evolve self-consistently in response to the injected microwave power. Furthermore, we investigate additional possibilities of heating and current drive made available through coupling the injected O-mode power to the electrostatic EBW via the slow X-mode as an intermediary.

  7. Alkaline static feed electrolyzer based oxygen generation system

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Noble, L. D.; Kovach, A. J.; Fortunato, F. A.; Schubert, F. H.; Grigger, D. J.

    1988-01-01

    In preparation for the future deployment of the Space Station, an R and D program was established to demonstrate integrated operation of an alkaline Water Electrolysis System and a fuel cell as an energy storage device. The program's scope was revised when the Space Station Control Board changed the energy storage baseline for the Space Station. The new scope was aimed at the development of an alkaline Static Feed Electrolyzer for use in an Environmental Control/Life Support System as an oxygen generation system. As a result, the program was divided into two phases. The phase 1 effort was directed at the development of the Static Feed Electrolyzer for application in a Regenerative Fuel Cell System. During this phase, the program emphasized incorporation of the Regenerative Fuel Cell System design requirements into the Static Feed Electrolyzer electrochemical module design and the mechanical components design. The mechanical components included a Pressure Control Assembly, a Water Supply Assembly and a Thermal Control Assembly. These designs were completed through manufacturing drawing during Phase 1. The Phase 2 effort was directed at advancing the Alkaline Static Feed Electrolyzer database for an oxygen generation system. This development was aimed at extending the Static Feed Electrolyzer database in areas which may be encountered from initial fabrication through transportation, storage, launch and eventual Space Station startup. During this Phase, the Program emphasized three major areas: materials evaluation, electrochemical module scaling and performance repeatability and Static Feed Electrolyzer operational definition and characterization.

  8. Startup of a Partial Nitritation-Anammox MBBR and the Implementation of pH-Based Aeration Control.

    PubMed

    Klaus, Stephanie; Baumler, Rick; Rutherford, Bob; Thesing, Glenn; Zhao, Hong; Bott, Charles

    2017-06-01

      The single-stage deammonification moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) is a process for treating high strength nitrogen waste streams. In this process, partial nitritation and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) occur simultaneously within a biofilm attached to plastic carriers. An existing tank at the James River Treatment Plant (76 ML/d) in Newport News, Virginia was modified to install a sidestream deammonification MBBR process. This was the second sidestream deammonification process in North America and the first MBBR type installation. After 4 months the process achieved greater than 85% ammonia removal at the design loading rate of 2.4 g /m2·d (256 kg /d) signaling the end of startup. Based on observations during startup and process optimization phases, a novel pH-based control system was developed that maximizes ammonium removal and results in stable aeration and effluent alkalinity.

  9. Phase control and fast start-up of a magnetron using modulation of an addressable faceted cathode

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Browning, J., E-mail: JimBrowning@BoiseState.edu; Fernandez-Gutierrez, S.; Lin, M. C.

    The use of an addressable, faceted cathode has been proposed as a method of modulating current injection in a magnetron to improve performance and control phase. To implement the controllable electron emission, five-sided and ten-sided faceted planar cathodes employing gated field emitters are considered as these emitters could be fabricated on flat substrates. For demonstration, the conformal finite-difference time-domain particle-in-cell simulation, as implemented in VORPAL, has been used to model a ten-cavity, rising sun magnetron using the modulated current sources and benchmarked against a typical continuous current source. For the modulated, ten-sided faceted cathode case, the electrons are injected frommore » three emitter elements on each of the ten facets. Each emitter is turned ON and OFF in sequence at the oscillating frequency with five emitters ON at one time to drive the five electron spokes of the π-mode. The emitter duty cycle is then 1/6th the Radio-Frequency (RF) period. Simulations show a fast start-up time as low as 35 ns for the modulated case compared to 100 ns for the continuous current cases. Analysis of the RF phase using the electron spoke locations and the RF magnetic field components shows that the phase is controlled for the modulated case while it is random, as typical, for the continuous current case. Active phase control during oscillation was demonstrated by shifting the phase of the electron injection 180° after oscillations started. The 180° phase shift time was approximately 25 RF cycles.« less

  10. Why do aged fluorescent tubes flicker?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Plihon, Nicolas; Ferrand, Jérémy; Guyomar, Tristan; Museur, Flavien; Taberlet, Nicolas

    2017-11-01

    Our everyday experience of aged and defective fluorescent tubes or bulbs informs us that they may flicker and emit a clicking sound while struggling to light up. In this article, the physical mechanisms controlling the initial illumination of a functioning fluorescent tube are investigated using a simple and affordable experimental setup. Thermionic emission from the electrodes of the tube controls the startup of fluorescent tubes. The origin of the faulty startup of aged fluorescent tubes is discussed and flickering regimes using functional tubes are artificially produced using a dedicated setup that decreases electron emission by the thermionic effect in a controlled manner. The physical parameters controlling the occurrence of flickering light are discussed, and their temporal statistics are reported.

  11. Surviving and Thriving Your First Year in Private Practice

    PubMed Central

    Schwab, Elizabeth Falk

    2016-01-01

    Taking the leap toward a career as a private practice owner is daunting. When in the initial stages of starting a private practice, I searched for current advice from an audiologist who had recently confronted the same challenges I was about to face. Because of the limited information available, I documented my process in hopes of providing an overview of my startup experience to help others. Included is a timeline of startup tasks and a sample budget to use as a reference. In this chapter, I share my experiences, both the positives and the negatives, and tips with the goal of helping you survive and thrive in your first year in private practice. PMID:28028322

  12. Implementing a bar-coded bedside medication administration system.

    PubMed

    Yates, Cindy

    2007-01-01

    Hospitals across the nation are struggling with implementing electronic medication administration and reporting (eMAR) systems as part of patient safety programs. St Luke's Hospital in Chesterfield, Mo, initiated their eMAR initiative in June 2003, initiating program start-up in September 2004. This case study documents how the project was approached, its overall success, and what was learned along the way. Also included is a recent update highlighting the expansion of St Luke's patient safety initiative, adapting eMAR to two specialty units: dialysis and laboratory processes.

  13. Expanding Access

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Roach, Ronald

    2007-01-01

    There is no question that the United States lags behind most industrialized nations in consumer access to broadband Internet service. For many policy makers and activists, this shortfall marks the latest phase in the struggle to overcome the digital divide. To remedy this lack of broadband affordability and availability, one start-up firm--with…

  14. Pairing the Adult Learner and Boutique Wineries

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Holyoke, Laura; Heath-Simpson, Delta

    2013-01-01

    This study explored connections between adult learners and their experiences in the context of small boutique wineries operating in the start-up phase of the organizational life cycle. The research objective was to gain insight regarding the pairing of adult learners with the entering of a specialty industry. Fourteen individuals from four…

  15. Efficiencies of Bio-electrocatalytic Production of Hydrogen from Lactate Using Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 was grown in a chemostatic, continuously-fed bioelectrochemical cell under slightly aerated conditions. The start-up phase was controlled potentiostatically (0.4 V vs. SHE). When a stable performance was achieved, the reactor was switched to bio-electrocatalytic producti...

  16. A Coordinated Initialization Process for the Distributed Space Exploration Simulation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Crues, Edwin Z.; Phillips, Robert G.; Dexter, Dan; Hasan, David

    2007-01-01

    A viewgraph presentation on the federate initialization process for the Distributed Space Exploration Simulation (DSES) is described. The topics include: 1) Background: DSES; 2) Simulation requirements; 3) Nine Step Initialization; 4) Step 1: Create the Federation; 5) Step 2: Publish and Subscribe; 6) Step 3: Create Object Instances; 7) Step 4: Confirm All Federates Have Joined; 8) Step 5: Achieve initialize Synchronization Point; 9) Step 6: Update Object Instances With Initial Data; 10) Step 7: Wait for Object Reflections; 11) Step 8: Set Up Time Management; 12) Step 9: Achieve startup Synchronization Point; and 13) Conclusions

  17. Entrepreneurism from the ground up: Entrepreneurism, innovation, and responsiveness in a start-up university

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wong, Michael Paul Anthony

    Colleges and universities are under increased pressure from internal and external constituencies for increased innovation and responsiveness. Entrepreneurial private industry models such as start-up businesses, corporate ventures and spin-off organizations have been recognized for their ability to quickly adapt to changing business environments and rapidly innovate to take advantage of new opportunities. This case study investigates these claims with regard to a start-up university founded with the identity of an entrepreneurial, interdisciplinary institution that prepares graduate level students for leadership careers as entrepreneurs in the bio-tech industry. By interviewing twenty-four administrators, faculty, and members of the Board of Trustees, including all but one of the founding full-time faculty, I present an "insider's" depiction of the lived experience of those most closely associated with the founding and subsequent institution building of this unique higher education organization. Initial chapters present a theory of higher education organizations, derived from Birnbaum (1988) and Bolman and Deal (1991), as driven by two primary tasks: resolving identity and establishing power and resources in relation to that identity. I also present Russell and Russell's (1992) theory of "entrepreneurial posture" in relation to a higher education organization. Subsequent chapters analyze the start-up university's environment, strategy, culture, and structure within the framework of the two primary organizational tasks and Russell and Russell's (1992) definition of an entrepreneurial organization.

  18. Gazelles, unicorns, and dragons battle cancer through the Nanotechnology Startup Challenge.

    PubMed

    Truman, Rosemarie; Locke, Cody J

    On March 4th, 2016, Springer's C ancer Nanotechnology office promoted the launch of the Nanotechnology Startup Challenge in Cancer ( NSC 2 ). This innovation-development model is a partnership among our company, the Center for Advancing Innovation (CAI), MedImmune, the global biologics arm of AstraZeneca, and multiple institutes at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NSC 2 "crowdsources" talent from around the world to launch startups with near-term, commercially viable cancer nanotechnology inventions, which were developed by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB). Crowdsourcing is a process in which one uses the internet to engage a large group of people in an activity, such as NSC 2 . For this initiative, CAI engaged universities, industry professionals, foundations, investors, relevant media outlets, seasoned entrepreneurs, and life sciences membership organizations to request that they participate in the challenge. From this outreach, fifty-six key thought leaders have enrolled in NSC 2 as judges, mentors, and/or advisors to challenge teams (http://www.nscsquared.org/judges.html). Along with crowdsourcing talent to bolt startups around NIH inventions, NSC 2 will also catalyze the launch of companies around "third-party" cancer nanotechnology inventions, which were conceived and developed outside of the NIH. Twenty-eight robust teams were accepted to the challenge on March 14th, 2016.

  19. 77 FR 25775 - Small Business Investment Companies-Early Stage SBICs

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-01

    ... of the Small Business Investment Company (``SBIC'') Management Assessment Questionnaire (``MAQ... expand entrepreneurs' access to capital and encourage innovation as part of President Obama's Start-Up... 18, 2012. Initial Review Period: Management Assessment 5 p.m. ET......... 5 p.m. ET. Questionnaires...

  20. Advancing molecular-guided surgery through probe development and testing in a moderate cost evaluation pipeline

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pogue, Brian W.; Paulsen, Keith D.; Hull, Sally M.; Samkoe, Kimberley S.; Gunn, Jason; Hoopes, Jack; Roberts, David W.; Strong, Theresa V.; Draney, Daniel; Feldwisch, Joachim

    2015-03-01

    Molecular guided oncology surgery has the potential to transform the way decisions about resection are done, and can be critically important in areas such as neurosurgery where the margins of tumor relative to critical normal tissues are not readily apparent from visual or palpable guidance. Yet there are major financial barriers to advancing agents into clinical trials with commercial backing. We observe that development of these agents in the standard biological therapeutic paradigm is not viable, due to the high up front financial investment needed and the limitations in the revenue models of contrast agents for imaging. The hypothesized solution to this problem is to develop small molecular biologicals tagged with an established fluorescent reporter, through the chemical agent approval pathway, targeting a phase 0 trials initially, such that the initial startup phase can be completely funded by a single NIH grant. In this way, fast trials can be completed to de-risk the development pipeline, and advance the idea of fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) reporters into human testing. As with biological therapies the potential successes of each agent are still moderate, but this process will allow the field to advance in a more stable and productive manner, rather than relying upon isolated molecules developed at high cost and risk. The pathway proposed and tested here uses peptide synthesis of an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-binding Affibody molecules, uniquely conjugated to IRDye 800CW, developed and tested in academic and industrial laboratories with well-established records for GMP production, fill and finish, toxicity testing, and early phase clinical trials with image guidance.

  1. A 3.2-GHz fully integrated low-phase noise CMOS VCO with self-biasing current source for the IEEE 802.11a/hiperLAN WLAN standard

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Quemada, C.; Adin, I.; Bistue, G.; Berenguer, R.; Mendizabal, J.

    2005-06-01

    A 3.3V, fully integrated 3.2-GHz voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is designed in a 0.18μm CMOS technology for the IEE 802.11a/HiperLAN WLAN standard for the UNII band from 5.15 to 5.35 GHz. The VCO is tunable between 2.85 GHz and 3.31 GHz. NMOS architecture with self-biasing current of the tank source is chosen. A startup circuit has been employed to avoid zero initial current. Current variation is lower than 1% for voltage supply variations of 10%. The use of a self-biasing current source in the tank provides a greater safety in the transconductance value and allows running along more extreme point operation The designed VCO displays a phase noise and output power of -98dBc/Hz (at 100 KHz offset frequency) and 0dBm respectively. This phase noise has been obtained with inductors of 2.2nH and quality factor of 12 at 3.2 GHz, and P-N junction varactors whose quality factor is estimated to exceed 40 at 3.2 GHz. These passive components have been fabricated, measured and modeled previously. The core of the VCO consumes 33mW DC power.

  2. A Strong Start-up Scene Flourishes in the Life Sciences Capital Basel.

    PubMed

    Burckhardt, Peter

    2014-12-01

    Basel is known for its successful global players in Pharma, Agro and Chemicals. The wealth of top-tier companies, universities and academic institutions in such a small region is unparalleled. It creates an optimum climate for world-class research and its translation into successful businesses. This is also reflected in a strong start-up scene. Over the past decades the multinational players have shown that they are able to adapt to the ever-increasing challenges in the market. Basel has seen blue-chip company mergers, accompanied by the transfer of business assets into spin-off companies. This process created a mind-set for change which has positively influenced the local start-up environment. Actelion is one of these former spin-offs that successfully made the transition to become a global player. BioVersys and PIQUR are two of the most promising very early stage Swiss biotech companies. Many other examples can be found in Northwestern Switzerland. The region also offers a solid background of supporting activities. Infrastructure, coaching and all other support are offered and complement national innovation initiatives.

  3. Strategies for merging microbial fuel cell technologies in water desalination processes: Start-up protocol and desalination efficiency assessment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Borjas, Zulema; Esteve-Núñez, Abraham; Ortiz, Juan Manuel

    2017-07-01

    Microbial Desalination Cells constitute an innovative technology where microbial fuel cell and electrodialysis merge in the same device for obtaining fresh water from saline water with no energy-associated cost for the user. In this work, an anodic biofilm of the electroactive bacteria Geobacter sulfurreducens was able to efficiently convert the acetate present in synthetic waste water into electric current (j = 0.32 mA cm-2) able to desalinate water. .Moreover, we implemented an efficient start-up protocol where desalination up to 90% occurred in a desalination cycle (water production:0.308 L m-2 h-1, initial salinity: 9 mS cm-1, final salinity: <1 mS cm-1) using a filter press-based MDC prototype without any energy supply (excluding peristaltic pump energy). This start-up protocol is not only optimized for time but also simplifies operational procedures making it a more feasible strategy for future scaling-up of MDCs either as a single process or as a pre-treatment method combined with other well established desalination technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO) or reverse electrodialysis.

  4. Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) Instrument: Flight Loop Heat Pipe (LHP) Acceptance Thermal Vacuum Test

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Baker, Charles; Butler, Dan; Ku, Jentung; Grob, Eric; Swanson, Ted; Nikitkin, Michael; Powers, Edward I. (Technical Monitor)

    2001-01-01

    Two loop heat pipes (LHPs) are to be used for tight thermal control of the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) instrument, planned for flight in late 2001. The LHPs are charged with Propylene as a working fluid. One LHP will be used to transport 110 W from a laser to a radiator, the other will transport 160 W from electronic boxes to a separate radiator. The application includes a large amount of thermal mass in each LHP system and low initial startup powers. The initial design had some non-ideal flight design compromises, resulted in a less than ideal charge level for this design concept with a symmetrical secondary wick. This less than ideal charge was identified as the source of inadequate performance of the flight LHPs during the flight thermal vacuum test in October of 2000. We modified the compensation chamber design, re-built and charged the LHPs for a final LHP acceptance thermal vacuum test. This test performed March of 2001 was 100% successful. This is the last testing to be performed on the LHPs prior to instrument thermal vacuum test. This sensitivity to charge level was shown through varying the charge on a Development Model Loop Heat Pipe (DM LHP) and evaluating performance at various fill levels. At lower fills similar to the original charge in the flight units, the same poor performance was observed. When the flight units were re-designed and filled to the levels similar to the initial successful DM LHP test, the flight units also successfully fulfilled all requirements. This final flight Acceptance test assessed performance with respect to startup, low power operation, conductance, and control heater power, and steady state control. The results of the testing showed that both LHPs operated within specification. Startup on one of the LHPs was better than the other LHP because of the starter heater placement and a difference in evaporator design. These differences resulted in a variation in the achieved superheat prior to startup. The LHP with the lower superheat was sensitive to the thermal environment around the compensation chamber, while the LHP with the higher superheat (similar in design to DM LHP) was not. In response to the test results the placement of the starter heater will be optimized for the flight instrument testing for higher achieved superheat. This presentation discusses startup behavior, overall conductance of a radiator system, low power operation, high power operation, temperature control stability, and control heater power requirements as measured during this acceptance thermal vacuum test. A brief summary of 'lessons learned' will be included.

  5. Successful hydraulic strategies to start up OLAND sequencing batch reactors at lab scale.

    PubMed

    Schaubroeck, Thomas; Bagchi, Samik; De Clippeleir, Haydée; Carballa, Marta; Verstraete, Willy; Vlaeminck, Siegfried E

    2012-05-01

    Oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrification/denitrification (OLAND) is a one-stage combination of partial nitritation and anammox, which can have a challenging process start-up. In this study, start-up strategies were tested for sequencing batch reactors (SBR), varying hydraulic parameters, i.e. volumetric exchange ratio (VER) and feeding regime, and salinity. Two sequential tests with two parallel SBR were performed, and stable removal rates > 0.4 g N l(-1) day(-1) with minimal nitrite and nitrate accumulation were considered a successful start-up. SBR A and B were operated at 50% VER with 3 g NaCl l(-1) in the influent, and the influent was fed over 8% and 82% of the cycle time respectively. SBR B started up in 24 days, but SBR A achieved no start-up in 39 days. SBR C and D were fed over 65% of the cycle time at 25% VER, and salt was added only to the influent of SBR D (5 g NaCl l(-1)). Start-up of both SBR C and D was successful in 9 and 32 days respectively. Reactor D developed a higher proportion of small aggregates (0.10-0.25 mm), with a high nitritation to anammox rate ratio, likely the cause of the observed nitrite accumulation. The latter was overcome by temporarily including an anoxic period at the end of the reaction phase. All systems achieved granulation and similar biomass-specific nitrogen removal rates (141-220 mg N g(-1) VSS day(-1)). FISH revealed a close juxtapositioning of aerobic and anoxic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AerAOB and AnAOB), also in small aggregates. DGGE showed that AerAOB communities had a lower evenness than Planctomycetes communities. A higher richness of the latter seemed to be correlated with better reactor performance. Overall, the fast start-up of SBR B, C and D suggests that stable hydraulic conditions are beneficial for OLAND while increased salinity at the tested levels is not needed for good reactor performance. © 2012 The Authors. Microbial Biotechnology © 2012 Society for Applied Microbiology and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

  6. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Godfrey, Andrew T.; Collins, Benjamin S.; Gentry, Cole A.

    CASL members TVA, Westinghouse, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory have successfully completed a detailed simulation of the initial startup of Watts Bar Nuclear Unit 2 (WBN2) using the advanced reactor simulation tools known as VERA. WBN2 is the first commercial power reactor to join the nation’s electrical grid in over two decades, and the modern core design and availability of data make it an excellent benchmark for CASL. Calculations were performed three months prior to the startup, and in the first blind application of VERA to a new reactor, predicted criticality and physics parameters very close to those later measuredmore » by TVA. Subsequent calculations with the latest version of VERA and using exact measurement conditions improved the results even further.« less

  7. Role of intellectual property in investment-backed personalized medicine.

    PubMed

    Norviel, Vern; Akhavan, Ray; Alemozafar, Ali R

    2010-01-01

    Personalized medicine is a growing field that promises to provide individualized treatment that is tailored to each patient. For a startup personalized medicine company, an initial step in securing financing is to protect its intellectual property (IP), for example, through patent protection. When deciding whether to invest in a personalized medicine company, investors, such as venture capitalists, assess the scope of a personalized medicine company's protection of its IP. Patent protection is a powerful way for a personalized medicine startup company to protect its IP, but patent protection for personalized medicine inventions can differ from one country to another. A personalized medicine company could benefit from developing a well-defined IP strategy for maximizing the scope and breadth of its IP protection.

  8. Numerical investigation of separated nozzle flows

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Chen, C. L.; Chakravarthy, S. R.; Hung, C. M.

    1994-01-01

    A numerical study of axisymmetric overexpanded nozzle is presented. The flow structure of the startup and throttle-down processes are examined. During the impulsive startup process, observed flow features include the Mach disk, separation shock, Mach stem, vortex core, contact surface, slip stream, initial shock front, and shocklet. Also the movement of the Mach disk is not monotonical in the downstream direction. For a range of pressure ratios, hysteresis phenomenon occurs; different solutions were obtained depending on different processes. Three types of flow structures were observed. The location of separation point and the lower end turning point of hysteresis are closely predicted. A high peak of pressure is associated with the nozzle flow reattachment. The reversed vortical structure and affects engine performance.

  9. Start-up of a pilot-scale anaerobic fixed film reactor at low temperature treating slaughterhouse wastewater.

    PubMed

    del Pozo, R; Diez, V; Salazar, G

    2002-01-01

    A pilot-scale anaerobic fixed film reactor (AFFR) with vertically arranged PVC tubes as biomass carrier, treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater was started-up in 74 days at temperatures between 20-24 degrees C. The start-up process consisted of a long acclimatization phase followed by a low loaded growth phase, a gradual increase of OLR upto 9.2 kg COD/m3d, and a final maturation phase at moderated loads of 2.7 kg COD/m3d at which total COD removal efficiencies of 57% were achieved. Alkalinity ratio IA:PA was found to be the best control parameter to avoid VFA accumulation. OLR increase based on pH control was not satisfactory because changes in CO2 solubility caused daily by temperature and flow variations led to pH oscillations of 0.2 units. The low wastewater alkalinity, 260 mg/l CaCO3 was insufficient to buffer the pH system, therefore the pH decrease associated with the VFA accumulation was not easily detected and could not be used as a way of OLR control. Organic matter removal took place by accumulation and biodegradation processes. Limitation in the reactor hydrodynamics and particulate fraction hydrolysis was detected at high flow rates.

  10. Start-up control system and vessel for LMFBR

    DOEpatents

    Durrant, Oliver W.; Kakarala, Chandrasekhara R.; Mandel, Sheldon W.

    1987-01-01

    A reflux condensing start-up system includes a steam generator, a start-up vessel connected parallel to the steam generator, a main steam line connecting steam outlets of the steam generator and start-up vessel to a steam turbine, a condenser connected to an outlet of the turbine and a feedwater return line connected between the condenser and inlets of the steam generator and start-up vessel. The start-up vessel has one or more heaters at the bottom thereof for heating feedwater which is supplied over a start-up line to the start-up vessel. Steam is thus generated to pressurize the steam generator before the steam generator is supplied with a heat transfer medium, for example liquid sodium, in the case of a liquid metal fast breeder reactor. The start-up vessel includes upper and lower bulbs with a smaller diameter mid-section to act as water and steam reservoirs. The start-up vessel can thus be used not only in a start-up operation but as a mixing tank, a water storage tank and a level control at low loads for controlling feedwater flow.

  11. Start-up control system and vessel for LMFBR

    DOEpatents

    Durrant, Oliver W.; Kakarala, Chandrasekhara R.; Mandel, Sheldon W.

    1987-01-01

    A reflux condensing start-up system comprises a steam generator, a start-up vessel connected parallel to the steam generator, a main steam line connecting steam outlets of the steam generator and start-up vessel to a steam turbine, a condenser connected to an outlet of the turbine and a feedwater return line connected between the condenser and inlets of the steam generator and start-up vessel. The start-up vessel has one or more heaters at the bottom thereof for heating feedwater which is supplied over a start-up line to the start-up vessel. Steam is thus generated to pressurize the steam generator before the steam generator is supplied with a heat transfer medium, for example liquid sodium, in the case of a liquid metal fast breeder reactor. The start-up vessel includes upper and lower bulbs with a smaller diameter mid-section to act as water and steam reservoirs. The start-up vessel can thus be used not only in a start-up operation but as a mixing tank, a water storage tank and a level control at low loads for controlling feedwater flow.

  12. Preliminary Analysis of a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) Initialization Process

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-06-01

    during system startup. For a laptop, extra precaution must be taken to prevent the machine from transitioning into a Sleep or Hibernate mode, since... hibernate mode [81]. D. TEST AND AUDIT After the system has gone through the predefined initialization and configuration processes, it needs to go...Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 2004, pp. 308-317. [45] L. Sarmenta, “TPM/J java -based API for the Trusted Platform Module (TPM

  13. 40 CFR 60.698 - Reporting requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... subpart shall submit to the Administrator within 60 days after initial startup a certification that the... owner or operator shall submit to the Administrator semiannually a certification that all of the... concentration level or reading of organics in the exhaust gases from a carbon adsorber is more than 20 percent...

  14. First Business Guide.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Small Business Administration, Washington, DC. Office of Business Development.

    This guide offers first-time business persons information as well as administrative and operational techniques for one-person business enterprises that have low initial start-up costs and low operational and overhead costs. These one-person businesses can be home based or have site locations outside the home. Included in this guide is a list of…

  15. Wings: Women Entrepreneurs Take Flight.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Baldwin, Fred D.

    1997-01-01

    Women's Initiative Networking Groups (WINGS) provides low- and moderate-income women in Appalachian Kentucky with training in business skills, contacts, and other resources they need to succeed as entrepreneurs. The women form informal networks to share business know-how and support for small business startup and operations. The program plans to…

  16. 40 CFR 89.307 - Dynamometer calibration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... instructions for initial start-up and basic operating adjustments. (b) Check the dynamometer torque measurement... transfer standard may be used to verify the torque measurement system. (1) The master load-cell and read... master load-cell for each in-use range used. (5) The in-use torque measurement must be within 2 percent...

  17. Stop Rape Crisis Center: An Exemplary Project.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Whitcomb, Debra; And Others

    An exemplary project, the Stop Rape Crisis Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, which was initially funded by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA), is described. Issues addressed include the following: (1) initlal start-up and continuing program assessment; (2) staffing and the use of volunteers; (3) coordination with law enforcement…

  18. Yield of reversible colloidal gels during flow start-up: release from kinetic arrest.

    PubMed

    Johnson, Lilian C; Landrum, Benjamin J; Zia, Roseanna N

    2018-06-05

    Yield of colloidal gels during start-up of shear flow is characterized by an overshoot in shear stress that accompanies changes in network structure. Prior studies of yield of reversible colloidal gels undergoing strong flow model the overshoot as the point at which network rupture permits fluidization. However, yield under weak flow, which is of interest in many biological and industrial fluids shows no such disintegration. The mechanics of reversible gels are influenced by bond strength and durability, where ongoing rupture and re-formation impart aging that deepens kinetic arrest [Zia et al., J. Rheol., 2014, 58, 1121], suggesting that yield be viewed as release from kinetic arrest. To explore this idea, we study reversible colloidal gels during start-up of shear flow via dynamic simulation, connecting rheological yield to detailed measurements of structure, bond dynamics, and potential energy. We find that pre-yield stress grows temporally with the changing roles of microscopic transport processes: early time behavior is set by Brownian diffusion; later, advective displacements permit relative particle motion that stretches bonds and stores energy. Stress accumulates in stretched, oriented bonds until yield, which is a tipping point to energy release, and is passed with a fully intact network, where the loss of very few bonds enables relaxation of many, easing glassy arrest. This is immediately followed by a reversal to growth in potential energy during bulk plastic deformation and condensation into larger particle domains, supporting the view that yield is an activated release from kinetic arrest. The continued condensation of dense domains and shrinkage of network surfaces, along with a decrease in the potential energy, permit the gel to evolve toward more complete phase separation, supporting our view that yield of weakly sheared gels is a 'non-equilibrium phase transition'. Our findings may be particularly useful for industrial or other coatings, where weak, slow application via shear may lead to phase separation, inhibiting smooth distribution.

  19. 40 CFR 63.1111 - Startup, shutdown, and malfunction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Startup, shutdown, and malfunction. 63... Control Technology Standards § 63.1111 Startup, shutdown, and malfunction. (a) Startup, shutdown, and... develop a written startup, shutdown, and malfunction plan that describes, in detail, procedures for...

  20. 40 CFR 63.1111 - Startup, shutdown, and malfunction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Startup, shutdown, and malfunction. 63... Control Technology Standards § 63.1111 Startup, shutdown, and malfunction. (a) Startup, shutdown, and... develop a written startup, shutdown, and malfunction plan that describes, in detail, procedures for...

  1. 40 CFR 63.1111 - Startup, shutdown, and malfunction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Startup, shutdown, and malfunction. 63... Control Technology Standards § 63.1111 Startup, shutdown, and malfunction. (a) Startup, shutdown, and... develop a written startup, shutdown, and malfunction plan that describes, in detail, procedures for...

  2. 40 CFR 63.1111 - Startup, shutdown, and malfunction.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Startup, shutdown, and malfunction. 63... Control Technology Standards § 63.1111 Startup, shutdown, and malfunction. (a) Startup, shutdown, and... develop a written startup, shutdown, and malfunction plan that describes, in detail, procedures for...

  3. Vapor-Compression Heat Pumps for Operation Aboard Spacecraft

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ruemmele, Warren; Ungar, Eugene; Cornwell, John

    2006-01-01

    Vapor-compression heat pumps (including both refrigerators and heat pumps) of a proposed type would be capable of operating in microgravity and would be safe to use in enclosed environments like those of spacecraft. The designs of these pumps would incorporate modifications of, and additions to, vapor-compression cycles of heat pumps now used in normal Earth gravitation, in order to ensure efficiency and reliability during all phases of operation, including startup, shutdown, nominal continuous operation, and peak operation. Features of such a design might include any or all of the following: (1) Configuring the compressor, condenser, evaporator, valves, capillary tubes (if any), and controls to function in microgravitation; (2) Selection of a working fluid that satisfies thermodynamic requirements and is safe to use in a closed crew compartment; (3) Incorporation of a solenoid valve and/or a check valve to prevent influx of liquid to the compressor upon startup (such influx could damage the compressor); (4) Use of a diode heat pipe between the cold volume and the evaporator to limit the influx of liquid to the compressor upon startup; and (5) Use of a heated block to vaporize any liquid that arrives at the compressor inlet.

  4. Minnesota agripower project. Quarterly report, April--June 1997

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Baloun, J.

    The Minnesota Valley Alfalfa Producers (MnVAP) propose to build an alfalfa processing plant integrated with an advanced power plant system at the Granite Falls, Minnesota Industrial Park to provide 75 MW of base load electric power and a competitively priced source of value added alfalfa based products. This project will utilize air blown fluidized bed gasification technology to process alfalfa stems and another biomass to produce a hot, clean, low heating value gas that will be used in a gas turbine. Exhaust heat from the gas turbine will be used to generate steam to power a steam turbine and providemore » steam for the processing of the alfalfa leaf into a wide range of products including alfalfa leaf meal, a protein source for livestock. The plant will demonstrate high efficiency and environmentally compatible electric power production, as well as increased economic yield from farm operations in the region. The initial phase of the Minnesota Agripower Project (MAP) will be to perform alfalfa feedstock testing, prepare preliminary designs, and develop detailed plans with estimated costs for project implementation. The second phase of MAP will include detailed engineering, construction, and startup. Full commercial operation will start in 2001.« less

  5. Three-dimensionality development inside standard parallelepipedic lid-driven cavities at /Re=1000

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Migeon, C.; Pineau, G.; Texier, A.

    2003-04-01

    This paper considers the problem of the time-dependent laminar incompressible flow motion within parallelepipedic cavities in which one wall moves with uniform velocity after an impulsive start using a particle-streak and a dye-emission techniques. Of particular concern is the examination of the spanwise structures of the flow in view to point out how three-dimensionality arises and develops with time for a Reynolds number of 1000. For this purpose, attention is focused on the spanwise currents, the end-wall corner vortices and the structures resulting from the centrifugal instability. Among others, the study clearly shows the scenario of propagation of the spanwise currents by giving quantitative information on their velocity and on the time from which a given cross-plane becomes affected by such a 3-D perturbation. Furthermore, the numerous visualizations reveal the existence of only one corner-vortex on each end-wall; this vortex is quasi-toroidal shaped. Finally, concerning flow instability, the present results show that no well-formed counter-rotating vortices emerge for /Re=1000 during the start-up phase contrary to what was asserted so far. However, two successive initial phases of this instability development are revealed for the first time.

  6. Self-consistent analysis of radiation and relativistic electron beam dynamics in a helical wiggler using Lienard-Wiechert fields

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tecimer, M.; Elias, L.R.

    1995-12-31

    Lienard-Wiechert (LW) fields, which are exact solutions of the Wave Equation for a point charge in free space, are employed to formulate a self-consistent treatment of the electron beam dynamics and the evolution of the generated radiation in long undulators. In a relativistic electron beam the internal forces leading to the interaction of the electrons with each other can be computed by means of retarded LW fields. The resulting electron beam dynamics enables us to obtain three dimensional radiation fields starting from an initial incoherent spontaneous emission, without introducing a seed wave at start-up. Based on the formalism employed here,more » both the evolution of the multi-bucket electron phase space dynamics in the beam body as well as edges and the relative slippage of the radiation with respect to the electrons in the considered short bunch are naturally embedded into the simulation model. In this paper, we present electromagnetic radiation studies, including multi-bucket electron phase dynamics and angular distribution of radiation in the time and frequency domain produced by a relativistic short electron beam bunch interacting with a circularly polarized magnetic undulator.« less

  7. 40 CFR 62.15150 - What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 62.15150 Section 62.15150 Protection of... § 62.15150 What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and... municipal waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or...

  8. 40 CFR 60.1220 - What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.1220 Section 60.1220 Protection of Environment... Emission Limits § 60.1220 What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and... waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or malfunction must...

  9. 40 CFR 60.1220 - What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.1220 Section 60.1220 Protection of Environment... Emission Limits § 60.1220 What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and... waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or malfunction must...

  10. 40 CFR 60.1220 - What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.1220 Section 60.1220 Protection of Environment... Emission Limits § 60.1220 What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and... waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or malfunction must...

  11. 40 CFR 62.15150 - What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 62.15150 Section 62.15150 Protection of... § 62.15150 What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and... municipal waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or...

  12. 40 CFR 60.1220 - What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.1220 Section 60.1220 Protection of Environment... Emission Limits § 60.1220 What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and... waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or malfunction must...

  13. 40 CFR 60.1695 - What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.1695 Section 60.1695 Protection of... Requirements § 60.1695 What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and... municipal waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or...

  14. 40 CFR 62.15150 - What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 62.15150 Section 62.15150 Protection of... § 62.15150 What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and... municipal waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or...

  15. 40 CFR 62.15150 - What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 62.15150 Section 62.15150 Protection of... § 62.15150 What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and... municipal waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or...

  16. 40 CFR 60.1695 - What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.1695 Section 60.1695 Protection of... Requirements § 60.1695 What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and... municipal waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or...

  17. 40 CFR 60.1220 - What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.1220 Section 60.1220 Protection of Environment... Emission Limits § 60.1220 What happens to the emission limits during periods of startup, shutdown, and... waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or malfunction must...

  18. 40 CFR 60.1695 - What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.1695 Section 60.1695 Protection of... Requirements § 60.1695 What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and... municipal waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or...

  19. 40 CFR 60.1695 - What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.1695 Section 60.1695 Protection of... Requirements § 60.1695 What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and... municipal waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or...

  20. 40 CFR 62.15150 - What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 62.15150 Section 62.15150 Protection of... § 62.15150 What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and... municipal waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or...

  1. 40 CFR 60.1695 - What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? 60.1695 Section 60.1695 Protection of... Requirements § 60.1695 What happens to the operating requirements during periods of startup, shutdown, and... municipal waste combustion unit startup, shutdown, or malfunction. (b) Each startup, shutdown, or...

  2. District Computer Concerns: Checklist for Monitoring Instructional Use of Computers.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Coe, Merilyn

    Designed to assist those involved with planning, organizing, and implementing computer use in schools, this checklist can be applied to: (1) assess the present state of instructional computer use in the district; (2) assist with the development of plans or guidelines for computer use; (3) support a start-up phase; and (4) monitor the…

  3. Workplace Communication Skills, Workplace Basic Skills, & Literacy Training in UAW-Chrysler Region 3. Final Performance Report.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Indiana Vocational Technical Coll., Indianapolis.

    A workplace literacy partnership program model was demonstrated at four Chrysler plants in Indiana. Objectives were to improve workers' individual skills, enhance personal productivity, and increase work force job security and plant competitiveness. During the 3-month start-up phase, project staff worked with management and labor representatives…

  4. Power Balance Modeling and Validation for ST Startup Using Local Helicity Injection

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Barr, J. L.; Bodner, G. M.; Bongard, M. W.; Burke, M. G.; Fonck, R. J.; Hinson, E. T.; Perry, J. M.; Reusch, J. A.; Schlossberg, D. J.

    2015-11-01

    Local Helicity Injection (LHI) uses localized current injectors for routine Ip<0.18 MA non-solenoidal startup on the Pegasus ST. A power-balance model is under development for predictive Ip t using helicity-balance to quantify LHI's effective current drive, Veff. Analytic formulas for low-A plasma inductance and vertical field are used to account for the inductive effects of dynamic shape evolution. These formulas are being validated against magnetic reconstructions of LHI discharges with varied shape evolutions. Initial results match experimental Ip t within 20 kA with assumed shaping and average resistivity (Spitzer, Te = 60 eV). Geometric effects and inductive drive provide 2.0 V along with Veff = 0.3 V to balance 1.1 V of resistive losses and 1.2 V inductive reactance to ramping Ip. The model is especially sensitive to resistivity when Te<150 eV. Initial Thomson Scattering results give core Te = 72 +/-22 eV, and at times suggest higher central electron energies. Spatial and temporal scans are underway to quantify LHI plasma resistivity and transport. MA-class startup in NSTX-U will require increased area (Ainj >= 40 cm2) LHI systems that play a larger role in current drive than geometric effects, with Veff dropping from >10 V to on-par with inductive effects. This regime is accessed in Pegasus at Ip ≅ 300 kA. Work supported by US DOE grants DE-FG02-96ER54375 and DE-SC0006928.

  5. Impact of high initial concentrations of acetic acid and ethanol on acetification rate in an internal Venturi injector bioreactor.

    PubMed

    Krusong, W; Yaiyen, S; Pornpukdeewatana, S

    2015-03-01

    To evaluate the comparative impact of high initial concentrations of acetic acid (AAi ) and of ethanol (ETi ) on acetification rate (ETA). Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) were cultivated in a 100-l internal Venturi injector bioreactor. To quantify the oxygen availability, the 1.0 l min(-1) air inflow rate for the start-up phase (25 l) while 3·0 l min(-1) for the operational phase (75 l) achieved a high oxygen transfer coefficient (kL a). Changes in cell wall by TEM images and the remained ADH and ALDH activities confirmed the high acid tolerance ability of AAB. While ETAs using high AAi at 65 g l(-1) could be processed of 9.57 ± 0.19 g l(-1) day(-1) , which is just higher than 9.12 ± 0.12 g l(-1) day(-1) using high ETi at 55 g l(-1) . The average biotransformation yields were at 96.3 ± 0.1% and 94.4 ± 0.1% for high AAi and ETi , respectively. Results confirm that high oxygenation was generated in the bioreactor. Both high AAi and ETi were important in increasing ETA under stress 100 g l(-1) total concentration. High acid-tolerant AAB contains the high ADH and ALDH activities causing higher ETAs in HIA process. It is a competitive commercialized acetification process. © 2014 The Society for Applied Microbiology.

  6. Startup of RAPID-L Lunar Base Reactor by Lithium Release Module

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kambe, Mitsuru

    The 200 kWe uranium-nitride fueled lithium cooled fast reactor concept RAPID-L to be combined with thermoelectric power conversion system for lunar base power system is demonstrated. Unique challenges in reactivity control systems design have been attempted in RAPID-L concept. The reactor involves the following innovative reactivity control systems: Lithium Expansion Modules (LEM) for inherent reactivity feedback, Lithium Injection Modules (LIM) for inherent ultimate shutdown, and Lithium Release Modules (LRM) for automated reactor startup. All these systems adopt lithium-6 as a liquid poison instead of conventional B4C rods or Be reflectors. These systems are effective independent of the magnitude and direction of the gravity force. In 2006, however, the following design amendment has been made. 1) B4C poison rods were added to ensure criticality safety in unintended positive reactivity insertion by LRMs due to fire in the launch phase accident; because LRM freeze seal melts at 800°C which result in positive reactivity insertion. 2) Lower hot standby temperature of 200°C was adopted instead of conventional 800°C to reduce the external power at the startup. In this paper, development of the LRM orifice which dominates the startup transient of RAPID-L is discussed. An attention was focused how to achieve sufficiently small flow rate of 6Li in the orifice because it enables moderate positive reactivity insertion rate. The LRM orifice performance has been confirmed using 0.5 mm diameter SUS316 orifice/lithium flow test setup in the glove box.

  7. 41 CFR 109-43.5002 - Reviews to determine need for retaining items.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... REGULATIONS UTILIZATION AND DISPOSAL 43-UTILIZATION OF PERSONAL PROPERTY 43.50-Utilization of Personal.... Procedures and practices shall require an initial review at the time the plant is placed in standby to... special reviews when a change in start-up time is made or when circumstances warrant. Such procedures...

  8. 41 CFR 109-43.5002 - Reviews to determine need for retaining items.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... REGULATIONS UTILIZATION AND DISPOSAL 43-UTILIZATION OF PERSONAL PROPERTY 43.50-Utilization of Personal.... Procedures and practices shall require an initial review at the time the plant is placed in standby to... special reviews when a change in start-up time is made or when circumstances warrant. Such procedures...

  9. 40 CFR 60.662 - Standards.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... production rate at which the affected facility will be operated, or 180 days after the initial start-up, whichever date comes first. Each owner or operator shall either: (a) Reduce emissions of TOC (less methane and ethane) by 98 weight-percent, or to a TOC (less methane and ethane) concentration of 20 ppmv, on a...

  10. 78 FR 57219 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request for Form W-2G

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-17

    ... Locality) at the request of TIGERS (Tax Information Group for E-Commerce Requirements Standardization) and the e-Channel Support e-Initiatives Group. The new boxes are added for the use of state and local... information technology; and (e) estimates of capital or start-up costs and costs of operation, maintenance...

  11. Comparing New School Effects in Charter and Traditional Public Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kelly, Andrew P.; Loveless, Tom

    2012-01-01

    This study investigates whether student achievement varies during the institutional life span of charter schools by comparing them to new public schools. The results show that there is little evidence that new public schools struggle with initial start-up issues to the same extent as new charter schools. Even after controlling for school…

  12. Developing Enterprise within Higher Education: Business Start-Up@Leeds. Met.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Education + Training, 2003

    2003-01-01

    This issue on developing enterprise within higher education includes six articles on universities' partnerships, barriers to start-up and their effect on aspiring entrepreneurs, issues in marketing enterprise initiatives within a university, entrepreneurial summer school as a model for teaching, video as a teaching aid, and the role of personality…

  13. PNNL Delivers Expertise, Technology to Biofuels Start-up, InEnTec

    ScienceCinema

    Surma, Jeff

    2017-12-09

    Initially through its Entrepreneurial Leave of Absence Program, PNNL gives biofuels innovators a start in opening up a new business based on technology developed for incinerating waste on the Hanford Site. Today, the companies Plasma Enhanced Melters are in operation around the world converting organic waste into valuable, clean fuels.

  14. 40 CFR 90.317 - Carbon monoxide analyzer calibration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... its initial use and annually thereafter, check the NDIR carbon monoxide analyzer for response to water vapor and CO2. (1) Follow good engineering practices for instrument start-up and operation. Adjust the... CO2 in N2 through water at room temperature and record analyzer response. (4) An analyzer response of...

  15. 40 CFR 90.317 - Carbon monoxide analyzer calibration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... its initial use and annually thereafter, check the NDIR carbon monoxide analyzer for response to water vapor and CO2. (1) Follow good engineering practices for instrument start-up and operation. Adjust the... CO2 in N2 through water at room temperature and record analyzer response. (4) An analyzer response of...

  16. 40 CFR 90.317 - Carbon monoxide analyzer calibration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... its initial use and annually thereafter, check the NDIR carbon monoxide analyzer for response to water vapor and CO2. (1) Follow good engineering practices for instrument start-up and operation. Adjust the... CO2 in N2 through water at room temperature and record analyzer response. (4) An analyzer response of...

  17. 40 CFR 90.317 - Carbon monoxide analyzer calibration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... its initial use and annually thereafter, check the NDIR carbon monoxide analyzer for response to water vapor and CO2. (1) Follow good engineering practices for instrument start-up and operation. Adjust the... CO2 in N2 through water at room temperature and record analyzer response. (4) An analyzer response of...

  18. 40 CFR 63.2840 - What emission requirements must I meet?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... entire calendar month in which the source operated under an initial startup period subject to § 63.2850(c... operating months, as determined in § 63.2853. Oilseed = Tons of each oilseed type “i” processed during the... Loss Factors for Determining Allowable HAP Loss Type of oilseed process A source that... Oilseed...

  19. 40 CFR 63.2840 - What emission requirements must I meet?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... entire calendar month in which the source operated under an initial startup period subject to § 63.2850(c... operating months, as determined in § 63.2853. Oilseed = Tons of each oilseed type “i” processed during the... Loss Factors for Determining Allowable HAP Loss Type of oilseed process A source that... Oilseed...

  20. 40 CFR 63.2840 - What emission requirements must I meet?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... entire calendar month in which the source operated under an initial startup period subject to § 63.2850(c... operating months, as determined in § 63.2853. Oilseed = Tons of each oilseed type “i” processed during the... Loss Factors for Determining Allowable HAP Loss Type of oilseed process A source that... Oilseed...

  1. 40 CFR 63.7883 - When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Site Remediation What This Subpart... source that manages remediation material other than a radioactive mixed waste as defined in § 63.7957... initial startup. (c) If you have a new affected source that manages remediation material that is a...

  2. Experimental demonstration of plasma startup by coaxial helicity injection

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Raman, R.; Jarboe, T. R.; Nelson, B. A.; Hamp, W. T.; Izzo, V. A.; O'Neill, R. G.; Redd, A. J.; Sieck, P. E.; Smith, R. J.

    2004-05-01

    Experimental results on the transfer of a coaxial-helicity-injection (CHI) produced discharge to inductive operation are reported. CHI assisted plasma startup is more robust than inductive only operation and reduces volt-seconds consumption. After handoff to inductive operation, the initial 100 kA of CHI produced current drops to 50 kA, then ramps up to 180 kA, using only 30 mVs, about 40% higher than that produced by induction alone. Results show that initiation of CHI discharges at lower densities produce higher levels of coupling current. Coupling a CHI produced discharge to induction from a precharged central solenoid has produced record currents of 290 kA using only 52 mWb of central solenoid flux. CHI discharges can also be generated while the central transformer is in the process of being precharged, during which period it induces a negative loop voltage on the CHI discharge. These significant results were obtained on the Helicity Injected Torus-II (HIT-II) [T.R. Jarboe, Fusion Technol. 15, 7 (1989)] spherical torus experiment (major/minor radius of 0.3/0.2 m and elongation of 1.5).

  3. Occidental vertical modified in situ process for the recovery of oil from oil shale. Phase II. Quarterly progress report, September 1, 1980-November 30, 1980

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1981-01-01

    The major activities at OOSI's Logan Wash site during the quarter were: mining the voids at all levels for Retorts 7 and 8; blasthole drilling; tracer testing MR4; conducting the start-up and burner tests on MR3; continuing the surface facility construction; and conducting Retorts 7 and 8 related Rock Fragmentation tests. Environmental monitoring continued during the quarter, and the data and analyses are discussed. Sandia National Laboratory and Laramie Energy Technology Center (LETC) personnel were active in the DOE support of the MR3 burner and start-up tests. In the last section of this report the final oil inventory for Retortmore » 6 production is detailed. The total oil produced by Retort 6 was 55,696 barrels.« less

  4. 40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Uuuuu of... - Work Practice Standards

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... startup You must operate all CMS during startup. Startup means either the first-ever firing of fuel in a... for any purpose. Startup ends when any of the steam from the boiler is used to generate electricity for sale over the grid or for any other purpose (including on site use). For startup of a unit, you...

  5. 40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Uuuuu of... - Work Practice Standards

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... startup You must operate all CMS during startup. Startup means either the first-ever firing of fuel in a... for any purpose. Startup ends when any of the steam from the boiler is used to generate electricity for sale over the grid or for any other purpose (including on site use). For startup of a unit, you...

  6. 40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Uuuuu of... - Work Practice Standards

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... startup You must operate all CMS during startup. Startup means either the first-ever firing of fuel in a... for any purpose. Startup ends when any of the steam from the boiler is used to generate electricity for sale over the grid or for any other purpose (including on site use). For startup of a unit, you...

  7. 40 CFR Table 1a to Subpart Zzzz of... - Emission Limitations for Existing, New, and Reconstructed Spark Ignition, 4SRB Stationary RICE...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... following emission limitation, except during periods of startup . . . During periods of startup you must... the engine's startup time at startup to a period needed for appropriate and safe loading of the engine, not to exceed 30 minutes, after which time the non-startup emission limitations apply.1 b. Limit the...

  8. 40 CFR Table 1a to Subpart Zzzz of... - Emission Limitations for Existing, New, and Reconstructed Spark Ignition, 4SRB Stationary RICE...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... following emission limitation, except during periods of startup . . . During periods of startup you must... the engine's startup time at startup to a period needed for appropriate and safe loading of the engine, not to exceed 30 minutes, after which time the non-startup emission limitations apply.1 b. Limit the...

  9. 40 CFR Table 1a to Subpart Zzzz of... - Emission Limitations for Existing, New, and Reconstructed Spark Ignition, 4SRB Stationary RICE...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... following emission limitation, except during periods of startup . . . During periods of startup you must... the engine's startup time at startup to a period needed for appropriate and safe loading of the engine, not to exceed 30 minutes, after which time the non-startup emission limitations apply.1 b. Limit the...

  10. UV DISINFECTION GUIDANCE MANUAL FOR THE ...

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Provides technical information on selection, design and operation of UV systems; provides regulatory agencies with guidance and the necessary tools to assess UV systems at the design, start-up, and routine operation phase; provides manufacturers with the testing and performance standards for UV components and systems for treating drinking water. Provide guidance to water systems, regulators and manufacturers on UV disinfection of drinking water.

  11. Worldwide Report, Arms Control.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-10-11

    active, innovative organizations—an indispensable force during the conception and start-up phase of new technologies—with heavyweight structures...This triangular coopera- tion— innovative PME [Small- and Medium-Sized Business]-big enterprises- government—is at work on the American continent, in...CSEE [Signals and Electrical Enterprises Company], and some innovative PME’s [Small- and Medium-Sized Business(es)] such as AID [expansion unknown] at

  12. Mapping out the ICT Integration Terrain in the School Context: Identifying the Challenges in an Innovative Project

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Judge, Miriam

    2013-01-01

    This article discusses the research findings from the start-up phase of an innovative information and communication technology (ICT) project focused on ICT integration as a complex process involving many factors such as leadership, school readiness and organisational culture. Known locally as Hermes, the project's core objective was to provide an…

  13. NHEXAS PHASE I ARIZONA STUDY--STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR OPERATION, CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE PERKIN-ELMER 1100B ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER (BCO-L-5.1)

    EPA Science Inventory

    The purpose of this SOP is to outline the start-up, calibration, operation, and maintenance procedures for the Perkin-Elmer 5100 PC Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (PE 5100). These procedures are used for the determination of the target trace metal, as in soil, house dust, f...

  14. NHEXAS PHASE I ARIZONA STUDY--STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR OPERATION, CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE PERKIN-ELMER ZEEMAN/5000 SYSTEM ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER (BCO-L-6.0)

    EPA Science Inventory

    The purpose of this SOP is to outline the start-up, calibration, operation, and maintenance procedures for the Perkin-Elmer 5000 atomic absorption spectrophotometer (PE 5000 AA), and the Perkin Elmer 5000 Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer (PE 5000Z GFAA)...

  15. Investigation of two-phase phenomena occurring within moisture separator reheater high-level reactor trips at the Maanshan nuclear power plant

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ferng, Y.M.; Liao, L.Y.

    1996-01-01

    During the operating history of the Maanshan nuclear power plant (MNPP), five reactor trips have occurred as a result of the moisture separator reheater (MSR) high-level signal. These MSR high-level reactor trips have been a very serious concern, especially during the startup period of MNPP. Consequently, studying the physical phenomena of this particular event is worthwhile, and analytical work is performed using the RELAP5/MOD3 code to investigate the thermal-hydraulic phenomena of two-phase behaviors occurring within the MSR high-level reactor trips. The analytical model is first assessed against the experimental data obtained from several test loops. The same model can thenmore » be applied with confidence to the study of this topic. According to the present calculated results, the phenomena of liquid droplet accumulation ad residual liquid blowing in the horizontal section of cross-under-lines can be modeled. In addition, the present model can also predict the different increasing rates of inlet steam flow rate affecting the liquid accumulation within the cross-under-lines. The calculated conclusion is confirmed by the revised startup procedure of MNPP.« less

  16. Plasma current start-up experiments without the central solenoid in the TST-2 spherical tokamak

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Takase, Y.; Ejiri, A.; Shiraiwa, S.; Adachi, Y.; Ishii, N.; Kasahara, H.; Nuga, H.; Ono, Y.; Oosako, T.; Sasaki, M.; Shimada, Y.; Sumitomo, N.; Taguchi, I.; Tojo, H.; Tsujimura, J.; Ushigome, M.; Yamada, T.; Hanada, K.; Hasegawa, M.; Idei, H.; Nakamura, K.; Sakamoto, M.; Sasaki, K.; Sato, K. N.; Zushi, H.; Nishino, N.; Mitarai, O.

    2006-08-01

    Several techniques for initiating the plasma current without the use of the central solenoid are being developed in TST-2. While TST-2 was temporarily located at Kyushu University, two types of start-up scenarios were demonstrated. (1) A plasma current of 4 kA was generated and sustained for 0.28 s by either electron cyclotron wave or electron Bernstein wave, without induction. (2) A plasma current of 10 kA was obtained transiently by induction using only outboard poloidal field coils. In the second scenario, it is important to supply sufficient power for ionization (100 kW of EC power was sufficient in this case), since the vertical field during start-up is not adequate to maintain plasma equilibrium. In addition, electron heating experiments using the X-B mode conversion scenario were performed, and a heating efficiency of 60% was observed at a 100 kW RF power level. TST-2 is now located at the Kashiwa Campus of the University of Tokyo. Significant upgrades were made in both magnetic coil power supplies and RF systems, and plasma experiments have restarted. RF power of up to 400 kW is available in the high-harmonic fast wave frequency range around 20 MHz. Four 200 MHz transmitters are now being prepared for plasma current start-up experiments using RF power in the lower-hybrid frequency range. Preparations are in progress for a new plasma merging experiment (UTST) aimed at the formation and sustainment of ultra-high β ST plasmas.

  17. A Coordinated Initialization Process for the Distributed Space Exploration Simulation (DSES)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Phillips, Robert; Dexter, Dan; Hasan, David; Crues, Edwin Z.

    2007-01-01

    This document describes the federate initialization process that was developed at the NASA Johnson Space Center with the HIIA Transfer Vehicle Flight Controller Trainer (HTV FCT) simulations and refined in the Distributed Space Exploration Simulation (DSES). These simulations use the High Level Architecture (HLA) IEEE 1516 to provide the communication and coordination between the distributed parts of the simulation. The purpose of the paper is to describe a generic initialization sequence that can be used to create a federate that can: 1. Properly initialize all HLA objects, object instances, interactions, and time management 2. Check for the presence of all federates 3. Coordinate startup with other federates 4. Robustly initialize and share initial object instance data with other federates.

  18. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Argall, Brenna; Cheleshkin, Eugene; Greenberg, J.M.

    Traffic flow on a unidirectional roadway in the presence of traffic lights is modeled. Individual car responses to green, yellow, and red lights are postulated and these result in rules governing the acceleration and deceleration of individual cars. The essence of the model is that only specific cars are directly affected by the lights. The other cars behave according to simple follow-the-leader rules which limit their speed by the spacing between it and the car directly ahead. The model has a number of desirable properties; namely cars do not run red lights, cars do not smash into one another, andmore » cars exhibit no velocity reversals. In a situation with multiple lights operating in-phase we get, after an initial startup period, a constant number of cars through each light during any green-yellow period. Moreover, this flux is less by one or two cars per period than the flux obtained in discretized versions of the idealized Lighthill, Whitham, Richards model which allows for infinite accelerations.« less

  19. Time Varying Compensator Design for Reconfigurable Structures Using Non-Collocated Feedback

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Scott, Michael A.

    1996-01-01

    Analysis and synthesis tools are developed to improved the dynamic performance of reconfigurable nonminimum phase, nonstrictly positive real-time variant systems. A novel Spline Varying Optimal (SVO) controller is developed for the kinematic nonlinear system. There are several advantages to using the SVO controller, in which the spline function approximates the system model, observer, and controller gain. They are: The spline function approximation is simply connected, thus the SVO controller is more continuous than traditional gain scheduled controllers when implemented on a time varying plant; ft is easier for real-time implementations in storage and computational effort; where system identification is required, the spline function requires fewer experiments, namely four experiments; and initial startup estimator transients are eliminated. The SVO compensator was evaluated on a high fidelity simulation of the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System. The SVO controller demonstrated significant improvement over the present arm performance: (1) Damping level was improved by a factor of 3; and (2) Peak joint torque was reduced by a factor of 2 following Shuttle thruster firings.

  20. LETTER: ECH pre-ionization and assisted startup in the fully superconducting KSTAR tokamak using second harmonic

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bae, Y. S.; Jeong, J. H.; Park, S. I.; Joung, M.; Kim, J. H.; Hahn, S. H.; Yoon, S. W.; Yang, H. L.; Kim, W. C.; Oh, Y. K.; England, A. C.; Namkung, W.; Cho, M. H.; Jackson, G. L.; Bak, J. S.; KSTAR Team

    2009-02-01

    This letter reports on the successful demonstration of the second harmonic electron cyclotron heating (ECH)-assisted startup in the first plasma experiments recently completed in the fully superconducting Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) device whose major and minor radii are 1.8 m and 0.5 m, respectively. For the second harmonic ECH-assisted startup, an 84 GHz EC wave at 0.35 MW was launched before the onset of the toroidal electric field of the Ohmic system. And it was observed that this was sufficient to achieve breakdown in the ECH pre-ionization phase, allow burn-through and sustain the plasma during the current ramp with a low loop voltage of 2.0 V and a corresponding toroidal electric field of 0.24 V m-1at the innermost vacuum vessel wall (R = 1.3 m). This is a lower value than 0.3 Vm-1 which is the maximum electric field in ITER. Due to the limited volt-seconds and the loop voltage of the Ohmic power system, the extended pulse duration of the ECH power up to 180 ms allowed the plasma current to rise up to more than 100 kA with a ramp-up rate of 0.8 MA s-1.

Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. Their policies may differ from this site.
Top