High-speed electro-optic switch based on nonlinear polymer-clad waveguide incorporated with quasi-in-plane coplanar waveguide electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, Ming-Hui; Wang, Xi-Bin; Xu, Qiang; Li, Ming; Niu, Dong-Hai; Sun, Xiao-Qiang; Wang, Fei; Li, Zhi-Yong; Zhang, Da-Ming

2018-01-01

Nonlinear optical (NLO) polymer is a promising material for active waveguide devices that can provide large bandwidth and high-speed response time. However, the performance of the active devices is not only related to the waveguide materials, but also related to the waveguide and electrode structures. In this paper, a high-speed Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) type of electro-optic (EO) switch based on NLO polymer-clad waveguide was fabricated. The quasi-in-plane coplanar waveguide electrodes were also introduced to enhance the poling and modulating efficiency. The characteristic parameters of the waveguide and electrode were carefully designed and simulated. The switches were fabricated by the conventional micro-fabrication process. Under 1550-nm operating wavelength, a typical fabricated switch showed a low insertion loss of 10.2 dB, and the switching rise time and fall time were 55.58 and 57.98 ns, respectively. The proposed waveguide and electrode structures could be developed into other active EO devices and also used as the component in the polymer-based large-scale photonic integrated circuit.

Coupling control based on Adiabatic elimination for densely integrated nano-photonics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mrejen, Michael; Suchowski, Haim; Hatakeyama, Taiki; Wu, Chihhui; Feng, Liang; O'Brien, Kevin; Wang, Yuan; Zhang, Xiang

2015-03-01

The ever growing need for energy-efficient and fast communications is driving the development of highly integrated photonic circuits where controlling light at the nanoscale becomes the most critical aspect of information transfer. Here we develop a unique scheme of adiabatic elimination (AE) modulation to actively control the coupling among waveguides for densely integrated photonics. Analogous to atomic systems, AE is achieved by applying a decomposition on a three waveguide coupler, where the two outer waveguides serve as an effective two-mode system with an effective coupling of Veff = [(V*13 + V*23V*12/Δβ12) (V13-V23V12/Δβ23) ]1/2,and the middle waveguide is the equivalent to the intermediate level `dark state'. We experimentally demonstrate the first all optical AE modulation and its ability to control the coupling between the two waveguides by manipulating the mode index of the decoupled middle one. In addition, we show that the strong modes interactions allowed at the nano-scale offer a unique configuration of zero-coupling between all the waveguides, a phenomena that paves the way for ultra-high density photonic integrated circuits where small footprint is of crucial importance.

Low-loss and energy efficient modulation in silicon photonic waveguides by adiabatic elimination scheme

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mrejen, Michael; Suchowski, Haim; Bachelard, Nicolas; Wang, Yuan; Zhang, Xiang

2017-07-01

High-speed Silicon Photonics calls for solutions providing a small footprint, high density, and minimum crosstalk, as exemplified by the recent development of integrated optical modulators. Yet, the performances of such modulators are hindered by intrinsic material losses, which results in low energy efficiency. Using the concept of Adiabatic Elimination, here, we introduce a scheme allowing for the low-loss modulation in densely packed waveguides. Our system is composed of two waveguides, whose coupling is mediated by an intermediate third waveguide. The signal is carried by the two outer modes, while the active control of their coupling is achieved via the intermediate dark mode. The modulation is performed by the manipulation of the central-waveguide mode index, leaving the signal-carrying waveguides unaffected by the loss. We discuss how Adiabatic Elimination provides a solution for mitigating signal losses and designing relatively compact, broadband, and energy-efficient integrated optical modulators.

Monolithic crystalline cladding microstructures for efficient light guiding and beam manipulation in passive and active regimes.

PubMed

Jia, Yuechen; Cheng, Chen; Vázquez de Aldana, Javier R; Castillo, Gabriel R; Rabes, Blanca del Rosal; Tan, Yang; Jaque, Daniel; Chen, Feng

2014-08-07

Miniature laser sources with on-demand beam features are desirable devices for a broad range of photonic applications. Lasing based on direct-pump of miniaturized waveguiding active structures offers a low-cost but intriguing solution for compact light-emitting devices. In this work, we demonstrate a novel family of three dimensional (3D) photonic microstructures monolithically integrated in a Nd:YAG laser crystal wafer. They are produced by the femtosecond laser writing, capable of simultaneous light waveguiding and beam manipulation. In these guiding systems, tailoring of laser modes by both passive/active beam splitting and ring-shaped transformation are achieved by an appropriate design of refractive index patterns. Integration of graphene thin-layer as saturable absorber in the 3D laser structures allows for efficient passive Q-switching of tailored laser radiations which may enable miniature waveguiding lasers for broader applications. Our results pave a way to construct complex integrated passive and active laser circuits in dielectric crystals by using femtosecond laser written monolithic photonic chips.

Waveguide device and method for making same

DOEpatents

Forman, Michael A [San Francisco, CA

2007-08-14

A monolithic micromachined waveguide device or devices with low-loss, high-power handling, and near-optical frequency ranges is set forth. The waveguide and integrated devices are capable of transmitting near-optical frequencies due to optical-quality sidewall roughness. The device or devices are fabricated in parallel, may be mass produced using a LIGA manufacturing process, and may include a passive component such as a diplexer and/or an active capping layer capable of particularized signal processing of the waveforms propagated by the waveguide.

Facile design of red-emitting waveguides using hybrid nanocomposites made of inorganic clusters dispersed in SU8 photoresist host

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huby, Nolwenn; Bigeon, John; Lagneaux, Quentin; Amela-Cortes, Maria; Garreau, Alexandre; Molard, Yann; Fade, Julien; Desert, Anthony; Faulques, Eric; Bêche, Bruno; Duvail, Jean-Luc; Cordier, Stéphane

2016-02-01

Integration of stable emissive entities into organic waveguide with minimum scattering is essential to design efficient optically active devices. Here we present a new class of doped nanocomposite waveguides exploiting 1-nm diameter metallic cluster-based building blocks as red-NIR luminescent dyes embedded in a SU8 polymeric matrix, a reference photoresist for organic photonics. These building blocks are [Mo6Ii8(OOCC2F5)a6]2- cluster anionic units with unique chemical and physical features well suited for optical nanocomposites such as a ligand-promoted dispersibility, a large Stokes shift with a broad absorption window and an emission window in the range 600-900 nm. A whole investigation of the nanocomposite has been first performed. Optical characterizations of Cs2[Mo6Ii8(OOCCnF2n+1)a6]@SU8 nanocomposites thin film and waveguiding structures show their relevance as active layers in integrated structures with a significant increase of the refractive index of 3 × 10-2 when the cluster concentration increases up to 4 wt%, while keeping high values for the transmitted power, as shown for different waveguide dimensions and clusters concentrations. The efficiency of photoluminescence propagation is investigated as a function of clusters concentration in the excitation area for several waveguides dimensions. Attenuation coefficient ranges between 5 and 18 dB/cm, values of the same order of magnitude as those obtained in polymeric waveguide doped with QDs or organic dyes. This original, stable and efficient nanocomposite is promising for downscaling complex nanosources and active waveguides in the visible and NIR range.

Monolithic crystalline cladding microstructures for efficient light guiding and beam manipulation in passive and active regimes

PubMed Central

Jia, Yuechen; Cheng, Chen; Vázquez de Aldana, Javier R.; Castillo, Gabriel R.; Rabes, Blanca del Rosal; Tan, Yang; Jaque, Daniel; Chen, Feng

2014-01-01

Miniature laser sources with on-demand beam features are desirable devices for a broad range of photonic applications. Lasing based on direct-pump of miniaturized waveguiding active structures offers a low-cost but intriguing solution for compact light-emitting devices. In this work, we demonstrate a novel family of three dimensional (3D) photonic microstructures monolithically integrated in a Nd:YAG laser crystal wafer. They are produced by the femtosecond laser writing, capable of simultaneous light waveguiding and beam manipulation. In these guiding systems, tailoring of laser modes by both passive/active beam splitting and ring-shaped transformation are achieved by an appropriate design of refractive index patterns. Integration of graphene thin-layer as saturable absorber in the 3D laser structures allows for efficient passive Q-switching of tailored laser radiations which may enable miniature waveguiding lasers for broader applications. Our results pave a way to construct complex integrated passive and active laser circuits in dielectric crystals by using femtosecond laser written monolithic photonic chips. PMID:25100561

Hybrid organic-inorganic sol-gel materials and components for integrated optoelectronics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Dong

On the technical platform of hybrid organic-inorganic sol-gel, the integrated optoelectronics in the forms of heterogeneous integration between the hybrid sol-gel waveguide and the high refractive index semiconductors and the nonlinear functional doping of disperse red chromophore into hybrid sol-gel is developed. The structure of hybrid sol-gel waveguide on high index semiconductor substrate is designed with BPM-CAD software. A hybrid sol-gel based on MAPTMS and TEOS suitable for lower cladding for the waveguide is developed. The multi-layer hybrid sol-gel waveguide with good mode confinement and low polarization dependence is fabricated on Si and InP. As proof of concept, a 1 x 12 beam splitter based on multimode interference is fabricated on silicon substrate. The device shows excess loss below 0.65 dB and imbalance below 0.28 dB for both TE and TM polarization. A nonlinear active hybrid sol-gel doped with disperse red 13 has been developed by simple co-solvent method. It permits high loading concentration and has low optical loss at 1550 nm. The second-order nonlinear property of the active sol-gel is induced with corona poling and studied with second harmonic generation. A 3-fold of enhancement in the poling efficiency is achieved by blue light assisted corona poling. The chromophore alignment stability is improved by reducing the free volume of the formed inorganic network from the sol-gel condensation reaction. An active sol-gel channel waveguide has been fabricated using active and passive hybrid sol-gel materials by only photopatterning and spin-coating. An amplitude modulator based on the active sol-gel containing 30 wt.% of DR13 shows an electro-optic coefficient of 14 pm/V at 1550 nm and stable operation within the observation time of 24 days.

Theory of absorption integrated optical sensor of gaseous materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Egorov, A. A.

2010-10-01

The eigen and noneigen (leaky) modes of a three-layer planar integrated optical waveguide are described. The dispersion relation of a three-layer planar waveguide and other dependences are derived, and the cutoff conditions are analyzed. The diagram of propagation constants of the guided and radiation modes of an irregular asymmetric three-layer waveguide and the dependence of the electric field amplitudes of radiation modes of substrate on vertical coordinate in a tantalum integrated optical waveguide are presented. The operating principles of an absorption integrated optical waveguide sensor are investigated. The dependences of sensitivity of an integrated optical waveguide sensor on the sensory cell length, the coupling efficiency of the laser radiation into the waveguide, the absorption cross-section of the studied material, and the level of additive statistical noise are investigated. Some of the prospective areas of application of integrated-optical waveguide sensors are outlined.

Reducing Threshold of Multi Quantum Wells InGaN Laser Diode by Using InGaN/GaN Waveguide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abdullah, Rafid A.; Ibrahim, Kamarulazizi

2010-07-01

ISE TCAD (Integrated System Engineering Technology Computer Aided Design) software simulation program has been utilized to help study the effect of using InGaN/GaN as a waveguide instead of conventional GaN waveguide for multi quantum wells violet InGaN laser diode (LD). Simulation results indicate that the threshold of the LD has been reduced by using InGaN/GaN waveguide where InGaN/GaN waveguide increases the optical confinement factor which leads to increase the confinement carriers at the active region of the LD.

Active polarisation control of a quantum cascade laser using tuneable birefringence in waveguides.

PubMed

Dhirhe, D; Slight, T J; Holmes, B M; Ironside, C N

2013-10-07

We discuss the design, modelling, fabrication and characterisation of an integrated tuneable birefringent waveguide for quantum cascade lasers. We have fabricated quantum cascade lasers operating at wavelengths around 4450 nm that include polarisation mode converters and a differential phase shift section. We employed below laser threshold electroluminescence to investigate the single pass operation of the integrated device. We use a theory based on the electro-optic properties of birefringence in quantum cascade laser waveguides combined with a Jones matrix based description to gain an understanding of the electroluminescence results. With the quantum cascade lasers operating above threshold we demonstrated polarisation control of the output.

Low Loss Nanostructured Polymers for Chip-scale Waveguide Amplifiers.

PubMed

Chen, George F R; Zhao, Xinyu; Sun, Yang; He, Chaobin; Tan, Mei Chee; Tan, Dawn T H

2017-06-13

On-chip waveguide amplifiers offer higher gain in small device sizes and better integration with photonic devices than the commonly available fiber amplifiers. However, on-chip amplifiers have yet to make its way into the mainstream due to the limited availability of materials with ideal light guiding and amplification properties. A low-loss nanostructured on-chip channel polymeric waveguide amplifier was designed, characterized, fabricated and its gain experimentally measured at telecommunication wavelength. The active polymeric waveguide core comprises of NaYF 4 :Yb,Er,Ce core-shell nanocrystals dispersed within a SU8 polymer, where the nanoparticle interfacial characteristics were tailored using hydrolyzed polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate) to improve particle dispersion. Both the enhanced IR emission intensity from our nanocrystals using a tri-dopant scheme and the reduced scattering losses from our excellent particle dispersion at a high solid loading of 6.0 vol% contributed to the outstanding optical performance of our polymeric waveguide. We achieved one of the highest reported gain of 6.6 dB/cm using a relatively low coupled pump power of 80 mW. These polymeric waveguide amplifiers offer greater promise for integrated optical circuits due to their processability and integration advantages which will play a key role in the emerging areas of flexible communication and optoelectronic devices.

FIBER AND INTEGRATED OPTICS: Amplification of femtosecond pulses in single-mode fiber waveguides activated with Er3+ ions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grudinin, A. B.; Dianov, Evgenii M.; Korobkin, D. V.; Prokhorov, A. M.; Semenov, V. A.; Khrushchev, I. Yu

1990-08-01

An experimental investigation was made of the process of amplification of femtosecond pulses in single-mode fiber waveguides activated with erbium ions. The amplified pulses were compressed from 80 to 55 fs in the course of their propagation. The energy of the pulses was estimated to be 5 nJ. The maximum gain was 26 dB.

Fusion of Renewable Ring Resonator Lasers and Ultrafast Laser Inscribed Photonic Waveguides

PubMed Central

Chandrahalim, Hengky; Rand, Stephen C.; Fan, Xudong

2016-01-01

We demonstrated the monolithic integration of reusable and wavelength reconfigurable ring resonator lasers and waveguides of arbitrary shapes to out-couple and guide laser emission on the same fused-silica chip. The ring resonator hosts were patterned by a single-mask standard lithography, whereas the waveguides were inscribed in the proximity of the ring resonator by using 3-dimensional femtosecond laser inscription technology. Reusability of the integrated ring resonator – waveguide system was examined by depositing, removing, and re-depositing dye-doped SU-8 solid polymer, SU-8 liquid polymer, and liquid solvent (toluene). The wavelength reconfigurability was validated by employing Rhodamine 6G (R6G) and 3,3′-Diethyloxacarbocyanine iodide (CY3) as exemplary gain media. In all above cases, the waveguide was able to couple out and guide the laser emission. This work opens a door to reconfigurable active and passive photonic devices for on-chip coherent light sources, optical signal processing, and the investigation of new optical phenomena. PMID:27600872

Fusion of Renewable Ring Resonator Lasers and Ultrafast Laser Inscribed Photonic Waveguides.

PubMed

Chandrahalim, Hengky; Rand, Stephen C; Fan, Xudong

2016-09-07

We demonstrated the monolithic integration of reusable and wavelength reconfigurable ring resonator lasers and waveguides of arbitrary shapes to out-couple and guide laser emission on the same fused-silica chip. The ring resonator hosts were patterned by a single-mask standard lithography, whereas the waveguides were inscribed in the proximity of the ring resonator by using 3-dimensional femtosecond laser inscription technology. Reusability of the integrated ring resonator - waveguide system was examined by depositing, removing, and re-depositing dye-doped SU-8 solid polymer, SU-8 liquid polymer, and liquid solvent (toluene). The wavelength reconfigurability was validated by employing Rhodamine 6G (R6G) and 3,3'-Diethyloxacarbocyanine iodide (CY3) as exemplary gain media. In all above cases, the waveguide was able to couple out and guide the laser emission. This work opens a door to reconfigurable active and passive photonic devices for on-chip coherent light sources, optical signal processing, and the investigation of new optical phenomena.

30GHz Ge electro-absorption modulator integrated with 3 μm silicon-on-insulator waveguide.

PubMed

Feng, Ning-Ning; Feng, Dazeng; Liao, Shirong; Wang, Xin; Dong, Po; Liang, Hong; Kung, Cheng-Chih; Qian, Wei; Fong, Joan; Shafiiha, Roshanak; Luo, Ying; Cunningham, Jack; Krishnamoorthy, Ashok V; Asghari, Mehdi

2011-04-11

We demonstrate a compact waveguide-based high-speed Ge electro-absorption (EA) modulator integrated with a single mode 3 µm silicon-on-isolator (SOI) waveguide. The Ge EA modulator is based on a horizontally-oriented p-i-n structure butt-coupled with a deep-etched silicon waveguide, which transitions adiabatically to a shallow-etched single mode large core SOI waveguide. The demonstrated device has a compact active region of 1.0 × 45 µm(2), a total insertion loss of 2.5-5 dB and an extinction ratio of 4-7.5 dB over a wavelength range of 1610-1640 nm with -4V(pp) bias. The estimated Δα/α value is in the range of 2-3.3. The 3 dB bandwidth measurements show that the device is capable of operating at more than 30 GHz. Clear eye-diagram openings at 12.5 Gbps demonstrates large signal modulation at high transmission rate. © 2011 Optical Society of America

General technique for the integration of MIC/MMIC'S with waveguides

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Geller, Bernard D. (Inventor); Zaghloul, Amir I. (Inventor)

1987-01-01

A technique for packaging and integrating of a microwave integrated circuit (MIC) or monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) with a waveguide uses a printed conductive circuit pattern on a dielectric substrate to transform impedance and mode of propagation between the MIC/MMIC and the waveguide. The virtually coplanar circuit pattern lies on an equipotential surface within the waveguide and therefore makes possible single or dual polarized mode structures.

Guided-wave photodiode using through-absorber quantum-well-intermixing and methods thereof

DOEpatents

Skogen, Erik J.

2016-10-25

The present invention includes a high-speed, high-saturation power detector (e.g., a photodiode) compatible with a relatively simple monolithic integration process. In particular embodiments, the photodiode includes an intrinsic bulk absorption region, which is grown above a main waveguide core including a number of quantum wells (QWs) that are used as the active region of a phase modulator. The invention also includes methods of fabricating integrated photodiode and waveguide assemblies using a monolithic, simplified process.

Monolithic integration of active and second-order nonlinear functionality in Bragg reflection waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bijlani, Bhavin J.

2011-07-01

This thesis explored the theory, design, fabrication and characterization of AlGaAs Bragg reflection waveguides (BRW) towards the goal of a platform for monolithic integration of active and optically nonlinear devices. Through integration of a diode laser and nonlinear phase-matched cavity, the possibility of on-chip nonlinear frequency generation was explored. Such integrated devices would be highly useful as a robust, alignment free, small footprint and electrically injected alternative to bulk optic systems. A theoretical framework for modal analysis of arbitrary 1-D photonic crystal defect waveguides is developed. This method relies on the transverse resonance condition. It is then demonstrated in the context of several types of Bragg reflection waveguides. The framework is then extended to phase-match second-order nonlinearities and incorporating quantum-wells for diode lasers. Experiments within a slab and ridge waveguide demonstrated phase-matched Type-I second harmonic generation at fundamental wavelength of 1587 and 1600 nm, respectively; a first for this type of waveguide. For the slab waveguide, conversion efficiency was 0.1 %/W. In the more strongly confined ridge waveguides, efficiency increased to 8.6 %/W owing to the increased intensity. The normalized conversion efficiency was estimated to be at 600 %/Wcm2. Diode lasers emitting at 980 nm in the BRW mode were also fabricated. Verification of the Bragg mode was performed through imaging the near- field of the mode. Propagation loss of this type of mode was measured directly for the first time at ≈ 14 cm-1. The lasers were found to be very insensitive with characteristic temperature at 215 K. Two designs incorporating both laser and phase-matched nonlinearity within the same cavity were fabricated, for degenerate and non-degenerate down-conversion. Though the lasers were sub-optimal, a parametric fluorescence signal was readily detected. Fluorescence power as high as 4 nW for the degenerate design and 5 nW for the non-degenerate design were detected. The conversion efficiency was 4176 %/Wcm2 and 874 %/Wcm2, respectively. Neither design was found to emit near the design wavelength. In general, the signal is between 1600-1800 nm and the idler is between 2200-2400 nm. Improvements in laser performance are expected to drastically increase the conversion efficiency.

Process development for waveguide chemical sensors with integrated polymeric sensitive layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amberkar, Raghu; Gao, Zhan; Park, Jongwon; Henthorn, David B.; Kim, Chang-Soo

2008-02-01

Due to the proper optical property and flexibility in the process development, an epoxy-based, high-aspect ratio photoresist SU-8 is now attracting attention in optical sensing applications. Manipulation of the surface properties of SU-8 waveguides is critical to attach functional films such as chemically-sensitive layers. We describe a new integration process to immobilize fluorescence molecules on SU-8 waveguide surface for application to intensity-based optical chemical sensors. We use two polymers for this application. Spin-on, hydrophobic, photopatternable silicone is a convenient material to contain fluorophore molecules and to pattern a photolithographically defined thin layer on the surface of SU-8. We use fumed silica powders as an additive to uniformly disperse the fluorophores in the silicone precursor. In general, additional processes are not critically required to promote the adhesion between the SU-8 and silicone. The other material is polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA). Recently we demonstrated a novel photografting method to modify the surface of SU-8 using a surface bound initiator to control its wettability. The activated surface is then coated with a monomer precursor solution. Polymerization follows when the sample is exposed to UV irradiation, resulting in a grafted PEGDA layer incorporating fluorophores within the hydrogel matrix. Since this method is based the UV-based photografting reaction, it is possible to grow off photolithographically defined hydrogel patterns on the waveguide structures. The resulting films will be viable integrated components in optical bioanalytical sensors. This is a promising technique for integrated chemical sensors both for planar type waveguide and vertical type waveguide chemical sensors.

Peptide Integrated Optics.

PubMed

Handelman, Amir; Lapshina, Nadezda; Apter, Boris; Rosenman, Gil

2018-02-01

Bio-nanophotonics is a wide field in which advanced optical materials, biomedicine, fundamental optics, and nanotechnology are combined and result in the development of biomedical optical chips. Silk fibers or synthetic bioabsorbable polymers are the main light-guiding components. In this work, an advanced concept of integrated bio-optics is proposed, which is based on bioinspired peptide optical materials exhibiting wide optical transparency, nonlinear and electrooptical properties, and effective passive and active waveguiding. Developed new technology combining bottom-up controlled deposition of peptide planar wafers of a large area and top-down focus ion beam lithography provides direct fabrication of peptide optical integrated circuits. Finding a deep modification of peptide optical properties by reconformation of biological secondary structure from native phase to β-sheet architecture is followed by the appearance of visible fluorescence and unexpected transition from a native passive optical waveguiding to an active one. Original biocompatibility, switchable regimes of waveguiding, and multifunctional nonlinear optical properties make these new peptide planar optical materials attractive for application in emerging technology of lab-on-biochips, combining biomedical photonic and electronic circuits toward medical diagnosis, light-activated therapy, and health monitoring. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Integrated waveguide and nanostructured sensor platform for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pearce, Stuart J.; Pollard, Michael E.; Oo, SweZin; Chen, Ruiqi; Kalsi, Sumit; Charlton, Martin D. B.

2014-01-01

Limitations of current sensors include large dimensions, sometimes limited sensitivity and inherent single-parameter measurement capability. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy can be utilized for environment and pharmaceutical applications with the intensity of the Raman scattering enhanced by a factor of 10. By fabricating and characterizing an integrated optical waveguide beneath a nanostructured precious metal coated surface a new surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy sensing arrangement can be achieved. Nanostructured sensors can provide both multiparameter and high-resolution sensing. Using the slab waveguide core to interrogate the nanostructures at the base allows for the emission to reach discrete sensing areas effectively and should provide ideal parameters for maximum Raman interactions. Thin slab waveguide films of silicon oxynitride were etched and gold coated to create localized nanostructured sensing areas of various pitch, diameter, and shape. These were interrogated using a Ti:Sapphire laser tuned to 785-nm end coupled into the slab waveguide. The nanostructured sensors vertically projected a Raman signal, which was used to actively detect a thin layer of benzyl mercaptan attached to the sensors.

Planar integrated metasurfaces for highly-collimated terahertz quantum cascade lasers

PubMed Central

Liang, Guozhen; Dupont, Emmanuel; Fathololoumi, Saeed; Wasilewski, Zbigniew R.; Ban, Dayan; Liang, Hou Kun; Zhang, Ying; Yu, Siu Fung; Li, Lianhe H.; Davies, Alexander Giles; Linfield, Edmund H.; Liu, Hui Chun; Wang, Qi Jie

2014-01-01

We report planar integration of tapered terahertz (THz) frequency quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) with metasurface waveguides that are designed to be spoof surface plasmon (SSP) out-couplers by introducing periodically arranged SSP scatterers. The resulting surface-emitting THz beam profile is highly collimated with a divergence as narrow as ~4° × 10°, which indicates a good waveguiding property of the metasurface waveguide. In addition, the low background THz power implies a high coupling efficiency for the THz radiation from the laser cavity to the metasurface structure. Furthermore, since all the structures are in-plane, this scheme provides a promising platform where well-established surface plasmon/metasurface techniques can be employed to engineer the emitted beam of THz QCLs controllably and flexibly. More importantly, an integrated active THz photonic circuit for sensing and communication applications could be constructed by incorporating other optoelectronic devices such as Schottky diode THz mixers, and graphene modulators and photodetectors. PMID:25403796

A Substrate Integrated Waveguide Sensor for Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Biomass Materials

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Substrate integrated waveguide- based sensors balance the performance and well known design techniques of classical waveguides with the cheaper and more adaptable aspects of planar circuits. Propagation characteristics are similar to waveguides with the design retaining many positive aspects of wave...

Vertical waveguides integrated with silicon photodetectors: Towards high efficiency and low cross-talk image sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tut, Turgut; Dan, Yaping; Duane, Peter; Yu, Young; Wober, Munib; Crozier, Kenneth B.

2012-01-01

We describe the experimental realization of vertical silicon nitride waveguides integrated with silicon photodetectors. The waveguides are embedded in a silicon dioxide layer. Scanning photocurrent microscopy is performed on a device containing a waveguide, and on a device containing the silicon dioxide layer, but without the waveguide. The results confirm the waveguide's ability to guide light onto the photodetector with high efficiency. We anticipate that the use of these structures in image sensors, with one waveguide per pixel, would greatly improve efficiency and significantly reduce inter-pixel crosstalk.

Thermally controlled coupling of a rolled-up microtube integrated with a waveguide on a silicon electronic-photonic integrated circuit.

PubMed

Zhong, Qiuhang; Tian, Zhaobing; Veerasubramanian, Venkat; Dastjerdi, M Hadi Tavakoli; Mi, Zetian; Plant, David V

2014-05-01

We report on the first experimental demonstration of the thermal control of coupling strength between a rolled-up microtube and a waveguide on a silicon electronic-photonic integrated circuit. The microtubes are fabricated by selectively releasing a coherently strained GaAs/InGaAs heterostructure bilayer. The fabricated microtubes are then integrated with silicon waveguides using an abruptly tapered fiber probe. By tuning the gap between the microtube and the waveguide using localized heaters, the microtube-waveguide evanescent coupling is effectively controlled. With heating, the extinction ratio of a microtube whispering-gallery mode changes over an 18 dB range, while the resonant wavelength remains approximately unchanged. Utilizing this dynamic thermal tuning effect, we realize coupling modulation of the microtube integrated with the silicon waveguide at 2 kHz with a heater voltage swing of 0-6 V.

Fiberless multicolor neural optoelectrode for in vivo circuit analysis.

PubMed

Kampasi, Komal; Stark, Eran; Seymour, John; Na, Kyounghwan; Winful, Herbert G; Buzsáki, György; Wise, Kensall D; Yoon, Euisik

2016-08-03

Maximizing the potential of optogenetic approaches in deep brain structures of intact animals requires optical manipulation of neurons at high spatial and temporal resolutions, while simultaneously recording electrical data from those neurons. Here, we present the first fiber-less optoelectrode with a monolithically integrated optical waveguide mixer that can deliver multicolor light at a common waveguide port to achieve multicolor modulation of the same neuronal population in vivo. We demonstrate successful device implementation by achieving efficient coupling between a side-emitting injection laser diode (ILD) and a dielectric optical waveguide mixer via a gradient-index (GRIN) lens. The use of GRIN lenses attains several design features, including high optical coupling and thermal isolation between ILDs and waveguides. We validated the packaged devices in the intact brain of anesthetized mice co-expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 and Archaerhodopsin in pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA1 region, achieving high quality recording, activation and silencing of the exact same neurons in a given local region. This fully-integrated approach demonstrates the spatial precision and scalability needed to enable independent activation and silencing of the same or different groups of neurons in dense brain regions while simultaneously recording from them, thus considerably advancing the capabilities of currently available optogenetic toolsets.

Design, fabrication and analysis of integrated optical waveguide devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sikorski, Yuri

Throughout the present dissertation, the main effort has been to develop the set of design rules for optical integrated circuits (OIC). At the present time, when planar optical integrated circuits seem to be the leading technology, and industry is heading towards much higher levels of integration, such design rules become necessary. It is known that analysis of light propagation in rectangular waveguides can not be carried out exactly. Various approximations become necessary, and their validity is discussed in this text. Various methods are used in the text for calculating the same problems, and results are compared. A few new concepts have been suggested to avoid approximations used elsewhere. The second part of this dissertation is directed to the development of a new technique for the fabrication of optical integrated circuits inside optical glass. This technique is based on the use of ultrafast laser pulses to alter the properties of glasses. Using this method we demonstrated the possibility of changing the refractive index of various passive and active optical glasses as well as ablating the material on the surface in a controlled fashion. A number of optical waveguide devices (e.g. waveguides, directional couplers, diffraction gratings, fiber Bragg gratings, V-grooves in dual-clad optical fibers, optical waveguide amplifiers) were fabricated and tested. Testing included measurements of loss/throughput, near-field mode profiles, efficiency and thermal stability. All of the experimental setup and test results are reported in the dissertation. We also demonstrated the possibility of using this technique to fabricate future bio-optical devices that will incorporate an OIC and a microfluidic circuit on a single substrate. Our results are expected to serve as a guide for the design and fabrication of a new generation of integrated optical and bio-optical devices.

Integrated Optical Dipole Trap for Cold Neutral Atoms with an Optical Waveguide Coupler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, J.; Park, D. H.; Mittal, S.; Meng, Y.; Dagenais, M.; Rolston, S. L.

2013-05-01

Using an optical waveguide, an integrated optical dipole trap uses two-color (red and blue-detuned) traveling evanescent wave fields for trapping cold neutral atoms. To achieve longitudinal confinement, we propose using an integrated optical waveguide coupler, which provides a potential gradient along the beam propagation direction sufficient to confine atoms. This integrated optical dipole trap can support an atomic ensemble with a large optical depth due to its small mode area. Its quasi-TE0 waveguide mode has an advantage over the HE11 mode of a nanofiber, with little inhomogeneous Zeeman broadening at the trapping region. The longitudinal confinement eliminates the need for a 1D optical lattice, reducing collisional blockaded atomic loading, potentially producing larger ensembles. The waveguide trap allows for scalability and integrability with nano-fabrication technology. We analyze the potential performance of such integrated atom traps and present current research progress towards a fiber-coupled silicon nitride optical waveguide integrable with atom chips. Work is supported by the ARO Atomtronics MURI. Work is supported by the ARO Atomtronics MURI.

Waveguide Transition for Submillimeter-Wave MMICs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Leong, Kevin M.; Deal, William R.; Radisic, Vesna; Mei, Xiaobing; Uyeda, Jansen; Lai, Richard; Fung, King Man; Gaier, Todd C.

2009-01-01

An integrated waveguide-to-MMIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuit) chip operating in the 300-GHz range is designed to operate well on high-permittivity semiconductor substrates typical for an MMIC amplifier, and allows a wider MMIC substrate to be used, enabling integration with larger MMICs (power amplifiers). The waveguide-to- CBCPW (conductor-backed coplanar waveguide) transition topology is based on an integrated dipole placed in the E-plane of the waveguide module. It demonstrates low loss and good impedance matching. Measurement and simulation demonstrate that the loss of the transition and waveguide loss is less than 1-dB over a 340-to-380-GHz bandwidth. A transition is inserted along the propagation direction of the waveguide. This transition uses a planar dipole aligned with the maximum E-field of the TE10 waveguide mode as an inter face between the waveguide and the MMIC. Mode conversion between the coplanar striplines (CPS) that feed the dipole and the CBCPW transmission line is accomplished using a simple air-bridge structure. The bottom side ground plane is truncated at the same reference as the top-side ground plane, leaving the end of the MMIC suspended in air.

Empty substrate integrated waveguide technology for E plane high-frequency and high-performance circuits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belenguer, Angel; Cano, Juan Luis; Esteban, Héctor; Artal, Eduardo; Boria, Vicente E.

2017-01-01

Substrate integrated circuits (SIC) have attracted much attention in the last years because of their great potential of low cost, easy manufacturing, integration in a circuit board, and higher-quality factor than planar circuits. A first suite of SIC where the waves propagate through dielectric have been first developed, based on the well-known substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and related technological implementations. One step further has been made with a new suite of empty substrate integrated waveguides, where the waves propagate through air, thus reducing the associated losses. This is the case of the empty substrate integrated waveguide (ESIW) or the air-filled substrate integrated waveguide (air-filled SIW). However, all these SIC are H plane structures, so classical H plane solutions in rectangular waveguides have already been mapped to most of these new SIC. In this paper a novel E plane empty substrate integrated waveguide (ESIW-E) is presented. This structure allows to easily map classical E plane solutions in rectangular waveguide to this new substrate integrated solution. It is similar to the ESIW, although more layers are needed to build the structure. A wideband transition (covering the frequency range between 33 GHz and 50 GHz) from microstrip to ESIW-E is designed and manufactured. Measurements are successfully compared with simulation, proving the validity of this new SIC. A broadband high-frequency phase shifter (for operation from 35 GHz to 47 GHz) is successfully implemented in ESIW-E, thus proving the good performance of this new SIC in a practical application.

FIBER AND INTEGRATED OPTICS: New method for determination of the parameters of a channel waveguide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Galechyan, M. G.; Dianov, Evgenii M.; Lyndin, N. M.; Sychugov, V. A.; Tishchenko, A. V.; Usievich, B. A.

1992-02-01

A new method for the determination of the parameters of channel integrated optical waveguides is proposed. This method is based on measuring the spectral transmission of a system comprising the investigated waveguide and single-mode fiber waveguides, which are brought into contact with the channel waveguide. The results are reported of an investigation of two channel waveguides formed in glass by a variety of methods and characterized by different refractive index profiles. The proposed method is found to be suitable for determination of the parameters of the refractive index profile of the investigated channel waveguides.

Ultra-large nonlinear parameter in graphene-silicon waveguide structures.

PubMed

Donnelly, Christine; Tan, Dawn T H

2014-09-22

Mono-layer graphene integrated with optical waveguides is studied for the purpose of maximizing E-field interaction with the graphene layer, for the generation of ultra-large nonlinear parameters. It is shown that the common approach used to minimize the waveguide effective modal area does not accurately predict the configuration with the maximum nonlinear parameter. Both photonic and plasmonic waveguide configurations and graphene integration techniques realizable with today's fabrication tools are studied. Importantly, nonlinear parameters exceeding 10(4) W(-1)/m, two orders of magnitude larger than that in silicon on insulator waveguides without graphene, are obtained for the quasi-TE mode in silicon waveguides incorporating mono-layer graphene in the evanescent part of the optical field. Dielectric loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguides incorporating mono-layer graphene are observed to generate nonlinear parameters as large as 10(5) W(-1)/m, three orders of magnitude larger than that in silicon on insulator waveguides without graphene. The ultra-large nonlinear parameters make such waveguides promising platforms for nonlinear integrated optics at ultra-low powers, and for previously unobserved nonlinear optical effects to be studied in a waveguide platform.

Integrated optical components in thin films of polymers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sarkisov, Sergey; Abdeldayem, Hossin; Venkateswarlu, Putcha; Teague, Zedric

1995-01-01

The results will be reported on the study of integrated optical components based on nonlinear optical polymeric films. Polymers poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polyimide (PI) doped with organic laser dyes 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-p dimethylaminostyryl-4H pyran (DCM) and 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 - pentamethyl-2,6 -diethyl-pyrromethene -BF2-complex (Pyrommethene 567, PM-567) were selected as materials for light guiding films. Additionally, UV polymerized polydiacetylene (PDA) on glass substrate was used as a waveguide material. Optical waveguides were fabricated using spin coating of preoxidized silicon wafers (1.5 micrometer silicon oxide layer) with organic dye/polymer solution followed by soft baking. the modes in slab waveguides were studied using prism coupling techniques. Measured values of mode coupling angles in multimode waveguides were used to calculate film thickness and refractive index for different polarizations. Refractive index anisotropy was found in PDA waveguide. The optimal conditions of spin coating for single mode waveguide fabrication were estimated. Propagation losses were measured by collecting the light scattered from the trace of a propagating mode either by scanning photo detector or by CCD camera. Different types of light coupling techniques were used including end-dire coupling, prism and grating coupling. Mechanical printing technique was developed for coupling grating fabrication resulting in gratings with 4% diffraction efficiency. The gratings demonstrated good stability with diffraction efficiency relaxation rate 2.4 dB/hour at a temperature approximately 15-20 C below glass transition point. Dye doped waveguides were transversally pumped with frequency doubled Nd:YAG Q-switched laser producing intensive light emission with apparent 6 kW/sq cm pump threshold and spectrum narrowing near 617 nm peak in the case of DCM doped waveguide. PM-567 doped waveguide pumped with CW Ar(+) laser (514 nm wavelength) far below threshold (0.1 W/sq.cm pump power) demonstrated emission spectrum narrowing near 616 nm peak with 18% power conversion slope efficiency. In this case emission spectrum modification was caused by the enhanced light absorption along the direction of propagating waveguide modes. Changing length, thickness, and other morphlogical waveguide parameters one can modify emission spectrum in predictable direction. The results show that polymeric waveguides, especially based on high temperature polymers such as Pl, can be used to produce a varietiy of active and passive silicon compatible integrated optical components for aerospace applications.

Silicon waveguide optical switch with embedded phase change material.

PubMed

Miller, Kevin J; Hallman, Kent A; Haglund, Richard F; Weiss, Sharon M

2017-10-30

Phase-change materials (PCMs) have emerged as promising active elements in silicon (Si) photonic systems. In this work, we design, fabricate, and characterize a hybrid Si-PCM optical switch. By integrating vanadium dioxide (a PCM) within a Si photonic waveguide, in a non-resonant geometry, we achieve ~10 dB broadband optical contrast with a PCM length of 500 nm using thermal actuation.

Silicon micromachined waveguides for millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yap, Markus; Tai, Yu-Chong; Mcgrath, William R.; Walker, Christopher

1992-01-01

The majority of radio receivers, transmitters, and components operating at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths utilize rectangular waveguides in some form. However, conventional machining techniques for waveguides operating above a few hundred GHz are complicated and costly. This paper reports on the development of silicon micromachining techniques to create silicon-based waveguide circuits which can operate at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. As a first step, rectangular WR-10 waveguide structures have been fabricated from (110) silicon wafers using micromachining techniques. The waveguide is split along the broad wall. Each half is formed by first etching a channel completely through a wafer. Potassium hydroxide is used to etch smooth mirror-like vertical walls and LPCVD silicon nitride is used as a masking layer. This wafer is then bonded to another flat wafer using a polyimide bonding technique and diced into the U-shaped half wavelengths. Finally, a gold layer is applied to the waveguide walls. Insertion loss measurements show losses comparable to those of standard metal waveguides. It is suggested that active devices and planar circuits can be integrated with the waveguides, solving the traditional mounting problems. Potential applications in terahertz instrumentation technology are further discussed.

Polymer waveguide grating sensor integrated with a thin-film photodetector

PubMed Central

Song, Fuchuan; Xiao, Jing; Xie, Antonio Jou; Seo, Sang-Woo

2014-01-01

This paper presents a planar waveguide grating sensor integrated with a photodetector (PD) for on-chip optical sensing systems which are suitable for diagnostics in the field and in-situ measurements. III–V semiconductor-based thin-film PD is integrated with a polymer based waveguide grating device on a silicon platform. The fabricated optical sensor successfully discriminates optical spectral characteristics of the polymer waveguide grating from the on-chip PD. In addition, its potential use as a refractive index sensor is demonstrated. Based on a planar waveguide structure, the demonstrated sensor chip may incorporate multiple grating waveguide sensing regions with their own optical detection PDs. In addition, the demonstrated processing is based on a post-integration process which is compatible with silicon complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electronics. Potentially, this leads a compact, chip-scale optical sensing system which can monitor multiple physical parameters simultaneously without need for external signal processing. PMID:24466407

Application de la technologie des materiaux sol-gel et polymere a l'optique integree

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saddiki, Zakaria

2002-01-01

With the advancement of optical telecommunication systems, "integrated optics" and "optical interconnect" technology are becoming more and more important. The major components of these two technologies are photonic integrated circuits (PICs), optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs), and optoelectronic multichip modules ( OE-MCMs). Optical signals are transmitted through optical waveguides that interconnect such components. The principle of optical transmission in waveguides is the same as that in optical fibres. To implement these technologies, both passive and active optical devices are needed. A wide variety of optical materials has been studied, e.g., glasses, lithium niobate, III-V semiconductors, sol-gel and polymers. In particular, passive optical components have been fabricated using glass optical waveguides by ion-exchange, or by flame hydrolysis deposition and reactive ion etching (FHD and RIE ). When using FHD and RIE, a very high temperatures (up to 1300°C) are needed to consolidate silica. This work reports on the fabrication and characterization of a new photo-patternable hybrid organic-inorganic glass sol-gel and polymer materials for the realisation of integrated optic and opto-electronic devices. They exhibit low losses in the NIR range, especially at the most important wavelengths windows for optical communications (1320 nm and 1550 nm). The sol-gel and polymer process is based on photo polymerization and thermo polymerization effects to create the wave-guide. The single-layer film is at low temperature and deep UV-light is employed to make the wave-guide by means of the well-known photolithography process. Like any photo-imaging process, the UV energy should exceed the threshold energy of chemical bonds in the photoactive component of hybrid glass material to form the expected integrated optic pattern with excellent line width control and vertical sidewalls. To achieve optical wave-guide, a refractive index difference Delta n occurred between the isolated (guiding layer) and the surrounding region (buffer and cladding). Accordingly, the refractive index emerges as a fundamental device performance material parameter and it is investigated using slab wave-guide. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Determining the Partial Pressure of Volatile Components via Substrate-Integrated Hollow Waveguide Infrared Spectroscopy with Integrated Microfluidics.

PubMed

Kokoric, Vjekoslav; Theisen, Johannes; Wilk, Andreas; Penisson, Christophe; Bernard, Gabriel; Mizaikoff, Boris; Gabriel, Jean-Christophe P

2018-04-03

A microfluidic system combined with substrate-integrated hollow waveguide (iHWG) vapor phase infrared spectroscopy has been developed for evaluating the chemical activity of volatile compounds dissolved in complex fluids. Chemical activity is an important yet rarely exploited parameter in process analysis and control. Access to chemical activity parameters enables systematic studies on phase diagrams of complex fluids, the detection of aggregation processes, etc. The instrumental approach developed herein uniquely enables controlled evaporation/permeation from a sample solution into a hollow waveguide structure and the analysis of the partial pressures of volatile constituents. For the example of a binary system, it was shown that the chemical activity may be deduced from partial pressure measurements at thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. The combined microfluidic-iHWG midinfrared sensor system (μFLUID-IR) allows the realization of such studies in the absence of any perturbations provoked by sampling operations, which is unavoidable using state-of-the-art analytical techniques such as headspace gas chromatography. For demonstration purposes, a water/ethanol mixture was investigated, and the derived data was cross-validated with established literature values at different mixture ratios. Next to perturbation-free measurements, a response time of the sensor <150 s ( t 90 ) at a recovery time <300 s ( t recovery ) has been achieved, which substantiates the utility of μFLUID-IR for future process analysis-and-control applications.

Frequency-degenerate phase-sensitive optical parametric amplification based on four-wave mixing in graphene–silicon slot waveguide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Zhen; Liu, Hongjun; Huang, Nan; Wang, Zhaolu; Han, Jing

2018-06-01

The phase-sensitive amplification process of a hybrid graphene–silicon (HyGS) slot waveguide with trilayers of graphene is investigated in this paper. Numerical simulation shows that a relatively high extinction ratio (42 dB) is achieved, because of the ultrahigh nonlinear coefficients, with a waveguide length of only 680 µm. In addition, the graphene layer provides the possibility of modulating the phase status and gain of the output signal. This study is expected to be highly beneficial to applications such as integrated optics and graphene-related active optical devices.

Investigation for connecting waveguide in off-planar integrated circuits.

PubMed

Lin, Jie; Feng, Zhifang

2017-09-01

The transmission properties of a vertical waveguide connected by different devices in off-planar integrated circuits are designed, investigated, and analyzed in detail by the finite-difference time-domain method. The results show that both guide bandwidth and transmission efficiency can be adjusted effectively by shifting the vertical waveguide continuously. Surprisingly, the wide guide band (0.385[c/a]∼0.407[c/a]) and well transmission (-6  dB) are observed simultaneously in several directions when the vertical waveguide is located at a specific location. The results are very important for all-optical integrated circuits, especially in compact integration.

FIBER AND INTEGRATED OPTICS: Photodetector waveguide structures made of epitaxial InGaAs films and intended for integrated circuits manufactured from III-V semiconductor compounds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shmal'ko, A. V.; Lamekin, V. F.; Smirnov, V. L.; Polyantsev, A. S.; Kogan, Yu I.; Babushkina, T. S.; Kuntsevich, T. S.; Peshkovskaya, O. G.

1990-08-01

Photodetector waveguide structures made of epitaxial InxGa1 - xAs solid-solution films were developed and investigated. These structures were intended for optical integrated circuits manufactured from III-V semiconductor compounds for operation in the wavelength range 1.0-1.5 μm. Two types of photodetector waveguide p-i-n structures were developed. They consisted of a composite waveguide and tunnel-coupled waveguides, respectively. A study was made of structural parameters, responsivity, spectral and time characteristics, and dark currents in photodetectors made of the waveguide structures. This investigation was carried out in the wavelength range 1.0-1.3 μm. The maximum spectral responsivity of one of the types of the waveguide photodetector was ~ 0.5 ± 0.1 A/W and the dark current did not exceed 10 - 7-10 - 8 A.

Cutoff-mesa isolated rib optical waveguide for III-V heterostructure photonic integrated circuits

DOEpatents

Vawter, Gregory A.; Smith, Robert E.

1998-01-01

A cutoff mesa rib waveguide provides single-mode performance regardless of any deep etches that might be used for electrical isolation between integrated electrooptic devices. Utilizing a principle of a cutoff slab waveguide with an asymmetrical refractive index profile, single mode operation is achievable with a wide range of rib widths and does not require demanding etch depth tolerances. This new waveguide design eliminates reflection effects, or self-interference, commonly seen when conventional rib waveguides are combined with deep isolation etches and thereby reduces high order mode propagation and crosstalk compared to the conventional rib waveguides.

Cutoff-mesa isolated rib optical waveguide for III-V heterostructure photonic integrated circuits

DOEpatents

Vawter, G.A.; Smith, R.E.

1998-04-28

A cutoff mesa rib waveguide provides single-mode performance regardless of any deep etches that might be used for electrical isolation between integrated electrooptic devices. Utilizing a principle of a cutoff slab waveguide with an asymmetrical refractive index profile, single mode operation is achievable with a wide range of rib widths and does not require demanding etch depth tolerances. This new waveguide design eliminates reflection effects, or self-interference, commonly seen when conventional rib waveguides are combined with deep isolation etches and thereby reduces high order mode propagation and crosstalk compared to the conventional rib waveguides. 7 figs.

Fiberless multicolor neural optoelectrode for in vivo circuit analysis

PubMed Central

Kampasi, Komal; Stark, Eran; Seymour, John; Na, Kyounghwan; Winful, Herbert G.; Buzsáki, György; Wise, Kensall D.; Yoon, Euisik

2016-01-01

Maximizing the potential of optogenetic approaches in deep brain structures of intact animals requires optical manipulation of neurons at high spatial and temporal resolutions, while simultaneously recording electrical data from those neurons. Here, we present the first fiber-less optoelectrode with a monolithically integrated optical waveguide mixer that can deliver multicolor light at a common waveguide port to achieve multicolor modulation of the same neuronal population in vivo. We demonstrate successful device implementation by achieving efficient coupling between a side-emitting injection laser diode (ILD) and a dielectric optical waveguide mixer via a gradient-index (GRIN) lens. The use of GRIN lenses attains several design features, including high optical coupling and thermal isolation between ILDs and waveguides. We validated the packaged devices in the intact brain of anesthetized mice co-expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 and Archaerhodopsin in pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA1 region, achieving high quality recording, activation and silencing of the exact same neurons in a given local region. This fully-integrated approach demonstrates the spatial precision and scalability needed to enable independent activation and silencing of the same or different groups of neurons in dense brain regions while simultaneously recording from them, thus considerably advancing the capabilities of currently available optogenetic toolsets. PMID:27485264

Magneto-optical non-reciprocal devices in silicon photonics

PubMed Central

Shoji, Yuya; Mizumoto, Tetsuya

2014-01-01

Silicon waveguide optical non-reciprocal devices based on the magneto-optical effect are reviewed. The non-reciprocal phase shift caused by the first-order magneto-optical effect is effective in realizing optical non-reciprocal devices in silicon waveguide platforms. In a silicon-on-insulator waveguide, the low refractive index of the buried oxide layer enhances the magneto-optical phase shift, which reduces the device footprints. A surface activated direct bonding technique was developed to integrate a magneto-optical garnet crystal on the silicon waveguides. A silicon waveguide optical isolator based on the magneto-optical phase shift was demonstrated with an optical isolation of 30 dB and insertion loss of 13 dB at a wavelength of 1548 nm. Furthermore, a four port optical circulator was demonstrated with maximum isolations of 15.3 and 9.3 dB in cross and bar ports, respectively, at a wavelength of 1531 nm. PMID:27877640

Cross-guide Moreno directional coupler in empty substrate integrated waveguide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miralles, E.; Belenguer, A.; Esteban, H.; Boria, V.

2017-05-01

Substrate integrated waveguides (SIWs) combine the advantages of rectangular waveguides (low losses) and planar circuits (low cost and low profile). Empty substrate integrated waveguide (ESIW) has been proposed as a novel configuration in SIWs recently. This technology significantly reduces the losses of conventional SIW by removing its inner dielectric. The cross-guide directional coupler is a well-known low-profile design for having a broadband waveguide coupler. In this paper a cross-guide coupler with ESIW technique is proposed. In such a manner, the device can be integrated with microwave circuits and other printed circuit board components. It is the first time that a cross-guide coupler is implemented in ESIW technology. The designed, fabricated, and measured device presents good results as a matter of insertion loss of 1 dB (including transitions), reflection under 20 dB, coupling between 19.5 and 21.5 dB, and directivity higher than 15 dB over targeted frequency range from 12.4 GHz to 18 GHz. The coupler implemented in ESIW improves the directivity when compared to similar solutions in other empty substrate integrated waveguide solutions.

Wavelength selective switch array employing silica-based waveguide frontend with integrated polarization diversity optics.

PubMed

Sakamaki, Yohei; Shikama, Kota; Ikuma, Yuichiro; Suzuki, Kenya

2017-08-21

We propose a waveguide frontend with integrated polarization diversity optics for a wavelength selective switch (WSS) array with a liquid crystal on silicon switching engine to simplify the free space optics configuration and the alignment process in optical modules. The polarization diversity function is realized by the integration of a waveguide-type polarization beam splitter and a polarization rotating half-wave plate in a beam launcher using silica-based planar lightwave circuit technology. We confirmed experimentally the feasibility of using our proposed waveguide frontend in a two-in-one 1 × 20 WSS. The experimental results show that the fabricated waveguide frontend provides a polarization diversity function without any degradation in optical performance.

An integrated optical oxygen sensor fabricated using rapid-prototyping techniques.

PubMed

Chang-Yen, David A; Gale, Bruce K

2003-11-01

This paper details the design and fabrication of an integrated optical biochemical sensor using a select oxygen-sensitive fluorescent dye, tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) dichlororuthenium(ii) hexahydrate, combined with polymeric waveguides that are fabricated on a glass substrate. The sensor uses evanescent interaction of light confined within the waveguide with the dye that is immobilized on an SU-8 waveguide surface. Adhesion of the dye to the integrated waveguide surface is accomplished using a unique process of spin-coating/electrostatic layer-by-layer formation. The SU-8 waveguide was chemically modified to allow the deposition process. Exposure of the dye molecules to the analyte and subsequent chemical interaction is achieved by directly coupling the fluid channel to the integrated waveguide. The completed sensor was linear in the dissolved oxygen across a wide range of interest and had a sensitivity of 0.6 ppm. A unique fabrication aspect of this sensor is the inherent simplicity of the design, and the resulting rapidity of fabrication, while maintaining a high degree of functionality and flexibility.

Polymer waveguide based hybrid opto-electric integration technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mao, Jinbin; Deng, Lingling; Jiang, Xiyan; Ren, Rong; Zhai, Yumeng; Wang, Jin

2014-10-01

While monolithic integration especially based on InP appears to be quite an expensive solution for optical devices, hybrid integration solutions using cheaper material platforms are considered powerful competitors because of the high freedom of design, yield optimization and relative cost-efficiency. Among them, the polymer planar-lightwave circuit (PLC) technology is regarded attractive as polymer offers the potential of fairly simple and low-cost fabrication, and of low-cost packaging. In our work, polymer PLC was fabricated by using the standard reactive ion etching (RIE) technique, while other active and passive devices can be integrated on the polymer PLC platform. Exemplary polymer waveguide devices was a 13-channel arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) chip, where the central channel cross-talk was below -30dB and the polarization dependent frequency shift was mitigated by inserting a half wave plate. An optical 900 hybrid was also realized with one 2×4 multi-mode interferometer (MMI). The excess insertion losses are below 4dB for the C-band, while the transmission imbalance is below 1.2dB. When such an optical hybrid was integrated vertically with mesa-type photodiodes, the responsivity of the individual PD was around 0.06 A/W, while the 3 dB bandwidth reaches 24 ~ 27 GHz, which is sufficient for 100Gbit/s receivers. Another example of the hybrid integration was to couple the polymer waveguides to fiber by applying fiber grooves, whose typical loss value was 0.2 dB per-facet over a broad spectral range from 1200-1600 nm.

FIBER AND INTEGRATED OPTICS: New type of heterogeneous nanophotonic silicon-on-insulator optical waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsarev, Andrei V.

2007-08-01

A new type of optical waveguides in silicon-on-insulator nanostructures is proposed and studied. Their optical properties are simulated by the beam propagation method and discussed. A new design in the form of heterogeneous waveguide structures is based on the production of additionally heavily doped p+-regions on the sides of a multimode stripe waveguide (the silicon core cross section is ~200 nm × 16 μm). Such doping provides the 'single-mode' behaviour of the heterogeneous waveguide due to the decrease in the optical losses for the fundamental mode and increase in losses for higher-order modes. Single-mode heterogeneous waveguides can be used as base waveguides in photonic and integrated optical elements.

Integrated photonics using colloidal quantum dots

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Menon, Vinod M.; Husaini, Saima; Okoye, Nicky; Valappil, Nikesh V.

2009-11-01

Integrated photonic devices were realized using colloidal quantum dot composites such as flexible microcavity laser, microdisk emitters and integrated active-passive waveguides. The microcavity laser structure was realized using spin coating and consisted of an all-polymer distributed Bragg reflector with a poly-vinyl carbazole cavity layer embedded with InGaP/ZnS colloidal quantum dots. These microcavities can be peeled off the substrate yielding a flexible structure that can conform to any shape and whose emission spectra can be mechanically tuned. Planar photonic devices consisting of vertically coupled microring resonators, microdisk emitters, active-passive integrated waveguide structures and coupled active microdisk resonators were realized using soft lithography, photo-lithography, and electron beam lithography, respectively. The gain medium in all these devices was a composite consisting of quantum dots embedded in SU8 matrix. Finally, the effect of the host matrix on the optical properties of the quantum dots using results of steady-state and time-resolved luminescence measurements was determined. In addition to their specific functionalities, these novel device demonstrations and their development present a low-cost alternative to the traditional photonic device fabrication techniques.

Integrated optical refractometer based on bend waveguide with air trench structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ryu, Jin Hwa; Park, Jaehoon; Kang, Chan-mo; Son, Youngdal; Do, Lee-Mi; Baek, Kyu-Ha

2015-07-01

This study proposed a novel optical sensor based on a refractometer integrating a bend waveguide and a trench structure. The optical sensor is a planar lightwave circuit (PLC) device involving a bend waveguide with maximum optical loss. A trench structure was aligned with the partially exposed core layer's sidewall of the bend waveguide, providing a quantitative measurement condition. The insertion losses of the proposed 1 x 2 single-mode optical splitter-type sensor were 4.38 dB and 8.67 dB for the reference waveguide and sensing waveguide, respectively, at a wavelength of 1,550 nm. The optical loss of the sensing waveguide depends on the change in the refractive index of the material in contact with the trench, but the reference waveguide had stable optical propagating characteristic regardless of the variations of the refractive index.

Multi-layer topological transmissions of spoof surface plasmon polaritons.

PubMed

Pan, Bai Cao; Zhao, Jie; Liao, Zhen; Zhang, Hao Chi; Cui, Tie Jun

2016-03-04

Spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in microwave frequency provide a high field confinement in subwavelength scale and low-loss and flexible transmissions, which have been widely used in novel transmission waveguides and functional devices. To play more important roles in modern integrated circuits and systems, it is necessary and helpful for the SPP modes to propagate among different layers of devices and chips. Owing to the highly confined property and organized near-field distribution, we show that the spoof SPPs could be easily transmitted from one layer into another layer via metallic holes and arc-shaped transitions. Such designs are suitable for both the ultrathin and flexible single-strip SPP waveguide and double-strip SPP waveguide for active SPP devices. Numerical simulations and experimental results demonstrate the broadband and high-efficiency multi-layer topological transmissions with controllable absorption that is related to the superposition area of corrugated metallic strips. The transmission coefficient of single-strip SPP waveguide is no worse than -0.8 dB within frequency band from 2.67 GHz to 10.2 GHz while the transmission of double-strip SPP waveguide keeps above -1 dB within frequency band from 2.26 GHz to 11.8 GHz. The proposed method will enhance the realizations of highly complicated plasmonic integrated circuits.

Excitation of a Parallel Plate Waveguide by an Array of Rectangular Waveguides

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rengarajan, Sembiam

2011-01-01

This work addresses the problem of excitation of a parallel plate waveguide by an array of rectangular waveguides that arises in applications such as the continuous transverse stub (CTS) antenna and dual-polarized parabolic cylindrical reflector antennas excited by a scanning line source. In order to design the junction region between the parallel plate waveguide and the linear array of rectangular waveguides, waveguide sizes have to be chosen so that the input match is adequate for the range of scan angles for both polarizations. Electromagnetic wave scattered by the junction of a parallel plate waveguide by an array of rectangular waveguides is analyzed by formulating coupled integral equations for the aperture electric field at the junction. The integral equations are solved by the method of moments. In order to make the computational process efficient and accurate, the method of weighted averaging was used to evaluate rapidly oscillating integrals encountered in the moment matrix. In addition, the real axis spectral integral is evaluated in a deformed contour for speed and accuracy. The MoM results for a large finite array have been validated by comparing its reflection coefficients with corresponding results for an infinite array generated by the commercial finite element code, HFSS. Once the aperture electric field is determined by MoM, the input reflection coefficients at each waveguide port, and coupling for each polarization over the range of useful scan angles, are easily obtained. Results for the input impedance and coupling characteristics for both the vertical and horizontal polarizations are presented over a range of scan angles. It is shown that the scan range is limited to about 35 for both polarizations and therefore the optimum waveguide is a square of size equal to about 0.62 free space wavelength.

Monolithically integrated self-rolled-up microtube-based vertical coupler for three-dimensional photonic integration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yu, Xin; Arbabi, Ehsan; Goddard, Lynford L.

2015-07-20

We demonstrate a self-rolled-up microtube-based vertical photonic coupler monolithically integrated on top of a ridge waveguide to achieve three-dimensional (3D) photonic integration. The fabrication process is fully compatible with standard planar silicon processing technology. Strong light coupling between the vertical coupler and the ridge waveguide was observed experimentally, which may provide an alternative route for 3D heterogeneous photonic integration. The highest extinction ratio observed in the transmission spectrum passing through the ridge waveguide was 23 dB.

Integrated optical dipole trap for cold neutral atoms with an optical waveguide coupler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, J.; Park, D. H.; Mittal, S.; Dagenais, M.; Rolston, S. L.

2013-04-01

An integrated optical dipole trap uses two-color (red and blue-detuned) traveling evanescent wave fields for trapping cold neutral atoms. To achieve longitudinal confinement, we propose using an integrated optical waveguide coupler, which provides a potential gradient along the beam propagation direction sufficient to confine atoms. This integrated optical dipole trap can support an atomic ensemble with a large optical depth due to its small mode area. Its quasi-TE0 waveguide mode has an advantage over the HE11 mode of a nanofiber, with little inhomogeneous Zeeman broadening at the trapping region. The longitudinal confinement eliminates the need for a one dimensional optical lattice, reducing collisional blockaded atomic loading, potentially producing larger ensembles. The waveguide trap allows for scalability and integrability with nano-fabrication technology. We analyze the potential performance of such integrated atom traps.

Integrated resonant micro-optical gyroscope and method of fabrication

DOEpatents

Vawter, G Allen [Albuquerque, NM; Zubrzycki, Walter J [Sandia Park, NM; Guo, Junpeng [Albuquerque, NM; Sullivan, Charles T [Albuquerque, NM

2006-09-12

An integrated optic gyroscope is disclosed which is based on a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) having a bidirectional laser source, a pair of optical waveguide phase modulators and a pair of waveguide photodetectors. The PIC can be connected to a passive ring resonator formed either as a coil of optical fiber or as a coiled optical waveguide. The lasing output from each end of the bidirectional laser source is phase modulated and directed around the passive ring resonator in two counterpropagating directions, with a portion of the lasing output then being detected to determine a rotation rate for the integrated optical gyroscope. The coiled optical waveguide can be formed on a silicon, glass or quartz substrate with a silicon nitride core and a silica cladding, while the PIC includes a plurality of III V compound semiconductor layers including one or more quantum well layers which are disordered in the phase modulators and to form passive optical waveguides.

International Conference on Integrated Optical Circuit Engineering, 1st, Cambridge, MA, October 23-25, 1984, Proceedings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ostrowsky, D. B.; Sriram, S.

Aspects of waveguide technology are explored, taking into account waveguide fabrication techniques in GaAs/GaAlAs, the design and fabrication of AlGaAs/GaAs phase couplers for optical integrated circuit applications, ion implanted GaAs integrated optics fabrication technology, a direct writing electron beam lithography based process for the realization of optoelectronic integrated circuits, and advances in the development of semiconductor integrated optical circuits for telecommunications. Other subjects examined are related to optical signal processing, optical switching, and questions of optical bistability and logic. Attention is given to acousto-optic techniques in integrated optics, acousto-optic Bragg diffraction in proton exchanged waveguides, optical threshold logic architectures for hybrid binary/residue processors, integrated optical modulation and switching, all-optic logic devices for waveguide optics, optoelectronic switching, high-speed photodetector switching, and a mechanical optical switch.

Tiny surface plasmon resonance sensor integrated on silicon waveguide based on vertical coupling into finite metal-insulator-metal plasmonic waveguide.

PubMed

Lee, Dong-Jin; Yim, Hae-Dong; Lee, Seung-Gol; O, Beom-Hoan

2011-10-10

We propose a tiny surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor integrated on a silicon waveguide based on vertical coupling into a finite thickness metal-insulator-metal (f-MIM) plasmonic waveguide structure acting as a Fabry-Perot resonator. The resonant characteristics of vertically coupled f-MIM plasmonic waveguides are theoretically investigated and optimized. Numerical results show that the SPR sensor with a footprint of ~0.0375 μm2 and a sensitivity of ~635 nm/RIU can be designed at a 1.55 μm transmission wavelength.

Chalcogenide glass waveguide-integrated black phosphorus mid-infrared photodetectors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deckoff-Jones, Skylar; Lin, Hongtao; Kita, Derek; Zheng, Hanyu; Li, Duanhui; Zhang, Wei; Hu, Juejun

2018-04-01

Black phosphorus (BP) is a promising 2D material that has unique in-plane anisotropy and a 0.3 eV direct bandgap, making it an attractive material for mid-IR photodetectors. So far, waveguide integrated BP photodetectors have been limited to the near-IR on top of Si waveguides that are unable to account for BP’s crystalline orientation. In this work, we employ mid-IR transparent chalcogenide glass (ChG) both as a broadband mid-IR transparent waveguiding material to enable waveguide-integration of BP detectors, and as a passivation layer to prevent BP degradation during device processing as well as in ambient atmosphere post-fabrication. Our ChG-on-BP approach not only leads to the first demonstration of mid-IR waveguide-integrated BP detectors, but also allows us to fabricate devices along different crystalline axes of BP to investigate, for the first time, the impact of in-plane anisotropy on photoresponse of waveguide-integrated devices. The best device exhibits responsivity up to 40 mA W-1 and noise equivalent power as low as 30 pW Hz-1/2 at 2185 nm wavelength. We also found that photodetector responsivities changed by an order of magnitude with different BP orientations. This work validates BP as an effective photodetector material in the mid-IR, and demonstrates the power of the glass-on-2D-material platform for prototyping of 2D material photonic devices.

Ultra-low crosstalk, CMOS compatible waveguide crossings for densely integrated photonic interconnection networks.

PubMed

Jones, Adam M; DeRose, Christopher T; Lentine, Anthony L; Trotter, Douglas C; Starbuck, Andrew L; Norwood, Robert A

2013-05-20

We explore the design space for optimizing CMOS compatible waveguide crossings on a silicon photonics platform. This paper presents simulated and experimental excess loss and crosstalk suppression data for vertically integrated silicon nitride over silicon-on-insulator waveguide crossings. Experimental results show crosstalk suppression exceeding -49/-44 dB with simulation results as low as -65/-60 dB for the TE/TM mode in a waveguide crossing with a 410 nm vertical gap.

Multisite silicon neural probes with integrated silicon nitride waveguides and gratings for optogenetic applications.

PubMed

Shim, Euijae; Chen, Yu; Masmanidis, Sotiris; Li, Mo

2016-03-04

Optimal optogenetic perturbation of brain circuit activity often requires light delivery in a precise spatial pattern that cannot be achieved with conventional optical fibers. We demonstrate an implantable silicon-based probe with a compact light delivery system, consisting of silicon nitride waveguides and grating couplers for out-of-plane light emission with high spatial resolution. 473 nm light is coupled into and guided in cm-long waveguide and emitted at the output grating coupler. Using the direct cut-back and out-scattering measurement techniques, the propagation optical loss of the waveguide is measured to be below 3 dB/cm. The grating couplers provide collimated light emission with sufficient irradiance for neural stimulation. Finally, a probe with multisite light delivery with three output grating emitters from a single laser input is demonstrated.

GaN-based integrated photonics chip with suspended LED and waveguide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xin; Wang, Yongjin; Hane, Kazuhiro; Shi, Zheng; Yan, Jiang

2018-05-01

We propose a GaN-based integrated photonics chip with suspended LED and straight waveguide with different geometric parameters. The integrated photonics chip is prepared by double-side process. Light transmission performance of the integrated chip verse current is quantitatively analyzed by capturing light transmitted to waveguide tip and BPM (beam propagation method) simulation. Reduction of the waveguide width from 8 μm to 4 μm results in an over linear reduction of the light output power while a doubling of the length from 250 μm to 500 μm only results in under linear decrease of the output power. Free-space data transmission with 80 Mbps random binary sequence of the integrated chip is capable of achieving high speed data transmission via visible light. This study provides a potential approach for GaN-based integrated photonics chip as micro light source and passive optical device in VLC (visible light communication).

A hybrid plasmonic waveguide terahertz quantum cascade laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Degl'Innocenti, Riccardo; Shah, Yash D.; Wallis, Robert; Klimont, Adam; Ren, Yuan; Jessop, David S.; Beere, Harvey E.; Ritchie, David A.

2015-02-01

We present the realization of a quantum cascade laser emitting at around 2.85 THz, based on a hybrid plasmonic waveguide with a low refractive index dielectric cladding. This hybrid waveguide design allows the performance of a double-metal waveguide to be retained, while improving the emission far-field. A set of lasers based on the same active region material were fabricated with different metal layer thicknesses. A detailed characterization of the performance of these lasers revealed that there is an optimal trade-off that yields the best far-field emission and the maximum temperature of operation. By exploiting the pure plasmonic mode of these waveguides, the standard operation conditions of a double-metal quantum cascade laser were retrieved, such that the maximum operating temperature of these devices is not affected by the process. These results pave the way to realizing a class of integrated devices working in the terahertz range which could be further exploited to fabricate terahertz on-chip circuitry.

A hybrid plasmonic waveguide terahertz quantum cascade laser

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Degl'Innocenti, Riccardo, E-mail: rd448@cam.ac.uk; Shah, Yash D.; Wallis, Robert

2015-02-23

We present the realization of a quantum cascade laser emitting at around 2.85 THz, based on a hybrid plasmonic waveguide with a low refractive index dielectric cladding. This hybrid waveguide design allows the performance of a double-metal waveguide to be retained, while improving the emission far-field. A set of lasers based on the same active region material were fabricated with different metal layer thicknesses. A detailed characterization of the performance of these lasers revealed that there is an optimal trade-off that yields the best far-field emission and the maximum temperature of operation. By exploiting the pure plasmonic mode of thesemore » waveguides, the standard operation conditions of a double-metal quantum cascade laser were retrieved, such that the maximum operating temperature of these devices is not affected by the process. These results pave the way to realizing a class of integrated devices working in the terahertz range which could be further exploited to fabricate terahertz on-chip circuitry.« less

Geometrical tuning art for entirely subwavelength grating waveguide based integrated photonics circuits

DOE PAGES

Wang, Zheng; Xu, Xiaochuan; Fan, Donglei; ...

2016-05-05

Here, subwavelength grating (SWG) waveguide is an intriguing alternative to conventional optical waveguides due to the extra degree of freedom it offers in tuning a few important waveguide properties, such as dispersion and refractive index. Devices based on SWG waveguides have demonstrated impressive performances compared to conventional waveguides. However, the high loss of SWG waveguide bends jeopardizes their applications in integrated photonic circuits. In this work, we propose a geometrical tuning art, which realizes a pre-distorted refractive index profile in SWG waveguide bends. The pre-distorted refractive index profile can effectively reduce the mode mismatch and radiation loss simultaneously, thus significantlymore » reduce the bend loss. This geometry tuning art has been numerically optimized and experimentally demonstrated in present study. Through such tuning, the average insertion loss of a 5 μm SWG waveguide bend is reduced drastically from 5.43 dB to 1.10 dB per 90° bend for quasi-TE polarization. In the future, the proposed scheme will be utilized to enhance performance of a wide range of SWG waveguide based photonics devices.« less

Geometrical tuning art for entirely subwavelength grating waveguide based integrated photonics circuits

PubMed Central

Wang, Zheng; Xu, Xiaochuan; Fan, Donglei; Wang, Yaguo; Subbaraman, Harish; Chen, Ray T.

2016-01-01

Subwavelength grating (SWG) waveguide is an intriguing alternative to conventional optical waveguides due to the extra degree of freedom it offers in tuning a few important waveguide properties, such as dispersion and refractive index. Devices based on SWG waveguides have demonstrated impressive performances compared to conventional waveguides. However, the high loss of SWG waveguide bends jeopardizes their applications in integrated photonic circuits. In this work, we propose a geometrical tuning art, which realizes a pre-distorted refractive index profile in SWG waveguide bends. The pre-distorted refractive index profile can effectively reduce the mode mismatch and radiation loss simultaneously, thus significantly reduce the bend loss. This geometry tuning art has been numerically optimized and experimentally demonstrated in present study. Through such tuning, the average insertion loss of a 5 μm SWG waveguide bend is reduced drastically from 5.43 dB to 1.10 dB per 90° bend for quasi-TE polarization. In the future, the proposed scheme will be utilized to enhance performance of a wide range of SWG waveguide based photonics devices. PMID:27145872

Geometrical tuning art for entirely subwavelength grating waveguide based integrated photonics circuits.

PubMed

Wang, Zheng; Xu, Xiaochuan; Fan, Donglei; Wang, Yaguo; Subbaraman, Harish; Chen, Ray T

2016-05-05

Subwavelength grating (SWG) waveguide is an intriguing alternative to conventional optical waveguides due to the extra degree of freedom it offers in tuning a few important waveguide properties, such as dispersion and refractive index. Devices based on SWG waveguides have demonstrated impressive performances compared to conventional waveguides. However, the high loss of SWG waveguide bends jeopardizes their applications in integrated photonic circuits. In this work, we propose a geometrical tuning art, which realizes a pre-distorted refractive index profile in SWG waveguide bends. The pre-distorted refractive index profile can effectively reduce the mode mismatch and radiation loss simultaneously, thus significantly reduce the bend loss. This geometry tuning art has been numerically optimized and experimentally demonstrated in present study. Through such tuning, the average insertion loss of a 5 μm SWG waveguide bend is reduced drastically from 5.43 dB to 1.10 dB per 90° bend for quasi-TE polarization. In the future, the proposed scheme will be utilized to enhance performance of a wide range of SWG waveguide based photonics devices.

Integrating cell on chip—Novel waveguide platform employing ultra-long optical paths

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fohrmann, Lena Simone; Sommer, Gerrit; Pitruzzello, Giampaolo; Krauss, Thomas F.; Petrov, Alexander Yu.; Eich, Manfred

2017-09-01

Optical waveguides are the most fundamental building blocks of integrated optical circuits. They are extremely well understood, yet there is still room for surprises. Here, we introduce a novel 2D waveguide platform which affords a strong interaction of the evanescent tail of a guided optical wave with an external medium while only employing a very small geometrical footprint. The key feature of the platform is its ability to integrate the ultra-long path lengths by combining low propagation losses in a silicon slab with multiple reflections of the guided wave from photonic crystal (PhC) mirrors. With a reflectivity of 99.1% of our tailored PhC-mirrors, we achieve interaction paths of 25 cm within an area of less than 10 mm2. This corresponds to 0.17 dB/cm effective propagation which is much lower than the state-of-the-art loss of approximately 1 dB/cm of single mode silicon channel waveguides. In contrast to conventional waveguides, our 2D-approach leads to a decay of the guided wave power only inversely proportional to the optical path length. This entirely different characteristic is the major advantage of the 2D integrating cell waveguide platform over the conventional channel waveguide concepts that obey the Beer-Lambert law.

Investigation of the use of microwave image line integrated circuits for use in radiometers and other microwave devices in X-band and above

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Knox, R. M.; Toulios, P. P.; Onoda, G. Y.

1972-01-01

Program results are described in which the use of a/high permittivity rectangular dielectric image waveguide has been investigated for use in microwave and millimeter wavelength circuits. Launchers from rectangular metal waveguide to image waveguide are described. Theoretical and experimental evaluations of the radiation from curved image waveguides are given. Measurements of attenuation due to conductor and dielectric losses, adhesives, and gaps between the dielectric waveguide and the image plane are included. Various passive components are described and evaluations given. Investigations of various techniques for fabrication of image waveguide circuits using ceramic waveguides are also presented. Program results support the evaluation of the image line approach as an advantageous method for realizing low loss integrated electronic circuits for X-band and above.

Silicon Photonics: All-Optical Devices for Linear and Nonlinear Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Driscoll, Jeffrey B.

Silicon photonics has grown rapidly since the first Si electro-optic switch was demonstrated in 1987, and the field has never grown more quickly than it has over the past decade, fueled by milestone achievements in semiconductor processing technologies for low loss waveguides, high-speed Si modulators, Si lasers, Si detectors, and an enormous toolbox of passive and active integrated devices. Silicon photonics is now on the verge of major commercialization breakthroughs, and optical communication links remain the force driving integrated and Si photonics towards the first commercial telecom and datacom transceivers; however other potential and future applications are becoming uncovered and refined as researchers reveal the benefits of manipulating photons on the nanoscale. This thesis documents an exploration into the unique guided-wave and nonlinear properties of deeply-scaled high-index-contrast sub-wavelength Si waveguides. It is found that the tight confinement inherent to single-mode channel waveguides on the silicon-on-insulator platform lead to a rich physics, which can be leveraged for new devices extending well beyond simple passive interconnects and electro-optic devices. The following chapters will concentrate, in detail, on a number of unique physical features of Si waveguides and extend these attributes towards new and interesting devices. Linear optical properties and nonlinear optical properties are investigated, both of which are strongly affected by tight optical confinement of the guided waveguide modes. As will be shown, tight optical confinement directly results in strongly vectoral modal components, where the electric and magnetic fields of the guided modes extend into all spatial dimensions, even along the axis of propagation. In fact, the longitudinal electric and magnetic field components can be just as strong as the transverse fields, directly affecting the modal group velocity and energy transport properties since the longitudinal fields are shown to contribute no time-averaged momentum. Furthermore, the vectoral modal components, in conjunction with the tensoral nature of the third-order susceptibility of Si, lead to nonlinear properties which are dependent on waveguide orientation with respect to the Si parent crystal and the construction of the modal electric field components. This consideration is used to maximize effective nonlinearity and realize nonlinear Kerr gratings along specific waveguide trajectories. Tight optical confinement leads to a natural enhancement of the intrinsically large effective nonlinearty of Si waveguides, and in fact, the effective nonlinearty can be made to be almost 106 times greater in Si waveguides than that of standard single-mode fiber. Such a large nonlinearity motivates chip-scale all-optical signal processing techniques. Wavelength conversion by both four-wave-mixing (FWM) and cross-phase-modulation (XPM) will be discussed, including a technique that allows for enhanced broadband discrete FWM over arbitrary spectral spans by modulating both the linear and nonlinear waveguide properties through periodic changes in waveguide geometry. This quasi-phase-matching approach has very real applications towards connecting mature telecom sources detectors and components to other spectral regimes, including the mid-IR. Other signal processing techniques such as all-optical modulation format conversion via XPM will also be discussed. This thesis will conclude by looking at ways to extend the bandwidth capacity of Si waveguide interconnects on chip. As the number of processing cores continues to scale as a means for computational performance gains, on-chip link capacity will become an increasingly important issue. Metallic traces have severe limitations and are envisioned to eventually bow to integrated photonic links. The aggregate bandwidth supported by a single waveguide link will therefore become a crucial consideration as integrated photonics approaches the CPU. One way to increase aggregate bandwidth is to utilize different eigen-modes of a multimode waveguide, and integrated waveguide mode-muxes and demuxes for achieving simultaneous mode-division-multiplexing and wavelength-division-multiplexing will be demonstrated.

On-chip photonic system using suspended p-n junction InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells device and multiple waveguides

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Yongjin, E-mail: wangyj@njupt.edu.cn; Zhu, Guixia; Gao, Xumin

We propose, fabricate, and characterize the on-chip integration of suspended p-n junction InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) device and multiple waveguides on the same GaN-on-silicon platform. The integrated devices are fabricated via a wafer-level process and exhibit selectable functionalities for diverse applications. As the suspended p-n junction InGaN/GaN MQWs device operates under a light emitting diode (LED) mode, part of the light emission is confined and guided by the suspended waveguides. The in-plane propagation along the suspended waveguides is measured by a micro-transmittance setup. The on-chip data transmission is demonstrated for the proof-of-concept photonic integration. As the suspended p-n junctionmore » InGaN/GaN MQWs device operates under photodiode mode, the light is illuminated on the suspended waveguides with the aid of the micro-transmittance setup and, thus, coupled into the suspended waveguides. The guided light is finally sensed by the photodiode, and the induced photocurrent trace shows a distinct on/off switching performance. These experimental results indicate that the on-chip photonic integration is promising for the development of sophisticated integrated photonic circuits in the visible wavelength region.« less

Photonic integrated circuits based on novel glass waveguides and devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yaping; Zhang, Deng; Pan, Weijian; Rowe, Helen; Benson, Trevor; Loni, Armando; Sewell, Phillip; Furniss, David; Seddon, Angela B.

2006-04-01

Novel materials, micro-, nano-scale photonic devices, and 'photonic systems on a chip' have become important focuses for global photonics research and development. This interest is driven by the rapidly growing demand for broader bandwidth in optical communication networks, and higher connection density in the interconnection area, as well as a wider range of application areas in, for example, health care, environment monitoring and security. Taken together, chalcogenide, heavy metal fluoride and fluorotellurite glasses offer transmission from ultraviolet to mid-infrared, high optical non-linearity and the ability to include active dopants, offering the potential for developing optical components with a wide range of functionality. Moreover, using single-mode large cross-section glass-based waveguides as an optical integration platform is an elegant solution for the monolithic integration of optical components, in which the glass-based structures act both as waveguides and as an optical bench for integration. We have previously developed a array of techniques for making photonic integrated circuits and devices based on novel glasses. One is fibre-on-glass (FOG), in which the fibres can be doped with different active dopants and pressed onto a glass substrate with a different composition using low-temperature thermal bonding under mechanical compression. Another is hot-embossing, in which a silicon mould is placed on top of a glass sample, and hot-embossing is carried out by applying heat and pressure. In this paper the development of a fabrication technique that combines the FOG and hot-embossing procedures to good advantage is described. Simulation and experimental results are presented.

A preliminary design of the Ti:LiNbO3 optical channel waveguide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, Yat

1992-03-01

One of the goals of technology-based activities within the Electronic Warfare Division is to facilitate the development within Australia, of facilities and a capability to manufacture sophisticated, highspeed electro-optic devices, in particular, the integrated optical amplitude modulator and integrated optical switch, for use in microwave and millimetre-wave systems for the Australian Defense Force (ADF). An initial step towards this goal would be to produce a low-loss and single-mode propagation optical channel waveguide using titanium-indiffused lithium niobate (Ti:LiNbO3). As no dimensions and fabrication parameters have yet been optimized, this technical report provides preliminary design data which optimizes these parameters.

Experimental and theoretical study of an integrated silicon Mach-Zehnder interferometer for chemical sensing applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hor, Yew Fong

2002-08-01

This thesis involves the design, fabrication and characterization of an integrated optical waveguide sensor. Prior to fabrication, design parameters of the waveguide need to be determined and optimized. The waveguide parameters such as waveguide dimension and the refractive index of the core and cladding are obtained from the single-mode cutoff frequency calculated using either analytical or numerical methods. In this thesis, details of analytical calculations to determine the cutoff frequency in terms of the waveguide parameters will be presented. The method discussed here is Marcatili's approximation. The purpose is to solve the scalar wave equation derived from Maxwell's equations because it describes the mode properties inside the waveguides. The Finite Element Method is used to simulate the electric and magnetic fields inside the waveguides and to determine the propagation characteristics in optical waveguides. This method is suited for problems involving complicated geometries and variable index of refraction. Fabrication of the Integrated Mach-Zehnder Interferometer sensor involves several important standard processes such as Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) for thin film fabrication, photolithography for mask transfer, and etching for ridge waveguide formation. The detailed fabrication procedures of the tested Mach-Zehnder Interferometer sensors are discussed. After completion of the sensor fabrication processes, the characterizations were carried out for the thin film of SiO2 and PSG, the waveguides and the Y-junction separately. The waveguides were analyzed to make sure that the sensors are working as expected. The experimental testing on the separated waveguide portions of the first batch Integrated Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) sensors are described. These testing procedures were also performed for the subsequent fabricated batches of the integrated MZI sensors until optimum performance is achieved. A new concept has been proposed for chemical sensing applications. The novelty of the approach is mainly based on utilizing the multi-wavelength or broadband source instead of single wavelength input to the integrated MZI. The shifting of output spectra resulting from the interference has shown the ability of the MZI to analyze the different concentrations of a chemical analyte. The sensitivity of the sensor is also determined from the plot of intensity versus concentration, which is around 0.013 (%ml)-1 and 0.007 (%ml)-l for the white light source and the 1.5 mum broadband source, respectively, while the lowest detectable concentration of ethanol for the sensor detection is around 8% using a intensity variation method and 0.6% using a peak wavelength variation method.

Heterogeneous integration of thin film compound semiconductor lasers and SU8 waveguides on SiO2/Si

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Palit, Sabarni; Kirch, Jeremy; Mawst, Luke; Kuech, Thomas; Jokerst, Nan Marie

2010-02-01

We present the heterogeneous integration of a 3.8 μm thick InGaAs/GaAs edge emitting laser that was metal-metal bonded to SiO2/Si and end-fire coupled into a 2.8 μm thick tapered SU8 polymer waveguide integrated on the same substrate. The system was driven in pulsed mode and the waveguide output was captured on an IR imaging array to characterize the mode. The waveguide output was also coupled into a multimode fiber, and into an optical head and spectrum analyzer, indicating lasing at ~997 nm and a threshold current density of 250 A/cm2.

Hybrid optofluidic biosensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parks, Joshua W.

Optofluidics, born of the desire to create a system containing microfluidic environments with integrated optical elements, has seen dramatic increases in popularity over the last 10 years. In particular, the application of this technology towards chip based molecular sensors has undergone significant development. The most sensitive of these biosensors interface liquid- and solid-core antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs). These sensor chips are created using conventional silicon microfabrication. As such, ARROW technology has previously been unable to utilize state-of-the-art microfluidic developments because the technology used--soft polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) micromolded chips--is unamenable to the silicon microfabrication workflows implemented in the creation of ARROW detection chips. The original goal of this thesis was to employ hybrid integration, or the connection of independently designed and fabricated optofluidic and microfluidic chips, to create enhanced biosensors with the capability of processing and detecting biological samples on a single hybrid system. After successful demonstration of this paradigm, this work expanded into a new direction--direct integration of sensing and detection technologies on a new platform with dynamic, multi-dimensional photonic re-configurability. This thesis reports a number of firsts, including: • 1,000 fold optical transmission enhancement of ARROW optofluidic detection chips through thermal annealing, • Detection of single nucleic acids on a silicon-based ARROW chip, • Hybrid optofluidic integration of ARROW detection chips and passive PDMS microfluidic chips, • Hybrid optofluidic integration of ARROW detection chips and actively controllable PDMS microfluidic chips with integrated microvalves, • On-chip concentration and detection of clinical Ebola nucleic acids, • Multimode interference (MMI) waveguide based wavelength division multiplexing for detection of single influenza virions, • All PDMS platform created from monolithically integrated solid- and liquid-core waveguides with single particle detection efficiency and directly integrated microvalves, featuring: ∘ Tunable/tailorable PDMS MMI waveguides, ∘ Lightvalves (optical switch/fluidic microvalve) with the ability to dynamically control light and fluid flow simultaneously, ∘ Lightvalve trap architecture with the ability to physically trap, detect, and analyze single biomolecules.

Submillimeter-Wave Amplifier Module with Integrated Waveguide Transitions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Samoska, Lorene; Chattopadhyay, Goutam; Pukala, David; Gaier, Todd; Soria, Mary; ManFung, King; Deal, William; Mei, Gerry; Radisic, Vesna; Lai, Richard

2009-01-01

To increase the usefulness of monolithic millimeter-wave integrated circuit (MMIC) components at submillimeter-wave frequencies, a chip has been designed that incorporates two integrated, radial E-plane probes with an MMIC amplifier in between, thus creating a fully integrated waveguide module. The integrated amplifier chip has been fabricated in 35-nm gate length InP high-electron-mobility-transistor (HEMT) technology. The radial probes were mated to grounded coplanar waveguide input and output lines in the internal amplifier. The total length of the internal HEMT amplifier is 550 m, while the total integrated chip length is 1,085 m. The chip thickness is 50 m with the chip width being 320 m. The internal MMIC amplifier is biased through wire-bond connections to the gates and drains of the chip. The chip has 3 stages, employing 35-nm gate length transistors in each stage. Wire bonds from the DC drain and gate pads are connected to off-chip shunt 51-pF capacitors, and additional off-chip capacitors and resistors are added to the gate and drain bias lines for low-frequency stability of the amplifier. Additionally, bond wires to the grounded coplanar waveguide pads at the RF input and output of the internal amplifier are added to ensure good ground connections to the waveguide package. The S-parameters of the module, not corrected for input or output waveguide loss, are measured at the waveguide flange edges. The amplifier module has over 10 dB of gain from 290 to 330 GHz, with a peak gain of over 14 dB at 307 GHz. The WR2.2 waveguide cutoff is again observed at 268 GHz. The module is biased at a drain current of 27 mA, a drain voltage of 1.24 V, and a gate voltage of +0.21 V. Return loss of the module is very good between 5 to 25 dB. This result illustrates the usefulness of the integrated radial probe transition, and the wide (over 10-percent) bandwidth that one can expect for amplifier modules with integrated radial probes in the submillimeter-regime (>300 GHz).

Subwavelength hybrid terahertz waveguides.

PubMed

Nam, Sung Hyun; Taylor, Antoinette J; Efimov, Anatoly

2009-12-07

We introduce and present general properties of hybrid terahertz waveguides. Weakly confined Zenneck waves on a metal-dielectric interface at terahertz frequencies can be transformed to a strongly confined yet low-loss subwavelength mode through coupling with a photonic mode of a nearby high-index dielectric strip. We analyze confinement, attenuation, and dispersion properties of this mode. The proposed design is suitable for planar integration and allows easy fabrication on chip scale. The superior waveguiding properties at terahertz frequencies could enable the hybrid terahertz waveguides as building blocks for terahertz integrated circuits.

Integrated polymer polarization rotator based on tilted laser ablation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Poulopoulos, Giannis; Kalavrouziotis, Dimitrios; Missinne, Jeroen; Bosman, Erwin; Van Steenberge, Geert; Apostolopoulos, Dimitrios; Avramopoulos, Hercules

2017-02-01

The ubiquitous need for compact, low-cost and mass production photonic devices, for next generation photonic enabled applications, necessitates the development of integrated components exhibiting functionalities that are, to date, carried out by free space elements or standard fiber equipment. The polarization rotator is a typical example of such tendency, as it is a crucial part of the PBS operation of future transceiver modules that leverage polarization multiplexing schemes for increasing the optical network capacity. Up to now, a variety of integrated polarization rotating concepts has been proposed and reported, relying, mainly, on special waveguide crossection configurations for achieving the rotation. Nevertheless, most of those concepts employ SiPh or III-V integration platforms, significantly increasing the fabrication complexity required for customizing the waveguide crossection, which in turn leads to either prohibitively increased cost or compromised quality and performance. In this manuscript we demonstrate the extensive design of a low-cost integrated polymer polarization rotator employing a right-trapezoidal waveguide interfaced to standard square polymer waveguides. First the crossection of the waveguide is defined by calculating and analyzing the components of the hybrid modes excited in the waveguide structure, using a Finite Difference mode solver. Mode overlaps between the fundamental polymer mode and each hybrid mode reveal the optimum lateral offset between the square polymer and the trapezoidal waveguide that ensures both minimum interface loss and maximized polarization rotation performance. The required trapezoidal waveguide length is obtained through EigenMode Expansion (EME) propagation simulations, while more than 95% maximum theoretical conversion efficiency is reported over the entire C-band, resulting to more than 13dB polarization extinction ratio. The polarization rotator design relies on the development of angled polymer waveguide sidewalls, employing the tilted laser ablation technology, currently available at CMST. Therefore, the aforementioned simulation steps adhere fully to the respective design rules, taking into account the anticipated fabrication variations

InP-based photonic integrated circuit platform on SiC wafer.

PubMed

Takenaka, Mitsuru; Takagi, Shinichi

2017-11-27

We have numerically investigated the properties of an InP-on-SiC wafer as a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) platform. By bonding a thin InP-based semiconductor on a SiC wafer, SiC can be used as waveguide cladding, a heat sink, and a support substrate simultaneously. Since the refractive index of SiC is sufficiently low, PICs can be fabricated using InP-based strip and rib waveguides with a minimum bend radius of approximately 7 μm. High-thermal-conductivity SiC underneath an InP-based waveguide core markedly improves heat dissipation, resulting in superior thermal properties of active devices such as laser diodes. The InP-on-SiC wafer has significantly smaller thermal stress than InP-on-SiO 2 /Si wafer, which prevents the thermal degradation of InP-based devices during high-temperature processes. Thus, InP on SiC provides an ideal platform for high-performance PICs.

Electro-optical backplane demonstrator with integrated multimode gradient-index thin glass waveguide panel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schröder, Henning; Brusberg, Lars; Pitwon, Richard; Whalley, Simon; Wang, Kai; Miller, Allen; Herbst, Christian; Weber, Daniel; Lang, Klaus-Dieter

2015-03-01

Optical interconnects for data transmission at board level offer increased energy efficiency, system density, and bandwidth scalability compared to purely copper driven systems. We present recent results on manufacturing of electrooptical printed circuit board (PCB) with integrated planar glass waveguides. The graded index multi-mode waveguides are patterned inside commercially available thin-glass panels by performing a specific ion-exchange process. The glass waveguide panel is embedded within the layer stack-up of a PCB using proven industrial processes. This paper describes the design, manufacture, assembly and characterization of the first electro-optical backplane demonstrator based on integrated planar glass waveguides. The electro-optical backplane in question is created by laminating the glass waveguide panel into a conventional multi-layer electronic printed circuit board stack-up. High precision ferrule mounts are automatically assembled, which will enable MT compliant connectors to be plugged accurately to the embedded waveguide interfaces on the glass panel edges. The demonstration platform comprises a standardized sub-rack chassis and five pluggable test cards each housing optical engines and pluggable optical connectors. The test cards support a variety of different data interfaces and can support data rates of up to 32 Gb/s per channel.

Compound semiconductor optical waveguide switch

DOEpatents

Spahn, Olga B.; Sullivan, Charles T.; Garcia, Ernest J.

2003-06-10

An optical waveguide switch is disclosed which is formed from III-V compound semiconductors and which has a moveable optical waveguide with a cantilevered portion that can be bent laterally by an integral electrostatic actuator to route an optical signal (i.e. light) between the moveable optical waveguide and one of a plurality of fixed optical waveguides. A plurality of optical waveguide switches can be formed on a common substrate and interconnected to form an optical switching network.

The hybrid photonic planar integrated receiver with a polymer optical waveguide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Busek, Karel; Jerábek, Vitezslav; Armas Arciniega, Julio; Prajzler, Václav

2008-11-01

This article describes design of the photonic receiver composed of the system polymer planar waveguides, InGaAs p-i-n photodiode and integrated HBT amplifier on a low loss composite substrate. The photonic receiver was the main part of the hybrid integrated microwave optoelectronic transceiver TRx (transciever TRx) for the optical networks PON (passive optical networks) with FTTH (fiber-to-the-home) topology. In this article are presented the research results of threedimensional field between output facet of a optical waveguide and p-i-n photodiode. In terms of our research, there was optimized the optical coupling among the facet waveguide and pi-n photodiode and the electrical coupling among p-i-n photodiode and input of HBT amplifier. The hybrid planar lightwave circuit (PLC) of the transceiver TRx will be composed from a two parts - polymer optical waveguide including VHGT filter section and a optoelectronic microwave section.

Direct laser written polymer waveguides with out of plane couplers for optical chips

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Landowski, Alexander; Zepp, Dominik; Wingerter, Sebastian; von Freymann, Georg; Widera, Artur

2017-10-01

Optical technologies call for waveguide networks featuring high integration densities, low losses, and simple operation. Here, we present polymer waveguides fabricated from a negative tone photoresist via two-photon-lithography in direct laser writing, and show a detailed parameter study of their performance. Specifically, we produce waveguides featuring bend radii down to 40 μ m, insertion losses of the order of 10 dB, and loss coefficients smaller than 0.81 dB mm-1, facilitating high integration densities in writing fields of 300 μ m×300 μ m. A novel three-dimensional coupler design allows for coupling control as well as direct observation of outputs in a single field of view through a microscope objective. Finally, we present beam-splitting devices to construct larger optical networks, and we show that the waveguide material is compatible with the integration of quantum emitters.

Monolithic photonic integrated circuit with a GaN-based bent waveguide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cai, Wei; Qin, Chuan; Zhang, Shuai; Yuan, Jialei; Zhang, Fenghua; Wang, Yongjin

2018-06-01

Integration of a transmitter, waveguide and receiver into a single chip can generate a multicomponent system with multiple functionalities. Here, we fabricate and characterize a GaN-based photonic integrated circuit (PIC) on a GaN-on-silicon platform. With removal of the silicon and back wafer thinning of the epitaxial film, ultrathin membrane-type devices and highly confined suspended GaN waveguides were formed. Two suspended-membrane InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well diodes (MQW-diodes) served as an MQW light-emitting diode (MQW-LED) to emit light and an MQW photodiode (MQW-PD) to sense light. The optical interconnects between the MQW-LED and MQW-PD were achieved using the GaN bent waveguide. The GaN-based PIC consisting of an MQW-LED, waveguides and an MQW-PD forms an in-plane light communication system with a data transmission rate of 70 Mbps.

Portable waveguide display system with a large field of view by integrating freeform elements and volume holograms.

PubMed

Han, Jian; Liu, Juan; Yao, Xincheng; Wang, Yongtian

2015-02-09

A compact waveguide display system integrating freeform elements and volume holograms is presented here for the first time. The use of freeform elements can broaden the field of view, which limits the applications of a holographic waveguide. An optimized system can achieve a diagonal field of view of 45° when the thickness of the waveguide planar is 3mm. Freeform-elements in-coupler and the volume holograms out-coupler were designed in detail in our study, and the influence of grating configurations on diffraction efficiency was analyzed thoroughly. The off-axis aberrations were well compensated by the in-coupler and the diffraction efficiency of the optimized waveguide display system could reach 87.57%. With integrated design, stability and reliability of this monochromatic display system were achieved and the alignment of the system was easily controlled by the record of the volume holograms, which makes mass production possible.

Portable waveguide display system with a large field of view by integrating freeform elements and volume holograms

PubMed Central

Han, Jian; Liu, Juan; Yao, Xincheng; Wang, Yongtian

2015-01-01

A compact waveguide display system integrating freeform elements and volume holograms is presented here for the first time. The use of freeform elements can broaden the field of view, which limits the applications of a holographic waveguide. An optimized system can achieve a diagonal field of view of 45° when the thickness of the waveguide planar is 3mm. Freeform-elements in-coupler and the volume holograms out-coupler were designed in detail in our study, and the influence of grating configurations on diffraction efficiency was analyzed thoroughly. The off-axis aberrations were well compensated by the in-coupler and the diffraction efficiency of the optimized waveguide display system could reach 87.57%. With integrated design, stability and reliability of this monochromatic display system were achieved and the alignment of the system was easily controlled by the record of the volume holograms, which makes mass production possible. PMID:25836207

Co-integrating plasmonics with Si3N4 photonics towards a generic CMOS compatible PIC platform for high-sensitivity multi-channel biosensors: the H2020 PlasmoFab approach (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsiokos, Dimitris M.; Dabos, George; Ketzaki, Dimitra; Weeber, Jean-Claude; Markey, Laurent; Dereux, Alain; Giesecke, Anna Lena; Porschatis, Caroline; Chmielak, Bartos; Wahlbrink, Thorsten; Rochracher, Karl; Pleros, Nikos

2017-05-01

Silicon photonics meet most fabrication requirements of standard CMOS process lines encompassing the photonics-electronics consolidation vision. Despite this remarkable progress, further miniaturization of PICs for common integration with electronics and for increasing PIC functional density is bounded by the inherent diffraction limit of light imposed by optical waveguides. Instead, Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) waveguides can guide light at sub-wavelength scales at the metal surface providing unique light-matter interaction properties, exploiting at the same time their metallic nature to naturally integrate with electronics in high-performance ASPICs. In this article, we demonstrate the main goals of the recently introduced H2020 project PlasmoFab towards addressing the ever increasing needs for low energy, small size and high performance mass manufactured PICs by developing a revolutionary yet CMOS-compatible fabrication platform for seamless co-integration of plasmonics with photonic and supporting electronic. We demonstrate recent advances on the hosting SiN photonic hosting platform reporting on low-loss passive SiN waveguide and Grating Coupler circuits for both the TM and TE polarization states. We also present experimental results of plasmonic gold thin-film and hybrid slot waveguide configurations that can allow for high-sensitivity sensing, providing also the ongoing activities towards replacing gold with Cu, Al or TiN metal in order to yield the same functionality over a CMOS metallic structure. Finally, the first experimental results on the co-integrated SiN+plasmonic platform are demonstrated, concluding to an initial theoretical performance analysis of the CMOS plasmo-photonic biosensor that has the potential to allow for sensitivities beyond 150000nm/RIU.

Slotted Polyimide-Aerogel-Filled-Waveguide Arrays

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rodriguez-Solis, Rafael A.; Pacheco, Hector L.; Miranda, Felix A.; Meador, Mary Ann B.

2013-01-01

Polyimide aerogels were considered to serve as a filling for millimeter-wave waveguides. While these waveguides present a slightly higher loss than hollow waveguides, they have less losses than Duroid substrate integrated waveguides (less than 0.15 dB at Ka-band, in a 20 mm section), and exhibit an order of magnitude of mass reduction when compared to commercial waveguides. A Ka-band slotted aerogel-filled-waveguide array was designed, which provided the same gain (9 dBi) as its standard waveguide counterpart, and a slotted aerogel-filled-waveguide array using folded-slots was designed for comparison, obtaining a gain of 9 dB and a bandwidth of 590 MHz.

Low-loss, compact, and fabrication-tolerant Si-wire 90° waveguide bend using clothoid and normal curves for large scale photonic integrated circuits.

PubMed

Fujisawa, Takeshi; Makino, Shuntaro; Sato, Takanori; Saitoh, Kunimasa

2017-04-17

Ultimately low-loss 90° waveguide bend composed of clothoid and normal curves is proposed for dense optical interconnect photonic integrated circuits. By using clothoid curves at the input and output of 90° waveguide bend, straight and bent waveguides are smoothly connected without increasing the footprint. We found that there is an optimum ratio of clothoid curves in the bend and the bending loss can be significantly reduced compared with normal bend. 90% reduction of the bending loss for the bending radius of 4 μm is experimentally demonstrated with excellent agreement between theory and experiment. The performance is compared with the waveguide bend with offset, and the proposed bend is superior to the waveguide bend with offset in terms of fabrication tolerance.

Heterogeneous integration of lithium niobate and silicon nitride waveguides for wafer-scale photonic integrated circuits on silicon.

PubMed

Chang, Lin; Pfeiffer, Martin H P; Volet, Nicolas; Zervas, Michael; Peters, Jon D; Manganelli, Costanza L; Stanton, Eric J; Li, Yifei; Kippenberg, Tobias J; Bowers, John E

2017-02-15

An ideal photonic integrated circuit for nonlinear photonic applications requires high optical nonlinearities and low loss. This work demonstrates a heterogeneous platform by bonding lithium niobate (LN) thin films onto a silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) waveguide layer on silicon. It not only provides large second- and third-order nonlinear coefficients, but also shows low propagation loss in both the Si₃N₄ and the LN-Si₃N₄ waveguides. The tapers enable low-loss-mode transitions between these two waveguides. This platform is essential for various on-chip applications, e.g., modulators, frequency conversions, and quantum communications.

Integrated waveguide Bragg gratings for microwave photonics signal processing.

PubMed

Burla, Maurizio; Cortés, Luis Romero; Li, Ming; Wang, Xu; Chrostowski, Lukas; Azaña, José

2013-10-21

Integrated Microwave photonics (IMWP) signal processing using Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years as an enabling technology for a number of functionalities not attainable by purely microwave solutions. In this context, integrated waveguide Bragg grating (WBG) devices constitute a particularly attractive approach thanks to their compactness and flexibility in producing arbitrarily defined amplitude and phase responses, by directly acting on coupling coefficient and perturbations of the grating profile. In this article, we review recent advances in the field of integrated WBGs applied to MWP, analyzing the advantages leveraged by an integrated realization. We provide a perspective on the exciting possibilities offered by the silicon photonics platform in the field of MWP, potentially enabling integration of highly-complex active and passive functionalities with high yield on a single chip, with a particular focus on the use of WBGs as basic building blocks for linear filtering operations. We demonstrate the versatility of WBG-based devices by proposing and experimentally demonstrating a novel, continuously-tunable, integrated true-time-delay (TTD) line based on a very simple dual phase-shifted WBG (DPS-WBG).

Integrated optical gyroscopes offering low cost, small size and vibration immunity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Monovoukas, Christos; Swiecki, Andrew; Maseeh, Fariborz

2000-03-01

IntelliSense has developed an integrated optic gyro technology that provides the sensitivity of fiber optic gyros while utilizing batch microfabrication techniques to achieve the low cost of mechanical MEMS gyros. The base technology consists of an optical resonating waveguide chip, sensor electronics and an optical bench. The sensing element is based on an integrated optic waveguide chip in which counter-propagating optical fields are used to sense rotation in the plane of the waveguide through the Sagnac effect. It is powered by a semiconductor laser light source, which is coupled into a waveguide and split into two waveguide arms. Both signals are probed through the out coupled light at each waveguide arm, and rate information is derived from the difference in phase between these two signals. Measuring angular rotation is important for proper operation of a variety of systems such as: missile guidance systems, satellites, energy exploration, camera stabilization, robotics positioning, platform stabilization and space craft guidance to mention a few. This technology overcomes the limitations that previous commercially available gyros for this purpose have had including limitations in size, sensitivity, durability, and premium price.

Nano-optical conveyor belt with waveguide-coupled excitation.

PubMed

Wang, Guanghui; Ying, Zhoufeng; Ho, Ho-pui; Huang, Ying; Zou, Ningmu; Zhang, Xuping

2016-02-01

We propose a plasmonic nano-optical conveyor belt for peristaltic transport of nano-particles. Instead of illumination from the top, waveguide-coupled excitation is used for trapping particles with a higher degree of precision and flexibility. Graded nano-rods with individual dimensions coded to have resonance at specific wavelengths are incorporated along the waveguide in order to produce spatially addressable hot spots. Consequently, by switching the excitation wavelength sequentially, particles can be transported to adjacent optical traps along the waveguide. The feasibility of this design is analyzed using three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain and Maxwell stress tensor methods. Simulation results show that this system is capable of exciting addressable traps and moving particles in a peristaltic fashion with tens of nanometers resolution. It is the first, to the best of our knowledge, report about a nano-optical conveyor belt with waveguide-coupled excitation, which is very important for scalability and on-chip integration. The proposed approach offers a new design direction for integrated waveguide-based optical manipulation devices and its application in large scale lab-on-a-chip integration.

Fiber-Coupled Planar Light-Wave Circuit for Seed Laser Control in High Spectral Resolution Lidar Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cook, Anthony; McNeil, Shirley; Switzer, Gregg; Battle, Philip

2010-01-01

Precise laser remote sensing of aerosol extinction and backscatter in the atmosphere requires a high-power, pulsed, frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser that is wavelength- stabilized to a narrow absorption line such as found in iodine vapor. One method for precise wavelength control is to injection seed the Nd:YAG laser with a low-power CW laser that is stabilized by frequency converting a fraction of the beam to 532 nm, and to actively frequency-lock it to an iodine vapor absorption line. While the feasibility of this approach has been demonstrated using bulk optics in NASA Langley s Airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) program, an ideal, lower cost solution is to develop an all-waveguide, frequency-locked seed laser in a compact, robust package that will withstand the temperature, shock, and vibration levels associated with airborne and space-based remote sensing platforms. A key technology leading to this miniaturization is the integration of an efficient waveguide frequency doubling element, and a low-voltage phase modulation element into a single, monolithic, planar light-wave circuit (PLC). The PLC concept advances NASA's future lidar systems due to its compact, efficient and reliable design, thus enabling use on small aircraft and satellites. The immediate application for this technology is targeted for NASA Langley's HSRL system for aerosol and cloud characterization. This Phase I effort proposes the development of a potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) waveguide phase modulator for future integration into a PLC. For this innovation, the proposed device is the integration of a waveguide-based frequency doubler and phase modulator in a single, fiber pigtail device that will be capable of efficient second harmonic generation of 1,064-nm light and subsequent phase modulation of the 532 nm light at 250 MHz, providing a properly spectrally formatted beam for HSRL s seed laser locking system. Fabrication of the integrated PLC chip for NASA Langley, planned for the Phase II effort, will require full integration and optimization of the waveguide components (SHG waveguide, splitters, and phase modulator) onto a single, monolithic device. The PLC will greatly reduce the size and weight, improve electrical- to-optical efficiency, and significantly reduce the cost of NASA Langley s current stabilized HSRL seed laser system built around a commercial off-the-shelf seed laser that is free-space coupled to a bulk doubler and bulk phase modulator.

Roughness measurements on coupling structures for optical interconnections integrated on a printed circuit board

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hendrickx, Nina; Van Erps, Jürgen; Suyal, Himanshu; Taghizadeh, Mohammad; Thienpont, Hugo; Van Daele, Peter

2006-04-01

In this paper, laser ablation (at UGent), deep proton writing (at VUB) and laser direct writing (at HWU) are presented as versatile technologies that can be used for the fabrication of coupling structures for optical interconnections integrated on a printed circuit board (PCB). The optical layer, a highly cross-linked acrylate based polymer, is applied on an FR4 substrate. Both laser ablation and laser direct writing are used for the definition of arrays of multimode optical waveguides, which guide the light in the plane of the optical layer. In order to couple light vertically in/out of the plane of the optical waveguides, coupling structures have to be integrated into the optical layer. Out-of-plane turning mirrors, that deflect the light beam over 90°, are used for this purpose. The surface roughness and angle of three mirror configurations are evaluated: a laser ablated one that is integrated into the optical waveguide, a laser direct written one that is also directly written onto the waveguide and a DPW insert that is plugged into a cavity into the waveguiding layer.

Low-cost integrated-optic fiber couplers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sheem, Sang K.; Zhang, Feng; Choi, Jong-Ho; Lee, Yong-Woo; Low, Sarah; Lu, Shih-Yau

1997-04-01

In an effort to lower the cost of fiber optic couplers, integrated optic channel waveguide circuits are made of a UV-curable polymer using a molding technique, and then a novel fiber-to-channel connecting approach is employed in which UV light radiating from an optical fiber core cures the polymer in the channel, thus accomplishing a 'touchdown' of the core-extension waveguide onto the walls of the channel waveguide.

Integration of a terahertz quantum cascade laser with a hollow waveguide

DOEpatents

Wanke, Michael C [Albuquerque, NM; Nordquist, Christopher D [Albuquerque, NM

2012-07-03

The present invention is directed to the integration of a quantum cascade laser with a hollow waveguide on a chip to improve both the beam pattern and manufacturability. By coupling the QCL output into a single-mode rectangular waveguide the radiation mode structure can be known and the propagation, manipulation, and broadcast of the QCL radiation can then be entirely controlled by well-established rectangular waveguide techniques. By controlling the impedance of the interface, enhanced functions, such as creating amplifiers, efficient coupling to external cavities, and increasing power output from metal-metal THz QCLs, are also enabled.

Optofluidic waveguides: I. Concepts and implementations

PubMed Central

Schmidt, Holger; Hawkins, Aaron R.

2011-01-01

We review recent developments and current status of liquid-core optical waveguides in optofluidics with emphasis on suitability for creating fully planar optofluidic labs-on-a-chip. In this first of two contributions, we give an overview of the different waveguide types that are being considered for effectively combining micro and nanofluidics with integrated optics. The large number of approaches is separated into conventional index-guided waveguides and more recent implementations using wave interference. The underlying principle for waveguiding and the current status are described for each type. We then focus on reviewing recent work on microfabricated liquid-core antiresonant reflecting optical (ARROW) waveguides, including the development of intersecting 2D waveguide networks and optical fluorescence and Raman detection with planar beam geometry. Single molecule detection capability and addition of electrical control for electrokinetic manipulation and analysis of single bioparticles are demonstrated. The demonstrated performance of liquid-core ARROWs is representative of the potential of integrated waveguides for on-chip detection with ultrahigh sensitivity, and points the way towards the next generation of high-performance, low-cost and portable biomedical instruments. PMID:21442048

Experimental Verification of Guided-Wave Lumped Circuits Using Waveguide Metamaterials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Yue; Zhang, Zhijun

2018-04-01

Through the construction and characterization in microwave frequencies, we experimentally demonstrate our recently developed theory of waveguide lumped circuits, i.e., waveguide metatronics [Sci. Adv. 2, e1501790 (2016), 10.1126/sciadv.1501790], as a method to design subwavelength-scaled analog circuits. In the paradigm of waveguide metatronics, numbers of lumped inductors and capacitors are easily integrated functionally inside the waveguide, which is an irreplaceable transmission line in millimeter-wave and terahertz systems with the advantages of low radiation loss and low crosstalk. An example of multiple-ordered metatronic filters with layered structures is fabricated utilizing the technique of substrate integrated waveguides, which can be easily constructed by the printed-circuit-board process. The materials used in the construction are also typical microwave materials with positive permittivity, low loss, and negligible dispersion, imitating the plasmonic materials with negative permittivity in the optical domain. The results verify the theory of waveguide metatronics, which provides an efficient platform of functional lumped circuit design for guided-wave processing.

Photonics-on-a-chip: recent advances in integrated waveguides as enabling detection elements for real-world, lab-on-a-chip biosensing applications.

PubMed

Washburn, Adam L; Bailey, Ryan C

2011-01-21

By leveraging advances in semiconductor microfabrication technologies, chip-integrated optical biosensors are poised to make an impact as scalable and multiplexable bioanalytical measurement tools for lab-on-a-chip applications. In particular, waveguide-based optical sensing technology appears to be exceptionally amenable to chip integration and miniaturization, and, as a result, the recent literature is replete with examples of chip-integrated waveguide sensing platforms developed to address a wide range of contemporary analytical challenges. As an overview of the most recent advances within this dynamic field, this review highlights work from the last 2-3 years in the areas of grating-coupled, interferometric, photonic crystal, and microresonator waveguide sensors. With a focus towards device integration, particular emphasis is placed on demonstrations of biosensing using these technologies within microfluidically controlled environments. In addition, examples of multiplexed detection and sensing within complex matrices--important features for real-world applicability--are given special attention.

Y-junctions based on circular depressed-cladding waveguides fabricated with femtosecond pulses in Nd:YAG crystal: A route to integrate complex photonic circuits in crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ajates, Javier G.; Romero, Carolina; Castillo, Gabriel R.; Chen, Feng; Vázquez de Aldana, Javier R.

2017-10-01

We have designed and fabricated photonic structures such as, Y-junctions (one of the basic building blocks for construction any integrated photonic devices) and Mach-Zehnder interferometers, based on circular depressed-cladding waveguides by direct femtosecond laser irradiation in Nd:YAG crystal. The waveguides were optically characterized at 633 nm, showing nearly mono-modal behaviour for the selected waveguide radius (9 μm). The effect of the splitting angle in the Y structures was investigated finding a good preservation of the modal profiles up to more than 2°, with 1 dB of additional losses in comparison with straight waveguides. The dependence with polarization of these splitters keeps in a reasonable low level. Our designs pave the way for the fabrication of arbitrarily complex 3D photonic circuits in crystals with cladding waveguides.

Low-loss terahertz ribbon waveguides.

PubMed

Yeh, Cavour; Shimabukuro, Fred; Siegel, Peter H

2005-10-01

The submillimeter wave or terahertz (THz) band (1 mm-100 microm) is one of the last unexplored frontiers in the electromagnetic spectrum. A major stumbling block hampering instrument deployment in this frequency regime is the lack of a low-loss guiding structure equivalent to the optical fiber that is so prevalent at the visible wavelengths. The presence of strong inherent vibrational absorption bands in solids and the high skin-depth losses of conductors make the traditional microstripline circuits, conventional dielectric lines, or metallic waveguides, which are common at microwave frequencies, much too lossy to be used in the THz bands. Even the modern surface plasmon polariton waveguides are much too lossy for long-distance transmission in the THz bands. We describe a concept for overcoming this drawback and describe a new family of ultra-low-loss ribbon-based guide structures and matching components for propagating single-mode THz signals. For straight runs this ribbon-based waveguide can provide an attenuation constant that is more than 100 times less than that of a conventional dielectric or metallic waveguide. Problems dealing with efficient coupling of power into and out of the ribbon guide, achieving low-loss bends and branches, and forming THz circuit elements are discussed in detail. One notes that active circuit elements can be integrated directly onto the ribbon structure (when it is made with semiconductor material) and that the absence of metallic structures in the ribbon guide provides the possibility of high-power carrying capability. It thus appears that this ribbon-based dielectric waveguide and associated components can be used as fundamental building blocks for a new generation of ultra-high-speed electronic integrated circuits or THz interconnects.

Cross-linked polyimides for integrated optics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singer, Kenneth D.; Kowalczyk, Tony C.; Nguyen, Hung D.; Beuhler, Allyson J.; Wargowski, David A.

1997-01-01

We have investigated a promising class of polyimide materials for both passive and active electro-optic devices, namely crosslinkable polyimides. These fluorinated polyimides are soluble in the imidized form and are both thermally and photo-crosslinkable leading to easy processability into waveguide structures and the possibility of stable electro-optic properties. We have fabricated channel and slab waveguides and investigated the mechanism of optical propagation loss using photothermal deflection spectroscopy and waveguide loss spectroscopy, and found the losses to arise from residual absorption due to the formation of charge transfer states. The absorption is inhibited by fluorination leading to propagation losses as low as 0.3 dB/cm in the near infrared. Because of the ability to photocrosslink, channel waveguides are fabricated using a simple wet-etch process. Channel waveguides so formed are observed to have no excess loss over slab structures. Solubility followed by thermal cross-linking allows the formation of multilayer structures. We have produced electro-optic polymers by doping with the nonlinear optical chromophores, DCM and DADC; and a process of concurrent poling and thermal crosslinking. Multilayer structures have been investigated and poling fields optimized in the active layer by doping the cladding with an anti-static agent. The high glass-transition temperature and cross-linking leads to very stable electro-optic properties. We are currently building electro-optic modulators based on these materials. Progress and results in this area also are reported.

FIBER AND INTEGRATED OPTICS: Integrated optical passive ring resonator for optical gyroscopes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baĭborodin, Yu V.; Dyadin, S. S.; Lyadenko, A. F.; Mashchenko, A. I.; Ul'yanov, I. A.; Fatin, Yu L.

1992-02-01

A passive ring resonator based on channel waveguides, formed in a K8 glass substrate by diffusion ion exchange in molten potassium nitrate, was made and investigated. The waveguide structure of the resonator included a ring waveguide as well as two Y-type couplers, whose symmetric arms were coupled to the ring waveguide, whereas homogeneous arms were coupled to an external laser and a photodetector. The coupling of the external devices to the channel waveguides was implemented by prisms and butt (end face) contacts. The transfer function of the ring resonator was determined experimentally in order to illustrate its resonant properties and sharpness. Estimates were obtained of the ultimate sensitivity of an optical gyroscope utilizing a ring resonator with the properties described above and ways of improving this sensitivity were analyzed.

Low-index discontinuity terahertz waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nagel, Michael; Marchewka, Astrid; Kurz, Heinrich

2006-10-01

A new type of dielectric THz waveguide based on recent approaches in the field of integrated optics is presented with theoretical and experimental results. Although the guiding mechanism of the low-index discontinuity (LID) THz waveguide is total internal reflection, the THz wave is predominantly confined in the virtually lossless low-index air gap within a high-index dielectric waveguide due to the continuity of electric flux density at the dielectric interface. Attenuation, dispersion and single-mode confinement properties of two LID structures are discussed and compared with other THz waveguide solutions. The new approach provides an outstanding combination of high mode confinement and low transmission losses currently not realizable with any other metal-based or photonic crystal approach. These exceptional properties might enable the breakthrough of novel integrated THz systems or endoscopy applications with sub-wavelength resolution.

Facet-embedded thin-film III-V edge-emitting lasers integrated with SU-8 waveguides on silicon.

PubMed

Palit, Sabarni; Kirch, Jeremy; Huang, Mengyuan; Mawst, Luke; Jokerst, Nan Marie

2010-10-15

A thin-film InGaAs/GaAs edge-emitting single-quantum-well laser has been integrated with a tapered multimode SU-8 waveguide onto an Si substrate. The SU-8 waveguide is passively aligned to the laser using mask-based photolithography, mimicking electrical interconnection in Si complementary metal-oxide semiconductor, and overlaps one facet of the thin-film laser for coupling power from the laser to the waveguide. Injected threshold current densities of 260A/cm(2) are measured with the reduced reflectivity of the embedded laser facet while improving single mode coupling efficiency, which is theoretically simulated to be 77%.

Acoustic one-way mode conversion and transmission by sonic crystal waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ouyang, Shiliang; He, Hailong; He, Zhaojian; Deng, Ke; Zhao, Heping

2016-09-01

We proposed a scheme to achieve one-way acoustic propagation and even-odd mode switching in two mutually perpendicular sonic crystal waveguides connected by a resonant cavity. The even mode in the entrance waveguide is able to switch to the odd mode in the exit waveguide through a symmetry match between the cavity resonant modes and the waveguide modes. Conversely, the odd mode in the exit waveguide is unable to be converted into the even mode in the entrance waveguide as incident waves and eigenmodes are mismatched in their symmetries at the waveguide exit. This one-way mechanism can be applied to design an acoustic diode for acoustic integration devices and can be used as a convertor of the acoustic waveguide modes.

FIBER AND INTEGRATED OPTICS: Optimization of optical film waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adamson, P. V.

1990-10-01

Theoretical investigations were made of the possibility of optimization of the effective thickness, of the optical confinement factor Γ1, and of the birefringence of a planar dielectric waveguide as a function of the waveguide parameter V and the waveguide asymmetry. For a given value of V it is possible to ensure higher values of Γ1, for an asymmetric waveguide than for a symmetric one. An approximate expression is proposed for the factor Γ1, of an asymmetric waveguide directly in terms of its thickness and the refractive indices of the layers.

Surface transport and stable trapping of particles and cells by an optical waveguide loop.

PubMed

Hellesø, Olav Gaute; Løvhaugen, Pål; Subramanian, Ananth Z; Wilkinson, James S; Ahluwalia, Balpreet Singh

2012-09-21

Waveguide trapping has emerged as a useful technique for parallel and planar transport of particles and biological cells and can be integrated with lab-on-a-chip applications. However, particles trapped on waveguides are continuously propelled forward along the surface of the waveguide. This limits the practical usability of the waveguide trapping technique with other functions (e.g. analysis, imaging) that require particles to be stationary during diagnosis. In this paper, an optical waveguide loop with an intentional gap at the centre is proposed to hold propelled particles and cells. The waveguide acts as a conveyor belt to transport and deliver the particles/cells towards the gap. At the gap, the diverging light fields hold the particles at a fixed position. The proposed waveguide design is numerically studied and experimentally implemented. The optical forces on the particle at the gap are calculated using the finite element method. Experimentally, the method is used to transport and trap micro-particles and red blood cells at the gap with varying separations. The waveguides are only 180 nm thick and thus could be integrated with other functions on the chip, e.g. microfluidics or optical detection, to make an on-chip system for single cell analysis and to study the interaction between cells.

Investigation of semiconductor clad optical waveguides

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Batchman, T. E.; Carson, R. F.

1985-01-01

A variety of techniques have been proposed for fabricating integrated optical devices using semiconductors, lithium niobate, and glasses as waveguides and substrates. The use of glass waveguides and their interaction with thin semiconductor cladding layers was studied. Though the interactions of these multilayer waveguide structures have been analyzed here using glass, they may be applicable to other types of materials as well. The primary reason for using glass is that it provides a simple, inexpensive way to construct waveguides and devices.

Recent progress in InP/polymer-based devices for telecom and data center applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kleinert, Moritz; Zhang, Ziyang; de Felipe, David; Zawadzki, Crispin; Maese Novo, Alejandro; Brinker, Walter; Möhrle, Martin; Keil, Norbert

2015-02-01

Recent progress on polymer-based photonic devices and hybrid photonic integration technology using InP-based active components is presented. High performance thermo-optic components, including compact polymer variable optical attenuators and switches are powerful tools to regulate and control the light flow in the optical backbone. Polymer arrayed waveguide gratings integrated with InP laser and detector arrays function as low-cost optical line terminals (OLTs) in the WDM-PON network. External cavity tunable lasers combined with C/L band thinfilm filter, on-chip U-groove and 45° mirrors construct a compact, bi-directional and color-less optical network unit (ONU). A tunable laser integrated with VOAs, TFEs and two 90° hybrids builds the optical front-end of a colorless, dual-polarization coherent receiver. Multicore polymer waveguides and multi-step 45°mirrors are demonstrated as bridging devices between the spatialdivision- multiplexing transmission technology using multi-core fibers and the conventional PLCbased photonic platforms, appealing to the fast development of dense 3D photonic integration.

Integrated optics technology study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, B.; Findakly, T.; Innarella, R.

1982-01-01

The status and near term potential of materials and processes available for the fabrication of single mode integrated electro-optical components are discussed. Issues discussed are host material and orientation, waveguide formation, optical loss mechanisms, wavelength selection, polarization effects and control, laser to integrated optics coupling fiber optic waveguides to integrated optics coupling, sources, and detectors. Recommendations of the best materials, technology, and processes for fabrication of integrated optical components for communications and fiber gyro applications are given.

Femtosecond-laser inscribed double-cladding waveguides in Nd:YAG crystal: a promising prototype for integrated lasers.

PubMed

Liu, Hongliang; Chen, Feng; Vázquez de Aldana, Javier R; Jaque, D

2013-09-01

We report on the design and implementation of a prototype of optical waveguides fabricated in Nd:YAG crystals by using femtosecond-laser irradiation. In this prototype, two concentric tubular structures with nearly circular cross sections of different diameters have been inscribed in the Nd:YAG crystals, generating double-cladding waveguides. Under 808 nm optical pumping, waveguide lasers have been realized in the double-cladding structures. Compared with single-cladding waveguides, the concentric tubular structures, benefiting from the large pump area of the outermost cladding, possess both superior laser performance and nearly single-mode beam profile in the inner cladding. Double-cladding waveguides of the same size were fabricated and coated by a thin optical film, and a maximum output power of 384 mW and a slope efficiency of 46.1% were obtained. Since the large diameters of the outer claddings are comparable with those of the optical fibers, this prototype paves a way to construct an integrated single-mode laser system with a direct fiber-waveguide configuration.

FIBER AND INTEGRATED OPTICS: Noncollinear geometry for highly efficient excitation of a corrugated waveguide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klimov, M. S.; Sychugov, V. A.; Tishchenko, A. V.

1992-02-01

An analysis is made of the process of light emission from a corrugated waveguide into air and into a substrate in a noncollinear geometry, i.e., when the direction along which the waveguide mode propagates does not coincide with the plane in which the emitted wave lies. Calculations show that when a TE mode is excited in a corrugated waveguide by a light beam with the TM polarization incident from air on the waveguide at a grazing angle, one can achieve a high waveguide excitation efficiency (~ 60%) if the waveguide mode propagates along the normal to the plane of incidence.

Open transverse-slot substrate-integrated waveguide sensor for biomass permittivity determination

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

A novel open transverse-slot substrate-integrated waveguide sensor is presented. The sensor is designed and fabricated for dielectric poperties measurements on sawdust at 8 GHz. Different configurations of the sensor were investigated by using simulation software and relationships between the simula...

Label-free silicon photonic biosensor system with integrated detector array.

PubMed

Yan, Rongjin; Mestas, Santano P; Yuan, Guangwei; Safaisini, Rashid; Dandy, David S; Lear, Kevin L

2009-08-07

An integrated, inexpensive, label-free photonic waveguide biosensor system with multi-analyte capability has been implemented on a silicon photonics integrated circuit from a commercial CMOS line and tested with nanofilms. The local evanescent array coupled (LEAC) biosensor is based on a new physical phenomenon that is fundamentally different from the mechanisms of other evanescent field sensors. Increased local refractive index at the waveguide's upper surface due to the formation of a biological nanofilm causes local modulation of the evanescent field coupled into an array of photodetectors buried under the waveguide. The planar optical waveguide biosensor system exhibits sensitivity of 20%/nm photocurrent modulation in response to adsorbed bovine serum albumin (BSA) layers less than 3 nm thick. In addition to response to BSA, an experiment with patterned photoresist as well as beam propagation method simulations support the evanescent field shift principle. The sensing mechanism enables the integration of all optical and electronic components for a multi-analyte biosensor system on a chip.

An investigation for the development of an integrated optical data preprocessor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Verber, C. M.; Vahey, D. W.; Kenan, R. P.; Wood, V. E.; Hartman, N. F.; Chapman, C. M.

1978-01-01

The successful fabrication and demonstration of an integrated optical circuit designed to perform a parallel processing operation by utilizing holographic subtraction to simultaneously compare N analog signal voltages with N predetermined reference voltages is summarized. The device alleviates transmission, storage and processing loads of satellite data systems by performing, at the sensor site, some preprocessing of data taken by remote sensors. Major accomplishments in the fabrication of integrated optics components include: (1) fabrication of the first LiNbO3 waveguide geodesic lens; (2) development of techniques for polishing TIR mirrors on LiNbO3 waveguides; (3) fabrication of high efficiency metal-over-photoresist gratings for waveguide beam splitters; (4) demonstration of high S/N holographic subtraction using waveguide holograms; and (5) development of alignment techniques for fabrication of integrated optics circuits. Important developments made in integrated optics are the discovery and suggested use of holographic self-subtraction in LiNbO3, development of a mathematical description of the operating modes of the preprocessor, and the development of theories for diffraction efficiency and beam quality of two dimensional beam defined gratings.

Study of silicon strip waveguides with diffraction gratings and photonic crystals tuned to a wavelength of 1.5 µm

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Barabanenkov, M. Yu., E-mail: barab@iptm.ru; Vyatkin, A. F.; Volkov, V. T.

2015-12-15

Single-mode submicrometer-thick strip waveguides on silicon-on-insulator substrates, fabricated by silicon-planar-technology methods are considered. To solve the problem of 1.5-µm wavelength radiation input-output and its frequency filtering, strip diffraction gratings and two-dimensional photonic crystals are integrated into waveguides. The reflection and transmission spectra of gratings and photonic crystals are calculated. The waveguide-mode-attenuation coefficient for a polycrystalline silicon waveguide is experimentally estimated.

INTEGRATED AND FIBER OPTICS: Anomalous reflection of light from the surface of an amplifying corrugated waveguide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Avrutskiĭ, I. A.; Sychugov, V. A.

1989-02-01

The problem of reflection of light from the surface of an amplifying corrugated waveguide is solved. An increase in the waveguide gain increases considerably the reflection coefficient and reduces the spectral width of the reflection peak.

Silicon waveguided components for the long-wave infrared region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soref, Richard A.; Emelett, Stephen J.; Buchwald, Walter R.

2006-10-01

We propose that the operational wavelength of waveguided Si-based photonic integrated circuits and optoelectronic integrated circuits can be extended beyond the 1.55 µm telecom range into the wide infrared from 1.55 to 100 µm. The Si rib-membrane waveguide offers low-loss transmission from 1.2 to 6 µm and from 24 to 100 µm. This waveguide, which is compatible with Si microelectronics manufacturing, is constructed from silicon-on-insulator by etching away the oxide locally beneath the rib. Alternatively, low-loss waveguiding from 1.9 to 14.7 µm is assured by employing a crystal Ge rib grown directly upon the Si substrate. The Si-based hollow-core waveguide is an excellent device that minimizes loss due to silicon's 6-24 µm multi-phonon absorption. Here the rectangular air-filled core is surrounded by SiGe/Si multi-layer anti-resonant or Bragg claddings. The hollow channel offers less than 1.7 dB cm-1 loss from 1.2 to 100 µm. .

60-nm-thick basic photonic components and Bragg gratings on the silicon-on-insulator platform.

PubMed

Zou, Zhi; Zhou, Linjie; Li, Xinwan; Chen, Jianping

2015-08-10

We demonstrate integrated basic photonic components and Bragg gratings using 60-nm-thick silicon-on-insulator strip waveguides. The ultra-thin waveguides exhibit a propagation loss of 0.61 dB/cm and a bending loss of approximately 0.015 dB/180° with a 30 μm bending radius (including two straight-bend waveguide junctions). Basic structures based on the ultra-thin waveguides, including micro-ring resonators, 1 × 2 MMI couplers, and Mach-Zehnder interferometers are realized. Upon thinning-down, the waveguide effective refractive index is reduced, making the fabrication of Bragg gratings possible using the standard 248-nm deep ultra-violet (DUV) photolithography process. The Bragg grating exhibits a stopband width of 1 nm and an extinction ratio of 35 dB, which is practically applicable as an optical filter or a delay line. The transmission spectrum can be thermally tuned via an integrated resistive micro-heater formed by a heavily doped silicon slab beside the waveguide.

Quantum interference between transverse spatial waveguide modes.

PubMed

Mohanty, Aseema; Zhang, Mian; Dutt, Avik; Ramelow, Sven; Nussenzveig, Paulo; Lipson, Michal

2017-01-20

Integrated quantum optics has the potential to markedly reduce the footprint and resource requirements of quantum information processing systems, but its practical implementation demands broader utilization of the available degrees of freedom within the optical field. To date, integrated photonic quantum systems have primarily relied on path encoding. However, in the classical regime, the transverse spatial modes of a multi-mode waveguide have been easily manipulated using the waveguide geometry to densely encode information. Here, we demonstrate quantum interference between the transverse spatial modes within a single multi-mode waveguide using quantum circuit-building blocks. This work shows that spatial modes can be controlled to an unprecedented level and have the potential to enable practical and robust quantum information processing.

Integrated-optic current sensors with a multimode interference waveguide device.

PubMed

Kim, Sung-Moon; Chu, Woo-Sung; Kim, Sang-Guk; Oh, Min-Cheol

2016-04-04

Optical current sensors based on polarization-rotated reflection interferometry are demonstrated using polymeric integrated optics and various functional optical waveguide devices. Interferometric sensors normally require bias feedback control for maintaining the operating point, which increases the cost. In order to resolve this constraint of feedback control, a multimode interference (MMI) waveguide device is integrated onto the current-sensor optical chip in this work. From the multiple outputs of the MMI, a 90° phase-shifted transfer function is obtained. Using passive quadrature demodulation, we demonstrate that the sensor could maintain the output signal regardless of the drift in the operating bias-point.

Integrated optics technology study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, B.

1982-01-01

The materials and processes available for the fabrication of single mode integrated electrooptical components are described. Issues included in the study are: (1) host material and orientation, (2) waveguide formation, (3) optical loss mechanisms, (4) wavelength selection, (5) polarization effects and control, (6) laser to integrated optics coupling,(7) fiber optic waveguides to integrated optics coupling, (8) souces, (9) detectors. The best materials, technology and processes for fabrication of integrated optical components for communications and fiber gyro applications are recommended.

Silicon photonics: Design, fabrication, and characterization of on-chip optical interconnects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hsieh, I.-Wei

In recent years, the research field of silicon photonics has been developing rapidly from a concept to a demonstrated technology, and has gathered much attention from both academia and industry communities. Its many potential applications in long-haul telecommunication, mid-range data-communication, on-chip optical interconnection networks, and nano-scale sensing as well as its compatibility with electronic integrated circuits have driven much effort in realizing silicon photonics both as a disruptive technology for existing markets and as an enabling technology for new ones. Despite the promising future of silicon photonics, many fundamental issues still remain to be understood---both in the linear- and nonlinear-optical regimes. There are also many engineering challenges to make silicon photonics the gold standard in photonic integrated circuits. In this thesis, we focus on the design, fabrication, and characterization of active and passive silicon-on-insulator (SOI) photonic devices. The SOI material system differs from most conventional optical material platforms because of its high-refractive-index-contrast, which enables engineers to design very compact integrated photonic networks with sub-micron transverse waveguide dimensions and sharp bends. On the other hand, because most analytical formulas for designing waveguide devices are valid only in low-index-contrast cases, SOI photonic devices need to be analyzed numerically for accurate results. The second chapter of this thesis describes some common numerical methods such as Beam Propagation Method (BPM) and Finite Element Method (FEM) for waveguide-design simulations, and presents two design studies based on these methods. The compatibility of silicon photonic integrated circuits with conventional CMOS fabrication technology is another important aspect that distinguishes silicon photonics from others such as III-V materials and lithium niobate. However, the requirements for fabricating silicon photonic devices are quite different from those of electronic devices. Minimizing propagation losses by reducing sidewall roughness to nanometer scale over a device length of several millimeters or even centimeters has prompted researchers in academia and industry to refine the fabrication process. Chapter 3 of this thesis summarizes our efforts in fabricating silicon photonic devices using standard CMOS technology. Chapter 4 describes the characterization of nonlinear effects, including self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation (XPM), and supercontinuum generation in silicon-wire waveguides. Silicon-wire waveguides are strip waveguides with submicron transverse dimensions, which allow strong light confinement inside the silicon core. This strong optical confinement, in addition to the large third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility of crystalline silicon, leads to a net nonlinearity which is several orders of magnitude higher than the nonlinearity of silica fiber. Significant nonlinear effects can be observed and characterized over a device length of only several millimeters in silicon wires with very small input power. These effects provide opportunities for engineers to design active silicon photonic devices which are compact and energy-efficient. Chapter 5 presents a realization of an integrated SOI optical isolator, which is a critical yet often overlooked component in photonic integrated circuits. This study shows the feasibility to make a hybrid garnet/SOI active device with very promising results. Finally, Chapter 6 summarizes our demonstration of transmitting terabit-scale data streams in silicon-wire waveguides, which is an important first-step towards enabling intra-chip interconnection networks with ultra-high bandwidths. Although the scope of this thesis is limited to providing only fractional views of the whole silicon photonics area, it provides enough references for interested readers to conduct further literature research in other aspects of silicon photonics. It is the author's hope that the thesis would convey to its readers the significance and potential of this exciting emerging technology.

Propagating Polaritons in III-Nitride Slab Waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ciers, J.; Roch, J. G.; Carlin, J.-F.; Jacopin, G.; Butté, R.; Grandjean, N.

2017-03-01

We report on III-nitride waveguides with c -plane GaN /(Al ,Ga )N quantum wells in the strong light-matter coupling regime supporting propagating polaritons. They feature a normal-mode splitting as large as 60 meV at low temperatures thanks to the large overlap between the optical mode and the active region, a polariton decay length up to 100 μ m for photonlike polaritons and a lifetime of 1 to 2 ps, with the latter values being essentially limited by residual absorption occurring in the waveguide. The fully lattice-matched nature of the structure allows for very low disorder and high in-plane homogeneity, which is an important asset for the realization of polaritonic integrated circuits that could support nonlinear polariton wave packets up to room temperature thanks to the large exciton binding energy of 40 meV.

Design of a compact static Fourier transform spectrometer in integrated optics based on a leaky loop structure.

PubMed

Martin, Bruno; Morand, Alain; Benech, Pierre; Leblond, Gregory; Blaize, Sylvain; Lerondel, Gilles; Royer, Pascal; Kern, Pierre; Le Coarer, Etienne

2009-01-15

A compact static Fourier transform spectrometer for integrated optics is proposed. It is based on a plane leaky loop structure combined with a plane waveguide. The interference pattern produced in the loop structure leaks outside of it and is guided in the plane waveguide to the photodetector array. This configuration allows one to control the shape of the field pattern at the end of the plane waveguide. A large fringe pattern with a high interference fringe contrast is obtained. A two-dimensional model based on an aperiodic Fourier modal method is used to modelize the coupling between the bent and the plane waveguides, completed with the Helmholtz-Kirchhoff propagation. This concept gives access to plan and compact spectrometers requiring only a single low-cost realization process step. The simulation has been done to realize a spectrometer in glass integrated optics (Deltalambda=6.1 nm at 1500 nm).

Highly localized distributed Brillouin scattering response in a photonic integrated circuit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zarifi, Atiyeh; Stiller, Birgit; Merklein, Moritz; Li, Neuton; Vu, Khu; Choi, Duk-Yong; Ma, Pan; Madden, Stephen J.; Eggleton, Benjamin J.

2018-03-01

The interaction of optical and acoustic waves via stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) has recently reached on-chip platforms, which has opened new fields of applications ranging from integrated microwave photonics and on-chip narrow-linewidth lasers, to phonon-based optical delay and signal processing schemes. Since SBS is an effect that scales exponentially with interaction length, on-chip implementation on a short length scale is challenging, requiring carefully designed waveguides with optimized opto-acoustic overlap. In this work, we use the principle of Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis to locally measure the SBS spectrum with high spatial resolution of 800 μm and perform a distributed measurement of the Brillouin spectrum along a spiral waveguide in a photonic integrated circuit. This approach gives access to local opto-acoustic properties of the waveguides, including the Brillouin frequency shift and linewidth, essential information for the further development of high quality photonic-phononic waveguides for SBS applications.

Total internal reflection-evanescent coupler for fiber-to-waveguide integration of planar optoelectric devices.

PubMed

Lu, Zhaolin; Prather, Dennis W

2004-08-01

We present a method for parallel coupling from a single-mode fiber, or fiber ribbon, into a silicon-on-insulator waveguide for integration with silicon optoelectronic circuits. The coupler incorporates the advantages of the vertically tapered waveguides and prism couplers, yet offers the flexibility of planar integration. The coupler can be fabricated by use of either wafer polishing technology or gray-scale photolithography. When optimal coupling is achieved in our experimental setup, the coupler can be packaged by epoxy bonding to form a fiber-waveguide parallel coupler or connector. Two-dimensional electromagnetic calculation predicts a coupling efficiency of 77% (- 1.14-dB insertion loss) for a silicon-to-silicon coupler with a uniform tunnel layer. The coupling efficiency is experimentally achieved to be 46% (-3.4-dB insertion loss), excluding the loss in silicon and the reflections from the input surface and the output facet.

MWP phase shifters integrated in PbS-SU8 waveguides.

PubMed

Hervás, Javier; Suárez, Isaac; Pérez, Joaquín; Cantó, Pedro J Rodríguez; Abargues, Rafael; Martínez-Pastor, Juan P; Sales, Salvador; Capmany, José

2015-06-01

We present new kind of microwave phase shifters (MPS) based on dispersion of PbS colloidal quantum dots (QDs) in commercially available photoresist SU8 after a ligand exchange process. Ridge PbS-SU8 waveguides are implemented by integration of the nanocomposite in a silicon platform. When these waveguides are pumped at wavelengths below the band-gap of the PbS QDs, a phase shift in an optically conveyed (at 1550 nm) microwave signal is produced. The strong light confinement produced in the ridge waveguides allows an improvement of the phase shift as compared to the case of planar structures. Moreover, a novel ridge bilayer waveguide composed by a PbS-SU8 nanocomposite and a SU8 passive layer is proposed to decrease the propagation losses of the pump beam and in consequence to improve the microwave phase shift up to 36.5° at 25 GHz. Experimental results are reproduced by a theoretical model based on the slow light effect produced in a semiconductor waveguide due to the coherent population oscillations. The resulting device shows potential benefits respect to the current MPS technologies since it allows a fast tunability of the phase shift and a high level of integration due to its small size.

Organic-inorganic hybrid material SUNCONNECT® for photonic integrated circuit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nawata, Hideyuki; Oshima, Juro; Kashino, Tsubasa

2018-02-01

In this paper, we report the feature and properties about organic-inorganic hybrid material, "SUNCONNECT®" for photonic integrated circuit. "SUNCONNECT®" materials have low propagation loss at 1310nm (0.29dB/cm) and 1550nm (0.45dB/cm) respectively. In addition, the material has high thermal resistance both high temperature annealing test at 300°C and also 260°C solder heat resistance test. For actual device application, high reliability is required. 85°C /85% test was examined by using multi-mode waveguide. As a result, it indicated that variation of insertion loss property was not changed significantly after high temperature / high humidity test. For the application to photonic integrated circuit, it was demonstrated to fabricate polymer optical waveguide by using three different methods. Single-micron core pattern can be fabricated on cladding layer by using UV lithography with proximity gap exposure. Also, single-mode waveguide can be also fabricated with over cladding. On the other hands, "Mosquito method" and imprint method can be applied to fabricate polymer optical waveguide. Remarkably, these two methods can fabricate gradedindex type optical waveguide without using photo mask. In order to evaluate the optical performance, NFP's observation, measurement of insertion loss and propagation loss by cut-back methods were carried out by using each waveguide sample.

24-ch microlens-integrated no-polish connector for optical interconnection with polymer waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shiraishi, Takashi; Yagisawa, Takatoshi; Ikeuchi, Tadashi; Daikuhara, Osamu; Tanaka, Kazuhiro

2013-02-01

We successfully developed a new 24-ch optical connector for polymer waveguides. The connector consists of a transparent thermoplastic resin that has two rectangular slits on one side for alignment of the waveguide films and integrated microlens arrays on the other side for coupling to the MT connector. Two 12-ch waveguide films were cut to a 3-mm width. The thickness of each waveguide film was controlled at 100 μm. The waveguide films were inserted into the slits until they touched the bottom face of the slit. Ultraviolet curing adhesive was used to achieve a short hardening process. The expanded beam in the transparent material is focused by the microlens arrays formed on the connector surface. This lens structure enables assembly without the need for a polishing process. We designed the lens for coupling between a step-index 40-μm rectangular waveguide and a graded-index 50-μm fiber. We achieved low-loss optical coupling by designing a method of providing asymmetric magnification between the horizontal and vertical directions in order to compensate for the asymmetric numerical aperture of the waveguide. The typical measured coupling losses from/to the waveguide to/from the fiber were 1.2 dB and 0.6 dB, respectively. The total coupling loss was as small as that of a physical contact connection.

Laser printed glass planar lightwave circuits with integrated fiber alignment structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Desmet, A.; Radosavljevic, A.; Missinne, J.; Van Thourhout, D.; Van Steenberge, G.

2018-02-01

Femtosecond laser inscription allows straightforward manufacturing of glass planar lightwave circuits such as waveguides, interferometers, directional couplers, resonators and more complex structures. Fiber alignment structures are needed to facilitate communication with the glass planar lightwave circuit. In this study, a technique is described to create optical waveguides and alignment structures in the same laser exposure step. Using an industrial ytterbium-doped 1030 nm fiber laser pulses of 400 fs were focused into glass with a 0.4 NA objective causing permanent alteration of the material. Depending on laser parameters this modification allows direct writing of waveguides or the creation of channels after exposing the irradiated volumes to an etchant such as KOH. Writing of channels and waveguides with different laser powers, frequencies, polarisations, stage translation speeds and scan densities were investigated in fused silica and borosilicate glass. Waveguides with controlled dimensions were created, as well as etched U-grooves with a diameter of 126 μm and a sidewall roughness Ra of 255 nm. Cut back measurements were performed giving a waveguide propagation loss of 1.1 dB/cm in borosilicate glass. A coupling loss of 0.7 dB was measured for a transition between the waveguide and standard single mode fiber at 1550 nm, using index matching liquid. The described technique eliminates active alignment requirements and is useful for many applications such as microfluidic sensing, PLCs, fan-out connectors for multicore fibers and quantum optical networks.

Integration of a photonic crystal polarization beam splitter and waveguide bend.

PubMed

Zheng, Wanhua; Xing, Mingxin; Ren, Gang; Johnson, Steven G; Zhou, Wenjun; Chen, Wei; Chen, Lianghui

2009-05-11

In this work, we present the design of an integrated photonic-crystal polarization beam splitter (PC-PBS) and a low-loss photonic-crystal 60 degrees waveguide bend. Firstly, the modal properties of the PC-PBS and the mechanism of the low-loss waveguide bend are investigated by the two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and then the integration of the two devices is studied. It shows that, although the individual devices perform well separately, the performance of the integrated circuit is poor due to the multi-mode property of the PC-PBS. By introducing deformed airhole structures, a single-mode PC-PBS is proposed, which significantly enhance the performance of the circuit with the extinction ratios remaining above 20 dB for both transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) polarizations. Both the specific result and the general idea of integration design are promising in the photonic crystal integrated circuits in the future.

Semiconductor Nonlinear Waveguide Devices and Integrated-Mirror Etalons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chuang, Chih-Li.

This dissertation investigates different III-V semiconductor devices for applications in nonlinear photonics. These include passive and active nonlinear directional couplers, current-controlled optical phase shifter, and integrated -mirror etalons. A novel method to find the propagation constants of an optical waveguide is introduced. The same method is applied, with minor modifications, to find the coupling length of a directional coupler. The method presented provides a tool for the design of optical waveguide devices. The design, fabrication, and performance of a nonlinear directional coupler are presented. This device uses light intensity to control the direction of light coming out. This is achieved through photo-generated-carriers mechanism in the picosecond regime and through the optical Stark effect in the femtosecond regime. A two-transverse -dimensions beam-propagation computation is used to model the switching behavior in the nonlinear directional coupler. It is found that, by considering the pulse degradation effect, the computation agrees well with experiments. The possibility of operating a nonlinear directional coupler with gain is investigated. It is concluded that by injecting current into the nonlinear directional coupler does not provide the advantages hoped for and the modelling using 2-D beam -propagation methods verifies that. Using current injection to change the refractive index of a waveguide, an optical phase shifter is constructed. This device has the merit of delivering large phase shift with almost no intensity modulation. A phase shift as large as 3pi is produced in a waveguide 400 μm in length. Finally, a new structure, grown by the molecular beam epitaxy machine, is described. The structure consists of two quarter-wave stacks and a spacer layer to form an integrated-mirror etalon. The theory, design principles, spectral analyses are discussed with design examples to clarify the ideas. Emphasis is given to the vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser constructed from this structure. Here we demonstrated the cw operation of the VCSEL at room temperature.

Chemical sensors fabricated by a photonic integrated circuit foundry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stievater, Todd H.; Koo, Kee; Tyndall, Nathan F.; Holmstrom, Scott A.; Kozak, Dmitry A.; Goetz, Peter G.; McGill, R. Andrew; Pruessner, Marcel W.

2018-02-01

We describe the detection of trace concentrations of chemical agents using waveguide-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in a photonic integrated circuit fabricated by AIM Photonics. The photonic integrated circuit is based on a five-centimeter long silicon nitride waveguide with a trench etched in the top cladding to allow access to the evanescent field of the propagating mode by analyte molecules. This waveguide transducer is coated with a sorbent polymer to enhance detection sensitivity and placed between low-loss edge couplers. The photonic integrated circuit is laid-out using the AIM Photonics Process Design Kit and fabricated on a Multi-Project Wafer. We detect chemical warfare agent simulants at sub parts-per-million levels in times of less than a minute. We also discuss anticipated improvements in the level of integration for photonic chemical sensors, as well as existing challenges.

Two different ways for waveguides and optoelectronics components on top of C-MOS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fedeli, J. M.; Jeannot, S.; Kostrzewa, M.; Di Cioccio, L.; Jousseaume, V.; Orobtchouk, R.; Maury, P.; Zussy, M.

2006-02-01

While fabrication of photonic components at the wafer level is a long standing goal of integrated optics, new applications such as optical interconnects are introducing new challenges for waveguides and optoelectronic component fabrication. Indeed, global interconnects are expected to face severe limitations in the near future. To face this problem, optical links on top of a CMOS circuits could be an alternative. The critical points to perform an optical link on a chip are firstly the realization of compact passive optical distribution and secondly the report of optoelectronic components for the sources and detectors. This paper presents two different approaches for the integration of both waveguides and optoelectronic components. In a first "total bonding" approach, waveguides have been elaborated using classical "Silicon On Insulators" technology and then reported using molecular bonding on top off Si wafers. The S0I substrate was then chemically etched, after what InP dies were moleculary bonded on top of the waveguides. With this approach, optical components with low loses and a good equilibrium are demonsrated. Using molecular bonding, InP dies were reported with no degradation of the optoelectronic properties of the films. In a second approach, using PECVD silicon nitride or amorphous silicon coupled to PECVD silicon oxide, basic optical components are demonstrated. This low temperature technology is compatible with a microelectronic Back End process, allowing an integration of the waveguides directly on top of CMOS circuits. InP dies can then be bonded on top of the waveguides.

All-optical SR flip-flop based on SOA-MZI switches monolithically integrated on a generic InP platform

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pitris, St.; Vagionas, Ch.; Kanellos, G. T.; Kisacik, R.; Tekin, T.; Broeke, R.; Pleros, N.

2016-03-01

At the dawning of the exaflop era, High Performance Computers are foreseen to exploit integrated all-optical elements, to overcome the speed limitations imposed by electronic counterparts. Drawing from the well-known Memory Wall limitation, imposing a performance gap between processor and memory speeds, research has focused on developing ultra-fast latching devices and all-optical memory elements capable of delivering buffering and switching functionalities at unprecedented bit-rates. Following the master-slave configuration of electronic Flip-Flops, coupled SOA-MZI based switches have been theoretically investigated to exceed 40 Gb/s operation, provided a short coupling waveguide. However, this flip-flop architecture has been only hybridly integrated with silica-on-silicon integration technology exhibiting a total footprint of 45x12 mm2 and intra-Flip-Flop coupling waveguide of 2.5cm, limited at 5 Gb/s operation. Monolithic integration offers the possibility to fabricate multiple active and passive photonic components on a single chip at a close proximity towards, bearing promises for fast all-optical memories. Here, we present for the first time a monolithically integrated all-optical SR Flip-Flop with coupled master-slave SOA-MZI switches. The photonic chip is integrated on a 6x2 mm2 die as a part of a multi-project wafer run using library based components of a generic InP platform, fiber-pigtailed and fully packaged on a temperature controlled ceramic submount module with electrical contacts. The intra Flip-Flop coupling waveguide is 5 mm long, reducing the total footprint by two orders of magnitude. Successful flip flop functionality is evaluated at 10 Gb/s with clear open eye diagram, achieving error free operation with a power penalty of 4dB.

A Short Open Calibration (SOC) Technique to Calculate the Propagation Characteristics of Substrate Integrated Waveguide

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-07-01

integrated with the commercial electromagnetic software for accurate extraction of propagation constant of substrate integrated waveguide ( SIW ) with...respectively. After three distinctive equivalent circuit networks are described for SOC de-embedding procedure. The propagation constants of SIW with...final, the phase and attenuation constants of SIW are derived to demonstrate the propagation and leakage characteristics of SIW . Index Terms

Bent channel design in buried Er3+/Yb3+ codoped phosphate glass waveguide fabricated by field-assisted annealing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Ruitu; Wang, Mu; Chen, Baojie; Liu, Ke; Pun, Edwin Yue-Bun; Lin, Hai

2011-04-01

Bent waveguide structures (S-, U-, and F-bend) based on buried Er3+/Yb3+ codoped phosphate glass waveguide channel fabricated by field-assisted annealing have been designed to achieve high-gain C-band integrated amplification. Using a simulated-bend method, the optimal radius for the curved structure is derived to be 0.90 cm with loss coefficient of 0.02 dB/cm, as the substrate size is schemed to be 4×3 cm2. In the wavelength range of 1520 to 1575 nm, obvious gain enhancement for the bent structure waveguides is anticipated, and for the F-bend waveguide, the internal gain at 1534-nm wavelength is derived to be 41.61 dB, which is much higher than the value of 26.22 and 13.81 dB in the U- and S-bend waveguides, respectively, and over three times higher than that of the straight one. The simulation results indicate that the bent structure design is beneficial in obtaining high signal gain in buried Er3+/Yb3+ codoped phosphate glass waveguides, which lays the foundation for further design and fabrication of integrated devices.

Robust flow of light in three-dimensional dielectric photonic crystals.

PubMed

Chen, Wen-Jie; Jiang, Shao-Ji; Dong, Jian-Wen

2013-09-01

Chiral defect waveguides and waveguide bend geometry were designed in diamond photonic crystal to mold the flow of light in three dimensions. Propagations of electromagnetic waves in chiral waveguides are robust against isotropic obstacles, which would suppress backscattering in waveguides or integrated devices. Finite-difference time-domain simulations demonstrate that high coupling efficiency through the bend corner is preserved in the polarization gap, as it provides an additional constraint on the polarization state of the backscattered wave. Transport robustness is also demonstrated by inserting two metallic slabs into the waveguide bend.

Optimization of an integrated wavelength monitor device

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Pengfei; Brambilla, Gilberto; Semenova, Yuliya; Wu, Qiang; Farrell, Gerald

2011-05-01

In this paper an edge filter based on multimode interference in an integrated waveguide is optimized for a wavelength monitoring application. This can also be used as a demodulation element in a fibre Bragg grating sensing system. A global optimization algorithm is presented for the optimum design of the multimode interference device, including a range of parameters of the multimode waveguide, such as length, width and position of the input and output waveguides. The designed structure demonstrates the desired spectral response for wavelength measurements. Fabrication tolerance is also analysed numerically for this structure.

Integrated optical XY coupler

DOEpatents

Vawter, G. Allen; Hadley, G. Ronald

1997-01-01

An integrated optical XY coupler having two converging input waveguide arms meeting in a central section and a central output waveguide arm and two diverging flanking output waveguide arms emanating from the central section. In-phase light from the input arms constructively interfers in the central section to produce a single mode output in the central output arm with the rest of the light being collected in the flanking output arms. Crosstalk between devices on a substrate is minimized by this collection of the out-of-phase light by the flanking output arms of the XY coupler.

Integrated optical XY coupler

DOEpatents

Vawter, G.A.; Hadley, G.R.

1997-05-06

An integrated optical XY coupler having two converging input waveguide arms meeting in a central section and a central output waveguide arm and two diverging flanking output waveguide arms emanating from the central section. In-phase light from the input arms constructively interferes in the central section to produce a single mode output in the central output arm with the rest of the light being collected in the flanking output arms. Crosstalk between devices on a substrate is minimized by this collection of the out-of-phase light by the flanking output arms of the XY coupler. 9 figs.

Transverse-longitudinal integrated resonator

DOEpatents

Hutchinson, Donald P [Knoxville, TN; Simpson, Marcus L [Knoxville, TN; Simpson, John T [Knoxville, TN

2003-03-11

A transverse-longitudinal integrated optical resonator (TLIR) is disclosed which includes a waveguide, a first and a second subwavelength resonant grating in the waveguide, and at least one photonic band gap resonant structure (PBG) in the waveguide. The PBG is positioned between the first and second subwavelength resonant gratings. An electro-optic waveguide material may be used to permit tuning the TLIR and to permit the TLIR to perform signal modulation and switching. The TLIR may be positioned on a bulk substrate die with one or more electronic and optical devices and may be communicably connected to the same. A method for fabricating a TLIR including fabricating a broadband reflective grating is disclosed. A method for tuning the TLIR's transmission resonance wavelength is also disclosed.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Murray, E.; Floether, F. F.; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE

Fundamental to integrated photonic quantum computing is an on-chip method for routing and modulating quantum light emission. We demonstrate a hybrid integration platform consisting of arbitrarily designed waveguide circuits and single-photon sources. InAs quantum dots (QD) embedded in GaAs are bonded to a SiON waveguide chip such that the QD emission is coupled to the waveguide mode. The waveguides are SiON core embedded in a SiO{sub 2} cladding. A tuneable Mach Zehnder interferometer (MZI) modulates the emission between two output ports and can act as a path-encoded qubit preparation device. The single-photon nature of the emission was verified using themore » on-chip MZI as a beamsplitter in a Hanbury Brown and Twiss measurement.« less

Field of view of limitations in see-through HMD using geometric waveguides.

PubMed

DeHoog, Edward; Holmstedt, Jason; Aye, Tin

2016-08-01

Geometric waveguides are being integrated into head-mounted display (HMD) systems, where having see-through capability in a compact, lightweight form factor is required. We developed methods for determining the field of view (FOV) of such waveguide HMD systems and have analytically derived the FOV for waveguides using planar and curved geometries. By using real ray-tracing methods, we are able to show how the geometry and index of refraction of the waveguide, as well as the properties of the coupling optics, impact the FOV. Use of this analysis allows one to determine the maximum theoretical FOV of a planar or curved waveguide-based system.

Low-loss optical waveguides in β-BBO crystal fabricated by femtosecond-laser writing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Ziqi; Cheng, Chen; Romero, Carolina; Lu, Qingming; Vázquez de Aldana, Javier Rodríguez; Chen, Feng

2017-11-01

We report on the fabrication and characterization of β-BBO depressed cladding waveguides fabricated by femtosecond-laser writing with no significant changes in the waveguide lattice microstructure. The waveguiding properties and the propagation losses of the cladding structures are investigated, showing good transmission properties at wavelengths of 400 and 800 nm along TM polarization. The minimum propagation losses are measured to be as low as 0.19 dB/cm at wavelength of 800 nm. The well-preserved waveguide lattice microstructure and good guiding performances with low propagation losses suggest the potential applications of the cladding waveguides in β-BBO crystal as novel integrated photonic devices.

Quasi Eighth-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Fractal Resonator Filter Utilizing Gap Coupling Compensation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Sheng; Rao, Jia-Yu; Tai, Wen-Si; Wang, Ting; Liu, Fa-Lin

2016-09-01

In this paper, a kind of quasi eighth substrate integrated waveguide resonator (QESIWR) with defected fractal structure (DFS) is proposed firstly. Compared with the eighth substrate integrated waveguide resonator (ESIWR), this kind of resonator has lower resonant frequency (f0), acceptable unloaded quality (Qu) value and almost unchanged electric field distribution. In order to validate the properties of QESIWR, a cascaded quadruplet QESIWRs filter is designed and optimized. By using cross coupling and gap coupling compensation, this filter has two transmission zeros (TZs) at each side of the passband. Meanwhile, in comparison with the conventional ones, its size is cut down over 90 %. The measured results agree well with the simulated ones.

Low-loss compact multilayer silicon nitride platform for 3D photonic integrated circuits.

PubMed

Shang, Kuanping; Pathak, Shibnath; Guan, Binbin; Liu, Guangyao; Yoo, S J B

2015-08-10

We design, fabricate, and demonstrate a silicon nitride (Si(3)N(4)) multilayer platform optimized for low-loss and compact multilayer photonic integrated circuits. The designed platform, with 200 nm thick waveguide core and 700 nm interlayer gap, is compatible for active thermal tuning and applicable to realizing compact photonic devices such as arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs). We achieve ultra-low loss vertical couplers with 0.01 dB coupling loss, multilayer crossing loss of 0.167 dB at 90° crossing angle, 50 μm bending radius, 100 × 2 μm(2) footprint, lateral misalignment tolerance up to 400 nm, and less than -52 dB interlayer crosstalk at 1550 nm wavelength. Based on the designed platform, we demonstrate a 27 × 32 × 2 multilayer star coupler.

Millimeter And Submillimeter-Wave Integrated Circuits On Quartz

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mehdi, Imran; Mazed, Mohammad; Siegel, Peter; Smith, R. Peter

1995-01-01

Proposed Quartz substrate Upside-down Integrated Device (QUID) relies on UV-curable adhesive to bond semiconductor with quartz. Integrated circuits including planar GaAs Schottky diodes and passive circuit elements (such as bandpass filters) fabricated on quartz substrates. Circuits designed to operate as mixers in waveguide circuit at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. Integrated circuits mechanically more robust, larger, and easier to handle than planar Schottky diode chips. Quartz substrate more suitable for waveguide circuits than GaAs substrate.

Microwave waveguide manifold and method

DOEpatents

Staehlin, John H.

1987-01-01

A controllably electrically coupled, physically intersecting plural waveguide manifold assembly wherein the intersecting waveguide elements are fabricated in integral unitary relationship from a single piece of metal in order to avoid the inaccuracies and difficult-to-control fabrication steps associated with uniting separate waveguide elements into a unitary structure. An X-band aluminum airborne radar manifold example is disclosed, along with a fabrication sequence for the manifold and the electrical energy communicating apertures joining the manifold elements.

Microwave waveguide manifold and method

DOEpatents

Staehlin, John H.

1987-12-01

A controllably electrically coupled, physically intersecting plural waveguide manifold assembly wherein the intersecting waveguide elements are fabricated in integral unitary relationship from a single piece of metal in order to avoid the inaccuracies and difficult-to-control fabrication steps associated with uniting separate waveguide elements into a unitary structure. An X-band aluminum airborne radar manifold example is disclosed, along with a fabrication sequence for the manifold and the electrical energy communicating apertures joining the manifold elements.

Gbit/s-operation of graphene electro-absorption modulators in a passive polymer waveguide platform for data and telecommunications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kleinert, M.; Reinke, P.; Bach, H.-G.; Brinker, W.; Zawadzki, C.; Dietrich, A.; de Felipe, D.; Keil, N.; Schell, M.

2017-02-01

Graphene with its high carrier mobility as well as its tunable light absorption is an attractive active material for highspeed electro-absorption modulators (EAMs). Large-area CVD-grown graphene monolayers can be transferred onto arbitrary substrates to add active optoelectronic properties to intrinsically passive photonic integration platforms. In this work, we present graphene-based EAMs integrated in passive polymer waveguides. To facilitate modulation frequencies in the GHz range, a 50 Ω termination resistor as well as a DC blocking capacitor are integrated with graphene EAMs for the first time. Large signal data transmission experiments were carried out across the O, C and L optical communications bands. The fastest devices exhibit a 3-dB bandwidth of more than 4 GHz. Our analytical model of the modulation response for the graphene-based EAMs is in good agreement with the measurement results. It predicts that bandwidths greater than 50 GHz are possible with future device iterations. Owing to the absorption properties of the graphene layers, the devices are expected to be functional at smaller wavelengths of interest for optical interconnects and data-communications as well, offering a novel flexibility for the integration of high-speed functionalities in optoelectronic integrated circuits. Our work is the first step towards an Active Optical Printed Circuit Board, hiding the optics completely inside the board and thus removing entry barriers in manufacturing. We believe this will lead to the same success as observed in Active Optical Cables for short range optically wired connections.

Open-ended half-mode substrate integrated waveguide sensor with ground flange for complex permittivity measurement

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

A novel open-ended half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) sensor with ground flange for measuring complex permittivity of liquids, semisolids, and granular and particulate materials is presented. The open-ended HMSIW is designed and fabricated on FR4 substrate. The ground flange was custo...

Thin glass based packaging and photonic single-mode waveguide integration by ion-exchange technology on board and module level

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brusberg, Lars; Lang, Günter; Schröder, Henning

2011-01-01

The proposed novel packaging approach merges micro-system packaging and glass integrated optics. It provides 3D optical single-mode intra system links to bridge the gap between novel photonic integrated circuits and the glass fibers for inter system interconnects. We introduce our hybrid 3D photonic packaging approach based on thin glass substrates with planar integrated optical single-mode waveguides for fiber-to-chip and chip-to-chip links. Optical mirrors and lenses provide optical mode matching for photonic IC assemblies and optical fiber interconnects. Thin glass is commercially available in panel and wafer formats and characterizes excellent optical and high-frequency properties as reviewed in the paper. That makes it perfect for micro-system packaging. The adopted planar waveguide process based on ion-exchange technology is capable for high-volume manufacturing. This ion-exchange process and the optical propagation are described in detail for thin glass substrates. An extensive characterization of all basic circuit elements like straight and curved waveguides, couplers and crosses proves the low attenuation of the optical circuit elements.

INTEGRATED AND FIBER OPTICS: Threshold of photoinduced conversion of the polarization of radiation in lithium niobate optical waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kazanskiĭ, P. G.

1989-02-01

A threshold of photoinduced conversion of an ordinary wave into an extraordinary one was discovered for lithium niobate optical waveguides. The threshold intensity of the radiation was determined for waveguides prepared under different conditions. The experimental results were compared with theoretical estimates.

Numerical simulation studies of nano-scale surface plasmon components: waveguides, splitters, and filters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Xian-Shi; Huang, Xu-Guang

2008-12-01

In this paper, we theoretically and numerically demonstrate a two-dimensional Metal-Dielectric-Metal (MDM) waveguide based on finite-difference time-domain simulation of the propagation characteristics of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). For practical applications, we propose a plasmonic Y-branch waveguide based on MDM structure for high integration. The simulation results show that the Y-branch waveguide proposed here makes optical splitter with large branching angle (~180 degree) come true. We also introduce a finite array of periodic tooth structure on one surface of the MDM waveguide which is in a similar way as FBGs or Bragg reflectors, potentially as filters for WDM applications. Our results show that the novel structure not only can realize filtering function of wavelength with a high transmittance over 92%, but also with an ultra-compact size in the length of a few hundred nanometers, in comparison with other grating-like SPPs filters. The MDM waveguide splitters and filters could be utilized to achieve ultra-compact photonic filtering devices for high integration in SPPs-based flat metallic surfaces.

Surface trimming of silicon photonics devices using controlled reactive ion etching chemistry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chandran, S.; Das, B. K.

2015-06-01

Surface trimming of rib waveguides fabricated in 5-μm SOI substrate has been carried out successfully without any significant increase of propagation losses. A reactive ion etching chemistry has been optimized for trimming and an empirical model has been developed to obtain the resulting waveguide geometries. This technique has been used to demonstrate smaller footprint devices like multimode interference based power splitters and ring resonators after defining them photolithographically with relatively large cross-section rib waveguides. We have been also successful to fabricate 2D tapered spot-size converter useful for monolithic integration of waveguides with varying heights and widths. The taper length is again precisely controlled by photolithographic definition. Minimum insertion loss of such a spot-size converter integrated between waveguides with 3-μm height difference has been recorded to be ∼2 dB. It has been also shown that the overall fiber-to-chip coupling loss can be reduced by >3 dB by using such spot-size converters at the input/output side of the waveguides.

Low loss GaN waveguides at the visible spectral wavelengths for integrated photonics applications.

PubMed

Chen, Hong; Fu, Houqiang; Huang, Xuanqi; Zhang, Xiaodong; Yang, Tsung-Han; Montes, Jossue A; Baranowski, Izak; Zhao, Yuji

2017-12-11

We perform comprehensive studies on the fundamental loss mechanisms in III-nitride waveguides in the visible spectral region. Theoretical analysis shows that free carrier loss dominates for GaN under low photon power injection. When optical power increases, the two photon absorption loss becomes important and eventually dominates when photon energy above half-bandgap of GaN. When the dimensions of the waveguides reduce, the sidewall scattering loss will start to dominate. To verify the theoretical results, a high performance GaN-on-sapphire waveguide was fabricated and characterized. Experimental results are consistent with the theoretical findings, showing that under high power injection the optical loss changed significantly for GaN waveguides. A low optical loss ~2 dB/cm was achieved on the GaN waveguide, which is the lowest value ever reported for the visible spectral range. The results and fabrication processes developed in this work pave the way for the development of III-nitride integrated photonics in the visible and potentially ultraviolet spectral range for nonlinear optics and quantum photonics applications.

Passive fiber alignment to single-mode plastic waveguides fabricated by injection molding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pompe, Guido; Lehmacher, Stefan; Rudolph, Stefan; Kalveram, Stefan; Joenck, Matthias; Neyer, Andreas

1998-04-01

Passive fibre-waveguide coupling is a promising alternative to expensive active coupling in single-mode fibre-optics. The idea to utilize replication techniques in transparent polymeric materials for waveguide and alignment structure fabrication has led to the SIGA-process (Silizium, Galvanik und Abformung) which allows a cost effective production of low loss polymer waveguides in the near IR. Major difficulties in passive fibre coupling are caused by the high lateral alignment accuracy (of about 1 micrometer) in fibre positioning. In the SIGA process, the exact position of the V- grooves relative to the waveguide trenches is defined by the etch mask for the silicon master wafer. The width of the V- grooves is determined by the KOH etching time. It is controlled precisely at various stages in the etching process by means of a microscope based piezo driven measurement system with a resolution better than 0.5 micrometer, thus allowing a final vertical precision of fibre positioning of 350 nm. In order to specify the capability of our technology we have measured the position of dozens of fibres glued into V- grooves. The result was that an amount of 55% of the fibre cores was closer than 1.5 micrometer to the waveguide centre. As the experience has shown, a two-step process for the fabrication of passively fibre coupled waveguides is necessary. First, the waveguides are produced by filling the waveguide trenches with an IR-transparent monomer and by polymerizing it using UV curing. The waveguides are inspected with visible and IR light by clamping a fibre ribbon mechanically into the integrated plastic V-grooves. In a second step the fibre ribbon is fixed irreversibly in the V- grooves. By that way we have reached an insertion loss of 3.5 dB at 1300nm and 1550nm for passively coupled 22mm single mode waveguides. Most of the losses are attributed to waveguide imperfections. More details concerning the coupling losses and the device performances will be reported at the conference.

Directional radiation of Babinet-inverted optical nanoantenna integrated with plasmonic waveguide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Jineun; Roh, Young-Geun; Cheon, Sangmo; Jeong Kim, Un; Hwang, Sung Woo; Park, Yeonsang; Lee, Chang-Won

2015-07-01

We present a Babinet-inverted optical nanoantenna integrated with a plasmonic waveguide. Using an integrated nanoantenna, we can couple the plasmon guide mode in a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure into the resonant antenna feed directly. The resonantly excited feed slot then radiates to free space and generates a magnetic dipole-like far-field pattern. The coupling efficiency of the integrated nanoantenna is calculated as being approximately 19% using a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D FDTD) simulation. By adding an auxiliary groove structure along with the feed, the radiation direction can be controlled similar to an optical Yagi-Uda antenna. We also determine, both theoretically and experimentally, that groove depth plays a significant role to function groove structure as a reflector or a director. The demonstrated Babinet-inverted optical nanoantenna integrated with a plasmonic waveguide can be used as a “plasmonic via” in plasmonic nanocircuits.

Directional radiation of Babinet-inverted optical nanoantenna integrated with plasmonic waveguide.

PubMed

Kim, Jineun; Roh, Young-Geun; Cheon, Sangmo; Kim, Un Jeong; Hwang, Sung Woo; Park, Yeonsang; Lee, Chang-Won

2015-07-02

We present a Babinet-inverted optical nanoantenna integrated with a plasmonic waveguide. Using an integrated nanoantenna, we can couple the plasmon guide mode in a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure into the resonant antenna feed directly. The resonantly excited feed slot then radiates to free space and generates a magnetic dipole-like far-field pattern. The coupling efficiency of the integrated nanoantenna is calculated as being approximately 19% using a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D FDTD) simulation. By adding an auxiliary groove structure along with the feed, the radiation direction can be controlled similar to an optical Yagi-Uda antenna. We also determine, both theoretically and experimentally, that groove depth plays a significant role to function groove structure as a reflector or a director. The demonstrated Babinet-inverted optical nanoantenna integrated with a plasmonic waveguide can be used as a "plasmonic via" in plasmonic nanocircuits.

Directional radiation of Babinet-inverted optical nanoantenna integrated with plasmonic waveguide

PubMed Central

Kim, Jineun; Roh, Young-Geun; Cheon, Sangmo; Jeong Kim, Un; Hwang, Sung Woo; Park, Yeonsang; Lee, Chang-Won

2015-01-01

We present a Babinet-inverted optical nanoantenna integrated with a plasmonic waveguide. Using an integrated nanoantenna, we can couple the plasmon guide mode in a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure into the resonant antenna feed directly. The resonantly excited feed slot then radiates to free space and generates a magnetic dipole-like far-field pattern. The coupling efficiency of the integrated nanoantenna is calculated as being approximately 19% using a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D FDTD) simulation. By adding an auxiliary groove structure along with the feed, the radiation direction can be controlled similar to an optical Yagi-Uda antenna. We also determine, both theoretically and experimentally, that groove depth plays a significant role to function groove structure as a reflector or a director. The demonstrated Babinet-inverted optical nanoantenna integrated with a plasmonic waveguide can be used as a “plasmonic via” in plasmonic nanocircuits. PMID:26135115

An on-chip polarization splitter based on the radiation loss in the bending hybrid plasmonic waveguide structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Chengwei; Rong, Kexiu; Gan, Fengyuan; Chu, Saisai; Gong, Qihuang; Chen, Jianjun

2017-09-01

Polarization beam splitters (PBSs) are one of the key components in the integrated photonic circuits. To increase the integration density, various complex hybrid plasmonic structures have been numerically designed to shrink the footprints of the PBSs. Here, to decrease the complexity of the small hybrid structures and the difficulty of the hybrid micro-nano fabrications, the radiation losses are utilized to experimentally demonstrate an ultra-small, broadband, and efficient PBS in a simple bending hybrid plasmonic waveguide structure. The hybrid plasmonic waveguide comprising a dielectric strip on the metal surface supports both the transverse-magnetic (TM) and transverse-electric (TE) waveguide modes. Because of the different field confinements, the TE waveguide mode has larger radiation loss than the TM waveguide mode in the bending hybrid strip waveguide. Based on the different radiation losses, the two incident waveguide modes of orthogonal polarization states are efficiently split in the proposed structure with a footprint of only about 2.2 × 2.2 μm2 on chips. Since there is no resonance or interference in the splitting process, the operation bandwidth is as broad as Δλ = 70 nm. Moreover, the utilization of the strongly confined waveguide modes instead of the bulk free-space light (with the spot size of at least a few wavelengths) as the incident source considerably increases the coupling efficiency, resulting in a low insertion loss of <3 dB.

InP-based monolithically integrated 1310/1550nm diplexer/triplexer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silfvenius, C.; Swillo, M.; Claesson, J.; Forsberg, E.; Akram, N.; Chacinski, M.; Thylén, L.

2008-11-01

Multiple streams of high definition television (HDTV) and improved home-working infrastructure are currently driving forces for potential fiber to the home (FTTH) customers [1]. There is an interest to reduce the cost and physical size of the FTTH equipment. The current fabrication methods have reached a cost minimum. We have addressed the costchallenge by developing 1310/(1490)/1550nm bidirectional diplexers, by monolithic seamless integration of lasers, photodiodes and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) couplers into one single InP-based device. A 250nm wide optical gain profile covers the spectrum from 1310 to 1550nm and is the principal building block. The device fabrication is basically based on the established configuration of using split-contacts on continuos waveguides. Optical and electrical cross-talks are further addressed by using a Y-configuration to physically separate the components from each other and avoid inline configurations such as when the incoming signal travels through the laser component or vice versa. By the eliminated butt-joint interfaces which can reflect light between components or be a current leakage path and by leaving optically absorbing (unpumped active) material to surround the components to absorb spontaneous emission and nonintentional reflections the devices are optically and electrically isolated from each other. Ridge waveguides (RWG) form the waveguides and which also maintain the absorbing material between them. The WDM functionality is designed for a large optical bandwidth complying with the wide spectral range in FTTH applications and also reducing the polarization dependence of the WDM-coupler. Lasing is achieved by forming facet-free, λ/4-shifted, DFB (distributed feedback laser) lasers emitting directly into the waveguide. The photodiodes are waveguide photo-diodes (WGPD). Our seamless technology is also able to array the single channel diplexers to 4 to 12 channel diplexer arrays with 250μm fiber port waveguide spacing to comply with fiber optic ribbons. This is an important feature in central office applications were small physical space is important.

FIBER AND INTEGRATED OPTICS: Directional pattern and other output properties of a quantum-well injection laser for the 780-nm spectral region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davydova, Evgeniya I.; Drakin, A. E.; Eliseev, P. G.; Pak, G. T.; Popovichev, V. V.; Uspenskiĭ, M. B.; Khlopotin, S. E.; Shishkin, Viktor A.

1992-10-01

An optical model is constructed for a GaAlAs/GaAs stripe-geometry laser heterostructure with a ridge-waveguide configuration in the p-type emitter layer. This waveguide configuration provides lateral optical confinement. The directional characteristics of the output are found as a function of the parameters of the structure. The quantum-well active layer is in a three-layer waveguide (in a separate-confinement structure). Laser structures were fabricated experimentally by MOCVD epitaxy followed by ion-chemical etching and vacuum deposition of zinc selenide on the mesa stripes. Low-threshold lasers with a cw, single-frequency power up to 40 μW were obtained. In single-spatial-mode operation, a power up to 80 μW was achieved at a wavelength of 780 nm. Windows of ZnSe were grown on the laser facets to improve the optical strength.

Solitonic guides in photopolymerizable materials for optical devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dorkenoo, Kokou D.; Cregut, Olivier; Fort, Alain

2003-11-01

These last twenty years, advanced studies in integrated optics have demonstrated the capacity to elaborate optical circuits in planar substrates. Most of the optical integrated devices are realized on glass substrate and the guide areas are usually obtained by photolithography techniques. We present here a new approach based on the use of compounds photopolymerizable in the visible range. The conditions of self written channel creation by solitonic propagation inside the bulk of the photopolymerizable formulation are analyzed. Waveguides can be self-written in photopolymerizable materials1,2 due to the dependence of their refractive index on intensity and duration of the active light. This process results from the competition between the diffraction of the incident Gaussian beam and the photopolymerization which tends to increase the refractive index where light intensity is the highest. By controlling the difference between the refractive index values of the polymerized and non polymerized zones, the beam can be self-trapped along the propagation axis giving rise to a waveguide over distances as large as 10 cm without any broadening. Such permanent waveguides can be structured by inscription of gratings and doped with a dye in a plastic cell leading to the elaboration of a completely plastic laser.

Low-loss curved subwavelength grating waveguide based on index engineering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Zheng; Xu, Xiaochuan; Fan, D. L.; Wang, Yaoguo; Chen, Ray T.

2016-03-01

Subwavelength grating (SWG) waveguide is an intriguing alternative to conventional optical waveguides due to its freedom to tune a few important waveguide properties such as dispersion and refractive index. Devices based on SWG waveguide have demonstrated impressive performances compared to those of conventional waveguides. However, the large loss of SWG waveguide bends jeopardizes their applications in integrated photonics circuits. In this work, we propose that a predistorted refractive index distribution in SWG waveguide bends can effectively decrease the mode mismatch noise and radiation loss simultaneously, and thus significantly reduce the bend loss. Here, we achieved the pre-distortion refractive index distribution by using trapezoidal silicon pillars. This geometry tuning approach is numerically optimized and experimentally demonstrated. The average insertion loss of a 5 μm SWG waveguide bend can be reduced drastically from 5.58 dB to 1.37 dB per 90° bend for quasi-TE polarization. In the future, the proposed approach can be readily adopted to enhance performance of an array of SWG waveguide-based photonics devices.

The cross waveguide grating: proposal, theory and applications.

PubMed

Muñoz, Pascual; Pastor, Daniel; Capmany, José

2005-04-18

In this paper a novel grating-like integrated optics device is proposed, the Cross Waveguide Grating (XWG). The device is based upon a modified configuration of a traditional Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG). The Arrayed Waveguides part is changed, as detailed along this document, giving the device both the ability of multi/demultiplexing and power splitting/coupling. Design examples and transfer function simulations show good agreement with the presented theory. Finally, some of the envisaged applications are outlined.

Scalable electro-photonic integration concept based on polymer waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bosman, E.; Van Steenberge, G.; Boersma, A.; Wiegersma, S.; Harmsma, P.; Karppinen, M.; Korhonen, T.; Offrein, B. J.; Dangel, R.; Daly, A.; Ortsiefer, M.; Justice, J.; Corbett, B.; Dorrestein, S.; Duis, J.

2016-03-01

A novel method for fabricating a single mode optical interconnection platform is presented. The method comprises the miniaturized assembly of optoelectronic single dies, the scalable fabrication of polymer single mode waveguides and the coupling to glass fiber arrays providing the I/O's. The low cost approach for the polymer waveguide fabrication is based on the nano-imprinting of a spin-coated waveguide core layer. The assembly of VCSELs and photodiodes is performed before waveguide layers are applied. By embedding these components in deep reactive ion etched pockets in the silicon substrate, the planarity of the substrate for subsequent layer processing is guaranteed and the thermal path of chip-to-substrate is minimized. Optical coupling of the embedded devices to the nano-imprinted waveguides is performed by laser ablating 45 degree trenches which act as optical mirror for 90 degree deviation of the light from VCSEL to waveguide. Laser ablation is also implemented for removing parts of the polymer stack in order to mount a custom fabricated connector containing glass fiber arrays. A demonstration device was built to show the proof of principle of the novel fabrication, packaging and optical coupling principles as described above, combined with a set of sub-demonstrators showing the functionality of the different techniques separately. The paper represents a significant part of the electro-photonic integration accomplishments in the European 7th Framework project "Firefly" and not only discusses the development of the different assembly processes described above, but the efforts on the complete integration of all process approaches into the single device demonstrator.

Cup waveguide antenna with integrated polarizer and OMT

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kory, Carol (Inventor); Acosta, Roberto J. (Inventor); Lambert, Kevin M. (Inventor)

2011-01-01

A cup waveguide antenna with integrated polarizer and OMT for simultaneously communicating left and right hand circularly polarized electromagnetic waves is adjustable to obtain efficient propagation and reception of electromagnetic waves. The antenna includes a circular waveguide having an orthomode transducer utilizing first and second pins longitudinally spaced apart and oriented orthogonally with respect to each other. Six radially-oriented adjustable polarizer screws extend from the exterior to the interior of the waveguide. A septum intermediate the first and second pins is aligned with the first pin. Adjustment of the polarizer screws enables maximized propagation of and/or response to left hand circularly polarized electromagnetic waves by the first pin while simultaneously enabling maximized propagation of and/or response to right hand circularly polarized electromagnetic waves by the second pin.

Polymer waveguides for electro-optical integration in data centers and high-performance computers.

PubMed

Dangel, Roger; Hofrichter, Jens; Horst, Folkert; Jubin, Daniel; La Porta, Antonio; Meier, Norbert; Soganci, Ibrahim Murat; Weiss, Jonas; Offrein, Bert Jan

2015-02-23

To satisfy the intra- and inter-system bandwidth requirements of future data centers and high-performance computers, low-cost low-power high-throughput optical interconnects will become a key enabling technology. To tightly integrate optics with the computing hardware, particularly in the context of CMOS-compatible silicon photonics, optical printed circuit boards using polymer waveguides are considered as a formidable platform. IBM Research has already demonstrated the essential silicon photonics and interconnection building blocks. A remaining challenge is electro-optical packaging, i.e., the connection of the silicon photonics chips with the system. In this paper, we present a new single-mode polymer waveguide technology and a scalable method for building the optical interface between silicon photonics chips and single-mode polymer waveguides.

Characterization of Si3N4/SiO2 optical channel waveguides by photon scanning tunneling microscopy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wang, Yan; Chudgar, Mona H.; Jackson, Howard E.; Miller, Jeffrey S.; De Brabander, Gregory N.; Boyd, Joseph T.

1993-01-01

Photon scanning tunneling microscopy (PSTM) is used to characterize Si3N4/Si02 optical channel waveguides being used for integrated optical-micromechanical sensors. PSTM utilizes an optical fiber tapered to a fine point which is piezoelectrically positioned to measure the decay of the evanescent field intensity associated with the waveguide propagating mode. Evanescent field decays are recorded for both ridge channel waveguides and planar waveguide regions. Values for the local effective refractive index are calculated from the data for both polarizations and compared to model calculations.

Rectangular-cladding silicon slot waveguide with improved nonlinear performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Zengzhi; Huang, Qingzhong; Wang, Yi; Xia, Jinsong

2018-04-01

Silicon slot waveguides have great potential in hybrid silicon integration to realize nonlinear optical applications. We propose a rectangular-cladding hybrid silicon slot waveguide. Simulation result shows that, with a rectangular-cladding, the slot waveguide can be formed by narrower silicon strips, so the two-photon absorption (TPA) loss in silicon is decreased. When the cladding material is a nonlinear polymer, the calculated TPA figure of merit (FOMTPA) is 4.4, close to the value of bulk nonlinear polymer of 5.0. This value confirms the good nonlinear performance of rectangular-cladding silicon slot waveguides.

Metal-clad waveguide characterization for contact-based light transmission into tissue

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chininis, Jeffrey; Whiteside, Paul; Hunt, Heather K.

2016-02-01

As contemporary laser dermatology procedures, like tattoo removal and skin resurfacing, become more popular, the complications of their operation are also becoming more prevalent. Frequent incidences of over-exposure, ocular injury, and excessive thermal damage represent mounting concerns for those seeking such procedures; moreover, each of these problems is a direct consequence of the standard, free-space method of laser transmission predominantly used in clinical settings. Therefore, an alternative method of light transmission is needed to minimize these problems. Here, we demonstrate and characterize an alternative method that uses planar waveguides to deliver light into sample tissue via direct contact. To do this, slab substrates made from glass were clad in layers of titanium and silver, constraining the light within the waveguide along the waveguide's length. By creating active areas on the waveguide surface, the propagating light could then optically tunnel into the tissue sample, when the waveguide was brought into contact with the tissue. SEM and EDS were used to characterize the metal film thickness and deposition rates onto the glass substrates. Laser light from a Q-switched Nd:YAG source operating at 532nm was coupled into the waveguide and transmitted into samples of pig skin. The amount of light transmitted was measured using photoacoustics techniques, in conjunction with a photodiode and integrating sphere. Transmitting light into tissue in this manner effectively resolves or circumvents the complications caused by free-space propagation methods as it reduces the operating distance to 0, which prevents hazardous back-reflections and allows for the ready incorporation of contact cooling technologies.

On-Chip Waveguide Coupling of a Layered Semiconductor Single-Photon Source.

PubMed

Tonndorf, Philipp; Del Pozo-Zamudio, Osvaldo; Gruhler, Nico; Kern, Johannes; Schmidt, Robert; Dmitriev, Alexander I; Bakhtinov, Anatoly P; Tartakovskii, Alexander I; Pernice, Wolfram; Michaelis de Vasconcellos, Steffen; Bratschitsch, Rudolf

2017-09-13

Fully integrated quantum technology based on photons is in the focus of current research, because of its immense potential concerning performance and scalability. Ideally, the single-photon sources, the processing units, and the photon detectors are all combined on a single chip. Impressive progress has been made for on-chip quantum circuits and on-chip single-photon detection. In contrast, nonclassical light is commonly coupled onto the photonic chip from the outside, because presently only few integrated single-photon sources exist. Here, we present waveguide-coupled single-photon emitters in the layered semiconductor gallium selenide as promising on-chip sources. GaSe crystals with a thickness below 100 nm are placed on Si 3 N 4 rib or slot waveguides, resulting in a modified mode structure efficient for light coupling. Using optical excitation from within the Si 3 N 4 waveguide, we find nonclassicality of generated photons routed on the photonic chip. Thus, our work provides an easy-to-implement and robust light source for integrated quantum technology.

Analysis of rectangular resonant cavities in terahertz parallel-plate waveguides.

PubMed

Astley, Victoria; McCracken, Blake; Mendis, Rajind; Mittleman, Daniel M

2011-04-15

We describe an experimental and theoretical characterization of rectangular resonant cavities integrated into parallel-plate waveguides, using terahertz pulses. When the waveguide is excited with the lowest-order transverse-electric mode, these cavities exhibit resonances with narrow linewidths. Broadband transmission spectra are compared with the results of mode-matching calculations, for various cavity dimensions.

Integrated narrowband optical filter based on embedded subwavelength resonant grating structures

DOEpatents

Grann, Eric B.; Sitter, Jr., David N.

2000-01-01

A resonant grating structure in a waveguide and methods of tuning the performance of the grating structure are described. An apparatus includes a waveguide; and a subwavelength resonant grating structure embedded in the waveguide. The systems and methods provide advantages including narrowband filtering capabilities, minimal sideband reflections, spatial control, high packing density, and tunability.

Magnetic decoupling of the linac in a low field biplanar linac-MR system.

PubMed

St Aubin, J; Steciw, S; Fallone, B G

2010-09-01

The integration of a low field biplanar magnetic resonance (MR) imager and linear accelerator (linac) causes magnetic interference at the linac due to the MR fringe fields. In order to eliminate this interference, passive and active magnetic shielding designs are investigated. The optimized design of passive magnetic shielding was performed using the finite element method. The design was required to achieve no greater than a 20% electron beam loss within the linac waveguide and electron gun, no greater than 0.06 T at the multileaf collimator (MLC) motors, and generate a distortion of the main MR imaging volume of no greater than 300 ppm. Through the superposition of the analytical solution for a single current carrying wire loop, active shielding designs in the form of three and four sets of coil pairs surrounding the linac waveguide and electron gun were also investigated. The optimized current and coil center locations that yielded the best cancellation of the MR fringe fields at the linac were determined using sequential quadratic programming. Optimized passive shielding in the form of two steel cylinders was designed to meet the required constraints. When shielding the MLC motors along with the waveguide and electron gun, the thickness of the cylinders was less than 1 mm. If magnetically insensitive MLC motors are used, no MLC shielding would be required and the waveguide shield (shielding the waveguide and electron gun) became 1.58 mm thick. In addition, the optimized current and coil spacing for active shielding was determined for both three and four coil pair configurations. The results of the active shielding optimization produced no beam loss within the waveguide and electron gun and a maximum MR field distortion of 91 ppm over a 30 cm diameter spherical volume. Very simple passive and active shielding designs have been shown to magnetically decouple the linac from the MR imager in a low field biplanar linac-MR system. The MLC passive shielding produced the largest distortion of the MR field over the imaging volume. With the use of magnetically insensitive motors, the MR field distortion drops substantially since no MLC shield is required. The active shielding designs yielded no electron beam loss within the linac.

Multilayered photonic integration on SOI platform using waveguide-based bridge structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Majumder, Saikat; Chakraborty, Rajib

2018-06-01

A waveguide based structure on silicon on insulator platform is proposed for vertical integration in photonic integrated circuits. The structure consists of two multimode interference couplers connected by a single mode (SM) section which can act as a bridge over any other underlying device. Two more SM sections acts as input and output of the first and second multimode couplers respectively. Potential application of this structure is in multilayered photonic links. It is shown that the efficiency of the structure can be improved by making some design modifications. The entire simulation is done using effective-index based matrix method. The feature size chosen are comparable to waveguides fabricated previously so as to fabricate the proposed structure easily.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tao, Keyu; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Photonic Information Technology, Shenzhen 518067; College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518067

We present a versatile add-drop integrated photonic filter (ADF) consisting of nonreciprocal waveguides in which the propagation of light is restricted in one predetermined direction. With the bus and add/drop waveguides symmetrically coupled through a cavity, the four-port device allows each individual port to add and/or drop a signal of the same frequency. The scheme is general and we demonstrate the nonreciprocal ADF with magneto-optical photonic crystals. The filter is immune to waveguide defects, allowing straightforward implementation of multi-channel ADFs by cascading the four-port designs. The results should find applications in wavelength-division multiplexing and related integrated photonic techniques.

Remote detection of single emitters via optical waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Then, Patrick; Razinskas, Gary; Feichtner, Thorsten; Haas, Philippe; Wild, Andreas; Bellini, Nicola; Osellame, Roberto; Cerullo, Giulio; Hecht, Bert

2014-05-01

The integration of lab-on-a-chip technologies with single-molecule detection techniques may enable new applications in analytical chemistry, biotechnology, and medicine. We describe a method based on the reciprocity theorem of electromagnetic theory to determine and optimize the detection efficiency of photons emitted by single quantum emitters through truncated dielectric waveguides of arbitrary shape positioned in their proximity. We demonstrate experimentally that detection of single quantum emitters via such waveguides is possible, confirming the predicted behavior of the detection efficiency. Our findings blaze the trail towards efficient lensless single-emitter detection compatible with large-scale optofluidic integration.

Passively aligned multichannel fiber-pigtailing of planar integrated optical waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kremmel, Johannes; Lamprecht, Tobias; Crameri, Nino; Michler, Markus

2017-02-01

A silicon device to simplify the coupling of multiple single-mode fibers to embedded single-mode waveguides has been developed. The silicon device features alignment structures that enable a passive alignment of fibers to integrated waveguides. For passive alignment, precisely machined V-grooves on a silicon device are used and the planar lightwave circuit board features high-precision structures acting as a mechanical stop. The approach has been tested for up to eight fiber-to-waveguide connections. The alignment approach, the design, and the fabrication of the silicon device as well as the assembly process are presented. The characterization of the fiber-to-waveguide link reveals total coupling losses of (0.45±0.20 dB) per coupling interface, which is significantly lower than the values reported in earlier works. Subsequent climate tests reveal that the coupling losses remain stable during thermal cycling but increases significantly during an 85°C/85 Rh-test. All applied fabrication and bonding steps have been performed using standard MOEMS fabrication and packaging processes.

Mid-infrared materials and devices on a Si platform for optical sensing

PubMed Central

Singh, Vivek; Lin, Pao Tai; Patel, Neil; Lin, Hongtao; Li, Lan; Zou, Yi; Deng, Fei; Ni, Chaoying; Hu, Juejun; Giammarco, James; Soliani, Anna Paola; Zdyrko, Bogdan; Luzinov, Igor; Novak, Spencer; Novak, Jackie; Wachtel, Peter; Danto, Sylvain; Musgraves, J David; Richardson, Kathleen; Kimerling, Lionel C; Agarwal, Anuradha M

2014-01-01

In this article, we review our recent work on mid-infrared (mid-IR) photonic materials and devices fabricated on silicon for on-chip sensing applications. Pedestal waveguides based on silicon are demonstrated as broadband mid-IR sensors. Our low-loss mid-IR directional couplers demonstrated in SiNx waveguides are useful in differential sensing applications. Photonic crystal cavities and microdisk resonators based on chalcogenide glasses for high sensitivity are also demonstrated as effective mid-IR sensors. Polymer-based functionalization layers, to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of our sensor devices, are also presented. We discuss the design of mid-IR chalcogenide waveguides integrated with polycrystalline PbTe detectors on a monolithic silicon platform for optical sensing, wherein the use of a low-index spacer layer enables the evanescent coupling of mid-IR light from the waveguides to the detector. Finally, we show the successful fabrication processing of our first prototype mid-IR waveguide-integrated detectors. PMID:27877641

Demonstration of slot-waveguide structures on silicon nitride / silicon oxide platform.

PubMed

Barrios, C A; Sánchez, B; Gylfason, K B; Griol, A; Sohlström, H; Holgado, M; Casquel, R

2007-05-28

We report on the first demonstration of guiding light in vertical slot-waveguides on silicon nitride/silicon oxide material system. Integrated ring resonators and Fabry-Perot cavities have been fabricated and characterized in order to determine optical features of the slot-waveguides. Group index behavior evidences guiding and confinement in the low-index slot region at O-band (1260-1370nm) telecommunication wavelengths. Propagation losses of <20 dB/cm have been measured for the transverse-electric mode of the slot-waveguides.

Integration of Quantum Cascade Lasers and Passive Waveguides

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-01

Optics, 2005. (CLEO). Conference on , Vol. 2 (2005) pp. 863–865. 2J. Montoya , A. Sanchez-Rubio, R. Hatch, and H . Payson, Appl. Opt. 53, 7551 (2014...Integration of Quantum Cascade Lasers and Passive Waveguidesa) Juan Montoya ,1, b) Christine Wang,1 Anish Goyal,1 Kevin Creedon,1 Michael Connors,1...active sec- tion quantum cascade laser material is biased to achieve gain. Proton ( H +) implantation reduces the free-carrier con- centration and

Split-Block Waveguide Polarization Twist for 220 to 325 GHz

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ward, John; Chattopadhyay, Goutam

2008-01-01

A split-block waveguide circuit that rotates polarization by 90 has been designed with WR-3 input and output waveguides, which are rectangular waveguides used for a nominal frequency range of 220 to 325 GHz. Heretofore, twisted rectangular waveguides equipped with flanges at the input and output have been the standard means of rotating the polarizations of guided microwave signals. However, the fabrication and assembly of such components become difficult at high frequency due to decreasing wavelength, such that twisted rectangular waveguides become impractical at frequencies above a few hundred gigahertz. Conventional twisted rectangular waveguides are also not amenable to integration into highly miniaturized subassemblies of advanced millimeter- and submillimeter-wave detector arrays now undergoing development. In contrast, the present polarization- rotating waveguide can readily be incorporated into complex integrated waveguide circuits such as miniaturized detector arrays fabricated by either conventional end milling of metal blocks or by deep reactive ion etching of silicon blocks. Moreover, the present split-block design can be scaled up in frequency to at least 5 THz. The main step in fabricating a splitblock polarization-rotating waveguide of the present design is to cut channels having special asymmetrically shaped steps into mating upper and lower blocks (see Figure 1). The dimensions of the steps are chosen to be consistent with the WR-3 waveguide cross section, which is 0.864 by 0.432 mm. The channels are characterized by varying widths with constant depths of 0.432, 0.324, and 0.216 mm and by relatively large corner radii to facilitate fabrication. The steps effect both a geometric transition and the corresponding impedance-matched electromagnetic-polarization transition between (1) a WR-3 rectangular waveguide oriented with the electric field vector normal to the block mating surfaces and (2) a corresponding WR-3 waveguide oriented with its electric field vector parallel to the mating surfaces of the blocks. A prototype has been built and tested. Figure 2 presents test results indicative of good performance over nearly the entire WR-3 waveguide frequency band.

New dynamic silicon photonic components enabled by MEMS technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Errando-Herranz, Carlos; Edinger, Pierre; Colangelo, Marco; Björk, Joel; Ahmed, Samy; Stemme, Göran; Niklaus, Frank; Gylfason, Kristinn B.

2018-02-01

Silicon photonics is the study and application of integrated optical systems which use silicon as an optical medium, usually by confining light in optical waveguides etched into the surface of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers. The term microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) refers to the technology of mechanics on the microscale actuated by electrostatic actuators. Due to the low power requirements of electrostatic actuation, MEMS components are very power efficient, making them well suited for dense integration and mobile operation. MEMS components are conventionally also implemented in silicon, and MEMS sensors such as accelerometers, gyros, and microphones are now standard in every smartphone. By combining these two successful technologies, new active photonic components with extremely low power consumption can be made. We discuss our recent experimental work on tunable filters, tunable fiber-to-chip couplers, and dynamic waveguide dispersion tuning, enabled by the marriage of silicon MEMS and silicon photonics.

Process technologies of MPACVD planar waveguide devices and fiber attachment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Cheng-Chung; Qian, Fan; Boudreau, Robert A.; Rowlette, John R., Sr.; Bowen, Terry P.

1999-03-01

Optical circuits based on low-loss glass waveguide on silicon are a practical and promising approach to integrate different functional components. Fiber attachment to planar waveguide provides a practical application for optical communications. Microwave Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPACVD) produces superior quality, low birefringence, low-loss, planar waveguides for integrated optical devices. Microwave plasma initiates the chemical vapor of SiCl4, GeCl4 and oxygen. A Ge-doped silica layer is thus deposited with a compatible high growth rate (i.e. 0.4 - 0.5 micrometer/min). Film properties are based on various parameters, such as chemical flow rates, chamber pressure and temperature, power level and injector design. The resultant refractive index can be varied between 1.46 (i.e. pure silica) and 1.60 (i.e. pure germania). Waveguides can be fabricated with any desired refractive index profile. Standard photolithography defines the waveguide pattern on a mask layer. The core layer is removed by plasma dry etch which has been investigated by both reactive ion etch (RIE) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etch. Etch rates of 3000 - 4000 angstrom/min have been achieved using ICP compared to typical etch rates of 200 - 300 angstrom/min using conventional RIE. Planar waveguides offer good mode matching to optical fiber. A polished fiber end can be glued to the end facet of waveguide with a very low optical coupling loss. In addition, anisotropic etching of silicon V- grooves provides a passive alignment capability. Epoxy and solder were used to fix the fiber within the guiding groove. Several designs of waveguide-fiber attachment will be discussed.

FIBER AND INTEGRATED OPTICS: Waveguide characteristics of real optical strip waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shmal'ko, A. V.; Frolov, V. V.

1990-01-01

A study is reported of the influence of the parameters of real thin-film optical strip waveguides on their waveguide characteristics (propagation constants, localization of the mode field, etc.) allowing for the presence of transition layers in a transverse cross section of the base planar waveguide, for the real geometry of this section (which is nearly trapezoidal), and for the thickness of the guiding strip. Analytic expressions are obtained for the optical confinement coefficient and the effective mode format of a weakly guiding symmetric strip waveguide. It is shown that the coefficient representing the fundamental E11x(y) mode is practically independent of the relative thickness t /h (h is the thickness of the base planar waveguide) of the guiding strip provided t /h>=0.5. The corrections to the normalized effective refractive indices of the base planar and strip waveguides are found in order to allow for the real geometry and for the refractive index profile in the strip waveguide.

A Hybrid Circuit for Spoof Surface Plasmons and Spatial Waveguide Modes to Reach Controllable Band-Pass Filters

PubMed Central

Zhang, Qian; Zhang, Hao Chi; Wu, Han; Cui, Tie Jun

2015-01-01

We propose a hybrid circuit for spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and spatial waveguide modes to develop new microwave devices. The hybrid circuit includes a spoof SPP waveguide made of two anti-symmetric corrugated metallic strips and a traditional substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). From dispersion relations, we show that the electromagnetic waves only can propagate through the hybrid circuit when the operating frequency is less than the cut-off frequency of the SPP waveguide and greater than the cut-off frequency of SIW, generating efficient band-pass filters. We demonstrate that the pass band is controllable in a large range by designing the geometrical parameters of SPP waveguide and SIW. Full-wave simulations are provided to show the large adjustability of filters, including ultra wideband and narrowband filters. We fabricate a sample of the new hybrid device in the microwave frequencies, and measurement results have excellent agreements to numerical simulations, demonstrating excellent filtering characteristics such as low loss, high efficiency, and good square ratio. The proposed hybrid circuit gives important potential to accelerate the development of plasmonic integrated functional devices and circuits in both microwave and terahertz frequencies. PMID:26552584

A Hybrid Circuit for Spoof Surface Plasmons and Spatial Waveguide Modes to Reach Controllable Band-Pass Filters.

PubMed

Zhang, Qian; Zhang, Hao Chi; Wu, Han; Cui, Tie Jun

2015-11-10

We propose a hybrid circuit for spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and spatial waveguide modes to develop new microwave devices. The hybrid circuit includes a spoof SPP waveguide made of two anti-symmetric corrugated metallic strips and a traditional substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). From dispersion relations, we show that the electromagnetic waves only can propagate through the hybrid circuit when the operating frequency is less than the cut-off frequency of the SPP waveguide and greater than the cut-off frequency of SIW, generating efficient band-pass filters. We demonstrate that the pass band is controllable in a large range by designing the geometrical parameters of SPP waveguide and SIW. Full-wave simulations are provided to show the large adjustability of filters, including ultra wideband and narrowband filters. We fabricate a sample of the new hybrid device in the microwave frequencies, and measurement results have excellent agreements to numerical simulations, demonstrating excellent filtering characteristics such as low loss, high efficiency, and good square ratio. The proposed hybrid circuit gives important potential to accelerate the development of plasmonic integrated functional devices and circuits in both microwave and terahertz frequencies.

Multifunctional Material Systems for Reconfigurable Antennas in Superconfigurable Structures

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-01-05

reconFig.d states of the antenna. A polarization-reconfigurable substrate-integrated waveguide ( SIW ) cavity-resonator slot antenna has also been...the automation and control. Fig. 36 Polarization-reconfigurable substrate-integrated waveguide ( SIW ) cavity-resonator slot antenna with a...22, 3833–3839, 2012. [3] Analysis of a Variable SIW Resonator Enabled by Dielectric Material Perturbations and Applications, Barrera, J.D. ; Huff

Photonic generation of ultra-wide-band doublet pulse through monolithic integration of tapered directional coupler and quantum well waveguide.

PubMed

Kuo, Yu-Zheng; Wu, Jui-Pin; Wu, Tsu-Hsiu; Chiu, Yi-Jen

2012-10-22

We proposed and demonstrated a novel scheme of photonic ultra-wide-band (UWB) doublet pulse based on monolithic integration of tapered optical-direction coupler (TODC) and multiple-quantum-well (MQW) waveguide. TODC is formed by a top tapered MQW waveguide vertically integrating with an underneath passive waveguide. Through simultaneous field-driven optical index- and absorption- change in MQW, the partial optical coupling in TODC can be used to get a valley-shaped of optical transmission against voltage. Therefore, doublet-enveloped optical pulse can be realized by high-speed and high-efficient conversion of input electrical pulse. By just adjusting bias through MQW, 1530 nm photonic UWB doublet optical pulse with 75-ps pulse width, below -41.3 dBm power, 125% fractional bandwidth, and 7.5 GHz of -10 dB bandwidth has been demonstrated, fitted into FCC requirement (3.1 GHz~10.6 GHz). Doublet-pulse data transmission generated in optical fiber is also performed for further characterization, exhibiting a successful 1.25 Gb/s error-free transmission. It suggests such optoelectronic integration template can be applied for photonic UWB generation in fiber-based communications.

Fabrication of planar waveguide in KNSBN crystal by swift heavy ion beam irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guan, Jing; Wang, Lei; Qin, Xifeng

2013-11-01

We report on the fabrication of the planar waveguides in the KNSBN crystal by using 17 MeV C5+ ions at a fluence of 2 × 1014 ions/cm2. After implantation, near surface regions of the crystal, there has a positive extraordinary refractive index (ne) change and the light inside the waveguides can propagate in a non-leaky manner. The two-dimensional modal profiles of the planar waveguides, measured by using the end-coupling arrangement, are in good agreement with the reconstructed modal distributions. The propagation loss for C5+ irradiated waveguide is ∼0.8 dB/cm at 633 nm and ∼0.72 dB/cm at 1064 nm. The waveguide gives good confinement of waveguide modes, which exhibits acceptable guiding qualities for potential applications in integrated optics.

Femtosecond laser inscribed cladding waveguides in Nd:YAG ceramics: fabrication, fluorescence imaging and laser performance.

PubMed

Liu, Hongliang; Jia, Yuechen; Vázquez de Aldana, Javier Rodríguez; Jaque, Daniel; Chen, Feng

2012-08-13

We report on the fabrication of depressed cladding waveguide lasers in Nd:YAG (neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet, Nd:Y3Al5O12) ceramics microstructured by femtosecond laser pulses. Full control over the confined light spatial distribution is demonstrated by the fabrication of high contrast waveguides with hexagonal, circular and trapezoidal configurations. The confocal fluorescence measurements of the waveguides reveal that the original luminescence features of Nd3+ ions are well-preserved in the waveguide regions. Under optical pump at 808 nm, cladding waveguides showed continuous wave efficient laser oscillation. The maximum output power obtained at 1064.5 nm is ~181 mW with a slope efficiency as high as 44%, which suggests that the fabricated Nd:YAG ceramic waveguides are promising candidates for efficient integrated laser sources.

Silicon on-chip bandpass filters for the multiplexing of high sensitivity photonic crystal microcavity biosensors

PubMed Central

Chakravarty, Swapnajit; Yang, Chun-Ju; Wang, Zheng; Tang, Naimei; Fan, Donglei; Chen, Ray T.

2015-01-01

A method for the dense integration of high sensitivity photonic crystal (PC) waveguide based biosensors is proposed and experimentally demonstrated on a silicon platform. By connecting an additional PC waveguide filter to a PC microcavity sensor in series, a transmission passband is created, containing the resonances of the PC microcavity for sensing purpose. With proper engineering of the passband, multiple high sensitivity PC microcavity sensors can be integrated into microarrays and be interrogated simultaneously between a single input and a single output port. The concept was demonstrated with a 2-channel L55 PC biosensor array containing PC waveguide filters. The experiment showed that the sensors on both channels can be monitored simultaneously from a single output spectrum. Less than 3 dB extra loss for the additional PC waveguide filter is observed. PMID:25829549

Reconfigurable optical interconnection network for multimode optical fiber sensor arrays

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, R. T.; Robinson, D.; Lu, H.; Wang, M. R.; Jannson, T.; Baumbick, R.

1992-01-01

A single-source, single-detector architecture has been developed to implement a reconfigurable optical interconnection network multimode optical fiber sensor arrays. The network was realized by integrating LiNbO3 electrooptic (EO) gratings working at the Raman Na regime and a massive fan-out waveguide hologram (WH) working at the Bragg regime onto a multimode glass waveguide. The glass waveguide utilized the whole substrate as a guiding medium. A 1-to-59 massive waveguide fan-out was demonstrated using a WH operating at 514 nm. Measured diffraction efficiency of 59 percent was experimentally confirmed. Reconfigurability of the interconnection was carried out by generating an EO grating through an externally applied electric field. Unlike conventional single-mode integrated optical devices, the guided mode demonstrated has an azimuthal symmetry in mode profile which is the same as that of a fiber mode.

Propagation of THz pulses in rectangular subwavelength dielectric waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Yao; Wu, Qiang; Zhang, Qi; Wang, Ride; Zhao, Wenjuan; Zhang, Deng; Pan, Chongpei; Qi, Jiwei; Xu, Jingjun

2018-06-01

Rectangular subwavelength waveguides are necessary for the development of micro/nanophotonic devices and on-chip platforms. Using a time-resolved imaging system, we studied the transient properties and the propagation modes of THz pulses in rectangular subwavelength dielectric waveguides. The dynamic process of THz pulses was systematically recorded to a movie. In addition, an anomalous group velocity dispersion was demonstrated in rectangular subwavelength waveguides. By using the effective index method, we theoretically calculated the modes in rectangular subwavelength waveguides, which agree well with the experiments and simulations. This work provides the opportunity to improve the analysis and design of the integrated platforms and photonic devices.

Monolithic coupling of a SU8 waveguide to a silicon photodiode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nathan, M.; Levy, O.; Goldfarb, I.; Ruzin, A.

2003-12-01

We present quantitative results of light coupling from SU8 waveguides into silicon p-n photodiodes in monolithically integrated structures. Multimode, 12 μm thick, and 20 μm wide SU8 waveguides were fabricated to overlap 40×180 μm2 photodiodes, with three different waveguide-photodiode overlap lengths. The attenuation due to leaky-mode coupling in the overlap area was then calculated from photocurrent measurements. The overlap attenuation ranged from a minimum of 2.2 dB per mm overlap length to a maximum of about 3 dB/mm, comparing favorably with reported nonpolymeric waveguide-Si photodiode attenuations.

Optical temperature sensing on flexible polymer foils

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sherman, Stanislav; Xiao, Yanfen; Hofmann, Meike; Schmidt, Thomas; Gleissner, Uwe; Zappe, Hans

2016-04-01

In contrast to established semiconductor waveguide-based or glass fiber-based integrated optical sensors, polymerbased optical systems offer tunable material properties, such as refractive index or viscosity, and thus provide additional degrees of freedom for sensor design and fabrication. Of particular interest in sensing applications are fully-integrated optical waveguide-based temperature sensors. These typically rely on Bragg gratings which induce a periodic refractive index variation in the waveguide so that a resonant wavelength of the structure is reflected.1,2 With broad-band excitation, a dip in the spectral output of the waveguide is thus generated at a precisely-defined wavelength. This resonant wavelength depends on the refractive index of the waveguide and the grating period, yet both of these quantities are temperature dependent by means of the thermo-optic effect (change in refractive index with temperature) and thermal expansion (change of the grating period with temperature). We show the design and fabrication of polymer waveguide-integrated temperature sensors based on Bragggratings, fabricated by replication technology on flexible PMMA foil substrates. The 175 μm thick foil serves as lower cladding for a polymeric waveguide fabricated from a custom-made UV-crosslinkable co-monomer composition. The fabrication of the grating structure includes a second replication step into a separate PMMA-foil. The dimensions of the Bragg-gratings are determined by simulations to set the bias point into the near infrared wavelength range, which allows Si-based detectors to be used. We present design considerations and performance data for the developed structures. The resulting sensor's signal is linear to temperature changes and shows a sensitivity of -306 nm/K, allowing high resolution temperature measurements.

K-Band Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Coupler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khalid, N.; Ibrahim, S. Z.; Hoon, W. F.

2018-03-01

This paper presents a designed coupler by using substrate Roger RO4003. The four port network coupler operates at (18-26 GHz) and designed by using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) method. Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) are high performance broadband interconnects with excellent immunity to electromagnetic interference and suitable in microwave and millimetre-wave electronics applications, as well as wideband systems. The designs of the coupler are investigated using CST Microwave Studio simulation tool. These proposed couplers are capable of covering the frequency range and provide better performance of scattering parameter (S-parameter). This technology is successfully approached for millimetre-wave and microwave applications. Designs and results are presented and discussed in this paper. The overall simulated percentage bandwidth of the proposed coupler is covered from 18 to 26 GHz with percentage bandwidth of 36.36%.

Monolithic integration of SOI waveguide photodetectors and transimpedance amplifiers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Shuxia; Tarr, N. Garry; Ye, Winnie N.

2018-02-01

In the absence of commercial foundry technologies offering silicon-on-insulator (SOI) photonics combined with Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) transistors, monolithic integration of conventional electronics with SOI photonics is difficult. Here we explore the implementation of lateral bipolar junction transistors (LBJTs) and Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFETs) in a commercial SOI photonics technology lacking MOS devices but offering a variety of n- and p-type ion implants intended to provide waveguide modulators and photodetectors. The fabrication makes use of the commercial Institute of Microelectronics (IME) SOI photonics technology. Based on knowledge of device doping and geometry, simple compact LBJT and JFET device models are developed. These models are then used to design basic transimpedance amplifiers integrated with optical waveguides. The devices' experimental current-voltage characteristics results are reported.

Integration of GaN/AlN all-optical switch with SiN/AlN waveguide utilizing spot-size conversion.

PubMed

Iizuka, Norio; Yoshida, Haruhiko; Managaki, Nobuto; Shimizu, Toshimasa; Hassanet, Sodabanlu; Cumtornkittikul, Chiyasit; Sugiyama, Masakazu; Nakano, Yoshiaki

2009-12-07

Spot-size converters for an all-optical switch utilizing the intersubband transition in GaN/AlN multiple quantum wells are studied with the purpose of reducing operation power by improving the coupling efficiency between the input fiber and the switch. With a stair-like spot-size converter, the absorption saturation of 5 dB is achieved with a pulse energy of 25 pJ. The switch is integrated with a SiN/AlN waveguide and spot-size converters, and the structure provides the possibility of an integration of the switch with other functional devices. To further improve the coupling loss between the waveguide and the switch, triangular-shaped converters are investigated, demonstrating losses as low as 2 dB/facet.

Design and analysis of optical waveguide elements in planar geometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mirkov, Mirko Georgiev

1998-10-01

This dissertation presents the theoretical analysis and practical design considerations for planar optical waveguide devices. The analysis takes into account both transverse dimensions of the waveguides and is based on the supermode theory combined with the resonance method for determination of the propagation constants and field profiles of the supermodes. An improved accuracy has been achieved by including the corrections due to the fields in the corner regions of the waveguides using perturbation theory. The following two classes of devices have been analyzed in detail. Curved rectangular waveguides are a common element in an integrated optics circuit. The theoretical analysis in this work shows that some commonly used approximations for determination of the propagation constants of the quasi-modes of the bent waveguides are not necessary. Specifically the imaginary part of the mode propagation constant, which determines the power loss, is calculated exactly using the resonance method, combined with a two- dimensional optimization routine for determination of the real and the imaginary parts of the propagation constants. Subsequently, the results are corrected for the effects of the fields in the corner regions. The latter corrections have not been previously computed and are shown to be significant. Power splitters are another common element of an integrated optical circuit. A new 'bend-free' splitter is suggested and analyzed. The new splitter design consists of only straight parallel channels, which considerably simplify both the analysis and the fabrication of the device. It is shown that a single design parameter determines the power splitting ratio, which can take any given value. The intrinsic power loss in the proposed splitter is minimal, which makes it an attractive alternative to the conventional Y-splitters. The accurate methods of analysis of planar optical waveguides developed in the present work can easily be applied to other integrated optic devices consisting of rectangular waveguides.

Integrated Miniature Arrays of Optical Biomolecule Detectors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Iltchenko, Vladimir; Maleki, Lute; Lin, Ying; Le, Thanh

2009-01-01

Integrated miniature planar arrays of optical sensors for detecting specific biochemicals in extremely small quantities have been proposed. An array of this type would have an area of about 1 cm2. Each element of the array would include an optical microresonator that would have a high value of the resonance quality factor (Q . 107). The surface of each microresonator would be derivatized to make it bind molecules of a species of interest, and such binding would introduce a measurable change in the optical properties of the microresonator. Because each microresonator could be derivatized for detection of a specific biochemical different from those of the other microresonators, it would be possible to detect multiple specific biochemicals by simultaneous or sequential interrogation of all the elements in the array. Moreover, the derivatization would make it unnecessary to prepare samples by chemical tagging. Such interrogation would be effected by means of a grid of row and column polymer-based optical waveguides that would be integral parts of a chip on which the array would be fabricated. The row and column polymer-based optical waveguides would intersect at the elements of the array (see figure). At each intersection, the row and column waveguides would be optically coupled to one of the microresonators. The polymer-based waveguides would be connected via optical fibers to external light sources and photodetectors. One set of waveguides and fibers (e.g., the row waveguides and fibers) would couple light from the sources to the resonators; the other set of waveguides and fibers (e.g., the column waveguides and fibers) would couple light from the microresonators to the photodetectors. Each microresonator could be addressed individually by row and column for measurement of its optical transmission. Optionally, the chip could be fabricated so that each microresonator would lie inside a microwell, into which a microscopic liquid sample could be dispensed.

Buried anti resonant reflecting optical waveguide based on porous silicon material for an integrated Mach Zehnder structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hiraoui, M.; Guendouz, M.; Lorrain, N.; Haji, L.; Oueslati, M.

2012-11-01

A buried anti resonant reflecting optical waveguide for an integrated Mach Zehnder structure based on porous silicon material is achieved using a classical photolithography process. Three distinct porous silicon layers are then elaborated in a single step, by varying the porosity (thus the refractive index) and the thickness while respecting the anti-resonance conditions. Simulations and experimental results clearly show the antiresonant character of the buried waveguides. Significant variation of the reflectance and light propagation with different behavior depending on the polarization and the Mach Zehnder dimensions is obtained. Finally, we confirm the feasibility of this structure for sensing applications.

Towards an integrated AlGaAs waveguide platform for phase and polarisation shaping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maltese, G.; Halioua, Y.; Lemaître, A.; Gomez-Carbonell, C.; Karimi, E.; Banzer, P.; Ducci, S.

2018-05-01

We propose, design and fabricate an on-chip AlGaAs waveguide capable of generating a controlled phase delay of π/2 between the guided transverse electric and magnetic modes. These modes possess significantly strong longitudinal field components as a direct consequence of their strong lateral confinement in the waveguide. We demonstrate that the effect of the device on a linearly polarised input beam is the generation of a field, which is circularly polarised in its transverse components and carries a phase vortex in its longitudinal component. We believe that the discussed integrated platform enables the generation of light beams with tailored phase and polarisation distributions.

Characteristics of an Integrated Optics Ring Resonator.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-08-01

from KNO 3 Melts .......................... 42 V.A.l. Introduction.....................42 V.A.2. measurement of Waveguide Characteristics. ...... 44...crease the resonator finesse. The waveguides were fabricated by ion exchange from a KNO3 melt at 400 0C. Channel definition was accomplished by a... melts . This technique will be described first. Previously, we used diffusion from metallic silver films. Although very low loss waveguides were

Silicon-based silicon–germanium–tin heterostructure photonics

PubMed Central

Soref, Richard

2014-01-01

The wavelength range that extends from 1550 to 5000 nm is a new regime of operation for Si-based photonic and opto-electronic integrated circuits. To actualize the new chips, heterostructure active devices employing the ternary SiGeSn alloy are proposed in this paper. Foundry-based monolithic integration is described. Opportunities and challenges abound in creating laser diodes, optical amplifiers, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, modulators, switches and a host of high-performance passive infrared waveguided components. PMID:24567479

FIBRE AND INTEGRATED OPTICS. OPTICAL PROCESSING OF INFORMATION: Feasibility of using waveguide holograms in systems for the transfer of amplitude—phase information along fibre communication lines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dianov, Evgenii M.; Zubov, Vladimir A.; Putilin, A. N.

1995-02-01

An analysis is made of a variant of a system for spatial—temporal transformation of spatially one-dimensional information for its transfer along a single-mode fibre waveguide. Information is coupled into a fibre by a waveguide hologram. This hologram forms a light-beam structure which matches the fibre-guided mode. A report is given of the use of ion-exchange planar glass waveguides as waveguide holograms. An amorphous chalcogenide semiconductor film or a photoresist was deposited by evaporation on such a planar waveguide. Reconstruction of the waveguide hologram made it possible to achieve a high read rate, up to 1011 pixels per second, when a short radiation pulse was used. Multisectioned injection semiconductor lasers, operating under Q-switching conditions, were used as the radiation sources.

A Broadband Terahertz Waveguide T-Junction Variable Power Splitter.

PubMed

Reichel, Kimberly S; Mendis, Rajind; Mittleman, Daniel M

2016-06-29

In order for the promise of terahertz (THz) wireless communications to become a reality, many new devices need to be developed, such as those for routing THz waves. We demonstrate a power splitting router based on a parallel-plate waveguide (PPWG) T-junction excited by the TE1 waveguide mode. By integrating a small triangular septum into the waveguide plate, we are able to direct the THz light down either one of the two output channels with precise control over the ratio between waveguide outputs. We find good agreement between experiment and simulation in both amplitude and phase. We show that the ratio between waveguide outputs varies exponentially with septum translation offset and that nearly 100% transmission can be achieved. The splitter operates over almost the entire range in which the waveguide is single mode, providing a sensitive and broadband method for THz power splitting.

A Broadband Terahertz Waveguide T-Junction Variable Power Splitter

PubMed Central

Reichel, Kimberly S.; Mendis, Rajind; Mittleman, Daniel M.

2016-01-01

In order for the promise of terahertz (THz) wireless communications to become a reality, many new devices need to be developed, such as those for routing THz waves. We demonstrate a power splitting router based on a parallel-plate waveguide (PPWG) T-junction excited by the TE1 waveguide mode. By integrating a small triangular septum into the waveguide plate, we are able to direct the THz light down either one of the two output channels with precise control over the ratio between waveguide outputs. We find good agreement between experiment and simulation in both amplitude and phase. We show that the ratio between waveguide outputs varies exponentially with septum translation offset and that nearly 100% transmission can be achieved. The splitter operates over almost the entire range in which the waveguide is single mode, providing a sensitive and broadband method for THz power splitting. PMID:27352772

Broadband and scalable optical coupling for silicon photonics using polymer waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

La Porta, Antonio; Weiss, Jonas; Dangel, Roger; Jubin, Daniel; Meier, Norbert; Horst, Folkert; Offrein, Bert Jan

2018-04-01

We present optical coupling schemes for silicon integrated photonics circuits that account for the challenges in large-scale data processing systems such as those used for emerging big data workloads. Our waveguide based approach allows to optimally exploit the on-chip optical feature size, and chip- and package real-estate. It further scales well to high numbers of channels and is compatible with state-of-the-art flip-chip die packaging. We demonstrate silicon waveguide to polymer waveguide coupling losses below 1.5 dB for both the O- and C-bands with a polarisation dependent loss of <1 dB. Over 100 optical silicon waveguide to polymer waveguide interfaces were assembled within a single alignment step, resulting in a physical I/O channel density of up to 13 waveguides per millimetre along the chip-edge, with an average coupling loss of below 3.4 dB measured at 1310 nm.

Efficient coupling of double-metal terahertz quantum cascade lasers to flexible dielectric-lined hollow metallic waveguides.

PubMed

Wallis, R; Degl'Iinnocenti, R; Jessop, D S; Ren, Y; Klimont, A; Shah, Y D; Mitrofanov, O; Bledt, C M; Melzer, J E; Harrington, J A; Beere, H E; Ritchie, D A

2015-10-05

The growth in terahertz frequency applications utilising the quantum cascade laser is hampered by a lack of targeted power delivery solutions over large distances (>100 mm). Here we demonstrate the efficient coupling of double-metal quantum cascade lasers into flexible polystyrene lined hollow metallic waveguides via the use of a hollow copper waveguide integrated into the laser mounting block. Our approach exhibits low divergence, Gaussian-like emission, which is robust to misalignment error, at distances > 550 mm, with a coupling efficiency from the hollow copper waveguide into the flexible waveguide > 90%. We also demonstrate the ability to nitrogen purge the flexible waveguide, increasing the power transmission by up to 20% at 2.85 THz, which paves the way for future fibre based terahertz sensing and spectroscopy applications.

Waveguide module comprising a first plate with a waveguide channel and a second plate with a raised portion in which a sealing layer is forced into the waveguide channel by the raised portion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Strassner, II, Bernd H.; Liedtke, Richard; McDonald, Jacob Jeremiah

The various technologies presented herein relate to utilizing a sealing layer of malleable material to seal gaps, etc., at a joint between edges of a waveguide channel formed in a first plate and a surface of a clamping plate. A compression pad is included in the surface of the clamping plate and is dimensioned such that the upper surface of the pad is less than the area of the waveguide channel opening on the first plate. The sealing layer is placed between the waveguide plate and the clamping plate, and during assembly of the waveguide module, the compression pad deformsmore » a portion of the sealing layer such that it ingresses into the waveguide channel opening. Deformation of the sealing layer results in the gaps, etc., to be filled, improving the operational integrity of the joint.« less

Finite Ground Coplanar (FGC) Waveguide: It's Characteristics and Advantages for Use in RF and Wireless Communication Circuits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ponchak, George E.; Katehi, Linda P. B.; Tentzeris, Emmanouil M.

1998-01-01

To solve many of the problems encountered when using conventional coplanar waveguide (CPW) with its semi-infinite ground planes, a new version of coplanar waveguide with electrically narrow ground planes has been developed. This new transmission line which we call Finite Ground Coplanar (FGC) waveguide has several advantages which make it a better transmission line for RF and wireless circuits. Since the ground planes are electrically narrow, spurious resonances created by the CPW ground planes and the metal carrier or package base are eliminated. In addition, lumped and distributed circuit elements may now be integrated into the ground strips in the same way as they traditionally have been integrated into the center conductor to realize novel circuit layouts that are smaller and have less parasitic reactance. Lastly, FGC is shown to have lower coupling between adjacent transmission lines than conventional CPW.

Silicon on-chip bandpass filters for the multiplexing of high sensitivity photonic crystal microcavity biosensors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yan, Hai, E-mail: hai.yan@utexas.edu; Zou, Yi; Yang, Chun-Ju

A method for the dense integration of high sensitivity photonic crystal (PC) waveguide based biosensors is proposed and experimentally demonstrated on a silicon platform. By connecting an additional PC waveguide filter to a PC microcavity sensor in series, a transmission passband is created, containing the resonances of the PC microcavity for sensing purpose. With proper engineering of the passband, multiple high sensitivity PC microcavity sensors can be integrated into microarrays and be interrogated simultaneously between a single input and a single output port. The concept was demonstrated with a 2-channel L55 PC biosensor array containing PC waveguide filters. The experimentmore » showed that the sensors on both channels can be monitored simultaneously from a single output spectrum. Less than 3 dB extra loss for the additional PC waveguide filter is observed.« less

Wavelength-division multiplexed optical integrated circuit with vertical diffraction grating

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lang, Robert J. (Inventor); Forouhar, Siamak (Inventor)

1994-01-01

A semiconductor optical integrated circuit for wave division multiplexing has a semiconductor waveguide layer, a succession of diffraction grating points in the waveguide layer along a predetermined diffraction grating contour, a semiconductor diode array in the waveguide layer having plural optical ports facing the succession of diffraction grating points along a first direction, respective semiconductor diodes in the array corresponding to respective ones of a predetermined succession of wavelengths, an optical fiber having one end thereof terminated at the waveguide layer, the one end of the optical fiber facing the succession of diffraction grating points along a second direction, wherein the diffraction grating points are spatially distributed along the predetermined contour in such a manner that the succession of diffraction grating points diffracts light of respective ones of the succession of wavelengths between the one end of the optical fiber and corresponding ones of the optical ports.

Three-dimensional integration of microoptical components buried inside photosensitive glass by femtosecond laser direct writing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Zhongke; Sugioka, Koji; Midorikawa, Katsumi

2007-12-01

We report the three-dimensional (3D) integration of microoptical components such as microlenses, micromirrors and optical waveguides in a single glass chip by femtosecond (fs) laser direct writing. First, two types of microoptical lenses were fabricated inside photosensitive Foturan glass by forming hollow microstructures using fs laser direct writing followed by thermal treatment, successive wet etching and additional annealing. One type of lens is the cylindrical microlens with a curvature radius R of 1.0 mm, and the other is the plano-convex microlens with radius R of 0.75 mm. Subsequently, by the continuous procedure of hollow microstructure fabrication, a micromirror was integrated with the plano-convex microlens in the single glass chip. Further integration of waveguides was performed by internal refractive index modification using fs laser direct writing after the hollow structure fabrication of the microlens and the micromirror. A demonstration of the laser beam transmission in the integrated optical microdevice shows that the 3D integration of waveguides with a micromirror and a microoptical lens in a single glass chip is highly effective for light beam guiding and focusing.

Update on Waveguide-Embedded Differential MMIC Amplifiers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kangaslahti, Pekka; Schleht, Erich

2010-01-01

There is an update on the subject matter of Differential InP HEMT MMIC Amplifiers Embedded in Waveguides (NPO-42857) NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 33, No. 9 (September 2009), page 35. To recapitulate: Monolithic microwave integrated-circuit (MMIC) amplifiers of a type now being developed for operation at frequencies of hundreds of gigahertz contain InP high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) in a differential configuration. The MMICs are designed integrally with, and embedded in, waveguide packages. The instant work does not mention InP HEMTs but otherwise reiterates part of the subject matter of the cited prior article, with emphasis on the following salient points: An MMIC is mounted in the electric-field plane ("E-plane") of a waveguide and includes a finline transition to each differential-amplifier stage. The differential configuration creates a virtual ground within each pair of transistor-gate fingers, eliminating the need for external radio-frequency grounding. This work concludes by describing a single-stage differential submillimeter-wave amplifier packaged in a rectangular waveguide and summarizing results of tests of this amplifier at frequencies of 220 and 305 GHz.

Optical clock distribution in supercomputers using polyimide-based waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bihari, Bipin; Gan, Jianhua; Wu, Linghui; Liu, Yujie; Tang, Suning; Chen, Ray T.

1999-04-01

Guided-wave optics is a promising way to deliver high-speed clock-signal in supercomputer with minimized clock-skew. Si- CMOS compatible polymer-based waveguides for optoelectronic interconnects and packaging have been fabricated and characterized. A 1-to-48 fanout optoelectronic interconnection layer (OIL) structure based on Ultradel 9120/9020 for the high-speed massive clock signal distribution for a Cray T-90 supercomputer board has been constructed. The OIL employs multimode polymeric channel waveguides in conjunction with surface-normal waveguide output coupler and 1-to-2 splitters. Surface-normal couplers can couple the optical clock signals into and out from the H-tree polyimide waveguides surface-normally, which facilitates the integration of photodetectors to convert optical-signal to electrical-signal. A 45-degree surface- normal couplers has been integrated at each output end. The measured output coupling efficiency is nearly 100 percent. The output profile from 45-degree surface-normal coupler were calculated using Fresnel approximation. the theoretical result is in good agreement with experimental result. A total insertion loss of 7.98 dB at 850 nm was measured experimentally.

Planar waveguide integrated spatial filter array

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ai, Jun; Dimov, Fedor; Lyon, Richard; Rakuljic, Neven; Griffo, Chris; Xia, Xiaowei; Arik, Engin

2013-09-01

An innovative integrated spatial filter array (iSFA) was developed for the nulling interferometer for the detection of earth-like planets and life beyond our solar system. The coherent iSFA comprised a 2D planar lightwave circuit (PLC) array coupled with a pair of 2D lenslet arrays in a hexagonal grid to achieve the optimum fill factor and throughput. The silica-on-silicon waveguide mode field diameter and numerical aperture (NA) were designed to match with the Airy disc and NA of the microlens for optimum coupling. The lenslet array was coated with a chromium pinhole array at the focal plane to pass the single-mode waveguide but attenuate the higher modes. We assembled a 32 by 30 array by stacking 32 chips that were produced by photolithography from a 6-in. silicon wafer. Each chip has 30 planar waveguides. The PLC array is inherently polarization-maintaining (PM) and requires much less alignment in contrast to a fiber array, where each PM fiber must be placed individually and oriented correctly. The PLC array offers better scalability than the fiber bundle array for large arrays of over 1,000 waveguides.

Optical ridge waveguides preserving the thermo-optic features in LiNbO3 crystals fabricated by combination of proton implantation and selective wet etching.

PubMed

Tan, Yang; Chen, Feng

2010-05-24

We report on a new, simple method to fabricate optical ridge waveguides in a z-cut LiNbO3 wafer by using proton implantation and selective wet etching. The measured modal field is well confined in the ridge waveguide region, which is also confirmed by the numerical simulation. With thermal annealing treatment at 400 degrees C, the propagation loss of the ridge waveguides is determined to be as low as approximately 0.9 dB/cm. In addition, the measured thermo-optic coefficients of the waveguides are in good agreement with those of the bulk, suggesting potential applications in integrated photonics.

Polarization-dependent plasmonic splitter based on low-loss polymer optical materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qian, Guang; Fu, Xing-Chang; Zhang, Li-Jiang; Liu, Yi-Ran; Zhao, Ning; Zhang, Tong

2018-01-01

A polarization-dependent optical beam splitter consisting of a straight long-range surface plasmon polariton (LRSPP) waveguide and an S-bend polymer waveguide was designed, fabricated and measured in this paper. At the splitting section, the two different waveguides are vertically coupled. The measurenment results show that the splitter operated in dual-channel mode at TM polarization, and single-channel mode at TE polarization. In addition, the polymer waveguide and LRSPP waveguide in the splitter exhibit low propagation loss of 0.51 dB/cm and 1.7 dB/cm, respectively. The hybrid beam splitter has wide potential applications in three dimensional (3D) multilayer photonic integrated circuits (PICs).

Computational Silicon Nanophotonic Design

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shen, Bing

Photonic integration circuits (PICs) have received overwhelming attention in the past few decades due to various advantages over electronic circuits including absence of Joule effect and huge bandwidth. The most significant problem obstructing their commercial application is the integration density, which is largely determined by a signal wavelength that is in the order of microns. In this dissertation, we are focused on enhancing the integration density of PICs to warrant their practical applications. In general, we believe there are three ways to boost the integration density. The first is to downscale the dimension of individual integrated optical component. As an example, we have experimentally demonstrated an integrated optical diode with footprint 3 x 3 mum2, an integrated polarization beamsplitter with footprint 2.4 x 2.4 mum2, and a waveguide bend with effective bend radius as small as 0.65 mum. All these devices offer the smallest footprint when compared to their alternatives. A second option to increase integration density is to combine the function of multiple devices into a single compact device. To illustrate the point, we have experimentally shown an integrated mode-converting polarization beamsplitter, and a free-space to waveguide coupler and polarization beamsplitter. Two distinct functionalities are offered in one single device without significantly sacrificing the footprint. A third option for enhancing integration density is to decrease the spacing between the individual devices. For this case, we have experimentally demonstrated an integrated cloak for nonresonant (waveguide) and resonant (microring-resonator) devices. Neighboring devices are totally invisible to each other even if they are separated as small as lambda/2 apart. Inverse design algorithm is employed in demonstrating all of our devices. The basic premise is that, via nanofabrication, we can locally engineer the refractive index to achieve unique functionalities that are otherwise impossible. A nonlinear optimization algorithm is used to find the best permittivity distribution and a focused ion beam is used to define the fine nanostructures. Our future work lies in demonstrating active nanophotonic devices with compact footprint and high efficiency. Broadband and efficient silicon modulators, and all-optical and high-efficiency switches are envisioned with our design algorithm.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Zheng; Xu, Xiaochuan; Fan, Donglei

Here, subwavelength grating (SWG) waveguide is an intriguing alternative to conventional optical waveguides due to the extra degree of freedom it offers in tuning a few important waveguide properties, such as dispersion and refractive index. Devices based on SWG waveguides have demonstrated impressive performances compared to conventional waveguides. However, the high loss of SWG waveguide bends jeopardizes their applications in integrated photonic circuits. In this work, we propose a geometrical tuning art, which realizes a pre-distorted refractive index profile in SWG waveguide bends. The pre-distorted refractive index profile can effectively reduce the mode mismatch and radiation loss simultaneously, thus significantlymore » reduce the bend loss. This geometry tuning art has been numerically optimized and experimentally demonstrated in present study. Through such tuning, the average insertion loss of a 5 μm SWG waveguide bend is reduced drastically from 5.43 dB to 1.10 dB per 90° bend for quasi-TE polarization. In the future, the proposed scheme will be utilized to enhance performance of a wide range of SWG waveguide based photonics devices.« less

Evaluation of polymer based third order nonlinear integrated optics devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Driessen, A.; Hoekstra, H. J. W. M.; Blom, F. C.; Horst, F.; Krijnen, G. J. M.; van Schoot, J. B. P.; Lambeck, P. V.; Popma, Th. J. A.; Diemeer, M. B.

1998-01-01

Nonlinear polymers are promising materials for high speed active integrated optics devices. In this paper we evaluate the perspectives polymer based nonlinear optical devices can offer. Special attention is directed to the materials aspects. In our experimental work we applied mainly Akzo Nobel DANS side-chain polymer that exhibits large second and third order coefficients. This material has been characterized by third harmonic generation, z-scan and pump-probe measurements. In addition, various waveguiding structures have been used to measure the nonlinear absorption (two photon absorption) on a ps time-scale. Finally an integrated optics Mach Zehnder interferometer has been realized and evaluated. It is shown that the DANS side-chain polymer has many of the desired properties: the material is easily processable in high-quality optical waveguiding structures, has low linear absorption and its nonlinearity has a pure electronic origin. More materials research has to be done to arrive at materials with higher nonlinear coefficients to allow switching at moderate light intensity ( < 1 W peak power) and also with lower nonlinear absorption coefficients.

Mid-infrared integrated optics: versatile hot embossing of mid-infrared glasses for on-chip planar waveguides for molecular sensing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seddon, Angela B.; Abdel-Moneim, Nabil S.; Zhang, Lian; Pan, Wei J.; Furniss, David; Mellor, Christopher J.; Kohoutek, Tomas; Orava, Jiri; Wagner, Tomas; Benson, Trevor M.

2014-07-01

The versatility of hot embossing for shaping photonic components on-chip for mid-infrared (IR) integrated optics, using a hard mold, is demonstrated. Hot embossing via fiber-on-glass (FOG), thermally evaporated films, and radio frequency (RF)-sputtered films on glass are described. Mixed approaches of combined plasma etching and hot embossing increase the versatility still further for engineering optical circuits on a single platform. Application of these methodologies for fabricating molecular-sensing devices on-chip is discussed with a view to biomedical sensing. Future prospects for using photonic integration for the new field of mid-IR molecular sensing are appraised. Also, common methods of measuring waveguide optical loss are critically compared, regarding their susceptibility to artifacts which tend artificially to depress, or enhance, the waveguide optical loss.

Bloch surface wave structures for high sensitivity detection and compact waveguiding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khan, Muhammad Umar; Corbett, Brian

2016-01-01

Resonant propagating waves created on the surface of a dielectric multilayer stack, called Bloch surface waves (BSW), can be designed for high sensitivity monitoring of the adjacent refractive index as an alternative platform to the metal-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing. The resonant wavelength and polarization can be designed by engineering of the dielectric layers unlike the fixed resonance of SPR, while the wide bandwidth low loss of dielectrics permits sharper resonances, longer propagation lengths and thus their use in waveguiding devices. The transparency of the dielectrics allows the excitation and monitoring of surface-bound fluorescent molecules. We review the recent developments in this technology. We show the advantages that can be obtained by using high index contrast layered structures. Operating at 1550 nm wavelengths will allow the BSW sensors to be implemented in the silicon photonics platform where active waveguiding can be used in the realization of compact planar integrated circuits for multi-parameter sensing.

Erbium-doped zinc-oxide waveguide amplifiers for hybrid photonic integrated circuits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Neal, Lawrence; Anthony, Deion; Bonner, Carl; Geddis, Demetris

2016-02-01

CMOS logic circuits have entered the sub-100nm regime, and research is on-going to investigate the quantum effects that are apparent at this dimension. To avoid some of the constraints imposed by fabrication, entropy, energy, and interference considerations for nano-scale devices, many have begun designing hybrid and/or photonic integrated circuits. These circuits consist of transistors, light emitters, photodetectors, and electrical and optical waveguides. As attenuation is a limiting factor in any communications system, it is advantageous to integrate a signal amplifier. There are numerous examples of electrical amplifiers, but in order to take advantage of the benefits provided by optically integrated systems, optical amplifiers are necessary. The erbium doped fiber amplifier is an example of an optical amplifier which is commercially available now, but the distance between the amplifier and the device benefitting from amplification can be decreased and provide greater functionality by providing local, on-chip amplification. Zinc oxide is an attractive material due to its electrical and optical properties. Its wide bandgap (≍3.4 eV) and high refractive index (≍2) make it an excellent choice for integrated optics systems. Moreover, erbium doped zinc oxide (Er:ZnO) is a suitable candidate for optical waveguide amplifiers because of its compatibility with semiconductor processing technology, 1.54 μm luminescence, transparency, low resistivity, and amplification characteristics. This research presents the characterization of radio frequency magnetron sputtered Er:ZnO, the design and fabrication of integrated waveguide amplifiers, and device analysis.

Millimeter wave micro-CPW integrated antenna

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tzuang, Ching-Kuang C.; Lin, Ching-Chyuan

1996-12-01

This paper presents the latest result of applying the microstrip's leaky mode for a millimeter-wave active integrated antenna design. In contrast to the use of the first higher-order leaky mode, the second higher-order leaky mode, the second higher-order leaky mode of even symmetry is employed in the new approach, which allows larger dimension for leaky-wave antenna design and thereby reduces its performance sensitivity to the photolithographic tolerance. The new active integrated antenna operating at frequency about 34 GHz comprises of a microstrip and a coplanar waveguide stacked on top of each other, named as the millimeter wave micro-CPW integrated antenna. The feed is through the CPW that would be connected to the active uniplanar millimeter-wave (M)MIC's. Our experimental and theoretical investigations on the new integrated antenna show good input matching characteristics for such a highly directed leaky-wave antenna with the first-pass success.

Phonon Routing in Integrated Optomechanical Cavity-waveguide Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-08-20

optomechanical crystal cavities connected by a dispersion-engineered phonon waveguide. Pulsed and continuous- wave measurements are first used to char- acterize...device layer of a silicon-on-insulator wafer (see App. A), and consists of several parts: an op- tomechanical cavity with co- localized optical and acous... localized cavity mode and the nearly- resonant phonon waveguide modes. The optical coupling waveg- uide is fabricated in the near-field of the nanobeam

INTEGRATED AND FIBER OPTICS: Calculation and measurement of waveguide characteristics of single-mode fiber waveguides with a depressed cladding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belov, A. V.; Kurkov, Andrei S.; Chikolini, A. V.

1989-02-01

A method was developed for calculating the effective cutoff length, the size of a mode spot, and the chromatic dispersion over the profile of the refractive index (measured in the preform stage) of single-mode fiber waveguides with a depressed cladding. The results of such calculations are shown to agree with the results of measurements of these quantities.

Coupling losses between standard single-mode fibers and rectangular waveguides for integrated optics.

PubMed

Lierstuen, L O; Sudbø, A S

1995-02-20

The butt-coupling loss between different tapered rectangular waveguides and a standard single-mode optical fiber has been calculated. Losses as low as 0.16 dB can be reached for waveguides with a refractive-index contrast in the range of 0.5% to 1.96%. The fabrication tolerances are such that practical devices with coupling losses below 0.25 dB are feasible.

Waveguide-Coupled Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Beyer, Andrew D.; Briggs, Ryan M.; Marsili, Francesco; Cohen, Justin D.; Meenehan, Sean M.; Painter, Oskar J.; Shaw, Matthew D.

2015-01-01

We have demonstrated WSi-based superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors coupled to SiNx waveguides with integrated ring resonators. This photonics platform enables the implementation of robust and efficient photon-counting detectors with fine spectral resolution near 1550 nm.

Optical coupling of bare optoelectronic components and flexographically printed polymer waveguides in planar optronic systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Yixiao; Wolfer, Tim; Lange, Alex; Overmeyer, Ludger

2016-05-01

Large scale, planar optronic systems allowing spatially distributed functionalities can be well used in diverse sensor networks, such as for monitoring the environment by measuring various physical quantities in medicine or aeronautics. In these systems, mechanically flexible and optically transparent polymeric foils, e.g. polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), are employed as carrier materials. A benefit of using these materials is their low cost. The optical interconnections from light sources to light transmission structures in planar optronic systems occupy a pivotal position for the sensing functions. As light sources, we employ the optoelectronic components, such as edgeemitting laser diodes, in form of bare chips, since their extremely small structures facilitate a high integration compactness and ensure sufficient system flexibility. Flexographically printed polymer optical waveguides are deployed as light guiding structures for short-distance communication in planar optronic systems. Printing processes are utilized for this generation of waveguides to achieve a cost-efficient large scale and high-throughput production. In order to attain a high-functional optronic system for sensing applications, one of the most essential prerequisites is the high coupling efficiency between the light sources and the waveguides. Therefore, in this work, we focus on the multimode polymer waveguide with a parabolic cross-section and investigate its optical coupling with the bare laser diode. We establish the geometrical model of the alignment based on the previous works on the optodic bonding of bare laser diodes and the fabrication process of polymer waveguides with consideration of various parameters, such as the beam profile of the laser diode, the employed polymer properties of the waveguides as well as the carrier substrates etc. Accordingly, the optical coupling of the bare laser diodes and the polymer waveguides was simulated. Additionally, we demonstrate optical links by adopting the aforementioned processes used for defining the simulation. We verify the feasibility of the developed processes for planar optronic systems by using an active alignment and conduct discussions for further improvements of optical alignment.

Integrated Sources of Polarization Entangled Photon Pair States via Spontaneous Four-Wave Mixing in AlGaAs Waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kultavewuti, Pisek

Polarization-entangled photon pair states (PESs) are indispensable in several quantum protocols that should be implemented in an integrated photonic circuit for realizing a practical quantum technology. Preparing such states in integrated waveguides is in fact a challenge due to polarization mode dispersion. Unlike other conventional ways that are plagued with complications in fabrication or in state generation, in this thesis, the scheme based on parallel spontaneous four-wave mixing processes of two polarization waveguide modes is thoroughly studied in theory and experimentation for the polarization entanglement generation. The scheme in fact needs the modal dispersion, contradictory to the general perception, as revealed by a full quantum mechanical framework. The proper modal dispersion balances the effects of temporal walk-off and state factorizability. The study also shows that the popular standard platform such as a silicon-on-insulator wafer is far from suitable to implement the proposed simple generation technique. Proven by the quantum state tomography, the technique produces a highly-entangled state with a maximum concurrence of 0.97 +/- 0:01 from AlGaAs waveguides. In addition, the devices directly generated Bell states with an observed fidelity of 0.92 +/- 0:01 without any post-generation compensating steps. Novel suspended device structures, including their components, are then investigated numerically and experimentally characterized in pursuit of finding the geometry with the optimal dispersion property. The 700 nm x 1100 nm suspended rectangular waveguide is identified as the best geometry with a predicted maximum concurrence of 0.976 and a generation bandwidth of 3.3 THz. The suspended waveguide fabrication procedure adds about 15 dB/cm and 10 dB/cm of propagation loss to the TE and TM mode respectively, on top of the loss in corresponding full-cladding waveguides. Bridges, which structurally support the suspended waveguides, are optimized using the particle swarm algorithm to maximize the power transmission, and they were experimentally verified. This work greatly simplifies the generation of the PES and identifies a novel device structure suitable for such the PES generation. In combination with the reported promising advances in interferometric components and single photon detectors implemented in AlGaAs, the result of this thesis represents a step toward realizing a complete integrated quantum photonic circuit empowered by polarization-based protocols.

Resonant Tunneling Quantum Well Integrated Optical Waveguide Modulator/ Switch

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-07-01

time, which leads to the high speed operation. In this Phase I project, POC designed the RTDBQW device, including the optimization and precise definition...Effect of Free Carriers ............ 7 3.0 CHANNEL WAVEGUIDE DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION ................... 10 3.1 Design Of Directional Coupling Mach...are essential for high speed signal routing and regeneration. POC’s design relies on the integration of an optical guided wave switch/modulator with a

Low-loss, submicron chalcogenide integrated photonics with chlorine plasma etching

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chiles, Jeff; Malinowski, Marcin; Rao, Ashutosh

A chlorine plasma etching-based method for the fabrication of high-performance chalcogenide-based integrated photonics on silicon substrates is presented. By optimizing the etching conditions, chlorine plasma is employed to produce extremely low-roughness etched sidewalls on waveguides with minimal penalty to propagation loss. Using this fabrication method, microring resonators with record-high intrinsic Q-factors as high as 450 000 and a corresponding propagation loss as low as 0.42 dB/cm are demonstrated in submicron chalcogenide waveguides. Furthermore, the developed chlorine plasma etching process is utilized to demonstrate fiber-to-waveguide grating couplers in chalcogenide photonics with high power coupling efficiency of 37% for transverse-electric polarized modes.

Integrated plasmonic semi-circular launcher for dielectric-loaded surface plasmon-polariton waveguide.

PubMed

Li, Xiaowei; Huang, Lingling; Tan, Qiaofeng; Bai, Benfeng; Jin, Guofan

2011-03-28

A semi-circular plasmonic launcher integrated with dielectric-loaded surface plasmon-polaritons waveguide (DLSPPW) is proposed and analyzed theoretically, which can focus and efficiently couple the excited surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) into the DLSPPW via the highly matched spatial field distribution with the waveguide mode in the focal plane. By tuning the incident angle or polarization of the illuminating beam, it is shown that the launcher may be conveniently used as a switch or a multiplexer that have potential applications in plasmonic circuitry. Furthermore, from an applicational point of view, it is analyzed how the coupling performance of the launcher can be further improved by employing multiple semi-circular slits.

Transforming guided waves with metamaterial waveguide cores

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Viaene, S.; Ginis, V.; Danckaert, J.; Tassin, P.

2016-04-01

Metamaterials make use of subwavelength building blocks to enhance our control on the propagation of light. To determine the required material properties for a given functionality, i.e., a set of desired light flows inside a metamaterial device, metamaterial designs often rely on a geometrical design tool known as transformation optics. In recent years, applications in integrated photonics motivated several research groups to develop two-dimensional versions of transformation optics capable of routing surface waves along graphene-dielectric and metal-dielectric interfaces. Although guided electromagnetic waves are highly relevant to applications in integrated optics, no consistent transformation-optical framework has so far been developed for slab waveguides. Indeed, the conventional application of transformation optics to dielectric slab waveguides leads to bulky three-dimensional devices with metamaterial implementations both inside and outside of the waveguide's core. In this contribution, we develop a transformationoptical framework that still results in thin metamaterial waveguide devices consisting of a nonmagnetic metamaterial core of varying thickness [Phys. Rev. B 93.8, 085429 (2016)]. We numerically demonstrate the effectiveness and versatility of our equivalence relations with three crucial functionalities: a beam bender, a beam splitter and a conformal lens. Our devices perform well on a qualitative (comparison of fields) and quantitative (comparison of transmitted power) level compared to their bulky counterparts. As a result, the geometrical toolbox of transformation optics may lead to a plethora of integrated metamaterial devices to route guided waves along optical chips.

Nanoscale devices based on plasmonic coaxial waveguide resonators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mahigir, A.; Dastmalchi, P.; Shin, W.; Fan, S.; Veronis, G.

2015-02-01

Waveguide-resonator systems are particularly useful for the development of several integrated photonic devices, such as tunable filters, optical switches, channel drop filters, reflectors, and impedance matching elements. In this paper, we introduce nanoscale devices based on plasmonic coaxial waveguide resonators. In particular, we investigate threedimensional nanostructures consisting of plasmonic coaxial stub resonators side-coupled to a plasmonic coaxial waveguide. We use coaxial waveguides with square cross sections, which can be fabricated using lithography-based techniques. The waveguides are placed on top of a silicon substrate, and the space between inner and outer coaxial metals is filled with silica. We use silver as the metal. We investigate structures consisting of a single plasmonic coaxial resonator, which is terminated either in a short or an open circuit, side-coupled to a coaxial waveguide. We show that the incident waveguide mode is almost completely reflected on resonance, while far from the resonance the waveguide mode is almost completely transmitted. We also show that the properties of the waveguide systems can be accurately described using a single-mode scattering matrix theory. The transmission and reflection coefficients at waveguide junctions are either calculated using the concept of the characteristic impedance or are directly numerically extracted using full-wave three-dimensional finite-difference frequency-domain simulations.

Reconfigurable Optical Elements Based on Single and Coupled Microdisk Resonators with Quantum Dot Active Media

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-08-31

Firstly we investigated the bend loss mechanism in a waveguide made using SU8 - a negative photosensitive polymer . Simulations were performed using...present demonstration, the polymer used was SU8 (Microchem Corp.), a negative photoresist. Patterning of the microdisks were achieved using both soft...Proposed All-optical flip flop which uses a passive microring resonator integrated with active elements. Also shown is the crossesction of the SU8

Arrayed waveguide Sagnac interferometer.

PubMed

Capmany, José; Muñoz, Pascual; Sales, Salvador; Pastor, Daniel; Ortega, Beatriz; Martinez, Alfonso

2003-02-01

We present a novel device, an arrayed waveguide Sagnac interferometer, that combines the flexibility of arrayed waveguides and the wide application range of fiber or integrated optics Sagnac loops. We form the device by closing an array of wavelength-selective light paths provided by two arrayed waveguides with a single 2 x 2 coupler in a Sagnac configuration. The equations that describe the device's operation in general conditions are derived. A preliminary experimental demonstration is provided of a fiber prototype in passive operation that shows good agreement with the expected theoretical performance. Potential applications of the device in nonlinear operation are outlined and discussed.

FIBER AND INTEGRATED OPTICS: Magnetooptic interaction in fiber waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Antonov, S. N.; Bulyuk, A. N.; Gulyaev, Yurii V.

1989-11-01

Theoretical and experimental studies were made of the effects of a distributed magnetooptic interaction in fiber waveguides. Analytic solutions were obtained for relating light modulation at the exit of a waveguide to the parameters of its winding in the form of a coil and to an external magnetic field under conditions ensuring the exact spatial phase matching. It was confirmed experimentally that the interaction length of the order of several tens of meters was quite acceptable and could ensure a sensitivity of at least 10 - 4 Oe in the case of a quartz fiber waveguide.

FIBER AND INTEGRATED OPTICS: Influence of diffraction-induced emission of light on resonant conversion of surface waves in diffraction-coupled optical waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kiselev, V. A.; Shaposhnikov, S. N.

1989-09-01

An investigation is reported of diffraction-induced emission of surface waves under conditions of resonant transfer of light between different regular and corrugated waveguides. It is shown that the part of the emitted light flux carried by surface waves along diffraction-coupled waveguides depends strongly on the ratio of the effective refractive indices of the guides. The dependences of the optical coupling length and of the corresponding emitted light flux on the distance between the waveguides and on the difference between their refractive indices are given.

Label-free silicon photonic biosensor system with integrated detector array

PubMed Central

Yan, Rongjin; Mestas, Santano P.; Yuan, Guangwei; Safaisini, Rashid; Dandy, David S.

2010-01-01

An integrated, inexpensive, label-free photonic waveguide biosensor system with multi-analyte capability has been implemented on a silicon photonics integrated circuit from a commercial CMOS line and tested with nanofilms. The local evanescent array coupled (LEAC) biosensor is based on a new physical phenomenon that is fundamentally different from the mechanisms of other evanescent field sensors. Increased local refractive index at the waveguide’s upper surface due to the formation of a biological nanofilm causes local modulation of the evanescent field coupled into an array of photodetectors buried under the waveguide. The planar optical waveguide biosensor system exhibits sensitivity of 20%/nm photocurrent modulation in response to adsorbed bovine serum albumin (BSA) layers less than 3 nm thick. In addition to response to BSA, an experiment with patterned photoresist as well as beam propagation method simulations support the evanescent field shift principle. The sensing mechanism enables the integration of all optical and electronic components for a multi-analyte biosensor system on a chip. PMID:19606292

Monolithic integration of an InP-based 4 × 25 GHz photodiode array to an O-band arrayed waveguide grating demultiplexer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ye, Han; Han, Qin; Lv, Qianqian; Pan, Pan; An, Junming; Yang, Xiaohong

2017-12-01

We demonstrate the monolithic integration of a uni-traveling carrier photodiode array with a 4 channel, O-band arrayed waveguide grating demultiplexer on the InP platform by the selective area growth technique. An extended coupling layer at the butt-joint is adopted to ensure both good fabrication compatibility and high photodiode quantum efficiency of 77%. The fabricated integrated chip exhibits a uniform bandwidth over 25 GHz for each channel and a crosstalk below -22 dB.

DAPHNE silicon photonics technological platform for research and development on WDM applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baudot, Charles; Fincato, Antonio; Fowler, Daivid; Perez-Galacho, Diego; Souhaité, Aurélie; Messaoudène, Sonia; Blanc, Romuald; Richard, Claire; Planchot, Jonathan; De-Buttet, Come; Orlando, Bastien; Gays, Fabien; Mezzomo, Cécilia; Bernard, Emilie; Marris-Morini, Delphine; Vivien, Laurent; Kopp, Christophe; Boeuf, Frédéric

2016-05-01

A new technological platform aimed at making prototypes and feasibility studies has been setup at STMicroelectronics using 300mm wafer foundry facilities. The technology, called DAPHNE (Datacom Advanced PHotonic Nanoscale Environment), is devoted at developing and evaluating new devices and sub-systems in particular for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) applications and ring resonator based applications. Developed in the course of PLAT4MFP7 European project, DAPHNE is a flexible platform that fits perfectly R&D needs. The fabrication flow enables the processing of photonic integrated circuits using a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) of 300nm, partial etches of 150nm and 50nm and a total silicon etching. Consequently, two varieties of rib waveguides and one strip waveguide can be fabricated simultaneously with auto-alignment properties. The process variability on the 150nm partially etched silicon and the thin 50nm slab region are both less than 6 nm. Using a variety of different implantation configurations and a back-end of line of 5 metal layers, active devices are fabricated both in germanium and silicon. An available far back-end of line process consists of making 20 μm diameter copper posts on top of the electrical pads so that an electronic integrated circuit can be bonded on top the photonic die by 3D integration. Besides having those fabrication process options, DAPHNE is equipped with a library of standard cells for optical routing and multiplexing. Moreover, typical Mach-Zehnder modulators based on silicon pn junctions are also available for optical signal modulation. To achieve signal detection, germanium photodetectors also exist as standard cells. The measured single-mode propagation losses are 3.5 dB/cm for strip, 3.7 dB/cm for deep-rib (50nm slab) and 1.4 dB/cm for standard rib (150nm slab) waveguides. Transition tapers between different waveguide structures are as low as 0.006 dB.

Broadband athermal waveguides and devices for datacom and telecom applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Liuqing; Guo, Yuhao; Han, Zhaohong; Wada, Kazumi; Kimerling, Lionel C.; Michel, Jurgen; Agarwal, Anuradha M.; Li, Guifang; Zhang, Lin

2018-02-01

The high temperature sensitivity of silicon material limits the applications of silicon-based micro-ring resonators in integrated photonics. To realize a low but broadband temperature-dependence-wavelength-shift (TDWS) micro-ring resonator, designing a broadband athermal waveguide becomes a significant task. In this work, we propose a broadband athermal waveguide which shows a low effective thermos-optical coefficient (TOC) of +/-1×10-6/K at 1400 nm to 1700 nm. The proposed waveguide shows low-loss performance of 0.01 dB/cm and stable broadband-athermal ability when it's applied in micro-ring resonators, and the optical loss of micro-ring resonator with a radius of 100 μm using this waveguide is 0.02 dB/cm.

Compact beam splitters in coupled waveguides using shortcuts to adiabaticity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Xi; Wen, Rui-Dan; Shi, Jie-Long; Tseng, Shuo-Yen

2018-04-01

There are various works on adiabatic (three) waveguide coupler devices but most are focused on the quantum optical analogies and the physics itself. We successfully apply shortcuts to adiabaticity techniques to the coupled waveguide system with a suitable length for integrated optics devices. Especially, the counter-diabatic driving protocol followed by unitary transformation overcomes the previously unrealistic implemention, and is used to design feasible and robust 1 × 2 and 1 × 3 beam splitters for symmetric and asymmetric three waveguide couplers. Numerical simulations with the beam propagation method demonstrate that these shortcut designs for beam splitters are shorter than the adiabatic ones, and also have a better tolerance than parallel waveguides resonant beam splitters with respect to spacing errors and wavelength variation.

Microfabricated bragg waveguide

DOEpatents

Fleming, James G.; Lin, Shawn-Yu; Hadley, G. Ronald

2004-10-19

A microfabricated Bragg waveguide of semiconductor-compatible material having a hollow core and a multilayer dielectric cladding can be fabricated by integrated circuit technologies. The microfabricated Bragg waveguide can comprise a hollow channel waveguide or a hollow fiber. The Bragg fiber can be fabricated by coating a sacrificial mandrel or mold with alternating layers of high- and low-refractive-index dielectric materials and then removing the mandrel or mold to leave a hollow tube with a multilayer dielectric cladding. The Bragg channel waveguide can be fabricated by forming a trench embedded in a substrate and coating the inner wall of the trench with a multilayer dielectric cladding. The thicknesses of the alternating layers can be selected to satisfy the condition for minimum radiation loss of the guided wave.

Beam shaping of laser diode radiation by waveguides with arbitrary cladding geometry written with fs-laser radiation.

PubMed

Beckmann, Dennis; Schnitzler, Daniel; Schaefer, Dagmar; Gottmann, Jens; Kelbassa, Ingomar

2011-12-05

Waveguides with arbitrary cross sections are written in the volume of Al(2)O(3)-crystals using tightly focused femtosecond laser radiation. Utilizing a scanning system with large numerical aperture, complex cladding geometries are realized with a precision around 0.5 µm and a scanning speed up to 100 mm/s. Individual beam and mode shaping of laser diode radiation is demonstrated by varying the design of the waveguide cladding. The influence of the writing parameters on the waveguide properties are investigated resulting in a numerical aperture of the waveguides in the range of 0.1. This direct laser writing technique enables optical devices which could possibly replace bulky beam shaping setups with an integrated solution.

Microfabricated ommatidia using a laser induced self-writing process for high resolution artificial compound eye optical systems.

PubMed

Jung, Hyukjin; Jeong, Ki-Hun

2009-08-17

A microfabricated compound eye, comparable to a natural compound eye shows a spherical arrangement of integrated optical units called artificial ommatidia. Each consists of a self-aligned microlens and waveguide. The increase of waveguide length is imperative to obtain high resolution images through an artificial compound eye for wide field-of - view imaging as well as fast motion detection. This work presents an effective method for increasing the waveguide length of artificial ommatidium using a laser induced self-writing process in a photosensitive polymer resin. The numerical and experimental results show the uniform formation of waveguides and the increment of waveguide length over 850 microm. (c) 2009 Optical Society of America

Demonstration of a Submillimeter-Wave HEMT Oscillator Module at 330 GHz

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Radisic, Vesna; Deal, W. R.; Mei, X. B.; Yoshida, Wayne; Liu, P. H.; Uyeda, Jansen; Lai, Richard; Samoska, Lorene; Fung, King Man; Gaier, Todd;

An investigation for the development of an integrated optical data preprocessor. [preprocessing remote sensor outputs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Verber, C. M.; Kenan, R. P.; Hartman, N. F.; Chapman, C. M.

1980-01-01

A laboratory model of a 16 channel integrated optical data preprocessor was fabricated and tested in response to a need for a device to evaluate the outputs of a set of remote sensors. It does this by accepting the outputs of these sensors, in parallel, as the components of a multidimensional vector descriptive of the data and comparing this vector to one or more reference vectors which are used to classify the data set. The comparison is performed by taking the difference between the signal and reference vectors. The preprocessor is wholly integrated upon the surface of a LiNbO3 single crystal with the exceptions of the source and the detector. He-Ne laser light is coupled in and out of the waveguide by prism couplers. The integrated optical circuit consists of a titanium infused waveguide pattern, electrode structures and grating beam splitters. The waveguide and electrode patterns, by virtue of their complexity, make the vector subtraction device the most complex integrated optical structure fabricated to date.

Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) 3 dB coupler for K-Band applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khalid, Nurehansafwanah; Zuraidah Ibrahim, Siti; Wee, Fwen Hoon; Shazuani Mahmud, Farah

2017-11-01

This paper presented a designed coupler by using Rogers RO4003C with thickness (h) 0.508 mm and relative permittivity (ɛr) 3.55. The four port network coupler operates in K-band (18-27 GHz) and design by using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) method. The reflection coefficient and isolation coefficient of propose Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) coupler is below than -10 dB. Meanwhile the coupler requirements are phase shift 90° between coupled port and output. SIW are high performance broadband interconnects with excellent immunity to electromagnetic interference and suitable for use in microwave and communication electronics, as well as increase bandwidth systems. The designs of coupler are investigated using CST Microwave Studio simulation tool. This proposed couplers are varied from parameters that cover the frequency range (21 -24 GHz) and better performance of scattering (S-parameter).

Subwavelength grating enabled on-chip ultra-compact optical true time delay line

PubMed Central

Wang, Junjia; Ashrafi, Reza; Adams, Rhys; Glesk, Ivan; Gasulla, Ivana; Capmany, José; Chen, Lawrence R.

2016-01-01

An optical true time delay line (OTTDL) is a basic photonic building block that enables many microwave photonic and optical processing operations. The conventional design for an integrated OTTDL that is based on spatial diversity uses a length-variable waveguide array to create the optical time delays, which can introduce complexities in the integrated circuit design. Here we report the first ever demonstration of an integrated index-variable OTTDL that exploits spatial diversity in an equal length waveguide array. The approach uses subwavelength grating waveguides in silicon-on-insulator (SOI), which enables the realization of OTTDLs having a simple geometry and that occupy a compact chip area. Moreover, compared to conventional wavelength-variable delay lines with a few THz operation bandwidth, our index-variable OTTDL has an extremely broad operation bandwidth practically exceeding several tens of THz, which supports operation for various input optical signals with broad ranges of central wavelength and bandwidth. PMID:27457024

Nonlinear characterization of a silicon integrated Bragg waveguide filter.

PubMed

Massara, Micol Previde; Menotti, Matteo; Bergamasco, Nicola; Harris, Nicholas C; Baehr-Jones, Tom; Hochberg, Michael; Galland, Christophe; Liscidini, Marco; Galli, Matteo; Bajoni, Daniele

2018-03-01

Bragg waveguides are promising optical filters for pump suppression in spontaneous four-wave mixing (FWM) photon sources. In this work, we investigate the generation of unwanted photon pairs in the filter itself. We do this by taking advantage of the relation between spontaneous and classical FWM, which allows for the precise characterization of the nonlinear response of the device. The pair generation rate estimated from the classical measurement is compared with the theoretical value calculated by means of a full quantum model of the filter, which also allows investigation of the spectral properties of the generated pairs. We find a good agreement between theory and experiment, confirming that stimulated FWM is a valuable approach to characterize the nonlinear response of an integrated filter, and that the pairs generated in a Bragg waveguide are not a serious issue for the operation of a fully integrated nonclassical source.

Subwavelength grating enabled on-chip ultra-compact optical true time delay line.

PubMed

Wang, Junjia; Ashrafi, Reza; Adams, Rhys; Glesk, Ivan; Gasulla, Ivana; Capmany, José; Chen, Lawrence R

2016-07-26

An optical true time delay line (OTTDL) is a basic photonic building block that enables many microwave photonic and optical processing operations. The conventional design for an integrated OTTDL that is based on spatial diversity uses a length-variable waveguide array to create the optical time delays, which can introduce complexities in the integrated circuit design. Here we report the first ever demonstration of an integrated index-variable OTTDL that exploits spatial diversity in an equal length waveguide array. The approach uses subwavelength grating waveguides in silicon-on-insulator (SOI), which enables the realization of OTTDLs having a simple geometry and that occupy a compact chip area. Moreover, compared to conventional wavelength-variable delay lines with a few THz operation bandwidth, our index-variable OTTDL has an extremely broad operation bandwidth practically exceeding several tens of THz, which supports operation for various input optical signals with broad ranges of central wavelength and bandwidth.

Design, Fabrication, and Packaging of Mach-Zehnder Interferometers for Biological Sensing Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Novak, Joseph

Optical biological sensors are widely used in the fields of medical testing, water treatment and safety, gene identification, and many others due to advances in nanofabrication technology. This work focuses on the design of fiber-coupled Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) based biosensors fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. Silicon waveguide sensors are designed with multimode and single-mode dimensions. Input coupling efficiency is investigated by design of various taper structures. Integration processing and packaging is performed for fiber attachment and enhancement of input coupling efficiency. Optical guided-wave sensors rely on single-mode operation to extract an induced phase-shift from the output signal. A silicon waveguide MZI sensor designed and fabricated for both multimode and single-mode dimensions. Sensitivity of the sensors is analyzed for waveguide dimensions and materials. An s-bend structure is designed for the multimode waveguide to eliminate higher-order mode power as an alternative to single-mode confinement. Single-mode confinement is experimentally demonstrated through near field imaging of waveguide output. Y-junctions are designed for 3dB power splitting to the MZI arms and for power recombination after sensing to utilize the interferometric function of the MZI. Ultra-short 10microm taper structures with curved geometries are designed to improve insertion loss from fiber-to-chip without significantly increasing device area and show potential for applications requiring misalignment tolerance. An novel v-groove process is developed for self-aligned integration of fiber grooves for attachment to sensor chips. Thermal oxidation at temperatures from 1050-1150°C during groove processing creates an SiO2 layer on the waveguide end facet to protect the waveguide facet during integration etch processing without additional e-beam lithography processing. Experimental results show improvement of insertion loss compared to dicing preparation and Focused Ion Beam methods using the thermal oxidation process.

Multistage Polymeric Lens Structures Integrated into Silica Waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tate, Atsushi; Suzuki, Takanori; Tsuda, Hiroyuki

2006-08-01

A waveguide lens, composed of multistage polymer-filled thin grooves in a silica planar lightwave circuit (PLC) is proposed and a low-loss structure has been designed. A waveguide lens in a silica slab waveguide has been fabricated using reactive ion etching (RIE) and formed by filling with polymer. Both an imagding optical system and a Fourier-transform optical system can be configured in a PLC using a waveguide lens. It renders the PLC functional and its design flexible. To obtain a shorter focal length with a low insertion loss, it is more effective to use a multistage lens structure. An imaging optical system and a Fourier-transform optical system with a focal length of less than 1000 μm were fabricated in silica waveguides using a multistage lens structure. The lens imaging waveguides incorporate a 16-24-stage lens, with insertion losses of 4-7 dB. A 4 × 4 optical coupler, using a Fourier-transform optical system, utilizes a 6-stage lens with losses of 2-4 dB.

Double mushroom 1.55-μm waveguide photodetectors for integrated E-band (60-90 GHz) wireless transmitter modules

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rymanov, Vitaly; Tekin, Tolga; Stöhr, Andreas

2012-03-01

High data rate photonic wireless systems operating at millimeter wave carrier frequencies are considered as a disruptive technology e.g. for reach extension in optical access networks and for mobile backhauling. Recently, we demonstrated 60 GHz photonic wireless systems with record data rates up to 27 Gbit/s. Because of the oxygen absorption at 60 GHz, it is beneficial for fixed wireless systems with spans exceeding 1 km to operate at even higher frequencies. Here, the recently regulated 10 GHz bandwidth within the E-band (60-90 GHz) is of particular interest, covering the 71-76 GHz and 81-86 GHz allocations for multi-gigabit wireless transmission. For this purpose, wideband waveguide photodetectors with high external quantum efficiency are required. Here, we report on double mushroom 1.55 μm waveguide photodetectors for integration in an E-band wireless transmitter module. The developed photodetector consists of a partially p-doped, partly non-intentionally doped absorbing layer centered in a mushroom-type optical waveguide, overcoming the compromise between the junction capacitance and the series resistance. For efficient fiber-chip coupling, a second mushroom-type passive optical waveguide is used. In contrast to the conventional shallow ridge waveguide approach, the mushroom-type passive waveguide allows to shift the center of the optical mode further away from the top surface, thus reducing waveguide losses due to the surface roughness. Experimentally, a very flat frequency response with a deviation up to +/-1 dB in the entire E-band has been found together with an output power level of -15.7 dBm at 10 mA photocurrent and at a frequency of 73 GHz.

Generation of optical vortices in an integrated optical circuit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tudor, Rebeca; Kusko, Mihai; Kusko, Cristian

2017-09-01

In this work, the generation of optical vortices in an optical integrated circuit is numerically demonstrated. The optical vortices with topological charge m = ±1 are obtained by the coherent superposition of the first order modes present in a waveguide with a rectangular cross section, where the phase delay between these two propagating modes is Δφ = ±π/2. The optical integrated circuit consists of an input waveguide continued with a y-splitter. The left and the right arms of the splitter form two coupling regions K1 and K2 with a multimode output waveguide. In each coupling region, the fundamental modes present in the arms of the splitter are selectively coupled into the output waveguide horizontal and vertical first order modes, respectively. We showed by employing the beam propagation method simulations that the fine tuning of the geometrical parameters of the optical circuit makes possible the generation of optical vortices in both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. Also, we demonstrated that by placing a thermo-optical element on one of the y-splitter arms, it is possible to switch the topological charge of the generated vortex from m = 1 to m = -1.

Silicon-based horizontal nanoplasmonic slot waveguides for on-chip integration.

PubMed

Zhu, Shiyang; Liow, T Y; Lo, G Q; Kwong, D L

2011-04-25

Horizontal metal/insulator/Si/insulator/metal nanoplasmonic slot waveguide (PWG), which is inserted in a conventional Si wire waveguide, is fabricated using the standard Si-CMOS technology. A thin insulator between the metal and the Si core plays a key role: it not only increases the propagation distance as the theoretical prediction, but also prevents metal diffusion and/or metal-Si reaction. Cu-PWGs with the Si core width of ~134-21 nm and ~12-nm-thick SiO2 on each side exhibit a relatively low propagation loss of ~0.37-0.63 dB/µm around the telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm, which is ~2.6 times smaller than the Al-counterparts. A simple tapered coupler can provide an effective coupling between the PWG and the conventional Si wire waveguide. The coupling efficiency as high as ~0.1-0.4 dB per facet is measured. The PWG allows a sharp bending. The pure bending loss of a Cu-PWG direct 90° bend is measured to be ~0.6-1.0 dB. These results indicate the potential for seamless integration of various functional nanoplasmonic devices in existing Si electronic photonic integrated circuits (Si-EPICs).

Reflectively Coupled Waveguide Photodetector for High Speed Optical Interconnection

PubMed Central

Hsu*, Shih-Hsiang

2010-01-01

To fully utilize GaAs high drift mobility, techniques to monolithically integrate In0.53Ga0.47As p-i-n photodetectors with GaAs based optical waveguides using total internal reflection coupling are reviewed. Metal coplanar waveguides, deposited on top of the polyimide layer for the photodetector’s planarization and passivation, were then uniquely connected as a bridge between the photonics and electronics to illustrate the high-speed monitoring function. The photodetectors were efficiently implemented and imposed on the echelle grating circle for wavelength division multiplexing monitoring. In optical filtering performance, the monolithically integrated photodetector channel spacing was 2 nm over the 1,520–1,550 nm wavelength range and the pass band was 1 nm at the −1 dB level. For high-speed applications the full-width half-maximum of the temporal response and 3-dB bandwidth for the reflectively coupled waveguide photodetectors were demonstrated to be 30 ps and 11 GHz, respectively. The bit error rate performance of this integrated photodetector at 10 Gbit/s with 27-1 long pseudo-random bit sequence non-return to zero input data also showed error-free operation. PMID:22163502

Fabrication of planar optical waveguides by 6.0 MeV silicon ion implantation in Nd-doped phosphate glasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shen, Xiao-Liang; Dai, Han-Qing; Zhang, Liao-Lin; Wang, Yue; Zhu, Qi-Feng; Guo, Hai-Tao; Li, Wei-Nan; Liu, Chun-Xiao

2018-04-01

We report the fabrication of a planar optical waveguide by silicon ion implantation into Nd-doped phosphate glass at an energy of 6.0 MeV and a dose of 5.0 × 1014 ions/cm2. The change in the surface morphology of the glass after the implantation can be clearly observed by scanning electron microscopy. The measurement of the dark mode spectrum of the waveguide is conducted using a prism coupler at 632.8 nm. The refractive index distribution of the waveguide is reconstructed by the reflectivity calculation method. The near-field optical intensity profile of the waveguide is measured using an end-face coupling system. The waveguide with good optical properties on the glass matrix may be valuable for the application of the Nd-doped phosphate glass in integrated optical devices.

Modeling of Slot Waveguide Sensors Based on Polymeric Materials

PubMed Central

Bettotti, Paolo; Pitanti, Alessandro; Rigo, Eveline; De Leonardis, Francesco; Passaro, Vittorio M. N.; Pavesi, Lorenzo

2011-01-01

Slot waveguides are very promising for optical sensing applications because of their peculiar spatial mode profile. In this paper we have carried out a detailed analysis of mode confinement properties in slot waveguides realized in very low refractive index materials. We show that the sensitivity of a slot waveguide is not directly related to the refractive index contrast of high and low materials forming the waveguide. Thus, a careful design of the structures allows the realization of high sensitivity devices even in very low refractive index materials (e.g., polymers) to be achieved. Advantages of low index dielectrics in terms of cost, functionalization and ease of fabrication are discussed while keeping both CMOS compatibility and integrable design schemes. Finally, applications of low index slot waveguides as substitute of bulky fiber capillary sensors or in ring resonator architectures are addressed. Theoretical results of this work are relevant to well established polymer technologies. PMID:22164020

Tunable slow light in graphene-based hyperbolic metamaterial waveguide operating in SCLU telecom bands.

PubMed

Tyszka-Zawadzka, Anna; Janaszek, Bartosz; Szczepański, Paweł

2017-04-03

The tunability of slow light in graphene-based hyperbolic metamaterial waveguide operating in SCLU telecom bands is investigated. For the first time it has been shown that proper design of a GHMM structure forming waveguide layer and the geometry of the waveguide itself allows stopped light to be obtained in an almost freely selected range of wavelengths within SCLU bands. In particular, the possibility of controlling light propagation in GHMM waveguides by external biasing has been presented. The change of external electric field enables the stop light of the selected wavelength as well as the control of a number of modes, which can be stopped, cut off or supported. Proposed GHMM waveguides could offer great opportunities in the field of integrated photonics that are compatible with CMOS technology, especially since such structures can be utilized as photonic memory cells, tunable optical buffers, delays, optical modulators etc.

Observation and investigation of narrow optical transitions of 167Er3+ ions in femtosecond laser printed waveguides in 7LiYF4 crystal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Minnegaliev, M. M.; Dyakonov, I. V.; Gerasimov, K. I.; Kalinkin, A. A.; Kulik, S. P.; Moiseev, S. A.; Saygin, M. Yu; Urmancheev, R. V.

2018-04-01

We produced optical waveguides in the 167Er3+:7 LiYF4 crystal with diameters ranging from 30 to 100 μm by using the depressed-cladding approach with femtosecond laser. Stationary and coherent spectroscopy was performed on the 809 nm optical transitions between the hyperfine sublevels of 4I15/2 and 4I9/2 multiplets of 167Er3+ ions both inside and outside of waveguides. It was found that the spectra of 167Er3+ were slightly broadened and shifted inside the waveguides compared to the bulk crystal spectra. We managed to observe a two-pulse photon echo on this transition and determined phase relaxation times for each waveguide. The experimental results show that the created crystal waveguides doped by rare-earth ions can be used in optical quantum memory and integrated quantum schemes.

A magnetically tunable non-Bragg defect mode in a corrugated waveguide filled with liquid crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Lu; Fan, Ya-Xian; Liu, Huan; Han, Xu; Lu, Wen-Qiang; Tao, Zhi-Yong

2018-04-01

A magnetically tunable, non-Bragg defect mode (NBDM) was created in the terahertz frequency range by inserting a defect in the middle of a periodically corrugated waveguide filled with liquid crystals (LCs). In the periodic waveguide, non-Bragg gaps beyond the Bragg ones, which appear in the transmission spectra, are created by different transverse mode resonances. The transmission spectra of the waveguide containing a defect showed that a defect mode was present inside the non-Bragg gap. The NBDM has quite different features compared to the Bragg defect mode, which includes more complex, high-order guided wave modes. In our study, we filled the corrugated waveguide with LCs to realize the tunability of the NBDM. The simulated results showed that the NBDM in a corrugated waveguide filled with LCs can be used in filters, sensors, switches, and other terahertz integrated devices.

InGaN directional coupler made with a one-step etching technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Xumin; Yuan, Jialei; Yang, Yongchao; Zhang, Shuai; Shi, Zheng; Li, Xin; Wang, Yongjin

2017-06-01

We propose, fabricate and characterize an on-chip integration of light source, InGaN waveguide, directional coupler and photodiode, in which AlGaN layers are used as top and bottom optical claddings to form an InGaN waveguide for guiding the in-plane emitted light from the InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well light-emitting diode (MQW-LED). The difference in etch rate caused by different exposure windows leads to an etching depth discrepancy using the one-step etching technique, which forms the InGaN directional coupler with the overlapped underlying slab. Light propagation results directly confirm effective light coupling in the InGaN directional coupler, which is achieved through high-order guided modes. The InGaN waveguide couples the modulated light from the InGaN/GaN MQW-LED and transfers part of light to the coupled waveguide via the InGaN directional coupler. The in-plane InGaN/GaN MQW-photodiode absorbs the guided light by the coupled InGaN waveguide and induces the photocurrent. The on-chip InGaN photonic integration experimentally demonstrates an in-plane light communication with a data transmission of 50 Mbps.

Integrated-Optic Wavelength Multiplexer In Glass Fabricated By A Charge Controlled Ion Exchange

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klein, R.; Jestel, D.; Lilienhof, H. J.; Rottman, F.; Voges, E.

1989-02-01

Integrated-optic wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is commonly used in communication systems. These WDM-devices are also well suited to build up optical fiber networks for both intensity and interferometric sensor types. The operation principle of our wavelength division multiplexing devise is based on the wavelength dependent two-mode interference in a two-moded waveguide, which is coupled adiabatically to the single-mode input and output strip waveguides. The single-mode input and output waveguides are connected via two Y-branches ( "'kJ- 1° branching angle ) with a two-moded intersection region. The ratio of the light powers in the single-mode output waveguides depends on wavelength . The two-mode interference within the two-moded center waveguide leads to an almost wavelength periodic transmission caracteristic . Dual-channel multiplexers/demultiplexers were fabricated by a charge controlled field assisted pottasium exchange in B-270 glass (Desag). The devices have a typical channel separation of 30 - 40 nm and a far-end crosstalk attenuation of better than 16 dB. The operation wavelength regions of the fabricated devices are 0.6 - 0.8 µm and 1.3 - 1.6 µm, respectively.

Multi-octave spectral beam combiner on ultra-broadband photonic integrated circuit platform.

PubMed

Stanton, Eric J; Heck, Martijn J R; Bovington, Jock; Spott, Alexander; Bowers, John E

2015-05-04

We present the design of a novel platform that is able to combine optical frequency bands spanning 4.2 octaves from ultraviolet to mid-wave infrared into a single, low M2 output waveguide. We present the design and realization of a key component in this platform that combines the wavelength bands of 350 nm - 1500 nm and 1500 nm - 6500 nm with demonstrated efficiency greater than 90% in near-infrared and mid-wave infrared. The multi-octave spectral beam combiner concept is realized using an integrated platform with silicon nitride waveguides and silicon waveguides. Simulated bandwidth is shown to be over four octaves, and measured bandwidth is shown over two octaves, limited by the availability of sources.

Design of Planar Leaky Wave Antenna Fed by Substrate Integrated Waveguide Horn

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cai, Yang; Zhang, Yingsong; Qian, Zuping

2017-12-01

A metal strip grating leaky wave antenna (MSG-LWA) fed by substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) horn is proposed. The planar horn shares the same substrate with the MSG-LWA, which leads to a compact structure of the proposed antenna. Furthermore, through introducing phase-corrected structure by embedding metallized vias into the SIW horn, a nearly uniform phase distribution at the horn aperture is obtained, which effectively enhances the radiating performance of the MSG-LWA. Results indicate that the proposed antenna scans from -50° to -25° in the frequency band ranging from 15.3 GHz to 17.3 GHz. Besides, effectiveness of the proposed design is validated by comparing with a same MSG-LWA fed by an ideal rectangular waveguide.

Integrated optics interferometer for high precision displacement measurement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Persegol, Dominique; Collomb, Virginie; Minier, Vincent

2017-11-01

We present the design and fabrication aspects of an integrated optics interferometer used in the optical head of a compact and lightweight displacement sensor developed for spatial applications. The process for fabricating the waveguides of the optical chip is a double thermal ion exchange of silver and sodium in a silicate glass. This two step process is adapted for the fabrication of high numerical aperture buried waveguides having negligible losses for bending radius as low as 10 mm. The optical head of the sensor is composed of a reference arm, a sensing arm and an interferometer which generates a one dimensional fringe pattern allowing a multiphase detection. Four waveguides placed at the output of the interferometer deliver four ideally 90° phase shifted signals.

INTEGRATED AND FIBER OPTICS: Electrodiffusion of Cs+ ions into glass from molten CsNO3. Planar waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Galechyan, M. G.; Dianov, Evgenii M.; Lyndin, N. M.; Tishchenko, A. V.

1989-02-01

A new method for electrodiffusion of Cs+ ions from molten CsNO3 into glass was developed. A study was made of the dependences of the parameters of the refractive index profile of planar waveguides on the conditions during diffusion. These waveguides were characterized by low losses (less than 0.2 dB/cm) in a wide spectral range and they were stable under heating to 300 °C.

A 2D Rods-in-Air Square-Lattice Photonic Crystal Optical Switch

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-01

4] Tao Chu, Hirohito Yamada, Satomi Ishida, Yasuhiko Arakawa, Thermooptic switch based on photonic-crystal line-defect waveguides, IEEE Photon...Ishida, Yasuhiko Arakawa, Hiroyuki Fujita, Hiroshi Toshiyoshi, Design and fabrication on MEMS optical mod- ulators integrated with Phc waveguide, in

Liquid-crystal-based tunable plasmonic waveguide filters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yin, Shengtao; Liu, Yan Jun; Xiao, Dong; He, Huilin; Luo, Dan; Jiang, Shouzhen; Dai, Haitao; Ji, Wei; Sun, Xiao Wei

2018-06-01

We propose a liquid-crystal-based tunable plasmonic waveguide filter and numerically investigate its filtering properties. The filter consists of a metal-insulator-metal waveguide with a nanocavity resonator. By filling the nanocavity with birefringent liquid crystals (LCs), we could then vary the effective refractive index of the nanocavity by controlling the alignment of the LC molecules, hence making the filter tunable. The tunable filtering properties are further analyzed in details via the temporal coupled mode theory (CMT) and the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The simulation results show that the resonant wavelengths have linear redshift as the refractive index of the nanocavity increases and the coupling efficiency is more than 65% without considering the internal loss in the nanocavity and waveguides. These achieved results by the FDTD simulations can be also accurately analyzed by CMT. The compact design of our proposed plasmonic filters is especially favorable for integration, and such filters could find many important potential applications in high-density plasmonic integration circuits.

Toward a biophotonic MEMS cell sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Powers, Michael A.; Koev, Stephan T.; Schleunitz, Arne; Yi, Hyunmin; Hodzic, Vildana; Bentley, William E.; Payne, Gregory F.; Rubloff, Gary W.; Ghodssi, Reza

2005-06-01

We present a new platform for the optical analysis of biomolecules based upon the polysaccharide chitosan. The versatile, stable, and compatible nature of chitosan makes it an ideal material for integrating biological materials in microfabricated systems. Chitosan"s pH-responsive solubility allows electrochemical deposition, while its chemical reactivity enables facile coupling of proteins, oligonucleotides, and other biomolecules by covalent bonds. This work demonstrates the spatially selective assembly of a fluorescent molecule on chitosan and its applicability to microscale optical transducers. We define multimode waveguides and fluidic channels on a Pyrex wafer using a single layer of SU-8. Our implementation of sidewall patterning of transparent electrodes (indium tin oxide) on SU-8 structures is demonstrated and can be highly beneficial to fluorescent signal transduction. In this optical configuration, normally incident excitation light illuminates a chitosan surface on the vertical face of a collector waveguide intersected by a microfluidic channel. We demonstrate the collection of the optical signal in the integrated waveguide and analyze the signal by coupling the waveguide to a grating spectrometer.

Photonic bandpass filter characteristics of multimode SOI waveguides integrated with submicron gratings.

PubMed

Sah, Parimal; Das, Bijoy Krishna

2018-03-20

It has been shown that a fundamental mode adiabatically launched into a multimode SOI waveguide with submicron grating offers well-defined flat-top bandpass filter characteristics in transmission. The transmitted spectral bandwidth is controlled by adjusting both waveguide and grating design parameters. The bandwidth is further narrowed down by cascading two gratings with detuned parameters. A semi-analytical model is used to analyze the filter characteristics (1500  nm≤λ≤1650  nm) of the device operating in transverse-electric polarization. The proposed devices were fabricated with an optimized set of design parameters in a SOI substrate with a device layer thickness of 250 nm. The pass bandwidth of waveguide devices integrated with single-stage gratings are measured to be ∼24  nm, whereas the device with two cascaded gratings with slightly detuned periods (ΔΛ=2  nm) exhibits a pass bandwidth down to ∼10  nm.

FIBRE AND INTEGRATED OPTICS. OPTICAL PROCESSING OF INFORMATION: Mechanism of lock-in detection with the aid of an alternating field perpendicular to the surface of a planar photorefractive waveguide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zel'dovich, Boris Ya; Miklyaev, Yu V.; Safonov, V. I.

1995-02-01

An analysis is made of the mechanism of formation of a stationary grating in a planar photorefractive waveguide by a travelling interference pattern with the aid of an alternating electric field applied perpendicular to the waveguide layer. A theoretical calculation is reported of the distribution of the space-charge field in a transverse section of the waveguide. Finite drift lengths and trap saturation are taken into account in these calculations, which are carried out on the assumption of a weak contrast in the interference pattern.

FIBER AND INTEGRATED OPTICS: Experimental investigation of energy transfer between modes in a graded-index fiber waveguide with periodic microbending of the axis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garichev, V. P.; Krivoshlykov, S. G.; Jahn, I.-U.

1990-08-01

An experimental investigation was made of energy transfer between the lowest axially symmetric modes in a multimode graded-index fiber waveguide as a function of the amplitude of periodic bending of its axis. Selective excitation and detection of given modes in a waveguide was induced with the aid of synthesized holograms. The experimental curves were in satisfactory agreement with the results of a theoretical calculation and confirmed that the sensitivity of a mode to bending of the axis of a graded-index waveguide increased on increase in the mode number.

Nanowires and nanoribbons as subwavelength optical waveguides and their use as components in photonic circuits and devices

DOEpatents

Yang, Peidong; Law, Matt; Sirbuly, Donald J.; Johnson, Justin C.; Saykally, Richard; Fan, Rong; Tao, Andrea

2012-10-02

Nanoribbons and nanowires having diameters less than the wavelength of light are used in the formation and operation of optical circuits and devices. Such nanostructures function as subwavelength optical waveguides which form a fundamental building block for optical integration. The extraordinary length, flexibility and strength of these structures enable their manipulation on surfaces, including the precise positioning and optical linking of nanoribbon/wire waveguides and other nanoribbon/wire elements to form optical networks and devices. In addition, such structures provide for waveguiding in liquids, enabling them to further be used in other applications such as optical probes and sensors.

Optical-fiber-to-waveguide coupling using carbon-dioxide-laser-induced long-period fiber gratings.

PubMed

Bachim, Brent L; Ogunsola, Oluwafemi O; Gaylord, Thomas K

2005-08-15

Optical fibers are expected to play a role in chip-level and board-level optical interconnects because of limitations on the bandwidth and level of integration of electrical interconnects. Therefore, methods are needed to couple optical fibers directly to waveguides on chips and on boards. We demonstrate optical-fiber-to-waveguide coupling using carbon-dioxide laser-induced long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs). Such gratings can be written in standard fiber and offer wavelength multiplexing-demultiplexing performance. The coupler fabrication process and the characterization apparatus are presented. The operation and the wavelength response of a LPFG-based optical-fiber-to-waveguide directional coupler are demonstrated.

Integrated Optics Anisotropic Waveguides and Devices

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-04-30

INTEGRATED OPTICS ANISOTROPIC WAVEGUIDES AND DEVICESto N FINAL REPORT Thomas K. Gaylord April 30, 1989 U. S. ARMY RESEARCH OFFICE Grant Number...DAAL03-86-K-0157 Georgia Institute of Technology ELECTE S JAN2 2 1990 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. 90 01 22 13j4 THE VIEW, OPINIONS...Electrical Engr. (if appicable) Georgia Institute of Technolog] U. S. Army Research Office k. ADDRESS (City, State, a"d ZIP Code) 7b. ADDRESS (City, State

FIBER AND INTEGRATED OPTICS: Use of the offset method in an analysis of a non-Gaussian field distribution in single-mode fiber waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belov, A. V.; Kurkov, Andrei S.; Chikolini, A. V.

1990-08-01

An offset method is modified to allow an analysis of the distribution of fields in a single-mode fiber waveguide without recourse to the Gaussian approximation. A new approximation for the field is obtained for fiber waveguides with a step refractive index profile and a special analysis employing the Hankel transformation is applied to waveguides with a distributed refractive index. The field distributions determined by this method are compared with the corresponding distributions calculated from the refractive index of a preform from which the fibers are drawn. It is shown that these new approaches can be used to determine the dimensions of a mode spot defined in different ways and to forecast the dispersion characteristics of single-mode fiber waveguides.

Polarization modulation based on the hybrid waveguide of graphene sandwiched structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Junbo; Chen, Dingbo; Zhang, Jingjing; Zhang, Zhaojian; Huang, Jie

2017-09-01

Polarization beam splitter (PBS) plays an important role to realize beam control and modulation. A novel hybrid structure of graphene sandwiched waveguide is proposed to fulfill polarization manipulation and selection based on the refractive index engineering techniques. The fundamental mode of TM cannot be supported in this case. However, both TE and TM mode are excited and transmitting in the hybrid waveguide if the design parameters, including the waveguide width and the waveguide height, are changed. The incident wavelength largely affects the effective index, which results in supporting/not supporting the TM mode. The proposed design exhibits high extinction ratio, compact in size, flexible to control, compatible with CMOS process, and easy to be integrated with other optoelectronic devices, allowing it to be used in optical communication and optical information processing.

Quasi-Phase-Matched Supercontinuum Generation in Photonic Waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hickstein, Daniel D.; Kerber, Grace C.; Carlson, David R.; Chang, Lin; Westly, Daron; Srinivasan, Kartik; Kowligy, Abijith; Bowers, John E.; Diddams, Scott A.; Papp, Scott B.

2018-02-01

Supercontinuum generation (SCG) in integrated photonic waveguides is a versatile source of broadband light, and the generated spectrum is largely determined by the phase-matching conditions. Here we show that quasi-phase-matching via periodic modulations of the waveguide structure provides a useful mechanism to control the evolution of ultrafast pulses during supercontinuum generation. We experimentally demonstrate a quasi-phase-matched supercontinuum to the TE20 and TE00 waveguide modes, which enhances the intensity of the SCG in specific spectral regions by as much as 20 dB. We utilize higher-order quasi-phase-matching (up to the 16th order) to enhance the intensity in numerous locations across the spectrum. Quasi-phase-matching adds a unique dimension to the design space for SCG waveguides, allowing the spectrum to be engineered for specific applications.

Coupling Ideality of Integrated Planar High-Q Microresonators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pfeiffer, Martin H. P.; Liu, Junqiu; Geiselmann, Michael; Kippenberg, Tobias J.

2017-02-01

Chip-scale optical microresonators with integrated planar optical waveguides are useful building blocks for linear, nonlinear, and quantum-optical photonic devices alike. Loss reduction through improving fabrication processes results in several integrated microresonator platforms attaining quality (Q ) factors of several millions. Beyond the improvement of the quality factor, the ability to operate the microresonator with high coupling ideality in the overcoupled regime is of central importance. In this regime, the dominant source of loss constitutes the coupling to a single desired output channel, which is particularly important not only for quantum-optical applications such as the generation of squeezed light and correlated photon pairs but also for linear and nonlinear photonics. However, to date, the coupling ideality in integrated photonic microresonators is not well understood, in particular, design-dependent losses and their impact on the regime of high ideality. Here we investigate design-dependent parasitic losses described by the coupling ideality of the commonly employed microresonator design consisting of a microring-resonator waveguide side coupled to a straight bus waveguide, a system which is not properly described by the conventional input-output theory of open systems due to the presence of higher-order modes. By systematic characterization of multimode high-Q silicon nitride microresonator devices, we show that this design can suffer from low coupling ideality. By performing 3D simulations, we identify the coupling to higher-order bus waveguide modes as the dominant origin of parasitic losses which lead to the low coupling ideality. Using suitably designed bus waveguides, parasitic losses are mitigated with a nearly unity ideality and strong overcoupling (i.e., a ratio of external coupling to internal resonator loss rate >9 ) are demonstrated. Moreover, we find that different resonator modes can exchange power through the coupler, which, therefore, constitutes a mechanism that induces modal coupling, a phenomenon known to distort resonator dispersion properties. Our results demonstrate the potential for significant performance improvements of integrated planar microresonators for applications in quantum optics and nonlinear photonics achievable by optimized coupler designs.

Optofluidic devices for biomolecule sensing and multiplexing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ozcelik, Damla

Optofluidics which integrates photonics and microfluidics, has led to highly compact, sensitive and adaptable biomedical sensors. Optofluidic biosensors based on liquid-core anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (LC-ARROWs), have proven to be a highly sensitive, portable, and reconfigurable platform for fluorescence spectroscopy and detection of single biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and virus particles. However, continued improvements in sensitivity remain a major goal as we approach the ultimate limit of detecting individual bio-particles labeled by single or few fluorophores. Additionally, the ability to simultaneously detect and identify multiple biological particles or biomarkers is one of the key requirements for molecular diagnostic tests. The compactness and adaptability of these platforms can further be advanced by introducing tunability, integrating off-chip components, designing reconfigurable and customizable devices, which makes these platforms very good candidates for many different applications. The goal of this thesis was to introduce new elements in these LC-ARROW optofluidics platforms that provide major enhancements in their functionality, making them more sensitive, compact, customizable and multiplexed. First, a novel integrated tunable spectral filter that achieves effective elimination of background noise on the ARROW platform was demonstrated. A unique dual liquid-core design enabled the independent multi-wavelength tuning of the spectral filter by adjusting the refractive index and chemical properties of the liquid. In order to enhance the detection sensitivity of the platform, Y-splitter waveguides were integrated to create multiple excitation spots for each target molecule. A powerful signal processing algorithm was used to analyze the data to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the collected data. Next, the design, optimization and characterization of the Y-splitter waveguides are presented; and single influenza virus detection with an improved SNR was demonstrated using this platform. Finally, multiplexing capacity is introduced to the ARROW detection platform by integrating multi-mode interference (MMI) waveguides. MMI waveguides create wavelength dependent multiple excitation spots at the excitation region, allowing the spectral multiplexed detection of multiple different target molecules based on the excitation pattern, without the need for additional spectral filters. Successful spectral multiplexed detection of three different types of influenza viruses is achieved by using separate wavelengths and combination of wavelengths. This multiplexing capacity is further enhanced by taking advantage of the spatial properties of the MMI pattern, designing triple liquid-core waveguides that intersect the MMI waveguide in different locations. Furthermore, the spectral and spatial multiplexing capacities are combined in these triple liquid-core MMI platforms, allowing these devices to distinguish multiple different targets and samples simultaneously.

Deepening Insights of Charge Transfer and Photophysics in a Novel Donor-Acceptor Cocrystal for Waveguide Couplers and Photonic Logic Computation.

PubMed

Zhu, Weigang; Zhu, Lingyun; Zou, Ye; Wu, Yishi; Zhen, Yonggang; Dong, Huanli; Fu, Hongbing; Wei, Zhixiang; Shi, Qiang; Hu, Wenping

2016-07-01

The charge transfer and photophysics in a new light-emitting cocrystal with ribbon-like morphology are revealed in-depth. These cocrystals can serve as an efficient 1D optical waveguide, and the cocrystal waveguide couplers fabricated by a probe-assisted crystal-moving technique exhibit interfacial white emission and can function as basic photonic logic gates, showing potential for future integrated photonics. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Effects of surface roughness and absorption on light propagation in graded-profile waveguides

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Danilenko, S S; Osovitskii, A N

2011-06-30

This paper examines the effects of surface roughness and absorption on laser light propagation in graded-profile waveguiding structures. We derive analytical expressions for the scattering and absorption coefficients of guided waves and analyse these coefficients in relation to parameters of the waveguiding structure and the roughness of its boundary. A new approach is proposed to measuring roughness parameters of precision dielectric surfaces. Experimental evidence is presented which supports the main conclusions of the theory. (integraled-optical waweguides)

FIBER AND INTEGRATED OPTICS: Nonlinearity of a channel-waveguide phase modulator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parygin, V. N.; Zhmakin, I. N.; Baglikov, V. B.

1993-09-01

The phase velocity of light in a channel waveguide using a LiNbO3 crystal is analyzed as a function of the voltage applied to the crystal. A refinement of the method of an effective refractive index is proposed. This refinement makes it possible to use the method near the cutoff for a waveguide mode. At voltages on the order of 10 V, the nonlinearity of the phase characteristic amounts to ~ 5 · 10- 4 of the linear phase shift.

Calculated Coupling Efficiency Between an Elliptical-Core Optical Fiber and a Silicon Oxynitride Rib Waveguide [Corrected Copy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tuma, Margaret L.; Beheim, Glenn

1995-01-01

The effective-index method and Marcatili's technique were utilized independently to calculate the electric field profile of a rib channel waveguide. Using the electric field profile calculated from each method, the theoretical coupling efficiency between a single-mode optical fiber and a rib waveguide was calculated using the overlap integral. Perfect alignment was assumed and the coupling efficiency calculated. The coupling efficiency calculation was then repeated for a range of transverse offsets.

Towards Fieldable Rapid Bioagent Detection: advanced Resonant Optical Waveguide and Biolayer Structures for Integrated Biosensing

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-11-01

waveguide approach in which a right-angled gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) glass prism of index 1.965 at 633 nm is used to couple light from a HeNe laser of...SPARROW sensor consists of two planar, single mode aluminum oxide waveguides separated vertically by a lower refractive index silicon dioxide layer...and high stability could be formed on aluminum oxide, the binding of an alkyl carboxylic acid, stearic acid (n-octadecanoic acid), was investigated

Integrated-optics heralded controlled-NOT gate for polarization-encoded qubits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zeuner, Jonas; Sharma, Aditya N.; Tillmann, Max; Heilmann, René; Gräfe, Markus; Moqanaki, Amir; Szameit, Alexander; Walther, Philip

2018-03-01

Recent progress in integrated-optics technology has made photonics a promising platform for quantum networks and quantum computation protocols. Integrated optical circuits are characterized by small device footprints and unrivalled intrinsic interferometric stability. Here, we take advantage of femtosecond-laser-written waveguides' ability to process polarization-encoded qubits and present an implementation of a heralded controlled-NOT gate on chip. We evaluate the gate performance in the computational basis and a superposition basis, showing that the gate can create polarization entanglement between two photons. Transmission through the integrated device is optimized using thermally expanded core fibers and adiabatically reduced mode-field diameters at the waveguide facets. This demonstration underlines the feasibility of integrated quantum gates for all-optical quantum networks and quantum repeaters.

Feasibility of Coupling Between a Single-Mode Elliptical-Core Fiber and a Single Mode Rib Waveguide Over Temperature. Ph.D. Thesis - Akron Univ., Aug. 1995

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tuma, Margaret L.

1995-01-01

To determine the feasibility of coupling the output of an optical fiber to a rib waveguide in a temperature environment ranging from 20 C to 300 C, a theoretical calculation of the coupling efficiency between the two was investigated. This is a significant problem which needs to be addressed to determine whether an integrated optic device can function in a harsh temperature environment. Because the behavior of the integrated-optic device is polarization sensitive, a polarization-preserving optic fiber, via its elliptical core, was used to couple light with a known polarization into the device. To couple light energy efficiently from an optical fiber into a channel waveguide, the design of both components should provide for well-matched electric field profiles. The rib waveguide analyzed was the light input channel of an integrated-optic pressure sensor. Due to the complex geometry of the rib waveguide, there is no analytical solution to the wave equation for the guided modes. Approximation or numerical techniques must be utilized to determine the propagation constants and field patterns of the guide. In this study, three solution methods were used to determine the field profiles of both the fiber and guide: the effective-index method (EIM), Marcatili's approximation, and a Fourier method. These methods were utilized independently to calculate the electric field profile of a rib channel waveguide and elliptical fiber at two temperatures, 20 C and 300 C. These temperatures were chosen to represent a nominal and a high temperature that the device would experience. Using the electric field profile calculated from each method, the theoretical coupling efficiency between the single-mode optical fiber and rib waveguide was calculated using the overlap integral and results of the techniques compared. Initially, perfect alignment was assumed and the coupling efficiency calculated. Then, the coupling efficiency calculation was repeated for a range of transverse offsets at both temperatures. Results of the calculation indicate a high coupling efficiency can be achieved when the two components were properly aligned. The coupling efficiency was more sensitive to alignment offsets in the y direction than the x, due to the elliptical modal profile of both components. Changes in the coupling efficiency over temperature were found to be minimal.

High-Power X-Band Semiconductor RF Switch for Pulse Compression Systems of Future Colliders

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tantawi, Sami G.; Tamura, Fumihiko

2000-04-01

We describe the potential of semiconductor X-band RF switch arrays as a means of developing high power RF pulse compression systems for future linear colliders. The switch systems described here have two designs. Both designs consist of two 3dB hybrids and active modules. In the first design the module is composed of a cascaded active phase shifter. In the second design the module uses arrays of SPST (Single Pole Single Throw) switches. Each cascaded element of the phase shifter and the SPST switch has similar design. The active element consists of symmetrical three-port tee-junctions and an active waveguide window in the symmetrical arm of the tee-junction. The design methodology of the elements and the architecture of the whole switch system are presented. We describe the scaling law that governs the relation between power handling capability and number of elements. The design of the active waveguide window is presented. The waveguide window is a silicon wafer with an array of four hundred PIN/NIP diodes covering the surface of the window. This waveguide window is located in an over-moded TE01 circular waveguide. The results of high power RF measurements of the active waveguide window are presented. The experiment is performed at power levels of tens of megawatts at X-band.

Quantum dot rolled-up microtube optoelectronic integrated circuit.

PubMed

Bhowmick, Sishir; Frost, Thomas; Bhattacharya, Pallab

2013-05-15

A rolled-up microtube optoelectronic integrated circuit operating as a phototransceiver is demonstrated. The microtube is made of a InGaAs/GaAs strained bilayer with InAs self-organized quantum dots inserted in the GaAs layer. The phototransceiver consists of an optically pumped microtube laser and a microtube photoconductive detector connected by an a-Si/SiO2 waveguide. The loss in the waveguide and responsivity of the entire phototransceiver circuit are 7.96 dB/cm and 34 mA/W, respectively.

Testing Fixture For Microwave Integrated Circuits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Romanofsky, Robert; Shalkhauser, Kurt

1989-01-01

Testing fixture facilitates radio-frequency characterization of microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits. Includes base onto which two cosine-tapered ridge waveguide-to-microstrip transitions fastened. Length and profile of taper determined analytically to provide maximum bandwidth and minimum insertion loss. Each cosine taper provides transformation from high impedance of waveguide to characteristic impedance of microstrip. Used in conjunction with automatic network analyzer to provide user with deembedded scattering parameters of device under test. Operates from 26.5 to 40.0 GHz, but operation extends to much higher frequencies.

Study of a computer-controlled integrated optical gas-concentration sensor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Egorov, A A; Egorov, M A; Chekhlova, T K

2008-08-31

A computer-controlled integrated optical waveguide sensor based on an optical waveguide of the diffusion type with the low attenuation coefficient is developed and studied. It is shown that the response time of the sensor is {approx}0.15 s. According to tests and computer simulations, the sensor can detect gaseous ammonia in air with the limiting theoretical concentration of {approx}0.1 ppm for the signal-to-noise ratio no less than 20. (laser applications and other topics in quantum electronics)

LASER APPLICATIONS AND OTHER TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS: Study of a computer-controlled integrated optical gas-concentration sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Egorov, A. A.; Egorov, M. A.; Chekhlova, T. K.; Timakin, A. G.

2008-08-01

A computer-controlled integrated optical waveguide sensor based on an optical waveguide of the diffusion type with the low attenuation coefficient is developed and studied. It is shown that the response time of the sensor is ≈0.15 s. According to tests and computer simulations, the sensor can detect gaseous ammonia in air with the limiting theoretical concentration of ≈0.1 ppm for the signal-to-noise ratio no less than 20.

Coplanar monolithic integrated circuits for low-noise communication and radar systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bessemoulin, Alexandre; Verweyen, Ludger; Marsetz, Waldemar; Massler, Hermann; Neumann, Markus; Hulsmann, Axel; Schlechtweg, Michael

1999-12-01

This paper presents coplanar millimeter-wave monolithic integrated circuits with high performance and small size for use in low noise communication and radar system applications. Technology and modeling issues with respect to active and passive elements are discussed first. In a second step, the potential of coplanar waveguides to realize compact ICs is illustrated through various design examples, such as low noise amplifiers, mixers and power amplifiers. The performance of multifunctional ICs is also presented by comparing simulated and measured results for a complete 77 GHz Transceive MMIC.

Apparatus for millimeter-wave signal generation

DOEpatents

Vawter, G. Allen; Hietala, Vincent M.; Zolper, John C.; Mar, Alan; Hohimer, John P.

1999-01-01

An opto-electronic integrated circuit (OEIC) apparatus is disclosed for generating an electrical signal at a frequency .gtoreq.10 GHz. The apparatus, formed on a single substrate, includes a semiconductor ring laser for generating a continuous train of mode-locked lasing pulses and a high-speed photodetector for detecting the train of lasing pulses and generating the electrical signal therefrom. Embodiments of the invention are disclosed with an active waveguide amplifier coupling the semiconductor ring laser and the high-speed photodetector. The invention has applications for use in OEICs and millimeter-wave monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs).

Strongly Confined Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons Waveguiding Enabled by Planar Staggered Plasmonic Waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ye, Longfang; Xiao, Yifan; Liu, Yanhui; Zhang, Liang; Cai, Guoxiong; Liu, Qing Huo

2016-12-01

We demonstrate a novel route to achieving highly efficient and strongly confined spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) waveguides at subwavelength scale enabled by planar staggered plasmonic waveguides (PSPWs). The structure of these new waveguides consists of an ultrathin metallic strip with periodic subwavelength staggered double groove arrays supported by a flexible dielectric substrate, leading to unique staggered EM coupling and waveguiding phenomenon. The spoof SPP propagation properties, including dispersion relations and near field distributions, are numerically investigated. Furthermore, broadband coplanar waveguide (CPW) to planar staggered plasmonic waveguide (PSPW) transitions are designed to achieve smooth momentum matching and highly efficient spoof SPP mode conversion. By applying these transitions, a CPW-PSPW-CPW structure is designed, fabricated and measured to verify the PSPW’s propagation performance at microwave frequencies. The investigation results show the proposed PSPWs have excellent performance of deep subwavelength spoof SPPs confinement, long propagation length and low bend loss, as well as great design flexibility to engineer the propagation properties by adjusting their geometry dimensions and material parameters. Our work opens up a new avenue for development of various advanced planar integrated plasmonic devices and circuits in microwave and terahertz regimes.

Efficient Ti:LiNbO3 ridge waveguide lasers: investigation of Er and Yb:Er doped waveguides pumped at 980nm and 1486nm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brüske, Dominik; Suntsov, Sergiy; Volk, Martin F.; Rüter, Christian E.; Kip, Detlef

2018-02-01

Erbium-ytterbium-codoped titanium in-diffused ridge waveguides optical amplifiers in x-cut congruent LiNbO3 substrates pumped at 980.5 nm and 1486 nm are reported for the first time. An internal gain of 2.8 dB/cm has been measured in 2.3 cm long Yb:Er:Ti:LiNbO3 ridge waveguides for the coupled pump power of 145 mW at 980.5 nm, which is the highest gain ever reported, to the best of our knowledge, for erbium-based LiNbO3 waveguide amplifiers under 980 nm excitation. Furthermore, we realized an internal gain of 3.2 dB/cm for the coupled pump power of 200 mW at 1486 nm, which also exceeds the best literature values for Er:Ti:LiNbO3 waveguide amplifiers pumped at this wavelength. In addition, we report on a method for local periodic poling (periods of 30 μm and 18.4 μm) of ridge waveguides in LiNbO3, which allows for future integration of waveguide lasers and nonlinear frequency converters on the same substrate.

Strongly Confined Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons Waveguiding Enabled by Planar Staggered Plasmonic Waveguides.

PubMed

Ye, Longfang; Xiao, Yifan; Liu, Yanhui; Zhang, Liang; Cai, Guoxiong; Liu, Qing Huo

2016-12-05

We demonstrate a novel route to achieving highly efficient and strongly confined spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) waveguides at subwavelength scale enabled by planar staggered plasmonic waveguides (PSPWs). The structure of these new waveguides consists of an ultrathin metallic strip with periodic subwavelength staggered double groove arrays supported by a flexible dielectric substrate, leading to unique staggered EM coupling and waveguiding phenomenon. The spoof SPP propagation properties, including dispersion relations and near field distributions, are numerically investigated. Furthermore, broadband coplanar waveguide (CPW) to planar staggered plasmonic waveguide (PSPW) transitions are designed to achieve smooth momentum matching and highly efficient spoof SPP mode conversion. By applying these transitions, a CPW-PSPW-CPW structure is designed, fabricated and measured to verify the PSPW's propagation performance at microwave frequencies. The investigation results show the proposed PSPWs have excellent performance of deep subwavelength spoof SPPs confinement, long propagation length and low bend loss, as well as great design flexibility to engineer the propagation properties by adjusting their geometry dimensions and material parameters. Our work opens up a new avenue for development of various advanced planar integrated plasmonic devices and circuits in microwave and terahertz regimes.

Ultralow-Loss CMOS Copper Plasmonic Waveguides.

PubMed

Fedyanin, Dmitry Yu; Yakubovsky, Dmitry I; Kirtaev, Roman V; Volkov, Valentyn S

2016-01-13

Surface plasmon polaritons can give a unique opportunity to manipulate light at a scale well below the diffraction limit reducing the size of optical components down to that of nanoelectronic circuits. At the same time, plasmonics is mostly based on noble metals, which are not compatible with microelectronics manufacturing technologies. This prevents plasmonic components from integration with both silicon photonics and silicon microelectronics. Here, we demonstrate ultralow-loss copper plasmonic waveguides fabricated in a simple complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible process, which can outperform gold plasmonic waveguides simultaneously providing long (>40 μm) propagation length and deep subwavelength (∼λ(2)/50, where λ is the free-space wavelength) mode confinement in the telecommunication spectral range. These results create the backbone for the development of a CMOS plasmonic platform and its integration in future electronic chips.

Inverse design of near unity efficiency perfectly vertical grating couplers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Michaels, Andrew; Yablonovitch, Eli

2018-02-01

Efficient coupling between integrated optical waveguides and optical fibers is essential to the success of integrated photonics. While many solutions exist, perfectly vertical grating couplers which scatter light out of a waveguide in the direction normal to the waveguide's top surface are an ideal candidate due to their potential to reduce packaging complexity. Designing such couplers with high efficiency, however, has proven difficult. In this paper, we use electromagnetic inverse design techniques to optimize a high efficiency two-layer perfectly vertical silicon grating coupler. Our base design achieves a chip-to-fiber coupling efficiency of over 99% (-0.04 dB) at 1550 nm. Using this base design, we apply subsequent constrained optimizations to achieve vertical couplers with over 96% efficiency which are fabricable using a 65 nm process.

Dispersion characteristics of plasmonic waveguides for THz waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Markides, Christos; Viphavakit, Charusluk; Themistos, Christos; Komodromos, Michael; Kalli, Kyriacos; Quadir, Anita; Rahman, Azizur

2013-05-01

Today there is an increasing surge in Surface Plasmon based research and recent studies have shown that a wide range of plasmon-based optical elements and techniques have led to the development of a variety of active switches, passive waveguides, biosensors, lithography masks, to name just a few. The Terahertz (THz) frequency region of the electromagnetic spectrum is located between the traditional microwave spectrum and the optical frequencies, and offers a significant scientific and technological potential in many fields, such as in sensing, in imaging and in spectroscopy. Waveguiding in this intermediate spectral region is a major challenge. Amongst the various THz waveguides suggested, the metal-clad waveguides supporting surface plasmon modes waves and specifically hollow core structures, coated with insulating material are showing the greatest promise as low-loss waveguides for their use in active components and as well as passive waveguides. The H-field finite element method (FEM) based full-vector formulation is used to study the vectorial modal field properties and the complex propagation characteristics of Surface Plasmon modes of a hollow-core dielectric coated rectangular waveguide structure. Additionally, the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is used to estimate the dispersion parameters and the propagation loss of the rectangular waveguide.

Method and apparatus for powering an electrodeless lamp with reduced radio frequency interference

DOEpatents

Simpson, James E.

1999-01-01

An electrodeless lamp waveguide structure includes tuned absorbers for spurious RF signals. A lamp waveguide with an integral frequency selective attenuation includes resonant absorbers positioned within the waveguide to absorb spurious out-of-band RF energy. The absorbers have a negligible effect on energy at the selected frequency used to excite plasma in the lamp. In a first embodiment, one or more thin slabs of lossy magnetic material are affixed to the sidewalls of the waveguide at approximately one quarter wavelength of the spurious signal from an end wall of the waveguide. The positioning of the lossy material optimizes absorption of power from the spurious signal. In a second embodiment, one or more thin slabs of lossy magnetic material are used in conjunction with band rejection waveguide filter elements. In a third embodiment, one or more microstrip filter elements are tuned to the frequency of the spurious signal and positioned within the waveguide to couple and absorb the spurious signal's energy. All three embodiments absorb negligible energy at the selected frequency and so do not significantly diminish the energy efficiency of the lamp.

Method and apparatus for powering an electrodeless lamp with reduced radio frequency interference

DOEpatents

Simpson, J.E.

1999-06-08

An electrodeless lamp waveguide structure includes tuned absorbers for spurious RF signals. A lamp waveguide with an integral frequency selective attenuation includes resonant absorbers positioned within the waveguide to absorb spurious out-of-band RF energy. The absorbers have a negligible effect on energy at the selected frequency used to excite plasma in the lamp. In a first embodiment, one or more thin slabs of lossy magnetic material are affixed to the sidewalls of the waveguide at approximately one quarter wavelength of the spurious signal from an end wall of the waveguide. The positioning of the lossy material optimizes absorption of power from the spurious signal. In a second embodiment, one or more thin slabs of lossy magnetic material are used in conjunction with band rejection waveguide filter elements. In a third embodiment, one or more microstrip filter elements are tuned to the frequency of the spurious signal and positioned within the waveguide to couple and absorb the spurious signal's energy. All three embodiments absorb negligible energy at the selected frequency and so do not significantly diminish the energy efficiency of the lamp. 18 figs.

Hybrid Dielectric-loaded Nanoridge Plasmonic Waveguide for Low-Loss Light Transmission at the Subwavelength Scale

PubMed Central

Zhang, Bin; Bian, Yusheng; Ren, Liqiang; Guo, Feng; Tang, Shi-Yang; Mao, Zhangming; Liu, Xiaomin; Sun, Jinju; Gong, Jianying; Guo, Xiasheng; Huang, Tony Jun

2017-01-01

The emerging development of the hybrid plasmonic waveguide has recently received significant attention owing to its remarkable capability of enabling subwavelength field confinement and great transmission distance. Here we report a guiding approach that integrates hybrid plasmon polariton with dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguiding. By introducing a deep-subwavelength dielectric ridge between a dielectric slab and a metallic substrate, a hybrid dielectric-loaded nanoridge plasmonic waveguide is formed. The waveguide features lower propagation loss than its conventional hybrid waveguiding counterpart, while maintaining strong optical confinement at telecommunication wavelengths. Through systematic structural parameter tuning, we realize an efficient balance between confinement and attenuation of the fundamental hybrid mode, and we demonstrate the tolerance of its properties despite fabrication imperfections. Furthermore, we show that the waveguide concept can be extended to other metal/dielectric composites as well, including metal-insulator-metal and insulator-metal-insulator configurations. Our hybrid dielectric-loaded nanoridge plasmonic platform may serve as a fundamental building block for various functional photonic components and be used in applications such as sensing, nanofocusing, and nanolasing. PMID:28091583

Photorefractive waveguides in oxide crystals: fabrication, properties, and applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kip, D.

1998-08-01

In several oxide crystals the refractive index can be changed by inhomogeneous illumination, and these photorefractive properties have allowed for a wide variety of applications in optical data storage and dynamic holography. The high light intensities that are inherent in waveguide geometries make it relatively easy to observe photorefractive effects in waveguide structures, too. On the one hand, these effects are feared as optical damage, as they can degrade the performance of integrated optical devices. On the other hand, optical wave mixing in photorefractive waveguides is of considerable interest for the development of nonlinear optical components. A review of the results of recent research on the fabrication, investigation, and applications of photorefractive waveguides is given. The formation and photorefractive properties of LiNbO3, LiTaO3, BaTiO3, KNbO3, SrxBa1-xNb2O6 (0.25hxА.75, SBN), and Bi12(Si,Ti,Ge)O20 (BSO, BTO, BGO) waveguides are discussed. Furthermore, the suitability of photorefractive waveguides for nonlinear optical components is demonstrated in some examples.