Quick-Reaction Report on Modifying C-26 Aircraft for Counterdrug Missions

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-03-23

National Guard was modifying 76 OH-58 helicopters with thermal imagery system sensors to identify indoor marijuana crops, drug processing laboratories, or...interdiction of aircraft crossing the U.S./Mexican border and detection of marijuana growing areas. The Director, ANG, decided that the C-26, a medium-size

3 CFR - Continuation of U. S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Colombia

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Continuation of U. S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Colombia Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Presidential Determination No. 2013-12 of August 9, 2013 Continuation of U. S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Colombia Memorandum for the Secretary o...

3 CFR - Continuation of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Colombia

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Continuation of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Colombia Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Presidential Determination No. 2011-13 of August 10, 2011 Continuation of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Colombia Memorandum for the Secretary of...

Apportionment and Tactical Airpower in Airland Battle -- An Evaluation of CAS (Close Air Support), BAI (Battlefield Air Interdiction) and AI (Air Interdiction) from an Operational Perspective,

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-05-08

Support, p. 13-10. - -38. Barbara de Florio arnd Bernard Korhaner , The Value of Close Air Support (U) (Secret) (Washington, D.C.: Office of the...International, Number 69, 1985, p. 35. 61. Gabriel, p. 204. 62. Gabriel, p. 212. 63. De Florio and Korhaner , p. 9. 46 * .%’ 4 8 04 §’W’A§.5. _16 A, 0. N *j 64...and Moran, pp. 21-24. 70. De Florio and Korhaner , p. A-47. 71. M. J. Armitage and R. A. Mason, Air Power In the Nuclear Age, 1945- * 82: Theory and

Policy Safeguards and the Legitimacy of Highway Interdiction

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-01

17 B. BIAS WITHIN LAW ENFORCEMENT ..............................................19 C. STATISTICAL DATA GATHERING...32 3. Controlling Discretion .................................................................36 4. Statistical Data Collection for Traffic Stops...49 A. DESCRIPTION OF STATISTICAL DATA COLLECTED ...............50 B. DATA ORGANIZATION AND ANALYSIS

Interdiction and Conventional Strategy: Prevailing Perceptions

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-01

Andrew Vallance of the RAF Command and Staff College; Air Vice-Marshal R. A. Mason (Ret.); Air Chief Marshal Sir Michael Armitage, Royal College of...The RAND Corporation, N-1743-PAE, September 1981. Dinges, Edward A., and Richard H. Sinnreich, "Battlefield Interdiction: Old Tenn. New Problem...34 Military Affairs, October 1988. McDow, Richard H., Air Interdiction Targeting Priorities, Air University, Maxwell AFB, 1985. Molnar, Alexander

A qualitative examination of the effects of international counter-drug interdictions.

PubMed

Toth, Alexander G; Mitchell, Ojmarrh

2018-05-01

The purpose of this study is to utilize unique qualitative data to determine the effects of sporadic international drug interdictions on drug trafficking, and to assess whether the responses of drug traffickers align with rational choice theory. Qualitative data obtained from 23 high-level United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) informants, who are embedded in international drug trafficking groups, are examined to identify common responses to drug interdiction operations. The findings indicate that sporadic counter-drug interdictions do not a have permanent deterrent effect on transnational drug smuggling operations. However, these types of law enforcement operations produce temporary alterations in drug trafficking, as traffickers adopted a variety of methods to thwart the efforts of law enforcement-often by relying on information acquired from corrupt local law enforcement. The results also indicate that while interdiction operations displaced trafficking activities (temporally, spatially, and methodological), there is little evidence that drug traffickers responded to such operations by moving into new areas (i.e., malign spatial displacement). Sporadic international drug interdiction programs do little to deter drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) from engaging in their illicit trade. Instead, DTOs adjust in a calculating manner to these operations to ensure that their illegal products reach consumer marketplaces, which is congruent with the rational choice theoretical perspective. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Unity of Command and Interdiction

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-07-01

8217RobWt F. Fuftff Idea, Cancept, Doctrine: Basic Thinking i The United States Air Force. vol. 1 1O7-IMO W( Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1989...Futrell, Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine: Basic Thinking in the United States Air Force, vol. 2, 1961-1984 ( Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1989...in Vietnam and Why. Maxwell AFB, Ala: Air University Press, 1991. Warden, Col John A. HI. The Air Campaign - Planning For Combat. Washington, D.C

Advanced Standoff Interdiction Weapon and Sensor System. Volume 1

DTIC Science & Technology

1972-06-15

interdiction system to counter enemy infiltration along the water - ways and roads of Southeast Asia. The sensors were selected to give the helicopter a...was con- ceived as an interdiction system to counter enemy infiltration along the water - ways ard roads of Southeast Asia. The sensors were selected...controller enabled him to fly the helicopter to intercept the moving target. Mount camera film was exposed while the target was being fracked by the

Pivot to the Homeland - An Escalated Maritime Interdictions Approach Towards Combating Transnational Criminal Networks in the Western Hemisphere

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-03

not focus on other illicit drugs such as heroin, methamphetamines, synthetics, or marijuana that are primarily trafficked across the U.S./Mexico...disruption of the trafficking of more than 132 metric tons of cocaine valued at over $2.6 billion, seizure of over 32,000 pounds of marijuana , $3.5 million...cocaine and 8,500 pounds of marijuana during 22 law enforcement interdictions as part of Operation Unified Resolve, in partnership with regional law

Cascading Effects of Fuel Network Interdiction

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-26

Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing C10T14 M ning and quarry ng C15T16 Food products, beverages and tobacco C17T19 Textiles, textile products...9369063 C15T16 Food products, beverages and tobacco 33278 70853 222.4224148 112593.0889 4705.413385 49.58915033 491.768614 81.36711771 1554.487224...THESIS Presented to the Faculty Department of Operational Sciences Graduate School of Engineering and Management Air Force Institute of Technology

Disrupting Cocaine Trafficking Networks: Interdicting a Combined Social-Functional Network Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-01

organizations,  (6.3.C) target transnational money laundering networks to deny drug trafficking organizations illicit financing and money laundering ...6.3.C) target transnational money laundering networks to deny drug trafficking organizations illicit financing and money laundering capabilities...tonne or metric ton (1000 kg) MCO major combat operations MLO money laundering organization MM million NDIC National Drug Intelligence Center

Using Topographic Engineering to Achieve Dominance in Urban and Complex Terrain

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-03-01

Information dominance and dominant maneuver are harder to achieve in urban and complex terrain, but there are measures we can take to give our soldiers important advantages. Engineer solutions include physical measures to interdict threat forces, such as countermine operations and emplacement of barriers, as well as command and control (C2) measures that can enhance our information dominance . This article focuses on how the topographic engineering component of information dominance helps achieve dominant maneuver in urban and

75 FR 67011 - Continuation of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Colombia

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-01

...) interdiction of aircraft reasonably suspected to be primarily engaged in illicit drug trafficking in that country's airspace is necessary, because of the extraordinary threat posed by illicit drug trafficking to...

76 FR 70635 - Provision of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Brazil

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-15

...) interdiction of aircraft reasonably suspected to be primarily engaged in illicit drug trafficking in that country's airspace is necessary because of the extraordinary threat posed by illicit drug trafficking to...

Maritime transportation of illegal drugs from South America.

PubMed

Atkinson, Michael P; Kress, Moshe; Szechtman, Roberto

2017-01-01

The US invests considerable effort in searching and interdicting drug-trafficking vessels in the Caribbean and Eastern Pacific regions. While some vessels are indeed interdicted, resulting in confiscation of substantial quantities of drugs, many such vessels manage to avoid detection and arrive safely at their destinations in Central America and Mexico with their drug load intact. The agency in charge of interdicting this traffic, Joint Interagency Task Force South-JIATF-S, sends out both aerial and surface assets for search and interdiction missions. An important parameter for planning search and interdiction missions is an estimate of the expected steady-state number of the various types of drug trafficking vessels present in the search regions at any given time. In this paper we use various publicly available sources to estimate these numbers. We estimate that the number of drug shipments initiated per month ranges between four and six dozen, and at any given time there are between two and four vessels, of all types, on the high seas. These estimates remain quite robust over a relatively large range of assumptions and estimates regarding the size and distribution of the drug flow, mix of vessel types, and physical characteristics of those vessels. Our analysis provides insight for how to allocate assets to search, detect, and interdict drug trafficking vessels. The results can also be useful to vet informants to check if their information is consistent with our flow estimates. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time such flow estimates appear in the open literature. Published by Elsevier B.V.

The Great Drug Debate: III. Can the Borders be Sealed?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reuter, Peter

1988-01-01

Analyzes the effects of drug interdiction programs on smuggling. Concludes that the cost of increased emphasis on interdiction will not reduce the flow of drugs across international borders. Suggests greater emphasis on drug treatment programs. (FMW)

77 FR 50557 - Continuation of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Colombia

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-21

... trafficking in that country's airspace is necessary, because of the extraordinary threat posed by illicit drug.... 2012-13 of August 10, 2012--Continuation of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of...

The United States Air Force in Southeast Asia: Interdiction in Southern Laos, 1960-1968

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-01-01

Tactical Sorties in Northern and Southern Laos. December 1967 .................................... 245 Charts . Tables. Diagrams Page 272 276 278...aircraft, chiefly 0-1F Bird Dogs (used mostly as FACs), T-28Ds, C-123 Blindbats, and C-123 Candlesticks . Along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, the scope...Blindbats and C-123 Candlesticks teamed with BIG EAGLE A-26Ks or USAF T-28D ZORROS (or both) to conduct the nocturnal mission^.^’ The Seventh Air Force

77 FR 65457 - Provision of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Brazil

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-29

... be primarily engaged in illicit drug trafficking in that country's airspace is necessary because of the extraordinary threat posed by illicit drug trafficking to the national security of that country... October 11, 2012 Provision of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Brazil Memorandum for...

78 FR 51645 - Memorandum for the Secretary of State [and] the Secretary of Defense

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-20

... Colombia, that: (1) interdiction of aircraft reasonably suspected to be primarily engaged in illicit drug trafficking in that country's airspace is necessary, because of the extraordinary threat posed by illicit drug.... 2013-12 of August 9, 2013--Continuation of United States Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government...

76 FR 53299 - Continuation of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Colombia

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-25

... suspected to be primarily engaged in illicit drug trafficking in that country's airspace is necessary, because of the extraordinary threat posed by illicit drug trafficking to the national security of that... August 10, 2011 Continuation of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Colombia...

75 FR 75853 - Provision of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Brazil

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-07

... be primarily engaged in illicit drug trafficking in that country's airspace is necessary because of the extraordinary threat posed by illicit drug trafficking to the national security of that country... October 15, 2010 Provision of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Brazil Memorandum for...

78 FR 62951 - Provision of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Brazil

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-22

... Vol. 78 Tuesday, No. 204 October 22, 2013 Part II The President Presidential Determination No. 2014-02 of October 10, 2013--Provision of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Brazil..., October 22, 2013 / Presidential Documents#0;#0; #0; #0;Title 3 #0;The President [[Page 62953...

3 CFR - Continuation of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Colombia

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... reasonably suspected to be primarily engaged in illicit drug trafficking in that country's airspace is necessary, because of the extraordinary threat posed by illicit drug trafficking to the national security of... 3 The President 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Continuation of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to...

Educational Policymaking in the Tanzanian Postcolony: Authenticity, Accountability, and the Politics of Culture

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Phillips, Kristin

2011-01-01

In this article I explore the political event of the Tanzanian government's interdiction of a prominent educational civil society organization in order to theorize the emerging policy heterarchy in Tanzania. In the context of the ensuing public debate about the interdiction, I ask two questions: (1) what tensions are emerging from the…

3 CFR - Provision of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Brazil

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... reasonably suspected to be primarily engaged in illicit drug trafficking in that country's airspace is necessary because of the extraordinary threat posed by illicit drug trafficking to the national security of... 3 The President 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Provision of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to...

3 CFR - Continuation of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Colombia

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... reasonably suspected to be primarily engaged in illicit drug trafficking in that country's airspace is necessary, because of the extraordinary threat posed by illicit drug trafficking to the national security of... 3 The President 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Continuation of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to...

Florida Law Enforcement’s Role in Agroterrorism

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-01

INTERDICTION OF CONTAMINATED FOOD PRODUCTS ..............48 E. THREAT AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS ..............................53 F. AGRICULTURE...imported and possibly contaminated food products? NIJ212280 recommends establishment of a SFIT. • Are agroterrorism trainings available and/or being...strengths as well as significant gaps. Some areas were identified in which solid prevention efforts have been taken, such as contaminated food interdiction

Dual energy detection of weapons of mass destruction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Budner, Gregory J.

2006-03-01

There is continuing plans and actions from terrorists to use "violence to inculcate fear with intent to coerce or try to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious or ideological." (Joint Pub 3-07.2) One can characterize the types of attacks and plan to interdict terrorist actions before they become crises. This paper focuses on Radiological (RDD) and Nuclear (WMD) threats. The X-ray inspection process and the use of dual-energy imaging will interdict materials for WMDs. Listed herewith is "several major characteristics that one can exploit for the detection. First, both WMDs and RDDs are radioactive. Therefore, one can hope to detect radiation coming from the containers to identify the threat. However since uranium and plutonium are largely self-shielding and since lead can be used to shield and hide these substances, passive detection of emitted radiation can be easily defeated. An important second characteristic is that WMDs and shielded dirty bombs contain materials with very high atomic numbers. Since normal commerce rarely contains materials with atomic numbers higher than that of iron, dual-energy imaging technology can detect such materials automatically, for the successful interdiction of WMDs and dirty bombs". (Bjorkolm 2005)

Proliferation Control Regimes: Background and Status

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-12-26

developing a national capability to conduct forensic analysis of evidence from bio-crimes and terrorism. Given the difficulty of differentiating between...North Korea in 2004 galvanized the international community to examine strengthening implementation of national export controls and interdiction ... interdiction of WMD-related equipment shipments at sea, on land, and by air. President Bush announced the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) on May 31

Proliferation Control Regimes: Background and Status

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-31

capability to conduct forensic analysis of evidence from bio-crimes and terrorism. Given the difficulty of differentiating between offensive and...strengthening implementation of national export controls and interdiction . Unfortunately, the 2005 NPT Review Conference failed to address these and other...that the Bush Administration has highlighted has been interdiction of WMD-related equipment shipments at sea, on land, and by air. President Bush

Reserve Component Programs Fiscal Year 1989

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-04-01

interdiction efforts and domestic capability. marijuana eradication since 1983. In state duty status, some states have used The Board recommends...continued National Guard units in support of emphasis on resolving Air Force Air marijuana eradication and drug Liaison Officer shortages and close air...interdiction since 1977. Domestic support communications requirements marijuana eradication has been the for the Army’s reserve components. primary

Operational Design: Distilling Clarity from Complexity for Decisive Action

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-08-01

forces came within six miles of Richmond, the Chickahominy River overflowed its banks and split the Union forces before they could attack. The...key vulnerabilities. The system, controlled by four sector operation centers, consisted of a number of diverse radar systems with limited repair...ec tio n Su st ai nm en t Interdiction Package C4 IIS R Co m ba t Po w er Fo rc e Pr ot ec tio n Su st ai nm en t Maneuver Package C4

Stochastic Network Interdiction

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-04-01

UB(6, g) are monotonic in the sense that if 69 is a refinement of 6: wI~6! < wI~69! and w# ~6, g! > w# ~69, g!. See Hausch and Ziemba (1983) for...of Vulnerability—The Integrity Family. Networks 24, 207–213. HAUSCH, D. B., AND W. T. ZIEMBA . 1983. Bounds on the Value of Information in Uncertain...Decision Problems II. Stochastics 10, 181–217. HUANG, C. C., W. T. ZIEMBA , AND A. BEN-TAL. 1977. Bounds on the Expectation of a Convex Function of a

Enhancing Air Interdiction of WMD

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-04-01

The Convention on International Civil Aviation, 9th ed., 9 and 10 and Jennifer K. Elsa , Weapons of Mass Destruction Counterproliferation: Legal...Issues for Ships and Aircraft, CRS Report RL32097, (Washington D.C: CRS, 1 October 2003), 24. 15 Elsa , Weapons of Mass Destruction Counterproliferation...Legal Issues for Ships and Aircraft, 20. 16 The Convention on International Civil Aviation, 9th ed., 4. 17 Elsa , Weapons of Mass Destruction

Federal Drug Law Enforcement and Interdiction. Hearing before the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control. House of Representatives, Ninety-Eighth Congress, Second Session, May 22, 1984.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. House Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control.

This document contains testimony and prepared statements from the Congressional hearing on federal drug law enforcement. Statements are given from Congressman Claude Pepper, the staff director of the National Narcotics Border Interdiction System (NNBIS), an administrator from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), a commissioner from the…

STOPEM: A Simulation Interdiction Model of a Motorized Rifle Division.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-03-01

4 em t n - - tat ion - 4 Fig 1.9. Simulation Process (Ref 51:24) . 4 2 8 Illy ."’p 4 44. * s ~ ... .. ** % 0;7...10)= 14.964/A( 11) CALL FILEM-(1,A) A(2)-l.0 A(3)-33 A( 4 )-9 A(5)-l. I A(6)-2.2 A(7)-.iA5-\\XX(15)*1.65 A( 8 )=TRIAfG(A(5) ,A(7) ,A(’) , 4 ) A(C 11)-TRIAC...IA),30.0, 1) AC l2)-TRIAC(3.n,XX(IP),5.0, 3) AC 10)_n] 4 .R64/A( 11) CALL FILF.M( 1,A) AC 1)-In A(2)-l.0 A(3)-0 136 7 r r - . ,. - A5=1.6 A( 8

Utility of Army Design Methodology in U.S. Coast Guard Counter Narcotic Interdiction Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-09

UTILITY OF ARMY DESIGN METHODOLOGY IN U.S. COAST GUARD COUNTER NARCOTIC INTERDICTION STRATEGY A thesis presented to the...Thesis 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) AUG 2016 – JUN 2017 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Utility of Army Design Methodology in U.S. Coast Guard Counter...Distribution is Unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT This study investigates the utility of using Army Design Methodology (ADM) to

Synthesis, Interdiction, and Protection of Layered Networks

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-09-01

152 4.7 Al Qaeda Network from Sageman Database . . . . . . . . . . 157 4.8 Interdiction Resources versus Closeness Centrality . . . . . . 159...where S may be a polyhedron , a set with discrete variables, a set with nonlin- earities, or so on); and partitions it into two mutually exclusive subsets...p. vii]. However, this database is based on Dr. Sagemans’s 2004 publication and may be dated. Therefore, the analysis in this section is to

An Empirical Examination of Counterdrug Interdiction Program Effectiveness.

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-01-01

inversely correlated with the street price index. Chapter IV examines the time dependence of the street price index and argues that interdiction activities...essentially asymptotic behavior in which the cumulative distribution function, for large values of the independent variable, converges to an inverse power-law...log(S) /log(M). Such an inverse power-law relation between unit purchase price and purchase volume is indeed observed within the STRIDE data

Special Operations Forces Interagency Counterterrorism Reference Manual, Second Edition

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-01

identify, interdict, and defeat terrorists. The Antiterrorism Assistance Program ( ATA ), implemented by the DS and discussed later (page 1-12), is...the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Antiterrorism Assistance Program ( ATA ) www.state.gov/m/ds/terrorism/c8583.htm The ATA is managed by the Office...scene investigation, airport and building secu- rity, maritime protection measures, and VIP protec- tion. More broadly, ATA seek to increase capacity to

Other Than War: The American Military Experience and Operations in the Post-Cold War Decade

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

drugs" did not seem to legitimize the en - terprise within the military services that viewed counter-drug operations as outside the normal scope of their... immigration generated considerable work for United States Southern Command was head- quartered first in Panama and by the end of the decade in...1994-1995 immigrant interdiction (Cubans) Sustain Liberty 1994-1997 defense/security During the decade, other Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba

Role of radiology in a national initiative to interdict drug smuggling: the Dutch experience.

PubMed

Algra, Paul R; Brogdon, Byron G; Marugg, Roque C

2007-08-01

The purpose of this pictorial essay is to describe the role of radiology in a national initiative to intercept illegal narcotics concealed within the bodies of human transporters. Radiologic examination is increasingly important in identifying intracorporeal drug smuggling as improved wrapping techniques undermine the usefulness of blood and urine testing and clinical observation. Detection rates of high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity are achieved by experienced radiologists.

A User’s Guide for LOGATAK. A Simulation Model to Analyze Logistic Network Distribution and Interdiction,

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-04-15

BLANK ADD LINK DATA TO LIBRARY 0 DELETE LINK DATA FROM LIBRARY C CHANGE ONE OR MORE VARIABLES OF DEFINED LINK IN LIBARY 25 ALTERATIONST...DELETE TERMINAL DATA FROM LIBRARY C CHANGE ONE OR MORE VARIABLES OF OEFINED TERMINAL IN LIBARY Unlike link data only one card is needed to change the...sector data cards identify the sets of data to be selected from the data library. Each data set is defined by a five digit number. The first four digits

Border Interdiction in Counterinsurgency: A Look at Algeria, Rhodesia, and Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-15

the Rhodesian government by the international community due to the country’s white minority rule . Interdiction efforts by Coalition forces in Iraq...soldier as the pinnacle of soldierly virtue and, at times, pines for the return of white-minority rule in southern Africa. Studies for the US military...Algerian dissatisfaction with French rule and the desire of Algerians for independence, quickly grew in momentum to become a full-scale guerrilla war

Radiation Detection at Borders for Homeland Security

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kouzes, Richard

2004-05-01

Countries around the world are deploying radiation detection instrumentation to interdict the illegal shipment of radioactive material crossing international borders at land, rail, air, and sea ports of entry. These efforts include deployments in the US and a number of European and Asian countries by governments and international agencies. Items of concern include radiation dispersal devices (RDD), nuclear warheads, and special nuclear material (SNM). Radiation portal monitors (RPMs) are used as the main screening tool for vehicles and cargo at borders, supplemented by handheld detectors, personal radiation detectors, and x-ray imaging systems. Some cargo contains naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) that triggers "nuisance" alarms in RPMs at these border crossings. Individuals treated with medical radiopharmaceuticals also produce nuisance alarms and can produce cross-talk between adjacent lanes of a multi-lane deployment. The operational impact of nuisance alarms can be significant at border crossings. Methods have been developed for reducing this impact without negatively affecting the requirements for interdiction of radioactive materials of interest. Plastic scintillator material is commonly used in RPMs for the detection of gamma rays from radioactive material, primarily due to the efficiency per unit cost compared to other detection materials. The resolution and lack of full-energy peaks in the plastic scintillator material prohibits detailed spectroscopy. However, the limited spectroscopic information from plastic scintillator can be exploited to provide some discrimination. Energy-based algorithms used in RPMs can effectively exploit the crude energy information available from a plastic scintillator to distinguish some NORM. Whenever NORM cargo limits the level of the alarm threshold, energy-based algorithms produce significantly better detection probabilities for small SNM sources than gross-count algorithms. This presentation discusses experience with RPMs for interdiction of radioactive materials at borders.

Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report. Interdiction in Route Package One, 1968

DTIC Science & Technology

1969-06-30

For instance, on 31 July, 50 trucks were spotted on Route 101 and attacked with negligible results, But during 100 percent moonlight , very few trucks...to collect their repair equipment where needed. To counter such a stereotyped strike pattern, a proposal was made to shift interdiction points...per thousand sorties. A total of 4,150 reconnaissance sorties was flown; 4,000,000 feet of film were exposed plus another 800,000 feet of gun-camera

Development and Employment of Fixed-Wing Gunships 1962-1972

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-01-01

Carl Berger. Mr. Eugene P. Sagstetter, Mary F. Loughlin, and Vanessa D. Allen edited, proofread, and purged the manuscript of the typographical...General Coun.el. USAF Dr. Forrest C. Pogue Lt. General Charles G. Cleveland Smithsonian Institution USAF Commander. Air University. ATC Dr. Edward L...GiUNSHIP I (AC-47) Major Interdiction Areas (Southeast Asia) A NORTH VIETNAM Bar 1 LAOS Steel Tiger THAILAND ’ * Tiger Hound *~ ~T39 VAN DEVELOPMENT OF FIXED

Exploratory Study of Operational Approaches to Increase Narcotics Interdiction in the Maritime Domain

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-08

Maritime Domain. 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) Wesley H. Hester, LCDR, USCG 5d. PROJECT...analyzing, understanding, and acting” ( Cardon and Leonard 2010, 8). The applicable boundaries for the current environment exist in time and...inhospitable locations to hide during the day. It is likely that this trend will continue until either U.S. assets are consistently granted permission

Integrating the Land and Air Components in an Anti-Access/Area Denial Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

to his pursuit and bomber squadrons being already tasked to their limits, Fredendall retorted that he had lost 300 men due to enemy actions and the...190 Murray and Scales, The Iraq War, 173. 191 Author’s personal experience as a Close Air Support planner and Strike Package ...in the future the command and control structure will need to support air strike packages transitioning from interdiction and global strike missions to

In vitro experimental environments lacking or containing soil disparately affect competition experiments of Aspergillus flavus and co-occurring fungi in maize grains.

PubMed

Falade, Titilayo D O; Syed Mohdhamdan, Sharifah H; Sultanbawa, Yasmina; Fletcher, Mary T; Harvey, Jagger J W; Chaliha, Mridusmita; Fox, Glen P

2016-07-01

In vitro experimental environments are used to study interactions between microorganisms, and to predict dynamics in natural ecosystems. This study highlights that experimental in vitro environments should be selected to match closely the natural environment of interest during in vitro studies to strengthen extrapolations about aflatoxin production by Aspergillus and competing organisms. Fungal competition and aflatoxin accumulation were studied in soil, cotton wool or tube (water-only) environments, for Aspergillus flavus competition with Penicillium purpurogenum, Fusarium oxysporum or Sarocladium zeae within maize grains. Inoculated grains were incubated in each environment at two temperature regimes (25 and 30°C). Competition experiments showed interaction between the main effects of aflatoxin accumulation and the environment at 25°C, but not so at 30°C. However, competition experiments showed fungal populations were always interacting with their environments. Fungal survival differed after the 72-h incubation in different experimental environments. Whereas all fungi incubated within the soil environment survived, in the cotton wool environment none of the competitors of A. flavus survived at 30°C. With aflatoxin accumulation, F. oxysporum was the only fungus able to interdict aflatoxin production at both temperatures. This occurred only in the soil environment and fumonisins accumulated instead. Smallholder farmers in developing countries face serious mycotoxin contamination of their grains, and soil is a natural reservoir for the associated fungal propagules, and a drying and storage surface for grains on these farms. Studying fungal dynamics in the soil environment and other environments in vitro can provide insights into aflatoxin accumulation post-harvest.

The Rj4 allele in soybean represses nodulation by chlorosis-inducing bradyrhizobia classified as DNA homology group II by antibiotic resistance profiles.

PubMed

Devine, T E; Kuykendall, L D; O'Neill, J J

1990-07-01

To determine the relationship between nodulation restriction by the Rj4 allele of soybean, rhizobitoxine-induced chlorosis, and taxonomic grouping of bradyrhizobia, 119 bradyrhizobial isolates were tested in Leonard jar culture for nodulation response and chlorosis induction. In addition to strain USDA 61, the strain originally reported as defining the Rj4 response, eight other isolates (i.e., USDA 62, 83, 94, 238, 252, 259, 260, and 340) were discovered to elicit the nodulation interdiction of the Rj4 allele. Only 16% of all the bradyrhizobial strains tested induced chlorosis, but seven of the nine strains (78%) interdicted by the Rj4 allele were chlorosis-inducing strains. Furthermore, in tests for antibiotic resistance profile, eight of the nine interdicted strains (89%) were classed in DNA homology group II. This evidence suggests that the Rj4 allele has a positive value to the host plant in shielding it from nodulation by certain chlorosis-inducing bradyrhizobia of a DNA homology group with impaired efficiency of nitrogen fixation with soybean.

Fault Tolerant Computer Network Study

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-04-01

2. 1.2. 2 Air Data The air data function processes air pressures, temperature , and angle- of-attack measurements, and provides calibrated airspeed...attitude direction indicator. 2.1.5.2 Fixtaking Sensors used for fixtaking include the radar (in ground map mode), head- up display (for visual...VFR interdiction mission. The radar (ground map mode) is also the primary sensor at night and in adverse weather if the target presents a

Development of a web-based application and multicountry analysis framework for assessing interdicted infections and cost-utility of screening donated blood for HIV, HCV and HBV.

PubMed

Custer, B; Janssen, M P; Hubben, G; Vermeulen, M; van Hulst, M

2017-08-01

Most countries test donations for HIV, HCV and HBV using serology with or without nucleic acid testing (NAT). Cost-utility analyses provide information on the relative value of different screening options. The aim of this project was to develop an open access risk assessment and cost-utility analysis web-tool for assessing HIV, HCV and HBV screening options (http://www.isbtweb.org/working-parties/transfusion-transmitted-infectious-diseases/). An analysis for six countries (Brazil, Ghana, the Netherlands, South Africa, Thailand and USA) was conducted. Four strategies; (1) antibody assays (Abs) for HIV and HCV + HBsAg, (2) antibody assays that include antigens for HIV and HCV (Combo) + HBsAg, (3) NAT in minipools of variable size (MP NAT) and (4) individual donation (ID) NAT can be evaluated using the tool. Country-specific data on donors, donation testing results, recipient outcomes and costs are entered using the online interface. Results obtained include the number infections interdicted using each screening options, and the (incremental and average) cost-utility of the options. In each of the six countries evaluated, the use of antibody assays is cost effective or even cost saving. NAT has varying cost-utility depending on the setting, and where adopted, the incremental cost-utility exceeds any previously defined or proposed threshold in each country. The web-tool allows an assessment of infectious units interdicted and value for money of different testing strategies. Regardless of gross national income (GNI) per capita, countries appear willing to dedicate healthcare resources to blood supply safety in excess of that for other sectors of health care. © 2017 International Society of Blood Transfusion.

U.S. Air Force Role in Drug Interdiction. December 1981 to October 1985.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-04-01

INS), the US Coast Guard, and other Federal, state, and local 8 4L , ° .", "..2-’/ : ".*’:"." o:. ".-" . " ..’..". . ..’..’-..’.’’:.:,: Y ..’.¢€,r...effectiveness, this drug cancer will continue to grow and prosper into the unforeseeable future. 46 i

NATO Command Structure: Considerations for the Future

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-09-01

Learned Center3 3JALLC in Monsanto , Portugal Estimated ACT Strength: 1265* NATO Maritime Interdiction Operational Training Center5 5 NMIOTC at Souda...NATO to national funding. Second, the Joint Analysis and Lessons Learned Center (JALLC) in Monsanto could be brought back to ACT in Virginia or (as...Center1 Joint Warfare Center1 Joint Analysis and Lessons Learned Center2 2JALLC relocated from Monsanto , Portugal to ACT in Norfolk, VA to improve

[Application of metal hemoclip for endoscopic polypectomy in children with thick-pedunculated intestinal polyps].

PubMed

Deng, Zhao-hui; Xu, Chun-di; Zhong, Jie; Chen, Shun-nian; Yao, Wei-jiong

2004-03-01

With the development of endoscopic therapy in children, endoscopic electrocoagulation polypectomy had gradually replaced surgery and became an important method to resect gastrointestinal polyps in children. Simple electrocoagulation polypectomy could often bring some complications of gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation because of incomplete electrocoagulation or mechanical incision, especially in gastrointestinal thick-pedunculated polyps which always have thick nutrient blood vessel. Hemoclips can successfully interdict arteriovenous blood because it can clamp tissue firmly without causing necrosis around the target area. Based on its good mechanical hemostasis, hemoclips are not only widely used in treating bleeding like from ulcer, tumor and variceal ligation but also used in removal of thick-pedunculated gastrointestinal polyps in adults. This paper describes the application of endoscopic electrocoagulation with metal hemoclips to remove thick-pedunculated intestinal polpys in children for the first time, sums up the experience and evaluates its efficacy and safety. Between October, 2001 and December, 2002, 5 cases with thick-pedunculated intestinal polpys were presented. The age of the patients ranged from 3 to 5 years. The clinical features were gastrointestinal bleeding or abdominal pain. The longest course of disease was 2 years. Enough preparations for alimentary tract were necessary for polypectomy. The procedures were performed under general anesthesia in order to avoid the risk of bleeding aspiration. Endoscopy was performed in the standard fashion. The apparatus included electronic colonic endoscope (XQ 200, Fuji Corp, Tokyo, Japan), snare (XQ200, Fuji Corp, Tokyo, Japan), impeller of the clip (HX-5QR-1) and hemoclip (MD850) which could be passed through the biopsy channel of endoscope. The clip was completely covered with a hood avoiding any injury to the mucous membrane. The pedicel with diameter of more than 1.0 cm underwent endoscopic electrocoagulation polypectomy with hemoclips. The clip contacted polyps in upright direction. One or more hemoclips were selected to clamp the proximal basement of the pedicel in terms of the pedicel diameter. Turning of the red colour of polyps to purple suggested that hemoclip interdicted arteriovenous blood effectively. The clip was then shut off and electrocoagulation polypectomy was followed. Six polyps were observed and removed. Six polyps including 2 transverse colon polyps and 4 descending colon polyps were resected. Pathological results showed that 3 were juvenile polyps and the other 3 adenomatous polyps. All the polyps were completely resected. The diameter of pedicel were 1.2 - 2.2 cm. The head and pedicel of the biggest polyp was about 5 cm x 5 cm and 2.2 cm, respectively, and five clips were used in order to remove it. No complications of bleeding and perforation were observed in these children. All hemoclips were expelled from intestines within one week. The symptoms of these patients disappeared. Mechanical hemostasis with hemoclips successfully interdicted arteriovenous blood of thick-pedunculated polyps. Hemoclips can successfully prevent the complications of bleeding and perforation. The clipping brings about a new method in endoscopic therapy. Endoscopic electrocoagulation polypectomy with hemoclips is a simple, safe and effective method to treat thick-pedunculated gastrointestinal polyps in children and it is a valuable tool in polypectomy for children.

NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS OF SUPERHEATED EMULSIONS: WARHEAD VERIFICATION AND SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL INTERDICTION.

PubMed

d'Errico, F; Chierici, A; Gattas-Sethi, M; Philippe, S; Goldston, R; Glaser, A

2018-04-25

In recent years, neutron detection with superheated emulsions has received renewed attention thanks to improved detector manufacturing and read-out techniques, and thanks to successful applications in warhead verification and special nuclear material (SNM) interdiction. Detectors are currently manufactured with methods allowing high uniformity of the drop sizes, which in turn allows the use of optical read-out techniques based on dynamic light scattering. Small detector cartridges arranged in 2D matrices are developed for the verification of a declared warhead without revealing its design. For this application, the enabling features of the emulsions are that bubbles formed at different times cannot be distinguished from each other, while the passive nature of the detectors avoids the susceptibility to electronic snooping and tampering. Large modules of emulsions are developed to detect the presence of shielded special nuclear materials hidden in cargo containers 'interrogated' with high energy X-rays. In this case, the enabling features of the emulsions are photon discrimination, a neutron detection threshold close to 3 MeV and a rate-insensitive read-out.

Measurement of UO2 surface oxidation using grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction: Implications for nuclear forensics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tracy, Cameron L.; Chen, Chien-Hung; Park, Sulgiye; Davisson, M. Lee; Ewing, Rodney C.

2018-04-01

Nuclear forensics involves determination of the origin and history of interdicted nuclear materials based on the detection of signatures associated with their production and trafficking. The surface oxidation undergone by UO2 when exposed to air is a potential signature of its atmospheric exposure during handling and transport. To assess the sensitivity of this oxidation to atmospheric parameters, surface sensitive grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) measurements were performed on UO2 samples exposed to air of varying relative humidity (34%, 56%, and 95% RH) and temperature (room temperature, 50 °C, and 100 °C). Near-surface unit cell contraction was observed following exposure, indicating oxidation of the surface and accompanying reduction of the uranium cation ionic radii. The extent of unit cell contraction provides a measure of the extent of oxidation, allowing for comparison of the effects of various exposure conditions. No clear influence of relative humidity on the extent of oxidation was observed, with samples exhibiting similar degrees of unit cell contraction at all relative humidities investigated. In contrast, the thickness of the oxidized layers increased substantially with increasing temperature, such that differences on the order of 10 °C yielded readily observable crystallographic signatures of the exposure conditions.

Intelligence Collection Targeting and Interdiction of Dark Networks

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

2006): 346. 26 Wouter de Nooy, Andrej Mrvar , and Vladimir Batagelj . Exploratory Social Network Analysis with Pajek, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge...Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Mellon University, 2013. de Nooy, Wouter, Andrej Mrvar , and Vladimir Batagelj . Exploratory Social Network Analysis with...al-Qaeda’s leaders had closely followed the April 1996 assassination of Dzhokhar Dudayev, the Chechen prime minister, who was killed by a Russian

Maritime Interdiction Operations in Logistically Barren Environments

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-06-01

and its specification, can only be done as refinements suggested herein are fielded by operational forces. Surveys of boarding teams, ship’s captains...how well the recommendations were as compared to what is being used now. 124 A market survey of commercially available products was conducted to...and shore installations around the globe. 2. Approach In keeping with the timeframe of 2013-2014, surveys were taken of the current technological

Feasibility of High Energy Lasers for Interdiction Activities

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-12-01

2.3.2 Power in the Bucket Another parameter we will use in this study is the power-in-the-bucket. The “bucket” is defined as the area on the target we...the heat diffusion equation for a one -dimensional case (where the x-direction is into the target) and assuming a semi-infinite slab of material. The... studied and modeled. One of the approaches to describe these interactions is by making a one -dimensional mathematical model assuming [8]: 1. A semi

Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks for Maritime Interdiction Operations and Regional Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

as resistant to rough sea conditions as the SHARC, since its maximum operation limit is sea state 3. Its maximum speed approaches three knots and...which renders it corrosion resistant and lightweight. Its length is 3.2 meters with a rotor diameter at 3.3 meters. It flies at speeds of 50 knots...NMIOTC main building and to a moored training ship (see Figure 50), (2) GSM/GPRS was networked with swimmers , (3) security patrol and target vessels

Financing the Taliban: The Convergence of Ungoverned Territory and Unofficial Economy

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-11

a result, ―there is no way the government can detect and interdict the money using classic AML / CFT (anti-money laundering and countering the...FINANCING THE TALIBAN: THE CONVERGENCE OF UNGOVERNED TERRITORY AND UNOFFICIAL ECONOMY A thesis presented to the Faculty of...YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 11-12-2009 2. REPORT TYPE Master‘s Thesis 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) FEB 2009

U.S. Southern Command Official Website

Science.gov Websites

an estimated $180 million. The drugs represent six separate drug interdictions since February. Group -ship firefighting to extinguish a fire aboard a low-profile go-fast drug vessel. Colombian President

[Practical problems in criminal laws of prevention of cruelty to animals].

PubMed

Iburg, U

2000-03-01

1. To ascertain serious pains and sufferings in the meaning of section 17 no. 2 b law of prevention of cruelty to animals you cannot do without the help of an expert witness for taking possession of evidence--apart from simple cases. Except the clarifying of fundamental questions concerning prevention of cruelty to animals a professional statement of the administrative veterinary surgeon will be as a rule sufficient. 2. For the actual seizure of animals for the purpose of confiscation and compulsory disposal the criminal justice is extremely dependent on the support of the authorities of administration. Therefore a trouble-free cooperation of criminal justice, veterinary authorities, animal homes and--concerning the protection of species--authorities for protection of endangered nature is imperative. 3. The main problems with the application of the regulation concerning the interdiction of keeping animals according to sections 20 and 20 a law of prevention of cruelty to animals are justified in the legal prerequisites. It is unsatisfactory that an interdiction of keeping animals cannot be imposed by summary punishment order and that a confiscation of animals is not possible by criminal proceedings in case of offence against sections 20 subsection 3, 20 a subsection 3 law of prevention of cruelty to animals. Therefore an admission of the sections as mentioned above to section 19 law of prevention of cruelty to animals seems to be convenient.

Coordinated Guidance Strategy for Multiple USVs During Maritime Interdiction Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-09-01

ADDRESS(ES) N /A 10. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the...P i P i P i i P i ia V N Vα θ= =  , (4) where N is the navigation gain. The problem of having a moving target, as opposed to a stationary...00 2 Pθ α− when 2N = , and approaches 0θ when N →∞ . It could also be noted that using the standard PPN, a significant portion of the angular

Buried object remote detection technology for law enforcement

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Del Grande, N.K.; Clark, G.A.; Durbin, P.F.

1991-03-01

We have developed a precise airborne temperature-sensing technology to detect buried objects for use by law enforcement. Demonstrations have imaged the sites of buried foundations, walls and trenches; mapped underground waterways and aquifers; and been used to locate underground military objects. Our patented methodology is incorporated in a commercially available, high signal-to-noise, dual-band infrared scanner with real-time, 12-bit digital image processing software and display. Our method creates color-coded images based on surface temperature variations of 0.2 {degrees}C. Unlike other less-sensitive methods, it maps true (corrected) temperatures by removing the (decoupled) surface emissivity mask equivalent to 1{degrees}C or 2{degrees}C; this maskmore » hinders interpretation of apparent (blackbody) temperatures. Once removed, were are able to identify surface temperature patterns from small diffusivity changes at buried object sites which heat and cool differently from their surroundings. Objects made of different materials and buried at different depths are identified by their unique spectra, spatial, thermal, temporal, emissivity and diffusivity signatures. We have successfully located the sites of buried (inert) simulated land mines 0.1 to 0.2 m deep; sod-covered rock pathways alongside dry ditches, deeper than 0.2 m; pavement covered burial trenches and cemetery structures as deep as 0.8 m; and aquifers more than 6 m and less 60 m deep. Our technology could be adapted for drug interdiction and pollution control. 16 refs., 14 figs.« less

Postpartum Depression: An Interactional View.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kraus, Mary Ann; Redman, E. Scott

1986-01-01

Postpartum depression is conceptualized as a predictable developmental, family crisis, which occurs when the natural difficulties of childbirth are benignly mishandled. Tactics are illustrated for interdicting maladaptive interpersonal spirals, including normalizing conflicting complaints; reframing depression as positive but costly; regulating…

[Sexuality and death].

PubMed

Sapetti, Adrián

2006-01-01

It is intented to show two apparently antithetic poles: Sexuality and Death, in fact interpenetrate themselves, disguising the fear of death, or the desire to die, Eros' world. Different expressions of culture are analyzed, especially the one known as The Profane Time, the time for work, which is characterized by the submission to interdicts (prohibitions) and, on the other hand, the Time for Joy or The Sacred Time, characterized by the transgression of such prohibitions. Its relationship with the interdicts'violations in the sexual as well as in the death arena is analyzed in order to connect the human being's fear in the presence of the unrestraint, the overflow and the abandonment of the time established for work that would imply free sexuality. The latter is connected with some conclusions that could be considered useful in the field of Sexual Therapies, with a certain critical look at the mechanist settlement applied to those treatments.

Multi Infrastructure Control and Optimization Toolkit, Resilient Design Module (MICOT-RDT), version 2.X

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bent, Russell; Nagarajan, Harsha; Yamangil, Emre

2016-06-24

MICOT is a tool for optimizing and controlling infrastructure systems. In includes modules for optimizing the operations of an infrastructure structure (for example optimal dispatch), designing infrastructure systems, restoring infrastructures systems, resiliency, preparing for natural disasters, interdicting networks, state estimation, sensor placement, and simulation of infrastructure systems. It implements algorithms developed at LANL that have been published in the academic community. This is a release of the of resilient design module of the MICOT.

McNamara, Clifford, and the Burdens of Vietnam, 1965-1969 (Secretaries of Defense Historical Series, Volume 6)

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

North Vietnam’s line of communication ( LOC ) by destroying roads, railroads, and bridges. The Chiefs recommended that approval of later phases...Rolling Thunder to increase the cost of the war to the communists. Rolling Thunder 9, launched 2 April, inaugurated the LOC interdiction phase...destruction of three key bridges that created a LOC bottleneck. Indeed, battles with MIGs in North Vietnam’s skies and the prospect of heavy U.S

76 FR 42674 - Notice of Request for Approval of an Information Collection; Smuggling, Interdiction, and Trade...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-19

..., diseases, or invasive species. This program allows the public/industry to anonymously or openly report... and products that may harbor harmful exotic plant and animal pests, diseases, or invasive species. The...

National Guard Support to Drug Interdiction.

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-10-28

Passenger Analysis Unit, Sterling, VA Enforcement Branch, Birmingham, AL Inspection Facility, Birmingham, AL JFK Airport Contraband Enforcement Team...Operations, New York, NY JFK Airport Mail Facility Operations, New York, NY Mail Facility, Sterling, VA Office of Enforcement, Jackson, MS Office

How Corruption Blunts Counternarcotic Policies in Afghanistan: A Multiagent Investigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Geller, Armando; Mussavi Rizi, Seyed M.; Łatek, Maciej M.

We report the results of multiagent modeling experiments on interactions between the drug industry and corruption in Afghanistan. The model formalizes assumptions on the motivations of players in the Afghan drug industry, quantifies the tradeoffs among various choices players face and enables inspection of the time, space and level of supply chain in which one can expect positive and negative impacts of counternarcotic policies. If reducing opium exports is one measure of effectiveness for NATO operations in Afghanistan, grasping the links between corruption and the drug industry should provide a better picture of the second-order interactions between corruption and investment in improving the governance quality, in deploying security forces tasked with eradication and interdiction and in programs to enhance rural livelihoods.

Analysis of West African Drug Trafficking: The Dynamics of Interdiction and State Capacity

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-01

www.unodc.org/southerncone/en/frontpage/2010/05/21-cooperacao-internacional-brasil- forma - oficiais-que-irao-administrar-academia-de-policia-na-guine...Side of Globalization. Tracking Globalization. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005. Vaz, Nuno and Iris Cordelia Rotzoll. “Presidential

HF Over-the-Horizon Radar System Performance Analysis

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-09-01

system. Figure 37. The AN/TPS-71 ROTHR Transmission Array (From [42]). 42 A project named “terrain mapping” ( TMAP ) was initiated to improve...application of these ROTHRs is to support counterdrug (CD) aircraft surveillance and interdiction. The immediate operational application of the TMAP

Didactics and Deixis: A Pedagogy of Pointing Phenomena.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, James W.

1984-01-01

The potential instructional uses of three kinds of French signs are outlined, focusing on the signs' function as pointers. The signs include road signs that give directions, public interdiction and instruction signs, and advertising used in public places. Illustrations and sample exercises are included. (MSE)

Defense Threat Reduction Agency Radiochemical Needs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Walsh, Michael A. R.; Velazquez, Daniel L.

2009-08-01

The United States Government (USG) first developed nuclear forensics-related capabilities to analyze radiological and nuclear materials, including underground nuclear test debris and interdicted materials. Nuclear forensics is not a new mission for Department of Defense (DoD). The department's existing nuclear forensics capability is the result of programs that span six (6) decades and includes activities to assess foreign nuclear weapons testing activities, monitor and verify nuclear arms control treaties, and to support intelligence and law enforcement activities. Today, nuclear forensics must support not only weapons programs and nuclear smuggling incidents, but also the scientific analysis and subsequent attribution of terrorists' use of radiological or nuclear materials/devices. Nuclear forensics can help divulge the source of origin of nuclear materials, the type of design for an interdicted or detonated device, as well as the pathway of the materials or device to the incident. To accomplish this mission, the USG will need trained radiochemists and nuclear scientists to fill new positions and replace the retiring staff.

Identifying Demand Responses to Illegal Drug Supply Interdictions.

PubMed

Cunningham, Scott; Finlay, Keith

2016-10-01

Successful supply-side interdictions into illegal drug markets are predicated on the responsiveness of drug prices to enforcement and the price elasticity of demand for addictive drugs. We present causal estimates that targeted interventions aimed at methamphetamine input markets ('precursor control') can temporarily increase retail street prices, but methamphetamine consumption is weakly responsive to higher drug prices. After the supply interventions, purity-adjusted prices increased then quickly returned to pre-treatment levels within 6-12 months, demonstrating the short-term effects of precursor control. The price elasticity of methamphetamine demand is -0.13 to -0.21 for self-admitted drug treatment admissions and between -0.24 and -0.28 for hospital inpatient admissions. We find some evidence of a positive cross-price effect for cocaine, but we do not find robust evidence that increases in methamphetamine prices increased heroin, alcohol, or marijuana drug use. This study can inform policy discussions regarding other synthesized drugs, including illicit use of pharmaceuticals. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

U.S. Customs Service : better targeting of airline passengers for personal searches could produce better results

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-03-01

The Customs Service faces a major challenge in effectively carrying out its drug interdiction and trade enforcement missions while facilitating the flow of cargo and persons into the United States. To carry out its mission, Customs inspectors are aut...

Niche Aircraft Acquisition: Complex Things Come In Small Packages

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

and killed by the Ohio National Guard. In South Vietnam, morale among US troops plummeted as soldiers became preoccupied by the prospect of becoming...capabilities. The problem was one of relativism . COTS was easier in comparison to developing an interdiction aircraft from scratch, but the

On the Complexity of Delaying an Adversary’s Project

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-01

interdiction models for such problems and show that the resulting problem com- plexities run the gamut : polynomially solvable, weakly NP-complete, strongly...problems and show that the resulting problem complexities run the gamut : polynomially solvable, weakly NP-complete, strongly NP-complete or NP-hard. We

Replicating the AC-130’s Urban Close Air Support Capabilities Around the Clock

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-12-15

Each employs four Allison T56 -15 turbo-prop engines, dual-wheel construction, steerable nose gear, two tandem-mounted main retractable landing gear...Primary Function: Close air support, air interdiction and force protection Builder: Lockheed/Boeing Corp. Power Plant: Four Allison T56 -A-15

The National Drug Control Strategy, 1997.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Office of National Drug Control Policy, Washington, DC.

This federal document offers a comprehensive approach to reduce demand for illegal drugs and decrease their availability. Supported by statistical tables and graphs, the summary is divided into six sections. "The Purpose and Nature of the Strategy" outlines a 10-year plan for drug interdiction and reduction and identifies the elements of…

Time Critical Targeting Concept of Operations (CONOPS) Interactions

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-01

range of topics in force development and employment. Carl has participated in projects examining the interdiction of armoured ground forces , long...Critical Targeting Concept of Operations (CONOPS) Interactions Executive Summary In 2003, RAND Project Air Force examined the...Attack. ____________________ ________________________________________________ Carl Rhodes Project Air Force , RAND Corporation Carl Rhodes is the

The t6A modification acts as a positive determinant for the anticodon nuclease PrrC, and is distinctively nonessential in Streptococcus mutans.

PubMed

Bacusmo, Jo Marie; Orsini, Silvia S; Hu, Jennifer; DeMott, Michael; Thiaville, Patrick C; Elfarash, Ameer; Paulines, Mellie June; Rojas-Benítez, Diego; Meineke, Birthe; Deutsch, Chris; Iwata-Reuyl, Dirk; Limbach, Patrick A; Dedon, Peter C; Rice, Kelly C; Shuman, Stewart; Crécy-Lagard, Valérie de

2017-07-20

Endoribonuclease toxins (ribotoxins) are produced by bacteria and fungi to respond to stress, eliminate non-self competitor species, or interdict virus infection. PrrC is a bacterial ribotoxin that targets and cleaves tRNA Lys UUU in the anticodon loop. In vitro studies suggested that the post-transcriptional modification threonylcarbamoyl adenosine (t 6 A) is required for PrrC activity but this prediction had never been validated in vivo. Here, by using t 6 A-deficient yeast derivatives, it is shown that t 6 A is a positive determinant for PrrC proteins from various bacterial species. Streptococcus mutans is one of the few bacteria where the t 6 A synthesis gene tsaE (brpB) is dispensable and its genome encodes a PrrC toxin. We had previously shown using an HPLC-based assay that the S. mutans tsaE mutant was devoid of t 6 A. However, we describe here a novel and a more sensitive hybridization-based t 6 A detection method (compared to HPLC) that showed t 6 A was still present in the S. mutans ΔtsaE, albeit at greatly reduced levels (93% reduced compared with WT). Moreover, mutants in 2 other S. mutans t 6 A synthesis genes (tsaB and tsaC) were shown to be totally devoid of the modification thus confirming its dispensability in this organism. Furthermore, analysis of t 6 A modification ratios and of t 6 A synthesis genes mRNA levels in S. mutans suggest they may be regulated by growth phase.

Evaluating the War on Drugs: US and Colombian Interdiction Efforts

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-03-01

market remained in the hands of Mexican traffickers.3 When, in the early 1970’s, the US tightened drug enforcement along the border with Mexico and the...US Senate, September 12-13, 1989. Tokatlian, J. , Bagley, B., Eds., Economia y Politica del Narcotraffico, CEI, Bogota, 1990. U.S. Congress. Senate

Development and evaluation of the Stingray, an amphibious maritime interdiction operations unmanned ground vehicle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nguyen, Hoa G.; Castelli, Robin

2014-06-01

The U.S. Navy and Marine Corps conduct thousands of Maritime Interdiction Operations (MIOs) every year around the globe. Navy Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure (VBSS) teams regularly board suspect ships and perform search operations, often in hostile environments. There is a need for a small tactical robot that can be deployed ahead of the team to provide enhanced situational awareness in these boarding, breaching, and clearing operations. In 2011, the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific conducted user evaluations on a number of small throwable robots and sensors, verified the requirements, and developed the key performance parameters (KPPs) for an MIO robot. Macro USA Corporation was then tasked to design and develop two prototype systems, each consisting of one control/display unit and two small amphibious Stingray robots. Technical challenges included the combination paddle wheel/shock-absorbing wheel, the tradeoff between impact resistance, size, and buoyancy, and achieving adequate traction on wet surfaces. This paper describes the technical design of these robots and the results of subsequent user evaluations by VBSS teams.

Detection, Localization, and Tracking of Unauthorized UAS and Jammers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Guvenc, Ismail; Ozdemir, Ozgur; Yapici, Yavuz; Mehrpouyan, Hani; Matolak, David

2017-01-01

Small unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) are expected to take major roles in future smart cities, for example, by delivering goods and merchandise, potentially serving as mobile hot spots for broadband wireless access, and maintaining surveillance and security. Although they can be used for the betterment of the society, they can also be used by malicious entities to conduct physical and cyber attacks to infrastructure, private/public property, and people. Even for legitimate use-cases of small UASs, air traffic management (ATM) for UASs becomes of critical importance for maintaining safe and collusion-free operation. Therefore, various ways to detect, track, and interdict potentially unauthorized drones carries critical importance for surveillance and ATM applications. In this paper, we will review techniques that rely on ambient radio frequency signals (emitted from UASs), radars, acoustic sensors, and computer vision techniques for detection of malicious UASs. We will present some early experimental and simulation results on radar-based range estimation of UASs, and receding horizon tracking of UASs. Subsequently, we will overview common techniques that are considered for interdiction of UASs.

Nuclear Forensic Inferences Using Iterative Multidimensional Statistics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Robel, M; Kristo, M J; Heller, M A

2009-06-09

Nuclear forensics involves the analysis of interdicted nuclear material for specific material characteristics (referred to as 'signatures') that imply specific geographical locations, production processes, culprit intentions, etc. Predictive signatures rely on expert knowledge of physics, chemistry, and engineering to develop inferences from these material characteristics. Comparative signatures, on the other hand, rely on comparison of the material characteristics of the interdicted sample (the 'questioned sample' in FBI parlance) with those of a set of known samples. In the ideal case, the set of known samples would be a comprehensive nuclear forensics database, a database which does not currently exist. Inmore » fact, our ability to analyze interdicted samples and produce an extensive list of precise materials characteristics far exceeds our ability to interpret the results. Therefore, as we seek to develop the extensive databases necessary for nuclear forensics, we must also develop the methods necessary to produce the necessary inferences from comparison of our analytical results with these large, multidimensional sets of data. In the work reported here, we used a large, multidimensional dataset of results from quality control analyses of uranium ore concentrate (UOC, sometimes called 'yellowcake'). We have found that traditional multidimensional techniques, such as principal components analysis (PCA), are especially useful for understanding such datasets and drawing relevant conclusions. In particular, we have developed an iterative partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) procedure that has proven especially adept at identifying the production location of unknown UOC samples. By removing classes which fell far outside the initial decision boundary, and then rebuilding the PLS-DA model, we have consistently produced better and more definitive attributions than with a single pass classification approach. Performance of the iterative PLS-DA method compared favorably to that of classification and regression tree (CART) and k nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms, with the best combination of accuracy and robustness, as tested by classifying samples measured independently in our laboratories against the vendor QC based reference set.« less

Information Analysis Methodology for Border Security Deployment Prioritization and Post Deployment Evaluation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Booker, Paul M.; Maple, Scott A.

2010-06-08

Due to international commerce, cross-border conflicts, and corruption, a holistic, information driven, approach to border security is required to best understand how resources should be applied to affect sustainable improvements in border security. The ability to transport goods and people by land, sea, and air across international borders with relative ease for legitimate commercial purposes creates a challenging environment to detect illicit smuggling activities that destabilize national level border security. Smuggling activities operated for profit or smuggling operations driven by cross border conflicts where militant or terrorist organizations facilitate the transport of materials and or extremists to advance a causemore » add complexity to smuggling interdiction efforts. Border security efforts are further hampered when corruption thwarts interdiction efforts or reduces the effectiveness of technology deployed to enhance border security. These issues necessitate the implementation of a holistic approach to border security that leverages all available data. Large amounts of information found in hundreds of thousands of documents can be compiled to assess national or regional borders to identify variables that influence border security. Location data associated with border topics of interest may be extracted and plotted to better characterize the current border security environment for a given country or region. This baseline assessment enables further analysis, but also documents the initial state of border security that can be used to evaluate progress after border security improvements are made. Then, border security threats are prioritized via a systems analysis approach. Mitigation factors to address risks can be developed and evaluated against inhibiting factor such as corruption. This holistic approach to border security helps address the dynamic smuggling interdiction environment where illicit activities divert to a new location that provides less resistance to smuggling activities after training or technology is deployed at a given location. This paper will present an approach to holistic border security information analysis.« less

An Information Theoretic Approach for Measuring Data Discovery and Utilization During Analytical and Decision Making Processes

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-07-31

and make the expected decision outcomes. The scenario is based around a scripted storyboard where an organized crime network is operating in a city to...interdicted by law enforcement to disrupt the network. The scenario storyboard was used to develop a probabilistic vehicle traffic model in order to

Ingestion Pathway Consequences of a Major Release from SRTC

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Blanchard, A.

1999-06-08

The food ingestion consequences due to radioactive particulates of an accidental release, scenario 1-RD-3, are evaluated for Savannah River Technology Center. The sizes of land areas requiring the protective action of food interdiction are calculated. The consequences of the particulate portion of the release are evaluated with the HOTSPOT model and an EXCEL spreadsheet for particulates.

The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

AIRCRAFT 149 possible that the greater resources required to produce nuclear -powered boats might result in a reduction in the overall submarine...rines (two of which are nuclear powered), and other force enhancements such as three types of capable maritime interdiction aircraft, fast missile... disaster -relief operations, amphibious operations on disputed maritime territories, escorting merchant shipping, or (in the case of submarines and

CAS, Interdiction, and Attack Helicopters

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-06-01

E.J. Degen, and David Tohn, On Point: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom, (Fort Leavenworth, KA : Combat Studies Institute Press, 2004...Grau and Michael W. Gress, trans. and eds. The Soviet- Afghan War: How a Superpower Fought and Lost, (Lawrence, KA : University Press of Kansas, 2002...149 Grinalds, 73. 150 Michael O’Hanlon and Adriana Lins de Albuquerque, Iraq Index: Tracking Variables

Soviet Naval Interaction with the United States and Its Influence on Soviet Naval Development

DTIC Science & Technology

1972-10-01

interdiction chreat pmed by ti.e large Soviet submarine force in tte , event hostilities in Europe should require ex- tended sealift support from the...forces between itself and the Dmited States. 33 Pep;,;’t of the Underseas Warfare Advisoir’ Pa"zeZ to the Sub- coxmittee on .litcr App licarions, Joint

Patterns of Drug Distribution: Implications and Issues#

PubMed Central

Johnson, Bruce D.

2007-01-01

This article delineates various patterns of illicit sales of drugs, especially at the retail (and near-retail) level, addressing a variety of central issues about drug sales and distribution documented during the past 30 years, including: a) the links between drug consumption and drug distribution activities; b) the various distribution roles; c) various levels of the distribution hierarchy; d) types of retail and wholesale markets; e) the association of drug distribution with nondrug associated criminality and violence. The article also will address the implications of drug distribution: whether various public policies such as supply reduction and source interdiction affect illicit drug markets, and how policing strategies and various law enforcement strategies can influence the involvement of individual participation in drug distribution activities. The overlooked contribution of treatment for “drug abuse” to reducing drug sales and distribution activities also will be considered as will other critical unresolved issues. PMID:14582578

Patterns of drug distribution: implications and issues.

PubMed

Johnson, Bruce D

2003-01-01

This article delineates various patterns of illicit sales of drugs, especially at the retail (and near-retail) level, addressing a variety of central issues about drug sales and distribution documented during the past 30 years. including: a) the links between drug consumption and drug distribution activities; b) the various distribution roles; c) various levels of the distribution hierarchy; d) types of retail and wholesale markets; e) the association of drug distribution with nondrug associated criminality and violence. The article also will address the implications of drug distribution: whether various public policies such as supply reduction and source interdiction affect illicit drug markets, and how policing strategies and various law enforcement strategies can influence the involvement of individual participation in drug distribution activities. The overlooked contribution of treatment for "drug abuse" to reducing drug sales and distribution activities also will be considered as will other critical unresolved issues.

International Nuclear Security

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Doyle, James E.

2012-08-14

This presentation discusses: (1) Definitions of international nuclear security; (2) What degree of security do we have now; (3) Limitations of a nuclear security strategy focused on national lock-downs of fissile materials and weapons; (4) What do current trends say about the future; and (5) How can nuclear security be strengthened? Nuclear security can be strengthened by: (1) More accurate baseline inventories; (2) Better physical protection, control and accounting; (3) Effective personnel reliability programs; (4) Minimize weapons-usable materials and consolidate to fewer locations; (5) Consider local threat environment when siting facilities; (6) Implement pledges made in the NSS process; andmore » (7) More robust interdiction, emergency response and special operations capabilities. International cooperation is desirable, but not always possible.« less

Modelling Human Performance in Maritime Interdiction Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-10-01

tire relatively quickly compared to the legs. However, the arms and legs may be fatigued from the HSC insertion phase where muscular work will be...MI personnel include: • HSC Coxswain • Insertion/On-Target/Exfiltration phases – coping with Repeated Shock (RS), ( eccentric muscle contractions...and maintaining postural stability (isometric muscle contractions). • Boarding Team • Insertion – coping with RS ( eccentric muscle contractions), and

Probable Cause for Maritime Interdictions Involving Illicit Radioactive Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

radioactive isotopes are being used for peaceful purposes in medicine , industry, agriculture and science. Nevertheless, they can easily be turned...applications, such as medicine and industry.87 These materials, although not capable of sustaining a chain reaction (a prerequisite for producing a...included Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro , Croatia, and the U.S., the latter providing expertise on the detection of materials in question. On the

The Effects Of Disruptive Technology On Project Interdiction

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-01

state of the art in personal privacy and anonymity is changing every day [11], [12]. 6 Disruptive technologies like cryptology and the blockchain ...only parties to be threatened by implementations of blockchain technology. Brooklyn-based software developer ConsenSys aims to provide the same...services as Google, utilizing a distributed network of computers that synchronizes information exchange via a blockchain implementation known as Ethereum

Military Review: NATO, US Army Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-07-01

in drug interdiction and substance abuse . Manuscripts must be original and not previously offered elsewhere for publication. They should be between...the "challenges of peace," as we ad- sought to reestablish (or prevent the other fim. dress postwar missions for the nations Armed reestablishing) the...conflict prevention (although certainly tion with the NATO -Alliance, the United -not in terms of political and economic develop- ments), the Soviet

U. S. Naval Forces, Vietnam Monthly Historical Supplement for September 1969

DTIC Science & Technology

1969-12-01

A. SEAI.O)RDS - lISEP B. 5A,•f lORDS - 22 SEP,.". I *A "’\\4 5.: SCALl , CA MAU POINT _ __0 NAUTICAL MILES CG 41 POULO77.BASE 08I -I ".-il - v-CC...Cambodia. (See discussion of Border Interdiction Capaign within Operation SIA LOIDS Suwzary and discussion of SEA FLOAT in Coastal Surreillanoe 4 Tore

Roving UAV IED Interdiction System

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-01

instances, nails, ball bearings, and other similar hardware have been used to increase the potential for damage and injury to the forces. The uses of... Dragon Eye. UAS (Cat II). Nonstandard aircraft that perform special purpose operations. Operators must provide evidence of airworthiness and operator...100 (proposed) Dragon Eye, Raven (none) Nonstandard Aircraft/UAS (Cat II) 14 CFR 91, 101, 103 Class E, G, & non-joint-use Class D

2011 Precision Strike Annual Review Held in Fort Walton Beach, Florida on February 23-24, 2011

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-02-24

Captain Mike Flanagan, USN Annual Review Event Chair: Erik Ballinger | International Chairs: Jim Pennock & Earle Rudolph Annual Meeting Chair...Challenges (Go-Fasts) UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Targeting Challenges (SPSS) SPSS Interdiction EPAC JAN 2011 UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Targeting...by a near- peer , or global competitor. Yesterday Dr. Huessy talked about the need for EMP hardening, are these COTS components cyber-hardened

Merida Initiative: Insight Into U.S. Mexico Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-01

investigations against money laundering , improving interdiction capability, and by supporting effective command and control centers across Mexico.”147 The...the “Marijuana Boom,” the Colombian government “helped to institutionalize money laundering , enabling contraband importers and exporters to carry on...United States must also address money laundering . According to O’Neil, “Federal investigators believe that over the course of a few years, Mexico’s

Purpose-Driven Communities in Multiplex Networks: Thresholding User-Engaged Layer Aggregation

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-01

dark networks is a non-trivial yet useful task. Because terrorists work hard to hide their relationships/network, analysts have an incomplete picture...them identify meaningful terrorist communities. This thesis introduces a general-purpose algorithm for community detection in multiplex dark networks...aggregation, dark networks, conductance, cluster adequacy, mod- ularity, Louvain method, shortest path interdiction 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 155 16. PRICE CODE

Buried object remote detection technology for law enforcement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

del Grande, Nancy K.; Clark, Gregory A.; Durbin, Philip F.; Fields, David J.; Hernandez, Jose E.; Sherwood, Robert J.

1991-08-01

A precise airborne temperature-sensing technology to detect buried objects for use by law enforcement is developed. Demonstrations have imaged the sites of buried foundations, walls and trenches; mapped underground waterways and aquifers; and been used to locate underground military objects. The methodology is incorporated in a commercially available, high signal-to-noise, dual-band infrared scanner with real-time, 12-bit digital image processing software and display. The method creates color-coded images based on surface temperature variations of 0.2 degree(s)C. Unlike other less-sensitive methods, it maps true (corrected) temperatures by removing the (decoupled) surface emissivity mask equivalent to 1 degree(s)C or 2 degree(s)C; this mask hinders interpretation of apparent (blackbody) temperatures. Once removed, it is possible to identify surface temperature patterns from small diffusivity changes at buried object sites which heat and cool differently from their surroundings. Objects made of different materials and buried at different depths are identified by their unique spectral, spatial, thermal, temporal, emissivity and diffusivity signatures. The authors have successfully located the sites of buried (inert) simulated land mines 0.1 to 0.2 m deep; sod-covered rock pathways alongside dry ditches, deeper than 0.2 m; pavement covered burial trenches and cemetery structures as deep as 0.8 m; and aquifers more than 6 m and less than 60 m deep. The technology could be adapted for drug interdiction and pollution control. For the former, buried tunnels, underground structures built beneath typical surface structures, roof-tops disguised by jungle canopies, and covered containers used for contraband would be located. For the latter, buried waste containers, sludge migration pathways from faulty containers, and the juxtaposition of groundwater channels, if present, nearby, would be depicted. The precise airborne temperature-sensing technology has a promising potential to detect underground epicenters of smuggling and pollution.

Analyzing the Critical Supply Chain For Unmanned Aircraft Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-23

with a decision support tool that facilitates interdiction strategy planning. Overall, the different models developed in the study provide modeling...allow adaptation to different levels of fidelity of the supply chain, based on the user’s mission objectives and available data. A House of Quality...priorities are unknown or incorrect. 1.7 Implications The models presented in this research can be utilized from two different perspectives of

Strategic Landpower in the Indo-Asia-Pacific

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

Turkey . 12 Steven J. Whitmore and John R. Deni, “NATO Missile Defense, EPAA, and the Army,” Strategic Studies Institute monograph, forthcoming in...security challenges such as international criminals, smugglers , or terrorists.18 In the Indo-Asia-Pacific region, which is vital to the US economy...militaries to interdict smugglers . But air and naval forces cannot speak “army” to Indo-Asia-Pacific land forces, which is critical given the dominance

Airpower Liaison for the Land Component: The Primacy of the USAF TACP Construct

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-13

Force Doctrine Document AFSC Air Force Specialty Code AFUTL Air Force Universal Task List AI Air Interdiction ALO Air Liaison Officer AMLO Air...ALOs), Air Mobility Liaison Officers ( AMLOs ), Air Support Operations Centers (ASOCs), Battalion Air Liaison Officers (BALOs), Intelligence...Support from AMLOs can provide the requisite expertise within the TACP to facilitate airpower’s integration into movement requirements to and from and

CTC Sentinel: January 2017, Volume 10, Issue 1

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-01-01

Yemeni intelligence services — are charged with identifying ranking individuals who may be sym- pathetic to AQAP’s cause and then offering financial and...and Wil van Gemert U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Acting Deputy Director and Europol Deputy Director Editor in Chief Paul Cruickshank...and Customs En- forcement, and Wil van Gemert, Deputy Director of Europol, focus on the challenges of identifying, tracking, and interdicting foreign

Decentralized Network Interdiction Games

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-31

approach is termed as the sample average approximation ( SAA ) method, and theories on the asymptotic convergence to the original problem’s optimal...used in the SAA method’s convergence. While we provided detailed proof of such convergence in [P3], a side benefit of the proof is that it weakens the...conditions required when applying the general SAA approach to the block-structured stochastic programming problem 17. As the conditions known in the

Dynamic Asset Allocation Approaches for Counter-Piracy Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-07-01

problem, has attracted much interest due to an increase in the number of pirate activities in recent years. Marsh [26] provided a game theoretic...model, where one interdiction asset and one surveillance asset are utilized for a counter-piracy mission. Due to the two-person zero sum game structure...that policy using online learning and simulation. The attractive aspects of rollout algorithms are its simplicity, broad applicability, and

The Effects of Interdiction in World War II: The European Theater of Operation

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-05-07

columns, bridges , communication centers, signal communications, ’and anti-aircraft artillery. * ic.X -. •:. ~uc I Unclassified SECURITY CL ASSI FIC...concentrations, enemy coiumns, bridges , communication centers, signal communications, and anti-aircraft artillery. I TABLE Of CONTENT lUTLE EAUi CHAPTER I... bridge destruction and traffic levels. This report made only a minor contribution because it covered 3ust one-week. Another report from the same

Boarding Team Networking on the Move: Applying Unattended Relay Nodes

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-09-01

below the main deck via a wireless ad-hoc network will enhance the situational awareness. Regarding the boarding of a non-compliant vessel, tracking...reaction time. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Maritime Interdiction Operations, Boarding Team Networking , Unattended Relay Nodes, Wireless Mesh Networks Onboard...the steel structures of naval vessels obstruct signals to propagate below the main deck. Extending the network below the main deck via a wireless ad

Evolution of the U.S. Army aviation during Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-12

my chair, thank you for your continued support and dedicated persistent efforts to guide me through from the beginning till the end of this...ADAM Air Defense and Airspace Management AGI Air Ground Integration AI Air Interdiction AO Area of Operation AVCATT Aviation Combined Arms...Tactical Trainer AW Army Warrior BAE Brigade Aviation Element BAO Brigade Aviation Officer BCT Brigade Combat Team CAB Combat Aviation Brigade

Network Design for Reliability and Resilience to Attack

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-03-01

attacker can destroy n arcs in the network SPNI Shortest-Path Network-Interdiction problem TSP Traveling Salesman Problem UB upper bound UKR Ukraine...elimination from the traveling salesman problem (TSP). Literature calls a walk that does not contain a cycle a path [19]. The objective function in...arc lengths as random variables with known probability distributions. The m-median problem seeks to design a network with minimum average travel cost

Are We Prepared? Four WMD Crises That Could Transform U.S. Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-01

opera- tional plans that implement national strategic guid- ance on counterproliferation interdiction are de - veloped and promulgated and that the...cour- tesy copy of reprints or reviews. NDU Press publications are sold by the U.S. Government Printing Office. For ordering information, call (202...133 vii m Preface n This report, written by the staff of the National De - fense University Center for the Study of

Modern Advances to the Modular Fly-Away Kit (MFLAK) to Support Maritime Interdiction Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-09-01

combined Indonesia- Malaysia -Singapore-Thailand-U.S. R&D effort to investigate commercial-off-the- shelf (COTS) Command and Control, Communications...Operations and Applied Science & Technology Studies (COASTS). COASTS is a combined Indonesia- Malaysia -Singapore-Thailand-U.S. R&D effort to investigate...Message Authentication Code MALSINDO Malaysia , Indonesia and Singapore xiii Mbps Megabits per Second MCP Mission Capability Package MCSC Marine

Promoting Inter-Agency Readiness through Standardized Training and Education of Front Line Responders

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-01

Management (Regular Basic Course Training Specifications, 2010). It synthesizes the knowledge , skills, and abilities necessary to interdict a terrorist...way of recognizing emergency managers for the work that they do and it certifies them for their knowledge , skills, and abilities. This certification... the same to provide a foundation that supports continuous output and feedback specific to knowledge , skills, and procedures. New York DCJS manages

Implementing multiresolution models and families of models: from entity-level simulation to desktop stochastic models and "repro" models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McEver, Jimmie; Davis, Paul K.; Bigelow, James H.

2000-06-01

We have developed and used families of multiresolution and multiple-perspective models (MRM and MRMPM), both in our substantive analytic work for the Department of Defense and to learn more about how such models can be designed and implemented. This paper is a brief case history of our experience with a particular family of models addressing the use of precision fires in interdicting and halting an invading army. Our models were implemented as closed-form analytic solutions, in spreadsheets, and in the more sophisticated AnalyticaTM environment. We also drew on an entity-level simulation for data. The paper reviews the importance of certain key attributes of development environments (visual modeling, interactive languages, friendly use of array mathematics, facilities for experimental design and configuration control, statistical analysis tools, graphical visualization tools, interactive post-processing, and relational database tools). These can go a long way towards facilitating MRMPM work, but many of these attributes are not yet widely available (or available at all) in commercial model-development tools--especially for use with personal computers. We conclude with some lessons learned from our experience.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dougan, A D; Trombino, D; Dunlop, W

The Naval Postgraduate School has been conducting Tactical Network Topology (TNT) Maritime Interdiction Operations (MIO) experiments with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) since early in 2005. In this work, we are investigating cutting edge technology to evaluate use of networks, advanced sensors and collaborative technology for globally-supported maritime interdiction operations. Some examples of our research include communications in harsh environments, between moving ships at sea; small boat drive-by radiation detection; network-centric collaboration with global partners; situational awareness; prototype sensors & biometric instruments. Since 2006, we have studied the concept of using a small vessel with fixed radiation sensors to domore » initial searches for illicit radioactive materials. In our work, we continue to evaluate concepts of operation for small boat monitoring. For example, in San Francisco Bay we established a simulated choke point using two RHIBs. Each RHIB had a large sodium iodide radiation sensor on board, mounted on the side nearest to the passing potential target boats. Once detections were made, notification over the network prompted a chase RHIB also equipped with a radiation sensor to further investigate the potential target. We have also used an unmanned surface vessel (USV) carrying a radiation sensor to perform the initial discovery. The USV was controlled remotely and to drive by boats in different configurations. The potential target vessels were arranged in a line, as a choke point and randomly spaced in the water. Search plans were problematic when weather, waves and drift complicated the ability to stay in one place. A further challenge is to both detect and identify the radioactive materials during the drive-by. Our radiation detection system, ARAM, Adaptable Radiation Area Monitor, is able to detect, alarm and quickly identify plausible radionuclides in real time. We have performed a number of experiments to better understand parameters of vessel speed, time, shielding, and distance in this complex three-dimensional space. At the NMIOTC in September 2009, we employed a dual detector portal followed by a chase. In this event, the challenge was to maintain communications after a lapse. When the chase went past the line-of sight reach of the Tactical Operational Center's (TOC) antenna, with interference from a fortress island in Suda Bay, Wave Relay extended the network for continued observation. Sodium iodide radiation detectors were mounted on two Hellenic Navy SEAL fast boats. After making the detection one of the portal boats maintained line-of sight while the other pursued the target vessel. Network access via Wave Relay antennas was maintained until the conclusion of the chase scenario. Progress has been made in the detection of radioactive materials in the maritime environment. The progression of the TNT MIO experiments has demonstrated the potential of the hardware to solve the problems encountered in this physically challenging environment. There continue to be interesting opportunities for research and development. These experiments provide a variety of platforms and motivated participants to perform real-world testing as solutions are made available.« less

14C Analysis of protein extracts from Bacillus spores.

PubMed

Cappuccio, Jenny A; Falso, Miranda J Sarachine; Kashgarian, Michaele; Buchholz, Bruce A

2014-07-01

Investigators of bioagent incidents or interdicted materials need validated, independent analytical methods that will allow them to distinguish between recently made bioagent samples versus material drawn from the archives of a historical program. Heterotrophic bacteria convert the carbon in their food sources, growth substrate or culture media, into the biomolecules they need. The F(14)C (fraction modern radiocarbon) of a variety of media, Bacillus spores, and separated proteins from Bacillus spores was measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). AMS precisely measures F(14)C values of biological materials and has been used to date the synthesis of biomaterials over the bomb pulse era (1955 to present). The F(14)C of Bacillus spores reflects the radiocarbon content of the media in which they were grown. In a survey of commercial media we found that the F(14)C value indicated that carbon sources for the media were alive within about a year of the date of manufacture and generally of terrestrial origin. Hence, bacteria and their products can be dated using their (14)C signature. Bacillus spore samples were generated onsite with defined media and carbon free purification and also obtained from archived material. Using mechanical lysis and a variety of washes with carbon free acids and bases, contaminant carbon was removed from soluble proteins to enable accurate (14)C bomb-pulse dating. Since media is contemporary, (14)C bomb-pulse dating of isolated soluble proteins can be used to distinguish between historical archives of bioagents and those produced from recent media. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

14C Analysis of Protein Extracts from Bacillus Spores

PubMed Central

Cappucio, Jenny A.; Sarachine Falso, Miranda J.; Kashgarian, Michaele; Buchholz, Bruce A.

2014-01-01

Investigators of bioagent incidents or interdicted materials need validated, independent analytical methods that will allow them to distinguish between recently made bioagent samples versus material drawn from the archives of a historical program. Heterotrophic bacteria convert the carbon in their food sources, growth substrate or culture media, into the biomolecules they need. The F14C (fraction modern radiocarbon) of a variety of media, Bacillus spores, and separated proteins from Bacillus spores was measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). AMS precisely measures F14C values of biological materials and has been used to date the synthesis of biomaterials over the bomb pulse era (1955 to present). The F14C of Bacillus spores reflects the radiocarbon content of the media in which they were grown. In a survey of commercial media we found that the F14C value indicated that carbon sources for the media were alive within about a year of the date of manufacture and generally of terrestrial origin. Hence, bacteria and their products can be dated using their 14C signature. Bacillus spore samples were generated onsite with defined media and carbon free purification and also obtained from archived material. Using mechanical lysis and a variety of washes with carbon free acids and bases, contaminant carbon was removed from soluble proteins to enable accurate 14C bomb-pulse dating. Since media is contemporary, 14C bomb-pulse dating of isolated soluble proteins can be used to distinguish between historical archives of bioagents and those produced from recent media. PMID:24814329

Study on Persistent Monitoring of Maritime, Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway Border Regions

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

narcotics between both countries, particularly due to the burgeoning marijuana market originating in British Columbia (BC). Additionally, due to the...Sensors 2008, Vol. 8, pp. 2959-2973 Crisp D. J., The State-of-the-Art in Ship Detection in Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery, DSTO– RR–0272...Network SAR – Synthetic Aperture radar SII-Surveillance Intelligence and Interdiction SNR - Signal-to-Noise SOLAS - Safety of Life at Sea

African White Gold: Elephant Ivory and Rhino Horn Trafficking - US Intervention and Interdiction

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-01

wildlife trafficking and poaching is the impact to international security, regional stability, and to local governance. The rapid rise in the price of... poaching presents significant second and third order affects that impact their security, their rule of law, national sovereignty, and their future...national security. Research Question Both the recent spike in elephant and rhino poaching , and the rapid rise in the price of ivory creates an

A Non-Conventional Interdiction Strategy for the Global War on Terror

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

thesis is to explore an alternative strategic focus for the Department of Defense to implement in the conduct of the Global War on Terrorism. Our...thesis is as follows: A non-conventional approach to strategic policy, led by an enhanced Foreign Internal Defense concept, and judicious execution of...been and continues to be limited by its conventional tactical successes, when what is required is strategic application of FID, UW, and limited

The United States Strategic Bombing Surveys, (European War) (Pacific War)

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-10-01

traffic between the Ruhr and points on the north coast and in central Germany . By October 14, traffic on the Rhine had been interdicted by a bomb that...the National Load Dispatcher, and secret minutes of the Central Planning Committee . Fears that their extreme vulnerability would be discovered were...fighting and other defensive resources of surrounding communities and, as a final resort, on mobile reserves deployed by the central government through

Close Air Support and Interdiction Missions as Seen by the Air Force and Army

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-06-01

vehicle. Artillery Artillery is the surface weapon that typically causes the greatest destruction on the battlefield. Statistics from World War II show... Coursebook (USAF Air Command and Staff College, 1996), 628. 51. Dunnigan, 458. 52. Stephen Hosmer, Psychological Effects Of U.S. Air Operations In Four...Strategic Structures AY 96. Coursebook , vol. II. Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: 1995. Air War—Vietnam. New York, Arno Press, 1978. Atkinson, Rick

Interdicting an Adversary’s Economy Viewed As a Trade Sanction Inoperability Input Output Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

set of sectors. The design of an economic sanction, in the context of this thesis, is the selection of the sector or set of sectors to sanction...We propose two optimization models. The first, the Trade Sanction Inoperability Input-output Model (TS-IIM), selects the sector or set of sectors that...Interdependency analysis: Extensions to demand reduction inoperability input-output modeling and portfolio selection . Unpublished doctoral dissertation

Battlefield Air Interdiction: Airpower for the Future

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

recommendations for the effective use of airpower for this purpose are made. A future war will probably be against the Soviet Union or one of its...emphasis will be placed upon the Soviet forces since it is likely that any future belligerence will be against the _ _......6 I Soviet Union or one of its...offensive operations (see figure 3) stress rapid, continuous movement. Objectives are established which demand high rates of advance. A regiment, for

Drug Prevention, Rehabilitation, Interdiction, and Law Enforcement (Corpus Christi, TX). Hearing before the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control. House of Representatives, Ninety-Eighth Congress, First Session (December 12 and 13, 1983).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. House Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control.

This document provides transcripts of two consecutive days of Congressional hearings on narcotics abuse and control. Opening statements from Representatives Benjamin A. Gilman, Kent Hance, and Solomon P. Ortiz are presented. Testimony and prepared statements of 61 counselors and administrators in the field of substance abuse, public officials, law…

Air Superiority by the Numbers: Cutting Combat Air Forces in a Time of Uncertainty

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) School of Advanced Air And Space Studies,,Air University,,Maxwell Air...iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank the men and women whom I have had the...interdiction role. Finally, in the midst of a growing Soviet radar-guided surface-to-air threat, “Skunk Works ” developed the first stealth attack

Air-Land Battle Interdiction Model Corps Communications Module.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-06-01

raniel R. Alexander Capain,United States Army B.S.gUnitQ States Military Acade y,1975 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the...Chairman, Department of Operations Research Lea ofInformation aLean o ic Sciences 4 3 I. ’k - Pi -,-.’ * I ABSTRACT This thesis provides the detailed...communications is in the midst of a revolu- tionary change from tubes to microchip technology , and an equally revclutionary doctrinal change. The

Structuring Cooperative Nuclear RIsk Reduction Initiatives with China.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brandt, Larry; Reinhardt, Jason Christian; Hecker, Siegfried

The Stanford Center for International Security and Cooperation engaged several Chinese nuclear organizations in cooperative research that focused on responses to radiological and nuclear terrorism. The objective was to identify joint research initiatives to reduce the global dangers of such threats and to pursue initial technical collaborations in several high priority areas. Initiatives were identified in three primary research areas: 1) detection and interdiction of smuggled nuclear materials; 2) nuclear forensics; and 3) radiological (“dirty bomb”) threats and countermeasures. Initial work emphasized the application of systems and risk analysis tools, which proved effective in structuring the collaborations. The extensive engagementsmore » between national security nuclear experts in China and the U.S. during the research strengthened professional relationships between these important communities.« less

Thermal treatment wall

DOEpatents

Aines, Roger D.; Newmark, Robin L.; Knauss, Kevin G.

2000-01-01

A thermal treatment wall emplaced to perform in-situ destruction of contaminants in groundwater. Thermal destruction of specific contaminants occurs by hydrous pyrolysis/oxidation at temperatures achievable by existing thermal remediation techniques (electrical heating or steam injection) in the presence of oxygen or soil mineral oxidants, such as MnO.sub.2. The thermal treatment wall can be installed in a variety of configurations depending on the specific objectives, and can be used for groundwater cleanup, wherein in-situ destruction of contaminants is carried out rather than extracting contaminated fluids to the surface, where they are to be cleaned. In addition, the thermal treatment wall can be used for both plume interdiction and near-wellhead in-situ groundwater treatment. Thus, this technique can be utilized for a variety of groundwater contamination problems.

Proton-transfer-reaction/ion-mobility-spectrometer and method of using the same

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kanik, Isik (Inventor); Beegle, Luther W. (Inventor)

2004-01-01

A high-pressure hollow cathode ionizer is combined with an ion-mobility-spectrometer (IMS) for the detection of trace amounts of organic compounds in gas. The ionizer uses H.sub.3 0.sup.+, ions which do not react with air to ionize the organic compounds and the organic compounds are soft ionized. The ionized organic compounds are detected in the IMS at levels of parts per billion and identified using calibrated reference tables. Applications include but are not limited to the fields of: (1) medicine as a breath analyzer for detection of lung cancer, diabetes, liver cirrhosis, (2) law enforcement in drug interdiction and explosives detection, (3) food monitoring and control, (4) environmental monitoring and (5) space applications.

A Probabilistic Model of Illegal Drug Trafficking Operations in the Eastern Pacific and Caribbean Sea

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

partner agencies and nations, detects, tracks, and interdicts illegal drug-trafficking in this region. In this thesis, we develop a probability model based...trafficking in this region. In this thesis, we develop a probability model based on intelligence inputs to generate a spatial temporal heat map specifying the...complement and vet such complicated simulation by developing more analytically tractable models. We develop probability models to generate a heat map

The Threshold Shortest Path Interdiction Problem for Critical Infrastructure Resilience Analysis

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-09-01

being pushed over the minimum designated threshold. 1.4 Motivation A simple setting to motivate this research is the “30 minutes or it’s free” guarantee...parallel network structure in Fig. 4.4 is simple in design , yet shows a relatively high resilience when compared to the other networks in general. The high...United States Naval Academy, 2002 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OPERATIONS RESEARCH

Behavioral Indicators During a Police Interdiction

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-05-01

should be noted that all of our subject matter experts are male and that while the research should be gender neutral, some bias may be present in our...these elements do not necessarily require deliberation and conscious effort. The elements may be conducted subconsciously and be part of an officer’s...is moving from a sitting to a standing position, when the offender may hold the weapon against his body as he stands up. This can be a subconscious

Leadership in Crisis: Service Chiefs in the Post-Vietnam World

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

the Korean War offered numerous lessons for the Army and USAF based on the effectiveness of interdiction and the need to coordinate with the ground ...roles and missions.100 Attack capability in this discussion is a platform’s ability to attack targets on the ground . Both USAF and Army leaders had...States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives , 7 August 1964). AU/SAASS/MILLS/AY12 72 of war.8 Soon after Johnson signed the resolution

The Nexus of Extremism and Trafficking: Scourge of the World or So Much Hype?

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-10-01

in AML / CFT ,” International Monetary Fund. Available at: www. imf.org/external/np/leg/amlcft/eng/aml1.htm (accessed April 6, 2012). 19. “Money...tional Law Enforcement Organizations’ Interdiction Again Human Traffick- ing,” thesis presented to the Graduate Council of Texas State University-San...Marcos, December 2011, 18-21. Available at: http://repositories.tdl.org/txstate- ir/bitstream/handle/10529/ETD-TXSTATE-2011-12-299/BAILEY- THESIS . pdf

Final Environmental Impact Statement Establishment and Operation of an Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Strike Capability Andersen Air Force Base, Guam

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

Mariana Fruit Bat Pup Recruitment at Pati Point Colony; • Brown Tree Snake Interdiction and Control; and • Adaptive Management and Ground Track...establishment of a mitigation monitoring plan and adaptive management program. FUTURE ACTIONS As discussed in the Final EIS, the Air Force recognizes that...would initiate modifications to aircraft ground tracks and profiles over sensitive areas through an adaptive management strategy. This adaptive

The War Against Trucks Aerial Interdiction in Southern Laos 1968-1972

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-01

History and its successors.) Capt. William A. Buckingham , Jr., USAF, an intelligence specialist in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War, unearthed a... Buckingham , Mr. Carl Berger, Mr. Van Staaveren, Dr. Wayne W. Thompson, Dr. Elizabeth H. Hartsook, Mr. Lawrence J. Paszek, Mr. Eugene P. viii The War against...attacks (top); the hard-hit Cholon area of Saigon (center); the Imperial Palace in Hue, damaged during the 1968 Tet attacks (bottom). 77 Khe Sanh

Mission: Impossible; It’s Time to Pull the Military Out of Drug Interdiction

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-01-01

greatly complicated the mmjuana law enforcement problem Domestlc production has reduced prices and de&ntrahzed Qstnbutlon, while indoor agronomic...techmques have greatly increased potency Annual seizures of marijuana now total less than 50,000 pounds - an amount we were seizing every five to SIX days...relative bulkiness, a constramt that does not apply to cocame, heroin, or any of the other drugs likely to be smuggled m the future I As marijuana

Deep Battle and Interdiction: Twin Sons of Different Mothers.

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-02-07

Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 1993. Vallance , Andrew G.B. The Air Weapon - Doctrines of Air Power Strategy and Operational Art. New York, NY: St...34Employing Airpower in the Twenty-first Century," in The Future of Airpower in the Aftermath of the Gulf ed. Shultz, Richard H. and Pfaltzgraff, Robert L...Simultaneous Attack - One Battle Lab Helping to Forge the Army’s Future" Field Artillery (April 1993) Lewis, Richard . "JFACC Problems Associated with

MOEs for Drug Interdiction: Simple Tests Expose Critical Flaws

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-09-01

operations against illegal !rugs flowing into the U.S. Six candidate measures of effective (MOEs) are subjected to a structured assessment prcess that tests...supports spanning the decision space with a minimum number of MOEs. A small suite of MOEs reflecting relatively pure effects is preferred to long and...responds to changing consumer fashion--this year’s drug of choice may be overtaken by a new fad. Patterns of preference can vary widely by location as

The Interdictor’s Lot: A Dynamic Model of the Market for Drug Smuggling Services

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-02-01

A RAND NOTE The Interdictor’s Lot: A Dynamic Model of the 00 Market for Drug Smuggling Services Jonathan A. K. Cave, Peter Reuter February 1988. DTIC...Dynamic Model of the Interim Market for Drug Smuggling Services________________ 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 7, AUTHOR(s) s. CONTRACT OR GRANT...Economic Models - Narcotics,. Economic Analysis, Interdictions- Smuggling Law Enforcement U - Drugs. 20 ABSTRACT (Continue on ,e~erse side It necessary

Characteristics of a Maritime Interdiction Operations Unmanned Ground Vehicle

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-01

obstacles taller than its height. It comes with a suite of software that provides behaviors such as automatic self-righting and stair climbing (although the...unit we tested was a prototype and the stair climbing behavior had not been perfected). It also has a small wrist-mounted OCU with a touch screen...operations, often in hostile environments. There is a need for a small tactical robot that can be deployed ahead of the team to provide enhanced

Shifting Focus: Assessing the Role of U.S. Army Special Forces in the Counterproliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

4 The Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo desired a capability so much that they purchased a ranch in Western Australia in order to mine uranium and even...Security, eds. James A. Russell and James J. Wirtz (New York: Routledge, 2008), 164. 9 interdict suspected proliferation activities would meet...Proliferation Efforts,” in Globalization and WMD Proliferation: Terrorism, Transnational Networks, and International Security, eds. James A. Russell

Optimizing Distributed Sensor Placement for Border Patrol Interdiction Using Microsoft Excel

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-01

weather conditions and they can be evaded by using techniques which minimize heat signatures use of lasers and other technologies day or night (26:8...technologies which can be used for border security. Maier [2004] developed a seismic intrusion sensor technology which uses fiber optic cables, lasers , and...needed to create the is used as the base map for the network. program originally developed by Keyhole by Google Inc. It provides satellite images of

OXPHOS-Mediated Induction of NAD+ Promotes Complete Oxidation of Fatty Acids and Interdicts Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

PubMed

Akie, Thomas E; Liu, Lijun; Nam, Minwoo; Lei, Shi; Cooper, Marcus P

2015-01-01

OXPHOS is believed to play an important role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), however, precise mechanisms whereby OXPHOS influences lipid homeostasis are incompletely understood. We previously reported that ectopic expression of LRPPRC, a protein that increases cristae density and OXPHOS, promoted fatty acid oxidation in cultured primary hepatocytes. To determine the biological significance of that observation and define underlying mechanisms, we have ectopically expressed LRPPRC in mouse liver in the setting of NAFLD. Interestingly, ectopic expression of LRPPRC in mouse liver completely interdicted NAFLD, including inflammation. Consistent with mitigation of NAFLD, two markers of hepatic insulin resistance--ROS and PKCε activity--were both modestly reduced. As reported by others, improvement of NAFLD was associated with improved whole-body insulin sensitivity. Regarding hepatic lipid homeostasis, the ratio of NAD+ to NADH was dramatically increased in mouse liver replete with LRPPRC. Pharmacological activators and inhibitors of the cellular respiration respectively increased and decreased the [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio, indicating respiration-mediated control of the [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio. Supporting a prominent role for NAD+, increasing the concentration of NAD+ stimulated complete oxidation of fatty acids. Importantly, NAD+ rescued impaired fatty acid oxidation in hepatocytes deficient for either OXPHOS or SIRT3. These data are consistent with a model whereby augmented hepatic OXPHOS increases NAD+, which in turn promotes complete oxidation of fatty acids and protects against NAFLD.

Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report. ARC LIGHT 1965 - 1966

DTIC Science & Technology

1967-09-15

contributed to or caused VC movements. Be- cause of these movements, further strikes were withheld. General Moore 4 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I...interdiction campaign, sporadic attacks of insufficient weight would not achieve the cumulative effects which could be had from causing an overall...strike was cancelled in Washington b~ cause of the target’s proximity tp a village. COMUSMACV stated he was fully aware of this situation at the time of

School of Advanced Military Studies Research Catalog AY 1983 - 1984 through 1991 - 1992

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-01

Battalion Night Attack- Command and Con- trol System, Strengths and Weaknesses, ADA Pierce, Kerry K ., Major, EN, E-Force: How 179 280 Agile Is It?, ADA 179...Sturgeon, Douglas E., Major, MI, Gaining an Pierce, Kerry K ., Major, EN, Kursk: A Study Operational Advantage: The Interdiction of in Operational Art...Synchronization Ability of Division? try Division METL and are the Divisions ADA 225 464 Training to Accomplish Them? ADA 225 483 Major James K . Greer, The

Operation STRANGLE (Italy, Spring 1944): A Case Study of Tactical Air Interdiction

DTIC Science & Technology

1972-02-01

units. General Eaker reported to the new theater coi11Tlander, General Sir Henry Maitland ("Jumbo") Wilson, who had replaced General Eisenhower as...in Italy. The idea of using airpower on a massive scale to smash the German resistance on the I tal ian front was not new. It had been urged by...Brigadier W.G.F. Jackson, then on General Alexander’s staff, re- counts: "Moreover, he [General Alexander] was just as keen as Maitland Wilson [SACMED] to

Command History, 1971. Volume 1. Sanitized

DTIC Science & Technology

1971-01-01

of 1971. During this period USAF A-lEs, F-4s, B-52s, and AC-ll9Gs provided interdiction, armed reconnaissance, and ground support to MAJ GEN Vang Pao’s...tribesmen. The ground situation was critical as GEN Pao was swept off the Plain of Jars and back almost to Luang Prabang, the royal capital of Laos...friendly forces. The seriousness of the situation in northern Zaos had subsided and GEN Pao’s forces were retaking ground lost earlier in a repeat of

Critical Accountability: Preventing and Interdicting Terrorist Activity in the U.S. By Effectively Utilizing State and Local Law Enforcement

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-01

Rocky Mountain HIDTA, Denver , Colorado , February 15, 2005), 1. 48 Ibid., 8. 41 Figure 5. Map of Rocky Mountain HIDTA (RMHIDTA) 1. RMHIDTA...HIDTA; “Rocky Mountain HIDTA 2007 Annual Report,” (internal document, Rocky Mountain HIDTA, Denver , Colorado , n.d.), 6. 42 b. Communication Lines of...HIDTA, Denver , Colorado , n.d.), 3-4. 43 important to note that they attempt to manage performance issues prior to being taken to the entire

Homeland Defense Joint Center for Operational Analysis and Lessons Learned Quarterly Bulletin, Volume 7, Issue 1, December 2004

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-12-01

domestic use of the armed forces. 9Joint Center for Operational Analysis and Lessons Learned (JCOA-LL) Bulletin An almost invisible law In many...enacted a program to increase significantly the role of the armed forces in drug interdiction as part of the Defense Authorization Act for 1989. The...technology, expanded intelligence collection, and the formation of new partnerships are necessary. • Arms control and other multilateral agreements will be

Strategic Requirements for the Army to the Year 2000. Volume II. The World Environment to the Year 2000.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-11-01

would be indicated. It is therefore essential that both our political leadership and our military planners have a solid understanding of the Soviet...devoted to essential social progress. It interdicts free 8 world access to strategic resources and geography. In this Soviet strategy of mischief...international system in the 1990s will be structured essentially as it is today; but will be, if anything, more conducive to conflict and less effective

Mission Planning Systems for Tactical Aircraft (Pre-Flight and In- Flight) (Systemes de Planification des Missions pour Avions Tactiques (Avant Vol et en Vol)

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-05-01

aspects of planning air interdiction .apability other than reviewing the available maps, photographic missions (e.g., computing fuel and mission time litnes... photographs . FUR or radar pictures of the waypoinis and targets communications. thai allows the mission to be rehearsed. In-flight circumstances are...Planning Aircraft In Flight MPS Geographieal & Meteorological Terrain a Cultural Features Image Data (e.g., Photographic ) Weather Data a Update Data an

What Are the Legal and Policy Implications of Conducting Preemption and Interdiction Against a Weapons of Mass Destruction?

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-01-01

Manhattan project , gaseous diffusion plant, or even a weapons program. It will be used heavily in chapters 4 and 5. Both The Making of the Atomic Bomb...requirement for secrecy surrounding the Manhattan project and the lingering requirement for secrecy regarding nuclear weapons design. The application to the...another MANHATTAN Project ” to produce a nuclear device (McPhee 1973, 123-4, 136). Scientists who worked on the Manhattan Project maintain that

Coalition Air Warfare in the Korean War 1950-1953

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-01

Korean War Brig. Gen. Philip L. Bolté, USA (Ret.) What can a former grunt tell you? Let me talk from the perspective of a former infantry platoon leader...adopting some similar solu- tion. What we have learned —fifty years after the war in Korea, thirty years after the 1973 Yom Kippur War, and ten years...with such hyperbole proved to be a mistake. Later today, Conrad Crane will discuss what happened to air planning after the failure of interdiction. 7

Military Unity and National Policy: Some Past Effects and Future Implications

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-12-01

unavoidable. The Army’s riority, interdiction, strategic bombing, growing commitment to the task of mod- close air support, air transport, mad ernizing its air... growing number lower levels of conflict to nuclear war. of his colleagues were influenced by After the Berlin crisis and the Bay of Pigs General Taylor’s...creating the US securily - pening -a snew tedlun of war- Traunsportation Contuanmd in 1987 to fare’ that overarrhed the mediumits of oversee tie Joint

Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report. Rolling Thunder, January 1967 - November 1968

DTIC Science & Technology

1969-10-01

APPENDIX 5, Neut (alized o( Abandoned A list of inactive targets previously li,ted prima(ily in APPENDiX 4 that had been neutralized I- or abandoned and...struck was Van Dien Battery Plant for which no BDA was avail- able. " TRANSPORTATION, A major interdiction effort continued against the key lines of...the Laos Bor- der . Bridges that have not been used regularly s?,nce the bombing started are up and in use on LOCs leading to the DMZ. In short, the

U.S. Customs Service technology: past, present, and future

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pennella, John J.; Smith, Douglas E.

2001-02-01

This document describes the law enforcement charter and activities of the United States Customs Service and the internal technology organization that supports it, the Applied Technology Division. The enforcement activities of Customs include interdiction, outbound anti-smuggling, investigation and surveillance, processing of documentation and data, and detection of drugs and other contraband. An overview of the various technologies applied in support of these activities over the past 25 years is provided. Additionally, technologies proposed for implementation in the future are discussed.

Optimized passive sonar placement to allow improved interdiction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Johnson, Bruce A.; Matthews, Cameron

2016-05-01

The Art Gallery Problem (AGP) is the name given to a constrained optimization problem meant to determine the maximum amount of sensor coverage while utilizing the minimum number of resources. The AGP is significant because a common issue among surveillance and interdiction systems is obtaining an understanding of the optimal position of sensors and weapons in advance of enemy combatant maneuvers. The implication that an optimal position for a sensor to observe an event or for a weapon to engage a target autonomously is usually very clear after the target has passed, but for autonomous systems the solution must at least be conjectured in advance for deployment purposes. This abstract applies the AGP as a means to solve where best to place underwater sensor nodes such that the amount of information acquired about a covered area is maximized while the number of resources used to gain that information is minimized. By phrasing the ISR/interdiction problem this way, the issue is addressed as an instance of the AGP. The AGP is a member of a set of computational problems designated as nondeterministic polynomial-time (NP)-hard. As a member of this set, the AGP shares its members' defining feature, namely that no one has proven that there exists a deterministic algorithm providing a computationally-tractable solution to the AGP within a finite amount of time. At best an algorithm meant to solve the AGP can asymptotically approach perfect coverage with minimal resource usage but providing perfect coverage would either break the minimal resource usage constraint or require an exponentially-growing amount of time. No perfectly-optimal solution yet exists to the AGP, however, approximately optimal solutions to the AGP can approach complete area or barrier coverage while simultaneously minimizing the number of sensors and weapons utilized. A minimal number of underwater sensor nodes deployed can greatly increase the Mean Time Between Operational Failure (MTBOF) and logistical footprint. The resulting coverage optimizes the likelihood of encounter given an arbitrary sensor profile and threat from a free field statistical model approach. The free field statistical model is particularly applicable to worst case scenario modeling in open ocean operational profiles where targets to do not follow a particular pattern in any of the modeled dimensions. We present an algorithmic testbed which shows how to achieve approximately optimal solutions to the AGP for a network of underwater sensor nodes with or without effector systems for engagement while operating under changing environmental circumstances. The means by which we accomplish this goal are three-fold: 1) Develop a 3D model for the sonar signal propagating through the underwater environment 2) Add rigorous physics-based modeling of environmental events which can affect sensor information acquisition 3) Provide innovative solutions to the AGP which account for the environmental circumstances affecting sensor performance.

Inverse Analysis of Irradiated NuclearMaterial Gamma Spectra via Nonlinear Optimization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dean, Garrett James

Nuclear forensics is the collection of technical methods used to identify the provenance of nuclear material interdicted outside of regulatory control. Techniques employed in nuclear forensics include optical microscopy, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and alpha, beta, and gamma spectrometry. This dissertation focuses on the application of inverse analysis to gamma spectroscopy to estimate the history of pulse irradiated nuclear material. Previous work in this area has (1) utilized destructive analysis techniques to supplement the nondestructive gamma measurements, and (2) been applied to samples composed of spent nuclear fuel with long irradiation and cooling times. Previous analyses have employed local nonlinear solvers, simple empirical models of gamma spectral features, and simple detector models of gamma spectral features. The algorithm described in this dissertation uses a forward model of the irradiation and measurement process within a global nonlinear optimizer to estimate the unknown irradiation history of pulse irradiated nuclear material. The forward model includes a detector response function for photopeaks only. The algorithm uses a novel hybrid global and local search algorithm to quickly estimate the irradiation parameters, including neutron fluence, cooling time and original composition. Sequential, time correlated series of measurements are used to reduce the uncertainty in the estimated irradiation parameters. This algorithm allows for in situ measurements of interdicted irradiated material. The increase in analysis speed comes with a decrease in information that can be determined, but the sample fluence, cooling time, and composition can be determined within minutes of a measurement. Furthermore, pulse irradiated nuclear material has a characteristic feature that irradiation time and flux cannot be independently estimated. The algorithm has been tested against pulse irradiated samples of pure special nuclear material with cooling times of four minutes to seven hours. The algorithm described is capable of determining the cooling time and fluence the sample was exposed to within 10% as well as roughly estimating the relative concentrations of nuclides present in the original composition.

Wedge imaging spectrometer: application to drug and pollution law enforcement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elerding, George T.; Thunen, John G.; Woody, Loren M.

1991-08-01

The Wedge Imaging Spectrometer (WIS) represents a novel implementation of an imaging spectrometer sensor that is compact and rugged and, therefore, suitable for use in drug interdiction and pollution monitoring activities. With performance characteristics equal to comparable conventional imaging spectrometers, it would be capable of detecting and identifying primary and secondary indicators of drug activities and pollution events. In the design, a linear wedge filter is mated to an area array of detectors to achieve two-dimensional sampling of the combined spatial/spectral information passed by the filter. As a result, the need for complex and delicate fore optics is avoided, and the size and weight of the instrument are approximately 50% that of comparable sensors. Spectral bandwidths can be controlled to provide relatively narrow individual bandwidths over a broad spectrum, including all visible and infrared wavelengths. This sensor concept has been under development at the Hughes Aircraft Co. Santa Barbara Research Center (SBRC), and hardware exists in the form of a brassboard prototype. This prototype provides 64 spectral bands over the visible and near infrared region (0.4 to 1.0 micrometers ). Implementation issues have been examined, and plans have been formulated for packaging the sensor into a test-bed aircraft for demonstration of capabilities. Two specific areas of utility to the drug interdiction problem are isolated: (1) detection and classification of narcotic crop growth areas and (2) identification of coca processing sites, cued by the results of broad-area survey and collateral information. Vegetation stress and change-detection processing may also be useful in detecting active from dormant airfields. For pollution monitoring, a WIS sensor could provide data with fine spectral and spatial resolution over suspect areas. On-board or ground processing of the data would isolate the presence of polluting effluents, effects on vegetation caused by airborne or other pollutants, or anomalous ground conditions indicative of buried or dumped toxic materials.

A systematic review of methamphetamine precursor regulations.

PubMed

McKetin, Rebecca; Sutherland, Rachel; Bright, David A; Norberg, Melissa M

2011-11-01

To assess the effectiveness of methamphetamine precursor regulations in reducing illicit methamphetamine supply and use. A systematic review of 12 databases was used to identify studies that had evaluated the impact of methamphetamine precursor regulations on methamphetamine supply and/or use. The guidelines of the Effective Practice and Organization of Care Group (EPOC) of The Cochrane Collaboration were used to determine which study designs were included and assess their quality. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies evaluated 15 interventions (13 regulations and two related interdiction efforts), all of which were located in North America. Interventions had consistent impacts across various indicators of methamphetamine supply and use. Seven of the 15 interventions produced reductions in methamphetamine indicators (ranging from 12% to 77%). Two of the largest impacts were seen following interdiction efforts, involving the closure of rogue pharmaceutical companies. There was no evidence of a shift into other types of drug use, or injecting use, although the impact on the synthetic drug market was not examined. Null effects were related largely to the existence of alternative sources of precursor chemicals or the availability of imported methamphetamine. Methamphetamine precursor regulations can reduce indicators of methamphetamine supply and use. Further research is needed to determine whether regulations can be effective outside North America, particularly in developing countries, and what impact they have on the broader synthetic drug market. Improved data on precursor diversion are needed to facilitate the evaluation of precursor regulations. © 2011 The Authors, Addiction © 2011 Society for the Study of Addiction.

The fluorescent photobleaching properties of GFP expressed in human lung cancer cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jin, Ying; Xing, Da

2003-12-01

The characteristic properties of GFP make this protein a good candidate for use as a molecular reporter to monitor patterns of protein localization, gene expression, and intracellular protein trafficking in living cells. In this study, the dicistronic expression vector (pEGFP-C1) was used to transfected into human lung cancer cell line (ASTC-a-1) and a positive clone which stably expressed GFP in high level was obtained. After more than three months' passengers, the cells were also remained the strong fluorescence under fluorescent microscope. The results showed that the green fluorescent protein expressed in tumor cells was also photobleached under intense irradiation (approximately 488 nm) and the degree of photobleaching varied with the difference of the intensity of the excitation. Using different interdiction parcel (None, ND4, ND8, ND16), there were significant differences in photobleaching among the different excitation. The photobleaching was also affected by the time length of excitation, and the intensity of fluorescence was obviously decreased along with the increasing of excitation time, especially to stronger excitation.

Maritime Interdiction in Counterinsurgency: The Role of the Sri Lankan Navy in the Defeat of the Tamil Tigers

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-01

impact on the Army’s ability to conduct operations by severing supply lines and lowering morale. By the end of Eelam II, the LTTE had built its force to...Service, Library of Congress, 2007) 161 Chris Smith, In the Shadow of a Ceasefire: The Impacts of Small Arms Availability and Misuse in Sri Lanka...Jaffna) and by April 2000, it controlled the strategically important Elephant Pass (one of only two land routes into the Jaffna Peninsula).180 The

Exploring Data Sharing Between Geographically Distributed Mobile and Fixed Nodes Supporting Extended Maritime Interdiction Operations (EMIO)

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-06-01

Diablo and LLNL o ITT Mesh, OPAREA TWO: between BP RHIB and BV, and between Sea Fox (USV) and BV o Sky Pilot, OPAREA THREE: between Tachyon ...between Sea Fox (USV) and BV o Sky Pilot, OPAREA THREE: between Tachyon Satellite and Sky Pilot Relay and between Sky Pilot Relay and BV o Wave Relay...between Tachyon Satellite and Sky Pilot Relay and between Sky Pilot Relay and BV o Wave Relay, OPAREA THREE: between BV and Balloon and between

Uncertainty in the use of MAMA software to measure particle morphological parameters from SEM images

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schwartz, Daniel S.; Tandon, Lav

The MAMA software package developed at LANL is designed to make morphological measurements on a wide variety of digital images of objects. At LANL, we have focused on using MAMA to measure scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of particles, as this is a critical part of our forensic analysis of interdicted radiologic materials. In order to successfully use MAMA to make such measurements, we must understand the level of uncertainty involved in the process, so that we can rigorously support our quantitative conclusions.

Air Weather Service Support to the United States Army Tet and the Decade After

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-08-01

than traditional air interdiction methods, and, more important, it was more humane because it saved lives. 6 1 The very nature of the project led it to...every four hours, 24 hours a day.04 Taylor stressed that he functioned primarily as a weather briefer, that the weather forecasts the 1st Cavalry... stressed to them in peacetime. "I think the Army began there," Carmell opined, "to appreciate the worth of weather in its planning," "We got our foot in

Update on worldwide efforts to prevent type 1 diabetes.

PubMed

Skyler, Jay S

2008-12-01

This paper reviews worldwide efforts to interdict the type 1 diabetes (T1D) disease process, during the stage of evolution of the disease prior to the time of disease onset. The goal of intervention before disease onset is to arrest immune destruction and thus prevent or delay clinical disease. In this regard, there have been several large-scale multicenter randomized controlled clinical trials designed to prevent T1D. These have tested nicotinamide, parenteral insulin, oral insulin, nasal insulin, and the elimination of cow's milk from infant feeding.

Radiation pager

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Warren, John L.; Vadnais, Kenneth G.

1997-01-01

Recent advances in miniature photomultiplier tubes and low power electronics have made possible a new generation of small gamma-ray radiation detectors specifically designed for use by government and law enforcement agencies for the detection and interdiction of concealed nuclear materials. This paper describes an inexpensive pager sized radiation detector that can be worn on the belt or carried in a pocket for hands free operation, and which can quietly alert the operator to the presence of nuclear material. The sensitivity performance of the detector technology and the application of the instrument to law enforcement and nuclear smuggling are discussed.

A Special Ingredient (VtR) Containing Oligostilbenes Isolated from Vitis thunbergii Prevents Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice: In Vitro and In Vivo Study

PubMed Central

Huang, Yu-Ling; Liu, Yen-Wenn; Huang, Yu-Jou; Chiou, Wen-Fei

2013-01-01

Vitis thunbergii is used in Taiwan as a botanical supplement for inflammatory bone diseases. This study aims to examine its direct effect on bone metabolism. Three-month-old female mice were randomly divided into ovariectomized control (OVX), sham operated (SHAM), and ovariectomy treated with either 17β-estradiol or a special ingredient (VtR) fractionated from an ethanol extract of V. thunbergii started two weeks after ovariectomy. VtR treatment for 8 weeks significantly ameliorated the deterioration of bone mineral density and reversed all the ovariectomy-induced changes in  μ-CT parameters. The antiosteoporotic effect of VtR accompanied decrease in serum levels of C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (CTx), interleukin-7, and ration of RANKL/osteoprotegerin (OPG) but rise in osteocalcin concentration. Sparse calcified microarchitecture and less alkaline-phosphatase- (ALP-) positive cells were observed at the femur and vertebral sites in OVX mice while VtR remarkably restored such variation. HPLC analysis showed (+)-vitisin-A, (−)-vitisin-B, and ampelopsin C predominated in VtR. Both (−)-vitisin B and ampelopsin C increased ALP activity and bone nodule formation in cultured osteoblasts. Instead of stimulating osteoblastogenesis, (+)-vitisin A dramatically repressed osteoclasts differentiation and bone resorption. The results suggested VtR composed of diverse components to reciprocally drive osteoblastogenesis and interdict osteoclastogenesis may serve as a potential botanic drug for osteoporosis therapy. PMID:23662133

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bordetsky, A; Dougan, A D; Nekoogar, F

The paper addresses technological and operational challenges of developing a global plug-and-play Maritime Domain Security testbed for the Global War on Terrorism mission. This joint NPS-LLNL project is based on the NPS Tactical Network Topology (TNT) composed of long-haul OFDM networks combined with self-forming wireless mesh links to air, surface, ground, and underwater unmanned vehicles. This long-haul network is combined with ultra-wideband (UWB) communications systems for wireless communications in harsh radio propagation channels. LLNL's UWB communication prototypes are designed to overcome shortcomings of the present narrowband communications systems in heavy metallic and constricted corridors inside ships. In the center ofmore » our discussion are networking solutions for the Maritime Interdiction Operation (MIO) Experiments in which geographically distributed command centers and subject matter experts collaborate with the Boarding Party in real time to facilitate situational understanding and course of action selection. The most recent experiment conducted via the testbed extension to the Alameda Island exercised several key technologies aimed at improving MIO. These technologies included UWB communications from within the ship to Boarding Party leader sending data files and pictures, advanced radiation detection equipment for search and identification, biometric equipment to record and send fingerprint files to facilitate rapid positive identification of crew members, and the latest updates of the NPS Tactical Network Topology facilitating reachback to LLNL, Biometric Fusion Center, USCG, and DTRA experts.« less

Portable source identification device

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andersen, Eric S.; Samuel, Todd J.; Gervais, Kevin L.

2005-05-01

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is the primary enforcement agency protecting the nation"s ports of entry. CBP is enhancing its capability to interdict the illicit import of nuclear and radiological materials and devices that may be used by terrorists. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is providing scientific and technical support to CBP in their goal to enable rapid deployment of nuclear and radiation detection systems at U. S. ports of entry to monitor 100% of the incoming international traffic and cargo while not adversely impacting the operations or throughput of the ports. As the deployment of radiation detection systems proceeds, there is a need to adapt the baseline radiation portal monitor (RPM) system technology to operations at these diverse ports of entry. When screening produces an alarm in the primary inspection RPM, the alarming vehicle is removed from the flow of commerce and the alarm is typically confirmed in a secondary inspection RPM. The portable source identification device (PSID) is a radiation sensor panel (RSP), based on thallium-doped sodium iodide (NaI(Tl)) scintillation detector and gamma spectroscopic analysis hardware and software, mounted on a scissor lift on a small truck. The lift supports a box containing a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) sodium iodide detector that provides real-time isotopic identification, including neutron detectors to interdict Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and radiation dispersion devices (RDD). The scissor lift will lower the detectors to within a foot off the ground and raise them to approximately 24 feet (7.3 m) in the air, allowing a wide vertical scanning range.

Size-based trends and management implications of microhabitat utilization by Brown Treesnakes, with an emphasis on juvenile snakes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rodda, Gordon H.; Reed, Robert N.

2007-01-01

The brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis, or BTS), a costly invasive species, has been the subject of intensive research on Guam over the past two decades. The behavior and habitat use of hatchling and juvenile snakes, however, remain largely unknown. We used a long-term dataset of BTS captures (N = 2,415) and a dataset resulting from intensive sampling within and immediately around a 5-ha fenced population (N = 2,541) to examine habitat use of BTS. Small snakes were almost exclusively arboreal and that they appeared to prefer tangantangan (Leucaena leucocephala) habitats. In contrast, large snakes used arboreal and terrestrial habitats in roughly equal proportion, and were less frequently found in tangantangan. Among snakes found in trees, there were no clear size-based preferences for certain heights above ground, nor for size-based choice of perch diameters. We discuss these results as they relate to management and interdiction implications for brown treesnakes on Guam and in potential incipient populations on other islands.

HERMES: Collaboration and Knowledge Interoperability in Maritime Interdiction Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-09

be loaded as new  canvases  or set as links from an existing  canvas . This capability is useful for exchanging image files,  such as  fingerprints  and...propertie ied and imple E  canvases , 2 uggested by   ox onto a can rs do not nee uch easier to ers and colu us easy to ob  for task step and procedu d...different symbols onto a  canvas  from a  palette. The specific symbols are pre‐loaded for a specific mission or domain. They can include basic  military

Model-Based Detection of Radioactive Contraband for Harbor Defense Incorporating Compton Scattering Physics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Candy, J V; Chambers, D H; Breitfeller, E F

2010-03-02

The detection of radioactive contraband is a critical problem is maintaining national security for any country. Photon emissions from threat materials challenge both detection and measurement technologies especially when concealed by various types of shielding complicating the transport physics significantly. This problem becomes especially important when ships are intercepted by U.S. Coast Guard harbor patrols searching for contraband. The development of a sequential model-based processor that captures both the underlying transport physics of gamma-ray emissions including Compton scattering and the measurement of photon energies offers a physics-based approach to attack this challenging problem. The inclusion of a basic radionuclide representationmore » of absorbed/scattered photons at a given energy along with interarrival times is used to extract the physics information available from the noisy measurements portable radiation detection systems used to interdict contraband. It is shown that this physics representation can incorporated scattering physics leading to an 'extended' model-based structure that can be used to develop an effective sequential detection technique. The resulting model-based processor is shown to perform quite well based on data obtained from a controlled experiment.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Doyle, Jamie L.; Kuhn, Kevin John; Byerly, Benjamin

Nuclear forensic publications, performance tests, and research and development efforts typically target the bulk global inventory of intentionally safeguarded materials, such as plutonium (Pu) and uranium (U). Other materials, such as neptunium (Np), pose a nuclear security risk as well. Trafficking leading to recovery of an interdicted Np sample is a realistic concern especially for materials originating in countries that reprocesses fuel. Using complementary forensic methods, potential signatures for an unknown Np oxide sample were investigated. Measurement results were assessed against published Np processes to present hypotheses as to the original intended use, method of production, and origin for thismore » Np oxide.« less

Revolution in nuclear detection affairs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stern, Warren M.

2014-05-01

The detection of nuclear or radioactive materials for homeland or national security purposes is inherently difficult. This is one reason detection efforts must be seen as just one part of an overall nuclear defense strategy which includes, inter alia, material security, detection, interdiction, consequence management and recovery. Nevertheless, one could argue that there has been a revolution in detection affairs in the past several decades as the innovative application of new technology has changed the character and conduct of detection operations. This revolution will likely be most effectively reinforced in the coming decades with the networking of detectors and innovative application of anomaly detection algorithms.

Intelligence Constraints on Terrorist Network Plots

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Woo, Gordon

Since 9/11, the western intelligence and law enforcement services have managed to interdict the great majority of planned attacks against their home countries. Network analysis shows that there are important intelligence constraints on the number and complexity of terrorist plots. If two many terrorists are involved in plots at a given time, a tipping point is reached whereby it becomes progressively easier for the dots to be joined and for the conspirators to be arrested, and for the aggregate evidence to secure convictions. Implications of this analysis are presented for the campaign to win hearts and minds.

Detection of special nuclear material from delayed neutron emission induced by a dual-particle monoenergetic source

DOE PAGES

Mayer, Michael F.; Nattress, J.; Jovanovic, I.

2016-06-27

Detection of unique signatures of special nuclear materials is critical for their interdiction in a variety of nuclear security and nonproliferation scenarios. We report on the observation of delayed neutrons from fission of uranium induced in dual-particle active interrogation based on the 11B(d,n γ) 12C nuclear reaction. Majority of the fissions are attributed to fast fission induced by the incident quasi-monoenergetic neutrons. A Li-doped glass–polymer composite scintillation neutron detector, which displays excellent neutron/γ discrimination at low energies, was used in the measurements, along with a recoil-based liquid scintillation detector. Time- dependent buildup and decay of delayed neutron emission from 238Umore » were measured between the interrogating beam pulses and after the interrogating beam was turned off, respectively. Characteristic buildup and decay time profiles were compared to the common parametrization into six delayed neutron groups, finding a good agreement between the measurement and nuclear data. Furthermore, this method is promising for detecting fissile and fissionable materials in cargo scanning applications and can be readily integrated with transmission radiography using low-energy nuclear reaction sources.« less

Nuclear forensics investigation of morphological signatures in the thermal decomposition of uranyl peroxide.

PubMed

Schwerdt, Ian J; Olsen, Adam; Lusk, Robert; Heffernan, Sean; Klosterman, Michael; Collins, Bryce; Martinson, Sean; Kirkham, Trenton; McDonald, Luther W

2018-01-01

The analytical techniques typically utilized in a nuclear forensic investigation often provide limited information regarding the process history and production conditions of interdicted nuclear material. In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the surface morphology of amorphous-UO 3 samples calcined at 250, 300, 350, 400, and 450°C from uranyl peroxide was performed to determine if the morphology was indicative of the synthesis route and thermal history for the samples. Thermogravimetic analysis-mass spectrometry (TGA-MS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to correlate transitions in the calcined material to morphological transformations. The high-resolution SEM images were processed using the Morphological Analysis for Material Attribution (MAMA) software. Morphological attributes, particle area and circularity, indicated significant trends as a result of calcination temperature. The quantitative morphological analysis was able to track the process of particle fragmentation and subsequent sintering as calcination temperature was increased. At the 90% confidence interval, with 1000 segmented particles, the use of Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical comparisons allowed discernment between all calcination temperatures for the uranyl peroxide route. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Defining the Synthetic Biology Supply Chain

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Frazar, Sarah L.; Hund, Gretchen E.; Bonheyo, George T.

In this article, a team of experts in synthetic biology, data analytics, and national security describe the overall supply chain surrounding synthetic biology. The team analyzes selected interactions within that network to better understand the risks raised by synthetic biology and identifies opportunities for risk mitigation. To introduce the concept, the article will briefly describe how an understanding of supply chains has been important in promoting nuclear nonproliferation objectives. The article concludes by assessing the structure and networks identified in the supply chains to reveal potential opportunities for future biodefense research and development; options for additional information exchange; and meansmore » to interdict, detect, or deter suspicious activity.« less

Revolution in Detection Affairs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stern W.

The detection of nuclear or radioactive materials for homeland or national security purposes is inherently difficult. This is one reason detection efforts must be seen as just one part of an overall nuclear defense strategy which includes, inter alia, material security, detection, interdiction, consequence management and recovery. Nevertheless, one could argue that there has been a revolution in detection affairs in the past several decades as the innovative application of new technology has changed the character and conduct of detection operations. This revolution will likely be most effectively reinforced in the coming decades with the networking of detectors and innovativemore » application of anomaly detection algorithms.« less

Revolution in nuclear detection affairs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stern, Warren M.

The detection of nuclear or radioactive materials for homeland or national security purposes is inherently difficult. This is one reason detection efforts must be seen as just one part of an overall nuclear defense strategy which includes, inter alia, material security, detection, interdiction, consequence management and recovery. Nevertheless, one could argue that there has been a revolution in detection affairs in the past several decades as the innovative application of new technology has changed the character and conduct of detection operations. This revolution will likely be most effectively reinforced in the coming decades with the networking of detectors and innovativemore » application of anomaly detection algorithms.« less

Nuclear forensic analysis of a non-traditional actinide sample

DOE PAGES

Doyle, Jamie L.; Kuhn, Kevin John; Byerly, Benjamin; ...

2016-06-15

Nuclear forensic publications, performance tests, and research and development efforts typically target the bulk global inventory of intentionally safeguarded materials, such as plutonium (Pu) and uranium (U). Other materials, such as neptunium (Np), pose a nuclear security risk as well. Trafficking leading to recovery of an interdicted Np sample is a realistic concern especially for materials originating in countries that reprocesses fuel. Using complementary forensic methods, potential signatures for an unknown Np oxide sample were investigated. Measurement results were assessed against published Np processes to present hypotheses as to the original intended use, method of production, and origin for thismore » Np oxide.« less

Nuclear forensic analysis of a non-traditional actinide sample.

PubMed

Doyle, Jamie L; Kuhn, Kevin; Byerly, Benjamin; Colletti, Lisa; Fulwyler, James; Garduno, Katherine; Keller, Russell; Lujan, Elmer; Martinez, Alexander; Myers, Steve; Porterfield, Donivan; Spencer, Khalil; Stanley, Floyd; Townsend, Lisa; Thomas, Mariam; Walker, Laurie; Xu, Ning; Tandon, Lav

2016-10-01

Nuclear forensic publications, performance tests, and research and development efforts typically target the bulk global inventory of intentionally safeguarded materials, such as plutonium (Pu) and uranium (U). Other materials, such as neptunium (Np), pose a nuclear security risk as well. Trafficking leading to recovery of an interdicted Np sample is a realistic concern especially for materials originating in countries that reprocesses fuel. Using complementary forensic methods, potential signatures for an unknown Np oxide sample were investigated. Measurement results were assessed against published Np processes to present hypotheses as to the original intended use, method of production, and origin for this Np oxide. Published by Elsevier B.V.

The Guardian: Preliminary design of a close air support aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haag, Jonathan; Huber, David; Mcinerney, Kelly; Mulligan, Greg; Pessin, David; Seelos, Michael

1991-01-01

One design is presented of a Close Air Support (CAS) aircraft. It is a canard wing, twin engine, twin vertical tail aircraft that has the capability to cruise at 520 knots. The Guardian contains state of the art flight control systems. Specific highlights of the Guardian include: (1) low cost (the acquisition cost per airplane is $13.6 million for a production of 500 airplanes); (2) low maintenance (it was designed to be easily maintainable in unprepared fields); and (3) high versatility (it can perform a wide range of missions). Along with being a CAS aircraft, it is capable of long ferry missions, battlefield interdiction, maritime attack, and combat rescue. The Guardian is capable of a maximum ferry of 3800 nm, can takeoff in a distance of 1700 ft, land in a ground roll distance of 1644 ft. It has a maximum takeoff weight of 48,753 lbs, and is capable of carrying up to 19,500 lbs of ordinance.

Microchannel plate special nuclear materials sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feller, W. B.; White, P. L.; White, P. B.; Siegmund, O. H. W.; Martin, A. P.; Vallerga, J. V.

2011-10-01

Nova Scientific Inc., is developing for the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO SBIR #HSHQDC-08-C-00190), a solid-state, high-efficiency neutron detection alternative to 3He gas tubes, using neutron-sensitive microchannel plates (MCPs) containing 10B and/or Gd. This work directly supports DNDO development of technologies designed to detect and interdict nuclear weapons or illicit nuclear materials. Neutron-sensitized MCPs have been shown theoretically and more recently experimentally, to be capable of thermal neutron detection efficiencies equivalent to 3He gas tubes. Although typical solid-state neutron detectors typically have an intrinsic gamma sensitivity orders of magnitude higher than that of 3He gas detectors, we dramatically reduce gamma sensitivity by combining a novel electronic coincidence rejection scheme, employing a separate but enveloping gamma scintillator. This has already resulted in a measured gamma rejection ratio equal to a small 3He tube, without in principle sacrificing neutron detection efficiency. Ongoing improvements to the MCP performance as well as the coincidence counting geometry will be described. Repeated testing and validation with a 252Cf source has been underway throughout the Phase II SBIR program, with ongoing comparisons to a small commercial 3He gas tube. Finally, further component improvements and efforts toward integration maturity are underway, with the goal of establishing functional prototypes for SNM field testing.

Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report. Rolling Thunder

DTIC Science & Technology

1966-03-28

interdiction pro- grams. In February the USAF bad 18 F-100 ’s and 18 F-105 ’s at ))a Nang, 18 F-105’s at Korat , 18 F-lOO’s at Takhli and eight B-57’s at Bien...force back to its November 1964 strength. In Thailand, the F-105 squadron at Korat was joined in early February by two more squadrons of F-l.05’s, one...135) Ubon 45th Tactical Figbter Squadron Takhli 35th ’l."FS (F-105~ 563rd ’fFS (F-105 Korat 357th ’l."FS (F-105) 12th TJ’S (F-105) Udorn 15th

Oxygen consumption during cold exposure at 2.1 G in rats adapted to hypergravic fields

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Horowitz, J.; Patterson, S.; Monson, C.

1985-01-01

The thermoregulation ability of rats exposed to various gravitational fields is examined. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 22 C and 1 G, and 9 C and 2.1 G in experiment one, 1 G, 2.4 G, 5.8 G and 22 + or - 1.5 C in experiment two, and 1 G, 19-22 C, and 5 C in experiment three. It is observed that the core temperature in the control rats was 36.8 + or 0.4 C at 22C and 30.8 + or - 0.6 C at 9 C, and oxygen consumption dropped from 37 + or - 0.3 C core temperature at 22 C, 36.4 + or - 0.3 C at 9 C, 0.4 oxygen consumption was 8.18 + or - 0.9 ml/min at 22 C, and 14.2 + or - 0.4 ml/min at 9 C. The data from experiment two reveal that tail temperature in the control rats peaked at 2.4 G and at 5.8 G for the acclimated rats, and in experiment three a greater decrease in core temperature is detected in the 2.1-G rats. It is noted that prior acclimation to 2.1 G enhances the thermoregulation ability when exposed to the cold.

Biosynthesis of the trehalase inhibitor trehazolin.

PubMed

Sugiyama, Yasumasa; Nagasawa, Hiromichi; Suzuki, Akinori; Sakuda, Shohei

2002-03-01

Trehazolin (1) is a trehalase inhibitor produced by Micromonospora coriacea. Biosynthesis of 1 was studied by feeding experiments with a variety of labeled precursors. Feeding experiments with [1-13C]- and [6-13C]-D-glucose revealed that the carbon skeletons of both a glucose residue and a cyclopentane ring moiety in 1 were each derived from glucose, and that C-C bond formation between C-1 and C-5 of glucose occurred during the cyclopentane ring formation. Furthermore, an experiment with [guanidino-13C, 15N2]-L-arginine revealed that two nitrogen atoms and a quaternary carbon atom involved in the aminooxazoline moiety of 1 originated from an amidino group of arginine. Further feeding experiments with [1-2H]-, [2-2H]-, [4-2H]-, [6,6-2H2]- and [1,2,3,4,5,6,6-2H7]-D-glucose as well as [1-13C]-D-fructose showed that deuteriums on C-1, C-3, C-4 and C-6 of glucose were retained during the formation of the cyclopentane ring moiety of 1.

Mental illness and the right to vote: a review of legislation across the world.

PubMed

Bhugra, Dinesh; Pathare, Soumitra; Gosavi, Chetna; Ventriglio, Antonio; Torales, Julio; Castaldelli-Maia, João; Tolentino, Edgardo Juan L; Ng, Roger

2016-08-01

The right to vote is an important right signifying freedom of thought as well as full citizenship in any setting. Right to vote is enshrined and protected by international human rights treaties. The right of 'everyone' to take part in the political process and elections is based on universal and equal suffrage. Although these International Conventions have been ratified by the large majority of United Nations Member States, their application across the globe is by no means universal. This study sets out to examine the domestic laws of UN Member States in order to explore whether individuals with mental health problems have the right to vote in actuality and, thu,s can participate in political life. Through various searches, electoral laws and Constitutions of 193 Member States of the United Nations were studied. The authors were able to find legislation and/or Constitutional provisions in 167 of the 193 Member States. Twenty-one countries (11%) only placed no restrictions on the right to vote by persons with mental health problems. Over one third of the countries (36%) deny all persons with any mental health problems a right to vote without any qualifier. Some of these discriminatory attitudes are reflected in the multiplicity of terms used to describe persons with mental health problems. Another 21 countries (11%) denied the right to vote to detained persons; of these, nine Member States specifically denied the right to vote to persons who were detained under the mental health law, while the remainder denied the right to vote to all those who were interdicted or judicially interdicted. It would appear that in many countries the denial of voting rights is attributed to a lack of ability to consent by the individuals with mental illness. Further exploration of explanation is required to understand these variations, which exist in spite of international treaties.

Arsenic toxicity induced endothelial dysfunction and dementia: Pharmacological interdiction by histone deacetylase and inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sharma, Bhupesh, E-mail: drbhupeshresearch@gmail.com; Sharma, P.M.

Arsenic toxicity has been reported to damage all the major organs including the brain and vasculature. Dementia including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are posing greater risk to the world population as it is now increasing at a faster rate. We have investigated the role of sodium butyrate, a selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and aminoguanidine, a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor in pharmacological interdiction of arsenic toxicity induced vascular endothelial dysfunction and dementia in rats. Arsenic toxicity was done by administering arsenic drinking water to rats. Morris water-maze (MWM) test was used for assessment ofmore » learning and memory. Endothelial function was assessed using student physiograph. Oxidative stress (aortic superoxide anion, serum and brain thiobarbituric acid reactive species, brain glutathione) and nitric oxide levels (serum nitrite/nitrate) were also measured. Arsenic treated rats have shown impairment of endothelial function, learning and memory, reduction in serum nitrite/nitrate and brain GSH levels along with increase in serum and brain TBARS. Sodium butyrate as well as aminoguanidine significantly convalesce arsenic induced impairment of learning, memory, endothelial function, and alterations in various biochemical parameters. It may be concluded that arsenic induces endothelial dysfunction and dementia, whereas, sodium butyrate, a HDAC inhibitor as well as aminoguanidine, a selective iNOS inhibitor may be considered as potential agents for the management of arsenic induced endothelial dysfunction and dementia. - Highlights: • As has induced endothelial dysfunction (Edf) and vascular dementia (VaD). • As has increased oxidative stress, AChE activity and decreased serum NO. • Inhibitors of HDAC and iNOS have attenuated As induced Edf and VaD. • Both the inhibitors have attenuated As induced biochemical changes. • Inhibitor of HDAC and iNOS has shown good potential in As induced VaD.« less

Radiation Detection for Homeland Security Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ely, James

2008-05-01

In the past twenty years or so, there have been significant changes in the strategy and applications for homeland security. Recently there have been significant at deterring and interdicting terrorists and associated organizations. This is a shift in the normal paradigm of deterrence and surveillance of a nation and the `conventional' methods of warfare to the `unconventional' means that terrorist organizations resort to. With that shift comes the responsibility to monitor international borders for weapons of mass destruction, including radiological weapons. As a result, countries around the world are deploying radiation detection instrumentation to interdict the illegal shipment of radioactive material crossing international borders. These efforts include deployments at land, rail, air, and sea ports of entry in the US and in European and Asian countries. Radioactive signatures of concern include radiation dispersal devices (RDD), nuclear warheads, and special nuclear material (SNM). Radiation portal monitors (RPMs) are used as the main screening tool for vehicles and cargo at borders, supplemented by handheld detectors, personal radiation detectors, and x-ray imaging systems. This talk will present an overview of radiation detection equipment with emphasis on radiation portal monitors. In the US, the deployment of radiation detection equipment is being coordinated by the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office within the Department of Homeland Security, and a brief summary of the program will be covered. Challenges with current generation systems will be discussed as well as areas of investigation and opportunities for improvements. The next generation of radiation portal monitors is being produced under the Advanced Spectroscopic Portal program and will be available for deployment in the near future. Additional technologies, from commercially available to experimental, that provide additional information for radiation screening, such as density imaging equipment, will be reviewed. Opportunities for further research and development to improve the current equipment and methodologies for radiation detection for the important task of homeland security will be the final topic to be discussed.

Requirements Definition for ORNL Trusted Corridors Project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Walker, Randy M; Hill, David E; Smith, Cyrus M

2008-02-01

The ORNL Trusted Corridors Project has several other names: SensorNet Transportation Pilot; Identification and Monitoring of Radiation (in commerce) Shipments (IMR(ic)S); and Southeastern Transportation Corridor Pilot (SETCP). The project involves acquisition and analysis of transportation data at two mobile and three fixed inspection stations in five states (Kentucky, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Washington DC). Collaborators include the State Police organizations that are responsible for highway safety, law enforcement, and incident response. The three states with fixed weigh-station deployments (KY, SC, TN) are interested in coordination of this effort for highway safety, law enforcement, and sorting/targeting/interdiction of potentially non-compliant vehicles/persons/cargo.more » The Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) in the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is interested in these deployments, as a Pilot test (SETCP) to identify Improvised Nuclear Devices (INDs) in highway transport. However, the level of DNDO integration among these state deployments is presently uncertain. Moreover, DHS issues are considered secondary by the states, which perceive this work as an opportunity to leverage these (new) dual-use technologies for state needs. In addition, present experience shows that radiation detectors alone cannot detect DHS-identified IND threats. Continued SETCP success depends on the level of integration of current state/local police operations with the new DHS task of detecting IND threats, in addition to emergency preparedness and homeland security. This document describes the enabling components for continued SETCP development and success, including: sensors and their use at existing deployments (Section 1); personnel training (Section 2); concept of operations (Section 3); knowledge discovery from the copious data (Section 4); smart data collection, integration and database development, advanced algorithms for multiple sensors, and network communications (Section 5); and harmonization of local, state, and Federal procedures and protocols (Section 6).« less

Protective effect of Schizandrin B against damage of UVB irradiated skin cells depend on inhibition of inflammatory pathways.

PubMed

Gao, Chenguang; Chen, Hong; Niu, Cong; Hu, Jie; Cao, Bo

2017-01-02

Schizandrin B is extracted from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. This study evaluated the photoprotective effect of Schizandrin B on oxidative stress injury of the skin caused by UVB-irradiation and the molecular mechanism of the photoprotective effect of Schizandrin B, and we firstly found that Schizandrin B could block Cox-2, IL-6 and IL-18 signal pathway to protect damage of skin cells given by UVB-irradiation. In the research, we found that Schizandrin B can attenuate the UVB-induced toxicity on keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts in human body, and can outstandingly eliminated intracellular ROS produced by UVB-irradiation. These results demonstrate that Schizandrin B can regulate the function of decreasing intracellular SOD's activity and increasing the expression level of MDA in HaCaT cells result from the guidance of UVB, and it markedly reduced the production of inflammatory factors such as Cox-2, IL-6 or IL-18, decreased the expression level of MMP-1, and interdicted degradation process of collagens in UVB-radiated cells. Therefore, skin keratinocytes can be effectively protected from UVB-radiated damage by Schizandrin B, and UVB-irradiation caused inflammatory responses can be inhibited by attenuating process of ROS generating.

Orbiting Astronomical Observatory-C (OAO-C): Press kit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Allaway, H. G.

1972-01-01

Mission planning for the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory-C (OAO-C) is presented. The characteristics of the observatory and its capabilities are described. The following experiments are discussed: (1) Princeton Experiment Package, (2) X-ray experiment, and (3) guest investigator program. Results of the OAO-2 observatory are presented. A tabulation of flight events is included.

The social, political, ethical, and economic aspects of biodefense vaccines.

PubMed

Poland, Gregory A; Jacobson, Robert M; Tilburt, Jon; Nichol, Kristin

2009-11-05

Besides natural disasters and naturally occurring novel infectious diseases, nothing potentially threatens the health and stability of nations and health systems as much as the devastating threat and unfathomability of bioterrorism. Other than attempts at political solutions and interdictive attempts, only antimicrobials and vaccines offer possible means for protection. Of these, vaccines offer the most immediate and definitive of preventive solutions. Limiting the development and use of vaccines however are social, political, ethical, and economic considerations, and this article will provide a brief exploration of each of these issues and the intersection with the need for such vaccines. In this article we define bioterrorism as the deliberate use of naturally occurring or bioengineered microorganisms in order to cause harm to people, animals, or plants.

Genetic enhancement in sport: just another form of doping?

PubMed

Mehlman, Maxwell J

2012-12-01

Patented genetic technologies such as the ACTN3 genetic test are adding a new dimension to the types of performance enhancement available to elite athletes. Organized sports organizations and governments are seeking to prevent athletes' use of biomedical enhancements. This paper discusses how these interdiction efforts will affect the use and availability of genetic technologies that can enhance athletic performance. The paper provides a working definition of enhancement, and in light of that definition and the concerns of the sports community, reviews genetic enhancement as a result of varied technologies, including, genetic testing to identify innate athletic ability, performance-enhancing drugs developed with genetic science and technology, pharmacogenetics, enhancement through reproductive technologies, somatic gene transfer, and germ line gene transfer.

The Federal Response to Drug Abuse: 1976-1980

PubMed Central

Brown, Lawrence S.; Stuart, Janet C.

1980-01-01

Drug use remains a prominent aspect of the American environment. Consequently, this analysis was undertaken to examine the current as well as the projected role of the federal government in drug abuse. Based on an examination of federal expenditures between the years of 1976 and 1980, the intelligence, corrections, interdictions, federal prosecutions, and compliance categories have increased their proportions of the budget, but not enough to compensate for inflation. Based on the foregoing, there is a continuing desire for states to increase their operational responsibilities; however, a well-structured mechanism for evaluation in law enforcement efforts is lacking. Even so, it appears that the level of concern accorded by the federal government to psychoactive substance use is progressively decreasing. PMID:7401184

The French bioethics debate: norms, values and practices.

PubMed

Fournier, Véronique; Spranzi, Marta

2013-02-01

In 1994, France passed bioethics laws regulating assisted reproductive technologies, organ donations and prenatal diagnosis. These laws were based upon a few principles considered as fundamental: the anonymity and gratuity of all donations concerning the elements of the human body, free and informed consent, and the interdiction of all commercial transactions on the human body. These laws have been the object of heated debates which continue to this day. On the basis on a few clinical ethics studies conducted by the Center for clinical ethics at the Cochin Hospital in Paris, the articles presented in this special issues explore several aspects of the bioethics debate, and relate it to the more general question of the complex relationship between norms, practices and values.

[Flexor tendon repair: a short story].

PubMed

Moutet, F; Corcella, D; Forli, A; Mesquida, V

2014-12-01

This short story of flexor tendon repair aims to illustrate hesitations and wanderings of this surgery. Obviously tendon repair was very early considered, but it developed and diffused rather lately. It became a routine practice only in 20th century. This was due on the one hand, in Occident, to the Galen's dogmatic interdiction, on the other hand, to the repair difficulties of this paradoxical structure. Actually tendon is made of fibroblasts and collagen (sticky substances), and then its only goal is to move. According to this necessity, whatever the used techniques are, gliding is the final purpose. Technical evolutions are illustrated by historical contributions to flexor tendon surgery of several "giants" of hand surgery. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Introduction to special section: Science and technology of over-the-horizon radar

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berkey, F. Tom

1998-07-01

The rationale for the development of over-the-horizon (OTH) radar systems operating at frequencies in the HF band arose out of a perceived need for an early-warning defense network. That need changed with the end of the Cold War; however, today OTH radars play a major role in the CounterDrug Program for the interdiction of drug-smuggling aircraft. This special section of Radio Science is devoted to a review of OTH radar technology, with emphasis on contemporary developments in this field. The collection of papers presented here has evolved largely from research and development efforts directed to improving the performance of OTH radar systems deployed both in the United States and in Australia.

Administrator Highlights U.S.-Georgian Nuclear Security Cooperation in Tbilisi

ScienceCinema

Thomas D'Agostino

2017-12-09

NNSA Administrator Thomas D'Agostino highlighted the strong U.S.-Georgian cooperation on nuclear security issues during a day-long visit to the Republic of Georgia in mid-June. He briefed the media at availability at the Tbilisi airport. In April 2009, President Obama outlined an ambitious agenda to secure vulnerable nuclear material around the world within four years, calling the danger of a terrorist acquiring nuclear weapons "the most immediate and extreme threat to global security." In this year's State of the Union, he called the threat of nuclear weapons, "the greatest danger to the American people." In order to meet that challenge, the President's FY2011 Budget Request includes close to $2.7 billion for the National Nuclear Security Administration's Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation program -- an increase of 25.7 percent over FY2010. Included in that request is NNSA's Second Line of Defense (SLD) program, which works around the world to strengthen the capability of foreign governments to deter, detect, and interdict illicit trafficking in nuclear and other radioactive materials across international borders and through the global maritime shipping system.

Discovery of novel inhibitors disrupting HIF-1α/von Hippel–Lindau interaction through shape-based screening and cascade docking

PubMed Central

Xue, Xin; Zhao, Ning-Yi; Yu, Hai-Tao; Sun, Yuan; Kang, Chen; Huang, Qiong-Bin; Sun, Hao-Peng

2016-01-01

Major research efforts have been devoted to the discovery and development of new chemical entities that could inhibit the protein–protein interaction between HIF-1α and the von Hippel–Lindau protein (pVHL), which serves as the substrate recognition subunit of an E3 ligase and is regarded as a crucial drug target in cancer, chronic anemia, and ischemia. Currently there is only one class of compounds available to interdict the HIF-1α/pVHL interaction, urging the need to discover chemical inhibitors with more diversified structures. We report here a strategy combining shape-based virtual screening and cascade docking to identify new chemical scaffolds for the designing of novel inhibitors. Based on this strategy, nine active hits have been identified and the most active hit, 9 (ZINC13466751), showed comparable activity to pVHL with an IC50 of 2.0 ± 0.14 µM, showing the great potential of utilizing these compounds for further optimization and serving as drug candidates for the inhibition of HIF-1α/von Hippel–Lindau interaction. PMID:27994971

Administrator Highlights U.S.-Georgian Nuclear Security Cooperation in Tbilisi

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thomas D'Agostino

2010-07-16

NNSA Administrator Thomas D'Agostino highlighted the strong U.S.-Georgian cooperation on nuclear security issues during a day-long visit to the Republic of Georgia in mid-June. He briefed the media at availability at the Tbilisi airport. In April 2009, President Obama outlined an ambitious agenda to secure vulnerable nuclear material around the world within four years, calling the danger of a terrorist acquiring nuclear weapons "the most immediate and extreme threat to global security." In this year's State of the Union, he called the threat of nuclear weapons, "the greatest danger to the American people." In order to meet that challenge, themore » President's FY2011 Budget Request includes close to $2.7 billion for the National Nuclear Security Administration's Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation program -- an increase of 25.7 percent over FY2010. Included in that request is NNSA's Second Line of Defense (SLD) program, which works around the world to strengthen the capability of foreign governments to deter, detect, and interdict illicit trafficking in nuclear and other radioactive materials across international borders and through the global maritime shipping system.« less

Enhanced poly(γ-glutamic acid) production by H2 O2 -induced reactive oxygen species in the fermentation of Bacillus subtilis NX-2.

PubMed

Tang, Bao; Zhang, Dan; Li, Sha; Xu, Zongqi; Feng, Xiaohai; Xu, Hong

2016-09-01

Effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on cell growth and poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) synthesis were studied by adding hydrogen peroxide to a medium of Bacillus subtilis NX-2. After optimizing the addition concentration and time of H 2 O 2 , a maximum concentration of 33.9 g/L γ-PGA was obtained by adding 100 µM H 2 O 2 to the medium after 24 H. This concentration was 20.6% higher than that of the control. The addition of diphenyleneiodonium chloride (ROS inhibitor) can interdict the effect of H 2 O 2 -induced ROS. Transcriptional levels of the cofactors and relevant genes were also determined under ROS stress to illustrate the possible metabolic mechanism contributing to the improve γ-PGA production. The transcriptional levels of genes belonging to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transfer chain system were significantly increased by ROS, which decreased the NADH/NAD + ratio and increased the ATP levels, thereby providing more reducing power and energy for γ-PGA biosynthesis. The enhanced γ-PGA synthetic genes also directly promoted the formation of γ-PGA. This study was the first to use the ROS control strategy for γ-PGA fermentation and provided valuable information on the possible mechanism by which ROS regulated γ-PGA biosynthesis in B. subtilis NX-2. © 2015 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Routine screening of blood donations at Qingdao central blood bank, China, for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA with a real-time, multiplex nucleic acid test for HBV, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus Types 1 and 2.

PubMed

Yang, Zhongsi; Xu, Lei; Liu, Li; Feng, Qiuxia; Zhang, Longmu; Ma, Weijuan; Saldanha, John; Wang, Mingmin; Zhao, Lin

2013-10-01

The Roche cobas TaqScreen MPX test was used to evaluate the rate of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative donations that were hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA reactive from June 2010 to January 2011 in Qingdao, China. HBsAg-negative samples from 65,800 voluntary blood donors were tested with the cobas TaqScreen MPX test in pools of 6 on the Roche cobas s 201 blood screening platform. Samples positive for HBV DNA and negative for HBsAg were quantitated with the Roche COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HBV test. In addition, serologic tests for HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antibody, anti-hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), anti-hepatitis B e antigen (anti-HBe), and hepatitis B e antigen (HBe) were done using the Roche electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. A total of 80 nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) test-reactive pools were identified and 59 pools (74%) resolved to a reactive sample. All samples were HBV DNA reactive and the viral load in each sample was quantitated. The viral loads of the samples ranged from less than 20 to 34,600 IU/mL; 13 samples (22%) had viral loads of more than 20 IU/mL, 27 samples (45.8%) had viral loads of less than 20 IU/mL, and 19 samples (32.2%) had undetectable viral loads. Of the 59 NAT-reactive samples, 40 (67.8%) were anti-HBc positive. Fifteen of the 59 samples could not be confirmed as NAT reactive either by an alternative NAT test or by serology. The HBV NAT yield in blood donors in Qingdao is 0.06% (38/65,800). This study confirmed the value of NAT for interdicting HBV-positive donations and preventing transfusion-transmitted HBV infections. © 2013 American Association of Blood Banks.

Fungal carbon sources in a pine forest: evidence from a 13C-labeled global change experiment

Treesearch

Erik A. Hobbie; Kirsten S. Hofmockel; Linda T.A. Van Diepen; Erik A. Lilleskov; Andrew P. Oiumette; Adrien C. Finzi

2014-01-01

We used natural abundance 13C:12C (δ13C) and 8 yr of labeling with 13C-depleted CO2 in a Pinus taeda Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment to investigate carbon sources of saprotrophic fungi, ectomycorrhizal...

The transfer of social exclusion and inclusion functions through derived stimulus relations.

PubMed

Munnelly, Anita; Martin, Georgina; Dack, Charlotte; Zedginidze, Ann; McHugh, Louise

2014-09-01

Previous studies have found that social exclusion can cause distress to those excluded. One method used to study social exclusion is through a virtual ball-toss game known as Cyberball. In this game, participants may be excluded from or included in the ball-toss game and typically report lower feelings of self-esteem, control, belonging, and meaningful existence following exclusion. Experiments 1 and 2 sought to explore the transfer of feelings of exclusion and inclusion through stimulus equivalence classes. In both experiments, participants were trained to form two three-member equivalence classes (e.g., A1-B1, B1-C1; A2-B2, B2-C2) and were tested with novel stimulus combinations (A1-C1, C1-A1, A2-C2, C2-A2). Thereafter, participants were exposed to the Cyberball exclusion and inclusion games. In these games, one stimulus (C1) from one equivalence class was assigned as the Cyberball inclusion game name, whereas one stimulus (C2) from the other equivalence class was assigned as the Cyberball exclusion game name. In Experiment 2, participants were only exposed to the Cyberball exclusion game. During a subsequent transfer test, participants were asked to rate how included in or excluded from they thought they would be in other online games, corresponding to members of both equivalence classes. Participant reported that they felt they would be excluded from online games if the games were members of the same equivalence class as C2. In contrast, participants reported that they felt they would be included in online games if the games were members of the same equivalence class as C1. Results indicated the transfer of feelings of inclusion (Experiment 1) and feelings of exclusion (Experiments 1 and 2) through equivalence classes.

Nuclear forensic analysis of uranium oxide powders interdicted in Victoria, Australia

DOE PAGES

Kristo, Michael Joseph; Keegan, Elizabeth; Colella, Michael; ...

2015-04-13

Nuclear forensic analysis was conducted on two uranium samples confiscated during a police investigation in Victoria, Australia. The first sample, designated NSR-F-270409-1, was a depleted uranium powder of moderate purity (~1000 μg/g total elemental impurities). The chemical form of the uranium was a compound similar to K 2(UO 2) 3O 4·4H 2O. While aliquoting NSR-F-270409-1 for analysis, the body and head of a Tineid moth was discovered in the sample. The second sample, designated NSR-F-270409-2, was also a depleted uranium powder. It was of reasonably high purity (~380 μg/g total elemental impurities). The chemical form of the uranium was primarilymore » UO 3·2H 2O, with minor phases of U 3O 8 and UO 2. While aliquoting NSR-F-270409-2 for analysis, a metal staple of unknown origin was discovered in the sample. The presence of 236U and 232U in both samples indicates that the uranium feed stocks for these samples experienced a neutron flux at some point in their history. The reactor burn-up calculated from the isotopic composition of the uranium is consistent with that of spent fuel from natural uranium (NU) fueled Pu production. These nuclear forensic conclusions allow us to categorically exclude Australia as the origin of the material and greatly reduce the number of candidate sources.« less

Physics in the Confrontation of Nuclear Weapons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Toevs, James

2011-03-01

Had the detonations on 9/11 involved nuclear explosives rather than jet fuel the number of deaths and the costs would have been multiplied by 100 or 1,000. This talk will briefly describe the nuclear threat and then focus on the technologies, both extant and evolving, for the detection and interdiction of clandestine trafficking of nuclear weapons and nuclear and radiological material. The methods vary from passive detection of heat, gamma radiation, neutrons, or other signatures from nuclear material, through radiological approaches to examine contents of vehicles and cargo containers, to active interrogation concepts that are under development. All of these methods have major physics components ranging from simple gamma ray detection as learned in a senior undergraduate lab to the latest ideas in muon production and acceleration.

The social, political, ethical, and economic aspects of biodefense vaccines

PubMed Central

Poland, Gregory A.; Jacobson, Robert M.; Tilburt, Jon; Nichol, Kristin

2010-01-01

Besides natural disasters and naturally occurring novel infectious diseases, nothing potentially threatens the health and stability of nations and health systems as much as the devastating threat and unfathomability of bioterrorism. Other than attempts at political solutions and interdictive attempts, only antimicrobials and vaccines offer possible means for protection. Of these, vaccines offer the most immediate and definitive of preventive solutions. Limiting the development and use of vaccines however are social, political, ethical, and economic considerations, and this article will provide a brief exploration of each of these issues and the intersection with the need for such vaccines. In this article we define bioterrorism as the deliberate use of naturally occurring or bioengineered microorganisms in order to cause harm to people, animals, or plants. PMID:19837281

Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant low-level radwaste storage facility ground-water pathway analysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Boggs, J.M.

1982-10-01

The proposed low-level radwaste storage facility (LLRWSF) at Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant is underlain by soils having low hydraulic conductivity and high sorptive capacity which greatly reduce the risks associated with a potential contaminant excursion. A conservative ground-water pathway accident analysis using flow and solute transport modeling techniques indicates that without interdiction the concentrations of the five radionuclides of concern (Sr-90, Cs-137, Cs-134, Co-60, and Mn-54) would be well below 10 CFR Part 20 criteria at downgradient receptors. These receptors include a possible future private water well located near the eastern site boundary and Wheeler Reservoir. Routine ground-water monitoring ismore » not recommended at the LLRWSF except in the unlikely event of an accident.« less

Understanding Community Effects on Information Diffusion

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-05-22

Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA slin38@uic.edu 2 Institute for Data Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China 3 LinkedIn...Generally, we select vit by maximizing ∑ C∈C n t−1 c qit→C , where nt−1c = n t−2 c − nt−2c qit−1→C . 6 Experiment 6.1 Experiment Setup We use the DBLP...Award, and the Pinnacle Lab at Singa- pore Management University . References 1. Bakshy, E., Rosenn, I., Marlow, C., Adamic, L.: The role of social

Fatty acid composition of lambs of indigenous dairy Greek breeds of sheep as affected by post-weaning nutritional management and weight at slaughter.

PubMed

Arsenos, G; Kufidis, D; Zygoyiannis, D; Katsaounis, N; Stamataris, C

2006-05-01

The objective was to assess the effect of breed, sex, post-weaning nutrition and weight at slaughter on the fatty acids (FA) composition in carcass fat of lambs of indigenous Greek dairy breeds of sheep, the Boutsko (B), Serres (S) and Karagouniko (K) breed. The lambs (weaned at approximately 42 days) had been reared under different conditions of housing and feeding in three consecutive experiments (Experiment). In Experiment 1, lambs (n=120) were individually penned and fed ad libitum on a concentrate feed (11.3MJ metabolisable energy (ME)/kg DM and 192g crude protein (CP)/kg DM) together with 100g/day of Lucerne hay (8.3MJ ME/kg DM and 182g CP/kg DM). In Experiment 2, lambs (n=108) were fed the same concentrate on 3 different levels: High (H), Medium (M) and Low (L) and ad libitum on Lucerne hay. In Experiment 3, lambs (n=108) were initially group fed indoors for 63 days on 3 different levels of concentrate (H, M and L) together with ad libitum Lucerne hay. Thereafter they were finished on irrigated, sown pasture. Lambs were slaughtered at one of 5 standard proportions of mature weight (PMW) for each breed in Experiment 1 (i.e. 0.20, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60 and 0.90); at 3 fixed live weights in Experiment 2 (TSLW; i.e. 23, 28 and 33kg) and at 3 fixed PMW in Experiment 3 (PMW; i.e. 0.20, 0.48 and 0.54). The right hand side of their carcasses was minced and a random sample, around 200g, was taken. It was freeze-dried and then grounded to obtain a quantity of 2g for lipid extraction and preparation of fatty acid methyl esters, which were assayed by gas-liquid chromatography to identify. Results were analysed separately for each experiment by analysis of variance. In Experiment 1, breed of lambs had significant effects (P<0.001) on C14:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:2, C18:3 and C18:1 (P<0.05), whereas sex affected only the percentage of C15:0, C16:1 (P<0.001), C18:0 (P<0.01) and C18:2 (P<0.05). Live weight of lambs at slaughter had significant effects (P<0.05-0.001) on all the fatty acids. In Experiment 2, with the exception of C18:0 and C20:0, all other fatty acids were significantly affected by Breed (P<0.05-0.001). However, only C17:0, C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2 were significantly (P<0.001) affected by the level of concentrates in the diet. The major finding in Experiment 3 was the trend for saturated fatty acids to be lower; possibly due to the fact that lambs finished at pasture. It is concluded that there are possibilities of modifying FA composition in carcass fat of lambs by manipulation of post-weaning nutrition and slaughtering them at a wide range of live weights.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schlecht, William; Li, King-Lun; Hu, Dehong

By examining the behavior of each Ca2+ -sensitizer on cTnC at different levels of reconstitution (cTnI-cTnC, full troponin, or full troponin in thin filament) the importance of these proteins on sensitizer efficacy was evaluated, lending insight into the mechanism of action behind each drug. A fluorescence based approach was used to monitor the opening and closing of cardiac troponin C's hydrophobic pocket in the presence and absence of four common Ca2+ -sensitizers: EMD 57033, levosimendan, bepridil and pimobendan. Ca2+ -titration experiments were employed to determine the effect on Ca2+- sensitivity and cooperativity of cTnC opening, while stopped flow experiments weremore » used to investigate the impact on cTnC relaxation kinetics. This study shows EMD 57033 is unable to sensitize cTnC to Ca2+, and likely requires the presence of myosin to illicit a response. Levosimendan, bepridil, and pimobendan were all able to increase the sensitivity of cTnC for Ca2+ to varying degrees; levosimendan and pimobendan reduced the rate of cTnC closing, while bepridil increased this rate. Additionally the same experiments were run on thin filament samples containing cTnT (T204E), a known Ca2+- blunting phosphorylation mimic. Levosimendan, bepridil, and pimobendan were found to elevate the Ca2+-sensitivity of cTnT(T204E) containing thin filaments to within range of the wild type thin filaments.« less

HNCA-TOCSY-CANH experiments with alternate 13C-12C labeling: a set of 3D experiment with unique supra-sequential information for mainchain resonance assignment

PubMed Central

Takeuchi, Koh; Gal, Maayan; Takahashi, Hideo; Shimada, Ichio

2011-01-01

Described here is a set of three-dimensional (3D) NMR experiments that rely on CACA-TOCSY magnetization transfer via the weak 3JCαCα coupling. These pulse sequences, which resemble recently described 13C detected CACA-TOCSY (Takeuchi et al. 2010) experiments, are recorded in 1H2O, and use 1H excitation and detection. These experiments require alternate 13C-12C labeling together with perdeuteration, which allows utilizing the small 3JCαCα scalar coupling that is otherwise masked by the stronger 1JCC couplings in uniformly 13C labeled samples. These new experiments provide a unique assignment ladder-mark that yields bidirectional supra-sequential information and can readily straddle proline residues. Unlike the conventional HNCA experiment, which contains only sequential information to the 13Cα of the preceding residue, the 3D hnCA-TOCSY-caNH experiment can yield sequential correlations to alpha carbons in positions i−1, i + 1 and i−2. Furthermore, the 3D hNca-TOCSY-caNH and Hnca-TOC-SY-caNH experiments, which share the same magnetization pathway but use a different chemical shift encoding, directly couple the 15N-1H spin pair of residue i to adjacent amide protons and nitrogens at positions i−2, i−1, i + 1 and i + 2, respectively. These new experimental features make protein backbone assignments more robust by reducing the degeneracy problem associated with the conventional 3D NMR experiments. PMID:21110064

FY13 Summary Report on the Augmentation of the Spent Fuel Composition Dataset for Nuclear Forensics: SFCOMPO/NF

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brady Raap, Michaele C.; Lyons, Jennifer A.; Collins, Brian A.

This report documents the FY13 efforts to enhance a dataset of spent nuclear fuel isotopic composition data for use in developing intrinsic signatures for nuclear forensics. A review and collection of data from the open literature was performed in FY10. In FY11, the Spent Fuel COMPOsition (SFCOMPO) excel-based dataset for nuclear forensics (NF), SFCOMPO/NF was established and measured data for graphite production reactors, Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) and Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) were added to the dataset and expanded to include a consistent set of data simulated by calculations. A test was performed to determine whether the SFCOMPO/NF dataset willmore » be useful for the analysis and identification of reactor types from isotopic ratios observed in interdicted samples.« less

A Cell-Permeable Inhibitor to Trap Gαq Proteins in the Empty Pocket Conformation

PubMed Central

Schmitz, Anna-Lena; Schrage, Ramona; Gaffal, Evelyn; Charpentier, Thomas H.; Wiest, Johannes; Hiltensperger, Georg; Morschel, Julia; Hennen, Stephanie; Häußler, Daniela; Horn, Velten; Wenzel, Daniela; Grundmann, Manuel; Büllesbach, Katrin M.; Schröder, Ralf; Brewitz, H. Henning; Schmidt, Johannes; Gomeza, Jesús; Galés, Céline; Fleischmann, Bernd K.; Tüting, Thomas; Imhof, Diana; Tietze, Daniel; Gütschow, Michael; Holzgrabe, Ulrike; Sondek, John; Harden, T. Kendall; Mohr, Klaus; Kostenis, Evi

2015-01-01

SUMMARY In spite of the crucial role of heterotrimeric G proteins as molecular switches transmitting signals from G protein-coupled receptors, their selective manipulation with small molecule, cell-permeable inhibitors still remains an unmet challenge. Here, we report that the small molecule BIM-46187, previously classified as pan-G protein inhibitor, preferentially silences Gαq signaling in a cellular context-dependent manner. Investigations into its mode of action reveal that BIM traps Gαq in the empty pocket conformation by permitting GDP exit but interdicting GTP entry, a molecular mechanism not yet assigned to any other small molecule Gα inhibitor to date. Our data show that Gα proteins may be “frozen” pharmacologically in an intermediate conformation along their activation pathway and propose a pharmacological strategy to specifically silence Gα subclasses with cell-permeable inhibitors. PMID:25036778

The Application of High Energy Resolution Green's Functions to Threat Scenario Simulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thoreson, Gregory G.; Schneider, Erich A.

2012-04-01

Radiation detectors installed at key interdiction points provide defense against nuclear smuggling attempts by scanning vehicles and traffic for illicit nuclear material. These hypothetical threat scenarios may be modeled using radiation transport simulations. However, high-fidelity models are computationally intensive. Furthermore, the range of smuggler attributes and detector technologies create a large problem space not easily overcome by brute-force methods. Previous research has demonstrated that decomposing the scenario into independently simulated components using Green's functions can simulate photon detector signals with coarse energy resolution. This paper extends this methodology by presenting physics enhancements and numerical treatments which allow for an arbitrary level of energy resolution for photon transport. As a result, spectroscopic detector signals produced from full forward transport simulations can be replicated while requiring multiple orders of magnitude less computation time.

SOIL RESPIRED D13C SIGNATURES REFLECT ROOT EXUDATE OR ROOT TURNOVER SIGNATURES IN AN ELEVATED CO2 AND OZONE MESOCOSM EXPERIMENT

EPA Science Inventory

Bulk tissue and root and soil respired d13C signatures were measured throughout the soil profile in a Ponderosa Pine mesocosm experiment exposed to ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations. For the ambient treatment, root (0-1mm, 1-2mm, and >2mm) and soil d13C signatures were ?24...

H(C)P and H(P)C triple-resonance experiments at natural abundance employing long-range couplings.

PubMed

Malon, Michal; Koshino, Hiroyuki

2007-09-01

Modified two-dimensional (2D) triple-resonance H(C)P and H(P)C experiments based on INEPT/HMQC and double-INEPT schemes are applied to the study of organophosphorus compounds at natural abundances. The implementation of effective (1)H--(13)C gradient selection, additional purging pulsed field gradients, spinlock pulses, and improved phase cycling is demonstrated to allow weak correlation signals based on long-range couplings to be readily observed. Through the combination of two heteronuclear long-range coupling constants, (n)J(CH) and (n)J(PC) in H(C)P experiments or (n)J(PH) and (n)J(PC) in H(P)C experiments, protons can be correlated to a second heteronucleus through 4-7 chemical bonds. These experiments thus overcome the inherit limitations of classical (1)H-X HMBC experiments, which require a nonzero value of the heteronuclear coupling constant (n)J(XH). Ultra-broadband inversion composite pulses are successfully employed in the H(P)C INEPT/HMQC and H(P)C double-INEPT pulse sequences to increase the utility of the experiments and the quality of obtained spectra. This work extends and completes a set of 2D phase-sensitive triple-resonance experiments applicable at natural abundances, and also offers insight into the methodology of triple-resonance experiments and the application of pulsed field gradients. A one-dimensional triple-resonance experiment employing carbon detection is suggested for accurate determination of small (n)J(PC).

Nuclear and Radiological Forensics and Attribution Overview

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, D K; Niemeyer, S

2005-11-04

The goal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Nuclear and Radiological Forensics and Attribution Program is to develop the technical capability for the nation to rapidly, accurately, and credibly attribute the origins and pathways of interdicted or collected materials, intact nuclear devices, and radiological dispersal devices. A robust attribution capability contributes to threat assessment, prevention, and deterrence of nuclear terrorism; it also supports the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in its investigative mission to prevent and respond to nuclear terrorism. Development of the capability involves two major elements: (1) the ability to collect evidence and make forensic measurements,more » and (2) the ability to interpret the forensic data. The Program leverages the existing capability throughout the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratory complex in a way that meets the requirements of the FBI and other government users. At the same time the capability is being developed, the Program also conducts investigations for a variety of sponsors using the current capability. The combination of operations and R&D in one program helps to ensure a strong linkage between the needs of the user community and the scientific development.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bailey, Stephanie L.

The goal of Experiment E04-115 (the G0 backward angle measurement) at Jefferson Lab is to investigate the contributions of strange quarks to the fundamental properties of the nucleon. The experiment measures parity-violating asymmetries in elastic electron scattering off hydrogen and quasielastic electron scattering off deuterium at backward angles at Q 2 = 0.631 (GeV/c) 2 and Q 2 = 0.232 (GeV/c) 2. The backward angle measurement represents the second phase of the G0 experiment. The first phase, Experiment E00-006 (the G0 forward angle experiment), measured parity-violating asymmetries in elastic electron scattering off hydrogen at forward angles over a Q 2more » range of 0.1-1.0 (GeV/c) 2. The experiments used a polarized electron beam and unpolarized hydrogen and deuterium liquid targets. From these measurements, along with the electromagnetic form factors, one can extract the contribution of the strange quark to the proton's charge and magnetization distributions. This thesis represents a fi« less

The 2′,3′-cAMP-adenosine pathway

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Our recent studies employing HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry to analyze venous perfusate from isolated, perfused kidneys demonstrate that intact kidneys produce and release into the extracellular compartment 2′,3′-cAMP, a positional isomer of the second messenger 3′,5′-cAMP. To our knowledge, this represents the first detection of 2′,3′-cAMP in any cell/tissue/organ/organism. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments with isolated RNases and experiments in isolated, perfused kidneys suggest that 2′,3′-cAMP likely arises from RNase-mediated transphosphorylation of mRNA. Both in vitro and in vivo kidney experiments demonstrate that extracellular 2′,3′-cAMP is efficiently metabolized to 2′-AMP and 3′-AMP, both of which can be further metabolized to adenosine. This sequence of reactions is called the 2′,3′-cAMP-adenosine pathway (2′,3′-cAMP → 2′-AMP/3′-AMP → adenosine). Experiments in rat and mouse kidneys show that metabolic poisons increase extracellular levels of 2′,3′-cAMP, 2′-AMP, 3′-AMP, and adenosine; however, little is known regarding the pharmacology of 2′,3′-cAMP, 2′-AMP, and 3′-AMP. What is known is that 2′,3′-cAMP facilitates activation of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, a process that can lead to apoptosis and necrosis, and inhibits proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and glomerular mesangial cells. In summary, there is mounting evidence that at least some types of cellular injury, by triggering mRNA degradation, engage the 2′,3′-cAMP-adenosine pathway, and therefore this pathway should be added to the list of biochemical pathways that produce adenosine. Although speculative, it is possible that the 2′,3′-cAMP-adenosine pathway may protect against some forms of acute organ injury, for example acute kidney injury, by both removing an intracellular toxin (2′,3′-cAMP) and increasing an extracellular renoprotectant (adenosine). PMID:21937608

Investigation of exotic stable calcium carbides using theory and experiment

DOE PAGES

Li, Yan-Ling; Wang, Sheng-Nan; Oganov, Artem R.; ...

2015-05-11

It is well known that pressure causes profound changes in the properties of atoms and chemical bonding, leading to the formation of many unusual materials. Here we systematically explore all stable calcium carbides at pressures from ambient to 100 GPa using variable-composition evolutionary structure predictions. We find that Ca 5C 2, Ca 2C, Ca 3C 2, CaC, Ca 2C 3, and CaC 2 have stability fields on the phase diagram. Among these, Ca2C and Ca2C3 are successfully synthesized for the first time via high-pressure experiments with excellent structural correspondence to theoretical predictions. Of particular significance are the base-centered monoclinic phasemore » (space group C 2/m) of Ca 2C, a quasi-two-dimensional metal with layers of negatively charged calcium atoms, and the primitive monoclinic phase (space group P21/c) of CaC with zigzag C 4 groups. Interestingly, strong interstitial charge localization is found in the structure of R-3m-Ca 5C 2 with semimetallic behaviour.« less

Plant growth chamber design for subambient pCO2 and δ13 C studies.

PubMed

Hagopian, William M; Schubert, Brian A; Graper, Robert A; Jahren, A Hope

2018-05-23

Subambient pCO 2 has persisted across the major Phanerozoic ice ages, including the entire late Cenozoic (~30 Ma to present). Stable isotope analysis of plant-derived organic matter is used to infer changes in pCO 2 and climate in the geologic past, but a growth chamber that can precisely control environmental conditions, including pCO 2 and δ 13 C value of CO 2 (δ 13 C CO2 ) at subambient pCO 2 , is lacking. We designed and built five identical chambers specifically for plant growth under stable subambient pCO 2 (~100 to 400 ppm) and δ 13 C CO2 conditions. We tested the pCO 2 and δ 13 C CO2 stability of the chambers both with and without plants, across two 12-hour daytime experiments and two extended 9-day experiments. We also compared the temperature and relative humidity conditions among the chambers. The average δ 13 C CO2 value within the five chambers ranged from -18.76 ‰ to -19.10 ‰; the standard deviation never exceeded 0.14 ‰ across any experiment. This represents better δ 13 C CO2 stability than that achieved by all previous chamber designs, including superambient pCO 2 chambers. Every pCO 2 measurement (n = 1225) was within 5 % of mean chamber values. The temperature and relative humidity conditions differed by no more than 1.6 % and 0.4 °C, respectively, across all chambers within each growth experiment. This growth chamber design extends the range of pCO 2 conditions for which plants can be grown for δ 13 C analysis of their tissues at subambient levels. This new capability allows for careful isolation of environmental effects on plant 13 C discrimination across the entire range of pCO 2 experienced by terrestrial land plants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Early Results from the Qweak Experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Androic, D.; Armstrong, D. S.; Asaturyan, A.; Averett, T.; Balewski, J.; Beaufait, J.; Beminiwattha, R. S.; Benesch, J.; Benmokhtar, F.; Birchall, J.; Carlini, R. D.; Cates, G. D.; Cornejo, J. C.; Covrig, S.; Dalton, M. M.; Davis, C. A.; Deconinck, W.; Diefenbach, J.; Dowd, J. F.; Dunne, J. A.; Dutta, D.; Duvall, W. S.; Elaasar, M.; Falk, W. R.; Finn, J. M.; Forest, T.; Gaskell, D.; Gericke, M. T. W.; Grames, J.; Gray, V. M.; Grimm, K.; Guo, F.; Hoskins, J. R.; Johnston, K.; Jones, D.; Jones, M.; Jones, R.; Kargiantoulakis, M.; King, P. M.; Korkmaz, E.; Kowalski, S.; Leacock, J.; Leckey, J.; Lee, A. R.; Lee, J. H.; Lee, L.; MacEwan, S.; Mack, D.; Magee, J. A.; Mahurin, R.; Mammei, J.; Martin, J.; McHugh, M. J.; Meekins, D.; Mei, J.; Michaels, R.; Micherdzinska, A.; Mkrtchyan, A.; Mkrtchyan, H.; Morgan, N.; Myers, K. E.; Narayan, A.; Ndukum, L. Z.; Nelyubin, V.; Nuruzzaman; van Oers, W. T. H.; Opper, A. K.; Page, S. A.; Pan, J.; Paschke, K.; Phillips, S. K.; Pitt, M. L.; Poelker, M.; Rajotte, J. F.; Ramsay, W. D.; Roche, J.; Sawatzky, B.; Seva, T.; Shabestari, M. H.; Silwal, R.; Simicevic, N.; Smith, G. R.; Solvignon, P.; Spayde, D. T.; Subedi, A.; Subedi, R.; Suleiman, R.; Tadevosyan, V.; Tobias, W. A.; Tvaskis, V.; Waidyawansa, B.; Wang, P.; Wells, S. P.; Wood, S. A.; Yang, S.; Young, R. D.; Zhamkochyan, S.

2014-03-01

A subset of results from the recently completed Jefferson Lab Qweak experiment are reported. This experiment, sensitive to physics beyond the Standard Model, exploits the small parity-violating asymmetry in elastic e{{p}} scattering to provide the first determination of the proton's weak charge Q_w^p. The experiment employed a 180 μA longitudinally polarized 1.16 GeV electron beam on a 35 cm long liquid hydrogen target. Scattered electrons in the angular range 6° < θ < 12° corresponding to Q2 = 0.025 GeV2 were detected in eight Cerenkov detectors arrayed symmetrically around the beam axis. The goals of the experiment were to provide a measure of e{{p}} to 4.2% (combined statisstatistical and systematic error), which implies a measure of sin2(θw) at the level of 0.3%, and to help constrain the vector weak quark charges C1u and C1d. The experimental method is described, with particular focus on the challenges associated with the world's highest power LH2 target. The new constraints on C1u and C1d provided by the subset of the experiment's data analyzed to date will also be shown, together with the extracted weak charge of the neutron.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

den Hollander, J.A.; Ugurbil, K.; Brown, T.R.

Glucose metabolism was followed in suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using 13C NMR and 14C radioactive labeling techniques and by Warburg manometer experiments. These experiments were performed for cells grown with various carbon sources in the growth medium, so as to evaluate the effect of catabolite repression. The rate of glucose utilization was most conveniently determined by the 13C NMR experiments, which measured the concentration of (1-13C)glucose, whereas the distribution of end products was determined from the 13C and the 14C experiments. By combining these measurements the flows into the various pathways that contribute to glucose catabolism were estimated, andmore » the effect of oxygen upon glucose catabolism was evaluated. From these measurements, the Pasteur quotient (PQ) for glucose catabolism was calculated to be 2.95 for acetate-grown cells and 1.89 for cells grown on glucose into saturation. The Warburg experiments provided an independent estimate of glucose catabolism. The PQ estimated from Warburg experiments was 2.9 for acetate-grown cells in excellent agreement with the labeled carbon experiments and 4.6 for cells grown into saturation, which did not agree. Possible explanations of these differences are discussed. From these data an estimate is obtained of the net flow through the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. The backward flow through fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (Fru-1,6-P2-ase) was calculated from the scrambling of the 13C label of (1-13C)glucose into the C1 and C6 positions of trehalose. Combining these data allowed us to calculate the net flux through phosphofructokinase (PFK). For acetate-grown cells we found that the relative flow through PFK is a factor of 1.7 faster anaerobically than aerobically.« less

U.S. and Russian Collaboration in the Area of Nuclear Forensics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kristo, M J

2007-10-22

Nuclear forensics has become increasingly important in the fight against illicit trafficking in nuclear and other radioactive materials. The illicit trafficking of nuclear materials is, of course, an international problem; nuclear materials may be mined and milled in one country, manufactured in a second country, diverted at a third location, and detected at a fourth. There have been a number of articles in public policy journals in the past year that call for greater interaction between the U. S. and the rest of the world on the topic of nuclear forensics. Some believe that such international cooperation would help providemore » a more certain capability to identify the source of the nuclear material used in a terrorist event. An improved international nuclear forensics capability would also be important as part of the IAEA verification toolkit, particularly linked to increased access provided by the additional protocol. A recent study has found that, although international progress has been made in securing weapons-usable HEU and Pu, the effort is still insufficient. They found that nuclear material, located in 40 countries, could be obtained by terrorists and criminals and used for a crude nuclear weapon. Through 2006, the IAEA Illicit Trafficking Database had recorded a total of 607 confirmed events involving illegal possession, theft, or loss of nuclear and other radioactive materials. Although it is difficult to predict the future course of such illicit trafficking, increasingly such activities are viewed as significant threats that merit the development of special capabilities. As early as April, 1996, nuclear forensics was recognized at the G-8 Summit in Moscow as an important element of an illicit nuclear trafficking program. Given international events over the past several years, the value and need for nuclear forensics seems greater than ever. Determining how and where legitimate control of nuclear material was lost and tracing the route of the material from diversion through interdiction are important goals for nuclear forensics and attribution. It is equally important to determine whether additional devices or materials that pose a threat to public safety are also available. Finding the answer to these questions depends on determining the source of the material and its method of production. Nuclear forensics analysis and interpretation provide essential insights into methods of production and sources of illicit radioactive materials. However, they are most powerful when combined with other sources of information, including intelligence and traditional detective work. The certainty of detection and punishment for those who remove nuclear materials from legitimate control provides the ultimate deterrent for such diversion and, ultimately, for the intended goal of such diversion, including nuclear terrorism or proliferation. Consequently, nuclear forensics is an integral part of 'nuclear deterrence' in the 21st century. Nuclear forensics will always be limited by the diagnostic information inherent in the interdicted material. Important markers for traditional forensics (fingerprints, stray material, etc.) can be eliminated or obscured, but many nuclear materials have inherent isotopic or chemical characteristics that serve as unequivocal markers of specific sources, production processes, or transit routes. The information needed for nuclear forensics goes beyond that collected for most commercial and international verification activities. Fortunately, the international nuclear engineering enterprise has a restricted number of conspicuous process steps that makes the interpretation process easier. Ultimately, though, it will always be difficult to distinguish between materials that reflect similar source or production histories, but are derived from disparate sites. Due to the significant capital costs of the equipment and the specialized expertise of the personnel, work in the field of nuclear forensics has been restricted so far to a handful of national and international laboratories. There are a limited number of specialists who have experience working with interdicted nuclear materials and affiliated evidence. Therefore, a knowledge management system that utilizes information resources relevant to nuclear forensic and attribution signatures, processes, origins, and pathways, allowing subject matter experts to access the right information in order to interpret forensics data and draw appropriate conclusions, is essential. In order to determine the origin, point of diversion of the nuclear material, and those responsible for the unauthorized transfer, close relationships are required between governments who maintain inventories and data of fissile or other radioactive materials. Numerous databases exist in many countries and organizations that could be valuable for the future development and application of nuclear forensics.« less

C=C bond cleavage on neutral VO3(V2O5)n clusters.

PubMed

Dong, Feng; Heinbuch, Scott; Xie, Yan; Bernstein, Elliot R; Rocca, Jorge J; Wang, Zhe-Chen; Ding, Xun-Lei; He, Sheng-Gui

2009-01-28

The reactions of neutral vanadium oxide clusters with alkenes (ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, and 1,3-butadiene) are investigated by experiments and density function theory (DFT) calculations. Single photon ionization through extreme ultraviolet radiation (EUV, 46.9 nm, 26.5 eV) is used to detect neutral cluster distributions and reaction products. In the experiments, we observe products (V(2)O(5))(n)VO(2)CH(2), (V(2)O(5))(n)VO(2)C(2)H(4), (V(2)O(5))(n)VO(2)C(3)H(4), and (V(2)O(5))(n)VO(2)C(3)H(6), for neural V(m)O(n) clusters in reactions with C(2)H(4), C(3)H(6), C(4)H(6), and C(4)H(8), respectively. The observation of these products indicates that the C=C bonds of alkenes can be broken on neutral oxygen rich vanadium oxide clusters with the general structure VO(3)(V(2)O(5))(n=0,1,2...). DFT calculations demonstrate that the reaction VO(3) + C(3)H(6) --> VO(2)C(2)H(4) + H(2)CO is thermodynamically favorable and overall barrierless at room temperature. They also provide a mechanistic explanation for the general reaction in which the C=C double bond of alkenes is broken on VO(3)(V(2)O(5))(n=0,1,2...) clusters. A catalytic cycle for alkene oxidation on vanadium oxide is suggested based on our experimental and theoretical investigations. The reactions of V(m)O(n) with C(6)H(6) and C(2)F(4) are also investigated by experiments. The products VO(2)(V(2)O(5))(n)C(6)H(4) are observed for dehydration reactions between V(m)O(n) clusters and C(6)H(6). No product is detected for V(m)O(n) clusters reacting with C(2)F(4). The mechanisms of the reactions between VO(3) and C(2)F(4)/C(6)H(6) are also investigated by calculations at the B3LYP/TZVP level.

The influence of abrupt increases in seawater pCO2 on plankton productivity in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean

PubMed Central

Böttjer, Daniela; Letelier, Ricardo M.; Church, Matthew J.

2018-01-01

We conducted a series of experiments to examine short-term (2–5 days) effects of abrupt increases in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in seawater on rates of primary and bacterial production at Station ALOHA (22°45’ N, 158° W) in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). The majority of experiments (8 of 10 total) displayed no response in rates of primary production (measured by 14C-bicarbonate assimilation; 14C-PP) under elevated pCO2 (~1100 μatm) compared to ambient pCO2 (~387 μatm). In 2 of 10 experiments, rates of 14C-PP decreased significantly (~43%) under elevated pCO2 treatments relative to controls. Similarly, no significant differences between treatments were observed in 6 of 7 experiments where bacterial production was measured via incorporation of 3H-leucine (3H-Leu), while in 1 experiment, rates of 3H-Leu incorporation measured in the dark (3H-LeuDark) increased more than 2-fold under high pCO2 conditions. We also examined photoperiod-length, depth-dependent (0–125 m) responses in rates of 14C-PP and 3H-Leu incorporation to abrupt pCO2 increases (to ~750 μatm). In the majority of these depth-resolved experiments (4 of 5 total), rates of 14C-PP demonstrated no consistent response to elevated pCO2. In 2 of 5 depth-resolved experiments, rates of 3H-LeuDark incorporation were lower (10% to 15%) under elevated pCO2 compared to controls. Our results revealed that rates of 14C-PP and bacterial production in this persistently oligotrophic habitat generally demonstrated no or weak responses to abrupt changes in pCO2. We postulate that any effects caused by changes in pCO2 may be masked or outweighed by the role that nutrient availability and temperature play in controlling metabolism in this ecosystem. PMID:29694353

2',3'-cAMP, 3'-AMP, 2'-AMP and adenosine inhibit TNF-α and CXCL10 production from activated primary murine microglia via A2A receptors.

PubMed

Newell, Elizabeth A; Exo, Jennifer L; Verrier, Jonathan D; Jackson, Travis C; Gillespie, Delbert G; Janesko-Feldman, Keri; Kochanek, Patrick M; Jackson, Edwin K

2015-01-12

Some cells, tissues and organs release 2',3'-cAMP (a positional isomer of 3',5'-cAMP) and convert extracellular 2',3'-cAMP to 2'-AMP plus 3'-AMP and convert these AMPs to adenosine (called the extracellular 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway). Recent studies show that microglia have an extracellular 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether the extracellular 2',3'-cAMP-adenosine pathway could have functional consequences on the production of cytokines/chemokines by activated microglia. Experiments were conducted in cultures of primary murine microglia. In the first experiment, the effect of 2',3'-cAMP, 3'-AMP, 2'-AMP and adenosine on LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10 production was determined. In the next experiment, the first protocol was replicated but with the addition of 1,3-dipropyl-8-p-sulfophenylxanthine (DPSPX) (0.1 μM; antagonist of adenosine receptors). The last experiment compared the ability of 2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA) (10 μM; selective A1 agonist), 5'-N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine (NECA) (10 μM; agonist for all adenosine receptor subtypes) and CGS21680 (10 μM; selective A2A agonist) to inhibit LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10 production. (1) 2',3'-cAMP, 3'-AMP, 2'-AMP and adenosine similarly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10 production; (2) DPSPX nearly eliminated the inhibitory effects of 2',3'-cAMP, 3'-AMP, 2'-AMP and adenosine on LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10 production; (3) CCPA did not affect LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10; (4) NECA and CGS21680 similarly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10 production. 2',3'-cAMP and its metabolites (3'-AMP, 2'-AMP and adenosine) inhibit LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10 production via A2A-receptor activation. Adenosine and its precursors, via A2A receptors, likely suppress TNF-α and CXCL10 production by activated microglia in brain diseases. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Soil matrix tracer contamination and canopy recycling did not impair ¹³CO₂ plant-soil pulse labelling experiments.

PubMed

Barthel, Matthias; Sturm, Patrick; Knohl, Alexander

2011-09-01

When conducting (13)CO(2) plant-soil pulse labelling experiments, tracer material might cause unwanted side effects which potentially affect δ(13)C measurements of soil respiration (δ(13)C(SR)) and the subsequent data interpretation. First, when the soil matrix is not isolated from the atmosphere, contamination of the soil matrix with tracer material occurs leading to a physical back-diffusion from soil pores. Second, when using canopy chambers continuously, (13)CO(2) is permanently re-introduced into the atmosphere due to leaf respiration which then aids re-assimilation of tracer material by the canopy. Accordingly, two climate chamber experiments on European beech saplings (Fagus sylvatica L.) were conducted to evaluate the influence of soil matrix (13)CO(2) contamination and canopy recycling on soil (13)CO(2) efflux during (13)CO(2) plant-soil pulse labelling experiments. For this purpose, a combined soil/canopy chamber system was developed which separates soil and canopy compartments in order to (a) prevent diffusion of (13)C tracer into the soil chamber during a (13)CO(2) canopy pulse labelling and (b) study stable isotope processes in soil and canopy individually and independently. In combination with laser spectrometry measuring CO(2) isotopologue mixing ratios at a rate of 1 Hz, we were able to measure δ(13)C in canopy and soil at very high temporal resolution. For the soil matrix contamination experiment, (13)CO(2) was applied to bare soil, canopy only or, simultaneously, to soil and canopy of the beech trees. The obtained δ(13)C(SR) fluxes from the different treatments were then compared with respect to label re-appearance, first peak time and magnitude. By determining the δ(13)C(SR) decay of physical (13)CO(2) back-diffusion from bare soils (contamination), it was possible to separate biological and physical components in δ(13)C(SR) of a combined flux of both. A second pulse labelling experiment, with chambers permanently enclosing the canopy, revealed that (13)CO(2) recycling at canopy level had no effect on δ(13)C(SR) dynamics.

Production system and storage temperature influence grapefruit vitamin C, limonoids, and carotenoids.

PubMed

Chebrolu, Kranthi K; Jayaprakasha, G K; Jifon, J; Patil, Bhimanagouda S

2012-07-25

Concentrations of grapefruit (cv. 'Rio Red'; Citrus paradisi Macf.) bioactives grown under organic and conventional production systems were evaluated after storage at various temperatures. The first experiment was conducted in November 2008 and the second experiment was conducted in February 2011 using commercial production, processing, and packing procedures. The harvested grapefruits were stored at 23 °C (room temperature) or 9 °C for 4 weeks and analyzed for vitamin C, limonoids, and carotenoids at the end of each week using HPLC. Vitamin C levels were higher in organically grown grapefruits (41.8 mg/100 g) compared to conventionally grown grapefruits (39.2 mg/100 g) at 0 days after harvest in the first experiment. However, production system did not significantly affect vitamin C levels in the second experiment. During storage at room temperature, vitamin C degradation losses ranged from 0.5 to 7% for organically produced grapefruits and from 3 to 18% for conventional grapefruits in both experiments. In the first experiment at harvest, organically produced grapefruits had 77% higher (p ≤ 0.05) nomilin than conventionally produced grapefruits, whereas grapefruits grown under the conventional production system had 2-fold higher lycopene levels compared to organic grapefruits. In the second experiment, both β-carotene and lycopene levels were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in conventionally produced grapefruits than in organic grapefruits. Overall, conventional production significantly increased grapefruit carotenoid levels in both experiments. In general, storage temperature (room temperature and 9 °C) had minimal effects on vitamin C degradation but significant effects on the degradation of carotenoids in the first experiment.

Final results of the PICASSO dark matter search experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Behnke, E.; Besnier, M.; Bhattacharjee, P.; Dai, X.; Das, M.; Davour, A.; Debris, F.; Dhungana, N.; Farine, J.; Fines-Neuschild, M.; Gagnebin, S.; Giroux, G.; Grace, E.; Jackson, C. M.; Kamaha, A.; Krauss, C. B.; Lafrenière, M.; Laurin, M.; Lawson, I.; Lessard, L.; Levine, I.; Marlisov, D.; Martin, J.-P.; Mitra, P.; Noble, A. J.; Plante, A.; Podviyanuk, R.; Pospisil, S.; Scallon, O.; Seth, S.; Starinski, N.; Stekl, I.; Wichoski, U.; Zacek, V.

2017-04-01

The PICASSO dark matter search experiment operated an array of 32 superheated droplet detectors containing 3.0 kg of C4F10 and collected an exposure of 231.4 kgd at SNOLAB between March 2012 and January 2014. We report on the final results of this experiment which includes for the first time the complete data set and improved analysis techniques including acoustic localization to allow fiducialization and removal of higher activity regions within the detectors. No signal consistent with dark matter was observed. We set limits for spin-dependent interactions on protons of σpSD = 1.32 × 10-2 pb (90% C.L.) at a WIMP mass of 20 GeV/c2. In the spin-independent sector we exclude cross sections larger than σpSI = 4.86 × 10-5 pb (90% C.L.) in the region around 7 GeV/c2. The pioneering efforts of the PICASSO experiment have paved the way forward for a next generation detector incorporating much of this technology and experience into larger mass bubble chambers.

The Capabilities of the upgraded MIPP experiment with respect to Hypernuclear physics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Raja, Rajendran

2012-01-01

We describe the state of analysis of the MIPP experiment, its plans to upgrade the experiment and the impact such an upgraded experiment will have on hypernuclear physics. The upgraded MIPP experiment is designed to measure the properties of strong interaction spectra form beams {pi}{sup {+-}}, K{sup {+-}}, and p{sup {+-}}, for momenta ranging from 1 GeV/c to 120 GeV/c. The layout of the apparatus in the data taken so far can be seen in Figure 1. The centerpiece of the experiment is the time projection chamber, which is followed by the time of flight counter, a multi-cell Cerenkov detectormore » and the RICH detector. The TPC can identify charged particles with momenta less than 1 GeV/c using dE/dx, the time of flight will identify particles below approximately 2 GeV/c, the multi-cell Cerenkov detector is operational from 2.5 GeV/c to 14 GeV/c and the RICH detector can identify particles up to 120 GeVc. Following this is an EM and hadronic calorimeter capable of detecting forward going neutrons and photons. The experiment has been busy analyzing its data taken on various nuclei and beam conditions. The table 2 shows the data taken by MIPP I to date. We have almost complete acceptance in the forward hemisphere in the lab using the TPC. The reconstruction capabilities of the TPC can be seen in Figure 3. The particle identification capabilities of the TPC can be seen in Figure 4. The time of flight system provides further measurement of the particles with momenta less than 2 GeV/c. Figure 5 shows the time of flight data where a kaon peak is clearly visible.« less

5-HT2C receptor involvement in the control of persistence in the reinforced spatial alternation animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

PubMed

Papakosta, Vassiliki-Maria; Kalogerakou, Stamatina; Kontis, Dimitris; Anyfandi, Eleni; Theochari, Eirini; Boulougouris, Vasileios; Papadopoulos, Sokrates; Panagis, George; Tsaltas, Eleftheria

2013-04-15

The serotonergic system is implicated in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the distinct role of serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtypes remains unclear. This study investigates the contribution of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the modulation of persistence in the reinforced spatial alternation model of OCD. Male Wistar rats were assessed for spontaneous and pharmacologically induced (by m-chlorophenylpiperazine: mCPP) directional persistence in the reinforced alternation OCD model. Systemic administration of mCPP (non-specific 5-HT agonist, 2.5mg/kg), M100907 (selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, 0.08 mg/kg), SB242084 (selective 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, 0.5 mg/kg) and vehicle was used. Experiment 1 investigated M100907 and SB242084 effects in animals spontaneously exhibiting high and low persistence during the early stages of alternation training. Experiment 2 investigated M100900 and SB242084 effects on mCPP-induced persistence. Under the regime used in Experiment 1, 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C receptor antagonism did not affect spontaneous directional persistence in either high or low persistence groups. In Experiment 2, 5-HT2C but not 5-HT2A receptor antagonism significantly reduced, but did not abolish, mCPP-induced directional persistence. These findings suggest that 5-HT2C but not 5-HT2A receptors contribute to the modulation of mCPP-induced persistent behaviour, raising the possibility that the use of 5-HT2C antagonists may have a therapeutic value in OCD. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Rebuilding the Injured Lung

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

The 57th annual Thomas L. Petty Aspen Lung Conference, entitled “Rebuilding the Injured Lung,” was held from June 4 to 7, 2014 at the Gant Conference Center in Aspen, Colorado. Investigators from a wide range of disciplines and perspectives convened to discuss the biology of lung injury, how the lung repairs itself, how and why repair fails, and how the repair process can be enhanced. Among the challenges identified in the course of the conference was how to develop more predictive experimental models that capture the multidimensional complexity of lung injury and repair in a tractable manner. From such approaches that successfully fuse the biological and physical sciences, the group envisioned that new therapies for acute and chronic lung injury would emerge. The discussion of experimental therapeutics ranged from pharmaceuticals and cells that interdict fibrosis and enhance repair to a de novo lung derived from stem cells repopulating a decellularized matrix. PMID:25830839

Assessing Detecting and Deterring the Threat of Maritime Nuclear and Radiological Smuggling in the Western Indian Ocean Region

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Khan, M. Umer

This paper proposes that current maritime smuggling routes in the western Indian Ocean region are similar to those in the past and that the motivations of terrorist groups and the presence of radioactive sources in the Indian Ocean littoral and other states present a significant security threat. The majority of regional terrorist groups have a hybrid structure, piggybacking on criminal activity to fund their terror activities. Additionally, states have used maritime routes in the Indian Ocean region to transport nuclear materials and missiles. Thus, the maritime dimension of such threats remains, and may be increasing. This paper focuses on issues,more » motivations, pathways, and methods to detect and interdict nuclear and radiological trafficking. It analyzes the potential use of maritime technology applications for radiation detection and presents recommendations for states and multinational nonproliferation advocacy organizations to address the threat in the Indian Ocean region.« less

[The touched masculinity: a discussion about the digital rectal exam for prostate cancer prevention].

PubMed

Gomes, Romeu; do Nascimento, Elaine Ferreira; Rebello, Lúcia Emília Figueiredo de Sousa; de Araújo, Fábio Carvalho

2008-01-01

The present study aims at analyzing the meanings attributed to the digital rectal exam, seeking to problematize questions underlying the masculine discourse on the basis of aspects of the hegemonic masculinity model. Semi-structured interviews were held with 28 men in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in 2004. Among the main results is the idea that the digital rectal exam is something that violates an interdicted space, something that compromises the current understanding of masculinity, shall say, the digital rectal exam does not only affect the prostate, it also affects the masculinity, puts it to shame. We conclude that for understanding and problematizing the questions related to the prostate cancer prevention in special, and to the question of taking care of oneself from the masculine perspective in general, we need to consider the structural and symbolic aspects that underlie these questions.

Opioid Deaths in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin 2013-2017: The Primacy of Heroin and Fentanyl.

PubMed

Peterson, Brian L; Schreiber, Sara; Fumo, Nicole; Brooke Lerner, E

2018-04-23

Heroin and fentanyl are the overwhelming and increasing cause of opioid deaths in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. We reviewed all drug and opioid deaths from 2013 to 2017 to delineate the specific opioid drugs involved and changes in their incidence. From 2013 to 2017, 980 deaths were due to opioids, rising from 184 in 2013 to 337 in 2017. In 2017, opioid deaths exceeded combined non-natural deaths from homicide and suicide. Illicit heroin and fentanyl/analogs caused 84% of opioid deaths and 80% of drug deaths, with no increase in deaths due to oral prescription drugs such as oxycodone and hydrocodone. Any approach to decreasing this dramatic increase in opioid deaths should first focus on interdicting the supply and cheap availability of these illicit opioids. Fentanyl and its analogs represent the most deadly opioids and the greatest threat to human life in our population. © 2018 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.

From sickness to badness: the criminalization of HIV in Michigan.

PubMed

Hoppe, Trevor

2014-01-01

Sociological approaches to the social control of sickness have tended to focus on medicalization or the process through which social phenomena come to be regulated by medicine. Much less is known about how social problems historically understood as medical come to be governed by the criminal law, or what I term the "criminalization of sickness." Thirty three US states have enacted criminal statutes that require all HIV-positive individuals to disclose their infection before engaging in a wide range of sexual practices. Drawing on evidence from 58 felony nondisclosure convictions in Michigan (95% of all convictions between 1992 and 2010), I argue that the enforcement of the state's HIV disclosure law is not driven by medical concerns or public health considerations. Rather, it reflects pervasive moralizing narratives that frame HIV as a moral infection requiring interdiction and punishment. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Redefining Maritime Security Threats in the Eastern Indian Ocean Region.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Banerjee, Arjun

This occasional paper analyzes the general security issues and trends relating to maritime trafficking of radiological and nuclear material using small vessels, minor ports, and unchecked areas of coastline existing in the Eastern Indian Ocean Region today. By the Eastern Indian Ocean Region is meant the area starting from the tip of the Indian peninsula in the west to the Straits of Malacca in the east. It lays focus on the potential sources of nuclear or radiological material that may be trafficked here. It further undertakes a study of the terrorist groups active in the region as well as themore » multinational or national interdiction organizations that have been created to counter maritime threats. It also seeks to discern the various technologies for detecting materials of concern available in the area. Finally, it ascertains possible methods and technologies to improve the maritime security system in the region.« less

Changes and Attribution of Extreme Precipitation in Climate Models: Subdaily and Daily Scales

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, W.; Villarini, G.; Scoccimarro, E.; Vecchi, G. A.

2017-12-01

Extreme precipitation events are responsible for numerous hazards, including flooding, soil erosion, and landslides. Because of their significant socio-economic impacts, the attribution and projection of these events is of crucial importance to improve our response, mitigation and adaptation strategies. Here we present results from our ongoing work.In terms of attribution, we use idealized experiments [pre-industrial control experiment (PI) and 1% per year increase (1%CO2) in atmospheric CO2] from ten general circulation models produced under the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and the fraction of attributable risk to examine the CO2 effects on extreme precipitation at the sub-daily and daily scales. We find that the increased CO2 concentration substantially increases the odds of the occurrence of sub-daily precipitation extremes compared to the daily scale in most areas of the world, with the exception of some regions in the sub-tropics, likely in relation to the subsidence of the Hadley Cell. These results point to the large role that atmospheric CO2 plays in extreme precipitation under an idealized framework. Furthermore, we investigate the changes in extreme precipitation events with the Community Earth System Model (CESM) climate experiments using the scenarios consistent with the 1.5°C and 2°C temperature targets. We find that the frequency of annual extreme precipitation at a global scale increases in both 1.5°C and 2°C scenarios until around 2070, after which the magnitudes of the trend become much weaker or even negative. Overall, the frequency of global annual extreme precipitation is similar between 1.5°C and 2°C for the period 2006-2035, and the changes in extreme precipitation in individual seasons are consistent with those for the entire year. The frequency of extreme precipitation in the 2°C experiments is higher than for the 1.5°C experiment after the late 2030s, particularly for the period 2071-2100.

Interdiction of hypoglycemia in diabetic children by multiparticulate dosage form with controlled glucose release.

PubMed

Franc, Aleš; Sabadková, Dana; Neumann, David; Pavloková, Sylvie; Kopecká, Pavlína; Muselík, Jan

2016-11-01

Patients tend to evade the occurrence of hypoglycemic episodes by excessive carbohydrate intake. Glucose pellets with delayed release in the time of the maximum effect of insulin can not only prevent hypoglycemia but also eliminate the preventive carbohydrate intake. The pellets can be administered in a mixture with semisolid food. The cores containing glucose in combination with osmotically active agents (croscarmellose sodium, carmellose sodium, polyethylene glycol, or carboxymethyl starch) were prepared by extrusion-spheronization and coated with 15% water ethylcellulose dispersion (Surelease® B NF) in Wurster column (Medipo, Havlíčkův Brod, Czech Republic) into four coating levels (12.5, 25, 35, and 50%). Mean particle size is 0.63-0.73 for cores and 0.82-0.98 for coated pellets. Cores and coated pellets have excellent or good flow properties according to Hausner ratio and Carr index. Aspect ratio ranges from 1.78 to 2.17 for cores and from 1.73 to 2.31 for coated pellets. Dissolution was performed using pH-independent method and method with continual change of pH. The suitable pH-independent release was achieved in the samples containing carboxymethyl starch or polyethylene glycol. Glucose release is enabled by a membrane rupture caused by core swelling. It can be, therefore, assumed that the glucose release profile will not be affected by food or transit time.

Emergent conditional relations in a Go/No-Go procedure: figure-ground and stimulus-position compound relations.

PubMed

Debert, Paula; Huziwara, Edson M; Faggiani, Robson Brino; De Mathis, Maria Eugênia Simões; McIlvane, William J

2009-09-01

Past research has demonstrated emergent conditional relations using a go/no-go procedure with pairs of figures displayed side-by-side on a computer screen. The present study sought to extend applications of this procedure. In Experiment 1, we evaluated whether emergent conditional relations could be demonstrated when two-component stimuli were displayed in figure-ground relationships-abstract figures displayed on backgrounds of different colors. Five normally capable adults participated. During training, each two-component stimulus was presented successively. Responses emitted in the presence of some stimulus pairs (A1B1, A2B2, A3B3, B1C1, B2C2 and B3C3) were reinforced, whereas responses emitted in the presence of other pairs (A1B2, A1B3, A2B1, A2B3, A3B1, A3B2, B1C2, B1C3, B2C1, B2C3, B3C1 and B3C2) were not. During tests, new configurations (AC and CA) were presented, thus emulating structurally the matching-to-sample tests employed in typical equivalence studies. All participants showed emergent relations consistent with stimulus equivalence during testing. In Experiment 2, we systematically replicated the procedures with stimulus compounds consisting of four figures (A1, A2, C1 and C2) and two locations (left - B1 and right - B2). All 6 normally capable adults exhibited emergent stimulus-stimulus relations. Together, these experiments show that the go/no-go procedure is a potentially useful alternative for studying emergent conditional relations when matching-to-sample is procedurally cumbersome or impossible to use.

Experimental high temperature carbon isotope fractionation involving graphite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kueter, N.; Schmidt, M. W.; Lilley, M. D.; Bernasconi, S. M.

2016-12-01

Graphite/carbonate carbon isotope fractionation was mainly investigated at 400- 800°C and is based on empirical calibrations, theoretical calculations and few experiments [1,2]. Own work on COH-fluid/graphite isotope fractionation shows that in experiments up to 1000oC a fluid phase is always enriched in 13C compared to coexisting graphitic carbon. The eventual kinetic isotope effect in these experiments is best displayed by the graphitic carbon being at least 3 ‰ lighter than methane. Only few experiments done in the graphite/carbonate pair dealt with higher temperatures reaching 1400°C, indicating a fractionation of up to 2 ‰ at temperatures of the Earth's mantle [2-4]. To better understand carbon isotope fractionation in crustal systems and still overcome kinetic effects, we study the graphite/carbonatite pair with piston cylinder experiments in the Na2CO3-CaCO3-CaO-COH system. Tartaric acid (C4H6O6) supplies reduced carbon, time series are performed at 10 kbar, 1300-1800°C. Initial experiments at 1300°C produce well-ordered, micron-sized graphite flakes growing attached to the capsule walls while the Na-Ca-carbonatite-melt quenches to dendritic textures. No gaseous phase was observed. Conditions well above the liquidus of the Na2CO3-CaCO3-binary lead to dissolution of the H2O from tartaric acid decomposition in the melt, any CO2-component is bound by the excess CaO to CaCO3melt while in the relatively oxidizing capsule environment any CH4-component reacts with CO2 to carbon and H2O. The graphite and the carbonatite quench are measured for their δ13C composition using a GasBench II (carbonate-dissolution in phosphoric acid) and TC/EA (residual graphite combusted in oxygen atmosphere) system coupled to a Thermo Fischer IRMS. Our results expand from the graphite-carbonate system to graphite-fluid system when adding available fluid-carbonate fractionation factors, but are also directly applicable to diamond synthesis as graphite is often found as a precursor phase in diamond-growth experiments in carbonatite systems and natural diamonds. [1] Chacko et al. (2001) Rev Min Geochem; Deines & Eggler (2009) GCA; [3] Scheele & Hoefs (1992) CMP; [4] Chacko et al. (1991) GCA

Blodgett Forest Warming Experiment 1

DOE Data Explorer

Pries, Caitlin Hicks (ORCID:0000000308132211); Castanha, Cristina; Porras, Rachel; Torn, Margaret

2017-03-24

Carbon stocks and density fractions from soil pits used to characterize soils of the Blodgett warming experiment as well as gas well CO2, 13C, and 14C data from experimental plots. The experiment consisted of 3 control and heated plot pairs. The heated plots are warmed +4°C above the control from 10 to 100 cm.

Sensitivity-enhanced IPAP experiments for measuring one-bond 13C '- 13C α and 13C α- 1H α residual dipolar couplings in proteins

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ding, Keyang; Gronenborn, Angela M.

2004-04-01

Sensitivity-enhanced 2D IPAP experiments using the accordion principle for measuring one-bond 13C '- 13C α and 1H α- 13C α dipolar couplings in proteins are presented. The resolution of the resulting spectra is identical to that of the decoupled HSQC spectra and the sensitivity of the corresponding 1D acquisitions are only slightly lower than those obtained with 3D HNCO and 3D HN(COCA)HA pulse sequences due to an additional delay 2 Δ. For cases of limited resolution in the 2D 15N- 1H N HSQC spectrum the current pulse sequences can easily be modified into 3D versions by introducing a poorly digitized third dimension, if so desired. The experiments described here are a valuable addition to the suites available for determination of residual dipolar couplings in biological systems.

Past Experience Influences the Processing of Stimulus Compounds in Human Pavlovian Conditioning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Melchers, Klaus G.; Lachnit, Harold; Shanks, David R.

2004-01-01

In two human skin conductance conditioning experiments we investigated whether processing of stimulus compounds can be influenced by past experience. Participants were either pre-trained with a discrimination problem that could be solved elementally (A+, B-, AB+, C- in Experiment 1 and A+, AB+, C-, CB- in Experiment 2) or one that required a…

The responses of the four main substitution mechanisms of H in olivine to H2O activity at 1050 °C and 3 GPa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tollan, Peter M. E.; Smith, Rachel; O'Neill, Hugh St. C.; Hermann, Jörg

2017-12-01

The water solubility in olivine ({C}_{{H}_2O}) has been investigated at 1050 °C and 3 GPa as a function of water activity ({a}_{{H}_2O}) at subsolidus conditions in the piston-cylinder apparatus, with {a}_{{H}_2O} varied using H2O-NaCl fluids. Four sets of experiments were conducted to constrain the effect of {a}_{{H}_2O} on the four main substitution mechanisms. The experiments were designed to grow olivine in situ and thus achieve global equilibrium (G-type), as opposed to hydroxylating olivine with a pre-existing point-defect structure and impurity content (M-type). Olivine grains from the experiments were analysed with polarised and unpolarised FTIR spectroscopy, and where necessary, the spectra have been deconvoluted to quantify the contribution of each substitution mechanism. Olivine buffered with magnesiowüstite produced absorbance bands at high wavenumbers ranging from 3566 to 3612 cm-1. About 50% of the total absorbance was found parallel to the a-axis, 30% parallel to the b-axis and 20% parallel to the c-axis. The total absorbance and hence water concentration in olivine follows the relationship of {C}_{{H}_2O}∝ {a_{{H}_2O}}^2 , indicating that the investigated defect must involve four H atoms substituting for one Si atom (labelled as [Si]). Forsterite buffered with enstatite produced an absorbance band exclusively aligned parallel the c-axis at 3160 cm-1. The band position, polarisation and observed {C}_{{H}_2O}∝ {a}_{{H}_2O} are consistent with two H substituting for one Mg (labelled as [Mg]). Ti-doped, enstatite-buffered olivine displays absorption bands, and polarisation typical of Ti-clinohumite point defects where two H on the Si-site are charge-balanced by one Ti on a Mg-site (labelled as [Ti]). This is further supported by {C}_{{H}_2O}∝ {a}_{{H}_2O} and a 1:1 relationship of molar H2O and TiO2 in these experiments. Sc-doped, enstatite-buffered experiments display a main absorption band at 3355 cm-1 with {C}_{{H}_2O}∝ {a_{{H}_2O}}^{0.5} and a positive correlation of Sc and H, indicating the coupled substitution of a trivalent cation plus a H for two Mg (labelled as [triv]). Our data demonstrate that extreme care has to be taken when inferences from experiments conducted at {a}_{{H}_2O}=1 are applied to the mantle, where in most cases, a low {a}_{{H}_2O} persists. In particular, the higher exponent of the [Si] substitution mechanism means that the contribution of this hydrous defect to total water content will decrease more rapidly with decreasing {a}_{{H}_2O} than the contributions of the other substitution mechanisms. The experiments confirm previous results that the [Mg] mechanism holds an almost negligible amount of water under nearly all T-P-fO2-fH2O conditions that may be anticipated in nature. However, the small amounts of H2O we find in substituting by this mechanism are similar in the experiments on forsterite doped with either Sc or Ti to those in the undoped forsterite at equivalent {a}_{{H}_2O} (all buffered by enstatite), confirming the assumption that, thermodynamically, {C}_{{H}_2O} substituting by each mechanism does not depend on the water concentration that substitutes by other mechanisms.

Cadmium Electrode Investigation.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-03-01

pensation in the sweep voltammetry experiments. For the galvanostatic pulse experiments, the IR-bridge compensation network was employed. Plate...characteristics of the porous minielectrodes in 2M Cd(N03 )2 are strongly temperature dependent. Linear sweep voltamograms were done at 250C and 750C. Those done...at 250C were of the same shape as obtained by Maloy (Ref 1) provided that the sweep rate was no higher than 2mv/sec. Similarly obtained voltamograms

Investigation of Active Interrogation Techniques to Detect Special Nuclear Material in Maritime Environments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miller, Thomas Martin; Patton, Bruce W

The detection and interdiction of special nuclear material (SNM) is still a high-priority focus area for many organizations around the world. One method that is commonly considered a leading candidate in the detection of SNM is active interrogation (AI). AI is different from its close relative, passive interrogation, in that an active source is used to enhance or create a detectable signal (usually fission) from SNM, particularly in shielded scenarios or scenarios where the SNM has a low activity. The use of AI thus makes the detection of SNM easier or, in some scenarios, even enables previously impossible detection. Inmore » this work the signal from prompt neutrons and photons as well as delayed neutrons and photons will be combined, as is typically done in AI. In previous work AI has been evaluated experimentally and computationally. However, for the purposes of this work, past scenarios are considered lightly shielded and tightly coupled spatially. At most, the previous work interrogated the contents of one standard cargo container (2.44 x 2.60 x 6.10 m) and the source and detector were both within a few meters of the object being interrogated. A few examples of this type of previous work can be found in references 1 and 2. Obviously, more heavily shielded AI scenarios will require larger source intensities, larger detector surface areas (larger detectors or more detectors), greater detector efficiencies, longer count times, or some combination of these.« less

3D TOCSY-HSQC NMR for metabolic flux analysis using non-uniform sampling

DOE PAGES

Reardon, Patrick N.; Marean-Reardon, Carrie L.; Bukovec, Melanie A.; ...

2016-02-05

13C-Metabolic Flux Analysis ( 13C-MFA) is rapidly being recognized as the authoritative method for determining fluxes through metabolic networks. Site-specific 13C enrichment information obtained using NMR spectroscopy is a valuable input for 13C-MFA experiments. Chemical shift overlaps in the 1D or 2D NMR experiments typically used for 13C-MFA frequently hinder assignment and quantitation of site-specific 13C enrichment. Here we propose the use of a 3D TOCSY-HSQC experiment for 13C-MFA. We employ Non-Uniform Sampling (NUS) to reduce the acquisition time of the experiment to a few hours, making it practical for use in 13C-MFA experiments. Our data show that the NUSmore » experiment is linear and quantitative. Identification of metabolites in complex mixtures, such as a biomass hydrolysate, is simplified by virtue of the 13C chemical shift obtained in the experiment. In addition, the experiment reports 13C-labeling information that reveals the position specific labeling of subsets of isotopomers. As a result, the information provided by this technique will enable more accurate estimation of metabolic fluxes in larger metabolic networks.« less

CACA-TOCSY with alternate 13C-12C labeling: a 13Calpha direct detection experiment for mainchain resonance assignment, dihedral angle information, and amino acid type identification.

PubMed

Takeuchi, Koh; Frueh, Dominique P; Sun, Zhen-Yu J; Hiller, Sebastian; Wagner, Gerhard

2010-05-01

We present a (13)C direct detection CACA-TOCSY experiment for samples with alternate (13)C-(12)C labeling. It provides inter-residue correlations between (13)C(alpha) resonances of residue i and adjacent C(alpha)s at positions i - 1 and i + 1. Furthermore, longer mixing times yield correlations to C(alpha) nuclei separated by more than one residue. The experiment also provides C(alpha)-to-sidechain correlations, some amino acid type identifications and estimates for psi dihedral angles. The power of the experiment derives from the alternate (13)C-(12)C labeling with [1,3-(13)C] glycerol or [2-(13)C] glycerol, which allows utilizing the small scalar (3)J(CC) couplings that are masked by strong (1)J(CC) couplings in uniformly (13)C labeled samples.

Overview on the investigations of transgenic plums in Romania

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Transgenic plums of Prunus domestica L. transformed with the Plum pox virus coat protein gene (PPV-CP) were the subjects of three experiments undertaken in Romania. In the first experiment, PPV-CP transgenic clones C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, PT3 and PT5 were evaluated for Sharka resistance under high natu...

Overview of the investigation of transgenic plums in Romania

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Transgenic plums of Prunus domestica L. transformed with the Plum pox virus coat protein gene (PPV-CP) were the subjects of three experiments undertaken in Romania. In the first experiment, PPV-CP transgenic clones C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and PT3 were evaluated for Sharka resistance under high natural i...

Fast Abiotic Production of Methane at Temperatures Below 100°C

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Etiope, G.; Ionescu, A.

2015-12-01

Fischer-Tropsch Type (FTT) reactions, e.g., the Sabatier synthesis between H2 and CO2, are considered a main source of abiotic methane on Earth and likely on other planets. Several laboratory FTT experiments demonstrated abiotic CH4 production at temperatures above 200°C, by using Fe, Ni or Cr catalysts, simulating hydrothermal conditions in peridotite-hosted systems in mid-ocean ridges. Nevertheless, at least on laboratory experiment time-scale, Fe-Ni-Cr catalysts do not support CH4 generation at T<100°C, such as those of land-based serpentinization systems. We have recently reported rapid production of considerable amounts of CH4 (>800 ppmv in 155 mL bottles after 1 day) via Sabatier reaction at 90, 50 and 25°C, using small concentrations of non-pretreated ruthenium (Ru) equivalent to those occurring in chromitites in continental ultramafic rocks (Etiope & Ionescu, 2014; Geofluids, doi:10.1111/gfl.12106). We have repeated the experiments by using 13C-enriched CO2 and we confirm fast production of CH4at percentage levels. The experiments performed so far show that: 1. considerable amounts of CH4can be produced in dry conditions below 100°C with small quantities of Ru; 2. under the same experimental conditions (<100°C), Fe, Ni and Cr oxides do not produce CH4; 3. low T Sabatier reaction can produce CH4 with a large C isotope fractionation between CO2 and CH4, leading to relatively " light" (13C-depleted) CH4, resembling microbial gas; 4. the CO2-CH4isotope separation decreases over time and by increasing the temperature; 5. minor amounts of C2-C6hydrocarbons are also generated. Our laboratory data are compatible with the isotopic patterns of CH4 naturally occurring in land-based seeps and springs. Our experiments suggest that Ru-enriched chromitites could potentially generate CH4 at low T. Since Ru is reported in Martian meteorites, low T abiotic CH4 production on Mars via Sabatier reaction cannot be excluded (Etiope et al. 2013, Icarus, 224, 276-285).

[Effect of vitamins B1, B2, B6, folic acid and vitamin C on the motor activity of chicken's intestines in chronic experiments and in vitro].

PubMed

Nagórna-Stasiak, B; Wawrzeńska, M

1987-01-01

The studies were carried out on 33 chickens of the broiler breed in chronic experiments and in vitro. In the chronic experiments the motility of the jejunum under the influence of vitamins of group B and vitamine C was recorded in 8 chickens. The vitamins were used at concentrations from 10 mg/l to 2.5 x 10(3) mg/l. In the experiments in vitro, the motility of the isolated segment of the jejunum was recorded by the method of Magnus. In this part of experiments the chickens were divided into 3 groups, of which group I (15 chickens) were fed with DKA finischer mixture, group II (5 hens) received, besides the mixture, per os 200 mg of vitamin C for 2 weeks, group III (5 hens) received the mixture and for 2 weeks intraperitoneally 200 mg of vitamin C. The effect of vitamins of group B in vitro was determined in chickens of group I, whereas that of vitamin C in chickens of group I, II and III. At the same time the level of vitamin C in the wall of the jejunum was determined by the method of Roe-Kuenther. It was shown that vitamin B2 and folic acid caused stimulation of intestine motility in the chickens, while vitamin B1, B6 and C decreased the motoric activity. Increased level of vitamin C in the intestinal wall resulted in increased intestine sensitivity. Chicken intestines sensitivity to vitamins was 10 times stronger to vitamins than that of the intestines of rabbits.

Proton-detected 3D {sup 1}H/{sup 13}C/{sup 1}H correlation experiment for structural analysis in rigid solids under ultrafast-MAS above 60 kHz

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Rongchun; Ramamoorthy, Ayyalusamy, E-mail: ramamoor@umich.edu; Nishiyama, Yusuke

2015-10-28

A proton-detected 3D {sup 1}H/{sup 13}C/{sup 1}H chemical shift correlation experiment is proposed for the assignment of chemical shift resonances, identification of {sup 13}C-{sup 1}H connectivities, and proximities of {sup 13}C-{sup 1}H and {sup 1}H-{sup 1}H nuclei under ultrafast magic-angle-spinning (ultrafast-MAS) conditions. Ultrafast-MAS is used to suppress all anisotropic interactions including {sup 1}H-{sup 1}H dipolar couplings, while the finite-pulse radio frequency driven dipolar recoupling (fp-RFDR) pulse sequence is used to recouple dipolar couplings among protons and the insensitive nuclei enhanced by polarization transfer technique is used to transfer magnetization between heteronuclear spins. The 3D experiment eliminates signals from non-carbon-bonded protonsmore » and non-proton-bonded carbons to enhance spectral resolution. The 2D (F1/F3) {sup 1}H/{sup 1}H and 2D {sup 13}C/{sup 1}H (F2/F3) chemical shift correlation spectra extracted from the 3D spectrum enable the identification of {sup 1}H-{sup 1}H proximity and {sup 13}C-{sup 1}H connectivity. In addition, the 2D (F1/F2) {sup 1}H/{sup 13}C chemical shift correlation spectrum, incorporated with proton magnetization exchange via the fp-RFDR recoupling of {sup 1}H-{sup 1}H dipolar couplings, enables the measurement of proximities between {sup 13}C and even the remote non-carbon-bonded protons. The 3D experiment also gives three-spin proximities of {sup 1}H-{sup 1}H-{sup 13}C chains. Experimental results obtained from powder samples of L-alanine and L-histidine ⋅ H{sub 2}O ⋅ HCl demonstrate the efficiency of the 3D experiment.« less

Nuclear Smuggling Detection and Deterrence FY 2016 Data Analysis Annual Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Enders, Alexander L.; Harris, Tyrone C.; Pope, Thomas C.

The National Nuclear Security Administration’s Office of Nuclear Smuggling Detection and Deterrence (NSDD) has facilitated the installation of more than 3,500 radiation portal monitors (RPMs) at 606 sites in 56 countries worldwide. This collection of RPMs represents the world’s largest network of radiation detectors and provides one element in the defense-in-depth approach that supports the Global Nuclear Detection Architecture. These systems support NSDD’s mission to build partner country capability to deter, detect, and interdict the illicit transport of radiological and fissile material through strategic points of entry and exit at seaports, airports, and border crossings. NSDD works collaboratively with partnermore » countries and international organizations to optimize the operation of these RPMs. The large amount of data provided by NSDD partner countries highlights the close cooperation and partnerships NSDD has built with 56 countries around the world. Thirty-seven of these countries shared at least some RPM-related data with NSDD in fiscal year 2016. This significant level of data sharing is a key element that distinguishes the NSDD office as unique among nuclear nonproliferation programs and initiatives: NSDD can provide specific, objective, data-driven decisions and support for sustaining the radiation detection systems it helped deploy. This data analysis report summarizes and aggregates the RPM data provided to the NSDD office for analysis and review in fiscal year 2016. The data can be used to describe RPM performance and characterize the wide diversity of NSDD deployment sites. For example, NSDD deploys detector systems across sites with natural background radiation levels that can vary by a factor of approximately six from site to site. Some lanes have few occupancies, whereas others have approximately 8,000 occupancies per day and the different types of cargo that travel through a site can result in site-wide alarm rates that range from near 0% at some sites to above 3% at others. Based on the data received, the global average uptime for NSDD RPMs was above 96% for fiscal year 2016. NSDD takes all of these factors into account in making recommendations to partner countries on how to most effectively manage and maintain site operations. NSDD utilizes reports and other information products created by data analysts to efficiently allocate the resources needed to detect and ultimately interdict illicit nuclear and radiological material.« less

Heroin in brown, black and white: structural factors and medical consequences in the US heroin market.

PubMed

Ciccarone, Daniel

2009-05-01

Heroin coming into the United States historically comes from three widely dispersed geographical regions: Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia and Mexico. A fourth source of US-bound heroin, from Colombia, originated in the early 1990s. The fact that the four heroin sources produce differing morphologies and qualities of heroin has not been critically examined. In addition, it is not well established how the contemporary competing dynamics of interdiction, or restriction of heroin flows across international boundaries, and neoliberal, e.g., global expansion of free trade, policies are affecting heroin markets. This paper will highlight changes in the US heroin market, including source trends, the political economy of the now dominant source and the resultant effects on the heroin risk environment by US region. Using a structural and historical framework this paper examines two decades of secondary data sources, including government and drug control agency documents, on heroin flows together with published work on the political and economic dynamics in Latin America. Co-occurring neoliberal economic reforms may have contributed to paradoxical effects of US/Colombian interdiction efforts. Since entering the US market, heroin from Colombia has been distributed at a much higher quality and lower retail price. An increasingly exclusive market has developed with Mexican and Colombian heroin gaining market share and displacing Asian heroin. These trends have had dramatic effects on the risk environment for heroin consumers. An intriguing factor is that different global sources of heroin produce substantially different products. Plausible associations exist between heroin source/form and drug use behaviours and harms. For example, cold water-soluble powdered heroin (sources: Asia, Colombia) may be associated with higher HIV prevalence in the US, while low-solubility "black tar" heroin (BTH; source: Mexico) is historically used in areas with reduced HIV prevalence. BTH is associated with soft tissue infections caused by Clostridium bacteria. Source and type of heroin are structural factors in the risk environment of heroin users: source dictates distribution and type predicts practice. How specific types of heroin are used and with what risk is therefore distributed geographically. Continued flux in the heroin market and its effects on the risk environment for drug users deserves further attention.

Heroin in brown, black and white: Structural factors and medical consequences in the US heroin market

PubMed Central

Ciccarone, Daniel

2009-01-01

Background Heroin coming into the United States historically comes from three widely dispersed geographical regions: Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia and Mexico. A fourth source of US-bound heroin, from Colombia, originated in the early 1990s. The fact that the four heroin sources produce differing morphologies and qualities of heroin has not been critically examined. In addition, it is not well established how the contemporary competing dynamics of interdiction, or restriction of heroin flows across international boundaries, and neoliberal, e.g., global expansion of free trade, policies are affecting heroin markets. This paper will highlight changes in the US heroin market, including source trends, the political economy of the now dominant source and the resultant effects on the heroin risk environment by US region. Methods Using a structural and historical framework this paper examines two decades of secondary data sources, including government and drug control agency documents, on heroin flows together with published work on the political and economic dynamics in Latin America. Results Co-occurring neoliberal economic reforms may have contributed to paradoxical effects of US/Colombian interdiction efforts. Since entering the US market, heroin from Colombia has been distributed at a much higher quality and lower retail price. An increasingly exclusive market has developed with Mexican and Colombian heroin gaining market share and displacing Asian heroin. These trends have had dramatic effects on the risk environment for heroin consumers. An intriguing factor is that different global sources of heroin produce substantially different products. Plausible associations exist between heroin source/form and drug use behaviours and harms. For example, cold water-soluble powdered heroin (sources: Asia, Colombia) may be associated with higher HIV prevalence in the US, while low-solubility “black tar” heroin (BTH; source: Mexico) is historically used in areas with reduced HIV prevalence. BTH is associated with soft tissue infections caused by Clostridium bacteria. Conclusion Source and type of heroin are structural factors in the risk environment of heroin users: source dictates distribution and type predicts practice. How specific types of heroin are used and with what risk is therefore distributed geographically. Continued flux in the heroin market and its effects on the risk environment for drug users deserves further attention. PMID:18945606

2’,3’-cAMP, 3’-AMP, 2’-AMP and Adenosine Inhibit TNF-α and CXCL10 Production From Activated Primary Murine Microglia via A2A Receptors

PubMed Central

Newell, Elizabeth A.; Exo, Jennifer L.; Verrier, Jonathan D.; Jackson, Travis C.; Gillespie, Delbert G.; Janesko-Feldman, Keri; Kochanek, Patrick M.

2014-01-01

Background Some cells, tissues and organs release 2’,3’-cAMP (a positional isomer of 3’,5’-cAMP) and convert extracellular 2’,3’-cAMP to 2’-AMP plus 3’-AMP and convert these AMPs to adenosine (called the extracellular 2’,3’-cAMP-adenosine pathway). Recent studies show that microglia have an extracellular 2’,3’-cAMP-adenosine pathway. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether the extracellular 2’,3’-cAMP-adenosine pathway could have functional consequences on the production of cytokines/chemokines by activated microglia. Methods Experiments were conducted in cultures of primary murine microglia. In the first experiment, the effect of 2’,3’-cAMP, 3’-AMP, 2’-AMP and adenosine on LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10 production was determined. In the next experiment, the first protocol was replicated but with the addition of 1,3-dipropyl-8-p-sulfophenylxanthine (DPSPX) (0.1 µM; antagonist of adenosine receptors). The last experiment compared the ability of 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA) (10 µM; selective A1 agonist), 5’-N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine (NECA) (10 µM; agonist for all adenosine receptor subtypes) and CGS21680 (10 µM; selective A2A agonist) to inhibit LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10 production. Results 1) 2’,3’-cAMP, 3’-AMP, 2’-AMP and adenosine similarly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10 production; 2) DPSPX nearly eliminated the inhibitory effects of 2’,3’-cAMP, 3’-AMP, 2’-AMP and adenosine on LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10 production; 3) CCPA did not affect LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10; 4) NECA and CGS21680 similarly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10 production. Conclusions 2’,3’-cAMP and its metabolites (3’-AMP, 2’-AMP and adenosine) inhibit LPS-induced TNF-α and CXCL10 production via A2A-receptor activation. Adenosine and its precursors, via A2A receptors, likely suppress TNF-α and CXCL10 production by activated microglia in brain diseases. PMID:25451117

Evaluation of a thyrotropin-releasing hormone solution stored at room temperature for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction testing in horses.

PubMed

Goodale, Lindsay; Frank, Nicholas; Hermida, Pilar; D'Oench, Sarah

2015-05-01

To determine whether plasma ACTH concentrations vary following administration of a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) solution prepared for research purposes and stored at -20°C (rTRH) or prepared by a compounding pharmacy and stored at room temperature (approx 22°C; cTRH). 34 adult horses. The study consisted of 2 experiments. In experiment 1, each horse underwent 2 TRH stimulation tests separated by 24 hours; 10 horses were administered cTRH for the first test and rTRH for the second test (group 1), 10 horses were administered rTRH for the first test and cTRH for the second test (group 2), and 10 horses were administered rTRH for both tests (group 3). Plasma ACTH concentrations were measured at 0 (baseline) and 30 minutes after TRH administration and the delta ACTH responses (change in ACTH concentration after TRH administration) were calculated. In experiment 2, the design was the same as that for experiment 1 except there were 14 days between tests, ACTH was measured at 0 and 10 minutes after TRH administration, and 11, 9, and 10 horses were assigned to groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Adverse effects associated with TRH administration included transient coughing and yawning. In experiment 1, the median delta ACTH response for the second test was significantly lower than that for the first test for all groups. In experiment 2, the median delta ACTH response did not differ significantly between the first and second tests for any group, ACTH concentrations after rTRH administration were positively correlated (rs = 0.95) with those after cTRH administration, and the mean ± SD bias in post-TRH ACTH concentration between rTRH and cTRH was 2.9 ± 12.4 pg/mL. Results indicated that the TRH stimulation test should not be repeated within 24 hours, and cTRH solution stored at room temperature could be used to effectively perform TRH stimulation testing in horses.

Multiple C-terminal tail Ca2+/CaMs regulate CaV1.2 function but do not mediate channel dimerization

PubMed Central

Kim, Eun Young; Rumpf, Christine H; Van Petegem, Filip; Arant, Ryan J; Findeisen, Felix; Cooley, Elizabeth S; Isacoff, Ehud Y; Minor, Daniel L

2010-01-01

Interactions between voltage-gated calcium channels (CaVs) and calmodulin (CaM) modulate CaV function. In this study, we report the structure of a Ca2+/CaM CaV1.2 C-terminal tail complex that contains two PreIQ helices bridged by two Ca2+/CaMs and two Ca2+/CaM–IQ domain complexes. Sedimentation equilibrium experiments establish that the complex has a 2:1 Ca2+/CaM:C-terminal tail stoichiometry and does not form higher order assemblies. Moreover, subunit-counting experiments demonstrate that in live cell membranes CaV1.2s are monomers. Thus, contrary to previous proposals, the crystallographic dimer lacks physiological relevance. Isothermal titration calorimetry and biochemical experiments show that the two Ca2+/CaMs in the complex have different properties. Ca2+/CaM bound to the PreIQ C-region is labile, whereas Ca2+/CaM bound to the IQ domain is not. Furthermore, neither of lobes of apo-CaM interacts strongly with the PreIQ domain. Electrophysiological studies indicate that the PreIQ C-region has a role in calcium-dependent facilitation. Together, the data show that two Ca2+/CaMs can bind the CaV1.2 tail simultaneously and indicate a functional role for Ca2+/CaM at the C-region site. PMID:20953164

Multiple C-terminal tail Ca(2+)/CaMs regulate Ca(V)1.2 function but do not mediate channel dimerization.

PubMed

Kim, Eun Young; Rumpf, Christine H; Van Petegem, Filip; Arant, Ryan J; Findeisen, Felix; Cooley, Elizabeth S; Isacoff, Ehud Y; Minor, Daniel L

2010-12-01

Interactions between voltage-gated calcium channels (Ca(V)s) and calmodulin (CaM) modulate Ca(V) function. In this study, we report the structure of a Ca(2+)/CaM Ca(V)1.2 C-terminal tail complex that contains two PreIQ helices bridged by two Ca(2+)/CaMs and two Ca(2+)/CaM-IQ domain complexes. Sedimentation equilibrium experiments establish that the complex has a 2:1 Ca(2+)/CaM:C-terminal tail stoichiometry and does not form higher order assemblies. Moreover, subunit-counting experiments demonstrate that in live cell membranes Ca(V)1.2s are monomers. Thus, contrary to previous proposals, the crystallographic dimer lacks physiological relevance. Isothermal titration calorimetry and biochemical experiments show that the two Ca(2+)/CaMs in the complex have different properties. Ca(2+)/CaM bound to the PreIQ C-region is labile, whereas Ca(2+)/CaM bound to the IQ domain is not. Furthermore, neither of lobes of apo-CaM interacts strongly with the PreIQ domain. Electrophysiological studies indicate that the PreIQ C-region has a role in calcium-dependent facilitation. Together, the data show that two Ca(2+)/CaMs can bind the Ca(V)1.2 tail simultaneously and indicate a functional role for Ca(2+)/CaM at the C-region site.

Rarefaction-driven Rayleigh–Taylor instability. Part 2. Experiments and simulations in the nonlinear regime

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Morgan, R. V.; Cabot, W. H.; Greenough, J. A.

Experiments and large eddy simulation (LES) were performed to study the development of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability into the saturated, nonlinear regime, produced between two gases accelerated by a rarefaction wave. Single-mode two-dimensional, and single-mode three-dimensional initial perturbations were introduced on the diffuse interface between the two gases prior to acceleration. The rarefaction wave imparts a non-constant acceleration, and a time decreasing Atwood number,more » $$A=(\\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2}-\\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{1})/(\\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2}+\\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{1})$$, where$$\\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2}$$and$$\\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{1}$$are the densities of the heavy and light gas, respectively. Experiments and simulations are presented for initial Atwood numbers of$A=0.49$$,$$A=0.63$$,$$A=0.82$$and$$A=0.94$$. Nominally two-dimensional (2-D) experiments (initiated with nearly 2-D perturbations) and 2-D simulations are observed to approach an intermediate-time velocity plateau that is in disagreement with the late-time velocity obtained from the incompressible model of Goncharov (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 88, 2002, 134502). Reacceleration from an intermediate velocity is observed for 2-D bubbles in large wavenumber,$$k=2\\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/\\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=0.247~\\text{mm}^{-1}$$, experiments and simulations, where$$\\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$is the wavelength of the initial perturbation. At moderate Atwood numbers, the bubble and spike velocities approach larger values than those predicted by Goncharov’s model. These late-time velocity trends are predicted well by numerical simulations using the LLNL Miranda code, and by the 2009 model of Mikaelian (Phys. Fluids., vol. 21, 2009, 024103) that extends Layzer type models to variable acceleration and density. Large Atwood number experiments show a delayed roll up, and exhibit a free-fall like behaviour. Finally, experiments initiated with three-dimensional perturbations tend to agree better with models and a simulation using the LLNL Ares code initiated with an axisymmetric rather than Cartesian symmetry.« less

Rarefaction-driven Rayleigh–Taylor instability. Part 2. Experiments and simulations in the nonlinear regime

DOE PAGES

Morgan, R. V.; Cabot, W. H.; Greenough, J. A.; ...

2018-01-12

Experiments and large eddy simulation (LES) were performed to study the development of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability into the saturated, nonlinear regime, produced between two gases accelerated by a rarefaction wave. Single-mode two-dimensional, and single-mode three-dimensional initial perturbations were introduced on the diffuse interface between the two gases prior to acceleration. The rarefaction wave imparts a non-constant acceleration, and a time decreasing Atwood number,more » $$A=(\\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2}-\\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{1})/(\\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2}+\\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{1})$$, where$$\\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2}$$and$$\\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{1}$$are the densities of the heavy and light gas, respectively. Experiments and simulations are presented for initial Atwood numbers of$A=0.49$$,$$A=0.63$$,$$A=0.82$$and$$A=0.94$$. Nominally two-dimensional (2-D) experiments (initiated with nearly 2-D perturbations) and 2-D simulations are observed to approach an intermediate-time velocity plateau that is in disagreement with the late-time velocity obtained from the incompressible model of Goncharov (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 88, 2002, 134502). Reacceleration from an intermediate velocity is observed for 2-D bubbles in large wavenumber,$$k=2\\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/\\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=0.247~\\text{mm}^{-1}$$, experiments and simulations, where$$\\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$is the wavelength of the initial perturbation. At moderate Atwood numbers, the bubble and spike velocities approach larger values than those predicted by Goncharov’s model. These late-time velocity trends are predicted well by numerical simulations using the LLNL Miranda code, and by the 2009 model of Mikaelian (Phys. Fluids., vol. 21, 2009, 024103) that extends Layzer type models to variable acceleration and density. Large Atwood number experiments show a delayed roll up, and exhibit a free-fall like behaviour. Finally, experiments initiated with three-dimensional perturbations tend to agree better with models and a simulation using the LLNL Ares code initiated with an axisymmetric rather than Cartesian symmetry.« less

Optimal tracers for parallel labeling experiments and 13C metabolic flux analysis: A new precision and synergy scoring system.

PubMed

Crown, Scott B; Long, Christopher P; Antoniewicz, Maciek R

2016-11-01

13 C-Metabolic flux analysis ( 13 C-MFA) is a widely used approach in metabolic engineering for quantifying intracellular metabolic fluxes. The precision of fluxes determined by 13 C-MFA depends largely on the choice of isotopic tracers and the specific set of labeling measurements. A recent advance in the field is the use of parallel labeling experiments for improved flux precision and accuracy. However, as of today, no systemic methods exist for identifying optimal tracers for parallel labeling experiments. In this contribution, we have addressed this problem by introducing a new scoring system and evaluating thousands of different isotopic tracer schemes. Based on this extensive analysis we have identified optimal tracers for 13 C-MFA. The best single tracers were doubly 13 C-labeled glucose tracers, including [1,6- 13 C]glucose, [5,6- 13 C]glucose and [1,2- 13 C]glucose, which consistently produced the highest flux precision independent of the metabolic flux map (here, 100 random flux maps were evaluated). Moreover, we demonstrate that pure glucose tracers perform better overall than mixtures of glucose tracers. For parallel labeling experiments the optimal isotopic tracers were [1,6- 13 C]glucose and [1,2- 13 C]glucose. Combined analysis of [1,6- 13 C]glucose and [1,2- 13 C]glucose labeling data improved the flux precision score by nearly 20-fold compared to widely use tracer mixture 80% [1- 13 C]glucose +20% [U- 13 C]glucose. Copyright © 2016 International Metabolic Engineering Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Visual Range: Concepts, Instrumental Determination, and Aviation Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-03-01

OF CONTENTS 0NAiRO5NCm Page.. . . .. .... . ... ... .. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION -ls-IB- TI- R/- va-u’ g C-DES- CHAPTER 2 DEFINITION OF TERMS 2-1 2.1...Landing Aids Experiment Station. 3-11 3.8 Locations of transmissometers and ceilometer proposed by Mr. G . H. Stocker of the Landing Aids Experiment Station...his associates, espeofally J. F. Davis and J. C. Wilkerson; to D. H1. Hutchison and G . H. Stocker, Meteorologists at the Landing Aids Experiment Station

Oxidation and gum formation in diesel fuels. Interim technical report, May-December 1985

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mayo, F.R.

1985-12-20

This Report describes experiments on oxidation and gum formation from n-dodecane, tetralin, and several diesel fuels at 43, 60, and 100 C, with and without added initiators, t-butyl peroxide and 2,2'azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (ABN). Experiments on gum determination and a manuscript for publication, Gum and Deposit Formation from Jet Turbine and Diesel Fuels at 100 C, are included. One objective of work on this Contract is to relate oxidations of diesel fuels at 100 and 130 C, where experiments can be performed in hours or days, to standard tests for fuel stability at ambient temperatures and 43.3 C (110 F), which requiremore » many weeks. A second objective is to devise a fast test for fuel stability.« less

Orosensory responsiveness to and preference for hydroxide-containing salts in mice.

PubMed

St John, Steven J; Boughter, John D

2009-07-01

Historically, taste researchers have considered the possibility that the gustatory system detects basic compounds, such as those containing the hydroxide ion, but evidence for an "alkaline taste" has not been strong. We found that, in 48 h, 2-bottle preference tests, C3HeB/FeJ (C3) mice showed a preference for Ca(OH)(2), whereas SWR/J (SW) mice showed avoidance. Strain differences were also apparent to NaOH but not CaCl(2). Follow-up studies showed that the strain difference for Ca(OH)(2) was stable over time (Experiment 2) but that C3 and SW mice did not differ in their responses to Ca(OH)(2) or NaOH in brief-access tests, where both mice avoided high concentrations of these compounds (Experiment 3). In order to assess the perceived quality of Ca(OH)(2), mice were tested in 2 taste aversion generalization experiments (Experiments 4 and 5). Aversions to Ca(OH)(2) generalized to NaOH but not CaCl(2) in both strains, suggesting that the generalization was based on the hydroxide ion. Both strains also generalized aversions to quinine, suggesting the possibility that the hydroxide ion has a bitter taste quality to these mice, despite the preference shown by C3 mice to middle concentrations in long-term tests.

Development of mRuby2-Transfected C3H10T1/2 Fibroblasts for Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering

PubMed Central

Yang, Yunzhi Peter

2015-01-01

Mouse C3H10T1/2 fibroblasts are multipotent, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like progenitor cells that are widely used in musculoskeletal research. In this study, we have established a clonal population of C3H10T1/2 cells stably-transfected with mRuby2, an orange-red fluorescence reporter gene. Flow cytometry analysis and fluorescence imaging confirmed successful transfection of these cells. Cell counting studies showed that untransfected C3H10T1/2 cells and mRuby2-transfected C3H10T1/2 cells proliferated at similar rates. Adipogenic differentiation experiments demonstrated that untransfected C3H10T1/2 cells and mRuby2-transfected C3H10T1/2 cells stained positive for Oil Red O and showed increased expression of adipogenic genes including adiponectin and lipoprotein lipase. Chondrogenic differentiation experiments demonstrated that untransfected C3H10T1/2 cells and mRuby2-transfected C3H10T1/2 cells stained positive for Alcian Blue and showed increased expression of chondrogenic genes including aggrecan. Osteogenic differentiation experiments demonstrated that untransfected C3H10T1/2 cells and mRuby2-transfected C3H10T1/2 cells stained positive for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as Alizarin Red and showed increased expression of osteogenic genes including alp, ocn and osf-1. When seeded on calcium phosphate-based ceramic scaffolds, mRuby2-transfected C3H10T1/2 cells maintained even fluorescence labeling and osteogenic differentiation. In summary, mRuby2-transfected C3H10T1/2 cells exhibit mRuby2 fluorescence and showed little-to-no difference in terms of cell proliferation and differentiation as untransfected C3H10T1/2 cells. These cells will be available from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; CRL-3268™) and may be a valuable tool for preclinical studies. PMID:26407291

Development of mRuby2-Transfected C3H10T1/2 Fibroblasts for Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering.

PubMed

Ker, Dai Fei Elmer; Sharma, Rashmi; Wang, Evelyna Tsi Hsin; Yang, Yunzhi Peter

2015-01-01

Mouse C3H10T1/2 fibroblasts are multipotent, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like progenitor cells that are widely used in musculoskeletal research. In this study, we have established a clonal population of C3H10T1/2 cells stably-transfected with mRuby2, an orange-red fluorescence reporter gene. Flow cytometry analysis and fluorescence imaging confirmed successful transfection of these cells. Cell counting studies showed that untransfected C3H10T1/2 cells and mRuby2-transfected C3H10T1/2 cells proliferated at similar rates. Adipogenic differentiation experiments demonstrated that untransfected C3H10T1/2 cells and mRuby2-transfected C3H10T1/2 cells stained positive for Oil Red O and showed increased expression of adipogenic genes including adiponectin and lipoprotein lipase. Chondrogenic differentiation experiments demonstrated that untransfected C3H10T1/2 cells and mRuby2-transfected C3H10T1/2 cells stained positive for Alcian Blue and showed increased expression of chondrogenic genes including aggrecan. Osteogenic differentiation experiments demonstrated that untransfected C3H10T1/2 cells and mRuby2-transfected C3H10T1/2 cells stained positive for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as Alizarin Red and showed increased expression of osteogenic genes including alp, ocn and osf-1. When seeded on calcium phosphate-based ceramic scaffolds, mRuby2-transfected C3H10T1/2 cells maintained even fluorescence labeling and osteogenic differentiation. In summary, mRuby2-transfected C3H10T1/2 cells exhibit mRuby2 fluorescence and showed little-to-no difference in terms of cell proliferation and differentiation as untransfected C3H10T1/2 cells. These cells will be available from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; CRL-3268™) and may be a valuable tool for preclinical studies.

Potential effects of earthworm activity on C and N dynamics in tropical paddy soil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

John, Katharina; Zaitsev, Andrey S.; Wolters, Volkmar

2016-04-01

Earthworms are involved in key ecosystem processes and are generally considered important for sustainable crop production. However, their provision of essential ecosystem services and contribution to tropical soil carbon and nitrogen balance in rice-based agroecosystems are not yet completely understood. We carried out two microcosm experiments to quantify the impact of a tropical earthworm Pheretima sp. from the Philippines on C and N turnover in rice paddy soils. First one was conducted to understand the modulation impact of soil water saturation level and nitrogen fertilizer input intensity on C and N cycles. The second one focused on the importance of additional organic matter (rice straw) amendment on the earthworm modulation of mineralization in non-flooded conditions. We measured CO2, CH4 (Experiments 1 and 2) and N2O evolution (Experiment 2) from rice paddy soil collected at the fields of the International Rice Research Institute (Philippines). Further we analysed changes in soil C and N content as well as nutrient loss via leaching induced by earthworms (Experiment 2). Addition of earthworms resulted in the strong increase of CH4 release under flooded conditions as well as after rice straw amendment. Compared to flooded conditions, earthworms suppressed the distinct CO2 respiration maximum at intermediate soil water saturation levels. In the first few days after the experiment establishment (Experiment 1) intensive nitrogen application resulted in the suppression of CO2 emission by earthworms at non-flooded soil conditions. However, at the longer term perspective addressed in the second experiment (30 days) earthworm activity rather increased average soil respiration under intensive fertilization or rice straw amendment. The lowest N2O release rates were revealed in the microcosms with earthworm and straw treatments. The combined effect of N fertilizer and straw addition to microcosms resulted in the increased leachate volume due to earthworm bioturbation activity. The mean relative C loss with leaching was increased by earthworms under intensive fertilization and consequently resulting soil C content in the end of Experiment 2 decreased. N concentration in the leachate remained unaffected by earthworms although the remaining N content in soil with straw application and earthworm treatment was significantly higher than in the control. Our results showed that the potential role of earthworms in C-stabilization is confined to moderately irrigated soils that allow high earthworm activity. Earthworm effects on C and N release under non-flooded conditions were largely modulated by the application of N fertilizer (urea) and by the amendment of rice straw. Our findings suggest that the presence of earthworms significantly affect C and N budgets in rice paddy soil, especially in the intensively managed non-flooded fields. In the short term perspective they sequester C and N loss from soil. However, in the longer term (ca. 30 days) this sequestration effect remains significant only for nitrogen under the straw application treatment. The study was supported by ICON project within the DFG-Research Unit FOR 1701.

A complete 1H and 13C NMR data assignment for the diterpene methyl (-)-zanzibarate by 2D spectroscopy and NOE experiments.

PubMed

Imamura, P M; Miranda, P C M L; Giacomini, R A

2004-06-01

The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of methyl (-)-zanzibarate (1), an ent-labdanic diterpene isolated from the epicarp of Hymenaea courbaril var. altissima (Leguminosaea, Cesalpinoideae, Detariae), was fully assigned by COSY experiments, 13C/1H shift correlation diagrams and NOE experiments. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Neutralization of RANTES and Eotaxin Prevents the Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons in a Mouse Model of Parkinson Disease*

PubMed Central

Chandra, Goutam; Rangasamy, Suresh B.; Roy, Avik; Kordower, Jeffrey H.; Pahan, Kalipada

2016-01-01

Parkinson disease (PD) is second only to Alzheimer disease as the most common human neurodegenerative disorder. Despite intense investigation, no interdictive therapy is available for PD. Recent studies indicate that both innate and adaptive immune processes are active in PD. Accordingly, we found a rapid increase in RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) and eotaxin, chemokines that are involved in T cell trafficking, in vivo in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the serum of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-intoxicated mice. RANTES and eotaxin were also up-regulated in the substantia nigra pars compacta of post-mortem PD brains as compared with age-matched controls. Therefore, we investigated whether neutralization of RANTES and eotaxin could protect against nigrostriatal degeneration in MPTP-intoxicated mice. Interestingly, after peripheral administration, functional blocking antibodies against RANTES and eotaxin reduced the infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the nigra, attenuated nigral expression of proinflammatory molecules, and suppressed nigral activation of glial cells. These findings paralleled dopaminergic neuronal protection, normalized striatal neurotransmitters, and improved motor functions in MPTP-intoxicated mice. Therefore, we conclude that attenuation of the chemokine-dependent adaptive immune response may be of therapeutic benefit for PD patients. PMID:27226559

Effects of fatty acid oxidation products (green odor) on rumen bacterial populations and lipid metabolism in vitro.

PubMed

Lee, M R F; Huws, S A; Scollan, N D; Dewhurst, R J

2007-08-01

This study investigated the effects of green odor fatty acid oxidation products (FAOP) from cut grass on lipid metabolism and microbial ecology using in vitro incubations of rumen microorganisms. These compounds have antimicrobial roles in plant defense, and we hypothesized that they may influence rumen lipid metabolism. Further, they may partially explain the higher levels of conjugated linoleic acid cis-9, trans-11 in milk from cows grazing pasture. The first of 2 batch culture experiments screened 6 FAOP (1 hydroperoxide, 3 aldehydes, 1 ketone, and 1 alcohol) for effects on lipid profile, and in particular C(18) polyunsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation. Experiment 2 used the most potent FAOP to determine effects of varying concentrations and identify relationships with effects on microbial ecology. Batch cultures contained anaerobic buffer, rumen liquor, and FAOP to a final concentration of 100 microM for experiment 1. Triplicates for each compound and controls (water addition) were incubated at 39 degrees C for 6 h. The hydroperoxide (1,2-dimethylethyl hydroperoxide, 1,2-DMEH) and the long chain aldehyde (trans-2 decenal) had the largest effects on lipid metabolism with significant increases in C(18:0) and C(18:1) trans and reductions in C(12:0), C(14:0), C(16:0), C(18:1) cis, C(18:2n-6), C(18:3n-3), C(20:0) and total branch and odd chain fatty acids compared with the control. This was associated with significantly higher biohydrogenation of C(18) polyunsaturated fatty acid. In experiment 2, 1,2-DMEH was incubated at 50, 100, and 200 microM for 2, 6, and 24 h. Increasing 1,2-DMEH concentration resulted in a significant linear increase in C(18:1) trans-10, trans-11, conjugated linoleic acid, and C(18:0) and a linear decrease in C(18:2n-6) and C(18:3n-3), although the scale of this response declined with time. Microbial profiling techniques showed that 1,2-DMEH at concentrations of 100 and 200 microM changed the microbial community from as early as 2 h after addition, though microbial biomass remained similar. These preliminary studies have shown that FAOP can alter fatty acid biohydrogenation in the rumen. This change was associated with changes in the microbial population that were detected through DNA and branched- and odd-chain fatty acid profiling approaches.

Adding Biotin to Parenteral Nutrition Solutions Without Lipid Accelerates the Growth of Candida albicans.

PubMed

Kuwahara, Takashi; Kaneda, Shinya; Shimono, Kazuyuki

2016-01-01

We have previously demonstrated that Candida albicans requires multivitamins (MVs) or lipid to increase rapidly in parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions. In this study, in detail, the effects of vitamins on the growth of C. albicans in PN solutions without lipid were investigated. In the 1st experiment, a commercial PN solution without lipid was supplemented with water-soluble vitamins (SVs: vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12 and C, folic acid, nicotinamide, biotin and panthenol), water-insoluble vitamins (IVs: vitamins A, D, E and K) or both (MVs). In the 2nd experiment, the test solutions were prepared by supplementing the PN solution with one of each or all of the SVs. In the 3rd experiment, another commercial peripheral PN (PPN) solution without lipid was supplemented with SVs, nicotinic acid, biotin or both nicotinic acid and biotin. In each of the experiments, a specified number of C. albicans organisms was added to each test solution, and all of the test solutions were allowed to stand at room temperature (23-26ºC). The number of C. albicans was counted at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the addition of the organism. In the 1st experiment, the C. albicans increased rapidly in the PN solution supplemented with the SVs, but increased slowly without the SVs, regardless of the addition of the IVs. In the 2nd experiment, the C. albicans increased rapidly in the PN solution supplemented with the SVs or biotin, but increased slowly with each of the other water-soluble vitamins. In the 3rd experiment, the C. albicans increased rapidly in the PPN solution supplemented with the SVs or biotin, but increased slowly with the addition of nicotinic acid. These results suggested that adding MVs or SVs to PN solutions without lipid promotes the growth of C. albicans, and that this effect is mostly attributable to biotin.

Nitrate removal from agricultural drainage ditch sediments with amendments of organic carbon: Potential for an innovative best management practice

USGS Publications Warehouse

Faust, Derek R.; Kröger, Robert; Miranda, Leandro E.; Rush, Scott A.

2016-01-01

Agricultural fertilizer applications have resulted in loading of nutrients to agricultural drainage ditches in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley. The purpose of this study was to determine effects of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) amendments on nitrate-nitrogen (NO3−-N) removal from overlying water, pore water, and sediment of an agricultural drainage ditch. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, control (i.e., no amendment), DOC, and POC treatments were applied in laboratory microcosms for time intervals of 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. In experiment 2, control, DOC, and POC treatments were applied in microcosms at C/N ratios of 5:1, 10:1, 15:1, and 20:1. There were statistically significant effects of organic carbon amendments in experiment 1 (F2,71 = 27.1, P < 0.001) and experiment 2 (F2,53 = 39.1, P < 0.001), time (F1,71 = 14.5, P < 0.001) in experiment 1, and C/N ratio (F1,53 = 36.5, P < 0.001) in experiment 2. NO3−-N removal varied from 60 to 100 % in overlying water among all treatments. The lowest NO3−-N removals in experiment 1 were observed in the control at 14 and 28 days, which were significantly less than in DOC and POC 14- and 28-day treatments. In experiment 2, significantly less NO3−-N was removed in overlying water of the control compared to DOC and POC treatments at all C/N ratios. Amendments of DOC and POC made to drainage ditch sediment: (1) increased NO3−-N removal, especially over longer time intervals (14 to 28 days); (2) increased NO3−-N removal, regardless of C/N ratio; and (3) NO3−-N removal was best at a 5:1 C/N ratio. This study provides support for continued investigation on the use of organic carbon amendments as a best management practice for NO3−-N removal in agricultural drainage ditches.

A sequential assignment procedure for proteins that have intermediate line widths in MAS NMR spectra: amyloid fibrils of human CA150.WW2.

PubMed

Becker, Johanna; Ferguson, Neil; Flinders, Jeremy; van Rossum, Barth-Jan; Fersht, Alan R; Oschkinat, Hartmut

2008-08-11

The second WW domain (WW2) of CA150, a human transcriptional activator, forms amyloid fibrils in vitro under physiological conditions. Based on experimental constraints from MAS NMR spectroscopy experiments, alanine scanning and electron microscopy, a structural model of CA150.WW2 amyloid fibrils was calculated earlier. Here, the assignment strategy is presented and suggested as a general approach for proteins that show intermediate line width. The (13)C,(13)C correlation experiments were recorded on fully or partially (13)C-labelled fibrils. The earlier (13)C assignment (26 residues) was extended to 34 of the 40 residues by direct (13)C-excitation experiments by using a deuterated sample that showed strongly improved line width. A 3D HNC-TEDOR (transferred-echo double-resonance) experiment with deuterated CA150.WW2 fibrils yielded 14 amide nitrogen and proton resonance assignments. The obtained chemical shifts were compared with the chemical shifts determined with the natively folded WW domain. TALOS (Torsion angle likelihood obtained from shift and sequence similarity) predictions confirmed that, under physiological conditions, the fibrillar form of CA150.WW2 adopts a significantly different beta structure than the native WW-domain fold.

A weak-light-responsive TiO2/g-C3N4 composite film: photocatalytic activity under low-intensity light irradiation.

PubMed

Wang, Peifang; Guo, Xiang; Rao, Lei; Wang, Chao; Guo, Yong; Zhang, Lixin

2018-05-10

A TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 composite photocatalytic film was prepared by in situ synthesis method and its photocatalytic capability under weak-visible-light condition was studied. The co-precursor with different ratio of melamine and TiO 2 sol-gel precursor were treated using ultrasonic mixing, physical deposition, and co-sintering method to form the smooth, white-yellow, and compact TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 composite films. The prepared TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 materials were characterized by SEM, TEM, EDS, XRD, BET, VBXPS, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra. The results of composite showed that TiO 2 and g-C 3 N 4 have close interfacial connections which are favorable to charge transfer between these two semiconductors with suitable band structure, g-C 3 N 4 retard the anatase-to-rutile phase transition of TiO 2 significantly, the specific surface area were increased with g-C 3 N 4 ratio raised. Under weak-light irradiation, composite films photocatalytic experiments exhibited RhB removal efficiency approaching 90% after three recycles. Powders suspension degradation experiments revealed the removal efficiency of TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 (90.8%) was higher than pure TiO 2 (52.1%) and slightly lower than pure g-C 3 N 4 (96.6%). By control experiment, the enhanced photocatalysis is ascribed to the combination of TiO 2 and g-C 3 N 4 , which not only produced thin films with greater stability but also formed heterojunctions that can be favorable to charge transfer between these two semiconductors with suitable band structure. This study presents the potential application of photocatalytic film in the wastewater treatment under weak-light situation.

Effect of the dose of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme preparations on preingestive fiber hydrolysis, ruminal fermentation, and in vitro digestibility of bermudagrass haylage.

PubMed

Romero, J J; Zarate, M A; Adesogan, A T

2015-01-01

Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of the dose rates of 5 Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus oryzae exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE; 1A, 2A, 11C, 13D, and 15D) on in vitro digestibility, fermentation characteristics, and preingestive hydrolysis of bermudagrass haylage and to identify the optimal dose of each EFE for subsequent in vitro and in vivo studies. In experiment 1, EFE were diluted in citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 6) and applied in quadruplicate in each of 2 runs at 0× (control), 0.5×, 1×, 2×, and 3×; where 1× was the respective manufacturer-recommended dose (2.25, 2.25, 10, 15, and 15g of EFE/kg of dry matter). The suspension was incubated for 24h at 25°C and for a further 24h at 39°C after the addition of ruminal fluid. In experiment 2, a similar approach to that in experiment 1 was used to evaluate simulated preingestive effects, except that sodium azide (0.02% wt/vol) was added to the EFE solution. The suspension was incubated for 24h at 25°C and then 15mL of water was added before filtration to extract water-soluble compounds. For both experiments, data for each enzyme were analyzed separately as a completely randomized block design with a model that included effects of EFE dose, run, and their interaction. In experiment 1, increasing the EFE dose rate nonlinearly increased the DM digestibility of 1A, 2A, 11C, and 13D and the neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) of 1A, 2A, 11C, and 13D. Optimal doses of 1A, 2A, 11C, 13D, and 15D, as indicated by the greatest increases in NDFD at the lowest dose tested, were 2×, 2×, 1×, 0.5×, and 0.5×, respectively. Increasing the dose rate of 2A, 11C, and 13D nonlinearly increased concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and propionate (mM), decreased their acetate-to-propionate ratios and linearly decreased those of samples treated with 1A and 15D. In experiment 2, increasing the dose rate of each EFE nonlinearly decreased concentrations of netural detergent fiber; also, increasing the dose rate of 1A, 2A, 11C, and 1D nonlinearly increased concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates and free ferulic acid (μg/g). Application of increasing doses of the EFE increased NDF hydrolysis, NDFD, and ruminal fluid fermentation of bermudagrass haylage, but the optimal dose varied with the EFE. Copyright © 2015 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

(3, 2)D 1H, 13C BIRDr,X-HSQC-TOCSY for NMR structure elucidation of mixtures: application to complex carbohydrates.

PubMed

Brodaczewska, Natalia; Košťálová, Zuzana; Uhrín, Dušan

2018-02-01

Overlap of NMR signals is the major cause of difficulties associated with NMR structure elucidation of molecules contained in complex mixtures. A 2D homonuclear correlation spectroscopy in particular suffers from low dispersion of 1 H chemical shifts; larger dispersion of 13 C chemical shifts is often used to reduce this overlap, while still providing the proton-proton correlation information e.g. in the form of a 2D 1 H, 13 C HSQC-TOCSY experiment. For this methodology to work, 13 C chemical shift must be resolved. In case of 13 C chemical shifts overlap, 1 H chemical shifts can be used to achieve the desired resolution. The proposed (3, 2)D 1 H, 13 C BIRD r,X -HSQC-TOCSY experiment achieves this while preserving singlet character of cross peaks in the F 1 dimension. The required high-resolution in the 13 C dimension is thus retained, while the cross peak overlap occurring in a regular HSQC-TOCSY experiment is eliminated. The method is illustrated on the analysis of a complex carbohydrate mixture obtained by depolymerisation of a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate isolated from the body wall of the sea cucumber Holothuria forskali.

Corrosion Behavior of Steels in Supercritical CO 2 for Power Cycle Applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Repukaiti, Richard; Teeter, Lucas; Ziomek-Moroz, Margaret

In order to understand issues with corrosion of heat exchanger materials in direct supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2) power cycles, a series of autoclave exposure experiments and electrochemical experiments have been conducted. Corrosion behaviors of 347H stainless steel and P91 martensitic-ferrtic steel in sCO 2 environment have been compared. In autoclave exposure tests performed at 50°C- 245°C and 80 bar. Mass change measurements, surface characterization, and corrosion product analysis have been conducted to understand the corrosion behavior of steels in sCO 2 containing H 2O and O 2. Electrochemical tests performed at room temperature and 50°C, a simulation environment ofmore » water condensation phase with dissolved CO 2 was prepared to evaluate the corrosion resistance of materials. From both types of experiments, generally 347H showed higher corrosion resistance than P91.« less

A role of nucleus accumbens dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens core, but not shell, in fear prediction error.

PubMed

Li, Susan S Y; McNally, Gavan P

2015-08-01

Two experiments used an associative blocking design to study the role of dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) and core (AcbC) in fear prediction error. Rats in the experimental groups were trained to a visual fear-conditioned stimulus (conditional stimulus [CS]) A in Stage I, whereas rats in the control groups were not. In Stage II, all rats received compound fear conditioning of the visual CSA and an auditory CSB. Rats were later tested for their fear responses to CSB. All rats received microinjections of saline or the D1-D2 receptor antagonist cis-(z)-flupenthixol prior to Stage II. These microinjections targeted either the AcbSh (Experiment 1) or the AcbC (Experiment 2). In each experiment, Stage I fear conditioning of CSA blocked fear learning to CSB. Microinjection of cis-(z)-flupenthixol (10 or 20 μg) into the AcbSh (Experiment 1) had no effect on fear learning or associative blocking. In contrast, microinjection of cis-(z)-flupenthixol (10 or 20 μg) into the AcbC (Experiment 2) attenuated blocking and so enabled fear learning to CSB. These results identify the AcbC as the critical locus for dopamine receptor contributions to fear prediction error and the associative blocking of fear learning. (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).

Laboratory-derived temperature preference and effect on the feeding rate and survival of juvenile Hemimysis anomala

USGS Publications Warehouse

Sun, Jennifer; Rudstam, Lars S.; Boscarino, Brent T.; Walsh, Maureen G.; Lantry, Brian F.

2013-01-01

Hemimysis anomala is a warm-water mysid that invaded the Great Lakes region in 2006 and has since rapidly spread throughout the basin. We conducted three laboratory experiments to better define the temperature preference, tolerance limits, and temperature effects on feeding rates of juvenile Hemimysis, using individuals acclimated to mid (16 °C) and upper (22 °C) preferred temperature values previously reported for the species. For temperature preference, we fit a two-parameter Gaussian (μ, σ) function to the experimental data, and found that the peak values (μ, interpreted as the preference temperature) were 22.0 °C (SE 0.25) when acclimated to 16 and 21.9 °C (SE 0.38) when acclimated to 22 °C, with the σ-values of the curves at 2.6 and 2.5 °C, respectively. No mysids were observed in temperatures below 10 or above 28 °C in these preference experiments. In short-term tolerance experiments for temperatures between 4 and 32 °C, all mysids died within 8 h at 30.2 °C for 16 °C acclimated mysids, and at 31.8 °C for 22 °C acclimated mysids. No lower lethal limit was found. Feeding rates increased with temperature from an average of 4 Bosmina eaten per hour at 5 °C to 19 Bosmina eaten per hour at 27 °C. The results of our experiments indicate an optimal temperature for Hemimysis between 21 and 27 °C, which corresponds with temperatures during periods of high population growth in the field. These results contribute a better understanding of this species' biological response to temperature that will help guide field studies and inform bioenergetics modeling.

Laboratory photochemical processing of aqueous aerosols: formation and degradation of dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pavuluri, C. M.; Kawamura, K.; Mihalopoulos, N.; Swaminathan, T.

2015-01-01

To better understand the photochemical processing of dicarboxylic acids and related polar compounds, we conducted batch UV irradiation experiments on two types of aerosol samples collected from India, which represent anthropogenic (AA) and biogenic aerosols (BA), for time periods of 0.5 to 120 h. The irradiated samples were analyzed for molecular compositions of diacids, oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls. The results show that photochemical degradation of oxalic (C2) and malonic (C3) and other C8-C12 diacids overwhelmed their production in aqueous aerosols whereas succinic acid (C4) and C5-C7 diacids showed a significant increase (ca. 10 times) during the course of irradiation experiments. The photochemical formation of oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls overwhelmed their degradation during the early stages of experiment, except for ω-oxooctanoic acid (ωC8) that showed a similar pattern to that of C4. We also found a gradual decrease in the relative abundance of C2 to total diacids and an increase in the relative abundance of C4 during prolonged experiment. Based on the changes in concentrations and mass ratios of selected species with the irradiation time, we hypothesize that iron-catalyzed photolysis of C2 and C3 diacids dominates their concentrations in Fe-rich atmospheric waters, whereas photochemical formation of C4 diacid (via ωC8) is enhanced with photochemical processing of aqueous aerosols in the atmosphere. This study demonstrates that the ambient aerosols contain abundant precursors that produce diacids, oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls, although some species such as oxalic acid decompose extensively during an early stage of photochemical processing.

Laboratory photochemical processing of aqueous aerosols: formation and degradation of dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pavuluri, C. M.; Kawamura, K.; Mihalopoulos, N.; Swaminathan, T.

2015-07-01

To better understand the photochemical processing of dicarboxylic acids and related polar compounds, we conducted batch UV irradiation experiments on two types of aerosol samples collected from India, which represent anthropogenic (AA) and biogenic (BA) aerosols, for time periods of 0.5 to 120 h. The irradiated samples were analyzed for molecular compositions of diacids, oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls. The results show that photochemical degradation of oxalic (C2), malonic (C3) and other C8-C12 diacids overwhelmed their production in aqueous aerosols, whereas succinic acid (C4) and C5-C7 diacids showed a significant increase (ca. 10 times) during the course of irradiation experiments. The photochemical formation of oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls overwhelmed their degradation during the early stages of experiment except for ω-oxooctanoic acid (ωC8), which showed a similar pattern to that of C4. We also found a gradual decrease in the relative abundance of C2 to total diacids and an increase in the relative abundance of C4 during prolonged experiment. Based on the changes in concentrations and mass ratios of selected species with the irradiation time, we hypothesize that iron-catalyzed photolysis of C2 and C3 diacids controls their concentrations in Fe-rich atmospheric waters, whereas photochemical formation of C4 diacid (via ωC8) is enhanced with photochemical processing of aqueous aerosols in the atmosphere. This study demonstrates that the ambient aerosols contain abundant precursors that produce diacids, oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls, although some species such as oxalic acid decompose extensively during an early stage of photochemical processing.

Mental health disparities between Roma and non-Roma children in Romania and Bulgaria.

PubMed

Lee, Eric J; Keyes, Katherine; Bitfoi, Adina; Mihova, Zlatka; Pez, Ondine; Yoon, Elisha; Masfety, Viviane Kovess

2014-11-18

The Roma population, one of the largest minority groups in Europe, experience discrimination and stigma associated with marginalized social position. Few studies have examined mental illnesses in the Roma, and none have examined the Roma children. The present study estimates mental health and behavioral disorders among Roma children in comparison to non-Roma children in educational institutions. Data were drawn from the School Children Mental Health Study in Europe (SCHME) study in Romania (Roma children identified by parent report, N = 70; non-Roma, N = 925) and Bulgaria (Roma children identified by exclusively-Roma schools, N = 65; non-Roma, N = 1312). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was given to the parents and teachers to measure child mental health; children reported on their mental health through the Dominique Interactive. Control covariates included child sex and age, and parental characteristics when parent reports were available. Based on the child's own report, Roma children had a higher odds of any internalizing disorder (OR = 2.99, 95% C.I. 2.07-4.30), phobias (OR = 4.84, 95% C.I. 3.19-7.35), separation anxiety disorder (OR = 2.54, 95% C.I. 1.72-3.76), generalized anxiety disorder (OR = 2.95, 95% C.I. 1.75-4.96), and major depressive disorder (OR = 3.86, 95% C.I. 2.31-6.37). Further Roma children had a higher odds of any externalizing disorder (OR = 2.84, 95% C.I. 1.78-4.54), oppositional defiant disorder (OR = 3.35, 95% C.I. 1.93-5.82), ADHD (OR = 2.37, 95% C.I. 1.26-4.46), and conduct disorder (OR = 3.63, 95% C.I. 2.04-6.46). Based on the report of teachers, Roma children had higher odds of emotional problems (OR = 2.03, 95% C.I. 1.20-3.44), peer-relational problems (OR = 2.76, 95% C.I. 1.73-4.41) and prosocial behavior (OR = 2.75, 95% C.I. 1.75-4.33). Roma children experience a higher burden of mental health problems compared with their non-Roma counterparts. Attention to child health and mental health among the Roma is urgently needed, as these children experience a constellation of health problems associated with poverty as well as experiences of stigma and discrimination.

Absence of PDGF-induced, PKC-independent c-fos expression in a chemically transformed C3H/10T1/2 cell clone.

PubMed

Vassbotn, F S; Skar, R; Holmsen, H; Lillehaug, J R

1992-09-01

The effect of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on c-fos mRNA transcription was studied in the immortalized mouse embryo fibroblast C3H/10T1/2 Cl 8 (10T1/2) cells and the chemically transformed, tumorigenic subclone C3H/10T1/2 Cl 16 (Cl 16). In the 10T1/2 cells as well as the Cl 16 subclone, the dose-dependent PDGF stimulation of c-fos mRNA synthesis was similar in both logarithmically growing and confluent cultures. c-fos mRNA was induced severalfold by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in both 10T1/2 and Cl 16. Down-regulation of protein kinase C (PKC) activity by TPA pretreatment inhibited PDGF-stimulated c-fos mRNA expression in Cl 16 cells but did not affect this induction in the 10T1/2 cells. This inhibition was not a general phenomenon of 3-methylcholanthrene-mediated transformation of 10T1/2 cells since experiments with another transformed 10T1/2 cell clone, C3H/10T1/2 TPA 482, gave qualitatively the same results as the 10T1/2 cells. Receptor binding experiments showed that the nontransformed and transformed cells had a comparable number of PDGF receptors, 1.3 x 10(5) and 0.7 x 10(5) receptors per cell, respectively. Furthermore, cAMP-induced c-fos expression induced by forskolin is formerly shown to be independent of PKC down-regulation. In our experiments, forskolin induced c-fos expression in both clones. However, PKC down-regulation inhibited the forskolin-induced c-fos expression in Cl 16 cells. This apparently demonstrates cross talk between PKC and PKA in the c-fos induction pathway. The present results provide evidence for an impaired mechanism for activating c-fos expression through PKC-independent, PDGF-induced signal transduction in the chemically transformed Cl 16 fibroblasts compared to that in nontransformed 10T1/2 cells.

Decomposition of conifer tree bark under field conditions: effects of nitrogen and phosphorus additions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lopes de Gerenyu, Valentin; Kurganova, Irina; Kapitsa, Ekaterina; Shorokhova, Ekaterina

2016-04-01

In forest ecosystems, the processes of decomposition of coarse woody debris (CWD) can contribute significantly to the emission component of carbon (C) cycle and thus accelerate the greenhouse effect and global climate change. A better understanding of decomposition of CWD is required to refine estimates of the C balance in forest ecosystems and improve biogeochemical models. These estimates will in turn contribute to assessing the role of forests in maintaining their long-term productivity and other ecosystems services. We examined the decomposition rate of coniferous bark with added nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers in experiment under field conditions. The experiment was carried out in 2015 during 17 weeks in Moscow region (54o50'N, 37o36'E) under continental-temperate climatic conditions. The conifer tree bark mixture (ca. 70% of Norway spruce and 30% of Scots pine) was combined with soil and placed in piles of soil-bark substrate (SBS) with height of ca. 60 cm and surface area of ca. 3 m2. The dry mass ratio of bark to soil was 10:1. The experimental design included following treatments: (1) soil (Luvisols Haplic) without bark, (S), (2) pure SBS, (3) SBS with N addition in the amount of 1% of total dry bark mass (SBS-N), and (4) SBS with N and P addition in the amount of 1% of total dry bark mass for each element (SBS-NP). The decomposition rate expressed as CO2 emission flux, g C/m2/h was measured using closed chamber method 1-3 times per week from July to early November using LiCor 6400 (Nebraska, USA). During the experiment, we also controlled soil temperature at depths of 5, 20, 40, and 60 cm below surface of SBS using thermochrons iButton (DS1921G, USA). The pattern of CO2 emission rate from SBS depended strongly on fertilizing. The highest decomposition rates (DecR) of 2.8-5.6 g C/m2/h were observed in SBS-NP treatment during the first 6 weeks of experiment. The decay process of bark was less active in the treatment with only N addition. In this case the highest DecR of 1.9-4.1 g C/m2/h was observed in 2-7 weeks after the experiment started. The decay process of pure SBS treatment was slower than in SBS-N and SBS-NP. In this case, the maximal DecR varied between 1.8 and 3.6 g C/m2/h during 4-7 weeks. After 8-9 weeks of experiment, the DecR was almost the same in all SBS treatments and did not exceed 0.5-1.1 g C/m2/h. The DecR of pure soil was much lower compared to all SBS treatments and comprised 0.04-0.18 g C/m2/h. The total C loss from pure SBS amounted for 4.2 kg C/m2 while the fertilizer addition increased the intensity of bark decay by 37-48%. We observed higher rise of temperature during the experiment of SBS with N and P additions than in pure SBS. Concluding, the N and P amendments affected significantly both the pattern of CO2 emission rate and total C loss during decay processes of bark. This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (15-14-10023).

Human-experienced temperature changes exceed global average climate changes for all income groups

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hsiang, S. M.; Parshall, L.

2009-12-01

Global climate change alters local climates everywhere. Many climate change impacts, such as those affecting health, agriculture and labor productivity, depend on these local climatic changes, not global mean change. Traditional, spatially averaged climate change estimates are strongly influenced by the response of icecaps and oceans, providing limited information on human-experienced climatic changes. If used improperly by decision-makers, these estimates distort estimated costs of climate change. We overlay the IPCC’s 20 GCM simulations on the global population distribution to estimate local climatic changes experienced by the world population in the 21st century. The A1B scenario leads to a well-known rise in global average surface temperature of +2.0°C between the periods 2011-2030 and 2080-2099. Projected on the global population distribution in 2000, the median human will experience an annual average rise of +2.3°C (4.1°F) and the average human will experience a rise of +2.4°C (4.3°F). Less than 1% of the population will experience changes smaller than +1.0°C (1.8°F), while 25% and 10% of the population will experience changes greater than +2.9°C (5.2°F) and +3.5°C (6.2°F) respectively. 67% of the world population experiences temperature changes greater than the area-weighted average change of +2.0°C (3.6°F). Using two approaches to characterize the spatial distribution of income, we show that the wealthiest, middle and poorest thirds of the global population experience similar changes, with no group dominating the global average. Calculations for precipitation indicate that there is little change in average precipitation, but redistributions of precipitation occur in all income groups. These results suggest that economists and policy-makers using spatially averaged estimates of climate change to approximate local changes will systematically and significantly underestimate the impacts of climate change on the 21st century population. Top: The distribution of temperature changes experienced by the world population between 2011-2030 and 2080-2099. Lower 3 panels: Temperatures experienced 2011-2030 (dashed, circle = mean) and 2080-2099 (solid, cross = mean) by income tercile. The poor do not experience larger changes than the wealthy. However, the poor begin the 21st century at higher temperatures.

The Anharmonic Force Field of Ethylene, C2H4, by Means of Accurate Ab Initio Calculations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Martin, Jan M. L.; Lee, Timothy J.; Taylor, Peter R.; Francois, Jean-Pierre; Langhoff, Stephen R. (Technical Monitor)

1995-01-01

The quartic force field of ethylene, C2H4, has been calculated ab initio using augmented coupled cluster, CCSD(T), methods and correlation consistent basis sets of spdf quality. For the C-12 isotopomers C2H4, C2H3D, H2CCD2, cis-C2H2D2, trans-C2H2D2, C2HD3, and C2D4, all fundamentals could be reproduced to better than 10 per centimeter, except for three cases of severe Fermi type 1 resonance. The problem with these three bands is identified as a systematic overestimate of the Kiij Fermi resonance constants by a factor of two or more; if this is corrected for, the predicted fundamentals come into excellent agreement with experiment. No such systematic overestimate is seen for Fermi type 2 resonances. Our computed harmonic frequencies suggest a thorough revision of the accepted experimentally derived values. Our computed and empirically corrected re geometry differs substantially from experimentally derived values: both the predicted rz geometry and the ground-state rotational constants are, however, in excellent agreement with experiment, suggesting revision of the older values. Anharmonicity constants agree well with experiment for stretches, but differ substantially for stretch-bend interaction constants, due to equality constraints in the experimental analysis that do not hold. Improved criteria for detecting Fermi and Coriolis resonances are proposed and found to work well, contrary to the established method based on harmonic frequency differences that fails to detect several important resonances for C2H4 and its isotopomers. Surprisingly good results are obtained with a small spd basis at the CCSD(T) level. The well-documented strong basis set effect on the v8 out-of-plane motion is present to a much lesser extent when correlation-optimized polarization functions are used. Complete sets of anharmonic, rovibrational coupling, and centrifugal distortion constants for the isotopomers are available as supplementary material to the paper.

Infrared polar brightening on Jupiter. III - Spectrometry from the Voyager 1 IRIS experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kim, S. J.; Caldwell, J.; Rivolo, A. R.; Wagener, R.; Orton, G. S.

1985-01-01

Spectra from the Voyager 1 IRIS experiment confirm the existence of enhanced infrared emission near Jupiter's north magnetic pole in March 1979. The spectral characteristics of the enhanced emission are consistent with a Planck source function. A temperature-pressure profile is derived for the region near the north magnetic pole, from which quantitative abundance estimates of minor species are made. Some species previously detected on Jupiter, including CH3D, C2H2, and C2H6, have been observed again near the pole. Newly discovered species, not previously observed on Jupiter, include C2H4, C3H4, and C6H6. All of these species except CH3D appear to have enhanced abundances at the north polar region with respect to midlatitudes. Upper limits are determined for C4H2 and C3H8. The quantitative results are compared with model calculations based on ultraviolet results from the IUE satellite. The plausibility of the C6H6 identification is discussed in terms of the literature on C2H2 polymerization. The relation of C6H6 to cuprene is also discussed.

The shapes of fragments in hypervelocity impact experiments ranging from cratering to catastrophic disruption

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Michikami, T.; Hagermann, A.; Kadokawa, T.; Yoshida, A.; Shimada, A.; Hasegawa, S.; Tsuchiyama, A.

2015-12-01

Laboratory impact experiments have found that the shapes of impact fragments as defined by axes a, b and c, these being the maximum dimensions of the fragment in three mutually orthogonal planes (a ≥ b ≥ c) are distributed around mean values of the axial ratios b/a ~0.7 and c/a ~0.5, i.e., corresponding to a : b: c in the simple proportion 2: √2: 1. The shape distributions of some boulders on asteroid Eros, the small- and fast-rotating asteroids (diameter < 200 m and rotation period < 1 h), and asteroids in young families, are similar to those of laboratory fragments in catastrophic disruption. However, the shapes of laboratory fragments were obtained from the experiments that　resulted in catastrophic disruption, a process that is different from impact cratering. In order to systematically investigate the shapes of fragments in the range from impact cratering to catastrophic disruption, impact experiments for basalt targets 5 to 15 cm in size were performed. A total of 28 impact experiments were carried out by a spherical nylon projectile (diameter 7.14 mm) perpendicularly into the target surface at velocities of 1.6 to 7.0 km/s. More than 13,000 fragments with b ≥ 4 mm generated in the impact experiments were measured. In the experiments, the mean value of c/a in each impact decreases with decreasing impact energy per unit target mass. For instance, the mean value of c/a in an impact cratering event is nearly 0.2, which is less than that c/a in a catastrophic disruption (~0.5). To apply the experimental results to real collisions on asteroids, we investigated the shapes of 21 arbitrarily selected boulders (> 8 m) on asteroid Itokawa. The mean value of c/a of these boulders is 0.46, which is similar to the value for catastrophic disruption. This implies that the parent body of Itokawa could have experienced a catastrophic disruption.

Microscopic interpretation of inelastic electron scattering from even Ni isotopes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yokoyama, Atsushi; Ogawa, Kengo

1990-10-01

Transition charge densities of inelastic electron scattering for the excitation of 2+ and 4+ states in even-mass Ni isotopes are investigated in terms of the standard shell model of the (p3/2,p1/2,f5/2)n configurations. Effective transition operators pertinent to the model space are derived by considering particle-hole excitations up to 12ħω for C2 and 14ħω for C4 transitions within the framework of a first-order perturbation theory. It is shown that surface-peaked transition charge densities can be obtained for the first excited 2+ and 4+ states, being in agreement with experiment. Particle-hole excitations up to λħω, e.g., λ=2 for C2 transition, are most responsible for that feature. Higher ħω excitations appear relatively significant in the interior region of the nucleus: They enhance the peak around the surface, improving further agreement with experiment, but for C2 transition they tend to generate another peak inside the nucleus and thus seem to deteriorate agreement with experiment. Transition densities for the 0+g.s.-->2+2,3 and 0+g.s.-->4+2 transitions are also discussed.

Orosensory Responsiveness to and Preference for Hydroxide-Containing Salts in Mice

PubMed Central

St. John, Steven J.; Boughter, John D.

2009-01-01

Historically, taste researchers have considered the possibility that the gustatory system detects basic compounds, such as those containing the hydroxide ion, but evidence for an “alkaline taste” has not been strong. We found that, in 48 h, 2-bottle preference tests, C3HeB/FeJ (C3) mice showed a preference for Ca(OH)2, whereas SWR/J (SW) mice showed avoidance. Strain differences were also apparent to NaOH but not CaCl2. Follow-up studies showed that the strain difference for Ca(OH)2 was stable over time (Experiment 2) but that C3 and SW mice did not differ in their responses to Ca(OH)2 or NaOH in brief-access tests, where both mice avoided high concentrations of these compounds (Experiment 3). In order to assess the perceived quality of Ca(OH)2, mice were tested in 2 taste aversion generalization experiments (Experiments 4 and 5). Aversions to Ca(OH)2 generalized to NaOH but not CaCl2 in both strains, suggesting that the generalization was based on the hydroxide ion. Both strains also generalized aversions to quinine, suggesting the possibility that the hydroxide ion has a bitter taste quality to these mice, despite the preference shown by C3 mice to middle concentrations in long-term tests. PMID:19423656

Kinetics of Fe2+-Mg order-disorder in orthopyroxene: experimental studies and applications to cooling rates of rocks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stimpfl, M.; Ganguly, J.; Molin, G.

2005-10-01

We determined the forward rate constant (K+) for the Fe2+-Mg order-disorder between the M2 and M1 sites of orthopyroxene (OPx), which is described by the homogeneous reaction Fe2+ (M2) + Mg(M1) ↔ Mg(M2) + Fe2+ (M1), by both ordering and disordering experiments at isothermal condition and also by continuous cooling experiments. The rate constant was determined as a function of temperature in the range of 550-750°C, oxygen fugacity between quartz-fayalite-iron and Ni-NiO buffers, and at compositions of 16 and 50 mol% ferrosilite component. The K+ value derived from disordering experiment was found to be larger than that derived from ordering experiment at 550°C, while at T>580°C, these two values are essentially the same. The fO2 dependence of the rate constant can be described by the relation K+ α (fO2) n with n=5.5-6.5, which is compatible with the theoretically expected relation. The Arrhenius relation at the WI buffer condition is given by ln (C_{text{o}} {text{K}}^+) = - {41511 - 12600{text{X}}_{{text{Fe}}} }/{{T({text{K}})}} + 28.26 + 5.27{text{X}}_{{text{Fe}}}, min^{-1} where C o represents the total number of M2 + M1 sites occupied by Fe2+ and Mg per unit volume of the crystal. The above relation can be used to calculate the cooling rates of natural OPx crystals around the closure temperature ( T c) of Fe-Mg ordering, which are usually below 300°C for slowly cooled rocks. We determined the Fe-Mg ordering states of several OPx crystals (˜ Fs50) from the Central Gneissic Complex (Khtada Lake), British Columbia, which yields T c ˜290°C. Numerical simulation of the change of Fe2+-Mg ordering in OPx as a function of temperature using the above expression of rate constant and a non-linear cooling model yields quenched values of ordering states that are in agreement with the observed values for cooling rates of 11-17°C/Myr below 300°C. The inferred cooling rate is in agreement with the available geochronological constraints.

Concreteness and context availability in lexical decision tasks.

PubMed

Levy-Drori, Shelly; Henik, Avishai

2006-01-01

Three experiments were carried out to elucidate the origins of the concreteness (C) effect in a lexical decision task. The first experiment was a replication of the work of Schwanenflugel et al. (1988) and Van Hell and De Groot (1998), who presented the context availability (CA) hypothesis. In this experiment CA seemed to be a dominant factor. Familiarity (FAM) was not incorporated in the ANOVA, but a regression analysis and negative correlation between C and FAM in the groups matched on CA showed that FAM could explain the disappearance of the C effect. Experiment 2 controlled FAM and revealed a C effect, although concrete and abstract words were matched on CA. Experiment 3 controlled C and FAM and revealed a CA effect. The current data emphasize the importance of controlling FAM and CA in examining the C effect in a lexical decision task and support a revised version of the dual-coding theory.

Improving in vitro maturation and pregnancy outcome in cattle using a novel oocyte shipping and maturation system not requiring a CO₂ gas phase.

PubMed

Barceló-Fimbres, M; Campos-Chillón, L F; Mtango, N R; Altermatt, J; Bonilla, L; Koppang, R; Verstegen, J P

2015-07-01

The present work evaluated the benefit of a novel shipping and maturation medium (SMM) not requiring a CO2 gas for maturation and subsequent embryonic development of slaughterhouse and ovum pickup (OPU) bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). Four experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, COCs were maturated for 18 hours in SMM and then incubated for 6 hours in, or 24 hours in a conventional system (control). Experiment 2 compared maturation for 24 hours in SMM versus 24 hours in the control. Experiment 3 compared three different incubation temperatures (37 °C, 38 °C, and 38.5 °C) for COCs maturation in SMM. In experiment 4, COCs obtained from 166 OPU sessions (representing two dairy and two beef breeds) in two locations (Wisconsin and California) were matured in SMM or control and evaluated relative to embryo production and pregnancy rates. Frozen semen was used for all experiments. The results for experiment 1 showed that the blastocyst rate and total embryo production rate (TE, Day-7 morulae plus all blastocysts) were higher for SMM than those in the control. However, no differences were observed for cleavage rate or blastocyst stage. In experiment 2, the blastocyst rate and TE were higher for SMM than those in the control; however, there was no difference for cleavage rate, total cell number, blastocyst stage. In experiment 3, the cleavage rate was similar, but the blastocyst rate and TE were greater for 38.5 °C than those for 38.0 °C and 37.5 °C. For experiment 4, Wisconsin OPU-derived COCs had a greater cleavage rate, blastocyst rate, TE, and blastocyst stage for SMM versus control. There were no breed effects. For the California trial, OPU-derived COCs matured in SMM had similar cleavage and pregnancy rates at Day 35 but greater blastocyst rates and transferred embryos per session than the control, which resulted in 2.2 more pregnancies per OPU session. Holstein COCs had superior embryonic development but similar pregnancy compared with Jersey. We conclude that COCs matured in SMM had greater oocyte competence than the control. Also, maturation at 38.5 °C in SMM was optimal for embryonic development. In summary, SMM resulted in greater embryonic development, similar pregnancy rates, but higher pregnancies per OPU session than the conventional maturation system. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The transfer of Crel contextual control (same, opposite, less than, more than) through equivalence relations.

PubMed

Perez, William F; Kovac, Roberta; Nico, Yara C; Caro, Daniel M; Fidalgo, Adriana P; Linares, Ila; de Almeida, João Henrique; de Rose, Júlio C

2017-11-01

According to Relational Frame Theory (RFT) C rel denotes a contextual stimulus that controls a particular type of relational response (sameness, opposition, comparative, temporal, hierarchical etc.) in a given situation. Previous studies suggest that contextual functions may be indirectly acquired via transfer of function. The present study investigated the transfer of C rel contextual control through equivalence relations. Experiment 1 evaluated the transfer of C rel contextual functions for relational responses based on sameness and opposition. Experiment 2 extended these findings by evaluating transfer of function using comparative C rel stimuli. Both experiments followed a similar sequence of phases. First, abstract forms were established as C rel stimuli via multiple exemplar training (Phase 1). The contextual cues were then applied to establish arbitrary relations among nonsense words and to test derived relations (Phase 2). After that, equivalence relations involving the original C rel stimuli and other abstract forms were trained and tested (Phase 3). Transfer of function was evaluated by replacing the directly established C rel stimuli with their equivalent stimuli in the former experimental tasks (Phases 1 and 2). Results from both experiments suggest that C rel contextual control may be extended via equivalence relations, allowing other arbitrarily related stimuli to indirectly acquire C rel functions and regulate behavior by evoking appropriate relational responses in the presence of both previously known and novel stimuli. © 2017 Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.

Perceptual Recovery from Consonant-Cluster Simplification in Korean Using Language-Specific Phonological Knowledge

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cho, Taehong; McQueen, James M.

2011-01-01

Two experiments examined whether perceptual recovery from Korean consonant-cluster simplification is based on language-specific phonological knowledge. In tri-consonantal C1C2C3 sequences such as /lkt/ and /lpt/ in Seoul Korean, either C1 or C2 can be completely deleted. Seoul Koreans monitored for C2 targets (/p/ or /k/, deleted or preserved) in…

Enhancing the resolution of 1H and 13C solid-state NMR spectra by reduction of anisotropic bulk magnetic susceptibility broadening.

PubMed

Hanrahan, Michael P; Venkatesh, Amrit; Carnahan, Scott L; Calahan, Julie L; Lubach, Joseph W; Munson, Eric J; Rossini, Aaron J

2017-10-25

We demonstrate that natural isotopic abundance 2D heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) solid-state NMR spectra can be used to significantly reduce or eliminate the broadening of 1 H and 13 C solid-state NMR spectra of organic solids due to anisotropic bulk magnetic susceptibility (ABMS). ABMS often manifests in solids with aromatic groups, such as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and inhomogeneously broadens the NMR peaks of all nuclei in the sample. Inhomogeneous peaks with full widths at half maximum (FWHM) of ∼1 ppm typically result from ABMS broadening and the low spectral resolution impedes the analysis of solid-state NMR spectra. ABMS broadening of solid-state NMR spectra has previously been eliminated using 2D multiple-quantum correlation experiments, or by performing NMR experiments on diluted materials or single crystals. However, these experiments are often infeasible due to their poor sensitivity and/or provide limited gains in resolution. 2D 1 H- 13 C HETCOR experiments have previously been applied to reduce susceptibility broadening in paramagnetic solids and we show that this strategy can significantly reduce ABMS broadening in diamagnetic organic solids. Comparisons of 1D solid-state NMR spectra and 1 H and 13 C solid-state NMR spectra obtained from 2D 1 H- 13 C HETCOR NMR spectra show that the HETCOR spectrum directly increases resolution by a factor of 1.5 to 8. The direct gain in resolution is determined by the ratio of the inhomogeneous 13 C/ 1 H linewidth to the homogeneous 1 H linewidth, with the former depending on the magnitude of the ABMS broadening and the strength of the applied field and the latter on the efficiency of homonuclear decoupling. The direct gains in resolution obtained using the 2D HETCOR experiments are better than that obtained by dilution. For solids with long proton longitudinal relaxation times, dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) was applied to enhance sensitivity and enable the acquisition of 2D 1 H- 13 C HETCOR NMR spectra. 2D 1 H- 13 C HETCOR experiments were applied to resolve and partially assign the NMR signals of the form I and form II polymorphs of aspirin in a sample containing both forms. These findings have important implications for ultra-high field NMR experiments, optimization of decoupling schemes and assessment of the fundamental limits on the resolution of solid-state NMR spectra.

Hypernuclear Spectroscopy at JLab Hall C

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hashimoto, O.; Chiba, A.; Doi, D.; Fujii, Y.; Gogami, T.; Kanda, H.; Kaneta, M.; Kawama, D.; Maeda, K.; Maruta, T.; Matsumura, A.; Nagao, S.; Nakamura, S. N.; Shichijo, A.; Tamura, H.; Taniya, N.; Yamamoto, T.; Yokota, K.; Kato, S.; Sato, Y.; Takahashi, T.; Noumi, H.; Motoba, T.; Hiyama, E.; Albayrak, I.; Ates, O.; Chen, C.; Christy, M.; Keppel, C.; Kohl, M.; Li, Y.; Liyanage, A.; Tang, L.; Walton, T.; Ye, Z.; Yuan, L.; Zhu, L.; Baturin, P.; Boeglin, W.; Dhamija, S.; Markowitz, P.; Raue, B.; Reinhold, J.; Hungerford, Ed. V.; Ent, R.; Fenker, H.; Gaskell, D.; Horn, T.; Jones, M.; Smith, G.; Vulcan, W.; Wood, S. A.; Johnston, C.; Simicevic, N.; Wells, S.; Samanta, C.; Hu, B.; Shen, J.; Wang, W.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Feng, J.; Fu, Y.; Zhou, J.; Zhou, S.; Jiang, Y.; Lu, H.; Yan, X.; Ye, Y.; Gan, L.; Ahmidouch, A.; Danagoulian, S.; Gasparian, A.; Elaasar, M.; Wesselmann, F. R.; Asaturyan, A.; Margaryan, A.; Mkrtchyan, A.; Mkrtchyan, H.; Tadevosyan, V.; Androic, D.; Furic, M.; Petkovic, T.; Seva, T.; Niculescu, G.; Niculescu, I.; Rodriguez, V. M.; Cisbani, E.; Cusanno, F.; Garibaldi, F.; Uuciuoli, G. M.; De Leo, R.; Maronne, S.; Achenback, P.; Pochodzala, J.

2010-04-01

Since the 1st generation experiment, E89-009, which was successfully carried out as a pilot experiment of (e,e'K+) hypernuclear spectroscopy at JLab Hall C in 2000, precision hypernuclear spectroscopy by the (e,e'K+) reactions made considerable progress. It has evolved to the 2nd generation experiment, E01-011, in which a newly constructed high resolution kaon spectrometer (HKS) was installed and the "Tilt method" was adopted in order to suppress large electromagnetic background and to run with high luminosity. Preliminary high-resolution spectra of 7ΛHe and 28ΛAl together with that of 12ΛB that achieved resolution better than 500 keV(FWHM) were obtained. The third generation experiment, E05-115, has completed data taking with an experimental setup combining a new splitter magnet, high resolution electron spectrometer (HES) and the HKS used in the 2nd generation experiment. The data were accumulated with targets of 7Li, 9Be, 10B, 12C and 52Cr as well as with those of CH 2 and H 2O for calibration. The analysis is under way with particular emphasis of determining precision absolute hypernuclear masses. In this article, hypernuclear spectroscopy program in the wide mass range at JLab Hall C that has undergone three generation is described.

Repetition Blindness: Out of Sight or Out of Mind?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morris, Alison L.; Harris, Catherine L.

2004-01-01

Does repetition blindness represent a failure of perception or of memory? In Experiment 1, participants viewed rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) sentences. When critical words (C1 and C2) were orthographically similar, C2 was frequently omitted from serial report; however, repetition priming for C2 on a postsentence lexical decision task was…

Effect of an N-terminus deletion on voltage-dependent gating of the ClC-2 chloride channel

PubMed Central

Varela, Diego; Niemeyer, María Isabel; Cid, L Pablo; Sepúlveda, Francisco V

2002-01-01

ClC-2, a chloride channel widely expressed in mammalian tissues, is activated by hyperpolarisation and extracellular acidification. Deletion of amino acids 16–61 in rat ClC-2 abolishes voltage and pH dependence in two-electrode voltage-clamp experiments in amphibian oocytes. These results have been interpreted in terms of a ball-and-chain type of mechanism in which the N-terminus would behave as a ball that is removed from an inactivating site upon hyperpolarisation. We now report whole-cell patch-clamp measurements in mammalian cells showing hyperpolarization-activation of rClC-2Δ16–61 differing only in presenting faster opening and closing kinetics than rClC-2. The lack of time and voltage dependence observed previously was reproduced, however, in nystatin-perforated patch experiments. The behaviour of wild-type rClC-2 did not differ between conventional and nystatin-perforated patches. Similar results were obtained with ClC-2 from guinea-pig. One possible explanation of the results is that some diffusible component is able to lock the channel in an open state but does so only to the mutated channel. Alternative explanations involving the osmotic state of the cell and cytoskeleton structure are also considered. Low extracellular pH activates the wild-type channel but not rClC-2Δ16–61 when expressed in oocytes, a result that had been interpreted to suggest that protons affect the ball-and-chain mechanism. In our experiments no difference was seen in the effect of extracellular pH upon rClC-2 and rClC-2Δ16–61 in either recording configuration, suggesting that protons act independently from possible effects of the N-terminus on gating. Our observations of voltage-dependent gating of the N-terminal deleted ClC-2 are an argument against a ball-and-chain mechanism for this channel. PMID:12381811

A High-Resolution 3D Separated-Local-Field Experiment by Means of Magic-Angle Turning

PubMed

Hu; Alderman; Pugmire; Grant

1997-05-01

A 3D separated-local-field (SLF) experiment based on the 2D PHORMAT technique is described. In the 3D experiment, the conventional 2D SLF powder pattern for each chemically inequivalent carbon is separated according to their different isotropic chemical shifts. The dipolar coupling constant of a C-H pair, hence the bond distance, and the relative orientation of the chemical-shift tensor to the C-H vector can all be determined for the protonated carbons with a single measurement. As the sample turns at only about 30 Hz in a MAT experiment, the SLF patterns obtained approach those of a stationary sample, and an accuracy in the measurement similar to that obtained on a stationary sample is expected. The technique is demonstrated on 2,6-dimethoxynaphthalene, where the 13 C-1 H separated-local-field powder patterns for the six chemically inequivalent carbons are clearly identified and measured. The observed dipolar coupling for the methoxy carbon is effectively reduced by the fast rotation of the group about its C3 symmetry axis. The average angle between the C-H bond direction and the C3 rotation axis in the OCH3 group is found to be about 66°.

Experimental and theoretical simulations of Titan's VUV photochemistry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peng, Z.; Carrasco, N.; Pernot, P.

2013-12-01

A new reactor, named APSIS (Atmospheric Photochemistry SImulated by Synchrotron), has been designed to simulate planetary atmospheric photochemistry [Peng et al. JGR-E. 2013, 118, 778]. We report here a study focusing on Titan's upper atmosphere. A nitrogen-methane gas flow was irradiated by a continuous 60-350 nm VUV beam provided by the DISCO line at SOLEIL synchrotron radiation facility. The production of C2-C4 hydrocarbons as well as several nitriles (HCN, CH3 CN and C2N2) was detected by in situ mass spectrometry, in agreement with Cassini's INMS observations at Titan, and ex situ GC-MS of a cryogenic experiment. We compared the mass spectra with those obtained by a plasma experiment [Carrasco et al. Icarus. 2012, 219, 230] and with another synchrotron-based experiment [Imanaka and Smith. PNAS. 2010, 107, 12423], and with the in situ measurements of the INMS instrument onboard Cassini probing the neutral content of Titan's upper atmosphere. In spite of lower photochemical production efficiency and different environmental conditions, the APSIS reactor seems to simulate Titan's neutral composition rather well. To interpret these experimental data, we developed a fully coupled ion-neutral photochemical model of the reactor, with uncertainty management, based on the neutral model of Hébrard et al. [J. Photochem. Photobiol. A. 2006, 7, 211], the model of ion chemistry of Plessis et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 2010, 133, 134110], and a new representation of photolysis cross-sections and branching ratios [Gans et al. Icarus. 2013, 223, 330]. Compared to the measurements, the production in Cn blocks is in good agreement. Ion chemistry and the full dissociative recombination scheme have been demonstrated to be important features of the model. The photolysis was confirmed to be globally influential by sensivity analysis. We observed the importance of the addition of small (C1 or C2) units in molecular growth, as well as 3 growth families, promoted by C2H2, C2H4 and C2H5/C2H6, respectively. Among the three, the C2H2 family, in which the growth pathways of unsaturated species via ion chemistry are the most efficient, is clearly prominent. Our model was also used to interpret the results of the INMS data and Imanaka and Smith's experiments. Through variants of the reference model of the APSIS experiments, we showed that low pressure and low temperature favor the growth of unsaturated species. These conditions are fulfilled in Titan's ionosphere. The INMS neutral spectrum, in which there is mainly the signal of unsaturated species, can be well reproduced by our simulated MS. Compared to the experimental MS of the APSIS experiments and Imanaka and Smith's experiments, the simulated MS systematically underestimate the intensities of the saturated part of each band. After the consideration of the recombinations catalyzed by the reactor's walls, we improved the simulated MS significantly. This suggests the existence of wall effects in the laboratory simulation setups of atmospheric chemistry, leading to an overestimation of the saturated products compared to Titan's chemical products.

Decay behaviors of the Pc hadronic molecules

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Yong-Hui; Shen, Chao-Wei; Guo, Feng-Kun; Zou, Bing-Song

2017-06-01

The Pc(4380 ) and Pc(4450 ) states observed recently by the LHCb experiment were proposed to be either D ¯Σc* or D¯*Σc bound states. We analyze the decay behaviors of two such types of hadronic molecules within the effective Lagrangian framework. With branching ratios of ten possible decay channels calculated, it is found that the two types of hadronic molecules have distinguishable decay patterns. While the D ¯Σc* molecule decays dominantly to the D¯*Λc channel with a branching ratio by 2 orders of magnitude larger than to D ¯Λc, the D¯*Σc molecule decays to these two channels with a difference of less than a factor of 2. Our results show that the total decay width of Pc(4380 ) as the spin-parity-3/2- D ¯Σc* molecule is about a factor of 2 larger than the corresponding value for the D¯*Σc molecule. It suggests that the assignment of the D ¯Σc* molecule for Pc(4380 ) is more favorable than the D¯*Σc molecule. In addition, Pc(4450 ) seems to be a D¯*Σc molecule with JP=5/2+ in our scheme. Based on these partial decay widths of the Pc states, we estimate the cross sections for the reactions γ p →J /ψ p and π p →J /ψ p through the s-channel Pc states. The forthcoming γ p experiment at JLAB and the π p experiment at JPARC should be able to pin down the nature of these Pc states.

Feeding selectivity of Calanus finmarchicus in the Trondheimsfjord

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leiknes, Øystein; Striberny, Anja; Tokle, Nils Egil; Olsen, Yngvar; Vadstein, Olav; Sommer, Ulrich

2014-01-01

The feeding selectivity of Calanus finmarchicus was studied by carrying out three incubation experiments; two experiments with natural seawater sampled during spring bloom (Exp. 1) and post-bloom conditions (Exp. 2) and a third experiment with cultured dinoflagellates and ciliates (Exp. 3). In the first two experiments a gradient in ciliate concentration was created to investigate the potential for prey density dependent selective feeding of C. finmarchicus. Results of microplankton counts indicated C. finmarchicus to be omnivorous. Diatoms contributed chiefly to the diet during spring bloom conditions. Despite the high microphytoplankton biomass during the spring bloom (Exp. 1), ciliates were selected positively by C. finmarchicus when the ciliate biomass exceeded 6.5 μg C L- 1. A selection in favor of large conic ciliates such as Laboea sp. and Strombidium conicum was indicated by positive selectivity indices. Ciliates were throughout positively selected by C. finmarchicus during Exp. 2, and selectivity indices indicated a negative selection of diatoms. The results from Exp. 3 showed that C. finmarchicus has the ability to switch from dinoflagellates to ciliates as sole food source, even if the dinoflagellate was offered in surplus. This suggests that other factors, such as nutrition may be of significance for the feeding selectivity of C. finmarchicus.

Consequences of Cathodal Stimulation for Behavior: When Does It Help and When Does It Hurt Performance?

PubMed Central

Nozari, Nazbanou; Woodard, Kristina; Thompson-Schill, Sharon L.

2014-01-01

Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (C-tDCS) has been reported, across different studies, to facilitate or hinder performance, or simply to have no tangible effect on behavior. This discrepancy is most prominent when C-tDCS is used to alter a cognitive function, questioning the assumption that cathodal stimulation always compromises performance. In this study, we aimed to study the effect of two variables on performance in a simple cognitive task (letter Flanker), when C-tDCS was applied to the left prefrontal cortex (PFC): (1) the time of testing relative to stimulation (during or after), and (2) the nature of the cognitive activity during stimulation in case of post-tDCS testing. In three experiments, we had participants either perform the Flanker task during C-tDCS (Experiment 1), or after C-tDCS. When the Flanker task was administered after C-tDCS, we varied whether during stimulation subjects were engaged in activities that posed low (Experiment 2) or high (Experiment 3) demands on the PFC. Our findings show that the nature of the task during C-tDCS has a systematic influence on the outcome, while timing per se does not. PMID:24409291

Experimental Study of Abiotic Organic Synthesis at High Temperature and Pressure Conditions: Carbon Isotope and Mineral Surface Characterizations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fu, Q.; Socki, R. A.; Niles, P. B.

2010-12-01

Abiotic organic synthesis processes have been proposed as potential mechanisms for methane generation in subseafloor hydrothermal systems on Earth, and on other planets. To better understand the detailed reaction pathways and carbon isotope fractionations in this process under a wide range of physical and chemical conditions, hydrothermal experiments at high temperature (750 °C) and pressure (0.55 GPa) were performed using piston cylinder apparatus. Formic acid was used as the source of CO2 and H2, and magnetite was the mineral catalyst. The chemical and carbon isotopic compositions of dissolved organic products were determined by GC-C-MS-IRMS, while organic intermediaries on the mineral catalyst were characterized by Pyrolysis-GC-MS. Among experimental products, dissolved CO2 was the dominant carbon species with a relative abundance of 88 mol%. Dissolved CH4 and C2H6 were also identified with a mole ratio of CH4 over C2H6 of 15:1. No dissolved CO was detected in the experiment, which might be attributable to the loss of H2 through the Au capsule used in the experiments at high temperature and pressure conditions and corresponding conversion of CO to CO2 by the water-gas shift reaction. Carbon isotope results showed that the δ13C values of CH4 and C2H6 were -50.3‰ and -39.3‰ (V-PDB), respectively. CO2 derived from decarboxylation of formic acid had a δ13C value of -19.2‰, which was 3.2‰ heavier than its source, formic acid. The δ13C difference between CO2 and CH4 was 31.1‰, which was higher than the value of 9.4‰ calculated from theoretical isotopic equilibrium predictions at experimental conditions, suggesting the presence of a kinetic isotope effect. This number was also higher than the values (4.6 to 27.1‰) observed in similar experiments previously performed at 400 °C and 50 MPa with longer reaction times. CH4 is 11.0‰ less enriched in 13C than C2H6. Alcohols were observed as carbon compounds on magnetite surfaces by Pyrolysis-GC-MS, which confirms the hypothesis regarding the reaction pathways of hydrothermal abiotic organic synthesis proposed by Fu et al. (2007, 2008). In this proposed pathway, hydroxymethylene (-CHOH) groups serve as organic intermediaries on mineral surfaces while dissolved H2 serves as a chain terminator/breaker to generate short chain hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds. This pathway is different from the carbide polymerization theory of Fischer-Tropsch-type (FTT) synthesis in a gas phase. The observed increase of δ13C values of C1 and C2 alkanes with carbon number in our hydrothermal experiments can be readily interpreted by hydroxymethylene pathway, and might be used to differentiate between hydroxymethylene and carbide polymerization pathways. Carbon isotope analysis of alcohols on mineral catalyst surfaces is under way to provide further constraints on formation of organic compounds by FTT in hydrothermal systems.

Experimental Study of Abiotic Organic Synthesis at High Temperature and Pressure Conditions: Carbon Isotope and Mineral Surface Characterizations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fu, Qi; Socki, R. A.; Niles, P. B.

2010-01-01

Abiotic organic synthesis processes have been proposed as potential mechanisms for methane generation in subseafloor hydrothermal systems on Earth, and on other planets. To better understand the detailed reaction pathways and carbon isotope fractionations in this process under a wide range of physical and chemical conditions, hydrothermal experiments at high temperature (750 C) and pressure (0.55 GPa) were performed using piston cylinder apparatus. Formic acid was used as the source of CO2 and H2, and magnetite was the mineral catalyst. The chemical and carbon isotopic compositions of dissolved organic products were determined by GC-C-MS-IRMS, while organic intermediaries on the mineral catalyst were characterized by Pyrolysis-GC-MS. Among experimental products, dissolved CO2 was the dominant carbon species with a relative abundance of 88 mol%. Dissolved CH4 and C2H6 were also identified with a mole ratio of CH4 over C2H6 of 15:1. No dissolved CO was detected in the experiment, which might be attributable to the loss of H2 through the Au capsule used in the experiments at high temperature and pressure conditions and corresponding conversion of CO to CO2 by the water-gas shift reaction. Carbon isotope results showed that the 13C values of CH4 and C2H6 were -50.3% and -39.3% (V-PDB), respectively. CO2 derived from decarboxylation of formic acid had a (sigma)C-13 value of -19.2%, which was 3.2% heavier than its source, formic acid. The (sigma)C-13 difference between CO2 and CH4 was 31.1%, which was higher than the value of 9.4% calculated from theoretical isotopic equilibrium predictions at experimental conditions, suggesting the presence of a kinetic isotope effect. This number was also higher than the values (4.6 to 27.1%) observed in similar experiments previously performed at 400 C and 50 MPa with longer reaction times. CH4 is 11.0% less enriched in C-13 than C2H6. Alcohols were observed as carbon compounds on magnetite surfaces by Pyrolysis-GC-MS, which confirms the hypothesis regarding the reaction pathways of hydrothermal abiotic organic synthesis proposed by Fu et al. (2007, 2008). In this proposed pathway, hydroxymethylene (-CHOH) groups serve as organic intermediaries on mineral surfaces while dissolved H2 serves as a chain terminator/breaker to generate short chain hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds. This pathway is different from the carbide polymerization theory of Fischer- Tropsch-type (FTT) synthesis in a gas phase. The observed increase of (sigma)C-13 values of C1 and C2 alkanes with carbon number in our hydrothermal experiments can be readily interpreted by hydroxymethylene pathway, and might be used to differentiate between hydroxymethylene and carbide polymerization pathways. Carbon isotope analysis of alcohols on mineral catalyst surfaces is under way to provide further constraints on formation of organic compounds by FTT in hydrothermal systems.

Experimental determination of C, F, and H partitioning between mantle minerals and carbonated basalt, CO2/Ba and CO2/Nb systematics of partial melting, and the CO2 contents of basaltic source regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rosenthal, A.; Hauri, E. H.; Hirschmann, M. M.

2015-02-01

To determine partitioning of C between upper mantle silicate minerals and basaltic melts, we executed 26 experiments between 0.8 and 3 GPa and 1250-1500 °C which yielded 37 mineral/glass pairs suitable for C analysis by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). To enhance detection limits, experiments were conducted with 13C-enriched bulk compositions. Independent measurements of 13C and 12C in coexisting phases produced two C partition coefficients for each mineral pair and allowed assessment of the approach to equilibrium during each experiment. Concentrations of C in olivine (ol), orthopyroxene (opx), clinopyroxene (cpx) and garnet (gt) range from 0.2 to 3.5 ppm, and resulting C partition coefficients for ol/melt, opx/melt, cpx/melt and gt/melt are, respectively, 0.0007 ± 0.0004 (n = 2), 0.0003 ± 0.0002 (n = 45), 0.0005 ± 0.0004 (n = 17) and 0.0001 ± 0.00007 (n = 5). The effective partition coefficient of C during partial melting of peridotite is 0.00055 ± 0.00025, and therefore C is significantly more incompatible than Nb, slightly more compatible than Ba, and, among refractory trace elements, most similar in behavior to U or Th. Experiments also yielded partition coefficients for F and H between minerals and melts. Combining new and previous values of DFmineral/melt yields bulk DFperidotite/melt = 0.011 ± 0.002, which suggests that F behaves similarly to La during partial melting of peridotite. Values of DHpyx/melt correlate with tetrahedral Al along a trend consistent with previously published determinations. Small-degree partial melting of the mantle results in considerable CO2/Nb fractionation, which is likely the cause of high CO2/Nb evident in some Nb-rich oceanic basalts. CO2/Ba is much less easily fractionated, with incompatible-element-enriched partial melts having lower CO2/Ba than less enriched basalts. Comparison of calculated behavior of CO2, Nb, and Ba to systematics of oceanic basalts suggests that depleted (DMM-like) sources have 75 ± 25 ppm CO2 (CO2/Nb = 505 ± 168, CO2/Ba = 133 ± 44), whereas enriched sources of intraplate basalts similar in concentrations to primitive mantle have 600 ± 200 ppm CO2. If all mantle reservoirs are expressed in the current inventory of oceanic basalts for which nearly undegassed CO2 concentrations are available, then we estimate the likely range of mantle C concentrations to be 1.4-4.8 × 1023 grams of C, or 1.5-5.2 times the mass of the current C surface reservoir. Depending on the assumed Ba and Nb contents of average oceanic crust, resulting ridge fluxes of C range from 7.2 × 1013 to 2.9 × 1014 g/yr.

Studies on Plasmoid Merging using Compact Toroid Injectors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Allfrey, Ian; Matsumoto, Tadafumi; Roche, Thomas; Gota, Hiroshi; Edo, Takahiro; Asai, Tomohiko; Sheftman, Daniel; Osin Team; Dima Team

2017-10-01

C-2 and C-2U experiments have used magnetized coaxial plasma guns (MCPG) to inject compact toroids (CTs) for refueling the long-lived advanced beam-driven field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma. This refueling method will also be used for the C-2W experiment. To minimize momentum transfer from the CT to the FRC two CTs are injected radially, diametrically opposed and coincident in time. To improve understanding of the CT characteristics TAE has a dedicated test bed for the development of CT injectors (CTI), where plasmoid merging experiments are performed. The test bed has two CTIs on axis with both axial and transverse magnetic fields. The 1 kG magnetic fields, intended to approximate the magnetic field strength and injection angle on C-2W, allow studies of cross-field transport and merging. Both CTIs are capable of injecting multiple CTs at up to 1 kHz. The resulting merged CT lives >100 μs with a radius of 25 cm. More detailed results of CT parameters will be presented.

Studies on the biosynthesis of vitamin B sub 2 and vitamin B sub 12

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, H.C.

1988-01-01

Feeding experiments with Ashbya gossypii followed by NMR analysis of the resulting riboflavin showed incorporation of deuterium from D-(2-{sup 2}H)ribose at C-2{prime} and from D-(1-{sup 2}H)ribose in the pro-R position at C-1{prime} of the ribityl side chain. The results rule out an Amadori rearrangement mechanism for the reduction of the ribosylamino to the ribitylamino linkage and point to formation of a Schiff base that is reduced stereospecifically opposite to the face from which the oxygen has departed. As prerequisite for the analysis, the {sup 1}H NMR signals for the pro-R and pro-S hydrogens at C-1{prime} of riboflavin and its tetraacetatemore » were assigned with the aid of synthetic stereospecifically deuteriated samples. Feeding experiments with Propionibacterium shermianii followed by NMR analysis of the resulting vitamin B{sub 12} showed: (1) 5-methylbenzimidazole (5MBI) incorporated and only one regioisomer (B6-demethylcyanocobalamin)formed. (2) 8-demethylriboflavin incorporated and the same regioisomer was obtained as 5MBI experiment. (3) (1{prime}-{sup 13}C, 5-{sup 15}N)riboflavin incorporated and {sup 13}C-NMR showed that {sup 13}C at the B2 position of cyanocobalamin coupled to both adjacent nitrogen-15 atoms at about the same ratio.« less

High-pressure deformation of calcite marble and its transformation to aragonite under non-hydrostatic conditions

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hacker, B.R.; Kirby, S.H.

1993-01-01

We conducted deformation experiments on Carrara marble in the aragonite and calcite stability fields to observe the synkinematic transformation of calcite to aragonite, and to identify any relationships between transformation and deformation or sample strength. Deformation-induced microstructures in calcite crystals varied most significantly with temperature, ranging from limited slip and twinning at 400??C, limited recrystallization at 500??C, widespread recrystallization at 600 and 700??C, to grain growth at 800-900??C. Variations in confining pressure from 0.3 to 2.0 GPa have no apparent effect on calcite deformation microstructures. Aragonite grew in 10-6-10-7 s-1strain rate tests conducted for 18-524 h at confining pressures of 1.7-2.0 GPa and temperatures of 500-600??C. As in our previously reported hydrostatic experiments on this same transformation, the aragonite nucleated on calcite grain boundaries. The extent of transformation varied from a few percent conversion near pistons at 400??C, 2.0 GPa and 10-4 s-1 strain rate in a 0.8 h long experiment, to 98% transformation in a 21-day test at a strain rate of 10-7 s-7, a temperature of 600??C and a pressure of 2.0 GPa. At 500??C, porphyroblastic 100-200 ??m aragonite crystals grew at a rate faster than 8 ?? 10-1m s-1. At 600??C, the growth of aragonite neoblasts was slower, ???6 ?? 10-1 m s -1, and formed 'glove-and-finger' cellularprecipitation-like textures identical to those observed in hydrostatic experiments. The transformation to aragonite is not accompanied by a shear instability or anisotropic aragonite growth, consistent with its relatively small volume change and latent heat in comparison with compounds that do display those features. ?? 1993.

Electrochemistry of (Dihapto-Buckminster-Fullerene) Pentacarbonyl Tungsten(0): An Experiment for the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Part III

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Igartua-Nieves, Elvin; Ocasio-Delgado, Yessenia; Rivera-Pagan, Jose; Cortes-Figueroa, Jose E.

2007-01-01

Cyclic voltammetry experiments on [60]fullerene, (C[subscript 60]), and (dihapto-[60]fullerene) pentacarbonyl tungsten(0), ([eta][superscript 2]-C[subscript 60])W(CO)[subscript 5], constitute an educational experiment for the inorganic chemistry laboratory with a primary objective to teach the chemical interpretation of a voltammogram, in…

Ionic channels and nerve membrane lipids. Cholesterol-tetrodotoxin interaction.

PubMed

Villegas, R; Barnola, F V; Camejo, G

1970-04-01

Experiments were carried out to investigate possible interactions of tetrodotoxin (TTX) with lipid molecules isolated from nerve fiber plasma membranes of the squid Dosidicus gigas. TTX has a highly selective ability to block the channel normally used by Na(+) to cross the axolemma during nervous impulse conduction. In order to investigate the interaction each lipid sample was spread on 5 x 10(-7)M TTX and TTX-free 0.15 M NaCl solutions adjusted to pH 7.4 with 7 x 10(-3)M phosphate buffer. The surface pressure-area diagrams of the lipid monolayers revealed that TTX interacts only with cholesterol. The expansion of the cholesterol monolayers at 5 x 10(-7)M TTX was 2 A(2)/molecule at zero pressure for the experiments at 20 degrees C and 2.5 A(2)/molecule for those at 25 degrees C. Similar results were obtained in KCl subphases. The apparent dissociation constant of the cholesterol-TTX complex calculated from dose-response experiments is 2.6 x 10(-7)M. Experiments at pH 10.1 revealed that the zwitter ionic form of TTX is less active. Experiments with cholesterol derivatives (cholesteryl acetate, cholesterol methyl ether, cholestanol, and cholestanyl acetate) indicate that for the interaction with TTX a partial negatively charged group at C-3 and a double bond between C-5 and C-6 on the steroid nucleus are required. Tetrodonic acid, a biologically inactive derivative of TTX, does not interact with cholesterol. The results lead us to propose that cholesterol is part of the Na(+) channel.

Ionic Channels and Nerve Membrane Lipids Cholesterol-tetrodotoxin interaction

PubMed Central

Villegas, Raimundo; Barnola, Flor V.; Camejo, Germáan

1970-01-01

Experiments were carried out to investigate possible interactions of tetrodotoxin (TTX) with lipid molecules isolated from nerve fiber plasma membranes of the squid Dosidicus gigas. TTX has a highly selective ability to block the channel normally used by Na+ to cross the axolemma during nervous impulse conduction. In order to investigate the interaction each lipid sample was spread on 5 x 10-7 M TTX and TTX-free 0.15 M NaCl solutions adjusted to pH 7.4 with 7 x 10-3 M phosphate buffer. The surface pressure-area diagrams of the lipid monolayers revealed that TTX interacts only with cholesterol. The expansion of the cholesterol monolayers at 5 x 10-7 M TTX was 2 A2/molecule at zero pressure for the experiments at 20°C and 2.5 A2/molecule for those at 25°C. Similar results were obtained in KCl subphases. The apparent dissociation constant of the cholesterol-TTX complex calculated from dose-response experiments is 2.6 x 10-7 M. Experiments at pH 10.1 revealed that the zwitter ionic form of TTX is less active. Experiments with cholesterol derivatives (cholesteryl acetate, cholesterol methyl ether, cholestanol, and cholestanyl acetate) indicate that for the interaction with TTX a partial negatively charged group at C-3 and a double bond between C-5 and C-6 on the steroid nucleus are required. Tetrodonic acid, a biologically inactive derivative of TTX, does not interact with cholesterol. The results lead us to propose that cholesterol is part of the Na+ channel. PMID:5435784

Volatile compounds of sulfur in the Fe-C-S system at 5.3 GPa and 1300°C

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhimulev, E. I.; Sonin, V. M.; Bul'bak, T. A.; Chepurov, A. I.; Tomilenko, A. A.; Pokhilenko, N. P.

2015-05-01

This report presents the results of experimental studies of the fluid phase in the Fe-C-S system at high P and T values (5.3 GPa and 1300°C) conforming to diamond synthesis. The samples for experiments were mounted on air; therefore, the volatile compounds detected after the experiments are characterized by a wide variety and complicated composition involving both inorganic and organic components. Among the inorganic compounds, CO2, H2O, N2, SO2, CS2, and COS were detected. The GC/MS analysis revealed hydrocarbons (paraffins, olefins, and arenes), including high-molecular compounds. The formation of heavy hydrocarbons confirms their thermodynamic stability under high pressure. Oxygenated hydrocarbons (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and ethers) were also detected.

Assessing Prior Experience in the Selection of Air Traffic Control Specialists

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-01

Crosstabulation --------------------------B1 APPENDIX C: IFR Operations Experience • Academy Training Performance Crosstabulation ---------C1 APPENDIX...Control Specialist (ATCS) rating? (n=9,333) BQ35 – Do you have prior Instrument Flight Rules ( IFR ) operations experience? (n = 9,349) 2. Hold or...not have a prior ATCS rating. Do you have prior IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) Operations experience? Of the 9,349 respondents to this question

U.C. Davis high energy particle physics research: Technical progress report -- 1990

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

Summaries of progress made for this period is given for each of the following areas: (1) Task A--Experiment, H1 detector at DESY; (2) Task C--Experiment, AMY detector at KEK; (3) Task D--Experiment, fixed target detectors at Fermilab; (4) Task F--Experiment, PEP detector at SLAC and pixel detector; (5) Task B--Theory, particle physics; and (6) Task E--Theory, particle physics.

Neutrino parameters from reactor and accelerator neutrino experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lindner, Manfred; Rodejohann, Werner; Xu, Xun-Jie

2018-04-01

We revisit correlations of neutrino oscillation parameters in reactor and long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments. A framework based on an effective value of θ13 is presented, which can be used to analytically study the correlations and explain some questions including why and when δC P has the best fit value of -π /2 , why current and future long-baseline experiments will have less precision of δC P around ±π /2 than that around zero, etc. Recent hints on the C P phase are then considered from the point of view that different reactor and long-baseline neutrino experiments provide currently different best-fit values of θ13 and θ23. We point out that the significance of the hints changes for the different available best-fit values.

Distributions and Seasonal Variations of Tropospheric Ethene (C2H4) from Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE-FTS) Solar Occultation Spectra

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Herbin, H.; Hurtmans, D.; Clarisse, L.; Turquety, S.; Clerbaux, C.; Rinsland, Curtis P.; Boone, C.; Bernath, P. F.; Coheur, P.-F.

2009-01-01

This work reports the first measurements of ethene (C2H4) distributions in the upper troposphere. These are obtained by retrieving vertical profiles from 5 to 20 km from infrared solar occultation spectra recorded in 2005 and 2006 by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS). Background volume mixin^ ratios (vmrs) ranging from a few to about 50 pptv (10(exp -1) are measured at the different altitudes, while for certain occultations, vmrs as high as 200 pptv are observed. Zonal distributions and vertically resolved latitudinal distributions are derived for the two year period analyzed, highlighting spatial - including a North-South gradient - as well as seasonal variations. We show the latter to be more pronounced at the highest latitudes, presumably as a result of less active photochemistry during winter. The observation of C2H4 enhancements in remote Arctic regions at high latitudes is consistent with the occurrence of fast transport processes of gaseous pollution from the continents leading to Arctic haze. Citation: Herbin, H., D. Hurtmans, L. Clarisse, S. Turquety, C. Clerbaux, C. P. Rinsland, C. Boone, P. F. Bernath, and P.-F. Colieur (2009), Distributions and seasonal variations of tropospheric ethene (C2H4) from Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE-FTS) solar occultation spectra,

CACA-TOCSY with alternate 13C–12C labeling: a 13Cα direct detection experiment for mainchain resonance assignment, dihedral angle information, and amino acid type identification

PubMed Central

Takeuchi, Koh; Frueh, Dominique P.; Sun, Zhen-Yu J.; Hiller, Sebastian

2010-01-01

We present a 13C direct detection CACA-TOCSY experiment for samples with alternate 13C–12C labeling. It provides inter-residue correlations between 13Cα resonances of residue i and adjacent Cαs at positions i − 1 and i + 1. Furthermore, longer mixing times yield correlations to Cα nuclei separated by more than one residue. The experiment also provides Cα-to-sidechain correlations, some amino acid type identifications and estimates for ψ dihedral angles. The power of the experiment derives from the alternate 13C–12C labeling with [1,3-13C] glycerol or [2-13C] glycerol, which allows utilizing the small scalar 3JCC couplings that are masked by strong 1JCC couplings in uniformly 13C labeled samples. PMID:20383561

Experimental determination of drag coefficients in low-density polyurethane foam

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Adams, M L

2006-04-18

We describe several experiments performed at the LLNL Site 300 firing range and on the LLNL 1/3 scale gun to investigate the deceleration of small projectiles (l {approx} 3-5 [mm]) in low-density foam ({rho} {approx} 0.08-0.32 [g/cm{sup 3}]). The experiments at the firing range researched a passive velocity diagnostic based on Faraday's law of induction, while experiments on the 1/3 scale gun investigated the effects of varying projectile surface area, projectile shape, and foam density on the drag coefficient c{sub d}. Analysis shows that the velocity diagnostic has an uncertainty on the order of 1 percent for projectiles with velocitymore » v {approx} 0.8-1.2 [km/s]. The 1/3 scale gun experiments, dubbed the Krispy Kreme series, included nine shots considering the combinations of 3 projectile surface areas with 3 target densities. The experiments used Tantalum square surface area block projectiles (with an initial velocity v{sub 0} {approx} 1.2 [km/s], a common thickness T = 2.67 [mm], and square side lengths of 3, 4, and 5 [mm]) decelerating in polyurethane foams (with densities {rho}{sub f} of 0.08, 0.16 and 0.32 [g/cm{sup 3}]). Standard fluid models of the Krispy Kreme experiments predict Reynolds numbers Re {approx} 10{sup 5} - 10{sup 6}, Mach numbers Ma {approx} 0.5-2.0, and drag coefficients c{sub d} {approx} 2-3. However, the data indicate that c{sub d} = 1.1-1.2 (c{sub d} = 1.7) for all three block projectiles in the 0.08 and 0.16 [g/cm{sup 3}] targets (0.32 [g/cm{sup 3}] target). First, we conclude that the drag force on projectiles in solid polyurethane foam is less than in fluids with equivalent dimensionless parameters. This result is also supported by an additional Krispy Kreme experiment that used a disk projectile (with diameter d = 4.51 [mm] and thickness T = 2.67 [mm]) penetrating a target with density {rho} = 0.16 [g/cm{sup 3}], i.e., the fluid-like c{sub d} = 1.15 while the measured c{sub d} = 0.63. Second, we conclude that the measured drag coefficient in the lower density foam targets is less than in the larger density foam target. This result is corroborated by firing range experiments with M855 NATO bullets (with diameter 5.56 [mm], mass 4.1 [g], and initial velocity {nu}{sub 0} {approx} 800 [m/s]) fired from an M16 rifle, i.e., c{sub d} = 0.3 (c{sub d} = 0.6) in the 0.16 [g/cm{sup 3}] (0.32 [g/cm{sup 3}]) target. We propose future 1/3 scale gun experiments using a passive velocity diagnostic with increased spatial resolution as well as simple spherical projectiles with 0.5 and 1.0 [cm] diameters.« less

Multimission airborne radar for the 1990s

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Robinson, Thomas H.

1986-07-01

The continuing trend towards the development and production of aircraft capable of multiple missions indicates that future airborne radars must provide a broad spectrum of air-to-air and air-to-ground modes. This paper investigates the modal and functional requirements of a multimode radar projected for the mid-1990s period. The paper is divided into two sections. In the first, the multimission capabilities of current radars are presented to establish trends and capabilities. In the second, the requirements of the next generation system are established. Current multimode radars lay the basis for future systems. The experience gained on the APG-65 and APG-63/70 radars is presented and conclusions are drawn regarding their impact on future system requirements. Not only are modes and performance reviewed for these radars but also their system architecture. The discussion starts with the APG-65 radar which is the first true multimission radar with programmable signal and data processing. Following this, the evolution of the APG-63 radar, culminating with the most recent upgrading resulting in redesignation of APG-70, is presented. The incorporation of air-to-ground capabilities in the APG-70, resulting from the Dual Role Fighter program, is reviewed. Results from the Advanced Fighter Capabilities Demonstration program are presented showing how high resolution SAR was incorporated into a full weapon delivery solution. The specific radar requirements for the next decade radar system are developed. This development is done in two parts. First, mode requirements are synthesized for air superiority, navigation and strike/interdiction operation. This includes low altitude penetration requirements and a review of radar timeline constraints which arise. Second, the fundamental functional requirements needed to implement the mode requirements are explored. Architectural issues and their impact on reliability and sustainability are also considered.

Orbit Transfer Rocket Engine Technology Program

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-10-15

3 TASK D - ADVANCED ENGINE STUDY .............................................. 5 Phase I (D.1, D.2 and D. 3 ...34 High Velocity Ratio Diffusing Crossovers (1.2) .............................. 41 Soft Wear Ring Seals (B. 3 and B.5...67 Combustor Coolant Channel Selection (C.2) .................................. 77 Combustor Caloriniiter Experiments (C. 3 , C.A

Proceedings of the International Conference (7th) on Machine Learning Held in Austin, Texas on 21-23 June 1990

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-23

experiment was carried out for I(a2 I C1) = I(a2 C 2 ) = 1(a2 0 C3) = 0.33 both the databases . The number of sub-descriptions 1(a3 I C1) = I(a3 C 2 ) = l...for the second database is + 1(a2 I C2 )) + f(ep2 I C2) * as shown in table 4. The nurber of sub-descriptions (I(al I C2) + I(a2 I C2 )) is once...tends to degrade the performance [Chan 75]. path of C3]. Application 2 : The database is the 1984 Congres- sional voting pattern records consisting of

Progress and Challenges in Predicting Crop Responses to Atmospheric [CO2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kent, J.; Paustian, K.

2017-12-01

Increasing atmospheric [CO2] directly accelerates photosynthesis in C3 crops, and indirectly promotes yields by reducing stomatal conductance and associated water losses in C3 and C4 crops. Several decades of experiments have exposed crops to eCO2 in greenhouses and other enclosures and observed yield increases on the order of 33%. FACE systems were developed in the early 1990s to better replicate open-field growing conditions. Some authors contend that FACE results indicate lower crop yield responses than enclosure studies, while others maintain no significant difference or attribute differences to various methodological factors. The crop CO2 response processes in many crop models were developed using results from enclosure experiments. This work tested the ability of one such model, DayCent, to reproduce crop responses to CO2 enrichment from several FACE experiments. DayCent performed well at simulating yield and transpiration responses in C4 crops, but significantly overestimated yield responses in C3 crops. After adjustment of CO2-response parameters, DayCent was able to reproduce mean yield responses for specific crops. However, crop yield responses from FACE experiments vary widely across years and sites, and likely reflect complex interactions between conditions such as weather, soils, cultivars, and biotic stressors. Further experimental work is needed to identify the secondary variables that explain this variability so that models can more reliably forecast crop yields under climate change. Likewise, CO2 impacts on crop outcomes such as belowground biomass allocation and grain N content have implications for agricultural C fluxes and human nutrition, respectively, but are poorly understood and thus difficult to simulate with confidence.

Biofilms' contribution to organic carbon in salt marsh sediments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Valentine, K.; Quirk, T. E.; Mariotti, G.; Hotard, A.

2017-12-01

Coastal salt marshes are productive environments with high potential for carbon (C) accumulation. Organic C in salt marsh sediment is typically attributed to plant biomass. Recent field measurements, however, suggest that biofilms - mainly composed of benthic diatoms and their secretion - also contribute to basal C in these environments and can be important contributors to marsh productivity, C cycling, and potentially, C sequestration. The potential for biofilms to soil organic C and the influence of mineral sedimentation of biofilm-based C accumulation is unknown. We conducted controlled laboratory experiments to test (1) whether biofilms add measurable amounts of organic C to the sediment and (2) the effect of mineral sedimentation rate on the amount of biofilm-based C accumulation. Settled beds of pure bentonite mud were created in 10-cm-wide cylinders. Each cylinder was inoculated with biofilms collected from a marsh in Louisiana. A small amount of mud was added weekly for 11 weeks. Control experiments without biofilms were also performed. Biofilms were grown with a 12/12 hours cycle, with a gentle mixing of the water column that did not cause sediment resuspension, with a nutrient-rich medium that was exchanged weekly, and in the absence of metazoan grazing. At the end of the experiment, the sediment columns were analyzed for depth-integrated chl-a, loss on ignition (LOI), and total organic carbon (TOC). Chl-a values ranged from 26-113 mg/cm2, LOI values ranged from 86-456 g/m2/yr, and TOC values ranged from 31-211 g/m2/yr. All three of these metrics (chl-a, LOI, and TOC) increased with the rate of mineral sedimentation. These results show that biofilms, in the absence of erosion and grazing, can significantly contribute to C accumulation in salt marshes, especially with high rates of mineral sedimentation. Given the short time scale of the experiment, the increase in organic C accumulation with the rate of sedimentation is attributed to stimulated biofilm production rather than increased C preservation.

Perceptual recovery from consonant-cluster simplification in Korean using language-specific phonological knowledge.

PubMed

Cho, Taehong; McQueen, James M

2011-08-01

Two experiments examined whether perceptual recovery from Korean consonant-cluster simplification is based on language-specific phonological knowledge. In tri-consonantal C1C2C3 sequences such as /lkt/ and /lpt/ in Seoul Korean, either C1 or C2 can be completely deleted. Seoul Koreans monitored for C2 targets (/p/ or / k/, deleted or preserved) in the second word of a two-word phrase with an underlying /l/-C2-/t/ sequence. In Experiment 1 the target-bearing words had contextual lexical-semantic support. Listeners recovered deleted targets as fast and as accurately as preserved targets with both Word and Intonational Phrase (IP) boundaries between the two words. In Experiment 2, contexts were low-pass filtered. Listeners were still able to recover deleted targets as well as preserved targets in IP-boundary contexts, but better with physically-present targets than with deleted targets in Word-boundary contexts. This suggests that the benefit of having target acoustic-phonetic information emerges only when higher-order (contextual and phrase-boundary) information is not available. The strikingly efficient recovery of deleted phonemes with neither acoustic-phonetic cues nor contextual support demonstrates that language-specific phonological knowledge, rather than language-universal perceptual processes which rely on fine-grained phonetic details, is employed when the listener perceives the results of a continuous-speech process in which reduction is phonetically complete.

Pond Crash Forensics: Presumptive identification of pond crash agents by next generation sequencing in replicate raceway mass cultures of Nannochloropsis salina

DOE PAGES

Carney, Laura T.; Wilkenfeld, Joshua S.; Lane, Pam D.; ...

2016-06-02

Productivity of algal mass culture can be severely reduced by contaminating organisms. It is, therefore, important to identify contaminants, determine their effect on productivity and, ultimately, develop countermeasures against such contamination. In this paper, we utilized microbiome analysis by second-generation sequencing of small subunit rRNA genes to characterize the predator and pathogen burden of open raceway cultures of Nannochloropsis salina. Samples were analyzed from replicate raceways before and after crashes. In one culture cycle, we identified two algivorous species, the rotifer Brachionus and gastrotrich Chaetonotus, the presence of which may have contributed to the loss of algal biomass. In themore » second culture cycle, the raceways were treated with hypochlorite in an unsuccessful attempt to interdict the crash. Finally, our analyses were shown to be an effective strategy for the identification of the biological contaminants and the characterization of intervention strategies.« less

Analysis of a Uranium Oxide Sample Interdicted in Slovakia (FSC 12-3-1)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Borg, Lars E.; Dai, Zurong; Eppich, Gary R.

2014-01-17

We provide a concise summary of analyses of a natural uranium sample seized in Slovakia in November 2007. Results are presented for compound identification, water content, U assay, trace element abundances, trace organic compounds, isotope compositions for U, Pb, Sr and O, and age determination using the 234U – 230Th and 235U – 231Pa chronometers. The sample is a mixture of two common uranium compounds - schoepite and uraninite. The uranium isotope composition is indistinguishable from natural; 236U was not detected. The O, Sr and Pb isotope compositions and trace element abundances are unremarkable. The 234U – 230Th chronometer givesmore » an age of 15.5 years relative to the date of analysis, indicating the sample was produced in January 1997. A comparison of the data for this sample with data in the Uranium Sourcing database failed to find a match, indicating the sample was not produced at a facility represented in the database.« less

Optimising the neutron environment of Radiation Portal Monitors: A computational study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gilbert, Mark R.; Ghani, Zamir; McMillan, John E.; Packer, Lee W.

2015-09-01

Efficient and reliable detection of radiological or nuclear threats is a crucial part of national and international efforts to prevent terrorist activities. Radiation Portal Monitors (RPMs), which are deployed worldwide, are intended to interdict smuggled fissile material by detecting emissions of neutrons and gamma rays. However, considering the range and variety of threat sources, vehicular and shielding scenarios, and that only a small signature is present, it is important that the design of the RPMs allows these signatures to be accurately differentiated from the environmental background. Using Monte-Carlo neutron-transport simulations of a model 3He detector system we have conducted a parameter study to identify the optimum combination of detector shielding, moderation, and collimation that maximises the sensitivity of neutron-sensitive RPMs. These structures, which could be simply and cost-effectively added to existing RPMs, can improve the detector response by more than a factor of two relative to an unmodified, bare design. Furthermore, optimisation of the air gap surrounding the helium tubes also improves detector efficiency.

Detection of contraband concealed on the body using x-ray imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, Gerald J.

1997-01-01

In an effort to avoid detection, smugglers and terrorists are increasingly using the body as a vehicle for transporting illicit drugs, weapons, and explosives. This trend illustrates the natural tendency of traffickers to seek the path of least resistance, as improved interdiction technology and operational effectiveness have been brought to bear on other trafficking avenues such as luggage, cargo, and parcels. In response, improved technology for human inspection is being developed using a variety of techniques. ASE's BodySearch X-ray Inspection Systems uses backscatter x-ray imaging of the human body to quickly, safely, and effectively screen for drugs, weapons, and explosives concealed on the body. This paper reviews the law enforcement and social issues involved in human inspections, and briefly describes the ASE BodySearch systems. Operator training, x-ray image interpretation, and maximizing systems effectiveness are also discussed. Finally, data collected from operation of the BodySearch system in the field is presented, and new law enforcement initiatives which have come about due to recent events are reviewed.

Preliminary Exploration of Encounter During Transit Across Southern Africa

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stroud, Phillip David; Cuellar-Hengartner, Leticia; Kubicek, Deborah Ann

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is utilizing the Probability Effectiveness Methodology (PEM) tools, particularly the Pathway Analysis, Threat Response and Interdiction Options Tool (PATRIOT) to support the DNDO Architecture and Planning Directorate’s (APD) development of a multi-region terrorist risk assessment tool. The effort is divided into three stages. The first stage is an exploration of what can be done with PATRIOT essentially as is, to characterize encounter rate during transit across a single selected region. The second stage is to develop, condition, and implement required modifications to the data and conduct analysis to generate a well-founded assessment of the transitmore » reliability across that selected region, and to identify any issues in the process. The final stage is to extend the work to a full multi-region global model. This document provides the results of the first stage, namely preliminary explorations with PATRIOT to assess the transit reliability across the region of southern Africa.« less

Robotic inspection for vehicle-borne contraband

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Witus, Gary; Gerhart, Grant; Smuda, W.; Andrusz, H.

2006-05-01

Vehicle-borne smuggling is widespread because of the availability, flexibility and capacity of the cars and trucks. Inspecting vehicles at border crossings and checkpoints are key security elements. At the present time, most vehicle security inspections at home and abroad are conducted manually. Remotely operated vehicle inspection robots could be integrated into the operating procedures to improve throughput while reducing the workload burden on security personnel. The robotic inspection must be effective at detecting contraband and efficient at clearing the "clean" vehicles that make up the bulk of the traffic stream, while limiting the workload burden on the operators. In this paper, we present a systems engineering approach to robotic vehicle inspection. We review the tactics, techniques and procedures to interdict contraband. We present an operational concept for robotic vehicle inspection within this framework, and identify needed capabilities. We review the technologies currently available to meet these needs. Finally, we summarize the immediate potential and R&D challenges for effective contraband detection robots.

Nitrous oxide production during nitrification from organic solid waste under temperature and oxygen conditions.

PubMed

Nag, Mitali; Shimaoka, Takayuki; Komiya, Teppei

2016-11-01

Landfill aeration can accelerate the biological degradation of organic waste and reduce methane production; however, it induces nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas. Nitrification is one of the pathways of N2O generation as a by-product during aerobic condition. This study was initiated to demonstrate the features of N2O production rate from organic solid waste during nitrification under three different temperatures (20°C, 30°C, and 40°C) and three oxygen concentrations (5%, 10%, and 20%) with high moisture content and high substrates' concentration. The experiment was carried out by batch experiment using Erlenmeyer flasks incubated in a shaking water bath for 72 h. A duplicate experiment was carried out in parallel, with addition of 100 Pa of acetylene as a nitrification inhibitor, to investigate nitrifiers' contribution to N2O production. The production rate of N2O ranged between 0.40 × 10(-3) and 1.14 × 10(-3) mg N/g-DM/h under the experimental conditions of this study. The rate of N2O production at 40°C was higher than at 20°C and 30°C. Nitrification was found to be the dominant pathway of N2O production. It was evaluated that optimization of O2 content is one of the crucial parameters in N2O production that may help to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and N turnover during aeration.

CO2 and Carbon Balance of an Intensively Grazed Temperate Pasture: Response to Cultivation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rutledge, S.; Mudge, P. L.; Wallace, D.; Campbell, D.; Wall, A.; Hosking, C. L.; Schipper, L. A.

2012-12-01

Recent soil resampling studies have shown that soils on flat land used for intensive dairy farming in New Zealand have lost large amounts of carbon (~1 t C ha-1y-1) over the past few decades, and the causes of these losses are poorly understood. One of the management practices potentially contributing to the C losses from these dairy soils is the periodic cultivation commonly associated with pasture renewal or the rotation through summer or winter crops. Here we report the results of three experiments aimed at quantifying the effect of cultivation as part of pasture renewal on the CO2 and C balances of permanent pastures. In the first experiment, the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) of an intensively grazed dairy pasture was measured before, during and after cultivation using eddy covariance (EC) from 2008 to 2011 at a dairy farm in the Waikato region on the North Island of New Zealand. The net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) was determined by combining NEE data with measurements and estimates of other C imports (feed) and C exports (milk, methane, silage and leaching). The other two experiments took place on the same farm and monitored two different cultivation events in 2008. We made chamber measurements of soil CO2 losses between spraying and seedling emergence. One of the cultivations took place in summer 2008 during a drought, whereas the other took place in spring 2008 when soil water was not limiting. For the first two years of experiment 1 the site was under permanent pasture and it was a sink for both CO2 (1.6 and 2.3 t C ha-1y-1 for 2008 and 2009, respectively) and C (0.59 and 0.90 t C ha-1y-1 for 2008 and 2009, respectively), despite a severe drought in summer 2008 which had led to a loss of approximately 1.1 t C ha-1 as CO2 over the three summer months. Pasture renewal took place in March 2010 and CO2 losses during this event were approximately 1.7 t C ha-1. However, the site seemed to recover quickly and was a sink of CO2 at an annual time scale of approximately 2.0 t C ha-1y-1. In 2011 CO2 uptake was approximately 2.8 t C ha-1y-1. Preliminary data analysis suggests that the site continued to be a sink for C during 2010 and 2011 also. Experiments 2 and 3 showed a difference in NEE between the cultivated sites (respiration only measured by chambers) and not-cultivated site (NEE measured at the nearby EC site) of 0.6 t C ha-1 under drought conditions, and 3.6 and 2.8 t C ha-1 for two different soils in spring, clearly indicating the moisture limitation on microbial respiration during the drought. From these results we conclude that the study site was a sink for CO2 (and most likely C) during the four years of measurements, which is in contrast with the C losses found in previous soil C resampling studies. In addition, our data shows that although periodic cultivation of dairy pasture resulted in net CO2 losses during and immediately after cultivation, the EC site returned to being a sink for CO2 at an annual timescale and preliminary analysis suggests it continued to be a sink for C also. This means that the losses of CO2 as a result of cultivation were not large enough to account for the measured decline in soil C from New Zealand's dairy pastures in previous soil resampling studies.

Extreme High-Temperature Events Over East Asia in 1.5°C and 2°C Warmer Futures: Analysis of NCAR CESM Low-Warming Experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Donghuan; Zhou, Tianjun; Zou, Liwei; Zhang, Wenxia; Zhang, Lixia

2018-02-01

Extreme high-temperature events have large socioeconomic and human health impacts. East Asia (EA) is a populous region, and it is crucial to assess the changes in extreme high-temperature events in this region under different climate change scenarios. The Community Earth System Model low-warming experiment data were applied to investigate the changes in the mean and extreme high temperatures in EA under 1.5°C and 2°C warming conditions above preindustrial levels. The results show that the magnitude of warming in EA is approximately 0.2°C higher than the global mean. Most populous subregions, including eastern China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, will see more intense, more frequent, and longer-lasting extreme temperature events under 1.5°C and 2°C warming. The 0.5°C lower warming will help avoid 35%-46% of the increases in extreme high-temperature events in terms of intensity, frequency, and duration in EA with maximal avoidance values (37%-49%) occurring in Mongolia. Thus, it is beneficial for EA to limit the warming target to 1.5°C rather than 2°C.

Experimental constraints on the relative stabilities of the two systems monazite-(Ce) - allanite-(Ce) - fluorapatite and xenotime-(Y) - (Y,HREE)-rich epidote - (Y,HREE)-rich fluorapatite, in high Ca and Na-Ca environments under P-T conditions of 200-1000 MPa and 450-750 °C

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Budzyń, Bartosz; Harlov, Daniel E.; Kozub-Budzyń, Gabriela A.; Majka, Jarosław

2017-04-01

The relative stabilities of phases within the two systems monazite-(Ce) - fluorapatite - allanite-(Ce) and xenotime-(Y) - (Y,HREE)-rich fluorapatite - (Y,HREE)-rich epidote have been tested experimentally as a function of pressure and temperature in systems roughly replicating granitic to pelitic composition with high and moderate bulk CaO/Na2O ratios over a wide range of P-T conditions from 200 to 1000 MPa and 450 to 750 °C via four sets of experiments. These included (1) monazite-(Ce), labradorite, sanidine, biotite, muscovite, SiO2, CaF2, and 2 M Ca(OH)2; (2) monazite-(Ce), albite, sanidine, biotite, muscovite, SiO2, CaF2, Na2Si2O5, and H2O; (3) xenotime-(Y), labradorite, sanidine, biotite, muscovite, garnet, SiO2, CaF2, and 2 M Ca(OH)2; and (4) xenotime-(Y), albite, sanidine, biotite, muscovite, garnet, SiO2, CaF2, Na2Si2O5, and H2O. Monazite-(Ce) breakdown was documented in experimental sets (1) and (2). In experimental set (1), the Ca high activity (estimated bulk CaO/Na2O ratio of 13.3) promoted the formation of REE-rich epidote, allanite-(Ce), REE-rich fluorapatite, and fluorcalciobritholite at the expense of monazite-(Ce). In contrast, a bulk CaO/Na2O ratio of 1.0 in runs in set (2) prevented the formation of REE-rich epidote and allanite-(Ce). The reacted monazite-(Ce) was partially replaced by REE-rich fluorapatite-fluorcalciobritholite in all runs, REE-rich steacyite in experiments at 450 °C, 200-1000 MPa, and 550 °C, 200-600 MPa, and minor cheralite in runs at 650-750 °C, 200-1000 MPa. The experimental results support previous natural observations and thermodynamic modeling of phase equilibria, which demonstrate that an increased CaO bulk content expands the stability field of allanite-(Ce) relative to monazite-(Ce) at higher temperatures indicating that the relative stabilities of monazite-(Ce) and allanite-(Ce) depend on the bulk CaO/Na2O ratio. The experiments also provide new insights into the re-equilibration of monazite-(Ce) via fluid-aided coupled dissolution-reprecipitation, which affects the Th-U-Pb system in runs at 450 °C, 200-1000 MPa, and 550 °C, 200-600 MPa. A lack of compositional alteration in the Th, U, and Pb in monazite-(Ce) at 550 °C, 800-1000 MPa, and in experiments at 650-750 °C, 200-1000 MPa indicates the limited influence of fluid-mediated alteration on volume diffusion under high P-T conditions. Experimental sets (3) and (4) resulted in xenotime-(Y) breakdown and partial replacement by (Y,REE)-rich fluorapatite to Y-rich fluorcalciobritholite. Additionally, (Y,HREE)-rich epidote formed at the expense of xenotime-(Y) in three runs with 2 M Ca(OH)2 fluid, at 550 °C, 800 MPa; 650 °C, 800 MPa; and 650 °C, 1000 MPa similar to the experiments involving monazite-(Ce). These results confirm that replacement of xenotime-(Y) by (Y,HREE)-rich epidote is induced by a high Ca bulk content with a high CaO/Na2O ratio. These experiments demonstrate also that the relative stabilities of xenotime-(Y) and (Y,HREE)-rich epidote are strongly controlled by pressure.

Methionine+cystine requirement of broiler chickens fed low-density diets under tropical conditions.

PubMed

Aftab, Usama; Ashraf, Muhammad

2009-03-01

Two experiments were conducted to determine the M+C requirement of straight-run broiler chickens (Hubbard x Hubbard) during the period 4-21 (Exp. 1) and 21-40 (Exp. 2) days of age. Experiments were conducted during summer months (July-August) in open-sided houses, thus exposing chicks to chronic heat stress. Daily min-max temperature averaged 26-37C (Exp. 1) and 23-36C (Exp. 2). M+C deficient basal diets were formulated to contain low-nutrient-density, i.e., 2750 kcal per kg ME, 20.1% CP (Exp. 1), and 2780 kcal per kg ME, 17.0% CP (Exp. 2). Diets were supplemented with DL-methionine to provide total M+C level ranging from 0.64 to 0.89 % (six increments) and 0.54 to 0.79% (six increments), respectively in experiment 1 and 2. Requirements (0.95 of the maximum quadratic response) were found to be 0.77 and 0.75% total M+C, respectively for gain and feed efficiency, during 4-21 days; and 0.67% total M+C for both gain and feed efficiency during 21-40 days of age. Calculated on the digestible M+C basis, the estimates were 0.67 and 0.65% respectively for gain and feed efficiency during 4-21 days of age; and 0.60% for gain and feed efficiency during 21-40 days of age.

Vapor transport mechanisms

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Workman, G. L.

1978-01-01

The Raman scattering furnace for investigating vapor transport mechanisms was completed and checked out. Preliminary experiments demonstate that a temperature resolution of plus and minus 5 C is possible with this system operating in a backscatter mode. In the experiments presented with the GeI 4 plus excess Ge system at temperatures up to 600 C, only the GeI4 band at 150 cm superscript minus 1 was observed. Further experiments are in progress to determine if GeI2 does become the major vapor species above 440 C.

Nature and Dynamics of Carbon Accrued in a Forest Soil During Five Years of Atmospheric CO2 Enrichment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jastrow, J. D.; O'Brien, S. L.; Dria, K. J.; Moran, K. K.; Filley, T. R.; Boutton, T. W.

2004-12-01

The potential for enhanced soil C storage to partially offset rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations is being evaluated by long-term field CO2 enrichment experiments. Although plant productivity is often stimulated in such experiments, the fate of increased detrital inputs to soil has yet to be definitively resolved, in part because detecting changes in soil C against the relatively large, spatially heterogeneous pool of existing soil organic matter has proven difficult. Even when significant changes in whole soil C are evident, predictions of the potential for long-term sequestration will require detailed studies of C dynamics and stability in functionally meaningful soil organic matter pools. In our studies at the free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment on a sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) forest plantation in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, we are using (1) repeated sampling over time, (2) the isotopic tracer provided by the highly depleted 13C signature of the CO2 source used for fumigation, and (3) physical and chemical fractionation procedures to determine the fate and dynamics of FACE-derived C inputs to soil organic matter. After five years of CO2 enrichment, soil C accumulated at a linear rate in both unprotected and aggregate-protected pools, suggesting that additional C inputs were being processed and cycled in much the same manner as under ambient conditions. However, selective analysis of the biopolymer composition (lignin, suberin, and cutin) and oxidation state of the organic matter in physically and chemically isolated soil fractions will be used to assess the source, nature and potential stability of the C accrued in protected and unprotected pools.

Derived More-Less Relational Mands in Children Diagnosed with Autism

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Murphy, Carol; Barnes-Holmes, Dermot

2009-01-01

In Experiment 1, "more" and "less" relations were trained for arbitrary Stimuli A1 and A2 with 3 children with autism. The following conditional discriminations were then trained: A1-B1, A2-B2, B1-C1, B2-C2. In subsequent tests, participants showed derived more-less mands (mand with C1 for more and mand with C2 for less). A training procedure…

A dual-phase microstructural approach to damage and fracture of Ti3SiC2/SiC joints

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nguyen, Ba Nghiep; Henager, Charles H.; Kurtz, Richard J.

2018-02-01

The microcracking mechanisms responsible for Ti3SiC2/SiC joint damage observed at the macroscopic scale after neutron irradiation experiments are investigated in detail. A dual-phase microstructural approach to damage and fracture of Ti3SiC2/SiC joints is developed that uses a finely discretized two-phase domain based on a digital image of an actual microstructure involving embedded Ti3SiC2 and SiC phases. The behaviors of SiC and Ti3SiC2 in the domain are described by the continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model reported in Nguyen et al., J. Nucl. Mater., 2017, 495:504-515. This CDM model describes microcracking damage in brittle ceramics caused by thermomechanical loading and irradiation-induced swelling. The dual-phase microstructural model is applied to predict the microcracking mechanisms occurring in a typical Ti3SiC2/SiC joint subjected to heating to 800 °C followed by irradiation-induced swelling at this temperature and cooling to room temperature after the applied swelling has reached the maximum swelling levels observed in the experiments for SiC and Ti3SiC2. The model predicts minor damage of the joint after heating but significant microcracking in the SiC phase and along the boundaries between SiC and Ti3SiC2 as well as along the bonding joint during irradiation-induced swelling and cooling to room temperature. These predictions qualitatively agree with the limited experimental observations of joint damage at this irradiation temperature.

LANL Q2 2016 Quarterly Progress Report. Science Campaign and ICF

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Douglas, Melissa Rae

2016-04-07

This progress report includes highlights for the Science Campaign and ICF about Advanced Certification and Assessment Methodologies, Implosion Hydrodynamics (C-1, SCE), Materials and Nuclear Science (C-1, C-2), Capabilities for Nuclear Intelligence, and High Energy Density Science (C-1, C-4, C-10). Upcoming meetings, briefings, and experiments are then listed for April and May.

Experimental Constraints on Hot Spring Fluid Chemistry in Back Arc Basins

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schaen, A. T.; Saccocia, P. J.; Seewald, J.

2010-12-01

Many axial hot springs from back-arc basins are characterized by low pH and high metal concentrations compared to fluids from the mid-ocean ridge. Such differences are likely related to the presence of felsic crust and the involvement of acidic magmatic fluids in back-arc hydrothermal systems. Previous experiments that reacted fresh andesite with seawater at elevated T and P yielded pH values significantly higher than those observed in back-arc basin hot springs. Moreover, ocean drilling beneath back-arc basin hot springs revealed acid-sulfate alteration assemblages, suggesting at least transient involvement of magmatic fluids. Here we report the results of two laboratory experiments designed to assess fluid chemistry in equilibrium with acid-sulfate alteration assemblages at sub-seafloor conditions typically associated with back-arc hot springs. Both experiments reacted a K-Ca-Na-Cl fluid with a pyrophyllite-pyrite-anhydrite-quartz assemblage (PPAQ). In addition, alunite was added to the assemblage in one experiment (PPAQA). Both experiments were conducted in a flexible-cell hydrothermal apparatus utilizing an inert Au-Ti reaction cell. Fluid samples were withdrawn from the reaction cell as a function of time and temperature and analyzed for major anions, cations, pH (25C), H2, and H2S to monitor reaction progress. In the PPAQ experiment, pH varied from 3.1 to 3.4 from 350 to 365C at 0.25 Kb. At 385C, 0.26 Kb, pH dropped to 2.74, close to the value observed in many BAB hot springs. H2S varied from 2 mmol/kg at 350C, 0.25 Kb to 11 mmol/kg at 385C, 0.26 Kb. In general, K decreased and Ca increased with increasing T and decreasing P while SO4 remained low (<1 mmol/kg). In the PPAQA experiment, fluid pH was much lower, varying from 2.2 to 1.5 from 250 to 350C, 0.25 Kb. H2S was low (<1 mmol/kg) at these same conditions. Similarly, H2 was <0.003 mmol/kg, consistent with relatively oxidizing conditions. K concentration remained nearly constant while Ca increased with decreasing T. SO4 varied inversely with Ca, varying from 35 to 4 mmol/kg from 350 to 250C, respectively. Thus, the presence of alunite in the alteration assemblage yields an extremely acid fluid, depleted in H2S and enriched in SO4 compared to fluids from the PPAQ experiment. These results suggest that the composition of hot spring fluids from back-arc environments is consistent with fluid-mineral equilibria involving acid-sulfate mineral assemblages. Such assemblages may be produced by previous episodes of magmatic degassing. Accordingly, the presence of highly acidic vent fluids may reflect an important role for magmatic fluids during crustal alteration processes, but does not require the presence of an actively degassing magma chamber.

A Systematic Study on the Generation of Multimetallic Lanthanide Fullerene ions by Laser Ablation Mass Spectrometry.

PubMed

Wang, Yiyun; Ma, LiFu; Mu, Lei; Ren, Juan; Kong, Xianglei

2018-06-01

Laser ablation masss spectromety has been previously proved to be a powerful tool for studying endohedro metallofullerene (EMF) ions. Our previous study showed the possiblity of forming multi-metallofullerene ions containg more than six metal atoms for La, Y and Lu. Thus, it is important to conduct a systematic study on the generation of multi-metallofullerenes and their distribuitons for all lanthanide elements. Experiments were performed on a 7.0 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT ICR) mass spectrometer. Laser ablation mass spectra were obtained by laser irradiation on mixtures of graphene and MCl 3 on a stainless steel plate, applying a 355 nm Nd: YAG laser with a typical energy of 2.5 mJ/pulse. Reaction test experiments were performed by introducing O 2 into the FT ICR cell with a pulse valve. Multi-metallofullerene ions Ce2-4C2m+, Pr2-4C2m+, Gd2-4C2m+, Nd3C2m+, Dy2-3C2m+, Tb2-7C2m+, Ho2-6C2m+ were observed in the mass spectra. For metal Sm and Eu, no multi-metallofullerene ion was observed. No reaction with O 2 was observed in the reaction experiments, verifying that these species had endohedral structures. For the observed series of multi-metallofullerene ions, tri-metallofullerene ions dominated their mass spectra. The results were further compared with previously generated EMF ions for La, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu. Endohedral lanthanide metallofullerene ions were generated by laser ablation of graphene and the corresponding metal salts MCl 3 (M = Ce, Pr, Nd, Gd, Tb, Dy and Ho) and studied with a FT ICR mass spectrometer. Typically, multi-metallofullerene ions of TbnC2m+2≤n≤780≤2m≤176, Ho6C2m+2≤n≤674≤2m≤162 were observed. The results show that the formation of multi-EMF ions containing lanthanides that have +3 and +4 oxidation states is easier than those containing +2 oxidation states in the process of laser ablation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Velocity navigator for motion compensated thermometry.

PubMed

Maier, Florian; Krafft, Axel J; Yung, Joshua P; Stafford, R Jason; Elliott, Andrew; Dillmann, Rüdiger; Semmler, Wolfhard; Bock, Michael

2012-02-01

Proton resonance frequency shift thermometry is sensitive to breathing motion that leads to incorrect phase differences. In this work, a novel velocity-sensitive navigator technique for triggering MR thermometry image acquisition is presented. A segmented echo planar imaging pulse sequence was modified for velocity-triggered temperature mapping. Trigger events were generated when the estimated velocity value was less than 0.2 cm/s during the slowdown phase in parallel to the velocity-encoding direction. To remove remaining high-frequency spikes from pulsation in real time, a Kalman filter was applied to the velocity navigator data. A phantom experiment with heating and an initial volunteer experiment without heating were performed to show the applicability of this technique. Additionally, a breath-hold experiment was conducted for comparison. A temperature rise of ΔT = +37.3°C was seen in the phantom experiment, and a root mean square error (RMSE) outside the heated region of 2.3°C could be obtained for periodic motion. In the volunteer experiment, a RMSE of 2.7°C/2.9°C (triggered vs. breath hold) was measured. A novel velocity navigator with Kalman filter postprocessing in real time significantly improves the temperature accuracy over non-triggered acquisitions and suggests being comparable to a breath-held acquisition. The proposed technique might be clinically applied for monitoring of thermal ablations in abdominal organs.

Some good C++ practices for using the art framework

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Paterno, Marc

2015-05-01

This document is intended for an audience that has some programming experience, at least beginning familiarity with C++, and at least beginning familiarity with the art2 framework. The intent of this document is to help the reader avoid some of the more common mistakes made by those with little experience in C++, or in use of the art framework, or both.

A combined crossed molecular beams and theoretical study of the reaction CN + C2H4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Balucani, Nadia; Leonori, Francesca; Petrucci, Raffaele; Wang, Xingan; Casavecchia, Piergiorgio; Skouteris, Dimitrios; Albernaz, Alessandra F.; Gargano, Ricardo

2015-03-01

The CN + C2H4 reaction has been investigated experimentally, in crossed molecular beam (CMB) experiments at the collision energy of 33.4 kJ/mol, and theoretically, by electronic structure calculations of the relevant potential energy surface and Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) estimates of the product branching ratio. Differently from previous CMB experiments at lower collision energies, but similarly to a high energy study, we have some indication that a second reaction channel is open at this collision energy, the characteristics of which are consistent with the channel leading to CH2CHNC + H. The RRKM estimates using M06L electronic structure calculations qualitatively support the experimental observation of C2H3NC formation at this and at the higher collision energy of 42.7 kJ/mol of previous experiments.

Formation of amino acids and nucleotide bases in a Titan atmosphere simulation experiment.

PubMed

Hörst, S M; Yelle, R V; Buch, A; Carrasco, N; Cernogora, G; Dutuit, O; Quirico, E; Sciamma-O'Brien, E; Smith, M A; Somogyi, A; Szopa, C; Thissen, R; Vuitton, V

2012-09-01

The discovery of large (>100 u) molecules in Titan's upper atmosphere has heightened astrobiological interest in this unique satellite. In particular, complex organic aerosols produced in atmospheres containing C, N, O, and H, like that of Titan, could be a source of prebiotic molecules. In this work, aerosols produced in a Titan atmosphere simulation experiment with enhanced CO (N(2)/CH(4)/CO gas mixtures of 96.2%/2.0%/1.8% and 93.2%/5.0%/1.8%) were found to contain 18 molecules with molecular formulae that correspond to biological amino acids and nucleotide bases. Very high-resolution mass spectrometry of isotopically labeled samples confirmed that C(4)H(5)N(3)O, C(4)H(4)N(2)O(2), C(5)H(6)N(2)O(2), C(5)H(5)N(5), and C(6)H(9)N(3)O(2) are produced by chemistry in the simulation chamber. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of the non-isotopic samples confirmed the presence of cytosine (C(4)H(5)N(3)O), uracil (C(5)H(4)N(2)O(2)), thymine (C(5)H(6)N(2)O(2)), guanine (C(5)H(5)N(5)O), glycine (C(2)H(5)NO(2)), and alanine (C(3)H(7)NO(2)). Adenine (C(5)H(5)N(5)) was detected by GC-MS in isotopically labeled samples. The remaining prebiotic molecules were detected in unlabeled samples only and may have been affected by contamination in the chamber. These results demonstrate that prebiotic molecules can be formed by the high-energy chemistry similar to that which occurs in planetary upper atmospheres and therefore identifies a new source of prebiotic material, potentially increasing the range of planets where life could begin.

The Effects of Antioxidants and Experience on the Development of Age Dependent Cognitive Dysfunction and Neuropathology in Canines

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-10-01

Douglas, H. Murphey, B.A. Muggenburg, S. Zicker , and N.W. Milgram. The effects of experience and antioxidants on size discrimination learning in the dog...submission: Appendix F. N.W. Milgram, S.C. Zicker , E. Head, B.A. Muggenburg, H. Murphey, C. Ikeda-Douglas, and C.W. Cotman. Dietary enrichment...dysfunction in canines N.W. Milgram,1* S.C. Zicker ,2 E. Head,3 B. A.Muggenburg,4 H. Murphey,4 C. Ikeda-Douglas’, and C.W. Cotman 3 ’Life Science Division

Implementation of secondary bacterial culture testing of platelets to mitigate residual risk of septic transfusion reactions.

PubMed

Bloch, Evan M; Marshall, Christi E; Boyd, Joan S; Shifflett, Lisa; Tobian, Aaron A R; Gehrie, Eric A; Ness, Paul M

2018-04-01

Bacterial contamination of platelets remains a major transfusion-associated risk despite long-standing safety measures in the United States. We evaluated an approach using secondary bacterial culture (SBC) to contend with residual risk of bacterial contamination. Phased implementation of SBC was initiated in October 2016 for platelets (all apheresis collected) received at our institution from the blood donor center (Day 3 post collection). Platelet products were sampled aseptically (5 mL inoculated into an aerobic bottle [BacT/ALERT BPA, BioMerieux, Inc.]) by the blood bank staff upon receipt, using a sterile connection device and sampling kit. The platelet sample was inoculated into an aerobic blood culture bottle and incubated at 35°C for 3 days. The cost of SBC was calculated on the basis of consumables and labor costs at time of implementation. In the 13 months following implementation (October 6, 2016, to November 30, 2017), 23,044/24,653 (93.47%) platelet products underwent SBC. A total of eight positive cultures were detected (incidence 1 in 2881 platelet products), seven of which were positive within 24 hours of SBC. Coagulase negative Staphyloccus spp. were identified in four cases. Five of the eight cases were probable true positive (repeat reactive) and interdicted (cost per averted case was US$77,935). The remaining three cases were indeterminate. No septic transfusion reactions were reported during the observation period. We demonstrate the feasibility of SBC of apheresis platelets to mitigate bacterial risk. SBC is lower cost than alternative measures (e.g., pathogen reduction and point-of-release testing) and can be integrated into workflow at hospital transfusion services. © 2018 AABB.

Speciation in experimental C-O-H fluids produced by the thermal dissociation of oxalic acid dihydrate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morgan, G. B., VI; Chou, I.-Ming; Pasteris, J. D.

1992-01-01

Fluid speciations and their related reaction pathways were studied in C-O-H-system fluids produced by the thermal dissociation of oxalic acid dihydrate (OAD: H 2C 2O 4 · 2H 2O) sealed in silica glass capsules. Experiments were conducted in the temperature range 230-750°C, with bulk fluid densities in the range 0.01-0.53 g/cm 3. Pressure was controlled by temperature and density in the isochoric systems. The quenched products of dissociation experiments were an aqueous liquid and one (supercritical fluid) or, rarely, two (vapor plus liquid) carbonic phase (s). In-situ Raman microanalyses were performed on the quenched carbonic phases at room temperature, at which fluid pressures ranged from about 50 to 340 bars. Bulk fluid speciations were reconstructed from the Raman analyses via mass balance constraints, and appear to monitor the true fluid speciations at run conditions. In experiments from the lowtemperature range (230-350°C), fluid speciations record the dissociation of OAD according to the reaction OAD = CO2 + CO + 3 H2O. A process of the form CO + H2O = CO2 + H2 is driven to the right with increasing temperature. The hydrogen gas produced tends to escape from the sample systems via diffusion into/through the silica glass capsules, shifting bulk compositions toward equimolar binary H 2O-CO 2 mixtures. The speciations of fluids in experiments with minimal hydrogen loss show poor agreement with speciations calculated for equilibrium fluids by the corresponding-states model of SAXENA and FEI (1988). Such disagreement suggests that the formations of CH 4 and graphite are metastably inhibited in the current experiments, which correlates with their absence or trivial abundances in experimental products. Moreover, calculations in which the stabilities of methane and graphite are suppressed suggest that such metastable equilibrium is approached only in experiments at temperatures greater than about 600-650°C. These results have applications to fluid processes in geological environments, in addition to considerations of using oxalate compounds as volatile sources in experimental studies. It is possible that disequilibrium or metastable fluids may be entrapped as inclusions; re-speciation (toward metastable or stable equilibrium) during P-T evolution of a given terrain would place the fluid inclusion on a new isochore that would not project through the original conditions of entrapment. Moreover, the disequilibrium to metastable nature of dissociation reactions, coupled with the diffusional mobility of hydrogen gas observed in the current experiments, suggests that the predominance of binary H 2O-CO 2 fluid mixtures in natural inclusions from medium- to high-grade metamorphic terrains may be more than a coincidence of similar initial bulk compositions.

Speciation in experimental C-O-H fluids produced by the thermal dissociation of oxalic acid dihydrate

USGS Publications Warehouse

Morgan, G.B.; Chou, I.-Ming; Pasteris, J.D.

1992-01-01

Fluid speciations and their related reaction pathways were studied in C-O-H-system fluids produced by the thermal dissociation of oxalic acid dihydrate (OAD: H2C2O4 ?? 2H2O) sealed in silica glass capsules. Experiments were conducted in the temperature range 230-750??C, with bulk fluid densities in the range 0.01-0.53 g/cm3. Pressure was controlled by temperature and density in the isochoric systems. The quenched products of dissociation experiments were an aqueous liquid and one (supercritical fluid) or, rarely, two (vapor plus liquid) carbonic phase (s). In-situ Raman microanalyses were performed on the quenched carbonic phases at room temperature, at which fluid pressures ranged from about 50 to 340 bars. Bulk fluid speciations were reconstructed from the Raman analyses via mass balance constraints, and appear to monitor the true fluid speciations at run conditions. In experiments from the lowtemperature range (230-350??C), fluid speciations record the dissociation of OAD according to the reaction OAD = CO2 + CO + 3H2O. A process of the form CO + H2O = CO2 + H2 is driven to the right with increasing temperature. The hydrogen gas produced tends to escape from the sample systems via diffusion into/through the silica glass capsules, shifting bulk compositions toward equimolar binary H2O-CO2 mixtures. The speciations of fluids in experiments with minimal hydrogen loss show poor agreement with speciations calculated for equilibrium fluids by the corresponding-states model of Saxena and Fei (1988). Such disagreement suggests that the formations of CH4 and graphite are metastably inhibited in the current experiments, which correlates with their absence or trivial abundances in experimental products. Moreover, calculations in which the stabilities of methane and graphite are suppressed suggest that such metastable equilibrium is approached only in experiments at temperatures greater than about 600-650??C. These results have applications to fluid processes in geological environments, in addition to considerations of using oxalate compounds as volatile sources in experimental studies. It is possible that disequilibrium or metastable fluids may be entrapped as inclusions; re-speciation (toward metastable or stable equilibrium) during P-T evolution of a given terrain would place the fluid inclusion on a new isochore that would not project through the original conditions of entrapment. Moreover, the disequilibrium to metastable nature of dissociation reactions, coupled with the diffusional mobility of hydrogen gas observed in the current experiments, suggests that the predominance of binary H2O-CO2 fluid mixtures in natural inclusions from medium- to high-grade metamorphic terrains may be more than a coincidence of similar initial bulk compositions. ?? 1992.

Increase of the spontaneous mutation rate in a long-term experiment with Drosophila melanogaster.

PubMed

Avila, Victoria; Chavarrías, David; Sánchez, Enrique; Manrique, Antonio; López-Fanjul, Carlos; García-Dorado, Aurora

2006-05-01

In a previous experiment, the effect of 255 generations of mutation accumulation (MA) on the second chromosome viability of Drosophila melanogaster was studied using 200 full-sib MA1 lines and a large C1 control, both derived from a genetically homogeneous base population. At generation 265, one of those MA1 lines was expanded to start 150 new full-sib MA2 lines and a new C2 large control. After 46 generations, the rate of decline in mean viability in MA2 was approximately 2.5 times that estimated in MA1, while the average degree of dominance of mutations was small and nonsignificant by generation 40 and moderate by generation 80. In parallel, the inbreeding depression rate for viability and the amount of additive variance for two bristle traits in C2 were 2-3 times larger than those in C1. The results are consistent with a mutation rate in the line from which MA2 and C2 were derived about 2.5 times larger than that in MA1. The mean viability of C2 remained roughly similar to that of C1, but the rate of MA2 line extinction increased progressively, leading to mutational collapse, which can be ascribed to accelerated mutation and/or synergy after important deleterious accumulation.

Achieving Generality over Conditions: Combining the Multitrait Multimethod Matrix and the Representative Design of Experiments.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-08-02

We take that aim to have been achieved in principle (no one has challenged it), if not in practice. We aim therefore to build upon that achievement by...NJ + (J + C~ C + 2 C EU E E 4-)C o.C ~ ~+ (NJ + (N Er E o - ~.. ~____ U) C fl - C C C CE E le E0 I0 U.- E EEa E - Ui Ei . U (alKE E E E 2 2- 2 E Ca...RESEARCH Engineering Psychology Group • TECHNICAL REPORTS DISTRIBUTION LIST OSD Department of the Nay CAPT Paul R. Chatelier Tactical Development

Compact toroid injection into C-2U

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roche, Thomas; Gota, H.; Garate, E.; Asai, T.; Matsumoto, T.; Sekiguchi, J.; Putvinski, S.; Allfrey, I.; Beall, M.; Cordero, M.; Granstedt, E.; Kinley, J.; Morehouse, M.; Sheftman, D.; Valentine, T.; Waggoner, W.; the TAE Team

2015-11-01

Sustainment of an advanced neutral beam-driven FRC for a period in excess of 5 ms is the primary goal of the C-2U machine at Tri Alpha Energy. In addition, a criteria for long-term global sustainment of any magnetically confined fusion reactor is particle refueling. To this end, a magnetized coaxial plasma-gun has been developed. Compact toroids (CT) are to be injected perpendicular to the axial magnetic field of C-2U. To simulate this environment, an experimental test-stand has been constructed. A transverse magnetic field of B ~ 1 kG is established (comparable to the C-2U axial field) and CTs are fired across it. As a minimal requirement, the CT must have energy density greater than that of the magnetic field it is to penetrate, i.e., 1/2 ρv2 >=B2 / 2μ0 . This criteria is easily met and indeed the CTs traverse the test-stand field. A preliminary experiment on C-2U shows the CT also capable of penetrating into FRC plasmas and refueling is observed resulting in a 20 - 30% increase in total particle number per single-pulsed CT injection. Results from test-stand and C-2U experiments will be presented.

Experimental investigation of nitrogen isotopic effects associated with ammonia degassing at 0-70 °C

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deng, Yuying; Li, Yingzhou; Li, Long

2018-04-01

Ammonia degassing is a common process in natural alkaline waters and in the atmosphere. To quantitatively assess the nitrogen cycle in these systems, the essential parameter of nitrogen isotope fractionation factors associated with ammonia degassing is required, but still not constrained yet. In this study, we carried out laboratory experiments to examine the nitrogen isotope behavior during ammonia degassing in alkaline conditions. The experiments started with ammonium sulfate solution with excess sodium hydroxide. The reaction can be described as: NH4+ + OH- (excess) → NH3·nH2O → NH3 (g)↑. Two sets of experiments, one with ammonia degassing under static conditions and the other with ammonia degassing by bubbling of N2 gas, were carried out at 2, 21, 50, and 70 °C. The results indicate that kinetic isotopic effects are dominated during efficient degassing of ammonia in the bubbling experiments, which yielded kinetic nitrogen isotope fractionation factors αNH3(g)-NH3(aq) of 0.9898 at 2 °C, 0.9918 at 21 °C, 0.9935 at 50 °C and 0.9948 at 70 °C. These values show a good relationship with temperature as 103lnαNH3(g)-NH3(aq) = 14.6 - 6.8 × 1000/T. In contrast, isotopic effects during less efficient degassing of ammonia in the static experiments are more complicated. The results do not match either kinetic isotope fractionation or equilibrium isotope fractionation but sit between these two. The most likely cause is that back dissolution of the degassed ammonia occurred in these experiments and consequently shifted kinetic isotope fractionation toward equilibrium isotope fractionation. Our experimental results highlight complicated isotopic effects may occur in natural environments, and need to be fully considered in the interpretation of field data.

High temporal resolution tracing of up-and downward carbon transport in oak trees

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bloemen, Jasper; Ingrisch, Johannes; Bahn, Michael

2017-04-01

Carbon (C) allocation defines the flows of C between plant organs and their storage pools and metabolic processes and is therefore considered as an important determinant of forest C budgets and their responses to climate change. In trees, assimilates derived from leaf photosynthesis are transported via the phloem to above- and belowground sink tissues, where partitioning between growth, storage, and respiration occurs. At the same time, root- and aboveground respired CO2 can be dissolved in water and transported in the xylem tissue, thereby representing a secondary C flux of large magnitude. The relative magnitude of both fluxes in a same set of trees and their concurrent role in C allocation remains unclear. In this study, we 13C pulse labeled five year old potted oak (Quercus rubra) trees to investigate both the role of C transport via the phloem and xylem in C allocation. To this end trees were randomly assigned to two 13C labeling experiments: 1) a canopy labeling experiment using transparent canopy chambers and 2) a stem labeling experiment based on the infusion of 13C labeled water in the stem base. We used high-resolution laser-based measurements of the isotopic composition of stem and soil CO2 efflux to monitor both the down-and upward transport of 13C label. Additional tissue samples at stem, canopy and root level were analyzed to validate the assimilation of the label in tree tissues during transport. Overall, after both labeling experiments enrichment was observed in both stem and soil CO2 efflux, showing that the 13C label was removed from both xylem and phloem transport during up- and downward transport, respectively. Higher enrichments of CO2 efflux were observed after stem labeling as compared to canopy labeling, which implies that xylem transport strongly contributes to C lost to the atmosphere. This study is the first to show combined results from tracing of xylem and phloem transport of C for a same set of trees at high temporal resolution using a 13C labeling approach. Moreover, they extend results from previous studies on the tracing of phloem transport in trees to a tracing of both xylem and canopy transport as well as results from studies on the internal CO2 transport in species with high transpiration rates like poplar to species with lower transpiration rates like oak. The results further demonstrate the complex interplay of phloem and xylem transport of carbon and its role for the emission of respired CO2 from trees into the atmosphere.

{sigma}({chi}{sub c1})/{sigma}({chi}{sub c2}) ratio in the k{sub t}-factorization approach

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Baranov, S. P.

2011-02-01

We address the puzzle of {sigma}({chi}{sub c1})/{sigma}({chi}{sub c2}) ratio at the collider and fixed-target experiments. We consider several factors that can affect the predicted ratio of the production rates. In particular, we discuss the effect of {chi}{sub cJ} polarization, the effect of including next-to-leading order contributions, and the effect of probably different {chi}{sub c1} and {chi}{sub c2} wave functions.

Consecutive C[subscript 60] Fullerene Dissociation from Ir([eta][superscript 2]-C[subscript 60])(CO)(Cl)(PPh[subscript 3])[subscript 2] and the Oxidative Addition of Benzene

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Felix, Tamara; Cortes-Figueroa, Jose E.

2010-01-01

This laboratory activity is a mechanistic exploration of the interactions between electronically deficient organometallic compounds and solvent molecules. Simple kinetics experiments designed to explore the mechanism of C[subscript 60] fullerene-benzene exchange on Ir(([eta][superscript 2]-C[subscript 60])(CO)(Cl)(PPh[subscript 3])[subscript 2]…

Proton assisted recoupling and protein structure determination

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Paëpe, Gaël; Lewandowski, Józef R.; Loquet, Antoine; Böckmann, Anja; Griffin, Robert G.

2008-12-01

We introduce a homonuclear version of third spin assisted recoupling, a second-order mechanism that can be used for polarization transfer between 13C or 15N spins in magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR experiments, particularly at high spinning frequencies employed in contemporary high field MAS experiments. The resulting sequence, which we refer to as proton assisted recoupling (PAR), relies on a cross-term between 1H-13C (or 1H-15N) couplings to mediate zero quantum 13C-13C (or 15N-15N recoupling). In particular, using average Hamiltonian theory we derive an effective Hamiltonian for PAR and show that the transfer is mediated by trilinear terms of the form C1+/-C2-/+HZ for 13C-13C recoupling experiments (or N1+/-N2-/+HZ for 15N-15N). We use analytical and numerical simulations to explain the structure of the PAR optimization maps and to delineate the PAR matching conditions. We also detail the PAR polarization transfer dependence with respect to the local molecular geometry and explain the observed reduction in dipolar truncation. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of PAR in structural studies of proteins with 13C-13C spectra of uniformly 13C, 15N labeled microcrystalline Crh, a 85 amino acid model protein that forms a domain swapped dimer (MW=2×10.4 kDa). The spectra, which were acquired at high MAS frequencies (ωr2π>20 kHz) and magnetic fields (750-900 MHz 1H frequencies) using moderate rf fields, exhibit numerous cross peaks corresponding to long (up to 6-7 A˚) 13C-13C distances which are particularly useful in protein structure determination. Using results from PAR spectra we calculate the structure of the Crh protein.

The first naphthosemiquinone complex of K+ with vitamin K3 analog: Experiment and density functional theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kathawate, Laxmi; Gejji, Shridhar P.; Yeole, Sachin D.; Verma, Prakash L.; Puranik, Vedavati G.; Salunke-Gawali, Sunita

2015-05-01

Synthesis and characterization of potassium complex of 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (phthiocol), the vitamin K3 analog, has been carried out using FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H and 13C NMR, EPR, cyclic voltammetry and single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments combined with the density functional theory. It has been observed that naphthosemiquinone binds to two K+ ions extending the polymeric chain through bridging oxygens O(2) and O(3). The crystal network possesses hydrogen bonding interactions from coordinated water molecules showing water channels along the c-axis. 13C NMR spectra revealed that the complexation of phthiocol with potassium ion engenders deshielding of C(2) signals, which appear at δ = ∼14.6 ppm whereas those of C(3) exhibit up-field signals near δ ∼ 6.9 ppm. These inferences are supported by the M06-2x based density functional theory. Electrochemical experiments further suggest that reduction of naphthosemiquinone results in only a cathodic peak from catechol. A triplet state arising from interactions between neighboring phthiocol anion lead to a half field signal at g = 4.1 in the polycrystalline X-band EPR spectra at 133 K.

Long-term spacing effect benefits in developmental amnesia: case experiments in rehabilitation.

PubMed

Green, Janet L; Weston, Tina; Wiseheart, Melody; Rosenbaum, R Shayna

2014-09-01

The spacing effect describes the typical finding that repeated items are remembered best when additional items are introduced between each repetition than when the repetitions occur in immediate succession. In this study, we investigated the nature and limits of the spacing effect in the developmental amnesic case H.C. In Experiment 1, we compared the performance of H.C. to that of controls on a short-term, free recall, verbal learning spacing paradigm while controlling for retention interval (timing of item review and recall). In Experiment 2, we compared the performance of H.C. to that of controls on a multiday, cued recall, verbal learning spacing paradigm, in which memory was assessed after 1 week. In both experiments, H.C. demonstrated a spacing effect comparable to the effect exhibited by controls. In Experiment 1, her final recall memory for long-lag (spaced) items was better than recall for no-lag (massed) items t(23) = 10.99, p < .001, d = 2.5. In Experiment 2, her final cued recall memory for next-day-reviewed (spaced) items was better than cued recall for same-day-reviewed (massed) items, t(20) = 17.6, p < .001, d = 4.1. This study demonstrates the spacing effect in a person with impaired episodic memory development and is the first to show long-term benefits of spacing in amnesia. Substantially slower learning-to-criterion suggests an alternate mechanism supporting the spacing effect, perhaps independent of the hippocampus. Spacing should be considered as a candidate memory intervention technique given its effectiveness in both short- and long-term learning settings. (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved.

Contribution of microorganisms to non-extractable residue formation from biodegradable organic contaminants in soil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nowak, K. M.; Girardi, C.; Miltner, A.; Schäffer, A.; Kästner, M.

2012-04-01

Biodegradation of organic contaminants in soil is actually understood as their transformation into various primary metabolites, microbial biomass, mineralisation products and non-extractable residues (NER). NER are generally considered to be composed of parent compounds or primary metabolites with hazardous potential. Up to date, however, their chemical composition remains still unclear. Studies on NER formation are limited to quantitative analyses in soils or to simple humic acids-contaminant systems. However, in the case of biodegradable organic compounds, NER may also contain microbial biomass components, e.g. fatty acids (FA) and amino acids (AA). After cell death, these biomolecules are incorporated into soil organic matter (SOM) and stabilised, ultimately forming biogenic residues which are not any more extractable. We investigated the incorporation of the 13C-label into FA and AA and their fate during biodegradation experiments in soil with isotope-labelled 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (13C6-2,4-D) and ibuprofen (13C6-ibu) as model organic contaminants. Our study proved for the first time that nearly all NER formed from 13C6-2,4-D and 13C6-ibu in soil derived from harmless microbial biomass components stabilised in SOM. 13C-FA and 13C-AA contents in the living microbial biomass fraction decreased over time and these components were continuously incorporated into the non-living SOM pool in biotic experiments with 13C6-2,4-D and 13C6-ibu. The 13C-AA in the non-living SOM were surprisingly stable from day 32 (13C6-2,4-D) and 58 (13C6-ibu) until the end of incubation. We also studied the transformation of 13C6-2,4-D and 13C6-ibu into NER in the abiotic soil experiments. In these experiments, the total NER contents were much lower than in the corresponding biotic experiments. The absence of labelled biomolecules in the NER fraction in abiotic soils demonstrated that they consist of the potentially hazardous parent compounds and / or their metabolites. Biogenic residue formation is relevant during biodegradation of organic contaminants, whereas abiotic NER are formed from the non-biodegraded residual contaminants. Abiotic NER and biogenic residue formation are competitive processes and do not occur in a similar extent. In the biotic treatment, the rapid mineralisation of an organic compound reduces the extent of abiotic NER formation via physico-chemical interactions between a parent compound and / or its primary metabolites with SOM. Therefore, in order to properly assess the potential risks of a target contaminant in soil to humans and the environment, it is necessary to distinguish between abiotic NER and biogenic residue formation in the mass balances of contaminants.

First results from the NEWS-G direct dark matter search experiment at the LSM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arnaud, Q.; Asner, D.; Bard, J.-P.; Brossard, A.; Cai, B.; Chapellier, M.; Clark, M.; Corcoran, E. C.; Dandl, T.; Dastgheibi-Fard, A.; Dering, K.; Di Stefano, P.; Durnford, D.; Gerbier, G.; Giomataris, I.; Gorel, P.; Gros, M.; Guillaudin, O.; Hoppe, E. W.; Kamaha, A.; Katsioulas, I.; Kelly, D. G.; Martin, R. D.; McDonald, J.; Muraz, J.-F.; Mols, J.-P.; Navick, X.-F.; Papaevangelou, T.; Piquemal, F.; Roth, S.; Santos, D.; Savvidis, I.; Ulrich, A.; Vazquez de Sola Fernandez, F.; Zampaolo, M.

2018-01-01

New Experiments With Spheres-Gas (NEWS-G) is a direct dark matter detection experiment using Spherical Proportional Counters (SPCs) with light noble gases to search for low-mass Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs). We report the results from the first physics run taken at the Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane (LSM) with SEDINE, a 60 cm diameter prototype SPC operated with a mixture of Ne + CH4 (0.7%) at 3.1 bars for a total exposure of 9.6 kg · days. New constraints are set on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering cross-section in the sub-GeV/c2 mass region. We exclude cross-sections above 4.4 ×10-37cm2 at 90% confidence level (C.L.) for a 0.5 GeV/c2 WIMP. The competitive results obtained with SEDINE are promising for the next phase of the NEWS-G experiment: a 140 cm diameter SPC to be installed at SNOLAB by summer 2018.

Effects of Information Availability on Command-and-Control Decision Making: Performance, Trust, and Situation Awareness.

PubMed

Marusich, Laura R; Bakdash, Jonathan Z; Onal, Emrah; Yu, Michael S; Schaffer, James; O'Donovan, John; Höllerer, Tobias; Buchler, Norbou; Gonzalez, Cleotilde

2016-03-01

We investigated how increases in task-relevant information affect human decision-making performance, situation awareness (SA), and trust in a simulated command-and-control (C2) environment. Increased information is often associated with an improvement of SA and decision-making performance in networked organizations. However, previous research suggests that increasing information without considering the task relevance and the presentation can impair performance. We used a simulated C2 task across two experiments. Experiment 1 varied the information volume provided to individual participants and measured the speed and accuracy of decision making for task performance. Experiment 2 varied information volume and information reliability provided to two participants acting in different roles and assessed decision-making performance, SA, and trust between the paired participants. In both experiments, increased task-relevant information volume did not improve task performance. In Experiment 2, increased task-relevant information volume reduced self-reported SA and trust, and incorrect source reliability information led to poorer task performance and SA. These results indicate that increasing the volume of information, even when it is accurate and task relevant, is not necessarily beneficial to decision-making performance. Moreover, it may even be detrimental to SA and trust among team members. Given the high volume of available and shared information and the safety-critical and time-sensitive nature of many decisions, these results have implications for training and system design in C2 domains. To avoid decrements to SA, interpersonal trust, and decision-making performance, information presentation within C2 systems must reflect human cognitive processing limits and capabilities. © 2016, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

Phase equilibria in the KFeS2-Fe-S system at 300-600 °C and bartonite stability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Osadchii, Valentin O.; Voronin, Mikhail V.; Baranov, Alexander V.

2018-05-01

The article deals with phase relations in the KFeS2-Fe-S system studied by the dry synthesis method in the range of 300-600 °C and at a pressure of 1 bar. At the temperature below 513 ± 3 °C, pyrite coexists with rasvumite and there are pyrite-rasvumite-KFeS2 and pyrite-rasvumite-pyrrhotite equilibria established. Above 513 ± 3 °C pyrite and rasvumite react to form KFeS2 and pyrrhotite, limiting the pyrite-rasvumite association to temperatures below this in nature. The experiments also outline the compositional stability range of the copper-free analog of murunskite (K x Fe2- y S2) and suggest that mineral called bartonite is not stable in the Cl-free system, at least at atmospheric pressure and the temperature in the experiments. Chlorbartonite could be easily produced after adding KCl in the experiment. Possible parageneses in the quaternary K-Fe-S-Cl system were described based on the data obtained in this research and found in the previous studies. The factors affecting the formation of potassium-iron sulfides in nature were discussed.

Zeolite 5A Catalyzed Etherification of Diphenylmethanol

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cooke, Jason; Henderson, Eric J.; Lightbody, Owen C.

2009-01-01

An experiment for the synthetic undergraduate laboratory is described in which zeolite 5A catalyzes the room temperature dehydration of diphenylmethanol, (C[subscript 6]H[subscript 5])[subscript 2]CHOH, producing 1,1,1',1'-tetraphenyldimethyl ether, (C[subscript 6]H[subscript 5])[subscript 2]CHOCH(C[subscript 6]H[subscript 5])[subscript 2]. The…

Hadron production measurements for neutrino physics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Panman, Jaap

2008-02-21

One of the limiting factors for the precision of neutrino oscillation experiments is the uncertainty in the composition and spectrum of the neutrino flux. Recently, dedicated hadron production experiments have been taking data and are being planned to supply measurements which can significantly reduce these uncertainties. The HARP experiment has presented results on the measurements of the double-differential production cross-section of charged pions in proton interactions with beryllium, carbon, aluminium, copper, tin, tantalum and lead targets. These results are relevant for a detailed understanding of neutrino flux in accelerator neutrino experiments K2K (p-Al data) and MiniBooNE/SciBooNE (p-Be data), for amore » better prediction of atmospheric neutrino fluxes (p-C, {pi}{sup +}-C and {pi}{sup -}-C data) as well as for a systematic improvement of hadron production models. The E910 experiment at BNL has recently published their p-Be data. NA49 has measured pion production spectra in p-C interactions and a new experiment, NA61, is starting to take data using essentially the same detector. NA61 plans to measure production spectra for the T2K experiment and for the calculation of extended air showers. MIPP has taken data with a copy of the NuMI target and is progressing in the analysis of these data. An upgrade of the readout of this experiment can greatly increase its potential.« less

Whole Device Modeling of Compact Tori: Stability and Transport Modeling of C-2W

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dettrick, Sean; Fulton, Daniel; Lau, Calvin; Lin, Zhihong; Ceccherini, Francesco; Galeotti, Laura; Gupta, Sangeeta; Onofri, Marco; Tajima, Toshiki; TAE Team

2017-10-01

Recent experimental evidence from the C-2U FRC experiment shows that the confinement of energy improves with inverse collisionality, similar to other high beta toroidal devices, NSTX and MAST. This motivated the construction of a new FRC experiment, C-2W, to study the energy confinement scaling at higher electron temperature. Tri Alpha Energy is working towards catalysing a community-wide collaboration to develop a Whole Device Model (WDM) of Compact Tori. One application of the WDM is the study of stability and transport properties of C-2W using two particle-in-cell codes, ANC and FPIC. These codes can be used to find new stable operating points, and to make predictions of the turbulent transport at those points. They will be used in collaboration with the C-2W experimental program to validate the codes against C-2W, mitigate experimental risk inherent in the exploration of new parameter regimes, accelerate the optimization of experimental operating scenarios, and to find operating points for future FRC reactor designs.

Kinetic Study on the Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) Using Heterogeneous Catalyst

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rofiqah, U.; Djalal, R. A.; Sutrisno, B.; Hidayat, A.

2018-05-01

Esterification with heterogeneous catalysts is believed to have advantages compared to homogeneous catalysts. Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) was esterified by ZrO2 -SO4 2-/natural zeolite at temperature variation of 55°C, 60°C, and 65°C to produce biodiesel. Determination of reaction kinetics was done by experiment and modeling. Kinetic study was approached using pseudo-homogeneous model of first order. For experiment, reaction kinetics were 0.0031 s-1, 0.0054 s-1, and 0.00937 s-1 for a temperature of 55 °C, 60 °C and 65 °C, respectively. For modelling, reaction kinetics were 0.0030 s-1, 0.0055 s-1, and 0.0090 s-1 for a temperature of 55°C, 60°C and 65°C, respectively. Rate and conversion of reaction are getting increased by increasing temperature.

Neutralization of RANTES and Eotaxin Prevents the Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons in a Mouse Model of Parkinson Disease.

PubMed

Chandra, Goutam; Rangasamy, Suresh B; Roy, Avik; Kordower, Jeffrey H; Pahan, Kalipada

2016-07-15

Parkinson disease (PD) is second only to Alzheimer disease as the most common human neurodegenerative disorder. Despite intense investigation, no interdictive therapy is available for PD. Recent studies indicate that both innate and adaptive immune processes are active in PD. Accordingly, we found a rapid increase in RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) and eotaxin, chemokines that are involved in T cell trafficking, in vivo in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the serum of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-intoxicated mice. RANTES and eotaxin were also up-regulated in the substantia nigra pars compacta of post-mortem PD brains as compared with age-matched controls. Therefore, we investigated whether neutralization of RANTES and eotaxin could protect against nigrostriatal degeneration in MPTP-intoxicated mice. Interestingly, after peripheral administration, functional blocking antibodies against RANTES and eotaxin reduced the infiltration of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells into the nigra, attenuated nigral expression of proinflammatory molecules, and suppressed nigral activation of glial cells. These findings paralleled dopaminergic neuronal protection, normalized striatal neurotransmitters, and improved motor functions in MPTP-intoxicated mice. Therefore, we conclude that attenuation of the chemokine-dependent adaptive immune response may be of therapeutic benefit for PD patients. © 2016 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Structural, electronic and magnetic properties of layered REB{sub 2}C compounds (RE=Dy, Tm, Lu)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Babizhetskyy, Volodymyr, E-mail: v.babizhetskyy@googlemail.com; Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Ivan Franko National University of L'viv, Kyryla and Mefodiya Str. 6, UA-79005 Lviv; Simon, Arndt

2012-07-15

The crystal structure of LuB{sub 2}C has been determined from single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction data. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbam (a=6.7429(1) A, b=6.7341(1) A, c=3.5890(1) A, Z=4, R1=0.024 (wR2=0.059) for 436 reflections with I{sub o}>2{sigma}(I{sub o})). The compounds REB{sub 2}C (RE=Y, Tb-Lu) are isotypic. The boron and carbon atoms form infinite, planar two-dimensional nets which alternate with sheets of rare-earth metal atoms. Inside the nonmetal atom nets, a coloring with fused B{sub 2}C{sub 2} rhombuses and B{sub 5}C{sub 2} heptagons is proposed, supported by NMR experiments and density functional theory calculations. The calculated density ofmore » states of LuB{sub 2}C indicates this compound to be metallic. The magnetic properties of the isotypic compound TmB{sub 2}C, has been measured in the temperature range 2 K3 T a metamagnetic transition is encountered. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity proves the metallic character of the TmB{sub 2}C compound as well as the AFM ordering. - Graphical abstract: The crystal structure of LuB{sub 2}C has been determined from single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction data. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbam. The compounds REB{sub 2}C (RE=Y, Tb-Lu) are isotypic. The boron and carbon atoms form infinite, planar two-dimensional nets which alternate with sheets of rare-earth metal atoms. Inside the nonmetal atom nets, a coloring with fused B{sub 2}C{sub 2} rhombuses and B{sub 5}C{sub 2} heptagons is proposed, supported by NMR experiments and density functional theory calculations. The magnetic properties of the isotypic compound TmB{sub 2}C, has been measured in the temperature range 2 K3 T a metamagnetic transition is encountered. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity proves the metallic character of the TmB{sub 2}C compound as well as the AFM ordering. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer LuB{sub 2}C compound crystallizes in orthorhombic symmetry. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer In the structure the B{sub 2}C layers are stacked directly on top of each other. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A coloring with fused B{sub 2}C{sub 2} rhombuses and B{sub 5}C{sub 2} heptagons is proposed. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The coloring is supported by NMR experiments and theoretical calculations. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer TmB{sub 2}C undergoes an antiferromagnetic transition at T{sub N}=12 K at elevated fields.« less

Copper binding affinity of the C2B domain of synaptotagmin-1 and its potential role in the nonclassical secretion of Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor

PubMed Central

Jayanthi, Srinivas; Kathir, Karuppanan Muthusamy; Rajalingam, Dakshinamurthy; Furr, Mercede; Daily, Anna; Thurman, Ryan; Rutherford, Lindsay; Chandrashekar, Reena; Adams, Paul; Prudovsky, Igor; Suresh Kumar, Thallapuranam Krishnaswamy

2014-01-01

Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) is a heparin-binding proangiogenic protein. FGF1 lacks the conventional N-terminal signal peptide required for secretion through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) -Golgi secretory pathway. FGF1 is released through a Cu2+ - mediated nonclassical secretion pathway. The secretion of FGF1 involves the formation of a Cu2+- mediated multiprotein release complex (MRC) including FGF1, S100A13 (a calcium-binding protein) and p40 synaptotagmin (Syt1). It is believed that binding of Cu2+ to the C2B domain is important for the release of FGF1 in to the extracellular medium. In this study, using a variety of biophysical studies, Cu2+ and lipid interactions of the C2B domain of Syt1were characterized. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments reveal that C2B domain binds to Cu2+ in a biphasic manner involving an initial endothermic and a subsequent exothermic phase. Fluorescence energy transfer experiments using Tb3+ show that there are two Cu2+- binding pockets on the C2B domain, and one of these is also a Ca2+- binding site. Lipid-binding studies using ITC demonstrate that the C2B domain preferentially binds to small unilamellar vesicles of phosphatidyl serine (PS). Results of the differential scanning calorimetry and limited trypsin digestion experiments suggest that C2B domain is marginally destabilized upon binding to PS vesicles. These results, for the first time, suggest that the main role of the C2B domain of Syt1 is to serve as an anchor for the FGF1 MRC on the membrane bilayer. In addition, binding of the C2B domain to the lipid bilayer is shown to significantly decrease the binding affinity of the protein to Cu2+. The study provides valuable insights on the sequence of structural events that occur in the nonclassical secretion of FGF1. PMID:25224745

Imprints of a light sterile neutrino at DUNE, T2HK, and T2HKK

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choubey, Sandhya; Dutta, Debajyoti; Pramanik, Dipyaman

2017-09-01

We evaluate the impact of sterile neutrino oscillations in the so-called 3 +1 scenario on the proposed long baseline experiment in USA and Japan. There are two proposals for the Japan experiment which are called T2HK and T2HKK. We show the impact of sterile neutrino oscillation parameters on the expected sensitivity of T2HK and T2HKK to mass hierarchy, C P violation and octant of θ23 and compare it against that expected in the case of standard oscillations. We add the expected ten years data from DUNE and present the combined expected sensitivity of T 2 HKK +DUNE to the oscillation parameters. We do a full marginalization over the relevant parameter space and show the effect of the magnitude of the true sterile mixing angles on the physics reach of these experiments. We show that if one assumes that the source of C P violation is the standard C P phase alone in the test case, then it appears that the expected C P violation sensitivity decreases due to sterile neutrinos. However, if we give up this assumption, then the C P sensitivity could go in either direction. The impact on expected octant of θ23 and mass hierarchy sensitivity is shown to depend on the magnitude of the sterile mixing angles in a nontrivial way.

Interaction of SO2 with Cu/TiC(0 0 1) and Au/TiC(0 0 1): Toward a New Family of DeSOx Catalysts

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

L Feria; J Rodriguez; T Jirsak

2011-12-31

Experiments carried out under well-controlled conditions and density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations evidence that Cu and Au nanoparticles supported on a TiC(0 0 1) surface are quite active for the dissociation of the SO{sub 2} molecule. The Cu/TiC(0 0 1) and Au/TiC(0 0 1) systems cleave both S-O bonds of SO{sub 2} at a temperature of 150 K, displaying a reactivity much larger than that of TiC(0 0 1) or extended surfaces of bulk copper and gold. The origin of the high activity of the Cu/TiC(0 0 1) and Au/TiC(0 0 1) systems lies on the interaction between the Cmore » atoms of the substrate and the metal atoms of the supported particle, which results in a large polarization of its electron density. Experiments and theory consistently indicate that the Cu/TiC system is more active toward SO{sub 2} dissociation than the Au/TiC system. This type of systems may provide alternative and efficient DeSO{sub x} catalysts.« less

Interaction of SO2 with Cu/TiC(001) and Au/TiC(001): Towards a New Family of DeSOx Catalysts

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rodriguez, J.A.; Feria, L.; Jirsak, T.

2011-04-25

Experiments carried out under well-controlled conditions and density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations evidence that Cu and Au nanoparticles supported on a TiC(0 0 1) surface are quite active for the dissociation of the SO{sub 2} molecule. The Cu/TiC(0 0 1) and Au/TiC(0 0 1) systems cleave both S-O bonds of SO{sub 2} at a temperature of 150 K, displaying a reactivity much larger than that of TiC(0 0 1) or extended surfaces of bulk copper and gold. The origin of the high activity of the Cu/TiC(0 0 1) and Au/TiC(0 0 1) systems lies on the interaction between the Cmore » atoms of the substrate and the metal atoms of the supported particle, which results in a large polarization of its electron density. Experiments and theory consistently indicate that the Cu/TiC system is more active toward SO{sub 2} dissociation than the Au/TiC system. This type of systems may provide alternative and efficient DeSO{sub x} catalysts.« less

Onset of dissolution-driven instabilities in fluids with nonmonotonic density profile

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jafari Raad, Seyed Mostafa; Hassanzadeh, Hassan

2015-11-01

Analog systems have recently been used in several experiments in the context of convective mixing of C O2 . We generalize the nonmonotonic density dependence of the growth of instabilities and provide a scaling relation for the onset of instability. The results of linear stability analysis and direct numerical simulations show that these fluids do not resemble the dynamics of C O2 -water convective instabilities. A typical analog system, such as water-propylene glycol, is found to be less unstable than C O2 -water. These results provide a basis for further research and proper selection of analog systems and are essential to the interpretation of experiments.

Status and perspective of the DarkSide experiment at LNGS

DOE PAGES

Agnes, P.

2018-09-01

The DarkSide experiment aims to perform a background-free direct search for dark matter with a dual-phase argon TPC. The current phase of the experiment, DarkSide-50, is acquiring data at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and produced the most sensitive limit on the WIMP-nucleon cross section ever obtained with a liquid argon target (2.0 × 10 -44 cm2 for a WIMP mass of 100 GeV/c 2). The future phase of the experiment will be a 20 t fiducial mass detector, designed to reach a sensitivity of ~1 × 10 -47 cm2 (at 1 TeV/c 2 WIMP mass) with a background-free exposuremore » of 100 ty. Here, this work contains a discussion of the current status of the DarkSide-50 WIMP search and of the results which are more relevant for the construction of the future detector.« less

Status and perspective of the DarkSide experiment at LNGS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Agnes, P.

The DarkSide experiment aims to perform a background-free direct search for dark matter with a dual-phase argon TPC. The current phase of the experiment, DarkSide-50, is acquiring data at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and produced the most sensitive limit on the WIMP-nucleon cross section ever obtained with a liquid argon target (2.0 × 10 -44 cm2 for a WIMP mass of 100 GeV/c 2). The future phase of the experiment will be a 20 t fiducial mass detector, designed to reach a sensitivity of ~1 × 10 -47 cm2 (at 1 TeV/c 2 WIMP mass) with a background-free exposuremore » of 100 ty. Here, this work contains a discussion of the current status of the DarkSide-50 WIMP search and of the results which are more relevant for the construction of the future detector.« less

Effect of vitamin C concentration and co-injection with calcium chloride on beef retail display color.

PubMed

Wheeler, T L; Koohmaraie, M; Shackelford, S D

1996-08-01

The objectives of these experiments were to determine 1) the most effective vitamin C concentration to stabilize color of beef cuts during retail display and 2) the effect on color of incorporating vitamin C into a calcium chloride (CaCl2) injection solution. Top round cuts (semimembranosus and adductor) were injected with 5% by weight of a 0, .25, .5, 1, 2, or 4% sodium ascorbate solution (Exp. 1) or a 0, .5, 1, or 1.5% sodium ascorbate solution (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, vitamin C resulted in more (P < .05) stable lean color during 9 degrees C display, and .5, 1, and 2% vitamin C were most (P < .05) effective. In Exp. 2, all concentrations of vitamin C maintained redder (P < .05) steaks after 3, 5, and 7 d of display than control steaks and had a lower (P < .05) percentage of surface discoloration after 5 and 7 d of display at 1 degree C. Experiment 3 used beef bottom round cuts (biceps femoris) to compare control, vitamin C- (1%), CaCl2-(200 mM) and vitamin C + CaCl2-treated steaks displayed at 1 degree C. Calcium chloride-treated steaks were more (P < .05) brown and had a higher (P < .05) percentage of surface discoloration on d 5 and 7 than control steaks, whereas steaks treated with vitamin C or vitamin C + CaCl2 were more (P < .05) red and had lower (P < .05) discoloration on d 5 and 7 than control steaks. Vitamin C can be injected into beef subprimals to enhance lean color stability and extend retail display life. Vitamin C also can be used in combination with CaCl2 to offset potential color deterioration, after 5 d of display, due to salt-induced oxidation.

Forward and Backward Repetition Blindness in Speed and Accuracy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wong, Kin Fai Ellick; Chen, Hsuan-Chih

2009-01-01

Repetition blindness (RB) was investigated in a new paradigm in which effects could stem from items preceding or following a target. Speeded-response tasks in which 3 critical items (C1, C2, and C3) were sequentially presented on each trial. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants were asked to judge whether C2 (the target) was present on each trial.…

The effect of pomelo citrus (Citrus maxima var. Nambangan), vitamin C and lycopene towards the number reduction of mice (Mus musculus) apoptotic hepatocyte caused of ochratoxin A

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Badriyah, Hastuti, Utami Sri

2017-06-01

Foods can contaminated by some mycotoxin produced by molds. Ochratoxin A is a sort of mycotoxin that cause structural damage on hepatocytes. Pomelo citrus (Citrus maxima var. Nambangan) contain vitamin C and lycopene that have antioxidant character. This research is done to: 1)examine the effect of pomelo citrus juice, vitamin C, and lycopene treatment towards the number reduction of mice apoptotic hepatocytes caused by ochratoxin A exposure, 2)examine the effect of vitamin C mixed with lycopene treatment towards the number reduction of mice apoptotic hepatocytes caused by ochratoxin A exposure. The experimental group used male mice strain BALB-C in the age of three month and bodyweight 20-30 grams devided in 4 experiment group and control group. The experiment group I were administered pomelo citrus juice 0,5 ml/30 grams BW/day orally during 2 weeks and then administered with ochratoxin in the dose of 1 mg/kg BW during 1 week. The experiment group II were administered with vitamin C in the dose of 5,85 µg/30g BW with the same methods. The experiment group III were administered with lycopene in the dose of 0,1025 µg/30 g BW with the same methods. The experiment group IV were administered with vitamin C mixed with lycopene with the same methods. The control group were administered with ochratoxin A in the dose of 1 mg/kg BW per oral during 1 week. The apoptotic hepatocyte number were count by microscopic observation of hepatocyte slides from experiment group as well as control group with cytochemical staining. The research result shows that: 1) the pomelo citrus juice, vitamin C as well as lycopene administration could reduce the mice apoptotic hepatocyte number caused by ochratoxin A exposure, compared with the mice apoptotic hepatocyte number caused by ochratoxin A exposure only; 2) the vitamin C mixed with lycopene could reduce the mice apoptotic hepatocyte number caused by ochratoxin A exposure compared with the mice apoptotic hepatocyte number caused by ochratoxin exposure only.

The Effect of Micro-Gravity on in vitro Calcification

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boskey; Stiner; Binderman; Mendelsohn; Doty, S. B.

1997-01-01

The experiment focuses on mineral deposition or calcification of cartilage. The experiments were used to compare the mineral formed in the microgravity of space with that formed on earth. Results of these experiments were anticipated to provide direct insight into how calcification in cartridge and bone may be controlled in space. In the C-2 experiment (STS 66), we found that mineralization started later in the cartridges (both on the ground and in hypo-gravity) than in plastic, and that mineralization appeared to be retarded in hypo-gravity. The flight experiments also showed that the cells differentiated normally, but more slowly than the ground controls, and that the matrix produced was not different from that made on the ground. The purpose of the C-5 experiment was to confirm these findings. The C-5 experiment was flown on STS-72. Because of a computer problem, cells received no gases and no nutrition. The C-7 was flown on STS-77. Ground controls were repeated a week later, however, because there was a problem with the temperature control during the flight, the concurrent ground controls were performed at a different temperature. Despite these problems, the results of the C-2 experiment were confirmed. The cells in the flight cultures did not mature, formed few cartilage nodules, and showed no evidence of mineral deposition up to a culture age of 28 days. Ground controls showed the presence of mineral (based on chemical, spectroscopic, and histochemical analyses) by 21 days. The mineral in these cultures was analogous to that found in calcifying cartilage of young chicks.

A dual-phase microstructural approach to damage and fracture of Ti 3SiC 2/SiC joints

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nguyen, Ba Nghiep; Henager, Charles H.; Kurtz, Richard J.

We investigate the microcracking mechanisms responsible for Ti 3SiC 2/SiC joint damage observed at the macroscopic scale after neutron irradiation experiments in detail. A dual-phase microstructural approach to damage and fracture of Ti 3SiC 2/SiC joints is developed that uses a finely discretized two-phase domain based on a digital image of an actual microstructure involving embedded Ti 3SiC 2 and SiC phases. The behaviors of SiC and Ti 3SiC 2 in the domain are described by the continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model reported in Nguyen et al., J. Nucl. Mater., 2017, 495:504–515. This CDM model describes microcracking damage in brittlemore » ceramics caused by thermomechanical loading and irradiation-induced swelling. The dual-phase microstructural model is applied to predict the microcracking mechanisms occurring in a typical Ti 3SiC 2/SiC joint subjected to heating to 800 °C followed by irradiation-induced swelling at this temperature and cooling to room temperature after the applied swelling has reached the maximum swelling levels observed in the experiments for SiC and Ti 3SiC 2. The model predicts minor damage of the joint after heating but significant microcracking in the SiC phase and along the boundaries between SiC and Ti 3SiC 2 as well as along the bonding joint during irradiation-induced swelling and cooling to room temperature. Our predictions qualitatively agree with the limited experimental observations of joint damage at this irradiation temperature.« less

A dual-phase microstructural approach to damage and fracture of Ti 3SiC 2/SiC joints

DOE PAGES

Nguyen, Ba Nghiep; Henager, Charles H.; Kurtz, Richard J.

2017-12-05

We investigate the microcracking mechanisms responsible for Ti 3SiC 2/SiC joint damage observed at the macroscopic scale after neutron irradiation experiments in detail. A dual-phase microstructural approach to damage and fracture of Ti 3SiC 2/SiC joints is developed that uses a finely discretized two-phase domain based on a digital image of an actual microstructure involving embedded Ti 3SiC 2 and SiC phases. The behaviors of SiC and Ti 3SiC 2 in the domain are described by the continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model reported in Nguyen et al., J. Nucl. Mater., 2017, 495:504–515. This CDM model describes microcracking damage in brittlemore » ceramics caused by thermomechanical loading and irradiation-induced swelling. The dual-phase microstructural model is applied to predict the microcracking mechanisms occurring in a typical Ti 3SiC 2/SiC joint subjected to heating to 800 °C followed by irradiation-induced swelling at this temperature and cooling to room temperature after the applied swelling has reached the maximum swelling levels observed in the experiments for SiC and Ti 3SiC 2. The model predicts minor damage of the joint after heating but significant microcracking in the SiC phase and along the boundaries between SiC and Ti 3SiC 2 as well as along the bonding joint during irradiation-induced swelling and cooling to room temperature. Our predictions qualitatively agree with the limited experimental observations of joint damage at this irradiation temperature.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Disselkamp, Robert S.; Denslow, Kayte M.; Hart, Todd R.

We have studied the effect of cavitating ultrasound on the heterogeneous aqueous hydrogenation of cis-2-buten-1-ol (C4 olefin) and cis-2-penten-1-ol (C5 olefin) on Pd-black to form the trans-olefins (trans-2-buten-1-ol and trans-2-penten-1-ol) and saturated alcohols (1-butanol and 1-pentanol, respectively). Silent (and magnetically stirred) experiments served as control experiments. As described in an earlier publication by our group, we have added an inert dopant, 1-propanol, in the reaction mixture to ensure the rapid onset of cavitation in the ultrasound-assisted reactions that can lead to altered selectivity compared to silent reaction systems [R.S. Disselkamp, Ya-Huei Chin, C.H.F. Peden, J. Catal. 227 (2004) 552]. Themore » motivation for this study is to examine whether cavitating ultrasound can reduce the [trans-olefin/saturated alcohol] molar ratio during the course of the reaction. This could have practical application in that it may offer an alternative processing methodology of synthesizing healthier edible seed oils by reducing trans-fat content.We have observed that cavitating ultrasound results in a [(trans-olefin/saturated alcohol)ultrasound/(trans-olefin/saturated alcohol)silent] ratio quantity less than 0.5 at the reaction mid-point for both the C4 and C5 olefin systems. This indicates that ultrasound reduces trans-olefin production compared to the silent control experiment. Furthermore, there is an added 30% reduction for the C5 versus C4 olefin compounds again at reaction mid-point. We attribute differences in the ratio quantity as a moment of inertia effect. In principle, the C4 versus C5 olefins has a {approx}52% increase in moment of inertia about C2 C3 double bond slowing isomerization. Since seed oils are C18 multiple cis-olefins and have a moment of inertia even greater than our C5 olefin here, our study suggests that even a greater reduction in trans-olefin content may occur for partial hydrogenation of C18 seed oils.« less

[Reflections on maternal techniques and the rearing of infants and young children in the Ivory Coast].

PubMed

Dubois Le Bronnec, C; Ferrari, P

1991-01-01

The core hypothesis of the authors is that certain particularities of the traditional bringing up of infants and young children in Côte-d'Ivoire modify its affective experiencing and therefore its libidinal organization. Ivorian breast feeding is extremely permissive, subjected to the sole wish of the child, traditionally until the age of 2. It maintains a belated mother-infant fusion in the context of intense oral satisfaction. The end of this idyllic fusion state generally is brought about brutally. When it is contemporary to the ending of carrying the child on the back, this milk weaning constitutes a true traumatic experience. The authors suggest that it functions as an "organizor" in the sense of Spitz: interdiction is concerned with access to the maternal body. The child's renouncing of possession of the mother's body thus leads him through replacement to adhere to the socialized and socializing body of the group (age group, siblings group). The main anxiety would be of abandonment as we constantly see in psychiatric clinical experience. Carrying on the back is not only an easy means of transportation of the infants. The fabric pocket which berths the infant since it is born is a privileged place of comfort, of exchange, of maturing and the authors suggest that it functions as a structuring of the body-ego of the infant. They also suggest that so gratifying a technique of back-carrying could lead to a shifting of the erogeneous zone to the body, thus making it apt to express all the richesses of the affective life. Language education is traditionally not the task of the parents but of the grand-parents and of the child community. The latter contributes to the building of a social-ego and of an identity which is defined along ethnical criteria. The enema technique is equally of interest at it is administered since birth and thereon almost daily, thus focusing the infants' interest on an erogeneous zone which in other cultures is less intensely and less early excited. Finally the authors discuss the first forms of socialization of the child after briefly recalling the importance of the lineage to which is attached the notion of the statute. The authors deal first with the social bypassing of opposition and aggression then with the notion of extended family, the roles of fathers, mothers and of the child community.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

THE SCATTERING OF K AND Cs BY SEVERAL COMPOUNDS.

DTIC Science & Technology

The nonreactive scattering of K from C10H16, (CH3)3CBr, SiCl4 , Cl2, Br2, I2, ICl, (CN)2C=C(CN)2, and Cs from HBr has been studied in experiments with... SiCl4 , and Cs + HBr and also from the supernumerary rainbows for K + C10H16 and (CH3)3CBr. An optical model analysis on K+(CH3)3CBr and Cs + HBr

Freeze Tolerance of Seed-Producing Turf Bermudagrasses.

PubMed

Anderson, Jeffrey A.; Taliaferro, Charles M.

2002-01-01

Bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., suffers periodic severe winter-kill throughout much of its area of use in the contiguous USA. A research goal is to increase freeze tolerance in cultivars to lessen the risk of such damage. An identified research need is for Cynodon germplasm resources to be characterized for freeze tolerance and hybridization potential. Accordingly, the objective of this research was to characterize the relative freeze tolerance of selected fertile bermudagrass plants. Nine tetraploid (2n = 4x = 36) C. dactylon and two triploid (2n = 3x = 27) hybrid (C. dactylon x C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy) clonal plants (standards) were evaluated in two experiments. Plants were propagated clonally and established in Cone-tainers (Ray Leach Cone-tainer Nursery, Canby, OR) for about 10 wk. Acclimation took place for 4 wk in controlled environment chambers at 8/2 degrees C (day/night) temperatures with a 10-h photoperiod. Following acclimation, Cone-tainers were placed into a freeze chamber and cooled rapidly to -2 degrees C, induced to freeze with ice chips, then held overnight at -2 degrees C. The freeze chamber was then programmed to cool linearly at 1 degrees C per hour. For each cultivar, three Cone-tainers were removed at each test temperature. Following thawing, Cone-tainers were transferred to a greenhouse and regrowth was evaluated visually. Nonlinear regression was used to estimate T(mid), which corresponded to the midpoint of the sigmoidal response curve of survival vs temperature. Within experiment one, Tifgreen (T(mid) = -7.2 degrees C) was significantly less cold hardy than Quickstand (-9.0 degrees C), A-12204 (-9.2 degrees C), Midiron (-9.9 degrees C), and A-12195 (-10.5 degrees C). A-12195 was significantly hardier than all genotypes except Midiron. In the second experiment, Arizona Common (-6.6 degrees C), Tifgreen (-7.1 degrees C), and A-12205 (-7.1 degrees C) were less hardy than A-9959 (-8.7 degrees C), A-12156 (-8.9 degrees C), A-12198 (-9.5 degrees C), and Midiron (-10.0 degrees C). Midiron was hardier than all genotypes except A-12198. The range of test temperatures chosen did not allow estimate of a T(mid) value for Zebra, but nearly 50% of the plants were killed at -6.0 degrees C.

Experimental determination of phase relationships of a chemically-zoned peralkaline silicic reservoir: the example of Green Tuff eruption at Pantelleria (Italy)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Romano, Pierangelo; Andujar, Joan; Scaillet, Bruno; Rotolo, Silvio

2017-04-01

Phase equilibrium experiments are recognized as an excellent method to determine the pre-eruptive conditions of magmas inasmuch they are extremely sensitive to small variation in major elements composition in the studied rocks. Trachytes and peralkaline rhyolites (i.e pantellerite and comendite) usually represent the felsic end-member in continental rift systems and oceanic island settings. Pantelleria island, almost entirely made up of trachyte and pantellerite, is well known in the petrological literature as being the type locality of pantellerites. In this study we present the results of phase equilibrium experiments performed on representative peralkaline rhyolite (pantellerite) and metaluminous trachytes of the Green Tuff eruptions of Pantelleria, the sole known compositionally zoned ignimbrite at this volcanic location, which varies from a crystal-poor pantellerite at the base towards a crystal-rich trachyte at the top of the eruptive sequence. Crystallization experiments were performed in the temperature range 750-950°C, pressure 1-1.5 kbar, fluid saturation conditions with XH2O (=H2O/H2O+CO2) between 0 and 1 and redox conditions fixed around the FMQ (Fayalite-Magnetite- Quartz) buffer. Results show that at 900 °C pantelleritic starting compositions are well above their liquidus, regardless their water content. At T < 800°C clinopyroxene is the liquidus phase followed by amphibole and alkali feldspar. Aenigmatite and quartz crystallize at 750°C and XH2O lower than 0.8. In contrast, the trachytic composition at 800°C is highly crystallized regardless its water content. The liquidus phase is clinopyroxene crystallizing at 950°C and XH2O<0.8 followed by iron-rich olivine and alkali feldspar. Iron-bearing minerals record the effect of both H2O and fO2, showing progressive iron enrichment when XH2O decreases. Alkali feldspar becomes the most abundant mineral phase for XH2O<0.8 at 900°C or XH2O<1 at 850°C both at 1 and 1.5 kbar. Experiments reproduced the mineral assemblages of the natural rocks, i.e. the pre-eruptive conditions were constrained at P 1 kbar, and is found that the compositional zoning in magma chamber (pantellerite to trachyte) is related to a temperature gradient (750°C-900°) within the reservoir. Moreover, our results allow demonstrating that a peralkaline liquid derivate can be produced from a metaluminous trachyte at T< 850°C after extensive alkali feldspar crystallization ( 80 wt%).

A model of clutter for complex, multivariate geospatial displays.

PubMed

Lohrenz, Maura C; Trafton, J Gregory; Beck, R Melissa; Gendron, Marlin L

2009-02-01

A novel model of measuring clutter in complex geospatial displays was compared with human ratings of subjective clutter as a measure of convergent validity. The new model is called the color-clustering clutter (C3) model. Clutter is a known problem in displays of complex data and has been shown to affect target search performance. Previous clutter models are discussed and compared with the C3 model. Two experiments were performed. In Experiment 1, participants performed subjective clutter ratings on six classes of information visualizations. Empirical results were used to set two free parameters in the model. In Experiment 2, participants performed subjective clutter ratings on aeronautical charts. Both experiments compared and correlated empirical data to model predictions. The first experiment resulted in a .76 correlation between ratings and C3. The second experiment resulted in a .86 correlation, significantly better than results from a model developed by Rosenholtz et al. Outliers to our correlation suggest further improvements to C3. We suggest that (a) the C3 model is a good predictor of subjective impressions of clutter in geospatial displays, (b) geospatial clutter is a function of color density and saliency (primary C3 components), and (c) pattern analysis techniques could further improve C3. The C3 model could be used to improve the design of electronic geospatial displays by suggesting when a display will be too cluttered for its intended audience.

Effect of fO2 on phase relationship in basaltic andesites during magmatic differentiation: Control of fO2 and sulphur speciation in piston cylinder experiments.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matjuschkin, Vladimir; Tattitch, Brian; Blundy, Jonathan D.; Skora, Susanne

2014-05-01

Within the mantle wedge above subduction zones, oxidation reaction take place by interaction of reduced mantle rocks with more oxidized, hydrous fluids, which can cause a local drop of the solidus, resulting in partial melting (2,6,7). The resultant melts are more oxidized that their ocean floor counterparts, which has implications for their subsequent differentiation paths, the speciation of multivalent elements and the solubility and transport of chemical compounds in magmatic systems (1,4,5). We present a series of sulphur-doped high-pressure experiments conducted to investigate the effect of oxygen fugacity on phase relationships and the behaviour of sulphur in silicate melts. Natural aphyric andesite (FM37) erupted from Laguna del Maule volcano, Chile (3) was selected as a starting composition. Experiments were carried out at 5kbar, 950-1150° C and variable oxygen fugacity conditions. New experiments buffered at Co-CoO and Ni-NiO buffer conditions have been performed using a new "MTB capsule design" developed in order to accurately control fO2 by means of a double capsule containing metal-oxide buffers and a pyrex sleeve to minimise H2 diffusion. This new design constrains oxygen fugacity to within ±0.1-0.2logfO2 units of the target value. Before conducting these experiments, the assemblage was tested multiple times at 10kbar, 1000° C over 24-48 hours and demonstrated consistent, accurate fO2 control. Analyses of the preliminary experimental run products, from a related Chilean basaltic andesite starting composition, demonstrate a clear effect of fO2 on phase relationships and the proportion of melt generated during experiments. Under oxidized conditions, as temperature decreased from 1150° C to 1050° C, the amount of melt decreased from 100% to ~80%, due to the formation of orthopyroxene, anhydrite and plagioclase. In contrast, in reduced runs the system remains nearly liquid (~5% crystals) down to 950° C due to the change in sulphur speciation and onset of orthopyroxene precipitation at much lower temperatures. The change in temperature from 1150 to 950° C resulted in a drop in S content from ~2500ppm to ~1000ppm in the melt for oxidized experiments, whereas S slightly increased from ~3000 to ~3500ppm in the reduced experiments. Quantitative control over fO2 will allow for more precise determination of phase relations and control of sulphur specification, offering a possibility of detailed reconstruction of metals enrichment in silicate melts. Cited references: [1] Botcharnikov et al. (2011) Nature 4:217-230, [2] Foley (2011) J Petrol 52:1363-1391, [3] Frey et al. (1984) CMP 88:133-149, [4] Jenner et al. (2010) J Petrol 51:2445-2464, [5] Jugo et al. (2010) GCA 74:5926-5938, [6] Rohrbach et al. (2007) Nature 449:456-458, [7] Taylor and Green (1988) Nature 332:349-352

Effects of type of freeze straw and thaw temperature on the fertilizing capacity of frozen chicken semen.

PubMed

Duplaix, M; Sexton, T J

1984-04-01

Two experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between thawing temperature and the type of straw in which chicken semen was frozen. In Experiment 1, semen was frozen in three different types of plastic straws: US (.5-ml capacity), French (.5-ml capacity), and French mini (.25-ml capacity). Experiment 1 was divided into two trials to compare semen packaged in the different straws and thawed at 15 (Trial 1) or .5 C (Trial 2). Although there were distinguishable features of the freeze and thaw curves between samples frozen in the different straws, the type of freeze straw had no effect on the fertilizing capacity of frozen semen when thaw temperature was held constant: fertility, Days 2 to 4 after artificial insemination, ranged from 16 to 27% for Trial 1 and 45 to 47% for Trial 2. In Experiment 2, semen was frozen in US straws and thawed at either .5 or 15 C to assess the effect of the thaw temperature. Fertility of frozen semen, Days 2 to 4 after artificial insemination, was significantly higher when semen was thawed at .5 than at 15 C (62 vs. 20%).

An Advanced Organometallic Lab Experiment with Biological Implications: Synthesis and Characterization of Fe[subscript 2](µ-S[subscript 2])(C0)[subscript 6

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barrett, Jacob; Spentzos, Ariana; Works, Carmen

2015-01-01

The organometallic complex Fe[subscript 2](µ-S[subscript 2])(CO)[subscript 6] has interesting biological implications. The concepts of bio-organometallic chemistry are rarely discussed at the undergraduate level, but this experiment can start such a conversation and, in addition, teach valuable synthetic techniques. The lab experiment takes a…

In Vitro antifungal activity of essential oils against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yusoff, Nor Hanis Aifaa; Abdullah, Siti Aisyah; Othman, Zaulia; Zainal, Zamri

2018-04-01

The efficacy of Citrus hystrix, Azadirachta indica and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils were evaluated for controlling the growth of mycelia and spore germination of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. In order to determine the best essential oil (EO) and suitable concentration of essential oil, in vitro experiment was conducted by preparing a pure culture of antrachnose on Potato Dextrose Agar containing EOs of C. hystrix, A. indica and C. citratus with different concentrations (0.2%, 0.6%, 1% and 1.4% (v/v)). The result shows that C. hystrix essential oil at a concentration of 1.4% (v/v) reduced of mycelia growth of C. gloeosporioides by 29.49%. A second experiment was conducted, but at higher concentration of each essential oils (1.8%, 2.2%, 2.6% and 2.8% (v/v)). Significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) inhibition of mycelia growth was obtained in all treatments except the control. The antifungal index values of essential oils were proportionally increased with concentration of essential oil applied in each treatment. It is concluded that essential oil from C. hystrix are efficient in inhibiting C. gloeosporioides.

ATS-5 ranging receiver and L-band experiment. Volume 2: Data reduction and analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1971-01-01

The results of ranging and position location experiments performed at the NASA Application Technology Satellite ground station at Mojave California are presented. The experiments are simultaneous C-band and L-band ranging to ATS-5, simultaneous C-band and VHF ranging, simultaneous 24-hour ranging and position location using ATS-1, ATS-3, and ATS-5. The data handling and processing technique is also described.

Litterfall dynamics and nutrient decomposition of arid mangroves in the Gulf of California: Their role sustaining ecosystem heterotrophy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sánchez-Andrés, R.; Sánchez-Carrillo, S.; Alatorre, L. C.; Cirujano, S.; Álvarez-Cobelas, M.

2010-10-01

This study shows results on litterfall dynamics and decay in mangrove stands of Avicennia germinans distributed along a latitudinal gradient (three forest sites) in the Gulf of California, in order to assess whether internal sources could support the observed mangrove ecosystem organic deficit in this arid tropic. Total mean annual litterfall production increased southward (712.6 ± 53.3, 1501.3 ± 145.1 and 1506.2 ± 280.5 g DW m -2 y -1, in the Yaqui, Mayo and Fuerte areas respectively), leaves being the main component of litter in all locations during the entire year, followed by fruits. The wet season (June-September) showed the highest litterfall rates through fruits. The temporal trend of litterfall production was significantly explained through mean air temperature ( R2 = 68%) whilst total annual litter production in the entire region showed a statistically significant relationship with total soil phosphorus, salinity, total nitrogen, organic matter and tree height ( R2 = 0.67). Throughout 117 days of the decomposition experiment, the litter lost 50% of its original dry weight in 5.8 days (average decay rate of 0.032 ± 0.04 g DW d -1) and there were not significant differences in the remaining mass after 6 days. The percentage of both C and P released from the litter correlated significantly with the ratio of tidal inundated days to total experiment days ( R2 = 0.62, p = 0.03 and R2 = 0.67, p = 0.02, respectively); however, the frequency of tidal inundation only showed a significant increase in C release from Avicennia litter after 6 and above 48 days of decomposition. Whereas the total C content of litter bags decreased linearly over the decomposition to (% Total C = 5.52 - 0.46 days, R2 = 0.81, p = 0.0005), N content displayed an irregular pattern with a significant increase of decay between 48 and 76 days from the beginning of the experiment. The pattern for relative P content of litter revealed reductions of up to 99% of the original (%tot- P = -9.77 to 1.004 days, R2 = 0.72, p = 0.01) although most of the P reduction occurred between 17 and 34 days after the experiment started. Soil N and P contents, which exhibited significant differences in the course of the decomposition experiment, appeared to show significant differences between sampling sites, although they were not related to tidal influence, nor by leaf and nutrient leaching. In a global basis, C/ N litter ratios decreased linearly ( C/ N = 32.86 - 0.1006 days, R2 = 0.62, p = 0.02), showing a strong and significant correlation with meteorological variables ( R2 = 0.99, p = 0.01). C/ P ratios of litter increased through an exponential function ( C/ P = 119.35e 0.04day, R2 = 0.89, p < 0.001). Changes in the remaining percentage of litter mass during the experiment were significantly correlated with soil C/ N ratio ( R2 = 0.56, p = 0.03) as well as with the soil C/ P ratio ( R2 = 0.98, p < 0.001). Our results of litter decomposition dynamics in this mangrove support the fact of null net primary productivity of the arid mangrove wetlands: fast litter decomposition compensates the ecosystem organic deficit in order to sustain the mangrove productivity. Litter decomposition plays a key role in the ecosystem metabolism in mangroves of arid tropics.

Plate impact experiments on DC745U cooled to ~ -60 °C

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gustavsen, Richard L.; Dattelbaum, Dana M.; Bartram, Brian Douglas

2016-08-11

Using gas-gun driven plate impact experiments, we have measured the U S - u p Hugoniot of the silicone elastomer DC745U cooled to -60 °C. In summary, the initial density changes from p 0 (23°C) = 1.312 ± 0.010 g/cm 3 to p 0 (-60°C) = 1.447 ± 0.011 g/cm 3. The linear U S - u p Hugoniot changes from U S = 1.62 + 1.74u p km/s at +23°C, to U S = 2.03 ± 0.06 + (2.03 ± 0.06) u p km/s at -60°C. DC745U, therefore is much stiffer at -60°C than at +23°C, probably due tomore » the crystallization that occurs at ~ -50°C. Caveats/deficiencies: 1) This report does not provide an adequate pedigree of the DC745U used. 2) References to unpublished room temperature shock compression data on the elastomer are inadequate. 3) The report has not been fact checked by a DC745 subject matter expert.« less

Determination of Multiple φ-Torsion Angles in Proteins by Selective and Extensive 13C Labeling and Two-Dimensional Solid-State NMR

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hong, Mei

1999-08-01

We describe an approach to efficiently determine the backbone conformation of solid proteins that utilizes selective and extensive 13C labeling in conjunction with two-dimensional magic-angle-spinning NMR. The selective 13C labeling approach aims to reduce line broadening and other multispin complications encountered in solid-state NMR of uniformly labeled proteins while still enhancing the sensitivity of NMR spectra. It is achieved by using specifically labeled glucose or glycerol as the sole carbon source in the protein expression medium. For amino acids synthesized in the linear part of the biosynthetic pathways, [1-13C]glucose preferentially labels the ends of the side chains, while [2-13C]glycerol labels the Cα of these residues. Amino acids produced from the citric-acid cycle are labeled in a more complex manner. Information on the secondary structure of such a labeled protein was obtained by measuring multiple backbone torsion angles φ simultaneously, using an isotropic-anisotropic 2D correlation technique, the HNCH experiment. Initial experiments for resonance assignment of a selectively 13C labeled protein were performed using 15N-13C 2D correlation spectroscopy. From the time dependence of the 15N-13C dipolar coherence transfer, both intraresidue and interresidue connectivities can be observed, thus yielding partial sequential assignment. We demonstrate the selective 13C labeling and these 2D NMR experiments on a 8.5-kDa model protein, ubiquitin. This isotope-edited NMR approach is expected to facilitate the structure determination of proteins in the solid state.

Influence of Hydration on Proton Transfer in the Guanine-Cytosine Radical Cation (G•+-C) Base Pair: A Density Functional Theory Study

PubMed Central

Kumar, Anil; Sevilla, Michael D.

2009-01-01

On one-electron oxidation all molecules including DNA bases become more acidic in nature. For the GC base pair experiments suggest that a facile proton transfer takes place in the G•+-C base pair from N1 of G•+ to N3 of cytosine. This intra-base pair proton transfer reaction has been extensively considered using theoretical methods for the gas phase and it is predicted that the proton transfer is slightly unfavorable in disagreement with experiment. In the present study, we consider the effect of the first hydration layer on the proton transfer reaction in G•+-C by the use of density functional theory (DFT), B3LYP/6-31+G** calculations of the G•+-C base pair in the presence of 6 and 11 water molecules. Under the influence of hydration of 11 waters, a facile proton transfer from N1 of G•+ to N3 of C is predicted. The zero point energy (ZPE) corrected forward and backward energy barriers, for the proton transfer from N1 of G•+ to N3 of C, was found to be 1.4 and 2.6 kcal/mol, respectively. The proton transferred G•-(H+)C + 11H2O was found to be 1.2 kcal/mol more stable than G•+-C + 11H2O in agreement with experiment. The present calculation demonstrates that the inclusion of the first hydration shell around G•+-C base pair has an important effect on the internal proton transfer energetics. PMID:19485319

Subthreshold parallel pumping experiments on the quasi one-dimensional S = {1}/{2} ferromagnets [C 6H 11NH 3]CuBr 3 and [C 6H 11NH 3]CuCl 3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoogerbeets, R.; Wiegers, S. A. J.; Van Duyneveldt, A. J.

1985-04-01

Subthreshold parallel pumping experiments on [C 6H 11NH 3]CuBr 3 (abbreviated as CHAB) and [C 6H 11NH 3]CuCl 3 (CHAC) at 9.6 and 18.3 GHz are reported. It is shown that the experimental results can be explained using the values of the parameters as have been obtained from previously reported FMR measurements.

Helium Atom Scattering from C2H6, F2HCCH3, F3CCH2F and C2F6 in Crossed Molecular Beams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hammer, Markus; Seidel, Wolfhart

1997-10-01

Rotationally unresolved differential cross sections were measured in crossed molecular beam experiments by scattering Helium atoms from Ethane, 1,1-Difluoroethane, 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane and Hexafluoroethane. The damping of observed diffraction oscillations was used to extract anisotropic interaction potentials for these scattering systems applying the infinite order sudden approximation (IOSA). Binary macroscopic parameters such as second heterogeneous virial coefficients and the coefficients of diffusion and viscosity were computed from these potentials and compared to results from macroscopic experiments.

Separation of C2 hydrocarbons from methane in a microporous metal-organic framework

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Fu-Shun; Lin, Rui-Biao; Lin, Rong-Guang; Zhao, John Cong-Gui; Chen, Banglin

2018-02-01

The recovery of C2 hydrocarbons including acetylene, ethylene and ethane is challenging but important for natural gas upgrading. The separation of C2 hydrocarbons over methane was demonstrated here by using a microporous metal-organic framework [Zn3(OH)2(SDB)2] (H2SDB = 4,4'-sulfonyldibenzoic acid) consisting narrow one-dimensional pore channels. Gas sorption experiments revealed that this MOF material showed considerable uptake capacity for C2H2, C2H4 and C2H6 under ambient conditions, while its capacity for CH4 was very low. High selectivity from IAST calculations for C2H2/CH4, C2H4/CH4 and C2H6/CH4 binary mixtures demonstrated that this MOF material were promising for efficiently separating important separation of C2 hydrocarbons from methane in natural gas processing.

Response of anoestrous ewes pre-treated with a single dose of oestradiol-17 beta, or progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta, to the introduction of rams and ewes in oestrus.

PubMed

Ungerfeld, R

2008-02-01

To determine if the frequency distribution of time to oestrus observed after the introduction of rams, and additional ewes in oestrus, is affected by the administration of oestradiol- 17beta. To determine if the fertility following mating at the first induced oestrus in progesterone-primed ewes may be increased with administration of oestradiol-17beta. In Experiment 1, ewes received 40 mug oestradiol- 17beta 3 (E3; n=61) or 5 (E5; n=56) days before the introduction of rams; 61 ewes were controls (C1). In Experiment 2, a controlled internal drug-releasing (CIDR) device was inserted in 95 ewes on Day -5 (Day 0 = introduction of rams). In addition, 47 ewes received oestradiol-17beta on Day 0 (CE), and the remaining 48 were controls (C2). In both experiments, additional ewes, brought into oestrus between Days 0 and 2 by hormonal treatments, were introduced with the rams. Onset of oestrus was estimated by visual observation of ewes marked by rams. Pregnancy status of ewes in Experiment 2 was determined using ultrasound, 30 days after oestrus. The total number of ewes detected in oestrus in Experiment 1 was similar between the three groups. The frequency distribution of ewes in oestrus in the E5 group differed from that of ewes in both C1 (p=0.05) and E3 (p<0.001). A similar number of ewes were detected in oestrus between Days 16-20, but the proportion of ewes in oestrus between Days 21-26 was greater for ewes in C1 than E5 or E3. Mean interval to the onset of oestrus was shorter in C1 than E3 which was shorter than E5 ewes (p<0.001). In Experiment 2, the total number of ewes in oestrus were similar between groups. Ewes in oestrus between Days 1-4 (65% and 64% for C2 and CE, respectively) and conception rates over the same period (81% and 80% for C2 and CE, respectively) were also similar between groups. Administration of oestradiol-17beta to anoestrous ewes altered the pattern of onset of oestrus, but it did not affect submission or conception rates, regardless of whether or not a short period of progesterone priming with a new CIDR device was included prior to the introduction of rams.

Can Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometer Measure Short-term Denitrification Enzyme Activity and Denitrification Potentials of Soils?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khalil, M. I.; Richards, K. G.

2009-04-01

Denitrifier population size and potential activity combined with the relevant environmental factors regulate the rates of denitrification in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Due to the high atmospheric background of di-nitrogen (N2), denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) in soils is traditionally measured using the acetylene block or stable isotope techniques under non-limiting substrates and anaerobic/saturated conditions for periods from a few hours to several days so as to estimate denitrification potential (DP). This research investigated the estimation of DEA and DP by quantifying the N2/Ar ratio changes in waters/sediments using membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS). Two experiments were conducted with soils of A, B and C horizons collected from grazed grassland to obtain optimal NO3- and available carbon (C) rates. In experiment 1, 30 g soil (oven dry basis) followed by helium-flushed deionized water was taken in triplicate 160 mL glass bottles and sealed with rubber stoppers without any air entrapments. Then N as potassium nitrate (0 to 120 mg NO3 - N kg-1 soil) and readily available C as glucose (0 to 240 mg glucose-C) plus 30 mg NO3 - N, kg-1 soil were amended. Laboratory incubation was performed in the dark at 21oC under water to reduce the risk of N2 contamination. After six hours, the treated water samples were transferred into 12 mL exetainers and kept under water at 4oC before analysis using MIMS. The N2/Ar ratios, representing DEA, varied between soil horizons and declined with decreasing soil depths. The maximum peak for N2/Ar ratios were observed with the 30 mg NO3 - N kg-1 soil in all soil horizons and coupled with the 60 mg glucose-C kg-1 soil for C horizon, and 120 mg glucose-C kg-1 for A and B horizons. Experiment 2 was conducted to assess simulated unsaturated and saturated subsoil (C horizon) denitrification capacity (NO3 - Nonly amendment), and DP (both C and N amendment) using the same methodology as experiment 1 and incubated for 3 days using groundwater. The optimal substrate rates (30 mg NO3 - N

Interpretation of Mössbauer experiment in a rotating system: A new proof for general relativity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Corda, Christian

2015-04-01

A historical experiment by Kündig on the transverse Doppler shift in a rotating system measured with the Mössbauer effect (Mössbauer rotor experiment) has been recently first re-analyzed and then replied by an experimental research group. The results of re-analyzing the experiment have shown that a correct re-processing of Kündig's experimental data gives an interesting deviation of a relative redshift between emission and absorption resonant lines from the standard prediction based on the relativistic dilatation of time. That prediction gives a redshift ∇E/E ≃ -1/2 v2/c2 where v is the tangential velocity of the absorber of resonant radiation, c is the velocity of light in vacuum and the result is given to the accuracy of first-order in v2/c2. Data re-processing gave ∇E/E ≃ - kv2/c2 with k = 0.596 ± 0.006. Subsequent new experimental results by the reply of Kündig experiment have shown a redshift with k = 0.68 ± 0.03 instead. By using Einstein Equivalence Principle, which states the equivalence between the gravitational "force" and the pseudo-force experienced by an observer in a non-inertial frame of reference (included a rotating frame of reference) here we re-analyze the theoretical framework of Mössbauer rotor experiments directly in the rotating frame of reference by using a general relativistic treatment. It will be shown that previous analyses missed an important effect of clock synchronization and that the correct general relativistic prevision in the rotating frame gives k ≃ 2/3 in perfect agreement with the new experimental results. Such an effect of clock synchronization has been missed in various papers in the literature with some subsequent claim of invalidity of relativity theory and/or some attempts to explain the experimental results through "exotic" effects. Our general relativistic interpretation shows, instead, that the new experimental results of the Mössbauer rotor experiment are a new, strong and independent, proof of Einstein general relativity. In the final section of the paper we discuss an analogy with the use of General Relativity in Global Positioning Systems.

Partial Melting of the Indarch (EH4) Meteorite : A Textural, Chemical and Phase Relations View of Melting and Melt Migration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

McCoy, Timothy J.; Dickinson, Tamara L.; Lofgren, Gary E.

2000-01-01

To Test whether Aubrites can be formed by melting of enstatite Chondrites and to understand igneous processes at very low oxygen fugacities, we have conducted partial melting experiments on the Indarch (EH4) chondrite at 1000-1500 C. Silicate melting begins at 1000 C. Substantial melt migration occurs at 1300-1400 C and metal migrates out of the silicate change at 1450 C and approx. 50% silicate partial melting. As a group, our experiments contain three immiscible metallic melts 9Si-, and C-rich), two immiscible sulfide melts(Fe-and FeMgMnCa-rich) and Silicate melt. Our partial melting experiments on the Indarch (EH4) enstatite Chondrite suggest that igneous processes at low fO2 exhibit serveral unique features. The complete melting of sulfides at 1000 C suggest that aubritic sulfides are not relicts. Aubritic oldhamite may have crystallized from Ca and S complexed in the silicate melt. Significant metal-sulfide melt migration might occur at relatively low degrees of silicate partial melting. Substantial elemental exchange occurred between different melts (e.g., between sulfide and silicate, Si between silicate and metal), a feature not observed during experiments at higher fO2. This exchange may help explain the formation of aubrites from known enstatite chondrites.

Performance improvement of magnetized coaxial plasma gun by magnetic circuit on a bias coil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Edo, Takahiro; Matsumoto, Tadafumi; Asai, Tomohiko; Kamino, Yasuhiro; Inomoto, Michiaki; Gota, Hiroshi

2016-10-01

A magnetized coaxial plasmoid accelerator has been utilized for compact torus (CT) injection to refuel into fusion reactor core plasma. Recently, CT injection experiments have been conducted on the C-2/C-2U facility at Tri Alpha Energy. In the series of experiments successful refueling, i.e. increased particle inventory of field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma, has been observed. In order to improve the performance of CT injector and to refuel in the upgraded FRC device, called C-2W, with higher confinement magnetic field, magnetic circuit consisting of magnetic material onto a bias magnetic coil is currently being tested at Nihon University. Numerical work suggests that the optimized bias magnetic field distribution realizes the increased injection velocity because of higher conversion efficiency of Lorenz self force to kinetic energy. Details of the magnetic circuit design as well as results of the test experiment and field calculations will be presented and discussed.

Amavadin and other vanadium complexes as remarkably efficient catalysts for one-pot conversion of ethane to propionic and acetic acids.

PubMed

Kirillova, Marina V; Kuznetsov, Maxim L; da Silva, José A L; Guedes da Silva, Maria Fátima C; Fraústo da Silva, João J R; Pombeiro, Armando J L

2008-01-01

Synthetic amavadin Ca[V{ON[CH(CH(3))COO](2)}(2)] and its models Ca[V{ON(CH(2)COO)(2)}(2)] and [VO{N(CH(2)CH(2)O)(3)}], in the presence of K(2)S(2)O(8) in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), exhibit remarkable catalytic activity for the one-pot carboxylation of ethane to propionic and acetic acids with the former as the main product (overall yields up to 93 %, catalyst turnover numbers (TONs) up to 2.0 x 10(4)). The simpler V complexes [VO(CF(3)SO(3))(2)], [VO(acac)(2)] and VOSO(4) are less active. The effects of various factors, namely, C(2)H(6) and CO pressures, time, temperature, and amounts of catalyst, TFA and K(2)S(2)O(8), have been investigated, and this allowed optimisation of the process and control of selectivity. (13)C-labelling experiments indicated that the formation of acetic acid follows two pathways, the dominant one via oxidation of ethane with preservation of the C--C bond, and the other via rupture of this bond and carbonylation of the methyl group by CO; the C--C bond is retained in the formation of propionic acid upon carbonylation of ethane. The reactions proceed via both C- and O-centred radicals, as shown by experiments with radical traps. On the basis of detailed DFT calculations, plausible reaction mechanisms are discussed. The carboxylation of ethane in the presence of CO follows the sequential formation of C(2)H(5) (*), C(2)H(5)CO(*), C(2)H(5)COO(*) and C(2)H(5)COOH. The C(2)H(5)COO(*) radical is easily formed on reaction of C(2)H(5)CO(*) with a peroxo V catalyst via a V{eta(1)-OOC(O)C(2)H(5)} intermediate. In the absence of CO, carboxylation proceeds by reaction of C(2)H(5) (*) with TFA. For the oxidation of ethane to acetic acid, either with preservation or cleavage of the C-C bond, metal-assisted and purely organic pathways are also proposed and discussed.

Experimental Melting Study of Basalt-Peridotite Hybrid Source: Constrains on Chemistry of Recycled Component

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, S.; Takahashi, E.; Matsukage, K. N.; Suzuki, T.; Kimura, J. I.

2015-12-01

It is believed that magma genesis of OIB is largely influenced by recycled oceanic crust component involved in the mantle plume (e.g., Hauri et al., 1996; Takahashi & Nakajima., 2002; Sobolev et al., 2007). Mallik & Dasgupta (2012) reported that the wall-rock reaction in MORB-eclogite and peridotite layered experiments produced a spectrum of tholeiitic to alkalic melts. However, the proper eclogite source composition is still under dispute. In order to figure out the geochemistry of recycled component as well as their melting process, we conducted a series of high-P, high-T experiments. Melting experiments (1~10hrs) were performed under 2.9GPa with Boyd-England type piston-cylinder (1460~1540°C for dry experiments, 1400~1500°C for hydrous experiments) and 5GPa with Kawai-type multi-anvil (1550~1650°C for dry experiments, 1350~1550°C for hydrous experiments), at the Magma Factory, Tokyo Tech. Spinel lherzolite KLB-1 (Takahashi 1986) was employed as peridotite component. Two basalts were used as recycled component: Fe-enriched Columbia River basalt (CRB72-180, Takahashi et al., 1998) and N-type MORB (NAM-7, Yasuda et al., 1994). In dry experiments below peridotite dry solidus, melt compositions ranged from basaltic andesite to tholeiite. Opx reaction band generated between basalt and peridotite layer hindered chemical reaction. On the other hand, alkali basalt was formed in hydrous run products because H2O promoted melting process in both layers. Compared with melts formed by N-MORB-peridotite runs, those layered experiments with CRB are enriched in FeO, TiO2, K2O and light REE at given MgO. In other words, melts produced by CRB-peridotite layered experiments are close to alkali basalts in OIB and tholeiite in Hawaii, while those by layered experiments with N-MORB are poor in above elements. Thus we propose that Fe-rich Archean or Proterozoic tholeiite (BVSP 1980) would be a possible candidate for recycled component in OIB source.

Increase of the Spontaneous Mutation Rate in a Long-Term Experiment With Drosophila melanogaster

PubMed Central

Ávila, Victoria; Chavarrías, David; Sánchez, Enrique; Manrique, Antonio; López-Fanjul, Carlos; García-Dorado, Aurora

2006-01-01

In a previous experiment, the effect of 255 generations of mutation accumulation (MA) on the second chromosome viability of Drosophila melanogaster was studied using 200 full-sib MA1 lines and a large C1 control, both derived from a genetically homogeneous base population. At generation 265, one of those MA1 lines was expanded to start 150 new full-sib MA2 lines and a new C2 large control. After 46 generations, the rate of decline in mean viability in MA2 was ∼2.5 times that estimated in MA1, while the average degree of dominance of mutations was small and nonsignificant by generation 40 and moderate by generation 80. In parallel, the inbreeding depression rate for viability and the amount of additive variance for two bristle traits in C2 were 2–3 times larger than those in C1. The results are consistent with a mutation rate in the line from which MA2 and C2 were derived about 2.5 times larger than that in MA1. The mean viability of C2 remained roughly similar to that of C1, but the rate of MA2 line extinction increased progressively, leading to mutational collapse, which can be ascribed to accelerated mutation and/or synergy after important deleterious accumulation. PMID:16547099

Advanced control for photoautotrophic growth and CO2-utilization efficiency using a membrane carbonation photobioreactor (MCPBR).

PubMed

Kim, Hyun Woo; Marcus, Andrew K; Shin, Jeong Hoon; Rittmann, Bruce E

2011-06-01

A membrane carbonation (MC) module uses bubbleless gas-transfer membranes to supply inorganic carbon (C(i)) for photoautotrophic cyanobacterial growth in a photobioreactor (PBR); this creates the novel MCPBR system, which allows precise control of the CO(2)-delivery rate and minimal loss of CO(2) to the atmosphere. Experiments controlled the supply rate of C(i) to the main PBR by regulating the recirculation rate (Q(R)) between the module of MC chamber and the main PBR. The experiments evaluated how Q(R) controls the CO(2) mass transport in MC chamber and how it connects with the biomass production rate, C(i) concentration, pH in the PBR, and CO(2)-utilization efficiency. The biomass production rate and C(i) concentration increased in response to the C(i) supply rate (controlled by Q(R)), but not in linear proportion. The biomass production rate increased less than C(i) due to increased light limitation. Except for the highest Q(R), when the higher C(i) concentration caused the pH to decrease, CO(2) loss to gas ventilation was negligible. The results demonstrate that this MCPBR offers independent control over the growth of photoautotrophic biomass, pH control, and minimal loss of CO(2) to the atmosphere.

25C-NBOMe--new potent hallucinogenic substance identified on the drug market.

PubMed

Zuba, Dariusz; Sekuła, Karolina; Buczek, Agnieszka

2013-04-10

This publication reports analytical properties of a new hallucinogenic substance identified in blotter papers seized from the drug market, namely 25C-NBOMe [2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine]. The identification was based on results of comprehensive study including several analytical methods, i.e., GC-EI-MS (without derivatization and after derivatization with TFAA), LC-ESI-QTOF-MS, FTIR and NMR. The GC-MS spectrum of 25C-NBOMe was similar to those obtained for other representatives of the 25-NBOMe series, with dominant ions observed at m/z=150, 121 and 91. Fragment ions analogic to those in 2C-C (4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxy-β-phenylethanamine) were also observed, but their intensities were low. Derivatization allowed the determination of molecular mass of the investigated substance. The exact molecular mass and chemical formula were confirmed by LC-QTOF-MS experiments and fragmentation pattern under electrospray ionization was determined. The MS/MS experiments confirmed that the investigated substance was N-(2-methoxy)benzyl derivative of 2C-C. The substance was also characterized by FTIR spectroscopy to corroborate its identity. Final elucidation of the structure was performed by NMR spectroscopy. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Approximate first-principles anharmonic calculations of polyatomic spectra using MP2 and B3LYP potentials: comparisons with experiment.

PubMed

Roy, Tapta Kanchan; Carrington, Tucker; Gerber, R Benny

2014-08-21

Anharmonic vibrational spectroscopy calculations using MP2 and B3LYP computed potential surfaces are carried out for a series of molecules, and frequencies and intensities are compared with those from experiment. The vibrational self-consistent field with second-order perturbation correction (VSCF-PT2) is used in computing the spectra. The test calculations have been performed for the molecules HNO3, C2H4, C2H4O, H2SO4, CH3COOH, glycine, and alanine. Both MP2 and B3LYP give results in good accord with experimental frequencies, though, on the whole, MP2 gives very slightly better agreement. A statistical analysis of deviations in frequencies from experiment is carried out that gives interesting insights. The most probable percentage deviation from experimental frequencies is about -2% (to the red of the experiment) for B3LYP and +2% (to the blue of the experiment) for MP2. There is a higher probability for relatively large percentage deviations when B3LYP is used. The calculated intensities are also found to be in good accord with experiment, but the percentage deviations are much larger than those for frequencies. The results show that both MP2 and B3LYP potentials, used in VSCF-PT2 calculations, account well for anharmonic effects in the spectroscopy of molecules of the types considered.

Heats of Formation for Cyclic C4Fn, n=4-8, and their Cations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bauschlicher, Charles W., Jr.; Ricca, Alessandra; Arnold, James (Technical Monitor)

2000-01-01

Heats of formation for cyclic C4F8 and C4F8+ are determined at the G3MP2 level. The several decomposition pathways are investigated. The calculations confirm that C4F8+ rearranges and its decomposition is responsible for both the C2F4+ and C3F5+ species observed in experiment. The heats of formation are presented for C4Fn and C4Fn+, n = 4-8.

The Combustion Experiment on the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) Instrument Suite on the Curiosity Rover

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stern, J. C.; Malespin, C. A.; Eigenbrode, J.; Graham, H. V.; Archer, P. D.; Brunner, A.; Freissinet, C.; Franz, H. B.; Fuentes, J.; Glavin, D. P.;

Soil Carbon Response to Soil Warming and Nitrogen Deposition in a Temperate Deciduous Forest

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parton, W. J.; Savage, K. E.; Davidson, E. A.; Trumbore, S.; Frey, S. D.

2011-12-01

While estimates of global soil C stocks vary widely, it is clear that soils store several times more C than is present in the atmosphere as CO2, and a significant fraction of soil C stocks are potentially subject to faster rates of decomposition in a warmer world. We address, through field based studies and modeling efforts, whether manipulations of soil temperature and nitrogen supply affect the magnitude and relative age of soil C substrates that are respired from a temperate deciduous forest located at Harvard Forest, MA. A soil warming and nitrogen addition experiment was initiated at the Harvard Forest in 2006. The experiment consists of six replicates of four treatments, control, heated, nitrogen, and heat+nitrogen addition. Soil temperatures in the heated plots are continuously elevated 5 oC above ambient and for the fertilized plots an aqueous solution of NH4NO3 is applied at a rate of 5 g m-2 yr-1. Soil C efflux from these plots was measured (n=24, 6 per treatment) biweekly throughout the year, while 14CO2 was measured (3 samples per treatment) several times during the summer months from 2006-2010. Following treatment, observed rates of annual C efflux increased under heating and nitrogen additions with heating treatments showing the greatest increase in respired C. The difference between control and treatments was greatest during the initial year following treatment; however this difference decreased in the subsequent 3 years of measurement. The plots designated for heating had a higher 14C signature from CO2 efflux prior to the heating (presumably due to spatial heterogeneity). However, because of the high spatial heterogeneity in measured 14C among treatments, no significant difference among treatments was observed from 2006 through 2010. Long term datasets (1995 through 2010) of soil C stocks, radiocarbon content, and CO2 efflux were used to parameterize the ForCent model for Harvard forest. The model was then run with the same treatment parameters as the field experiment for comparison of soil C efflux and 14C. Model results show increased annual C efflux for heated, nitrogen and nitrogen+heat plots with the largest increase in respired C from heated treatments. However there was little difference in simulated 14C respired from any treatment plots. While heating speeds up decomposition of all soil C pools in the model, the absolute amount of increased decomposition from the older pools (with higher 14C) was not large enough to make a difference in 14C composition of respired C, even as the more labile pool with lower 14C was gradually depleted. These results demonstrate that experiments conducted over several years do not provide great insight into the dynamics of slowly cycling soil C.

Natural 13C abundance: a tool to trace the incorporation of dung-derived carbon into soil particle-size fractions.

PubMed

Amelung, W; Bol, R; Friedrich, C

1999-01-01

During the decay of 13C enriched dung patches, the; delta 13C signal of surface soil (1-5 cm) increased with a temporary maximum after 42 d. To understand the underlying processes, we investigated the incorporation of dung-derived C into soil particle-size fractions. Dung, collected from beef steers fed on maize (delta 13C = -15.36/1000) or ryegrass (delta 13C = -25.67/1000), was applied in circular patches to a C3 pasture at North Wyke, UK. Triplicates were sampled from surface soil (1-5 cm) at 14, 28, 42, and 70 d after application, pooled, separated into fine (< 0.2 micron) and coarse clay (0.2-2 microns), silt plus fine sand (2-250 microns), and coarse sand (250-2000 microns), and analyzed for total C, N, and delta 13C. As particle-size diameter decreased, the C/N ratios decreased and delta 13C values increased at all plots due to increasing microbial alteration of soil organic matter. After dung application, ca. 60% of dung-derived C in soil was recovered in the 0.2-250 microns fractions during the whole experiment. The proportion of dung-derived C in the fine clay peaked 42 d after dung application, coinciding with the delta 13C maximum in the bulk soil and the maximum leaching rate measured in lysimeters at this time in another study at the same sites. The percentage of dung-derived C as particulate C in the coarse sand fraction increased until the end of the experiment. We conclude that incorporation of C into soil from decomposing dung patches involved both temporary sorption of leached dung C to < 0.2 micron fractions and continuous accumulation of particulate C (> 250 microns).

Mechanical Behavior of Low Porosity Carbonate Rock: From Brittle Creep to Ductile Creep.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nicolas, A.; Fortin, J.; Gueguen, Y.

2014-12-01

Mechanical compaction and associated porosity reduction play an important role in the diagenesis of porous rocks. They may also affect reservoir rocks during hydrocarbon production, as the pore pressure field is modified. This inelastic compaction can lead to subsidence, cause casing failure, trigger earthquake, or change the fluid transport properties. In addition, inelastic deformation can be time - dependent. In particular, brittle creep phenomena have been deeply investigated since the 90s, especially in sandstones. However knowledge of carbonates behavior is still insufficient. In this study, we focus on the mechanical behavior of a 14.7% porosity white Tavel (France) carbonate rock (>98% calcite). The samples were deformed in a triaxial cell at effective confining pressures ranging from 0 MPa to 85 MPa at room temperature and 70°C. Experiments were carried under dry and water saturated conditions in order to explore the role played by the pore fluids. Two types of experiments have been carried out: (1) a first series in order to investigate the rupture envelopes, and (2) a second series with creep experiments. During the experiments, elastic wave velocities (P and S) were measured to infer crack density evolution. Permeability was also measured during creep experiments. Our results show two different mechanical behaviors: (1) brittle behavior is observed at low confining pressures, whereas (2) ductile behavior is observed at higher confining pressures. During creep experiments, these two behaviors have a different signature in term of elastic wave velocities and permeability changes, due to two different mechanisms: development of micro-cracks at low confining pressures and competition between cracks and microplasticity at high confining pressure. The attached figure is a summary of 20 triaxial experiments performed on Tavel limestone under different conditions. Stress states C',C* and C*' and brittle strength are shown in the P-Q space: (a) 20°C and dry, (b) 20°C and water saturated samples, (c) 70°C dry and (d) summary of all the experiments. Three regimes of inelastic and failure modes are observed: brittle failure, shear-enhanced compaction and dilatant cataclastic flow.

Search for the Decay of the Higgs Boson to Charm Quarks with the ATLAS Experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aaboud, M.; Aad, G.; Abbott, B.; Abdinov, O.; Abeloos, B.; Abidi, S. H.; Abouzeid, O. S.; Abraham, N. L.; Abramowicz, H.; Abreu, H.; Abulaiti, Y.; Acharya, B. S.; Adachi, S.; Adamczyk, L.; Adelman, J.; Adersberger, M.; Adye, T.; Affolder, A. A.; Afik, Y.; Agheorghiesei, C.; Aguilar-Saavedra, J. A.; Ahlen, S. P.; Ahmadov, F.; Aielli, G.; Akatsuka, S.; Åkesson, T. P. A.; Akilli, E.; Akimov, A. V.; Alberghi, G. L.; Albert, J.; Albicocco, P.; Alconada Verzini, M. J.; Alderweireldt, S.; Aleksa, M.; Aleksandrov, I. N.; Alexa, C.; Alexander, G.; Alexopoulos, T.; Alhroob, M.; Ali, B.; Aliev, M.; Alimonti, G.; Alison, J.; Alkire, S. P.; Allaire, C.; Allbrooke, B. M. M.; Allen, B. W.; Allport, P. P.; Aloisio, A.; Alonso, A.; Alonso, F.; Alpigiani, C.; Alshehri, A. A.; Alstaty, M. I.; Alvarez Gonzalez, B.; Álvarez Piqueras, D.; Alviggi, M. G.; Amadio, B. T.; Amaral Coutinho, Y.; Ambroz, L.; Amelung, C.; Amidei, D.; Amor Dos Santos, S. P.; Amoroso, S.; Anastopoulos, C.; Ancu, L. S.; Andari, N.; Andeen, T.; Anders, C. F.; Anders, J. K.; Anderson, K. J.; Andreazza, A.; Andrei, V.; Angelidakis, S.; Angelozzi, I.; Angerami, A.; Anisenkov, A. V.; Annovi, A.; Antel, C.; Antonelli, M.; Antonov, A.; Antrim, D. J.; Anulli, F.; Aoki, M.; Aperio Bella, L.; Arabidze, G.; Arai, Y.; Araque, J. P.; Araujo Ferraz, V.; Araujo Pereira, R.; Arce, A. T. H.; Ardell, R. E.; Arduh, F. A.; Arguin, J.-F.; Argyropoulos, S.; Armbruster, A. J.; Armitage, L. J.; Arnaez, O.; Arnold, H.; Arratia, M.; Arslan, O.; Artamonov, A.; Artoni, G.; Artz, S.; Asai, S.; Asbah, N.; Ashkenazi, A.; Asquith, L.; Assamagan, K.; Astalos, R.; Atkin, R. J.; Atkinson, M.; Atlay, N. B.; Augsten, K.; Avolio, G.; Avramidou, R.; Axen, B.; Ayoub, M. K.; Azuelos, G.; Baas, A. E.; Baca, M. J.; Bachacou, H.; Bachas, K.; Backes, M.; Bagnaia, P.; Bahmani, M.; Bahrasemani, H.; Baines, J. T.; Bajic, M.; Baker, O. K.; Bakker, P. J.; Bakshi Gupta, D.; Baldin, E. M.; Balek, P.; Balli, F.; Balunas, W. K.; Banas, E.; Bandyopadhyay, A.; Banerjee, Sw.; Bannoura, A. A. E.; Barak, L.; Barberio, E. L.; Barberis, D.; Barbero, M.; Barillari, T.; Barisits, M.-S.; Barkeloo, J. T.; Barklow, T.; Barlow, N.; Barnea, R.; Barnes, S. L.; Barnett, B. M.; Barnett, R. M.; Barnovska-Blenessy, Z.; Baroncelli, A.; Barone, G.; Barr, A. J.; Barranco Navarro, L.; Barreiro, F.; Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, J.; Bartoldus, R.; Barton, A. E.; Bartos, P.; Basalaev, A.; Bassalat, A.; Bates, R. L.; Batista, S. J.; Batley, J. R.; Battaglia, M.; Bauce, M.; Bauer, F.; Bauer, K. T.; Bawa, H. S.; Beacham, J. B.; Beattie, M. D.; Beau, T.; Beauchemin, P. H.; Bechtle, P.; Beck, H. P.; Beck, H. C.; Becker, K.; Becker, M.; Becot, C.; Beddall, A. J.; Beddall, A.; Bednyakov, V. A.; Bedognetti, M.; Bee, C. P.; Beermann, T. A.; Begalli, M.; Begel, M.; Behera, A.; Behr, J. K.; Bell, A. S.; Bella, G.; Bellagamba, L.; Bellerive, A.; Bellomo, M.; Belotskiy, K.; Belyaev, N. L.; Benary, O.; Benchekroun, D.; Bender, M.; Benekos, N.; Benhammou, Y.; Benhar Noccioli, E.; Benitez, J.; Benjamin, D. P.; Benoit, M.; Bensinger, J. R.; Bentvelsen, S.; Beresford, L.; Beretta, M.; Berge, D.; Bergeaas Kuutmann, E.; Berger, N.; Bergsten, L. J.; Beringer, J.; Berlendis, S.; Bernard, N. R.; Bernardi, G.; Bernius, C.; Bernlochner, F. U.; Berry, T.; Berta, P.; Bertella, C.; Bertoli, G.; Bertram, I. A.; Bertsche, C.; Besjes, G. J.; Bessidskaia Bylund, O.; Bessner, M.; Besson, N.; Bethani, A.; Bethke, S.; Betti, A.; Bevan, A. J.; Beyer, J.; Bianchi, R. M.; Biebel, O.; Biedermann, D.; Bielski, R.; Bierwagen, K.; Biesuz, N. V.; Biglietti, M.; Billoud, T. R. V.; Bindi, M.; Bingul, A.; Bini, C.; Biondi, S.; Bisanz, T.; Bittrich, C.; Bjergaard, D. M.; Black, J. E.; Black, K. M.; Blair, R. E.; Blazek, T.; Bloch, I.; Blocker, C.; Blue, A.; Blumenschein, U.; Blunier, Dr.; Bobbink, G. J.; Bobrovnikov, V. S.; Bocchetta, S. S.; Bocci, A.; Bock, C.; Boerner, D.; Bogavac, D.; Bogdanchikov, A. G.; Bohm, C.; Boisvert, V.; Bokan, P.; Bold, T.; Boldyrev, A. S.; Bolz, A. E.; Bomben, M.; Bona, M.; Bonilla, J. S.; Boonekamp, M.; Borisov, A.; Borissov, G.; Bortfeldt, J.; Bortoletto, D.; Bortolotto, V.; Boscherini, D.; Bosman, M.; Bossio Sola, J. D.; Boudreau, J.; Bouhova-Thacker, E. V.; Boumediene, D.; Bourdarios, C.; Boutle, S. K.; Boveia, A.; Boyd, J.; Boyko, I. R.; Bozson, A. J.; Bracinik, J.; Brandt, A.; Brandt, G.; Brandt, O.; Braren, F.; Bratzler, U.; Brau, B.; Brau, J. E.; Breaden Madden, W. D.; Brendlinger, K.; Brennan, A. J.; Brenner, L.; Brenner, R.; Bressler, S.; Briglin, D. L.; Bristow, T. M.; Britton, D.; Britzger, D.; Brock, I.; Brock, R.; Brooijmans, G.; Brooks, T.; Brooks, W. K.; Brost, E.; Broughton, J. H.; Bruckman de Renstrom, P. A.; Bruncko, D.; Bruni, A.; Bruni, G.; Bruni, L. S.; Bruno, S.; Brunt, Bh; Bruschi, M.; Bruscino, N.; Bryant, P.; Bryngemark, L.; Buanes, T.; Buat, Q.; Buchholz, P.; Buckley, A. G.; Budagov, I. A.; Buehrer, F.; Bugge, M. K.; Bulekov, O.; Bullock, D.; Burch, T. J.; Burdin, S.; Burgard, C. D.; Burger, A. M.; Burghgrave, B.; Burka, K.; Burke, S.; Burmeister, I.; Burr, J. T. P.; Büscher, D.; Büscher, V.; Buschmann, E.; Bussey, P.; Butler, J. M.; Buttar, C. M.; Butterworth, J. M.; Butti, P.; Buttinger, W.; Buzatu, A.; Buzykaev, A. R.; Cabras, G.; Cabrera Urbán, S.; Caforio, D.; Cai, H.; Cairo, V. M. M.; Cakir, O.; Calace, N.; Calafiura, P.; Calandri, A.; Calderini, G.; Calfayan, P.; Callea, G.; Caloba, L. P.; Calvente Lopez, S.; Calvet, D.; Calvet, S.; Calvet, T. P.; Calvetti, M.; Camacho Toro, R.; Camarda, S.; Camarri, P.; Cameron, D.; Caminal Armadans, R.; Camincher, C.; Campana, S.; Campanelli, M.; Camplani, A.; Campoverde, A.; Canale, V.; Cano Bret, M.; Cantero, J.; Cao, T.; Cao, Y.; Capeans Garrido, M. D. M.; Caprini, I.; Caprini, M.; Capua, M.; Carbone, R. M.; Cardarelli, R.; Cardillo, F.; Carli, I.; Carli, T.; Carlino, G.; Carlson, B. T.; Carminati, L.; Carney, R. M. D.; Caron, S.; Carquin, E.; Carrá, S.; Carrillo-Montoya, G. D.; Casadei, D.; Casado, M. P.; Casha, A. F.; Casolino, M.; Casper, D. W.; Castelijn, R.; Castillo Gimenez, V.; Castro, N. F.; Catinaccio, A.; Catmore, J. R.; Cattai, A.; Caudron, J.; Cavaliere, V.; Cavallaro, E.; Cavalli, D.; Cavalli-Sforza, M.; Cavasinni, V.; Celebi, E.; Ceradini, F.; Cerda Alberich, L.; Cerqueira, A. S.; Cerri, A.; Cerrito, L.; Cerutti, F.; Cervelli, A.; Cetin, S. A.; Chafaq, A.; Chakraborty, D.; Chan, S. K.; Chan, W. S.; Chan, Y. L.; Chang, P.; Chapman, J. D.; Charlton, D. G.; Chau, C. C.; Chavez Barajas, C. A.; Che, S.; Chegwidden, A.; Chekanov, S.; Chekulaev, S. V.; Chelkov, G. A.; Chelstowska, M. A.; Chen, C.; Chen, C.; Chen, H.; Chen, J.; Chen, J.; Chen, S.; Chen, S.; Chen, X.; Chen, Y.; Cheng, H. C.; Cheng, H. J.; Cheplakov, A.; Cheremushkina, E.; Cherkaoui El Moursli, R.; Cheu, E.; Cheung, K.; Chevalier, L.; Chiarella, V.; Chiarelli, G.; Chiodini, G.; Chisholm, A. S.; Chitan, A.; Chiu, I.; Chiu, Y. H.; Chizhov, M. V.; Choi, K.; Chomont, A. R.; Chouridou, S.; Chow, Y. S.; Christodoulou, V.; Chu, M. C.; Chudoba, J.; Chuinard, A. J.; Chwastowski, J. J.; Chytka, L.; Cinca, D.; Cindro, V.; Cioarǎ, I. A.; Ciocio, A.; Cirotto, F.; Citron, Z. H.; Citterio, M.; Clark, A.; Clark, M. R.; Clark, P. J.; Clarke, R. N.; Clement, C.; Coadou, Y.; Cobal, M.; Coccaro, A.; Cochran, J.; Colasurdo, L.; Cole, B.; Colijn, A. P.; Collot, J.; Conde Muiño, P.; Coniavitis, E.; Connell, S. H.; Connelly, I. A.; Constantinescu, S.; Conti, G.; Conventi, F.; Cooper-Sarkar, A. M.; Cormier, F.; Cormier, K. J. R.; Corradi, M.; Corrigan, E. E.; Corriveau, F.; Cortes-Gonzalez, A.; Costa, M. J.; Costanzo, D.; Cottin, G.; Cowan, G.; Cox, B. E.; Cranmer, K.; Crawley, S. J.; Creager, R. A.; Cree, G.; Crépé-Renaudin, S.; Crescioli, F.; Cristinziani, M.; Croft, V.; Crosetti, G.; Cueto, A.; Cuhadar Donszelmann, T.; Cukierman, A. R.; Cummings, J.; Curatolo, M.; Cúth, J.; Czekierda, S.; Czodrowski, P.; D'Amen, G.; D'Auria, S.; D'Eramo, L.; D'Onofrio, M.; da Cunha Sargedas de Sousa, M. J.; da Via, C.; Dabrowski, W.; Dado, T.; Dahbi, S.; Dai, T.; Dale, O.; Dallaire, F.; Dallapiccola, C.; Dam, M.; Dandoy, J. R.; Daneri, M. F.; Dang, N. P.; Dann, N. S.; Danninger, M.; Dano Hoffmann, M.; Dao, V.; Darbo, G.; Darmora, S.; Dartsi, O.; Dattagupta, A.; Daubney, T.; Davey, W.; David, C.; Davidek, T.; Davis, D. R.; Davison, P.; Dawe, E.; Dawson, I.; de, K.; de Asmundis, R.; de Benedetti, A.; de Castro, S.; de Cecco, S.; de Groot, N.; de Jong, P.; de la Torre, H.; de Lorenzi, F.; de Maria, A.; de Pedis, D.; de Salvo, A.; de Sanctis, U.; de Santo, A.; de Vasconcelos Corga, K.; de Vivie de Regie, J. B.; Debenedetti, C.; Dedovich, D. V.; Dehghanian, N.; Deigaard, I.; Del Gaudio, M.; Del Peso, J.; Delgove, D.; Deliot, F.; Delitzsch, C. M.; Dell'Acqua, A.; Dell'Asta, L.; Della Pietra, M.; Della Volpe, D.; Delmastro, M.; Delporte, C.; Delsart, P. A.; Demarco, D. A.; Demers, S.; Demichev, M.; Denisov, S. P.; Denysiuk, D.; Derendarz, D.; Derkaoui, J. E.; Derue, F.; Dervan, P.; Desch, K.; Deterre, C.; Dette, K.; Devesa, M. R.; Deviveiros, P. O.; Dewhurst, A.; Dhaliwal, S.; di Bello, F. A.; di Ciaccio, A.; di Ciaccio, L.; di Clemente, W. K.; di Donato, C.; di Girolamo, A.; di Micco, B.; di Nardo, R.; di Petrillo, K. F.; di Simone, A.; di Sipio, R.; di Valentino, D.; Diaconu, C.; Diamond, M.; Dias, F. A.; Diaz, M. A.; Dickinson, J.; Diehl, E. B.; Dietrich, J.; Díez Cornell, S.; Dimitrievska, A.; Dingfelder, J.; Dita, P.; Dita, S.; Dittus, F.; Djama, F.; Djobava, T.; Djuvsland, J. I.; Do Vale, M. A. B.; Dobre, M.; Dodsworth, D.; Doglioni, C.; Dolejsi, J.; Dolezal, Z.; Donadelli, M.; Donini, J.; Dopke, J.; Doria, A.; Dova, M. T.; Doyle, A. T.; Drechsler, E.; Dreyer, E.; Dris, M.; Du, Y.; Duarte-Campderros, J.; Dubinin, F.; Dubreuil, A.; Duchovni, E.; Duckeck, G.; Ducourthial, A.; Ducu, O. A.; Duda, D.; Dudarev, A.; Dudder, A. Chr.; Duffield, E. M.; Duflot, L.; Dührssen, M.; Dulsen, C.; Dumancic, M.; Dumitriu, A. E.; Duncan, A. K.; Dunford, M.; Duperrin, A.; Duran Yildiz, H.; Düren, M.; Durglishvili, A.; Duschinger, D.; Dutta, B.; Duvnjak, D.; Dyndal, M.; Dziedzic, B. S.; Eckardt, C.; Ecker, K. M.; Edgar, R. C.; Eifert, T.; Eigen, G.; Einsweiler, K.; Ekelof, T.; El Kacimi, M.; El Kosseifi, R.; Ellajosyula, V.; Ellert, M.; Ellinghaus, F.; Elliot, A. A.; Ellis, N.; Elmsheuser, J.; Elsing, M.; Emeliyanov, D.; Enari, Y.; Ennis, J. S.; Epland, M. B.; Erdmann, J.; Ereditato, A.; Errede, S.; Escalier, M.; Escobar, C.; Esposito, B.; Estrada Pastor, O.; Etienvre, A. I.; Etzion, E.; Evans, H.; Ezhilov, A.; Ezzi, M.; Fabbri, F.; Fabbri, L.; Fabiani, V.; Facini, G.; Fakhrutdinov, R. M.; Falciano, S.; Faltova, J.; Fang, Y.; Fanti, M.; Farbin, A.; Farilla, A.; Farina, E. M.; Farooque, T.; Farrell, S.; Farrington, S. M.; Farthouat, P.; Fassi, F.; Fassnacht, P.; Fassouliotis, D.; Faucci Giannelli, M.; Favareto, A.; Fawcett, W. J.; Fayard, L.; Fedin, O. L.; Fedorko, W.; Feickert, M.; Feigl, S.; Feligioni, L.; Feng, C.; Feng, E. J.; Feng, M.; Fenton, M. J.; Fenyuk, A. B.; Feremenga, L.; Fernandez Martinez, P.; Ferrando, J.; Ferrari, A.; Ferrari, P.; Ferrari, R.; Ferreira de Lima, D. E.; Ferrer, A.; Ferrere, D.; Ferretti, C.; Fiedler, F.; Filipčič, A.; Filthaut, F.; Fincke-Keeler, M.; Finelli, K. D.; Fiolhais, M. C. N.; Fiorini, L.; Fischer, C.; Fischer, J.; Fisher, W. C.; Flaschel, N.; Fleck, I.; Fleischmann, P.; Fletcher, R. R. M.; Flick, T.; Flierl, B. M.; Flores, L. M.; Flores Castillo, L. R.; Fomin, N.; Forcolin, G. T.; Formica, A.; Förster, F. 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E.; Nemecek, S.; Nemethy, P.; Nessi, M.; Neubauer, M. S.; Neumann, M.; Newman, P. R.; Ng, T. Y.; Ng, Y. S.; Nguyen, H. D. N.; Nguyen Manh, T.; Nickerson, R. B.; Nicolaidou, R.; Nielsen, J.; Nikiforou, N.; Nikolaenko, V.; Nikolic-Audit, I.; Nikolopoulos, K.; Nilsson, P.; Ninomiya, Y.; Nisati, A.; Nishu, N.; Nisius, R.; Nitsche, I.; Nitta, T.; Nobe, T.; Noguchi, Y.; Nomachi, M.; Nomidis, I.; Nomura, M. A.; Nooney, T.; Nordberg, M.; Norjoharuddeen, N.; Novak, T.; Novgorodova, O.; Novotny, R.; Nozaki, M.; Nozka, L.; Ntekas, K.; Nurse, E.; Nuti, F.; O'Connor, K.; O'Neil, D. C.; O'Rourke, A. A.; O'Shea, V.; Oakham, F. G.; Oberlack, H.; Obermann, T.; Ocariz, J.; Ochi, A.; Ochoa, I.; Ochoa-Ricoux, J. P.; Oda, S.; Odaka, S.; Oh, A.; Oh, S. H.; Ohm, C. C.; Ohman, H.; Oide, H.; Okawa, H.; Okumura, Y.; Okuyama, T.; Olariu, A.; Oleiro Seabra, L. F.; Olivares Pino, S. A.; Oliveira Damazio, D.; Oliver, J. L.; Olsson, M. J. R.; Olszewski, A.; Olszowska, J.; Onofre, A.; Onogi, K.; Onyisi, P. U. E.; Oppen, H.; Oreglia, M. J.; Oren, Y.; Orestano, D.; Orgill, E. C.; Orlando, N.; Orr, R. S.; Osculati, B.; Ospanov, R.; Otero Y Garzon, G.; Otono, H.; Ouchrif, M.; Ould-Saada, F.; Ouraou, A.; Oussoren, K. P.; Ouyang, Q.; Owen, M.; Owen, R. E.; Ozcan, V. E.; Ozturk, N.; Pachal, K.; Pacheco Pages, A.; Pacheco Rodriguez, L.; Padilla Aranda, C.; Pagan Griso, S.; Paganini, M.; Paige, F.; Palacino, G.; Palazzo, S.; Palestini, S.; Palka, M.; Pallin, D.; Panagiotopoulou, E. St.; Panagoulias, I.; Pandini, C. E.; Panduro Vazquez, J. G.; Pani, P.; Pantea, D.; Paolozzi, L.; Papadopoulou, Th. D.; Papageorgiou, K.; Paramonov, A.; Paredes Hernandez, D.; Parida, B.; Parker, A. J.; Parker, M. A.; Parker, K. A.; Parodi, F.; Parsons, J. A.; Parzefall, U.; Pascuzzi, V. R.; Pasner, J. M.; Pasqualucci, E.; Passaggio, S.; Pastore, Fr.; Pasuwan, P.; Pataraia, S.; Pater, J. R.; Pauly, T.; Pearson, B.; Pedraza Lopez, S.; Pedro, R.; Peleganchuk, S. V.; Penc, O.; Peng, C.; Peng, H.; Penwell, J.; Peralva, B. S.; Perego, M. M.; Perepelitsa, D. V.; Peri, F.; Perini, L.; Pernegger, H.; Perrella, S.; Peshekhonov, V. D.; Peters, K.; Peters, R. F. Y.; Petersen, B. A.; Petersen, T. C.; Petit, E.; Petridis, A.; Petridou, C.; Petroff, P.; Petrolo, E.; Petrov, M.; Petrucci, F.; Pettersson, N. E.; Peyaud, A.; Pezoa, R.; Pham, T.; Phillips, F. H.; Phillips, P. W.; Piacquadio, G.; Pianori, E.; Picazio, A.; Pickering, M. A.; Piegaia, R.; Pilcher, J. E.; Pilkington, A. D.; Pinamonti, M.; Pinfold, J. L.; Pitt, M.; Pleier, M.-A.; Pleskot, V.; Plotnikova, E.; Pluth, D.; Podberezko, P.; Poettgen, R.; Poggi, R.; Poggioli, L.; Pogrebnyak, I.; Pohl, D.; Pokharel, I.; Polesello, G.; Poley, A.; Policicchio, A.; Polifka, R.; Polini, A.; Pollard, C. S.; Polychronakos, V.; Ponomarenko, D.; Pontecorvo, L.; Popeneciu, G. A.; Portillo Quintero, D. M.; Pospisil, S.; Potamianos, K.; Potrap, I. N.; Potter, C. J.; Potti, H.; Poulsen, T.; Poveda, J.; Pozo Astigarraga, M. E.; Pralavorio, P.; Prell, S.; Price, D.; Primavera, M.; Prince, S.; Proklova, N.; Prokofiev, K.; Prokoshin, F.; Protopopescu, S.; Proudfoot, J.; Przybycien, M.; Puri, A.; Puzo, P.; Qian, J.; Qin, Y.; Quadt, A.; Queitsch-Maitland, M.; Qureshi, A.; Radeka, V.; Radhakrishnan, S. K.; Rados, P.; Ragusa, F.; Rahal, G.; Raine, J. A.; Rajagopalan, S.; Rashid, T.; Raspopov, S.; Ratti, M. G.; Rauch, D. M.; Rauscher, F.; Rave, S.; Ravinovich, I.; Rawling, J. H.; Raymond, M.; Read, A. L.; Readioff, N. P.; Reale, M.; Rebuzzi, D. M.; Redelbach, A.; Redlinger, G.; Reece, R.; Reed, R. G.; Reeves, K.; Rehnisch, L.; Reichert, J.; Reiss, A.; Rembser, C.; Ren, H.; Rescigno, M.; Resconi, S.; Resseguie, E. D.; Rettie, S.; Reynolds, E.; Rezanova, O. L.; Reznicek, P.; Richter, R.; Richter, S.; Richter-Was, E.; Ricken, O.; Ridel, M.; Rieck, P.; Riegel, C. J.; Rifki, O.; Rijssenbeek, M.; Rimoldi, A.; Rimoldi, M.; Rinaldi, L.; Ripellino, G.; Ristić, B.; Ritsch, E.; Riu, I.; Rivera Vergara, J. C.; Rizatdinova, F.; Rizvi, E.; Rizzi, C.; Roberts, R. T.; Robertson, S. H.; Robichaud-Veronneau, A.; Robinson, D.; Robinson, J. E. M.; Robson, A.; Rocco, E.; Roda, C.; Rodina, Y.; Rodriguez Bosca, S.; Rodriguez Perez, A.; Rodriguez Rodriguez, D.; Rodríguez Vera, A. M.; Roe, S.; Rogan, C. S.; Røhne, O.; Röhrig, R.; Roloff, J.; Romaniouk, A.; Romano, M.; Romano Saez, S. M.; Romero Adam, E.; Rompotis, N.; Ronzani, M.; Roos, L.; Rosati, S.; Rosbach, K.; Rose, P.; Rosien, N.-A.; Rossi, E.; Rossi, L. P.; Rossini, L.; Rosten, J. H. N.; Rosten, R.; Rotaru, M.; Rothberg, J.; Rousseau, D.; Roy, D.; Rozanov, A.; Rozen, Y.; Ruan, X.; Rubbo, F.; Rühr, F.; Ruiz-Martinez, A.; Rurikova, Z.; Rusakovich, N. A.; Russell, H. L.; Rutherfoord, J. P.; Ruthmann, N.; Rüttinger, E. M.; Ryabov, Y. F.; Rybar, M.; Rybkin, G.; Ryu, S.; Ryzhov, A.; Rzehorz, G. F.; Saavedra, A. F.; Sabato, G.; Sacerdoti, S.; Sadrozinski, H. F.-W.; Sadykov, R.; Safai Tehrani, F.; Saha, P.; Sahinsoy, M.; Saimpert, M.; Saito, M.; Saito, T.; Sakamoto, H.; Salamanna, G.; Salazar Loyola, J. E.; Salek, D.; Sales de Bruin, P. H.; Salihagic, D.; Salnikov, A.; Salt, J.; Salvatore, D.; Salvatore, F.; Salvucci, A.; Salzburger, A.; Sammel, D.; Sampsonidis, D.; Sampsonidou, D.; Sánchez, J.; Sanchez Pineda, A.; Sandaker, H.; Sander, C. O.; Sandhoff, M.; Sandoval, C.; Sankey, D. P. C.; Sannino, M.; Sano, Y.; Sansoni, A.; Santoni, C.; Santos, H.; Santoyo Castillo, I.; Sapronov, A.; Saraiva, J. G.; Sasaki, O.; Sato, K.; Sauvan, E.; Savard, P.; Savic, N.; Sawada, R.; Sawyer, C.; Sawyer, L.; Sbarra, C.; Sbrizzi, A.; Scanlon, T.; Scannicchio, D. A.; Schaarschmidt, J.; Schacht, P.; Schachtner, B. M.; Schaefer, D.; Schaefer, L.; Schaeffer, J.; Schaepe, S.; Schäfer, U.; Schaffer, A. C.; Schaile, D.; Schamberger, R. D.; Schegelsky, V. A.; Scheirich, D.; Schenck, F.; Schernau, M.; Schiavi, C.; Schier, S.; Schildgen, L. K.; Schillaci, Z. M.; Schillo, C.; Schioppa, E. J.; Schioppa, M.; Schleicher, K. E.; Schlenker, S.; Schmidt-Sommerfeld, K. R.; Schmieden, K.; Schmitt, C.; Schmitt, S.; Schmitz, S.; Schnoor, U.; Schoeffel, L.; Schoening, A.; Schopf, E.; Schott, M.; Schouwenberg, J. F. P.; Schovancova, J.; Schramm, S.; Schuh, N.; Schulte, A.; Schultz-Coulon, H.-C.; Schumacher, M.; Schumm, B. A.; Schune, Ph.; Schwartzman, A.; Schwarz, T. A.; Schweiger, H.; Schwemling, Ph.; Schwienhorst, R.; Schwindling, J.; Sciandra, A.; Sciolla, G.; Scornajenghi, M.; Scuri, F.; Scutti, F.; Scyboz, L. M.; Searcy, J.; Seema, P.; Seidel, S. C.; Seiden, A.; Seixas, J. M.; Sekhniaidze, G.; Sekhon, K.; Sekula, S. J.; Semprini-Cesari, N.; Senkin, S.; Serfon, C.; Serin, L.; Serkin, L.; Sessa, M.; Severini, H.; Šfiligoj, T.; Sforza, F.; Sfyrla, A.; Shabalina, E.; Shahinian, J. D.; Shaikh, N. W.; Shan, L. Y.; Shang, R.; Shank, J. T.; Shapiro, M.; Sharma, A. S.; Shatalov, P. B.; Shaw, K.; Shaw, S. M.; Shcherbakova, A.; Shehu, C. Y.; Shen, Y.; Sherafati, N.; Sherman, A. D.; Sherwood, P.; Shi, L.; Shimizu, S.; Shimmin, C. O.; Shimojima, M.; Shipsey, I. P. J.; Shirabe, S.; Shiyakova, M.; Shlomi, J.; Shmeleva, A.; Shoaleh Saadi, D.; Shochet, M. J.; Shojaii, S.; Shope, D. R.; Shrestha, S.; Shulga, E.; Sicho, P.; Sickles, A. M.; Sidebo, P. E.; Sideras Haddad, E.; Sidiropoulou, O.; Sidoti, A.; Siegert, F.; Sijacki, Dj.; Silva, J.; Silva, M.; Silverstein, S. B.; Simic, L.; Simion, S.; Simioni, E.; Simmons, B.; Simon, M.; Sinervo, P.; Sinev, N. B.; Sioli, M.; Siragusa, G.; Siral, I.; Sivoklokov, S. Yu.; Sjölin, J.; Skinner, M. B.; Skubic, P.; Slater, M.; Slavicek, T.; Slawinska, M.; Sliwa, K.; Slovak, R.; Smakhtin, V.; Smart, B. H.; Smiesko, J.; Smirnov, N.; Smirnov, S. Yu.; Smirnov, Y.; Smirnova, L. N.; Smirnova, O.; Smith, J. W.; Smith, M. N. K.; Smith, R. W.; Smizanska, M.; Smolek, K.; Snesarev, A. A.; Snyder, I. M.; Snyder, S.; Sobie, R.; Socher, F.; Soffa, A. M.; Soffer, A.; Søgaard, A.; Soh, D. A.; Sokhrannyi, G.; Solans Sanchez, C. A.; Solar, M.; Soldatov, E. Yu.; Soldevila, U.; Solodkov, A. A.; Soloshenko, A.; Solovyanov, O. V.; Solovyev, V.; Sommer, P.; Son, H.; Song, W.; Sopczak, A.; Sopkova, F.; Sosa, D.; Sotiropoulou, C. L.; Sottocornola, S.; Soualah, R.; Soukharev, A. M.; South, D.; Sowden, B. C.; Spagnolo, S.; Spalla, M.; Spangenberg, M.; Spanò, F.; Sperlich, D.; Spettel, F.; Spieker, T. M.; Spighi, R.; Spigo, G.; Spiller, L. A.; Spousta, M.; St. Denis, R. D.; Stabile, A.; Stamen, R.; Stamm, S.; Stanecka, E.; Stanek, R. W.; Stanescu, C.; Stanitzki, M. M.; Stapf, B. S.; Stapnes, S.; Starchenko, E. A.; Stark, G. H.; Stark, J.; Stark, S. H.; Staroba, P.; Starovoitov, P.; Stärz, S.; Staszewski, R.; Stegler, M.; Steinberg, P.; Stelzer, B.; Stelzer, H. J.; Stelzer-Chilton, O.; Stenzel, H.; Stevenson, T. J.; Stewart, G. A.; Stockton, M. C.; Stoicea, G.; Stolte, P.; Stonjek, S.; Straessner, A.; Stramaglia, M. E.; Strandberg, J.; Strandberg, S.; Strauss, M.; Strizenec, P.; Ströhmer, R.; Strom, D. M.; Stroynowski, R.; Strubig, A.; Stucci, S. A.; Stugu, B.; Styles, N. A.; Su, D.; Su, J.; Suchek, S.; Sugaya, Y.; Suk, M.; Sulin, V. V.; Sultan, Dms; Sultansoy, S.; Sumida, T.; Sun, S.; Sun, X.; Suruliz, K.; Suster, C. J. E.; Sutton, M. R.; Suzuki, S.; Svatos, M.; Swiatlowski, M.; Swift, S. P.; Sydorenko, A.; Sykora, I.; Sykora, T.; Ta, D.; Tackmann, K.; Taenzer, J.; Taffard, A.; Tafirout, R.; Tahirovic, E.; Taiblum, N.; Takai, H.; Takashima, R.; Takasugi, E. H.; Takeda, K.; Takeshita, T.; Takubo, Y.; Talby, M.; Talyshev, A. A.; Tanaka, J.; Tanaka, M.; Tanaka, R.; Tanioka, R.; Tannenwald, B. B.; Tapia Araya, S.; Tapprogge, S.; Tarek Abouelfadl Mohamed, A. T.; Tarem, S.; Tarna, G.; Tartarelli, G. F.; Tas, P.; Tasevsky, M.; Tashiro, T.; Tassi, E.; Tavares Delgado, A.; Tayalati, Y.; Taylor, A. C.; Taylor, A. J.; Taylor, G. N.; Taylor, P. T. E.; Taylor, W.; Teixeira-Dias, P.; Temple, D.; Ten Kate, H.; Teng, P. K.; Teoh, J. J.; Tepel, F.; Terada, S.; Terashi, K.; Terron, J.; Terzo, S.; Testa, M.; Teuscher, R. J.; Thais, S. J.; Theveneaux-Pelzer, T.; Thiele, F.; Thomas, J. P.; Thompson, P. D.; Thompson, A. S.; Thomsen, L. A.; Thomson, E.; Tian, Y.; Ticse Torres, R. E.; Tikhomirov, V. O.; Tikhonov, Yu. A.; Timoshenko, S.; Tipton, P.; Tisserant, S.; Todome, K.; Todorova-Nova, S.; Todt, S.; Tojo, J.; Tokár, S.; Tokushuku, K.; Tolley, E.; Tomoto, M.; Tompkins, L.; Toms, K.; Tong, B.; Tornambe, P.; Torrence, E.; Torres, H.; Torró Pastor, E.; Toth, J.; Touchard, F.; Tovey, D. R.; Treado, C. J.; Trefzger, T.; Tresoldi, F.; Tricoli, A.; Trigger, I. M.; Trincaz-Duvoid, S.; Tripiana, M. F.; Trischuk, W.; Trocmé, B.; Trofymov, A.; Troncon, C.; Trovatelli, M.; Truong, L.; Trzebinski, M.; Trzupek, A.; Tsang, K. W.; Tseng, J. C.-L.; Tsiareshka, P. V.; Tsirintanis, N.; Tsiskaridze, S.; Tsiskaridze, V.; Tskhadadze, E. G.; Tsukerman, I. I.; Tsulaia, V.; Tsuno, S.; Tsybychev, D.; Tu, Y.; Tudorache, A.; Tudorache, V.; Tulbure, T. T.; Tuna, A. N.; Turchikhin, S.; Turgeman, D.; Turk Cakir, I.; Turra, R.; Tuts, P. M.; Ucchielli, G.; Ueda, I.; Ughetto, M.; Ukegawa, F.; Unal, G.; Undrus, A.; Unel, G.; Ungaro, F. C.; Unno, Y.; Uno, K.; Urban, J.; Urquijo, P.; Urrejola, P.; Usai, G.; Usui, J.; Vacavant, L.; Vacek, V.; Vachon, B.; Vadla, K. O. H.; Vaidya, A.; Valderanis, C.; Valdes Santurio, E.; Valente, M.; Valentinetti, S.; Valero, A.; Valéry, L.; Vallier, A.; Valls Ferrer, J. A.; van den Wollenberg, W.; van der Graaf, H.; van Gemmeren, P.; van Nieuwkoop, J.; van Vulpen, I.; van Woerden, M. C.; Vanadia, M.; Vandelli, W.; Vaniachine, A.; Vankov, P.; Vari, R.; Varnes, E. W.; Varni, C.; Varol, T.; Varouchas, D.; Vartapetian, A.; Varvell, K. E.; Vasquez, J. G.; Vasquez, G. A.; Vazeille, F.; Vazquez Furelos, D.; Vazquez Schroeder, T.; Veatch, J.; Veloce, L. M.; Veloso, F.; Veneziano, S.; Ventura, A.; Venturi, M.; Venturi, N.; Vercesi, V.; Verducci, M.; Verkerke, W.; Vermeulen, A. T.; Vermeulen, J. C.; Vetterli, M. C.; Viaux Maira, N.; Viazlo, O.; Vichou, I.; Vickey, T.; Vickey Boeriu, O. E.; Viehhauser, G. H. A.; Viel, S.; Vigani, L.; Villa, M.; Villaplana Perez, M.; Vilucchi, E.; Vincter, M. G.; Vinogradov, V. B.; Vishwakarma, A.; Vittori, C.; Vivarelli, I.; Vlachos, S.; Vogel, M.; Vokac, P.; Volpi, G.; von Buddenbrock, S. E.; von Toerne, E.; Vorobel, V.; Vorobev, K.; Vos, M.; Vossebeld, J. H.; Vranjes, N.; Vranjes Milosavljevic, M.; Vrba, V.; Vreeswijk, M.; Vuillermet, R.; Vukotic, I.; Wagner, P.; Wagner, W.; Wagner-Kuhr, J.; Wahlberg, H.; Wahrmund, S.; Wakamiya, K.; Walder, J.; Walker, R.; Walkowiak, W.; Wallangen, V.; Wang, A. M.; Wang, C.; Wang, F.; Wang, H.; Wang, H.; Wang, J.; Wang, J.; Wang, Q.; Wang, R.-J.; Wang, R.; Wang, S. M.; Wang, T.; Wang, W.; Wang, W.; Wang, Z.; Wanotayaroj, C.; Warburton, A.; Ward, C. P.; Wardrope, D. R.; Washbrook, A.; Watkins, P. M.; Watson, A. T.; Watson, M. F.; Watts, G.; Watts, S.; Waugh, B. M.; Webb, A. F.; Webb, S.; Weber, M. S.; Weber, S. M.; Weber, S. A.; Webster, J. S.; Weidberg, A. R.; Weinert, B.; Weingarten, J.; Weirich, M.; Weiser, C.; Wells, P. S.; Wenaus, T.; Wengler, T.; Wenig, S.; Wermes, N.; Werner, M. D.; Werner, P.; Wessels, M.; Weston, T. D.; Whalen, K.; Whallon, N. L.; Wharton, A. M.; White, A. S.; White, A.; White, M. J.; White, R.; Whiteson, D.; Whitmore, B. W.; Wickens, F. J.; Wiedenmann, W.; Wielers, M.; Wiglesworth, C.; Wiik-Fuchs, L. A. M.; Wildauer, A.; Wilk, F.; Wilkens, H. G.; Williams, H. H.; Williams, S.; Willis, C.; Willocq, S.; Wilson, J. A.; Wingerter-Seez, I.; Winkels, E.; Winklmeier, F.; Winston, O. J.; Winter, B. T.; Wittgen, M.; Wobisch, M.; Wolf, A.; Wolf, T. M. H.; Wolff, R.; Wolter, M. W.; Wolters, H.; Wong, V. W. S.; Woods, N. L.; Worm, S. D.; Wosiek, B. K.; Wozniak, K. W.; Wu, M.; Wu, S. L.; Wu, X.; Wu, Y.; Wyatt, T. R.; Wynne, B. M.; Xella, S.; Xi, Z.; Xia, L.; Xu, D.; Xu, H.; Xu, L.; Xu, T.; Xu, W.; Yabsley, B.; Yacoob, S.; Yajima, K.; Yallup, D. P.; Yamaguchi, D.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Yamamoto, A.; Yamanaka, T.; Yamane, F.; Yamatani, M.; Yamazaki, T.; Yamazaki, Y.; Yan, Z.; Yang, H.; Yang, H.; Yang, S.; Yang, Y.; Yang, Y.; Yang, Z.; Yao, W.-M.; Yap, Y. C.; Yasu, Y.; Yatsenko, E.; Yau Wong, K. H.; Ye, J.; Ye, S.; Yeletskikh, I.; Yigitbasi, E.; Yildirim, E.; Yorita, K.; Yoshihara, K.; Young, C.; Young, C. J. S.; Yu, J.; Yu, J.; Yuen, S. P. Y.; Yusuff, I.; Zabinski, B.; Zacharis, G.; Zaidan, R.; Zaitsev, A. M.; Zakharchuk, N.; Zalieckas, J.; Zambito, S.; Zanzi, D.; Zeitnitz, C.; Zemaityte, G.; Zeng, J. C.; Zeng, Q.; Zenin, O.; Ženiš, T.; Zerwas, D.; Zhang, D.; Zhang, D.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, G.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, P.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, X.; Zhao, Y.; Zhao, Z.; Zhemchugov, A.; Zhou, B.; Zhou, C.; Zhou, L.; Zhou, M.; Zhou, M.; Zhou, N.; Zhou, Y.; Zhu, C. G.; Zhu, H.; Zhu, J.; Zhu, Y.; Zhuang, X.; Zhukov, K.; Zhulanov, V.; Zibell, A.; Zieminska, D.; Zimine, N. I.; Zimmermann, S.; Zinonos, Z.; Zinser, M.; Ziolkowski, M.; Živković, L.; Zobernig, G.; Zoccoli, A.; Zorbas, T. G.; Zou, R.; Zur Nedden, M.; Zwalinski, L.; Atlas Collaboration

2018-05-01

A direct search for the standard model Higgs boson decaying to a pair of charm quarks is presented. Associated production of the Higgs and Z bosons, in the decay mode Z H →ℓ+ℓ- c c ¯ is studied. A data set with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb-1 of p p collisions at √{s }=13 TeV recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC is used. The H →c c ¯ signature is identified using charm-tagging algorithms. The observed (expected) upper limit on σ (p p →Z H )×B (H →c c ¯) is 2.7 (3.9-1.1+2.1 ) pb at the 95% confidence level for a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV, while the standard model value is 26 fb.

Using a videogame to facilitate nursing and medical students' first visit to the operating theatre. A randomized controlled trial.

PubMed

Del Blanco, Ángel; Torrente, Javier; Fernández-Manjón, Baltasar; Ruiz, Pedro; Giner, Manuel

2017-08-01

First experiences in the operating theatre with real patients are always stressful and intimidating for students. We hypothesized that a game-like simulation could improve perceptions and performance of novices. A videogame was developed, combining pictures and short videos, by which students are interactively instructed on acting at the surgical block. Moreover, the game includes detailed descriptive information. After playing, students are given feedback on their performance. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 132 nursing and medical students with no previous experience in surgery. Sixty two (47.0%) were allocated to a control group (CG) and 70 (53.0%) to an experimental group (EG). Subjects in EG played the game the day prior to their first experience in the theatre; CG had no access to the application. On the day after their experience at surgery, all students filled in a questionnaire in a 7-point Likert format collecting subjective data about their experience in the surgical block. Four constructs related to students' feelings, emotions and attitudes were measured through self-reported subjective scales, i.e. C1: fear to make mistakes, C2: perceived knowledge on how to behave, C3: perceived errors committed, and C4: attitude/behaviour towards patients and staff. The main research question was formulated as follows: do students show differences in constructs C1-C4 by exposure to the game? EG reported statistically significant higher scores on the four aspects measured than CG (p<0.05; Mann-Whitney U tests; Cohen's d standardized effect size d1=0.30; d2=1.05; d3=0.39; d4=0.49). Results show clear evidence that the exposure to the game-like simulation had a significant positive effect on all the constructs. After their first visit to the theatre, students in EG showed less fear (C1) and also perceived to have committed fewer errors (C3), while they showed higher perceived knowledge (C2) and a more collaborative attitude (C4). Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hydrogen sulfide generation in simulated construction and demolition debris landfills: impact of waste composition.

PubMed

Yang, Kenton; Xu, Qiyong; Townsend, Timothy G; Chadik, Paul; Bitton, Gabriel; Booth, Matthew

2006-08-01

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) generation in construction and demolition (C&D) debris landfills has been associated with the biodegradation of gypsum drywall. Laboratory research was conducted to observe H2S generation when drywall was codisposed with different C&D debris constituents. Two experiments were conducted using simulated landfill columns. Experiment 1 consisted of various combinations of drywall, wood, and concrete to determine the impact of different waste constituents and combinations on H2S generation. Experiment 2 was designed to examine the effect of concrete on H2S generation and migration. The results indicate that decaying drywall, even alone, leached enough sulfate ions and organic matter for sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) to generate large H2S concentrations as high as 63,000 ppmv. The codisposed wastes show some effect on H2S generation. At the end of experiment 1, the wood/drywall and drywall alone columns possessed H2S concentrations > 40,000 ppmv. Conversely, H2S concentrations were < 1 ppmv in those columns containing concrete. Concrete plays a role in decreasing H2S by increasing pH out of the range for SRB growth and by reacting with H2S. This study also showed that wood lowered H2S concentrations initially by decreasing leachate pH values. Based on the results, two possible control mechanisms to mitigate H2S generation in C&D debris landfills are suggested.

Dynamics of Nafion membrane swelling in H2O/D2O mixtures as studied using FTIR technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bunkin, Nikolai F.; Kozlov, Valeriy A.; Shkirin, Alexey V.; Ninham, Barry W.; Balashov, Anatoliy A.; Gudkov, Sergey V.

2018-03-01

Experiments with Fourier transform spectrometry of Nafion, a water-swollen polymeric membrane, are described. The transmittance spectra of liquid samples and Nafion, soaked in these samples, were studied, depending on the deuterium content in water in the spectral range 1.8-2.15 μm. The experiments were carried out using two protocols: in the first protocol we studied the dynamics of Nafion swelling in H2O + D2O mixtures for the deuterium concentrations 3 < C < 104 ppm, and in the second protocol we studied the dynamics of swelling in pure heavy water (C = 106 ppm). For liquid mixtures in the concentration range 3 < C < 104 ppm, the transmittance spectra are the same, but for Nafion soaked in these fluids, the corresponding spectra are different. It is shown that, in the range of deuterium contents C = 90-500 ppm, the behavior of transmittance of the polymer membrane is non-monotonic. In experiments using the second protocol, the dynamics of diffusion replacement of residual water, which is always present in the bulk of the polymer membrane inside closed cavities (i.e., without access to atmospheric air), were studied. The experimentally estimated diffusion coefficient for this process is ≈6.10-11 cm2/s.

The effect of iron content and dissolved O2 on dissolution rates of clinopyroxene at pH 5.8 and 25°C: Preliminary results

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hoch, A.R.; Reddy, M.M.; Drever, J.I.

1996-01-01

Dissolution experiments using augite (Mg0.87Ca0.85Fe0.19Na0.09Al0.03Si2O6) and diopside (Mg0.91Ca0.93Fe0.07Na0.03Al0.03Si2O6) were conducted in flow-through reactors (5-ml/h flow rate). A pH of 5.8 was maintained by bubbling pure CO2 through a solution of 0.01 M KHCO3 at 25°C. Two experiments were run for each pyroxene type. In one experiment dissolved O2 concentration in reactors was 0.6 (±0.1) ppm and in the second dissolved O2 was 1.5 (±0.1) ppm. After 60 days, augite dissolution rates (based on Si release) were approximately three times greater in the 1.5 ppm. dissolved O2 experiments than in the sealed experiments. In contrast, diopside dissolution rates were independent of dissolved O2 concentrations. Preliminary results from the augite experiments suggest that dissolution rate is directly related to oxidation of iron. This effect was not observed in experiments performed on iron-poor diopside. Additionally, dissolution rates of diopside were much slower than those of augite, again suggesting a relationship between Fe content, Fe oxidation and dissolution rates.

Studies in Support of the Application of Statistical Theory to Design and Evaluation of Operational Tests. Annex D. An Application of Bayesian Statistical Methods in the Determination of Sample Size for Operational Testing in the U.S. Army

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-07-01

SIZE C XNI. C UE2 - UTILITY OF EXPERIMENT OF SIZE C XN2. C ICHECK - VARIABLE USLD TO CHECK FOR C TERMINATION, C~C DIMENSION SUBLIM{20),UPLIM(20),UEI(20...1J=UPLIM(K4-I)-XNI (K+1)+SU8LIt1(K+i*. C CHECK FOR TERMINATION. 944 ICHECK =SUBLIM(K)+2 IFIICHECK.GEUPLiHMK.,OR.K.G1.20’ GO TO 930 GO TO 920 930

Formation of Amino Acids and Nucleotide Bases in a Titan Atmosphere Simulation Experiment

PubMed Central

Yelle, R.V.; Buch, A.; Carrasco, N.; Cernogora, G.; Dutuit, O.; Quirico, E.; Sciamma-O'Brien, E.; Smith, M.A.; Somogyi, Á.; Szopa, C.; Thissen, R.; Vuitton, V.

2012-01-01

Abstract The discovery of large (>100 u) molecules in Titan's upper atmosphere has heightened astrobiological interest in this unique satellite. In particular, complex organic aerosols produced in atmospheres containing C, N, O, and H, like that of Titan, could be a source of prebiotic molecules. In this work, aerosols produced in a Titan atmosphere simulation experiment with enhanced CO (N2/CH4/CO gas mixtures of 96.2%/2.0%/1.8% and 93.2%/5.0%/1.8%) were found to contain 18 molecules with molecular formulae that correspond to biological amino acids and nucleotide bases. Very high-resolution mass spectrometry of isotopically labeled samples confirmed that C4H5N3O, C4H4N2O2, C5H6N2O2, C5H5N5, and C6H9N3O2 are produced by chemistry in the simulation chamber. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of the non-isotopic samples confirmed the presence of cytosine (C4H5N3O), uracil (C5H4N2O2), thymine (C5H6N2O2), guanine (C5H5N5O), glycine (C2H5NO2), and alanine (C3H7NO2). Adenine (C5H5N5) was detected by GC-MS in isotopically labeled samples. The remaining prebiotic molecules were detected in unlabeled samples only and may have been affected by contamination in the chamber. These results demonstrate that prebiotic molecules can be formed by the high-energy chemistry similar to that which occurs in planetary upper atmospheres and therefore identifies a new source of prebiotic material, potentially increasing the range of planets where life could begin. Key Words: Astrochemistry—Planetary atmospheres—Titan—Astrobiology. Astrobiology 12, 809–817. PMID:22917035

Structure, thermal expansion coefficient and phase stability of La2(Zr0.7Ce0.3)2O7 studied by molecular dynamic simulation and experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Che, JunWei; Liu, XiangYang; Wang, XueZhi; Liang, GongYing

2018-04-01

This paper presents structure, thermal expansion coefficient and phase stability of La2(Zr0.7Ce0.3)2O7 (LZ7C3) ceramic by both theoretical and experimental results. It was found out that LZ7C3 powders had a pyrochlore structure after being heat-treated at temperatures higher than 1473 K or higher according to XRD and TEM results. The calculated average thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) was 7.12 × 10-6 K-1, which is a little smaller than experiment result, but changes of calculated average TECs of LZ, YSZ and LZ7C3 had the same trend with experimental results. Finally, the radial distribution function (RDF) was calculated to study the phase stability of LZ7C3.

Laboratory Experiments to Evaluate Matrix Diffusion of Dissolved Organic Carbon Carbon-14 in Southern Nevada Fractured-rock Aquifers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hershey, Ronald L.; Fereday, Wyatt

Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) carbon-14 ( 14C) is used to estimate groundwater ages by comparing the DIC 14C content in groundwater in the recharge area to the DIC 14C content in the downgradient sampling point. However, because of chemical reactions and physical processes between groundwater and aquifer rocks, the amount of DIC 14C in groundwater can change and result in 14C loss that is not because of radioactive decay. This loss of DIC 14C results in groundwater ages that are older than the actual groundwater ages. Alternatively, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 14C in groundwater does not react chemically with aquifermore » rocks, so DOC 14C ages are generally younger than DIC 14C ages. In addition to chemical reactions, 14C ages may also be altered by the physical process of matrix diffusion. The net effect of a continuous loss of 14C to the aquifer matrix by matrix diffusion and then radioactive decay is that groundwater appears to be older than it actually is. Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure matrix diffusion coefficients for DOC 14C in volcanic and carbonate aquifer rocks from southern Nevada. Experiments were conducted using bromide (Br-) as a conservative tracer and 14C-labeled trimesic acid (TMA) as a surrogate for groundwater DOC. Outcrop samples from six volcanic aquifers and five carbonate aquifers in southern Nevada were used. The average DOC 14C matrix diffusion coefficient for volcanic rocks was 2.9 x 10 -7 cm 2/s, whereas the average for carbonate rocks was approximately the same at 1.7 x 10 -7 cm 2/s. The average Br- matrix diffusion coefficient for volcanic rocks was 10.4 x 10 -7 cm 2/s, whereas the average for carbonate rocks was less at 6.5 x 10 -7 cm 2/s. Carbonate rocks exhibited greater variability in DOC 14C and Br- matrix diffusion coefficients than volcanic rocks. These results confirmed, at the laboratory scale, that the diffusion of DOC 14C into southern Nevada volcanic and carbonate aquifers is slower than DIC 14C. Because of the apparent sorption of 14C-labeled TMA in the experiments, matrix diffusion coefficients are likely even lower. The reasons for the higher than expected Br-/ 14C-labeled TMA are unknown. Because the molecular size of TMA is on the low end of the range in molecular size for typical humic substances, the matrix diffusion coefficients for the 14C-labeled TMA likely represent close to the maximum diffusion rates for DOC 14C in the volcanic and carbonate aquifers in southern Nevada.« less

Tracing bacterial metabolism using multi-nuclear (1H, 2H, and 13C) Solid State NMR: Realizing an Idea Initiated by James Scott

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cody, G.; Fogel, M. L.; Jin, K.; Griffen, P.; Steele, A.; Wang, Y.

2011-12-01

Approximately 6 years ago, while at the Geophysical Laboratory, James Scott became interested in the application of Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to study bacterial metabolism. As often happens, other experiments intervened and the NMR experiments were not pursued. We have revisited Jame's question and find that using a multi-nuclear approach (1H, 2H, and 13C Solid State NMR) on laboratory cell culture has some distinct advantages. Our experiments involved batch cultures of E. coli (MG1655) harvested at stationary phase. In all experiments the growth medium consisted of MOPS medium for enterobacteria, where the substrate is glucose. In one set of experiments, 10 % of the water was D2O; in another 10 % of the glucose was per-deuterated. The control experiment used both water and glucose at natural isotopic abundance. A kill control of dead E. coli immersed in pure D2O for an extended period exhibited no deuterium incorporation. In both deuterium enriched experiments, considerable incorporation of deuterium into E. coli's biomolecular constituents was detected via 2H Solid State NMR. In the case of the D2O enriched experiment, 58 % of the incorporated deuterium is observed in a sharp peak at a frequency of 0.31 ppm, consistent with D incorporation in the cell membrane lipids, the remainder is observed in a broad peak at a higher frequency (centered at 5.4 ppm, but spanning out to beyond 10 ppm) that is consistent with D incorporation into predominantly DNA and RNA. In the case of the D-glucose experiments, 61 % of the deuterium is observed in a sharp resonance peak at 0.34 ppm, also consistent with D incorporation into membrane lipids, the remainder of the D is observed at a broad resonance peak centered at 4.3 ppm, consistent with D enrichment in glycogen. Deuterium abundance in the E. coli cells grown in 10 % D2O is nearly 2X greater than that grown with 10 % D-glucose. Very subtle differences are observed in both the 1H and 13C solid-state NMR experiments, most notably in the spectral region corresponding to glycogen H and C, respectively. Interestingly, whereas in both experiments the predominant site of incorporation was in the membrane lipids, the line width of the aliphatic-D resonance in the D2O enriched experiment is 67 % wider than that observed in the D-glucose enriched experiment. This difference could be due to greater residual 1H-2H dipolar coupling in membrane lipids synthesized with 10 % D2O due to D being incorporated during NADP(D) reduction of the fatty acid precursor during synthesis and the H-glucose being the source of carbon and hydrogen starting with acetyl-CoA. In the case of the D-glucose experiment, the narrower absorption line may be consistent with individual FA's being more homogeneously deuterated. Analysis of the membrane lipids is currently being performed via GCMS in order to gain potentially more insight to guide interpretation of the 2H solid state NMR spectra.

The Brain In Vivo Expresses the 2′,3′-cAMP-Adenosine Pathway

PubMed Central

Verrier, Jonathan D.; Jackson, Travis C.; Bansal, Rashmi; Kochanek, Patrick M.; Puccio, Ava M.; Okonkwo, David O.; Jackson, Edwin K.

2012-01-01

Although multiple biochemical pathways produce adenosine, studies suggest that the 2′,3′-cAMP-adenosine pathway (2′,3′-cAMP → 2′-AMP/3′-AMP → adenosine) contributes to adenosine production in some cells/tissues/organs. To determine whether the 2′,3′-cAMP-adenosine pathway exists in vivo in the brain, we delivered to the brain (gray matter and white matter separately) via the inflow perfusate of a microdialysis probe either 2′,3′-cAMP, 3′,5′-cAMP, 2′-AMP, 3′-AMP, or 5′-AMP and measured the recovered metabolites in the microdialysis outflow perfusate with mass spectrometry. In both gray and white matter, 2′,3′-cAMP increased 2′-AMP, 3′-AMP and adenosine, and 3′,5′-cAMP increased 5′-AMP and adenosine. In both brain regions, 2′-AMP, 3-AMP and 5′-AMP were converted to adenosine. Microdialysis experiments in 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide-3′-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) wild-type mice demonstrated that traumatic brain injury (TBI; controlled cortical impact model) activated the brain 2,3′-cAMP-adenosine pathway; similar experiments in CNPase knockout mice indicated that CNPase was involved in the metabolism of endogenous 2′,3′-cAMP to 2′-AMP and to adenosine. In CSF from TBI patients, 2′,3′-cAMP was significantly increased in the initial 12 hours after injury and strongly correlated with CSF levels of 2′-AMP, 3′-AMP, adenosine and inosine. We conclude that in vivo, 2′,3′-cAMP is converted to 2′-AMP/3′-AMP, and these AMPs are metabolized to adenosine. This pathway exists endogenously in both mice and humans. PMID:22360621

Novel dimeric metabolites from Alternaria tagetica.

PubMed

Gamboa-Angulo, M M; Alejos-González, F; Escalante-Erosa, F; García-Sosa, K; Delgado-Lamas, G; Peña-Rodríguez, L M

2000-08-01

Two novel polyketides, bis-7-O-8' '.8-O-7' '- and bis-7-O-7' '. 8-O-8' '-zinniol (2 and 3, respectively) were isolated from the organic crude extract of culture filtrates from Alternaria tagetica. Both structures were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic data (IR, MS, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and 2D NMR experiments) and confirmed by chemical synthesis. Zinniol (1) was isolated as a major component, and its (13)C NMR data was correctly assigned after careful analysis of data from its 2D NMR experiments (HMQC and HMBC).

H2O-CO2-S-Cl partitioning and mixing in rhyolitic melts and fluid - Implications on closed-system degassing in rhyolite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ding, S.; Webster, J. D.

2017-12-01

Magmatic degassing involving multiple volatile components (C, O, H, S, Cl, etc.) is one of the key factors influencing the timing and nature of volcanic eruptions, and the chemistry of volcanic gases released to the surface. In particular, exsolution of these volatiles from silicic magma during ascent could trigger explosive volcanic eruptions, which can exert strong impacts on surface temperature, ecology and human health. However, quantitative evaluation of this process in silicic magma remains ambiguous due to the lack of experiments in such chemically complex systems. Rhyolite-fluid(s) equilibria experiments were conducted in an IHPVat 100-300 MPa and 800 ° C to determine the solubilities, fluid-melt partitioning, and mixing properties of H2O, CO2, S, and Cl in the oxygen fugacity (fO2) range of FMQ to FMQ+3. The integrated bulk fluids contain up to 94 mol% H2O, 32 mol% CO2, 1 mol% S and 1mol% Cl. Rhyolite melt dissolved 20- 770 ppm CO2 and 4-7 wt.% H2O, varying with pressure, fluid composition, and fO2. Concentrations of H2O and CO2 in melt from C-O-H-S-Cl- bearing experiments at 100 and 200 MPa, and from C-O-H only experiments are generally consistent with the predictions of existing CO2-H2O solubility models based on the C-O-H only system [1-4], while the solubilities of H2O and CO2 in melt with addition of S±Cl at 300 MPa are less than those of the C-O-H- only system. This reduction in H2O and CO2 solubilities exceeds the effects of simple dilution of the coexisting fluid owing to addition of other volatiles, and rather, reflects complex mixing relations. Rhyolite melt also dissolved 20-150 ppm S and 850-2000 ppm Cl, varying with pressure. At 300 MPa, S concentrations in the melt change with fO2. The partitioning of CO2 and S between fluid and melt varies as a function of fluid composition and fO2. Solubilities and complex mixing relationships of CO2, H2O, S and Cl revealed in our experiments can be applied to massive rhyolitic eruptions like those of the Bishop tuff, Toba tuff and Pinatubo to better understand the degassing process, to estimate fluid compositions, and thus, to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of these super eruptions. [1] Ghiorso amd Gualda, 2015, CMP; [2] Liu et al., 2005, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.; [3] Newman and Lowenstern, 2002, Comput. Geosci.; [3] Tamic et al., 2001, Chem. Geol..

Acclimation to high ambient temperature in Large White and Caribbean Creole growing pigs.

PubMed

Renaudeau, D; Huc, E; Noblet, J

2007-03-01

The effect of breed [Creole (CR) vs. Large White (LW)] on performance and physiological responses during acclimation to high ambient temperature was studied in 2 experiments involving 24 (12/breed) growing pigs each. Pigs were exposed to 24 degrees C for 10 d (d -10 to -1) and thereafter to a constant temperature of 31 degrees C for 16 d (d 1 to d 16) in Exp. 1 and for 20 d (d 1 to d 20) in Exp. 2. For both experiments, the temperature change was achieved over 4 h on d 0. The first experiment began at 105 d of age, and the average BW of CR and LW pigs was 36.6 +/- 2.5 kg and 51.7 +/- 3.0 kg, respectively. The second experiment was designed to compare both breeds at a similar BW (about 52 kg on d 0). Pigs were individually housed and given ad libitum access to feed. At 24 degrees C, ADG was lower (P < 0.01) in CR than in LW (602 vs. 913 g/d and 605 vs. 862 g/d in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively), but the ADFI was not affected by breed (190 and 221 g x d(-1) x kg(-0.60) in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively). Short-term thermoregulatory responses during the 4-h transition from 24 to 31 degrees C (d 0) were analyzed according to a linear plateau model to determine the break point temperature, above which rectal temperature (RT), cutaneous temperature (CT), and respiratory rate (RR) began to change. The CT increased linearly with temperature increase (0.22 degrees C/ degrees C) and was less (P < 0.05) in CR than in LW (by -0.3 degrees C on average). In both experiments, the break point temperature for RT was not affected by breed (27.6 degrees C on average), whereas for RR it was greater (P < 0.05) in CR than in LW (27.5 vs. 25.5 degrees C, P < 0.01). On average, ADFI declined by about 50 g x d(-1) x kg(-0.60) from d -1 to d 1 (P < 0.01), and thereafter at 31 degrees C, it gradually increased (23 g x d(-1) x kg(-0.60); P < 0.05), suggesting an acclimation to high exposure. This response was not influenced by breed. After the day that marked the beginning of the acclimation response (i.e., the threshold day), RR, CT, and RT declined over the duration of exposure to 31 degrees C (P < 0.05) in both experiments. During this period, RT and CT were less in CR than in LW pigs (39.6 vs. 39.9 degrees C and 37.9 vs. 38.2 degrees C, respectively; P < 0.05), whereas RR was not affected by breed. The threshold day at which RT began to decline was less in CR than in LW pigs (0.18 vs. 1.17 d and 0.39 vs. 0.93 d in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively; P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study suggests that short- and long-term physiological reactions during heat acclimation differed when CR and LW pigs were compared at the same age or BW.

The diffusion of water in haploanesite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ni, H.; Zhang, Y.

2008-12-01

Diffusive transport of water in silicate melts is a key process in magma dynamics and volcanic eruptions, including bubble growth. Previous studies demonstrate that in additional to temperature, water content and pressure, melt composition also plays an important role in determining water diffusivity. We carried out high temperature (1311-1512°C) diffusion-couple experiments and intermediate temperature (470- 600°C) dehydration experiments to investigate H2O diffusion in a melt of haploandesitic composition. The diffusion couple is composed of an anhydrous (with <0.1 wt.% H2O) and a hydrous (with 2 wt.% H2O) haploandesitic glass. A platinum capsule is used to contain the couple and then it is welded shut. Diffusion runs are carried out in a 12.7-mm piston-cylinder apparatus at 1 GPa and superliquidus temperatures of 1584-1785 K. Infrared microscopy is applied on quenched glass to measure the profile of total H2O concentration (H2Ot). The profile shape is best fit by an error function, indicating an H2O diffusivity virtually independent of H2O concentration, consistent with the results of Behrens et al. (2004) on an Fe-bearing andesite. Dehydration experiments are performed at 743-873 K in a rapid-quench cold-seal vessel, with a heated hydrous glass losing water to 0.1 GPa Ar atmosphere. Measured diffusion profiles, however, show that water diffusivity is dependent on water content. Experimental data can be explained by H2Om being the dominating diffusant or a total H2O diffusivity proportional to total H2O content. The distinction between the high-temperature experiments where H2Ot diffusivity is apparently independent of H2Ot content, and the intermediate-temperature experiments where H2Ot diffusivity depends on H2Ot can be rationalized if OH diffusion has a higher activation energy than molecular H2O diffusion, and their comparable diffusivities at high T gradually diverge as temperature is lowered. At below 1 wt.% H2O, water diffusivity increases from rhyolite to dacite to andesite at >1300°C, and this sequence is reversed at <600°C.

Combining Theory and Experiment for Multitechnique Characterization of Activated CO 2 on Transition Metal Carbide (001) Surfaces

DOE PAGES

Kunkel, Christian; Viñes, Francesc; Ramírez, Pedro J.; ...

2018-01-15

Early transition metal carbides (TMC; TM = Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo) with face-centered cubic crystallographic structure have emerged as promising materials for CO 2 capture and activation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof exchange–correlation functional evidence charge transfer from the TMC surface to CO 2 on the two possible adsorption sites, namely, MMC and TopC, and the electronic structure and binding strength differences are discussed. Further, the suitability of multiple experimental techniques with respect to (1) adsorbed CO2 recognition and (2) MMC/TopC adsorption distinction is assessed from extensive DFT simulations. Results show that ultraviolet photoemissionmore » spectroscopies (UPS), work function changes, core level X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and changes in linear optical properties could well allow for adsorbed CO2 detection. Only infrared (IR) spectra and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) seem to additionally allow for MMC/TopC adsorption site distinction. These findings are confirmed with experimental XPS measurements, demonstrating CO 2 binding on single crystal (001) surfaces of TiC, ZrC, and VC. The experiments also help resolving ambiguities for VC, where CO 2 activation was unexpected due to low adsorption energy, but could be related to kinetic trapping involving a desorption barrier. With a wealth of data reported and direct experimental evidence provided, this study aims to motivate further basic surface science experiments on an interesting case of CO 2 activating materials, allowing also for a benchmark of employed theoretical models.« less

Combining Theory and Experiment for Multitechnique Characterization of Activated CO 2 on Transition Metal Carbide (001) Surfaces

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kunkel, Christian; Viñes, Francesc; Ramírez, Pedro J.

Early transition metal carbides (TMC; TM = Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo) with face-centered cubic crystallographic structure have emerged as promising materials for CO 2 capture and activation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof exchange–correlation functional evidence charge transfer from the TMC surface to CO 2 on the two possible adsorption sites, namely, MMC and TopC, and the electronic structure and binding strength differences are discussed. Further, the suitability of multiple experimental techniques with respect to (1) adsorbed CO2 recognition and (2) MMC/TopC adsorption distinction is assessed from extensive DFT simulations. Results show that ultraviolet photoemissionmore » spectroscopies (UPS), work function changes, core level X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and changes in linear optical properties could well allow for adsorbed CO2 detection. Only infrared (IR) spectra and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) seem to additionally allow for MMC/TopC adsorption site distinction. These findings are confirmed with experimental XPS measurements, demonstrating CO 2 binding on single crystal (001) surfaces of TiC, ZrC, and VC. The experiments also help resolving ambiguities for VC, where CO 2 activation was unexpected due to low adsorption energy, but could be related to kinetic trapping involving a desorption barrier. With a wealth of data reported and direct experimental evidence provided, this study aims to motivate further basic surface science experiments on an interesting case of CO 2 activating materials, allowing also for a benchmark of employed theoretical models.« less

LANL C10.2 Projects in FY13

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Batha, Steven H.; Fincke, James R.; Schmitt, Mark J.

2012-06-07

LANL has two projects in C10.2: Defect-Induced Mix Experiment (DIME) (ongoing, several runs at Omega; NIF shots this summer); and Shock/Shear (tested at Omega for two years; NIF shots in second half of FY13). Each project is jointly funded by C10.2, other C10 MTEs, and Science Campaigns. DIME is investigating 4{pi} and feature-induced mix in spherically convergent ICF implosions by using imaging of the mix layer. DIME prepared for NIF by demonstrating its PDD mix platform on Omega including imaging mid-Z doped layers and defects. DIME in FY13 will focus on PDD symmetry-dependent mix and moving burn into the mixmore » region for validation of mix/burn models. Re-Shock and Shear are two laser-driven experiments designed to study the turbulent mixing of materials. In FY-2012 43 shear and re-shock experimental shots were executed on the OMEGA laser and a complete time history obtained for both. The FY-2013 goal is to transition the experiment to NIF where the larger scale will provide a longer time period for mix layer growth.« less

Biological instrumentation for the Viking 1975 mission to Mars.

PubMed

Klein, H P; Vishniac, W

1972-01-01

A brief introduction is given on why Mars is of interest from a biological point of view, along with an overview of the Viking 1975 mission. Details are given about the four biology instruments aboard the spacecraft and the experiments for which they are to be used. These are: the carbon assimilation experiment to determine whether the soil is biologically active, by incubation in presence of 14C-labelled CO and CO2 (known to be present in the Martian atmosphere); the label release experiment to detect metabolic activity by the release of radioactive CO2, from 14C-labelled simple organic substrates; the gas exchange experiment to detect biological activity by repeated gas chromatography analysis of soil samples; the light scattering experiment, where increase of scattering and decrease of light transmission would indicate the growth of organisms. Examples are given of data obtained with terrestrial soils in these experiments.

Highly active Au/δ-MoC and Au/β-Mo 2C catalysts for the low-temperature water gas shift reaction: effects of the carbide metal/carbon ratio on the catalyst performance

DOE PAGES

Posada-Pérez, Sergio; Gutiérrez, Ramón A.; Zuo, Zhijun; ...

2017-05-08

In this paper, the water gas shift (WGS) reaction catalyzed by orthorhombic β-Mo 2C and cubic δ-MoC surfaces with and without Au clusters supported thereon has been studied by means of a combination of sophisticated experiments and state-of-the-art computational modeling. Experiments evidence the importance of the metal/carbon ratio on the performance of these systems, where Au/δ-MoC is presented as a suitable catalyst for WGS at low temperatures owing to its high activity, selectivity (only CO 2 and H 2 are detected), and stability (oxycarbides are not observed). Periodic density functional theory-based calculations show that the supported Au clusters and themore » Au/δ-MoC interface do not take part directly in water dissociation but their presence is crucial to switch the reaction mechanism, drastically decreasing the effect of the reverse WGS reaction and favoring the WGS products desorption, thus leading to an increase in CO 2 and H 2 production. Finally, the present results clearly display the importance of the Mo/C ratio and the synergy with the admetal clusters in tuning the activity and selectivity of the carbide substrate.« less

Highly active Au/δ-MoC and Au/β-Mo 2C catalysts for the low-temperature water gas shift reaction: effects of the carbide metal/carbon ratio on the catalyst performance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Posada-Pérez, Sergio; Gutiérrez, Ramón A.; Zuo, Zhijun

In this paper, the water gas shift (WGS) reaction catalyzed by orthorhombic β-Mo 2C and cubic δ-MoC surfaces with and without Au clusters supported thereon has been studied by means of a combination of sophisticated experiments and state-of-the-art computational modeling. Experiments evidence the importance of the metal/carbon ratio on the performance of these systems, where Au/δ-MoC is presented as a suitable catalyst for WGS at low temperatures owing to its high activity, selectivity (only CO 2 and H 2 are detected), and stability (oxycarbides are not observed). Periodic density functional theory-based calculations show that the supported Au clusters and themore » Au/δ-MoC interface do not take part directly in water dissociation but their presence is crucial to switch the reaction mechanism, drastically decreasing the effect of the reverse WGS reaction and favoring the WGS products desorption, thus leading to an increase in CO 2 and H 2 production. Finally, the present results clearly display the importance of the Mo/C ratio and the synergy with the admetal clusters in tuning the activity and selectivity of the carbide substrate.« less

The carbon fertilization effect over a century of anthropogenic CO2 emissions: higher intracellular CO2 and more drought resistance among invasive and native grass species contrasts with increased water use efficiency for woody plants in the US Southwest.

PubMed

Drake, Brandon L; Hanson, David T; Lowrey, Timothy K; Sharp, Zachary D

2017-02-01

From 1890 to 2015, anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions have increased atmospheric CO 2 concentrations from 270 to 400 mol mol -1 . The effect of increased carbon emissions on plant growth and reproduction has been the subject of study of free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) experiments. These experiments have found (i) an increase in internal CO 2 partial pressure (c i ) alongside acclimation of photosynthetic capacity, (ii) variable decreases in stomatal conductance, and (iii) that increases in yield do not increase commensurate with CO 2 concentrations. Our data set, which includes a 115-year-long selection of grasses collected in New Mexico since 1892, is consistent with an increased c i as a response to historical CO 2 increase in the atmosphere, with invasive species showing the largest increase. Comparison with Palmer Drought Sensitivity Index (PDSI) for New Mexico indicates a moderate correlation with Δ 13 C (r 2  = 0.32, P < 0.01) before 1950, with no correlation (r 2  = 0.00, P = 0.91) after 1950. These results indicate that increased c i may have conferred some drought resistance to these grasses through increased availability of CO 2 in the event of reduced stomatal conductance in response to short-term water shortage. Comparison with C 3 trees from arid environments (Pinus longaeva and Pinus edulis in the US Southwest) as well as from wetter environments (Bromus and Poa grasses in New Mexico) suggests differing responses based on environment; arid environments in New Mexico see increased intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE) in response to historic elevated CO 2 while wetter environments see increased c i . This study suggests that (i) the observed increases in c i in FACE experiments are consistent with historical CO 2 increases and (ii) the CO 2 increase influences plant sensitivity to water shortage, through either increased WUE or c i in arid and wet environments, respectively. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Sound Propagation around Underwater Seamounts

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-02-01

Algorithm 177 C.1 Processing Real World Data .................. ........ 178 C.2 Method for Finding Zero -crossings ................... .... 179 C.3 Handling...BASSEX experiment (figure is from Hyun Joe Kim, M IT, PhD Thesis) ................... .. .......... 25 2-2 Time front generated using the Range...30 2-4 Pressure level, given in dB re 1lPa, inside the forward-scattered field of the Kermit-Roosevelt Seamount. Results are generated using the RAM

Fundamental Space Biology-1: HHR and Incubator for ISS Space Life Sciences

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kirven-Brooks, M.; Fahlen, T.; Sato, K.; Reiss-Bubenheim, D.

The Space Station Biological Research Project (SSBRP) is developing an Incubator and a Habitat Holding Rack (HHR) to support life science experiments aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The HHR provides for cooling and power needs, and supports data transfer (including telemetry, commanding, video processing, Ethernet), video compression, and data and command storage). The Incubator is a habitat that provides for controlled temperature between +4 C and +45 C and air circulation. It has a set of connector ports for power, analog and digital sensors, and video pass-through to support experiment-unique hardware within the Incubator specimen chamber. The Incubator exchanges air with the ISS cabin. The Fundamental Space Biology-1 (FSB-1) Project will be delivering, the HHR and two Incubators to ISS. The two inaugural experiments to be conducted on ISS using this hardware will investigate the biological effects of the space environment on two model organisms, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae; yeast) and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans; nematode). The {M}odel {Y}east {C}ultures {o}n {S}tation (MYCOS) experiment will support examination of the effect of microgravity and cosmic radiation on yeast biology. In the second series of experiments during the same increment, the effects of microgravity and space environment radiation on C. elegans will be examined. The {F}undamental Space Biology {I}ncubator {E}xperiment {R}esearch using {C}. {e}legans (FIERCE) study is designed to support a long duration, multi-generational study of nematodes. FIERCE on-orbit science operations will include video monitoring, sub-culturing and periodic fixation and freezing of samples. For both experiments, investigators will be solicited via an International Space Life Sciences Research Announcement. In the near future, the Centrifuge Accommodation Module will be delivered to ISS, which will house the SSBRP 2.5 m Centrifuge Rotor. The Incubator can be placed onto the Centrifuge Rotor, which is capable of supporting variable gravity experiments from microgravity through 2g.

D/H diffusion in serpentine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pilorgé, Hélène; Reynard, Bruno; Remusat, Laurent; Le Floch, Sylvie; Montagnac, Gilles; Cardon, Hervé

2017-08-01

Interactions between aqueous fluids and ultrabasic rocks are essential processes in a broad range of contexts including hydrothermal alteration on the parent body of carbonaceous chondrites, at mid-oceanic ridge, and in subduction zones. Tracking these processes and understanding reaction kinetics require knowledge of the diffusion of water in rocks, and of isotope fractionation in major minerals forming under hydrous conditions, such as serpentines. We present a study of D/H inter-diffusion in antigorite, a common variety of serpentine. Experiments were performed in a belt apparatus at 315 °C, 450 °C and 540 °C and at 3.0 GPa on natural antigorite powders saturated with interstitial D2O. An experiment was performed in a diamond anvil cell at 350 °C and 2.5 GPa on an antigorite single-crystal loaded with pure D2O. D/(D + H) ratios were mapped using Raman spectroscopy for the experiments at 315 °C, 450 °C and 540 °C and by NanoSIMS for the experiment at 350 °C. As antigorite is a phyllosilicate, diffusion coefficients were obtained for crystallographic directions parallel and perpendicular to the silicate layers (perpendicular and parallel to the c∗-axis, respectively). Arrhenius relations for D/H inter-diffusion coefficients were determined to be DD/H (m2/s) = 4.71 × 10-2 × exp(-207(-33/+58) (kJ/mol)/RT) and DD/H (m2/s) = 1.61 × 10-4 × exp(-192(-34/+93) (kJ/mol)/RT) perpendicular and parallel to the c∗-axis, respectively, and DD/H (m2/s) = 7.09 × 10-3 × exp(-202(-33/+70) (kJ/mol)/RT) for the bulk diffusivity. Assuming D/H inter-diffusion coefficients for antigorite are the same for all serpentine species, closure temperature and diffusion durations are applied to hydrothermal alteration in the oceanic lithosphere, and in CI, CM and CR chondrites. Closure temperatures lie below 300 °C for terrestrial hydrothermal alteration and depend on serpentine variety because they have different typical grain sizes. Closure temperatures lie below 160 °C for carbonaceous chondrites, indicating that D/H isotopic exchange may have persisted down to very low temperatures in their parent bodies. Local D/H isotopic compositions may be associated with grain size heterogeneities in carbonaceous chondrites due to protracted alteration of fine-grained material with the lowest closure temperatures (ca 80 °C).

Peroxide-modified titanium dioxide: a chemical analog of putative Martian soil oxidants

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Quinn, R. C.; Zent, A. P.

1999-01-01

Hydrogen peroxide chemisorbed on titanium dioxide (peroxide-modified titanium dioxide) is investigated as a chemical analog to the putative soil oxidants responsible for the chemical reactivity seen in the Viking biology experiments. When peroxide-modified titanium dioxide (anatase) was exposed to a solution similar to the Viking labeled release (LR) experiment organic medium, CO2 gas was released into the sample cell headspace. Storage of these samples at 10 degrees C for 48 hr prior to exposure to organics resulted in a positive response while storage for 7 days did not. In the Viking LR experiment, storage of the Martian surface samples for 2 sols (approximately 49 hr) resulted in a positive response while storage for 141 sols essentially eliminated the initial rapid release of CO2. Heating the peroxide-modified titanium dioxide to 50 degrees C prior to exposure to organics resulted in a negative response. This is similar to, but not identical to, the Viking samples where heating to approximately 46 degrees C diminished the response by 54-80% and heating to 51.5 apparently eliminated the response. When exposed to water vapor, the peroxide-modified titanium dioxide samples release O2 in a manner similar to the release seen in the Viking gas exchange experiment (GEx). Reactivity is retained upon heating at 50 degrees C for three hours, distinguishing this active agent from the one responsible for the release of CO2 from aqueous organics. The release of CO2 by the peroxide-modified titanium dioxide is attributed to the decomposition of organics by outer-sphere peroxide complexes associated with surface hydroxyl groups, while the release of O2 upon humidification is attributed to more stable inner-sphere peroxide complexes associated with Ti4+ cations. Heating the peroxide-modified titanium dioxide to 145 degrees C inhibited the release of O2, while in the Viking experiments heating to this temperature diminished but did not eliminated the response. Although the thermal stability of the titanium-peroxide complexes in this work is lower than the stability seen in the Viking experiments, it is expected that similar types of complexes will form in titanium containing minerals other than anatase and the stability of these complexes will vary with surface hydroxylation and mineralogy.

Geographical variation in thermal tolerance within Southern Ocean marine ectotherms.

PubMed

Morley, Simon A; Hirse, Timo; Pörtner, Hans-Otto; Peck, Lloyd S

2009-06-01

Latitudinal comparisons of the Southern Ocean limpet, Nacella concinna, and clam, Laternula elliptica, acclimated to 0.0 degrees C, were used to assess differences in thermal response to two regimes, 0.0, 5.1 to 10.0 degrees C and 2.5, 7.5 to 12.5 degrees C, raised at 5.0 degrees C per week. At each temperature, tissue energy status was measured through a combination of O(2) consumption, intracellular pH, cCO(2), citrate synthase (CS) activity, organic acids (succinate, acetate, propionate), adenylates (ATP, ADP, AMP, ITP, PLA (phospho-L-arginine)) and heart rate. L. elliptica from Signy (60 degrees S) and Rothera (67 degrees S), which experience a similar thermal regime (-2 to +1 degrees C) had the same lethal (7.5-10.0 degrees C), critical (5.1-7.5 degrees C) and pejus (<5.1 degrees C;=getting worse) limits with only small differences in biochemical response. N. concinna, which experiences a wider thermal regime (-2 to +15.8 degrees C), had higher lethal limits (10.0-12.5 degrees C). However, at their Northern geographic limit N. concinna, which live in a warmer environment (South Georgia, 54 degrees S), had a lower critical limit (5.1-10.0 degrees C; O(2), PLA and organic acids) than Rothera and Signy N. concinna (10.0-12.5 degrees C). This lower limit indicates that South Georgia N. concinna have different biochemical responses to temperatures close to their thermal limit, which may make them more vulnerable to future warming trends.

Experiences and Future Expectations towards Online Courses--An Empirical Study of the B2C-and B2B-Segments

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Krämer, Andreas; Böhrs, Sandra

2016-01-01

This article explores the future potential for the development of online courses. The findings are based on an empirical study with 3 sample groups: (1) B2C segment in Germany, (2) B2C segment in the United States, and (3) B2B segment (international). In the first step the status quo of the use of e-learning in general and online courses in…

Octahedral cation partitioning in Mg,Fe2+-olivine. Mössbauer spectroscopic study of synthetic (Mg0.5 Fe2+ 0.5)2SiO4 (Fa50)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morozov, Mikhail; Brinkmann, Christian; Grodzicki, Michael; Lottermoser, Werner; Tippelt, Gerold; Amthauer, Georg; Kroll, Herbert

2005-11-01

The high-temperature partitioning of Fe2+ and Mg between the two non-equivalent octahedral M1 and M2 sites in synthetic olivine (Fa50) was studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Powder samples have been equilibrated in annealing experiments performed under reducing oxygen fugacity at temperatures between 500 and 800°C followed by rapid quenching in order to prevent redistribution of cations. M-site ordering with Fe2+ preferring M1, Mg preferring M2 sites increases continuously with rising equilibrium temperature. K D values increase from 1.21 at 500°C to 1.48 at 750°C. The results are consistent with both room temperature as well as in situ high temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments of Heinemann et al. [8, 9].

Multi-objective experimental design for (13)C-based metabolic flux analysis.

PubMed

Bouvin, Jeroen; Cajot, Simon; D'Huys, Pieter-Jan; Ampofo-Asiama, Jerry; Anné, Jozef; Van Impe, Jan; Geeraerd, Annemie; Bernaerts, Kristel

2015-10-01

(13)C-based metabolic flux analysis is an excellent technique to resolve fluxes in the central carbon metabolism but costs can be significant when using specialized tracers. This work presents a framework for cost-effective design of (13)C-tracer experiments, illustrated on two different networks. Linear and non-linear optimal input mixtures are computed for networks for Streptomyces lividans and a carcinoma cell line. If only glucose tracers are considered as labeled substrate for a carcinoma cell line or S. lividans, the best parameter estimation accuracy is obtained by mixtures containing high amounts of 1,2-(13)C2 glucose combined with uniformly labeled glucose. Experimental designs are evaluated based on a linear (D-criterion) and non-linear approach (S-criterion). Both approaches generate almost the same input mixture, however, the linear approach is favored due to its low computational effort. The high amount of 1,2-(13)C2 glucose in the optimal designs coincides with a high experimental cost, which is further enhanced when labeling is introduced in glutamine and aspartate tracers. Multi-objective optimization gives the possibility to assess experimental quality and cost at the same time and can reveal excellent compromise experiments. For example, the combination of 100% 1,2-(13)C2 glucose with 100% position one labeled glutamine and the combination of 100% 1,2-(13)C2 glucose with 100% uniformly labeled glutamine perform equally well for the carcinoma cell line, but the first mixture offers a decrease in cost of $ 120 per ml-scale cell culture experiment. We demonstrated the validity of a multi-objective linear approach to perform optimal experimental designs for the non-linear problem of (13)C-metabolic flux analysis. Tools and a workflow are provided to perform multi-objective design. The effortless calculation of the D-criterion can be exploited to perform high-throughput screening of possible (13)C-tracers, while the illustrated benefit of multi-objective design should stimulate its application within the field of (13)C-based metabolic flux analysis. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Residual glass and crystalline phases in a barium disilicate glass–ceramic

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Araujo, Marcel C.C.; Botta, Walter J.; Kaufmann, Michael J.

2015-12-15

Investigations about the presence of residual glass are scarce, despite its fundamental role in the crystallization kinetics and luminescent properties of barium disilicate glass–ceramics (BaO·2SiO{sub 2}–BS{sub 2}) with a quasi-stoichiometric composition. Non-isothermal (DTA/DSC) experiments have demonstrated that BS{sub 2} presents a polymorphic transformation, where the h-BS{sub 2} (monoclinic structure) phase is completely transformed in l-BS{sub 2} (orthorhombic structure) at temperatures higher than 1020 °C (10 °C/min). In this study, BS{sub 2} monolithic samples were heat-treated at 1000 °C (BS2-10) and 1100 °C (BS2-11) in a DSC furnace at a heating rate of 10 °C/min. In addition, the crystalline and amorphousmore » phases were characterized and quantified by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) experiments, respectively. Although the complete polymorphic transformation from h-BS2 to l-BS2 was achieved at 1100 °C, our results demonstrated that BS2-11 contains a minor, albeit not negligible, amount of residual glass. - Highlights: • The crystalline and amorphous phases in a barium disilicate glass were characterized and quantified by XRD and TEM. • The BS2-10 sample was constituted by two main crystalline phases, which consists of 2 polymorphic forms: h-BS2 and l-BS2. • The orthorhombic BS2 phase (l-BS2) was predominant at 1100 °C. • The complete polymorphic transformation from h-BS2 to l-BS2 was achieved at 1100 °C. • Nevertheless, our XRD and TEM results demonstrated that BS2-11 contains a minor amount of residual glass.« less

Solubility of triuranyl diphosphate tetrahydrate (TDT) and Na autunite at 23 and 50 degrees C

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Armstrong, Christopher R.; Felmy, Andrew R.; Clark, Sue B.

2010-11-01

In this report we present experimental solubility data for well-characterized triuranyl diphosphate tetrahydrate (TDT: (UO2)(3)(PO4)(2)center dot 4H(2)O) and Na autunite (Na[UO2PO4]center dot xH(2)O) at 23 and 50 degrees C in NaClO4-HClO4 solutions at pC(H+) = 2. Duplicate samples of TDT in 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 in solutions were equilibrated at 23 and 50 degrees C. TDT solid was synthesized and characterized with ICP-OES, ATR-IR and powder XRD before and after solubility experiments. The pH of the suspensions were monitored throughout the experiments. Equilibrium was achieved from undersaturation with respect to TDT and oversaturation for Na autunite. Steady-state conditionsmore » were achieved in all cases within 82 d. TDT was unstable at ionic strengths above 0.1 m, where its complete conversion to Na autunite was observed. The ion-interaction model was used to interpret the experimental solubility data. The solubility product, log K-sp, for TDT was determined to be -49.7 and -51.3 at 23 and 50 degrees C respectively. log K for Na autunite was determined to be -24.4 (23 degrees C) and -24.1 +/- 0.2 (50 degrees C).« less

Sugarcane White Leaf Disease Incidences and Population Dynamic of Leafhopper Insect Vectors in Sugarcane Plantations in Northeast Thailand.

PubMed

Rattanabunta, Chiranan; Hanboonsong, Yupa

2015-04-01

The work consisted of two experiments, i.e. Experiment 1 was conducted under controlled environments where sugarcane plants were used as hosts. This investigation aimed to monitor the occurrence of the Sugarcane White Leaf disease and the abundance of Leafhopper insect vectors and also the work aimed to provide useful information in understanding some aspects on epidemiology of the Sugarcane White Leaf disease. A Completely Randomized Design with three replications was used to justify growth and development of Leafhopper insects as affected by different temperatures: 20 (T1), 25 (T2), 30 (T3) and 35 degrees C (T4). Experiment 2 was carried out to determine the numbers of Leafhopper insects with the use of light traps in the sugarcane Field 1 (ratoon plants), Field 2 (newly planted), Field 3 (newly planted) and Field 4 (ratoon plants). The results of Experiment 1 showed that growth and development of Leafhopper insects were highly affected by temperatures i.e. the higher the environmental temperature the faster the growth and development of the insects to reach its full adulthood. At 20 degrees C, Leafhopper insects took 12 days to lay eggs whereas at 25 degrees C the insects took only 6 days. Male reached its adulthood approximately 9 days earlier than female when cultured at 25 degrees C and became approximately one week at 30 degrees C or higher. The results of Experiment 2 showed that the majority of Leafhopper insects were found within the months of June and July for both newly planted and ratoon crops. A small amount was found in May and August with an exceptional case of Field 4 where the highest number of Leafhopper insects was found in April followed by June and July. For Sugarcane White Leaf disease, the disease was found in all months of the year except February for Fields 2 and 3. Newly planted sugarcane plants attained much smaller percentages of disease than those of the ratoon plants.

The structure of poly(carbonsuboxide) on the atomic scale: a solid-state NMR study.

PubMed

Schmedt auf der Günne, Jörn; Beck, Johannes; Hoffbauer, Wilfried; Krieger-Beck, Petra

2005-07-18

In this contribution we present a study of the structure of amorphous poly(carbonsuboxide) (C3O2)x by 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy supported by infrared spectroscopy and chemical analysis. Poly(carbonsuboxide) was obtained by polymerization of carbonsuboxide C3O2, which in turn was synthesized from malonic acid bis(trimethylsilylester). Two different 13C labeling schemes were applied to probe inter- and intramonomeric bonds in the polymer by dipolar solid-state NMR methods and also to allow quantitative 13C MAS NMR spectra. Four types of carbon environments can be distinguished in the NMR spectra. Double-quantum and triple-quantum 2D correlation experiments were used to assign the observed peaks using the through-space and through-bond dipolar coupling. In order to obtain distance constraints for the intermonomeric bonds, double-quantum constant-time experiments were performed. In these experiments an additional filter step was applied to suppress contributions from not directly bonded 13C,13C spin pairs. The 13C NMR intensities, chemical shifts, connectivities and distances gave constraints for both the polymerization mechanism and the short-range order of the polymer. The experimental results were complemented by bond lengths predicted by density functional theory methods for several previously suggested models. Based on the presented evidence we can unambiguously exclude models based on gamma-pyronic units and support models based on alpha-pyronic units. The possibility of planar ladder- and bracelet-like alpha-pyronic structures is discussed.

Comparing Student Experiences with Story Discussions in Dialogic versus Traditional Settings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reznitskaya, Alina; Glina, Monica

2013-01-01

The authors examined the testimonials of 60 elementary school students about their experience during class discussions of assigned readings. They randomly assigned 12 classrooms to 2 treatments: Philosophy for Children (P4C) and Regular Instruction. P4C is an alternative educational environment that places dialogue at the center of its pedagogy.…

Assessment of chilling injury and molecular marker analysis in cucumber cultivars (Cucumis sativus L.)

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The responses to chilling temperature of 12 Korean cucumber varieties were compared to those of two U.S.A. (previously determined cold tolerant NC76 and 'Chipper'), and Chinese and Japanese germplasms. Seedlings of each entry were exposed to 4 degrees C (Experiment 1) and 1 degree C (Experiments 2 ...

Ion-exchange chromatography separates activities synthesizing and degrading fructose 2,6-bisphosphate from C3 and C4 leaves but not from rat liver

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Macdonald, F. D.; Chou, Q.; Buchanan, B. B.

1987-01-01

Fructose-6-phosphate,2-kinase and fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase were separated on the basis of charge from leaves of C3 (spinach, lettuce, and pea) and C4 (sorghum and amaranthus) plants but not from rat liver--a tissue known to contain a bifunctional enzyme with both activities. [2-32P]Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate binding experiments also suggest that the major forms of these activities reside on different proteins in leaves.

Heteronuclear Cross Polarization for Enhanced Sensitivity of in Vivo13C MR Spectroscopy on a Clinical 1.5 T MR System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van den Bergh, Adrianus J.; van den Boogert, Hendrikus J.; Heerschap, Arend

1998-11-01

The potential of heteronuclear {1H-13C} cross polarization was studied for optimization of the signal-to-noise ratio inin vivo13C MR spectroscopy at the clinical field strength of 1.5 T. Experiments on the human calf showed a significant chemical-shift selective signal enhancement on triglyceride signals of 3.9 by heteronuclear cross polarization, compared to a standard pulse-acquire sequence. Studies on a neonatal piglet brain showed an enhancement by cross polarization of 2.2 for the detection of13C-1-glucose. This enhancement allowed a fourfold improvement in time resolution in dynamic13C MR of13C-1-glucose inflow in piglet brain. Phantom experiments demonstrated the efficiency of this technique for interleaved detection of two spectral regions. Tests with a volume coil showed the feasibility of signal enhancement by cross polarization over a large volume of interest.

Absolute photoionization cross section of the ethyl radical in the range 8-11.5 eV: synchrotron and vacuum ultraviolet laser measurements.

PubMed

Gans, Bérenger; Garcia, Gustavo A; Boyé-Péronne, Séverine; Loison, Jean-Christophe; Douin, Stéphane; Gaie-Levrel, François; Gauyacq, Dolores

2011-06-02

The absolute photoionization cross section of C(2)H(5) has been measured at 10.54 eV using vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) laser photoionization. The C(2)H(5) radical was produced in situ using the rapid C(2)H(6) + F → C(2)H(5) + HF reaction. Its absolute photoionization cross section has been determined in two different ways: first using the C(2)H(5) + NO(2) → C(2)H(5)O + NO reaction in a fast flow reactor, and the known absolute photoionization cross section of NO. In a second experiment, it has been measured relative to the known absolute photoionization cross section of CH(3) as a reference by using the CH(4) + F → CH(3) + HF and C(2)H(6) + F → C(2)H(5) + HF reactions successively. Both methods gave similar results, the second one being more precise and yielding the value: σ(C(2)H(5))(ion) = (5.6 ± 1.4) Mb at 10.54 eV. This value is used to calibrate on an absolute scale the photoionization curve of C(2)H(5) produced in a pyrolytic source from the C(2)H(5)NO(2) precursor, and ionized by the VUV beam of the DESIRS beamline at SOLEIL synchrotron facility. In this latter experiment, a recently developed ion imaging technique is used to discriminate the direct photoionization process from dissociative ionization contributions to the C(2)H(5)(+) signal. The imaging technique applied on the photoelectron signal also allows a slow photoelectron spectrum with a 40 meV resolution to be extracted, indicating that photoionization around the adiabatic ionization threshold involves a complex vibrational overlap between the neutral and cationic ground states, as was previously observed in the literature. Comparison with earlier photoionization studies, in particular with the photoionization yield recorded by Ruscic et al. is also discussed. © 2011 American Chemical Society

Searching for Reduced Carbon on the Surface of Mars: The SAM Combustion Experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stern, J. C.; Malespin, C. A.; Mahaffy, P. R.; Webster, C. R.; Eigenbrode, J. L.; Archer, P. D., Jr.; Brunner, A. E.; Freissinet, C.; Franz, H. B.; Glavin, D. P.;