Hot gas path component having cast-in features for near wall cooling

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miranda, Carlos Miguel; Kottilingam, Srikanth Chandrudu; Lacy, Benjamin Paul

A hot gas path component includes a substrate having an outer surface and an inner surface. The inner surface of the substrate defines at least one interior space. At least a portion of the outer surface of the substrate includes a recess formed therein. The recess includes a bottom surface and a groove extending at least partially along the bottom surface of the recess. A cover is disposed within the recess and covers at least a portion of the groove. The groove is configured to channel a cooling fluid therethrough to cool the cover.

Toward surface quantification of liver fibrosis progression

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Yuting; Kang, Chiang Huen; Xu, Shuoyu; Tuo, Xiaoye; Trasti, Scott; Tai, Dean C. S.; Raja, Anju Mythreyi; Peng, Qiwen; So, Peter T. C.; Rajapakse, Jagath C.; Welsch, Roy; Yu, Hanry

2010-09-01

Monitoring liver fibrosis progression by liver biopsy is important for certain treatment decisions, but repeated biopsy is invasive. We envision redefinition or elimination of liver biopsy with surface scanning of the liver with minimally invasive optical methods. This would be possible only if the information contained on or near liver surfaces accurately reflects the liver fibrosis progression in the liver interior. In our study, we acquired the second-harmonic generation and two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy images of liver tissues from bile duct-ligated rat model of liver fibrosis. We extracted morphology-based features, such as total collagen, collagen in bile duct areas, bile duct proliferation, and areas occupied by remnant hepatocytes, and defined the capsule and subcapsular regions on the liver surface based on image analysis of features. We discovered a strong correlation between the liver fibrosis progression on the anterior surface and interior in both liver lobes, where biopsy is typically obtained. The posterior surface exhibits less correlation with the rest of the liver. Therefore, scanning the anterior liver surface would obtain similar information to that obtained from biopsy for monitoring liver fibrosis progression.

Habitability: A Review.

PubMed

Cockell, C S; Bush, T; Bryce, C; Direito, S; Fox-Powell, M; Harrison, J P; Lammer, H; Landenmark, H; Martin-Torres, J; Nicholson, N; Noack, L; O'Malley-James, J; Payler, S J; Rushby, A; Samuels, T; Schwendner, P; Wadsworth, J; Zorzano, M P

2016-01-01

Habitability is a widely used word in the geoscience, planetary science, and astrobiology literature, but what does it mean? In this review on habitability, we define it as the ability of an environment to support the activity of at least one known organism. We adopt a binary definition of "habitability" and a "habitable environment." An environment either can or cannot sustain a given organism. However, environments such as entire planets might be capable of supporting more or less species diversity or biomass compared with that of Earth. A clarity in understanding habitability can be obtained by defining instantaneous habitability as the conditions at any given time in a given environment required to sustain the activity of at least one known organism, and continuous planetary habitability as the capacity of a planetary body to sustain habitable conditions on some areas of its surface or within its interior over geological timescales. We also distinguish between surface liquid water worlds (such as Earth) that can sustain liquid water on their surfaces and interior liquid water worlds, such as icy moons and terrestrial-type rocky planets with liquid water only in their interiors. This distinction is important since, while the former can potentially sustain habitable conditions for oxygenic photosynthesis that leads to the rise of atmospheric oxygen and potentially complex multicellularity and intelligence over geological timescales, the latter are unlikely to. Habitable environments do not need to contain life. Although the decoupling of habitability and the presence of life may be rare on Earth, it may be important for understanding the habitability of other planetary bodies.

Evidence for primordial water in Earth's deep mantle.

PubMed

Hallis, Lydia J; Huss, Gary R; Nagashima, Kazuhide; Taylor, G Jeffrey; Halldórsson, Sæmundur A; Hilton, David R; Mottl, Michael J; Meech, Karen J

2015-11-13

The hydrogen-isotope [deuterium/hydrogen (D/H)] ratio of Earth can be used to constrain the origin of its water. However, the most accessible reservoir, Earth's oceans, may no longer represent the original (primordial) D/H ratio, owing to changes caused by water cycling between the surface and the interior. Thus, a reservoir completely isolated from surface processes is required to define Earth's original D/H signature. Here we present data for Baffin Island and Icelandic lavas, which suggest that the deep mantle has a low D/H ratio (δD more negative than -218 per mil). Such strongly negative values indicate the existence of a component within Earth's interior that inherited its D/H ratio directly from the protosolar nebula. Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Compliant tactile sensor that delivers a force vector

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Torres-Jara, Eduardo (Inventor)

2010-01-01

Tactile Sensor. The sensor includes a compliant convex surface disposed above a sensor array, the sensor array adapted to respond to deformation of the convex surface to generate a signal related to an applied force vector. The applied force vector has three components to establish the direction and magnitude of an applied force. The compliant convex surface defines a dome with a hollow interior and has a linear relation between displacement and load including a magnet disposed substantially at the center of the dome above a sensor array that responds to magnetic field intensity.

Pressure sensor for sealed containers

DOEpatents

Hodges, Franklin R.

2001-01-01

A magnetic pressure sensor for sensing a pressure change inside a sealed container. The sensor includes a sealed deformable vessel having a first end attachable to an interior surface of the sealed container, and a second end. A magnet mounted to the vessel second end defining a distance away from the container surface provides an externally detectable magnetic field. A pressure change inside the sealed container causes deformation of the vessel changing the distance of the magnet away from the container surface, and thus the detectable intensity of the magnetic field.

Hot gas path component cooling system having a particle collection chamber

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miranda, Carlos Miguel; Lacy, Benjamin Paul

A cooling system for a hot gas path component includes a substrate having an outer surface and an inner surface. The inner surface defines at least one interior space. A passage is formed in the substrate between the outer surface and the inner surface. An access passage is formed in the substrate and extends from the outer surface to the inner space. The access passage is formed at a first acute angle to the passage and includes a particle collection chamber. The access passage is configured to channel a cooling fluid to the passage. Furthermore, the passage is configured tomore » channel the cooling fluid therethrough to cool the substrate.« less

Anatomical parameterization for volumetric meshing of the liver

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vera, Sergio; González Ballester, Miguel A.; Gil, Debora

2014-03-01

A coordinate system describing the interior of organs is a powerful tool for a systematic localization of injured tissue. If the same coordinate values are assigned to specific anatomical landmarks, the coordinate system allows integration of data across different medical image modalities. Harmonic mappings have been used to produce parametric coordinate systems over the surface of anatomical shapes, given their flexibility to set values at specific locations through boundary conditions. However, most of the existing implementations in medical imaging restrict to either anatomical surfaces, or the depth coordinate with boundary conditions is given at sites of limited geometric diversity. In this paper we present a method for anatomical volumetric parameterization that extends current harmonic parameterizations to the interior anatomy using information provided by the volume medial surface. We have applied the methodology to define a common reference system for the liver shape and functional anatomy. This reference system sets a solid base for creating anatomical models of the patient's liver, and allows comparing livers from several patients in a common framework of reference.

Fort Leonard Wood - Building 2101: Interior Character-Defining Features, Inventory and Assessment

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-04-01

the original wood wain- scot and original wallboard above (Figure 12 and Figure 13), and a large room with the original wood wainscot and original...ER D C/ CE RL S R- 14 -3 Fort Leonard Wood – Building 2101 Interior Character-Defining Features, Inventory and Assessment Co ns tr uc...2014 Fort Leonard Wood – Building 2101 Interior Character-Defining Features, Inventory and Assessment Adam D. Smith Construction Engineering

Method and system for treating an interior surface of a workpiece using a charged particle beam

DOEpatents

Swenson, David Richard

2007-05-23

A method and system of treating an interior surface on an internal cavity of a workpiece using a charged particle beam. A beam deflector surface of a beam deflector is placed within the internal cavity of the workpiece and is used to redirect the charged particle beam toward the interior surface to treat the interior surface.

Defect scriber

DOEpatents

Russell, Harold C.

1979-01-01

This disclosure describes a device for repeatably scribing a V-shaped scratch having sharply defined dimensions on the interior surface of a nuclear reactor fuel rod tube. A cutting tool having a V-shaped cutting tip is supported within the fuel rod tube so that the V-shaped cutting tip can be pivoted about an axis and scribe a scratch on the interior surface of the fuel rod tube. Lengthwise the scratch runs parallel to a line drawn through the axis of the fuel rod tube and is in the shape of an arc, and widthwise the scratch is V-shaped. This shape is used because the dimensions of the scratch can be plugged into appropriate formulas to calculate stress intensity of cracks in fuel rod tubes. Since the fuel rod tubes which are to be scribed may be radioactive, the scratching assembly is designed for use in a fixture which allows it to be operated in a cave by remote control handling devices.

Feed gas contaminant control in ion transport membrane systems

DOEpatents

Carolan, Michael Francis [Allentown, PA; Minford, Eric [Laurys Station, PA; Waldron, William Emil [Whitehall, PA

2009-07-07

Ion transport membrane oxidation system comprising an enclosure having an interior and an interior surface, inlet piping having an internal surface and adapted to introduce a heated feed gas into the interior of the enclosure, and outlet piping adapted to withdraw a product gas from the interior of the enclosure; one or more planar ion transport membrane modules disposed in the interior of the enclosure, each membrane module comprising mixed metal oxide material; and a preheater adapted to heat a feed gas to provide the heated feed gas to the inlet piping, wherein the preheater comprises an interior surface. Any of the interior surfaces of the enclosure, the inlet piping, and the preheater may be lined with a copper-containing metal lining. Alternatively, any of the interior surfaces of the inlet piping and the preheater may be lined with a copper-containing metal lining and the enclosure may comprise copper.

The Influence of the Inner Topology of Cooling Units on the Performance of Automotive Exhaust-Based Thermoelectric Generators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, D. C.; Su, C. Q.; Deng, Y. D.; Wang, Y. P.; Liu, X.

2017-11-01

Automotive exhaust-based thermoelectric generators are currently a hot topic in energy recovery. The waste heat of automotive exhaust gas can be converted into electricity by means of thermoelectric modules. Generally, inserting fins into the cooling unit contributes to enhancing the heat transfer for a higher power output. However, the introduction of fins will result in a pressure drop in the cooling system. In current research, in order to enhance the heat transfer and avoid a large pressure drop, a cooling unit with cylindrical grooves on the interior surface was proposed. To evaluate the performance of the cylindrical grooves, different inner topologies, including a smooth interior surface,a smooth interior surface with inserted fins and an interior surface with cylindrical grooves, were compared. The results revealed that compared with the smooth interior surface, the smooth interior surface with inserted fins and the interior surface with cylindrical grooves both enhanced the heat transfer, but the interior surface with cylindrical grooves obtained a lower pressure drop. To improve the performance of the cylindrical grooves, different groove-depth ratios were tried, and the results showed that a groove-depth ratio of 0.081 could provide the best overall performance.

The Influence of the Inner Topology of Cooling Units on the Performance of Automotive Exhaust-Based Thermoelectric Generators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, D. C.; Su, C. Q.; Deng, Y. D.; Wang, Y. P.; Liu, X.

2018-06-01

Automotive exhaust-based thermoelectric generators are currently a hot topic in energy recovery. The waste heat of automotive exhaust gas can be converted into electricity by means of thermoelectric modules. Generally, inserting fins into the cooling unit contributes to enhancing the heat transfer for a higher power output. However, the introduction of fins will result in a pressure drop in the cooling system. In current research, in order to enhance the heat transfer and avoid a large pressure drop, a cooling unit with cylindrical grooves on the interior surface was proposed. To evaluate the performance of the cylindrical grooves, different inner topologies, including a smooth interior surface,a smooth interior surface with inserted fins and an interior surface with cylindrical grooves, were compared. The results revealed that compared with the smooth interior surface, the smooth interior surface with inserted fins and the interior surface with cylindrical grooves both enhanced the heat transfer, but the interior surface with cylindrical grooves obtained a lower pressure drop. To improve the performance of the cylindrical grooves, different groove-depth ratios were tried, and the results showed that a groove-depth ratio of 0.081 could provide the best overall performance.

10 CFR Appendix B1 to Subpart B of... - Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Freezers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... defined in HRF-1-1979 in cubic feet, times (2) an adjustment factor. 1.2 “Anti-sweat heater” means a... interior surfaces of the cabinet. 1.3 “Anti-sweat heater switch” means a user-controllable switch or user interface which modifies the activation or control of anti-sweat heaters. 1.4 “Automatic Defrost” means a...

High resolution non-contact interior profilometer

DOEpatents

Piltch, Martin S.; Patterson, R. Alan; Leeches, Gerald W.; Nierop, John Van; Teti, John J.

2001-01-01

Apparatus and method for inspecting the interior surfaces of devices such as vessels having a single entry port. Laser energy is launched into the vessel, and the light reflected from the interior surfaces is interfered with reference laser energy to produce an interference pattern. This interference pattern is analyzed to reveal information about the condition of the interior surfaces of the device inspected.

Stack configurations for tubular solid oxide fuel cells

DOEpatents

Armstrong, Timothy R.; Trammell, Michael P.; Marasco, Joseph A.

2010-08-31

A fuel cell unit includes an array of solid oxide fuel cell tubes having porous metallic exterior surfaces, interior fuel cell layers, and interior surfaces, each of the tubes having at least one open end; and, at least one header in operable communication with the array of solid oxide fuel cell tubes for directing a first reactive gas into contact with the porous metallic exterior surfaces and for directing a second reactive gas into contact with the interior surfaces, the header further including at least one busbar disposed in electrical contact with at least one surface selected from the group consisting of the porous metallic exterior surfaces and the interior surfaces.

Indexing of exoplanets in search for potential habitability: application to Mars-like worlds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kashyap Jagadeesh, Madhu; Gudennavar, Shivappa B.; Doshi, Urmi; Safonova, Margarita

2017-08-01

Study of exoplanets is one of the main goals of present research in planetary sciences and astrobiology. Analysis of huge planetary data from space missions such as CoRoT and Kepler is directed ultimately at finding a planet similar to Earth—the Earth's twin, and answering the question of potential exo-habitability. The Earth Similarity Index (ESI) is a first step in this quest, ranging from 1 (Earth) to 0 (totally dissimilar to Earth). It was defined for the four physical parameters of a planet: radius, density, escape velocity and surface temperature. The ESI is further sub-divided into interior ESI (geometrical mean of radius and density) and surface ESI (geometrical mean of escape velocity and surface temperature). The challenge here is to determine which exoplanet parameter(s) is important in finding this similarity; how exactly the individual parameters entering the interior ESI and surface ESI are contributing to the global ESI. Since the surface temperature entering surface ESI is a non-observable quantity, it is difficult to determine its value. Using the known data for the Solar System objects, we established the calibration relation between surface and equilibrium temperatures to devise an effective way to estimate the value of the surface temperature of exoplanets. ESI is a first step in determining potential exo-habitability that may not be very similar to a terrestrial life. A new approach, called Mars Similarity Index (MSI), is introduced to identify planets that may be habitable to the extreme forms of life. MSI is defined in the range between 1 (present Mars) and 0 (dissimilar to present Mars) and uses the same physical parameters as ESI. We are interested in Mars-like planets to search for planets that may host the extreme life forms, such as the ones living in extreme environments on Earth; for example, methane on Mars may be a product of the methane-specific extremophile life form metabolism.

Fluid injection microvalve

DOEpatents

Renzi, Ronald F.

2005-11-22

A microvalve for extracting small volume samples into analytical devices, e.g., high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) column, includes: a first body having a first interior surface and two or more outlet ports at the first interior surface that are in fluid communication with two or more first channels; a second body having a second interior surface and two or more inlet ports at the second interior surface that are in fluid communication with two or more second channels wherein the outlet ports of the first body are coaxial with the corresponding inlet ports of the second body such that there are at least two sets of coaxial port outlets and port inlets; a plate member, which has a substantially planar first mating surface and a substantially planar second mating surface, that is slidably positioned between the first interior surface and the second interior surface wherein the plate member has at least one aperture that traverses the height of the plate member, and wherein the aperture can be positioned to be coaxial with any of the at least two sets of coaxial port outlets and port inlets; and means for securing the first surface of the first body against the first mating surface and for securing the second surface of the second body against the second mating surface.

In situ probing the interior of single bacterial cells at nanometer scale

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Boyin; Hemayet Uddin, Md; Ng, Tuck Wah; Paterson, David L.; Velkov, Tony; Li, Jian; Fu, Jing

2014-10-01

We report a novel approach to probe the interior of single bacterial cells at nanometre resolution by combining focused ion beam (FIB) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). After removing layers of pre-defined thickness in the order of 100 nm on the target bacterial cells with FIB milling, AFM of different modes can be employed to probe the cellular interior under both ambient and aqueous environments. Our initial investigations focused on the surface topology induced by FIB milling and the hydration effects on AFM measurements, followed by assessment of the sample protocols. With fine-tuning of the process parameters, in situ AFM probing beneath the bacterial cell wall was achieved for the first time. We further demonstrate the proposed method by performing a spatial mapping of intracellular elasticity and chemistry of the multi-drug resistant strain Klebsiella pneumoniae cells prior to and after it was exposed to the ‘last-line’ antibiotic polymyxin B. Our results revealed increased stiffness occurring in both surface and interior regions of the treated cells, suggesting loss of integrity of the outer membrane from polymyxin treatments. In addition, the hydrophobicity measurement using a functionalized AFM tip was able to highlight the evident hydrophobic portion of the cell such as the regions containing cell membrane. We expect that the proposed FIB-AFM platform will help in gaining deeper insights of bacteria-drug interactions to develop potential strategies for combating multi-drug resistance.

75 FR 60271 - Technical Amendments 2010

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-29

... Part VI Department of the Interior Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR... INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Parts 740, 761, 773, 795, 816, 817...: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: We, the...

Method for sealing remote leaks in an enclosure using an aerosol

DOEpatents

Modera, Mark P.; Carrie, Francois R.

1999-01-01

The invention is a method and device for sealing leaks remotely by means of injecting a previously prepared aerosol into the enclosure being sealed according to a particular sealing efficiency defined by the product of a penetration efficiency and a particle deposition efficiency. By using different limits in the relationship between penetration efficiency and flowrate, the same method according the invention can be used for coating the inside of an enclosure. Specifically the invention is a method and device for preparing, transporting, and depositing a solid phase aerosol to the interior surface of the enclosure relating particle size, particle carrier flow rate, and pressure differential, so that particles deposited there can bridge and substantially seal each leak, with out providing a substantial coating at inside surfaces of the enclosure other than the leak. The particle size and flow parameters can be adjusted to coat the interior of the enclosure (duct) without substantial plugging of the leaks depending on how the particle size and flowrate relationships are chosen.

Vertical migration of fine-grained sediments from interior to surface of seabed driven by seepage flows-`sub-bottom sediment pump action'

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Shaotong; Jia, Yonggang; Wen, Mingzheng; Wang, Zhenhao; Zhang, Yaqi; Zhu, Chaoqi; Li, Bowen; Liu, Xiaolei

2017-02-01

A scientific hypothesis is proposed and preliminarily verified in this paper: under the driving of seepage flows, there might be a vertical migration of fine-grained soil particles from interior to surface of seabed, which is defined as `sub-bottom sediment pump action' in this paper. Field experiments were performed twice on the intertidal flat of the Yellow River delta to study this process via both trapping the pumped materials and recording the pore pressures in the substrate. Experimental results are quite interesting as we did observe yellow slurry which is mainly composed of fine-grained soil particles appearing on the seabed surface; seepage gradients were also detected in the intertidal flat, under the action of tides and small wind waves. Preliminary conclusions are that `sediment pump' occurs when seepage force exceeds a certain threshold: firstly, it is big enough to disconnect the soil particles from the soil skeleton; secondly, the degree of seabed fluidization or bioturbation is big enough to provide preferred paths for the detached materials to migrate upwards. Then they would be firstly pumped from interior to the surface of seabed and then easily re-suspended into overlying water column. Influential factors of `sediment pump' are determined as hydrodynamics (wave energy), degree of consolidation, index of bioturbation (permeability) and content of fine-grained materials (sedimentary age). This new perspective of `sediment pump' may provide some implications for the mechanism interpretation of several unclear geological phenomena in the Yellow River delta area.

Aquifers of Arkansas: protection, management, and hydrologic and geochemical characteristics of groundwater resources in Arkansas

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kresse, Timothy M.; Hays, Phillip D.; Merriman, Katherine R.; Gillip, Jonathan A.; Fugitt, D. Todd; Spellman, Jane L.; Nottmeier, Anna M.; Westerman, Drew A.; Blackstock, Joshua M.; Battreal, James L.

2014-01-01

The Interior Highlands of western Arkansas has less reported groundwater use than other areas of the State, reflecting a combination of factors. These factors include prevalent and increasing use of surface water, less intensive agricultural uses, lower population and industry densities, lesser potential yield of the resource, and lack of detailed reporting. The overall low yields of aquifers of the Interior Highlands result in domestic supply as the dominant use, with minor industrial, public, and commercial-supply use. Where greater volumes are required for growth of population and industry, surface water is the greatest supplier of water needs in the Interior Highlands. The various aquifers of the Interior Highlands generally occur in shallow, fractured, well-indurated, structurally modified bedrock of this mountainous region of the State, as compared to the relatively flat-lying, unconsolidated sediments of the Coastal Plain. In terms of age from youngest to oldest, the aquifers of the Interior Highlands include: the Arkansas River Valley alluvial aquifer, the Ouachita Mountains aquifer, the Western Interior Plains confining system, the Springfield Plateau aquifer, and the Ozark aquifer. Spatial trends in groundwater geochemistry in the Interior Highlands differ greatly from trends noted for aquifers of the Coastal Plain. In the Coastal Plain, the prevalence of long regional flow paths results in regionally predictable and mappable geochemical changes along the flow paths. In the Interior Highlands, short, topographically controlled flow paths (from hilltops to valleys) within small watersheds represent the predominant groundwater-flow system. As such, dense data coverage from numerous wells would be required to effectively characterize these groundwater basins and define small-scale geochemical changes along any given flow path for aquifers of the Interior Highlands. Changes in geochemistry generally were related to rock type and residence time along individual flow paths. Dominant changes in geochemistry for the Ouachita Mountains aquifer and the Western Interior Plains confining system are attributed to rock/water interaction and changes in redox zonation along the flow path. In these areas, groundwater evolves along flow paths from a calcium- to a sodium-bicarbonate water type with increasing reducing conditions resulting in denitrification, elevated iron and manganese concentrations, and production of methane in the more geochemically evolved and strongest reducing conditions. In the Ozark and Springfield Plateau aquifers, rapid influx of surface-derived contaminants, especially nitrogen, coupled with few to no attenuation processes was attributed to the karst landscape developed on Mississippian- and Ordovician-age carbonate rocks of the Ozark Plateaus. Increasing nitrate concentrations are related to increasing agricultural land use, and areas of mature karst development result in higher nitrate concentrations than areas with less karst features.

Hexavalent chromium monitor

DOEpatents

Tao, Shiquan; Winstead, Christopher B.

2005-04-12

A monitor is provided for use in measuring the concentration of hexavalent chromium in a liquid, such as water. The monitor includes a sample cell, a light source, and a photodetector. The sample cell is in the form of a liquid-core waveguide, the sample cell defining an interior core and acting as a receiver for the liquid to be analyzed, the interior surface of the sample cell having a refractive index of less than 1.33. The light source is in communication with a first end of the sample cell for emitting radiation having a wavelength of about and between 350 to 390 nm into the interior core of the waveguide. The photodetector is in communication with a second end of the waveguide for measuring the absorption of the radiation emitted by the light source by the liquid in the sample cell. The monitor may also include a processor electronically coupled to the photodetector for receipt of an absorption signal to determine the concentration of hexavalent chromium in the liquid.

Estimating surface acoustic impedance with the inverse method.

PubMed

Piechowicz, Janusz

2011-01-01

Sound field parameters are predicted with numerical methods in sound control systems, in acoustic designs of building and in sound field simulations. Those methods define the acoustic properties of surfaces, such as sound absorption coefficients or acoustic impedance, to determine boundary conditions. Several in situ measurement techniques were developed; one of them uses 2 microphones to measure direct and reflected sound over a planar test surface. Another approach is used in the inverse boundary elements method, in which estimating acoustic impedance of a surface is expressed as an inverse boundary problem. The boundary values can be found from multipoint sound pressure measurements in the interior of a room. This method can be applied to arbitrarily-shaped surfaces. This investigation is part of a research programme on using inverse methods in industrial room acoustics.

Exploring Asteroid Interiors: The Deep Interior Mission Concept

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Asphaug, E.; Belton, M. J. S.; Cangahuala, A.; Keith, L.; Klaasen, K.; McFadden, L.; Neumann, G.; Ostro, S. J.; Reinert, R.; Safaeinili, A.

2003-01-01

Deep Interior is a mission to determine the geophysical properties of near-Earth objects, including the first volumetric image of the interior of an asteroid. Radio reflection tomography will image the 3D distribution of complex dielectric properties within the 1 km rendezvous target and hence map structural, density or compositional variations. Laser altimetry and visible imaging will provide high-resolution surface topography. Smart surface pods culminating in blast experiments, imaged by the high frame rate camera and scanned by lidar, will characterize active mechanical behavior and structure of surface materials, expose unweathered surface for NIR analysis, and may enable some characterization of bulk seismic response. Multiple flybys en route to this target will characterize a diversity of asteroids, probing their interiors with non-tomographic radar reflectance experiments. Deep Interior is a natural follow-up to the NEARShoemaker mission and will provide essential guidance for future in situ asteroid and comet exploration. While our goal is to learn the interior geology of small bodies and how their surfaces behave, the resulting science will enable pragmatic technologies required of hazard mitigation and resource utilization.

Fission Limit And Surface Disruption Criteria For Asteroids: The Case Of Kleopatra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hirabayashi, Masatoshi; Scheeres, D. J.

2012-05-01

Asteroid structural failure due to a rapid rotation may occur by two fundamentally different ways: by spinning so fast that surface particles are lofted off due to centripetal accelerations overcoming gravitational attractions or through fission of the body. We generalize these failure modes for real asteroid shapes. How a rubble pile asteroid will fail depends on which of these failure criterion occur first if its spin rate is increased due to the YORP effect, impacts, or planetary flybys. The spin rate at which the interior of an arbitrary uniformly rotating body will undergo tension (and conservatively be susceptible to fission) is computed by taking planar cuts through the shape model, computing the mutual gravitational attraction between the two segments, and determining the spin rate at which the centrifugal force between the two components equals the mutual gravitational attraction. The gravitational attraction computation uses an improved version of the algorithm presented in Werner et al. (2005). To determine the interior point that first undergoes tension, we consider this planar cut perpendicular to the axis of minimum moment of inertia at different cross-sections. On the other hand, we define the surface disruption as follows. For an arbitrary body uniformly rotating at a constant spin rate there are at least four synchronous orbits, which represent circular orbits with the same period as the asteroid spin rate. Surface disruption occurs when the body spins fast enough so that at least one of these synchronous orbits touches the asteroid surface. Kleopatra currently spins with a period of 5.38 hours. The spin period for surface disruption is computed to be 3.02 hours, while the spin period for the interior of the asteroid to go into tension is about 4.8 hours. Thus Kleopatra’s internal fission could occur at spin periods longer than when surface disruption occurs.

Method of creating a controlled interior surface configuration of passages within a substrate

DOEpatents

Dembowski, Peter V.; Schilke, Peter W.

1983-01-01

A method of creating a controlled interior surface configuration of passages within a substrate, particularly cooling passages of nozzles or buckets of a gas turbine, involves the hot isostatic pressing of a leachable passage insert whose surface carries the female image of the desired interior surface configuration inside the substrate followed by leaching of the insert from the substrate.

Self-Disinfection and Decontaminating Interior Surfaces Based on Photocatalytic Titania/Easy-Release Coatings

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-01-01

DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release, distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES This article is from ADA409494 Proceedings of...been shown to be independently capable, respectively, of diminishing viability and minimizing bioburdens on interior surfaces. Unique combinations of...active bacterial bioburdens and total retained biomass can be significantly reduced by these surface modifications. Interior surface coatings of TiO2

Injectors for Multipoint Injection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Prociw, Lev Alexander (Inventor); Ryon, Jason (Inventor)

2015-01-01

An injector for a multipoint combustor system includes an inner air swirler which defines an interior flow passage and a plurality of swirler inlet ports in an upstream portion thereof. The inlet ports are configured and adapted to impart swirl on flow in the interior flow passage. An outer air cap is mounted outboard of the inner swirler. A fuel passage is defined between the inner air swirler and the outer air cap, and includes a discharge outlet between downstream portions of the inner air swirler and the outer air cap for issuing fuel for combustion. The outer air cap defines an outer air circuit configured for substantially unswirled injection of compressor discharge air outboard of the interior flow passage.

Semi-transparent solar energy thermal storage device

DOEpatents

McClelland, John F.

1986-04-08

A visually transmitting solar energy absorbing thermal storage module includes a thermal storage liquid containment chamber defined by an interior solar absorber panel, an exterior transparent panel having a heat mirror surface substantially covering the exterior surface thereof and associated top, bottom and side walls. Evaporation of the thermal storage liquid is controlled by a low vapor pressure liquid layer that floats on and seals the top surface of the liquid. Porous filter plugs are placed in filler holes of the module. An algicide and a chelating compound are added to the liquid to control biological and chemical activity while retaining visual clarity. A plurality of modules may be supported in stacked relation by a support frame to form a thermal storage wall structure.

Semi-transparent solar energy thermal storage device

DOEpatents

McClelland, John F.

1985-06-18

A visually transmitting solar energy absorbing thermal storage module includes a thermal storage liquid containment chamber defined by an interior solar absorber panel, an exterior transparent panel having a heat mirror surface substantially covering the exterior surface thereof and associated top, bottom and side walls, Evaporation of the thermal storage liquid is controlled by a low vapor pressure liquid layer that floats on and seals the top surface of the liquid. Porous filter plugs are placed in filler holes of the module. An algicide and a chelating compound are added to the liquid to control biological and chemical activity while retaining visual clarity. A plurality of modules may be supported in stacked relation by a support frame to form a thermal storage wall structure.

Component having cooling channel with hourglass cross section

DOEpatents

Campbell, Christian X; Lee, Ching-Pang

2015-04-28

A cooling channel (36, 36B, 63-66) cools inner surfaces (48, 50) of exterior walls (41, 43) of a component (20, 60). Interior side surfaces (52, 54) of the channel converge to a waist (W2), forming an hourglass shaped transverse profile (46). The inner surfaces (48, 50) may have fins (44) aligned with the coolant flow (22). The fins may have a transverse profile (56A, 56B) highest at mid-width of the inner surfaces (48, 50). Turbulators (92) may be provided on the side surfaces (52, 54) of the channel, and may urge the coolant flow toward the inner surfaces (48, 50). Each turbulator (92) may have a peak (97) that defines the waist of the cooling channel. Each turbulator may have a convex upstream side (93). These elements increase coolant flow in the corners (C) of the channel to more uniformly and efficiently cool the exterior walls (41, 43).

Swirling structure for mixing two concentric fluid flows at nozzle outlet

DOEpatents

Mensink, Daniel L.

1993-01-01

A nozzle device for causing two fluids to mix together. In particular, a spray nozzle comprise two hollow, concentric housings, an inner housing and an outer housing. The inner housing has a channel formed therethrough for a first fluid. Its outer surface cooperates with the interior surface of the outer housing to define the second channel for a second fluid. The outer surface of the inner housing and the inner surface of the outer housing each carry a plurality of vanes that interleave but do not touch, each vane of one housing being between two vanes of the other housing. The vanes are curved and the inner surface of the outer housing and the outer surface of the inner housing converge to narrow the second channel. The shape of second channel results in a swirling, accelerating second fluid that will impact the first fluid just past the end of the nozzle where mixing will take place.

Module Architecture for in Situ Space Laboratories

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sherwood, Brent

2010-01-01

The paper analyzes internal outfitting architectures for space exploration laboratory modules. ISS laboratory architecture is examined as a baseline for comparison; applicable insights are derived. Laboratory functional programs are defined for seven planet-surface knowledge domains. Necessary and value-added departures from the ISS architecture standard are defined, and three sectional interior architecture options are assessed for practicality and potential performance. Contemporary guidelines for terrestrial analytical laboratory design are found to be applicable to the in-space functional program. Densepacked racks of system equipment, and high module volume packing ratios, should not be assumed as the default solution for exploration laboratories whose primary activities include un-scriptable investigations and experimentation on the system equipment itself.

Mammary collective cell migration involves transient loss of epithelial features and individual cell migration within the epithelium

PubMed Central

Ewald, Andrew J.; Huebner, Robert J.; Palsdottir, Hildur; Lee, Jessie K.; Perez, Melissa J.; Jorgens, Danielle M.; Tauscher, Andrew N.; Cheung, Kevin J.; Werb, Zena; Auer, Manfred

2012-01-01

Normal mammary morphogenesis involves transitions between simple and multilayered epithelial organizations. We used electron microscopy and molecular markers to determine whether intercellular junctions and apico-basal polarity were maintained in the multilayered epithelium. We found that multilayered elongating ducts had polarized apical and basal tissue surfaces both in three-dimensional culture and in vivo. However, individual cells were only polarized on surfaces in contact with the lumen or extracellular matrix. The basolateral marker scribble and the apical marker atypical protein kinase C zeta localized to all interior cell membranes, whereas PAR3 displayed a cytoplasmic localization, suggesting that the apico-basal polarity was incomplete. Despite membrane localization of E-cadherin and β-catenin, we did not observe a defined zonula adherens connecting interior cells. Instead, interior cells were connected through desmosomes and exhibited complex interdigitating membrane protrusions. Single-cell labeling revealed that individual cells were both protrusive and migratory within the epithelial multilayer. Inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK) further reduced intercellular adhesion on apical and lateral surfaces but did not disrupt basal tissue organization. Following morphogenesis, segregated membrane domains were re-established and junctional complexes re-formed. We observed similar epithelial organization during mammary morphogenesis in organotypic culture and in vivo. We conclude that mammary epithelial morphogenesis involves a reversible, spatially limited, reduction in polarity and intercellular junctions and active individualistic cell migration. Our data suggest that reductions in polarity and adhesion during breast cancer progression might reflect partial recapitulation of a normal developmental program. PMID:22344263

The Ganymede Interior Structure, and Magnetosphere Observer (GISMO) Mission Concept

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lynch, K. L.; Smith, I. B.; Singer, K. N.; Vogt, M. F.; Blackburn, D. G.; Chaffin, M.; Choukroun, M.; Ehsan, N.; DiBraccio, G. A.; Gibbons, L. J.;

43 CFR 4.1383 - Hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Hearing. 4.1383 Section 4.1383 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior DEPARTMENT HEARINGS AND APPEALS PROCEDURES Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals Review of Office of Surface Mining...

The Nonrandom Distribution of Interior Landforms for 100-km Diameter Craters on Mercury Suggests Regional Variations in Near-Surface Mechanical Properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Herrick, R. R.

2018-05-01

There is great diversity of appearance in the interiors of 100-km diameter craters. The spatial distribution of interior landforms is clustered and nonrandom, but does not clearly correlate with Mercury's surface geology patterns.

43 CFR 4.1383 - Hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Hearing. 4.1383 Section 4.1383 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior DEPARTMENT HEARINGS AND APPEALS PROCEDURES Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals Review of Office of Surface Mining...

Transverse electromagnetic horn antenna with resistively-loaded exterior surfaces

DOEpatents

Aurand, John F.

1999-01-01

An improved transverse electromagnetic (TEM) horn antenna comprises a resistive loading material on the exterior surfaces of the antenna plates. The resistive loading material attenuates or inhibits currents on the exterior surfaces of the TEM horn antenna. The exterior electromagnetic fields are of opposite polarity in comparison to the primary and desired interior electromagnetic field, thus inherently cause partial cancellation of the interior wave upon radiation or upon reception. Reducing the exterior fields increases the radiation efficiency of the antenna by reducing the cancellation of the primary interior field (supported by the interior surface currents). This increases the transmit gain and receive sensitivity of the TEM horn antenna, as well as improving the transient (time-domain) response.

40 CFR 745.63 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., but not limited to, certain window, floor, and stair surfaces. Impact surface means an interior or.... Interior window sill means the portion of the horizontal window ledge that protrudes into the interior of... based on the equation [60+(3*100)+(4*110)]/(1+3+4). Window trough means, for a typical double-hung...

Mechanical Properties of Degraded PMR-15 Resin

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tsuji, Luis C.

2000-01-01

Thermo-oxidative aging produces a nonuniform degradation state in PMR-15 resin. A surface layer, usually attributed to oxidative degradation, forms. This surface layer has different properties from the inner material. A set of material tests was designed to separate the properties of the oxidized surface layer from the properties of interior material. Test specimens were aged at 316 C in either air or nitrogen, for durations of up to 800 hr. The thickness of the oxidized surface layer in air aged specimens, and the shrinkage and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of nitrogen aged specimens were measured directly. The nitrogen-aged specimens were assumed to have the same properties as the interior material in the air-aged specimens. Four-point-bend tests were performed to determine modulus of both the oxidized surface layer and the interior material. Bimaterial strip specimens consisting of oxidized surface material and unoxidized interior material were constructed and used to determine surface layer shrinkage and CTE. Results confirm that the surface layer and core materials have substantially different properties.

Trailing edge cooling using angled impingement on surface enhanced with cast chevron arrangements

DOEpatents

Lee, Ching-Pang; Heneveld, Benjamin E.; Brown, Glenn E.; Klinger, Jill

2015-05-26

A gas turbine engine component, including: a pressure side (12) having an interior surface (34); a suction side (14) having an interior surface (36); a trailing edge portion (30); and a plurality of suction side and pressure side impingement orifices (24) disposed in the trailing edge portion (30). Each suction side impingement orifice is configured to direct an impingement jet (48) at an acute angle (52) onto a target area (60) that encompasses a tip (140) of a chevron (122) within a chevron arrangement (120) formed in the suction side interior surface. Each pressure side impingement orifice is configured to direct an impingement jet at an acute angle onto an elongated target area that encompasses a tip of a chevron within a chevron arrangement formed in the pressure side interior surface.

Scattered Atomic Oxygen Effects on Spacecraft Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Banks, Bruce A.; Miller, Sharon K. R.; deGroh, Kim K.; Demko, Rikako

2003-01-01

Low Earth orbital (LEO) atomic oxygen cannot only erode the external surfaces of polymers on spacecraft, but can cause degradation of surfaces internal to components on the spacecraft where openings to the space environment exist. Although atomic oxygen attack on internal or interior surfaces may not have direct exposure to the LEO atomic oxygen flux scattered impingement can have serious degradation effects where sensitive interior surfaces are present. The effects of atomic oxygen erosion of polymer interior to an aperture on a spacecraft is simulated using Monte Carlo computational techniques. A 2-dimensional model is used to provide quantitative indications of the attenuation of atomic oxygen flux as a function of distance into a parallel walled cavity. The degree of erosion re1ative is compared between the various interior locations and the external surface of a LEO spacecraft.

Atomic Oxygen Effects on Spacecraft Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Banks, Bruce A.; Miller, Sharon K. R.; deGroh, Kim K.; Demko, Rikako

2003-01-01

Low Earth orbital (LEO) atomic oxygen cannot only erode the external surfaces of polymers on spacecraft, but can cause degradation of surfaces internal to components on the spacecraft where openings to the space environment exist. Although atomic oxygen attack on internal or interior surfaces may not have direct exposure to the LEO atomic oxygen flux, scattered impingement can have can have serious degradation effects where sensitive interior surfaces are present. The effects of atomic oxygen erosion of polymers interior to an aperture on a spacecraft is simulated using Monte Carlo computational techniques. A 2-dimensional model is used to provide quantitative indications of the attenuation of atomic oxygen flux as a function of distance into a parallel walled cavity. The degree of erosion relative is compared between the various interior locations and the external surface of an LEO spacecraft.

On Topological Indices of Certain Dendrimer Structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aslam, Adnan; Bashir, Yasir; Ahmad, Safyan; Gao, Wei

2017-05-01

A topological index can be considered as transformation of chemical structure in to real number. In QSAR/QSPR study, physicochemical properties and topological indices such as Randić, Zagreb, atom-bond connectivity ABC, and geometric-arithmetic GA index are used to predict the bioactivity of chemical compounds. Dendrimers are highly branched, star-shaped macromolecules with nanometer-scale dimensions. Dendrimers are defined by three components: a central core, an interior dendritic structure (the branches), and an exterior surface with functional surface groups. In this paper we determine generalised Randić, general Zagreb, general sum-connectivity indices of poly(propyl) ether imine, porphyrin, and zinc-Porphyrin dendrimers. We also compute ABC and GA indices of these families of dendrimers.

An investigation of in-flight near-field propeller noise generation and transmission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bonneau, H.; Wilford, D. F.; Wood, L. K.

1985-02-01

In flight near field propeller noise measurements, made on a General Aviation turboprop aircraft, are reported for a range of propeller operating conditions, and are shown to be well defined and reproducible. Measurements have been made at 8 exterior microphones, 2 located on a wing mounted boom, and 6 embedded in, and flush with the aircraft fuselage. Interior noise levels are also presented. Measured propeller harmonic levels are compared to first principle calculations of near field noise, using a modified version of the Farassat computer program, in which the blade surface pressure is described using the known aerodynamic properties of the blade (NACA 16) airfoil sections. The first few; i.e., the dominant harmonic levels of propeller noise are shown to be well predicted, while higher harmonic levels are underpredicted. The transmission loss between exterior and interior noise levels is shown to be relatively constant for varying propeller operating conditions and at two different locations along the length of the fuselage. Interior noise levels are also shown for the aircraft in gliding flight at various forward velocities, with both engines at idle and propellers feathered. A method of interpolating these measurements is discussed, which allows the interior noise due only to the forward velocity of the aircraft, to be determined. The transmission loss for this component is also discussed. Finally, interior noise levels are presented for a series of ground static tests with engine mounts of various different stiffnessses.

Film cooling for a closed loop cooled airfoil

DOEpatents

Burdgick, Steven Sebastian; Yu, Yufeng Phillip; Itzel, Gary Michael

2003-01-01

Turbine stator vane segments have radially inner and outer walls with vanes extending therebetween. The inner and outer walls are compartmentalized and have impingement plates. Steam flowing into the outer wall plenum passes through the impingement plate for impingement cooling of the outer wall upper surface. The spent impingement steam flows into cavities of the vane having inserts for impingement cooling the walls of the vane. The steam passes into the inner wall and through the impingement plate for impingement cooling of the inner wall surface and for return through return cavities having inserts for impingement cooling of the vane surfaces. At least one film cooling hole is defined through a wall of at least one of the cavities for flow communication between an interior of the cavity and an exterior of the vane. The film cooling hole(s) are defined adjacent a potential low LCF life region, so that cooling medium that bleeds out through the film cooling hole(s) reduces a thermal gradient in a vicinity thereof, thereby the increase the LCF life of that region.

77 FR 67024 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-08

... procedures and requirements for terminating jurisdiction of surface coal mining and reclamation operations... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement Notice of Proposed Information Collection AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Notice...

76 FR 50708 - Texas Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-16

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 943... AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and opportunity for public hearing. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation...

77 FR 21807 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-11

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement Notice of Proposed Information Collection AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Notice... of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM) is announcing its intention to request approval...

76 FR 12857 - Montana Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-09

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 926... of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Final rule; approval of amendment... the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (``SMCRA'' or ``the Act''). Montana proposed...

78 FR 11617 - Pennsylvania Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-19

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 938... Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM), Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; reopening of comment... regulatory program (the ``Pennsylvania program'') under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of...

Microwave-emitting rotor, separator apparatus including same, methods of operation and design thereof

DOEpatents

Meikrantz, David H.

2006-12-19

An apparatus for use in separating, at least in part, a mixture, including at least one chamber and at least one microwave generation device configured for communicating microwave energy into the at least one chamber is disclosed. The rotor assembly may comprise an electric generator for generating electricity for operating the microwave generation device. At least one microwave generation device may be positioned within a tubular interior shaft extending within the rotor assembly. At least a portion of the tubular interior shaft may be substantially transparent to microwave energy. Microwave energy may be emitted in an outward radial direction or toward an anticipated boundary surface defined between a mixture and a separated constituent thereof. A method including flowing a mixture through at least one chamber and communicating microwave energy into the at least one chamber while rotating same is disclosed. Methods of operating a centrifugal separator and design thereof are disclosed.

Infrared floodlight assembly

DOEpatents

Wierzbicki, Julian J.; Chakrabarti, Kirti B.

1987-09-22

An infrared floodlight assembly (10) including a cast aluminum outer housing (11) defining a central chamber (15) therein. A floodlight (14), having a tungsten halogen lamp as the light source, is spacedly positioned within a heat conducting member (43) within chamber (15) such that the floodlight is securedly positioned in an aligned manner relative to the assembly's filter (35) and lens (12) components. The invention also includes venting means (51) to allow air passage between the interior of the member (43) and the adjacent chamber (15), as well as engagement means (85) for engaging a rear surface of the floodlight (14) to retain it firmly against an internal flange of the member (43). A reflector (61), capable of being compressed to allow insertion or removal, is located within the heat conducting member's interior between the floodlight (14) and filter (35) to reflect infrared radiation toward the filter (35) and spaced lens (12).

A boundary integral equation method using auxiliary interior surface approach for acoustic radiation and scattering in two dimensions.

PubMed

Yang, S A

2002-10-01

This paper presents an effective solution method for predicting acoustic radiation and scattering fields in two dimensions. The difficulty of the fictitious characteristic frequency is overcome by incorporating an auxiliary interior surface that satisfies certain boundary condition into the body surface. This process gives rise to a set of uniquely solvable boundary integral equations. Distributing monopoles with unknown strengths over the body and interior surfaces yields the simple source formulation. The modified boundary integral equations are further transformed to ordinary ones that contain nonsingular kernels only. This implementation allows direct application of standard quadrature formulas over the entire integration domain; that is, the collocation points are exactly the positions at which the integration points are located. Selecting the interior surface is an easy task. Moreover, only a few corresponding interior nodal points are sufficient for the computation. Numerical calculations consist of the acoustic radiation and scattering by acoustically hard elliptic and rectangular cylinders. Comparisons with analytical solutions are made. Numerical results demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the current solution method.

Flexible Interior-Impression-Molding Tray

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anders, Jeffrey E.

1991-01-01

Device used inside combustion chamber of complicated shape for nondestructive evaluation of qualities of welds, including such features as offset, warping, misalignment of parts, and dropthrough. Includes flexible polypropylene tray trimmed to fit desired interior surface contour. Two neodymium boron magnets and inflatable bladder attached to tray. Tray and putty inserted in cavity to make mold of interior surface.

77 FR 8144 - Texas Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-14

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 943... AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Final rule; approval of amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM), are approving three...

76 FR 44357 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-25

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement Notice of Proposed Information Collection AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior Department... Reduction Act of 1995, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM) is announcing its...

76 FR 79213 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-21

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement Notice of Proposed Information Collection AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Notice... 1995, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM) is announcing that the information...

77 FR 58147 - Action Subject to Intergovernmental Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-19

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement Action Subject to Intergovernmental Review AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, are notifying the public that we...

76 FR 78312 - Action Subject to Intergovernmental Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-16

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement Action Subject to Intergovernmental Review AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, are notifying the public that we...

On the interfacial thermodynamics of nanoscale droplets and bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Corti, David S.; Kerr, Karl J.; Torabi, Korosh

2011-07-01

We present a new self-consistent thermodynamic formalism for the interfacial properties of nanoscale embryos whose interiors do not exhibit bulklike behavior and are in complete equilibrium with the surrounding mother phase. In contrast to the standard Gibbsian analysis, whereby a bulk reference pressure based on the same temperature and chemical potentials of the mother phase is introduced, our approach naturally incorporates the normal pressure at the center of the embryo as an appropriate reference pressure. While the interfacial properties of small embryos that follow from the use of these two reference pressures are different, both methods yield by construction the same reversible work of embryo formation as well as consistency between their respective thermodynamic and mechanical routes to the surface tension. Hence, there is no a priori reason to select one method over another. Nevertheless, we argue, and demonstrate via a density-functional theory (with the local density approximation) analysis of embryo formation in the pure component Lennard-Jones fluid, that our new method generates more physically appealing trends. For example, within the new approach the surface tension at all locations of the dividing surface vanishes at the spinodal where the density profile spanning the embryo and mother phase becomes completely uniform (only the surface tension at the Gibbs surface of tension vanishes in the Gibbsian method at this same limit). Also, for bubbles, the location of the surface of tension now diverges at the spinodal, similar to the divergent behavior exhibited by the equimolar dividing surface (in the Gibbsian method, the location of the surface of tension vanishes instead). For droplets, the new method allows for the appearance of negative surface tensions (the Gibbsian method always yields positive tensions) when the normal pressures within the interior of the embryo become less than the bulk pressure of the surrounding vapor phase. Such a prediction, which is allowed by thermodynamics, is consistent with the interpretation that the mother phase's attempted compression of the droplet is counterbalanced by the negative surface tension, or free energy cost to decrease the interfacial area. Furthermore, for these same droplets, the surface of tension can no longer be meaningfully defined (the surface of tension always remains well defined in the Gibbsian method). Within the new method, the dividing surface at which the surface tension equals zero emerges as a new lengthscale, which has various thermodynamic analogs to and similar behavior as the surface of tension.

30 CFR 301.1 - Cross reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... within the jurisdiction of administrative law judges and the Interior Board of Surface Mining and... Resources BOARD OF SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION APPEALS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROCEDURES UNDER SURFACE MINING CONTROL AND RECLAMATION ACT OF 1977 § 301.1 Cross reference. For special rules applicable...

77 FR 16260 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection for 1029-0035

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-20

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement Notice of Proposed Information Collection for 1029-0035 AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior..., the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM) is announcing that the information...

75 FR 22723 - Stream Protection Rule; Environmental Impact Statement

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-30

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Parts 780... of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; notice of intent to prepare an environmental impact statement. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and...

Process for sensing defects on a smooth cylindrical interior surface in tubing

DOEpatents

Dutton, G. Wayne

1987-11-17

The cylindrical interior surface of small diameter metal tubing is optically inspected to determine surface roughness by passing a slightly divergent light beam to illuminate the entire interior surface of the tubing. Impingement of the input light beam components on any rough spots on the interior surface generates forward and backward scattered radiation components. The forward scattered components can be measured by blocking direct and specular radiation components exiting the tubing while allowing the forward scattered radiation to travel past the blocking location. Collecting optics are employed to converge the forward scattered radiation onto a photodetector generating a signal indicative of surface roughness. In the back scattered mode, back scattered radiation exiting the tubing through the entrance opening is reflected 90.degree. by a beam splitter towards collecting optics and a photodetector. Alternatively, back scattered radiation can be transmitted through a fiber optic bundle towards the collecting optics. The input light beam can be supplied through a white light fiber optic bundle mounted coaxial with the first bundle.

Process for sensing defects on a smooth cylindrical interior surface in tubing

DOEpatents

Dutton, G.W.

1987-11-17

The cylindrical interior surface of small diameter metal tubing is optically inspected to determine surface roughness by passing a slightly divergent light beam to illuminate the entire interior surface of the tubing. Impingement of the input light beam components on any rough spots on the interior surface generates forward and backward scattered radiation components. The forward scattered components can be measured by blocking direct and specular radiation components exiting the tubing while allowing the forward scattered radiation to travel past the blocking location. Collecting optics are employed to converge the forward scattered radiation onto a photodetector generating a signal indicative of surface roughness. In the back scattered mode, back scattered radiation exiting the tubing through the entrance opening is reflected 90[degree] by a beam splitter towards collecting optics and a photodetector. Alternatively, back scattered radiation can be transmitted through a fiber optic bundle towards the collecting optics. The input light beam can be supplied through a white light fiber optic bundle mounted coaxial with the first bundle. 6 figs.

GCMS investigation of volatile compounds in green coffee affected by potato taste defect and the Antestia bug.

PubMed

Jackels, Susan C; Marshall, Eric E; Omaiye, Angelica G; Gianan, Robert L; Lee, Fabrice T; Jackels, Charles F

2014-10-22

Potato taste defect (PTD) is a flavor defect in East African coffee associated with Antestiopsis orbitalis feeding and 3-isopropyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IPMP) in the coffee. To elucidate the manifestation of PTD, surface and interior volatile compounds of PTD and non-PTD green coffees were sampled by headspace solid phase microextraction and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis of the chromatographic data revealed a profile of surface volatiles distinguishing PTD from non-PTD coffees dominated by tridecane, dodecane, and tetradecane. While not detected in surface volatiles, IPMP was found in interior volatiles of PTD coffee. Desiccated antestia bugs were analyzed by GCMS, revealing that the three most prevalent volatiles were tridecane, dodecane, and tetradecane, as was found in the surface profile PTD coffee. Coffee having visible insect damage exhibited both a PTD surface volatile profile and IPMP in interior volatiles, supporting the hypothesis linking antestia bug feeding activity with PTD profile compounds on the surface and IPMP in the interior of the beans.

Physical and subjective studies of aircraft interior noise and vibration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stephens, D. G.; Leatherwood, J. D.

1979-01-01

Measurements to define and quantify the interior noise and vibration stimuli of aircraft are reviewed as well as field and simulation studies to determine the subjective response to such stimuli, and theoretical and experimental studies to predict and control the interior environment. In addition, ride quality criteria/standards for noise, vibration, and combinations of these stimuli are discussed in relation to the helicopter cabin environment. Data on passenger response are presented to illustrate the effects of interior noise and vibration on speech intelligibility and comfort of crew and passengers. The interactive effects of noise with multifrequency and multiaxis vibration are illustrated by data from LaRC ride quality simulator. Constant comfort contours for various combinations of noise and vibration are presented and the incorporation of these results into a user-oriented model are discussed. With respect to aircraft interior noise and vibration control, ongoing studies to define the near-field noise, the transmission of noise through the structure, and the effectiveness of control treatments are described.

Swirling structure for mixing two concentric fluid flows at nozzle outlet

DOEpatents

Mensink, D.L.

1993-07-20

A nozzle device is described for causing two fluids to mix together. In particular, a spray nozzle comprises two hollow, concentric housings, an inner housing and an outer housing. The inner housing has a channel formed therethrough for a first fluid. Its outer surface cooperates with the interior surface of the outer housing to define the second channel for a second fluid. The outer surface of the inner housing and the inner surface of the outer housing each carry a plurality of vanes that interleave but do not touch, each vane of one housing being between two vanes of the other housing. The vanes are curved and the inner surface of the outer housing and the outer surface of the inner housing converge to narrow the second channel. The shape of second channel results in a swirling, accelerating second fluid that will impact the first fluid just past the end of the nozzle where mixing will take place.

76 FR 12852 - Louisiana Regulatory Program/Abandoned Mine Land Reclamation Plan

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-09

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 918... Reclamation Plan AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Final rule; approval of amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM), are...

75 FR 60373 - Louisiana Regulatory Program/Abandoned Mine Land Reclamation Plan

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-30

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 918... Reclamation Plan AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule... of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM), are announcing receipt of a proposed amendment...

77 FR 16259 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection for 1029-0059

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-20

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement Notice of Proposed Information Collection for 1029-0059 AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior..., the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM) is announcing its intention to request...

Conduit purging device and method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilks, Michael T. (Inventor)

2011-01-01

A device for purging gas comprises a conduit assembly defining an interior volume. The conduit assembly comprises a first conduit portion having an open first end and an open second end and a second conduit portion having an open first end and a closed second end. The open second end of the first conduit portion is disposed proximate to the open first end of the second conduit portion to define a weld region. The device further comprises a supply element supplying a gas to the interior volume at a substantially constant rate and a vent element venting the gas from the interior volume at a rate that maintains the gas in the interior volume within a pressure range suitable to hold a weld bead in the weld region in equilibrium during formation of a weld to join the first conduit portion and the second conduit portion.

Multiple Fatigue Failure Behaviors and Long-Life Prediction Approach of Carburized Cr-Ni Steel with Variable Stress Ratio

PubMed Central

Deng, Hailong; Li, Wei; Zhao, Hongqiao; Sakai, Tatsuo

2017-01-01

Axial loading tests with stress ratios R of −1, 0 and 0.3 were performed to examine the fatigue failure behavior of a carburized Cr-Ni steel in the long-life regime from 104 to 108 cycles. Results show that this steel represents continuously descending S-N characteristics with interior inclusion-induced failure under R = −1, whereas it shows duplex S-N characteristics with surface defect-induced failure and interior inclusion-induced failure under R = 0 and 0.3. The increasing tension eliminates the effect of compressive residual stress and promotes crack initiation from the surface or interior defects in the carburized layer. The FGA (fine granular area) formation greatly depends on the number of loading cycles, but can be inhibited by decreasing the compressive stress. Based on the evaluation of the stress intensity factor at the crack tip, the surface and interior failures in the short life regime can be characterized by the crack growth process, while the interior failure with the FGA in the long life regime can be characterized by the crack initiation process. In view of the good agreement between predicted and experimental results, the proposed approach can be well utilized to predict fatigue lives associated with interior inclusion-FGA-fisheye induced failure, interior inclusion-fisheye induced failure, and surface defect induced failure. PMID:28906454

76 FR 76104 - Arkansas Regulatory Program and Abandoned Mine Land Reclamation Plan

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-06

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 904... Reclamation Plan AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period on proposed amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and...

77 FR 55430 - Arkansas Regulatory Program and Abandoned Mine Land Reclamation Plan

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-10

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 904... Reclamation Plan AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period on proposed amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and...

78 FR 41421 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection; Request for Comments

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-10

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement [S1D1S SS08011000... Collection; Request for Comments AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior..., the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM) is announcing its intention to request...

78 FR 66381 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection; Request for Comments

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-05

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement [S1D1S SS08011000... Collection; Request for Comments AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior..., the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM) is announcing that the information...

Methods and systems to thermally protect fuel nozzles in combustion systems

DOEpatents

Helmick, David Andrew; Johnson, Thomas Edward; York, William David; Lacy, Benjamin Paul

2013-12-17

A method of assembling a gas turbine engine is provided. The method includes coupling a combustor in flow communication with a compressor such that the combustor receives at least some of the air discharged by the compressor. A fuel nozzle assembly is coupled to the combustor and includes at least one fuel nozzle that includes a plurality of interior surfaces, wherein a thermal barrier coating is applied across at least one of the plurality of interior surfaces to facilitate shielding the interior surfaces from combustion gases.

Summary of workshops concerning regional seismic source zones of parts of the conterminous United States, convened by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1979-1980, Golden, Colorado

USGS Publications Warehouse

Thenhaus, P.C.; McKeown, F.A.; Bucknam, R.C.; Ross, D.C.; Anderson, R.E.; Irwin, W.P.; Russ, D.P.; Diment, W.H.; Thenhaus, Paul C.

1983-01-01

Workshops were convened by the U.S. Geological Survey to obtain the latest information and concepts relative to defining seismic source zones for five regions of the United States. The zones, with some modifications, have been used in preparation of new national probabilistic ground motion hazard maps by the U.S. Geological Survey. The five regions addressed are the Great Basin, the Northern Rocky Mountains, the Southern Rocky Mountains, the Central Interior, and the northeastern United States. Discussions at the workshops focussed on possible temporal and spatial variations of seismicity within the regions, latest ages of surface-fault displacements, most recent uplift or subsidence, geologic structural provinces as they relate to seismicity, and speculation on earthquake causes. Within the Great Basin region, the zones conform to areas characterized by a predominance of faults that have certain ages of latest surface displacements. In the Northern and Southern Rocky Mountain regions, zones primarily conform to distinctive structural terrane. In the Central Interior, primary emphasis was placed on an interpretation of the areal distribution of historic seismicity, although geophysical studies in the Reelfoot rift area provided data for defining zones in the New Madrid earthquake area. An interpretation of the historic seismicity also provided the basis for drawing the zones of the New England region. Estimates of earthquake maximum magnitudes and of recurrence times for these earthquakes are given for most of the zones and are based on either geologic data or opinion.

Compositional evidence regarding the origins of rims on Semarkona chondrules

USGS Publications Warehouse

Grossman, J.N.; Wasson, J.T.

1987-01-01

The compositions of the interiors and abraded surfaces of 7 chondrules from Semarkona (LL3.0) were measured by neutron activation analysis. For nonvolatile elements, the lithophile and siderophile element abundance patterns in the surfaces are generally similar to those in the corresponding interiors. Siderophile and chalcophile concentrations are much higher in the surfaces, whereas lithophile concentrations are similar in both fractions. Most of the similarities in lithophile patterns and some of the similarities in siderophile patterns between surfaces and interiors may reflect incomplete separation of the fractions in the laboratory, but for 3 or 4 chondrules the siderophile resemblance is inherent, implying that the surface and interior metal formed from a single precursor assemblage. Metal and sulfide-rich chondrule rims probably formed when droplets of these phases that migrated to the chondrule surface during melting were reheated and incorporated into matrix-like material that had accreted onto the surface. The moderately-volatile to volatile elements K, As and Zn tend to be enriched in the surfaces compared with other elements of similar mineral affinity; both enrichments and depletions are observed for other moderately volatile elements. A small fraction of chondrules experienced fractional evaporation while they were molten. ?? 1987.

Inspection of the interior surface of cylindrical vessels using optic fiber shearography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Bin; Wei, Quan; Tu, Jun; Arola, Dwayne D.; Zhang, Dongsheng

2017-09-01

In this study, a shearography system integrated with a coherent fiber-optic illumination and a fiber-optic imaging bundle is presented to inspect the quality of the interior surface of a cylindrical vessel for safety purposes. The specific optical arrangement is designed for the inspection of a certain area at a small working distance. The optical arrangement of the system was assembled and an aluminum honeycomb sample was evaluated to demonstrate the capability of the system. The important relationship between the image quality and the working distance, as well as the field of view, is discussed. The system has been applied for the inspection of the interior surface of a cylindrical vessel. The experimental results suggest that the shearography system integrated with optical and image fibers can effectively minimize the size of the inspection device and be capable of evaluating the interior surface of cylindrical structures.

Monte Carlo simulations of ABC stacked kagome lattice films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yerzhakov, H. V.; Plumer, M. L.; Whitehead, J. P.

2016-05-01

Properties of films of geometrically frustrated ABC stacked antiferromagnetic kagome layers are examined using Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations. The impact of having an easy-axis anisotropy on the surface layers and cubic anisotropy in the interior layers is explored. The spin structure at the surface is shown to be different from that of the bulk 3D fcc system, where surface axial anisotropy tends to align spins along the surface [1 1 1] normal axis. This alignment then propagates only weakly to the interior layers through exchange coupling. Results are shown for the specific heat, magnetization and sub-lattice order parameters for both surface and interior spins in three and six layer films as a function of increasing axial surface anisotropy. Relevance to the exchange bias phenomenon in IrMn3 films is discussed.

Thermoacoustic enhancements for nuclear fuel rods and other high temperature applications

DOEpatents

Garrett, Steven L.; Smith, James A.; Kotter, Dale K.

2017-05-09

A nuclear thermoacoustic device includes a housing defining an interior chamber and a portion of nuclear fuel disposed in the interior chamber. A stack is disposed in the interior chamber and has a hot end and a cold end. The stack is spaced from the portion of nuclear fuel with the hot end directed toward the portion of nuclear fuel. The stack and portion of nuclear fuel are positioned such that an acoustic standing wave is produced in the interior chamber. A frequency of the acoustic standing wave depends on a temperature in the interior chamber.

Mechanical Properties of Degraded PMR-15 Resin

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tsuji, Luis C.; McManus, Hugh L.; Bowles, Kenneth J.

1998-01-01

Thermo-oxidative aging produces a non-uniform degradation state in PMR-15 resin. A surface layer, usually attributed to oxidative degradation, forms. This surface layer has different properties from the inner material. A set of material tests was designed to separate the properties of the oxidized surface layer from the properties of interior material. Test specimens were aged at 316 C in either air or nitrogen, for durations of up to 800 hours. The thickness of the oxidized surface layer in air aged specimens, and the shrinkage and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) of nitrogen aged specimens were measured directly. Four-point-bend tests were performed to determine modulus of both the oxidized surface layer and the interior material. Bimaterial strip specimens consisting of oxidized surface material and unoxidized interior material were constructed and used to determine surface layer shrinkage and CTE. Results confirm that the surface layer and core materials have substantially different properties.

76 FR 64047 - Montana Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-17

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 926... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and... amendment to the Montana regulatory program (hereinafter, the ``Montana program'') under the Surface Mining...

76 FR 36040 - Wyoming Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-21

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 950... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and... amendment to the Wyoming regulatory program (hereinafter, the ``Wyoming program'') under the Surface Mining...

78 FR 16204 - Wyoming Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-14

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 950... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and... amendment to the Wyoming regulatory program (hereinafter, the ``Wyoming program'') under the Surface Mining...

76 FR 80310 - Wyoming Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-23

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 950... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and... amendment to the Wyoming regulatory program (hereinafter, the ``Wyoming program'') under the Surface Mining...

76 FR 67635 - Alaska Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-02

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 902... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and... amendment to the Alaska regulatory program (hereinafter, the ``Alaska program'') under the Surface Mining...

76 FR 64045 - Montana Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-17

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 926... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and... amendment to the Montana regulatory program (hereinafter, the ``Montana program'') under the Surface Mining...

76 FR 76111 - Montana Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-06

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 926... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and... amendment to the Montana regulatory program (hereinafter, the ``Montana program'') under the Surface Mining...

77 FR 25874 - Pennsylvania Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-02

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 938... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM), Interior. ACTION: Final rule; removal of required amendment... regulatory program (the ``Pennsylvania program'') regulations under the Surface Mining Control and...

77 FR 1430 - Maryland Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-10

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 920... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM), Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; extension of the comment... the Maryland regulatory program (the ``Maryland program'') under the Surface Mining Control and...

Liners for ion transport membrane systems

DOEpatents

Carolan, Michael Francis; Miller, Christopher Francis

2010-08-10

Ion transport membrane system comprising (a) a pressure vessel comprising an interior, an exterior, an inlet, an inlet conduit, an outlet, and an outlet conduit; (b) a plurality of planar ion transport membrane modules disposed in the interior of the pressure vessel and arranged in series, each membrane module comprising mixed metal oxide ceramic material and having an interior region and an exterior region, wherein the inlet and the outlet of the pressure vessel are in flow communication with exterior regions of the membrane modules; (c) a gas manifold having an interior surface wherein the gas manifold is in flow communication with the interior region of each of the planar ion transport membrane modules and with the exterior of the pressure vessel; and (d) a liner disposed within any of the inlet conduit, the outlet conduit, and the interior surface of the gas manifold.

43 CFR 23.13 - Consultation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior SURFACE EXPLORATION, MINING AND RECLAMATION OF... jurisdiction of an agency other than the Department of the Interior or under the jurisdiction of a bureau of the Department of the Interior other than the Bureau of Land Management, the mining supervisor or the...

Ultrasonic cleaning of interior surfaces

DOEpatents

MacKenzie, D.; Odell, C.

1994-03-01

An ultrasonic cleaning apparatus is described for cleaning the interior surfaces of tubes. The apparatus includes an ultrasonic generator and reflector each coupled to opposing ends of the open-ended, fluid-filled tube. Fluid-tight couplings seal the reflector and generator to the tube, preventing leakage of fluid from the interior of the tube. The reflector and generator are operatively connected to actuators, whereby the distance between them can be varied. When the distance is changed, the frequency of the sound waves is simultaneously adjusted to maintain the resonant frequency of the tube so that a standing wave is formed in the tube, the nodes of which are moved axially to cause cavitation along the length of the tube. Cavitation maximizes mechanical disruption and agitation of the fluid, dislodging foreign material from the interior surface. 3 figures.

Ultrasonic cleaning of interior surfaces

DOEpatents

Odell, D. MacKenzie C.

1996-01-01

An ultrasonic cleaning method for cleaning the interior surfaces of tubes. The method uses an ultrasonic generator and reflector each coupled to opposing ends of the open-ended, fluid-filled tube. Fluid-tight couplings seal the reflector and generator to the tube, preventing leakage of fluid from the interior of the tube. The reflector and generator are operatively connected to actuators, whereby the distance between them can be varied. When the distance is changed, the frequency of the sound waves is simultaneously adjusted to maintain the resonant frequency of the tube so that a standing wave is formed in the tube, the nodes of which are moved axially to cause cavitation along the length of the tube. Cavitation maximizes mechanical disruption and agitation of the fluid, dislodging foreign material from the interior surface.

Ultrasonic cleaning of interior surfaces

DOEpatents

Odell, D. MacKenzie C.

1994-01-01

An ultrasonic cleaning apparatus for cleaning the interior surfaces of tubes. The apparatus includes an ultrasonic generator and reflector each coupled to opposing ends of the open-ended, fluid-filled tube. Fluid-tight couplings seal the reflector and generator to the tube, preventing leakage of fluid from the interior of the tube. The reflector and generator are operatively connected to actuators, whereby the distance between them can be varied. When the distance is changed, the frequency of the sound waves is simultaneously adjusted to maintain the resonant frequency of the tube so that a standing wave is formed in the tube, the nodes of which are moved axially to cause cavitation along the length of the tube. Cavitation maximizes mechanical disruption and agitation of the fluid, dislodging foreign material from the interior surface.

Composite pipe to metal joint

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Leslie, James C.; Leslie, II, James C.; Heard, James

A method for making a metal to composite tube joint including selecting an elongated interior fitting constructed with an exterior barrel, reduced in exterior diameter to form a distally facing annular shoulder and then projecting still further distally to form an interior sleeve having a radially outwardly facing bonding surface. Selecting an elongated metal outer sleeve formed proximally with a collar constructed for receipt over the barrel and increased in interior diameter and projecting distally to form an exterior sleeve having a radially inwardly facing bonding surface cooperating with the first bonding surface to form an annulus receiving an extremitymore » of a composite tube and a bond bonding the extremity of the tube to the bonding surfaces.« less

Surface tension and negative pressure interior of a non-singular ‘black hole’

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mazur, Pawel O.; Mottola, Emil

2015-11-01

The constant density interior Schwarzschild solution for a static, spherically symmetric collapsed star has a divergent pressure when its radius R≤slant \\frac{9}{8}{R}s=\\frac{9}{4}{GM}. We show that this divergence is integrable, and induces a non-isotropic transverse stress with a finite redshifted surface tension on a spherical surface of radius {R}0=3R\\sqrt{1-\\frac{8}{9}\\frac{R }{{R}s}}. For r\\lt {R}0 the interior Schwarzschild solution exhibits negative pressure. When R={R}s, the surface is localized at the Schwarzschild radius itself, {R}0={R}s, and the solution has constant negative pressure p=-\\bar{ρ } everywhere in the interior r\\lt {R}s, thereby describing a gravitational condensate star, a fully collapsed non-singular state already inherent in and predicted by classical general relativity. The redshifted surface tension of the condensate star surface is given by {τ }s={{Δ }}κ /8π G, where {{Δ }}κ ={κ }+-{κ }-=2{κ }+=1/{R}s is the difference of equal and opposite surface gravities between the exterior and interior Schwarzschild solutions. The First Law, {{d}}M={{d}}{E}V+{τ }s {{d}}A is recognized as a purely mechanical classical relation at zero temperature and zero entropy, describing the volume energy and surface energy change respectively. The Schwarzschild time t of such a non-singular gravitational condensate star is a global time, fully consistent with unitary time evolution in quantum theory. A clear observational test of gravitational condensate stars with a physical surface versus black holes is the discrete surface modes of oscillation which should be detectable by their gravitational wave signatures.

77 FR 58056 - Mississippi Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-19

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 924... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and opportunity for public hearing. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM...

77 FR 34890 - Oklahoma Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-12

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 936... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and opportunity for public hearing on proposed amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation...

75 FR 60371 - Alabama Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-30

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 901... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and opportunity for public hearing on proposed amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation...

77 FR 41680 - Indiana Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-16

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 914... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Final rule; approval of amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM), are approving amendments to the Indiana...

77 FR 25949 - Texas Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-02

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 943... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and opportunity for public hearing on proposed amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation...

76 FR 76109 - Colorado Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-06

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 906... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; reopening and extension of public...'') under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (``SMCRA'' or ``the Act''). Colorado...

77 FR 66574 - Texas Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-06

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 943... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and opportunity for public hearing on proposed amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation...

77 FR 18149 - Montana Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-27

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 926... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; reopening and extension of public... receipt of Montana's response to the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement's (OSM) November...

77 FR 24661 - North Dakota Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-25

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 934... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and... Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (``SMCRA'' or ``the Act''). North Dakota proposes...

76 FR 23522 - Oklahoma Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-27

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 936... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and opportunity for public hearing. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM...

75 FR 21534 - Texas Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-26

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 943... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and opportunity for public hearing on proposed amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation...

77 FR 34892 - Utah Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-12

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 944... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and opportunity for public hearing on proposed amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation...

77 FR 18738 - Texas Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-28

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 943... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and opportunity for public hearing on proposed amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation...

76 FR 9700 - Alabama Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-22

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 901... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and opportunity for public hearing on proposed amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation...

Interior car noise created by textured pavement surfaces : final report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1975-01-01

Because of widespread concern about the effect of textured pavement surfaces on interior car noise, sound pressure levels (SPL) were measured inside a test vehicle as it traversed 21 pavements with various textures. A linear regression analysis run o...

77 FR 40796 - Wyoming Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-11

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 950... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM), are removing a disapproval codified in OSM regulations...

77 FR 34894 - Wyoming Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-12

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 950... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; withdrawal. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM), are announcing the withdrawal of a proposed rule...

Plate tectonics, habitability and life

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spohn, Tilman; Breuer, Doris

2016-04-01

The role of plate tectonics in defining habitability of terrestrial planets is being increasingly discussed (e.g., Elkins-Tanton, 2015). Plate tectonics is a significantly evolved concept with a large variety of aspects. In the present context, cycling of material between near surface and mantle reservoirs is most important. But increased heat transport through mixing of cold lithosphere with the deep interior and formation of continental crust may also matter. An alternative mechanism of material cycling between these reservoirs is hot-spot volcanism combined with crust delamination. Hot-spot volcanism will transport volatiles to the atmosphere while delamination will mix crust, possibly altered by sedimentation and chemical reactions, with the mantle. The mechanism works as long as the stagnant lithosphere plate has not grown thicker than the crust and as long as volcanic material is added onto the crust. Thermal evolution studies suggest that the mechanism could work for the first 1-2 Ga of planetary evolution. The efficiency of the mechanism is limited by the ratio of extrusive to intrusive volcanism, which is thought to be less than 0.25. Plate tectonics would certainly have an advantage by working even for more evolved planets. A simple, most-used concept of habitability requires the thermodynamic stability of liquid water on the surface of a planet. Cycling of CO2between the atmosphere, oceans and interior through subduction and surface volcanism is an important element of the carbonate-silicate cycle, a thermostat feedback cycle that will keep the atmosphere from entering into a runaway greenhouse. Calculations for a model Earth lacking plate tectonics but degassing CO2, N, and H2O to form a surface ocean and a secondary atmosphere (Tosi et al, 2016) suggest that liquid water can be maintained on the surface for 4.5Ga. The model planet would then qualify as habitable. It is conceivable that the CO2 buffering capability of its ocean together with silicate weathering of possible land surfaces and a biosphere could set up a CO2 sink that would further stabilize the temperature. As long as the planet keeps degassing CO2 at a sufficient rate, CO2 recycling through the mantle may not be required. However, this would require a sufficiently oxidized planet early on. If not sufficiently oxidized during accretion and core formation, oxidization of the planet would require cycling of matter between surface and interior reservoirs. Oxidization of an initially reduced Earth interior with the help of plate tectonics has been cited as a possible mechanism to allow the building up of oxygen in the terrestrial atmosphere around 2.3Ga b.p. (e.g., Catling and Claire, 2005), a pre-requisite for more evolved eukaryotic life. The oxidization would diminish a sink in the oxygen budget of the atmosphere by lowering the rate of outgassing of chemically reducing gases from the interior. Clearly, plate tectonics is a mechanism more potent of keeping a planet habitable and allow evolution of the biosphere than alternative concepts such as crust delamination. Catling, DC, Claire DW (2005), EPSL, 237, 1-20 Elkins-Tanton, L (2015) AGU Fall Meeting Abstract Tosi, N et al. (2016) EGU Abstract

Torque ripple reduction in electric machines

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Reddy, Patel Bhageerath; Huh, Kum-Kang; El-Refaie, Ayman Mohamed Fawzi

An electric machine, such as an Internal Permanent magnet or Synchronous Reluctance machine, having X phases, that includes a stator assembly, having M slots, with a stator core and stator teeth, that is further configured with stator windings to generate a stator magnetic field when excited with alternating currents and extends along a longitudinal axis with an inner surface that defines a cavity; and a rotor assembly, having N poles, disposed within the cavity which is configured to rotate about the longitudinal axis, wherein the rotor assembly includes a shaft, a rotor core located circumferentially around the shaft. The machinemore » is configured such that a value k=M/(X*N) wherein k is a non-integer greater than about 1.3. The electric machine may alternatively, or additionally, include a non-uniformed gap between the exterior surface of the rotor spokes and the interior stator surface of the stator.« less

Modeling of electrohydrodynamic drying process using response surface methodology

PubMed Central

Dalvand, Mohammad Jafar; Mohtasebi, Seyed Saeid; Rafiee, Shahin

2014-01-01

Energy consumption index is one of the most important criteria for judging about new, and emerging drying technologies. One of such novel and promising alternative of drying process is called electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying. In this work, a solar energy was used to maintain required energy of EHD drying process. Moreover, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to build a predictive model in order to investigate the combined effects of independent variables such as applied voltage, field strength, number of discharge electrode (needle), and air velocity on moisture ratio, energy efficiency, and energy consumption as responses of EHD drying process. Three-levels and four-factor Box–Behnken design was employed to evaluate the effects of independent variables on system responses. A stepwise approach was followed to build up a model that can map the entire response surface. The interior relationships between parameters were well defined by RSM. PMID:24936289

Microdevice having interior cavity with high aspect ratio surface features and associated methods of manufacture and use

DOEpatents

Morales, Alfredo M.

2002-01-01

A microdevice having interior cavity with high aspect ratio features and ultrasmooth surfaces, and associated method of manufacture and use is described. An LIGA-produced shaped bit is used to contour polish the surface of a sacrificial mandrel. The contoured sacrificial mandrel is subsequently coated with a structural material and the mandrel removed to produce microdevices having micrometer-sized surface features and sub-micrometer RMS surface roughness.

78 FR 6062 - North Dakota Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-29

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 934... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and... Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (``SMCRA'' or ``the Act''). North Dakota intends to...

76 FR 9642 - Alabama Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-22

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 901... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Final rule; approval of amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM), are approving an amendment to the Alabama...

78 FR 13002 - Pennsylvania Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-26

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 938... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (``OSM''), Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and... regulatory program under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (``SMCRA'' or the ``Act...

78 FR 11579 - Texas Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-19

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 943... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Final rule; approval of amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM), are approving an amendment to the Texas...

76 FR 40649 - Indiana Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-11

... at 312 IAC 25-6-30 Surface mining; explosives; general requirements. The full text of the program... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 914... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period on proposed...

78 FR 10512 - Wyoming Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-14

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 950... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Final rule; approval of amendment with certain... ``Wyoming program'') under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (``SMCRA'' or ``the Act...

78 FR 9807 - Utah Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-12

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 944... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Final rule; approval of amendment. SUMMARY: We are approving an amendment to the Utah regulatory program (the ``Utah program'') under the Surface Mining...

76 FR 30008 - Alabama Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-24

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 901... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Final rule; approval of amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM), are approving an amendment to the Alabama...

75 FR 43476 - Montana Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-26

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 926... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; reopening and extension of public...'') under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (``SMCRA'' or ``the Act''). Montana revised...

Tungsten-yttria carbide coating for conveying copper

DOEpatents

Rothman, Albert J.

1993-01-01

A method is provided for providing a carbided-tungsten-yttria coating on the interior surface of a copper vapor laser. The surface serves as a wick for the condensation of liquid copper to return the condensate to the interior of the laser for revolatilization.

75 FR 81122 - Texas Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-27

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 943... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Final rule; approval of amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM), are approving an amendment to the Texas...

77 FR 58025 - Texas Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-19

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 943... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Final rule; approval of amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM), are approving an amendment to the Texas...

Methods, Systems and Apparatuses for Radio Frequency Identification

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fink, Patrick W. (Inventor); Chu, Andrew W. (Inventor); Lin, Gregory Y. (Inventor); Kennedy, Timothy F. (Inventor); Ngo, Phong H. (Inventor); Brown, Dewey T. (Inventor); Byerly, Diane (Inventor)

2016-01-01

A system for radio frequency identification (RFID) includes an enclosure defining an interior region interior to the enclosure, and a feed for generating an electromagnetic field in the interior region in response to a signal received from an RFID reader via a radio frequency (RF) transmission line and, in response to the electromagnetic field, receiving a signal from an RFID sensor attached to an item in the interior region. The structure of the enclosure may be conductive and may include a metamaterial portion, an electromagnetically absorbing portion, or a wall extending in the interior region. Related apparatuses and methods for performing RFID are provided.

Methods, Systems and Apparatuses for Radio Frequency Identification

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fink, Patrick W. (Inventor); Chu, Andrew W. (Inventor); Lin, Gregory Y. (Inventor); Kennedy, Timothy F. (Inventor); Ngo, Phong H. (Inventor); Brown, Dewey T. (Inventor); Byerly, Diane (Inventor); Boose, Haley C. (Inventor)

2015-01-01

A system for radio frequency identification (RFID) includes an enclosure defining an interior region interior to the enclosure, and a feed for generating an electromagnetic field in the interior region in response to a signal received from an RFID reader via a radio frequency (RF) transmission line and, in response to the electromagnetic field, receiving a signal from an RFID sensor attached to an item in the interior region. The structure of the enclosure may be conductive and may include a metamaterial portion, an electromagnetically absorbing portion, or a wall extending in the interior region. Related apparatuses and methods for performing RFID are provided.

Methods, Systems and Apparatuses for Radio Frequency Identification

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brown, Dewey T. (Inventor); Lin, Gregory Y. (Inventor); Kennedy, Timothy F. (Inventor); Byerly, Diane (Inventor); Fink, Patrick W. (Inventor); Chu, Andrew W. (Inventor); Ngo, Phong H. (Inventor)

2017-01-01

A system for radio frequency identification (RFID) includes an enclosure defining an interior region interior to the enclosure, and a feed for generating an electromagnetic field in the interior region in response to a signal received from an RFID reader via a radio frequency (RF) transmission line and, in response to the electromagnetic field, receiving a signal from an RFID sensor attached to an item in the interior region. The structure of the enclosure may be conductive and may include a metamaterial portion, an electromagnetically absorbing portion, or a wall extending in the interior region. Related apparatuses and methods for performing RFID are provided.

Conic Sampling: An Efficient Method for Solving Linear and Quadratic Programming by Randomly Linking Constraints within the Interior

PubMed Central

Serang, Oliver

2012-01-01

Linear programming (LP) problems are commonly used in analysis and resource allocation, frequently surfacing as approximations to more difficult problems. Existing approaches to LP have been dominated by a small group of methods, and randomized algorithms have not enjoyed popularity in practice. This paper introduces a novel randomized method of solving LP problems by moving along the facets and within the interior of the polytope along rays randomly sampled from the polyhedral cones defined by the bounding constraints. This conic sampling method is then applied to randomly sampled LPs, and its runtime performance is shown to compare favorably to the simplex and primal affine-scaling algorithms, especially on polytopes with certain characteristics. The conic sampling method is then adapted and applied to solve a certain quadratic program, which compute a projection onto a polytope; the proposed method is shown to outperform the proprietary software Mathematica on large, sparse QP problems constructed from mass spectometry-based proteomics. PMID:22952741

Convection without eddy viscosity: An attempt to model the interiors of giant planets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ingersoll, A. P.

1986-01-01

In the theory of hydrostatic quasi-geostrophic flow in the Earth's atmosphere the principal results do not depend on the eddy viscosity. This contrasts with published theories of convection in deep rotating fluid spheres, where the wavelength of the fastest growing disturbance varies as E sup 1/3, where E, the Ekman number, is proportional to the eddy viscosity. A new theory of quasi-columnar motions in stably stratified fluid spheres attempts to capture the luck of the meteorologists. The theory allows one to investigate the stability of barotropic and baroclinic zonal flows that extend into the planetary interior. It is hypothesized that the internal heat Jupiter and Saturn comes out not radially but on sloping surfaces defined by the internal entropy distribution. To test the hypothesis one searches for basic states in which the wavelength of the fastest-growing disturbance remains finite as E tends to zero, and is which the heat flux vector is radially outward and poleward.

76 FR 64048 - Pennsylvania Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-17

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 938... Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM), Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; reopening and extension... Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA or the Act) published on February 7, 2011. In response...

77 FR 5740 - Tennessee Abandoned Mine Land Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-06

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 942... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM), Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and... amendment to the Tennessee Abandoned Mine Land (AML) Reclamation Plan under the Surface Mining Control and...

77 FR 58053 - Kentucky Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-19

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 917... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM), Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; Removal of Required Amendments... program'') under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA or the Act). As a result of...

Landscape disturbance from unconventional and conventional oil and gas development in the Marcellus Shale region of Pennsylvania, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Slonecker, Terry E.; Milheim, Lesley E.

2015-01-01

The spatial footprint of unconventional (hydraulic fracturing) and conventional oil and gas development in the Marcellus Shale region of the State of Pennsylvania was digitized from high-resolution, ortho-rectified, digital aerial photography, from 2004 to 2010. We used these data to measure the spatial extent of oil and gas development and to assess the exposure of the extant natural resources across the landscape of the watersheds in the study area. We found that either form of development: (1) occurred in ~50% of the 930 watersheds that defined the study area; (2) was closer to streams than the recommended safe distance in ~50% of the watersheds; (3) was in some places closer to impaired streams and state-defined wildland trout streams than the recommended safe distance; (4) was within 10 upstream kilometers of surface drinking water intakes in ~45% of the watersheds that had surface drinking water intakes; (5) occurred in ~10% of state-defined exceptional value watersheds; (6) occurred in ~30% of the watersheds with resident populations defined as disproportionately exposed to pollutants; (7) tended to occur at interior forest locations; and (8) had >100 residents within 3 km for ~30% of the unconventional oil and gas development sites. Further, we found that exposure to the potential effects of landscape disturbance attributable to conventional oil and gas development was more prevalent than its unconventional counterpart.

Post-cast EDM method for reducing the thickness of a turbine nozzle wall

DOEpatents

Jones, Raymond Joseph; Bojappa, Parvangada Ganapathy; Kirkpatrick, Francis Lawrence; Schotsch, Margaret Jones; Rajan, Rajiv; Wei, Bin

2002-01-01

A post-cast EDM process is used to remove material from the interior surface of a nozzle vane cavity of a turbine. A thin electrode is passed through the cavity between opposite ends of the nozzle vane and displaced along the interior nozzle wall to remove the material along a predetermined path, thus reducing the thickness of the wall between the cavity and the external surface of the nozzle. In another form, an EDM process employing a profile as an electrode is disposed in the cavity and advanced against the wall to remove material from the wall until the final wall thickness is achieved, with the interior wall surface being complementary to the profile surface.

Method of making a composite tube to metal joint

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Leslie, James C.; Leslie, II, James C.; Heard, James

A method for making a metal to composite tube joint including selecting an elongated interior fitting constructed with an exterior barrel, reduced in exterior diameter to form a distally facing annular shoulder and then projecting still further distally to form an interior sleeve having a radially outwardly facing bonding surface. Selecting an elongated metal outer sleeve formed proximally with a collar constructed for receipt over the barrel and increased in interior diameter and projecting distally to form an exterior sleeve having a radially inwardly facing bonding surface cooperating with the first bonding surface to form an annulus receiving an extremitymore » of a composite tube and a bond bonding the extremity of the tube to the bonding surfaces.« less

Surface modification to waveguides

DOEpatents

Timberlake, John R.; Ruzic, David N.; Moore, Richard L.; Cohen, Samuel A.; Manos, Dennis M.

1983-01-01

A method of treating the interior surfaces of a waveguide to improve power transmission comprising the steps of mechanically polishing to remove surface protrusions; electropolishing to remove embedded particles; ultrasonically cleaning to remove any residue; coating the interior waveguide surfaces with an alkyd resin solution or electrophoretically depositing carbon lamp black suspended in an alkyd resin solution to form a 1.mu. to 5.mu. thick film; vacuum pyrolyzing the film to form a uniform adherent carbon coating.

Three-Dimensional Structures Self-Assembled from DNA Bricks

PubMed Central

Ke, Yonggang; Ong, Luvena L.; Shih, William M.; Yin, Peng

2013-01-01

We describe a simple and robust method to construct complex three-dimensional (3D) structures using short synthetic DNA strands that we call “DNA bricks”. In one-step annealing reactions, bricks with hundreds of distinct sequences self-assemble into prescribed 3D shapes. Each 32-nucleotide brick is a modular component; it binds to four local neighbors and can be removed or added independently. Each 8-base-pair interaction between bricks defines a voxel with dimensions 2.5 nanometers by 2.5 nanometers by 2.7 nanometers, and a master brick collection defines a “molecular canvas” with dimensions of 10 by 10 by 10 voxels. By selecting subsets of bricks from this canvas, we constructed a panel of 102 distinct shapes exhibiting sophisticated surface features as well as intricate interior cavities and tunnels. PMID:23197527

On volcanism and thermal tectonics on one-plate planets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Solomon, S. C.

1978-01-01

For planets with a single global lithospheric shell or 'plate', the thermal evolution of the interior affects the surface geologic history through volumetric expansion and the resultant thermal stress. Interior warming of such planets gives rise to extensional tectonics and a lithospheric stress system conductive to widespread volcanism. Interior cooling leads to compressional tectonics and lithospheric stresses that act to shut off surface volcanism. On the basis of observed surface tectonics, it is concluded that the age of peak planetary volume, the degree of early heating, and the age of youngest major volcanism on the one-plate terrestrial planets likely decrease in the order Mercury, Moon, Mars.

Cogenetic late Pleistocene rhyolite and cumulate diorites from Augustine Volcano revealed by SIMS 238U-230Th dating of zircon, and implications for silicic magma generation by extraction from mush

USGS Publications Warehouse

Coombs, Michelle L.; Vazquez, Jorge A.

2014-01-01

Augustine Volcano, a frequently active andesitic island stratocone, erupted a late Pleistocene rhyolite pumice fall that is temporally linked through zircon geochronology to cumulate dioritic blocks brought to the surface in Augustine's 2006 eruption. Zircon from the rhyolite yield a 238U-230Th age of ∼25 ka for their unpolished rims, and their interiors yield a bimodal age populations at ∼26 ka and a minority at ∼41 ka. Zircon from dioritic blocks, ripped from Augustine's shallow magmatic plumbing system and ejected during the 2006 eruption, have interiors defining a ∼26 ka age population that is indistinguishable from that for the rhyolite; unpolished rims on the dioritic zircon are dominantly younger (≤12 ka) indicating subsequent crystallization. Zircon from rhyolite and diorite overlap in U, Hf, Ti, and REE concentrations although diorites also contain a second population of high-U, high temperature grains. Andesites that brought dioritic blocks to the surface in 2006 contain zircon with young (≤9 ka) rims and a scattering of older ages, but few zircon that crystallized during the 26 ka interval. Both the Pleistocene-age rhyolite and the 2006 dioritic inclusions plot along a whole-rock compositional trend distinct from mid-Holocene–present andesites and dacites, and the diorites, rhyolite, and two early Holocene dacites define linear unmixing trends often oblique to the main andesite array and consistent with melt (rhyolite) extraction from a mush (dacites), leaving behind a cumulate amphibole-bearing residue (diorites). Rare zircon antecrysts up to ∼300 ka from all rock types indicate that a Quaternary center has been present longer than preserved surficial deposits.

Distribution and evolution of Zn, Cd, and Pb in Apollo 16 regolith samples and the average U-Pb ages of the parent rocks

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cirlin, E. H.; Housley, R. M.

1982-01-01

The concentration of surface (low temperature site) and interior (high temperature site) Cd, Zn, and Pb in 13 Apollo 16 highland fines samples, pristine rock 65325, and mare fines sample 75081 were analyzed directly from the thermal release profiles obtained by flameless atomic absorption technique (FLAA). Cd and Zn in pristine ferroan anothosite 65325, anorthositic grains of the most mature fines 65701, and basaltic rock fragments of mare fines 75081 were almost all surface Cd and Zn indicating that most volatiles were deposited on the surfaces of vugs, vesicles and microcracks during the initial cooling process. A considerable amount of interior Cd and Zn was observed in agglutinates. This result suggests that high temperature site interior volatiles originate from entrapment during the lunar maturation processes. Interior Cd found in the most mature fines sample 65701 was only about 15% of the total Cd in the sample. Interior Pb present in Apollo 16 fines samples went up to 60%. From our Cd studies we can assume that this interior Pb in highland fines samples is largely due to the radiogenic decay which occurred after the redistribution of the volatiles took place. We obtained an average age of 4.0 b.y. for the parent rocks of Apollo 16 highland regolith from our interior Pb analyses.

Surface modification to waveguides

DOEpatents

Timberlake, J.R.; Ruzic, D.N.; Moore, R.L.; Cohen, S.A.; Manos, D.M.

1982-06-16

A method is described for treating the interior surfaces of a waveguide to improve power transmission comprising the steps of mechanically polishing to remove surface protrusions; electropolishing to remove embedded particles; ultrasonically cleaning to remove any residue; coating the interior waveguide surfaces with an alkyd resin solution or electrophoretically depositing carbon lamp black suspended in an alkyd resin solution to form a 1..mu.. to 5..mu.. thick film; vacuum pyrolyzing the film to form a uniform adherent carbon coating.

Simulation on a car interior aerodynamic noise control based on statistical energy analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Xin; Wang, Dengfeng; Ma, Zhengdong

2012-09-01

How to simulate interior aerodynamic noise accurately is an important question of a car interior noise reduction. The unsteady aerodynamic pressure on body surfaces is proved to be the key effect factor of car interior aerodynamic noise control in high frequency on high speed. In this paper, a detail statistical energy analysis (SEA) model is built. And the vibra-acoustic power inputs are loaded on the model for the valid result of car interior noise analysis. The model is the solid foundation for further optimization on car interior noise control. After the most sensitive subsystems for the power contribution to car interior noise are pointed by SEA comprehensive analysis, the sound pressure level of car interior aerodynamic noise can be reduced by improving their sound and damping characteristics. The further vehicle testing results show that it is available to improve the interior acoustic performance by using detailed SEA model, which comprised by more than 80 subsystems, with the unsteady aerodynamic pressure calculation on body surfaces and the materials improvement of sound/damping properties. It is able to acquire more than 2 dB reduction on the central frequency in the spectrum over 800 Hz. The proposed optimization method can be looked as a reference of car interior aerodynamic noise control by the detail SEA model integrated unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and sensitivity analysis of acoustic contribution.

Characterization of the Interior Density Structure of Near Earth Objects with Muons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prettyman, T. H.; Sykes, M. V.; Miller, R. S.; Pinsky, L. S.; Empl, A.; Nolan, M. C.; Koontz, S. L.; Lawrence, D. J.; Mittlefehldt, D. W.; Reddell, B. D.

2015-12-01

Near Earth Objects (NEOs) are a diverse population of short-lived asteroids originating from the main belt and Jupiter family comets. Some have orbits that are easy to access from Earth, making them attractive as targets for science and exploration as well as a potential resource. Some pose a potential impact threat. NEOs have undergone extensive collisional processing, fragmenting and re-accreting to form rubble piles, which may be compositionally heterogeneous (e.g., like 2008 TC3, the precursor to Almahata Sitta). At present, little is known about their interior structure or how these objects are held together. The wide range of inferred NEO macroporosities hint at complex interiors. Information about their density structure would aid in understanding their formation and collisional histories, the risks they pose to human interactions with their surfaces, the constraints on industrial processing of NEO resources, and the selection of hazard mitigation strategies (e.g., kinetic impactor vs nuclear burst). Several methods have been proposed to characterize asteroid interiors, including radar imaging, seismic tomography, and muon imaging (muon radiography and tomography). Of these, only muon imaging has the potential to determine interior density structure, including the relative density of constituent fragments. Muons are produced by galactic cosmic ray showers within the top meter of asteroid surfaces. High-energy muons can traverse large distances through rock with little deflection. Muons transmitted through an Itokawa-sized asteroid can be imaged using a compact hodoscope placed on or near the surface. Challenges include background rejection and correction for variations in muon production with surface density. The former is being addressed by hodoscope design. Surface density variations can be determined via radar or muon limb imaging. The performance of muon imaging is evaluated for prospective NEO interior-mapping missions.

Explosively activated egress area

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bement, L. J.; Bailey, J. W. (Inventor)

1983-01-01

A lightweight, add on structure which employs linear shaped pyrotechnic charges to smoothly cut an airframe along an egress area periphery is provided. It compromises reaction surfaces attached to the exterior surface of the airframe's skin and is designed to restrict the skin deflection. That portion of the airframe within the egress area periphery is jettisoned. Retention surfaces and sealing walls are attached to the interior surface of the airframe's skin and are designed to shield the interior of the aircraft during detonation of the pyrotechnic charges.

Defining conservation priorities using fragmentation forecasts

Treesearch

David Wear; John Pye; Kurt H. Riitters

2004-01-01

Methods are developed for forecasting the effects of population and economic growth on the distribution of interior forest habitat. An application to the southeastern United States shows that models provide significant explanatory power with regard to the observed distribution of interior forest. Estimates for economic and biophysical variables are significant and...

43 CFR 35.6 - Prerequisites for issuing a complaint.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... amount of money, or the value of property or services, demanded or requested. ... claim is submitted (as defined in paragraph (b) of this section), the amount of money, or the value of....6 Section 35.6 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior ADMINISTRATIVE...

Evaluation of Materials and Concepts for Aircraft Fire Protection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, R. A.; Price, J. O.; Mcclure, A. H.; Tustin, E. A.

1976-01-01

Woven fiberglass fluted-core simulated aircraft interior panels were flame tested and structurally evaluated against the Boeing 747 present baseline interior panels. The NASA-defined panels, though inferior on a strength-to-weight basis, showed better structural integrity after flame testing, due to the woven fiberglass structure.

43 CFR 4.1373 - Hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Hearing. 4.1373 Section 4.1373 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior DEPARTMENT HEARINGS AND APPEALS PROCEDURES Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals Review of Osm Decisions Proposing to...

DESIGN INFORMATION REPORT: PROTECTION OF WASTEWATER LAGOON INTERIOR SLOPES

EPA Science Inventory

A problem common to many wastewater treatment and storage lagoons is erosion of the interior slopes. Erosion may be caused by surface runoff and wind-induced wave action. The soils that compose the steep interior slopes of lagoons are especially susceptible to erosion and slumpin...

43 CFR 4.1373 - Hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Hearing. 4.1373 Section 4.1373 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior DEPARTMENT HEARINGS AND APPEALS PROCEDURES Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals Review of Osm Decisions Proposing to...

43 CFR 3400.3-1 - Consent or conditions of surface management agency.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... management agency. 3400.3-1 Section 3400.3-1 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT (3000) COAL MANAGEMENT... land, the surface of which is under the jurisdiction of any Federal agency other than the Department of...

43 CFR 3400.3-1 - Consent or conditions of surface management agency.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... management agency. 3400.3-1 Section 3400.3-1 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT (3000) COAL MANAGEMENT... land, the surface of which is under the jurisdiction of any Federal agency other than the Department of...

43 CFR 3400.3-1 - Consent or conditions of surface management agency.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... management agency. 3400.3-1 Section 3400.3-1 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT (3000) COAL MANAGEMENT... land, the surface of which is under the jurisdiction of any Federal agency other than the Department of...

Interior Pathways to Dissipation of Mesoscale Energy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nadiga, Balasubramanya T.

This talk at Goethe University asks What Powers Overturning Circulation? How does Ocean Circulation Equilibrate? There is a HUGE reservoir of energy sitting in the interior ocean. Can fluid dynamic instabilities contribute to the mixing required to drive global overturning circulation? Study designed to eliminate distinguished horizontal surfaces such as bottom BL and surface layer

18. INTERIOR SURFACE OF THE SHORT SOUTH WALL OF AR9, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

18. INTERIOR SURFACE OF THE SHORT SOUTH WALL OF AR-9, WITH THE MORE RECENT CONCRETE BLOCK CONTROL ROOM AT THE LEFT AND ASSOCIATED CONCRETE PAVING IN THE FOREGROUND. - Edwards Air Force Base, South Base, Rammed Earth Aircraft Dispersal Revetments, Western Shore of Rogers Dry Lake, Boron, Kern County, CA

Preliminary thermal design of the COLD-SAT spacecraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arif, Hugh

1991-01-01

The COLD-SAT free-flying spacecraft was to perform experiments with LH2 in the cryogenic fluid management technologies of storage, supply and transfer in reduced gravity. The Phase A preliminary design of the Thermal Control Subsystem (TCS) for the spacecraft exterior and interior surfaces and components of the bus subsystems is described. The TCS was composed of passive elements which were augmented with heaters. Trade studies to minimize the parasitic heat leakage into the cryogen storage tanks are described. Selection procedure for the thermally optimum on-orbit spacecraft attitude was defined. TRASYS-2 and SINDA'85 verification analysis was performed on the design and the results are presented.

Process and apparatus for sensing defects on a smooth cylindrical surface in tubing

DOEpatents

Dutton, G.W.

1985-08-05

The cylindrical interior surface of small diameter metal tubing is optically inspected to determine surface roughness by passing a slightly divergent light beam to illuminate the entire interior surface of the tubing. Impingement of the input light beam components on any rough spots on the interior surface generates forward and backward scattered radiation components. The forward scattered components can be measured by blocking direct and specular radiation components exiting the tubing while allowing the forward scattered radiation to travel past the blocking location. Collecting optics are employed to converge the forward scattered radiation onto a photodetector generating a signal indicative of surface roughness. In the back scattered mode, back scattered radiation exiting the tubing through the entrance opening is reflected 90/sup 0/ by a beam splitter towards collecting optics and a photodetector. Alternatively, back scattered radiation can be transmitted through a fiber optic bundle towards the collecting optics. The input light beam can be supplied through a white light fiber optic bundle mounted coaxial with the first bundle.

43 CFR 4.1103 - Eligibility to practice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Eligibility to practice. 4.1103 Section 4.1103 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior DEPARTMENT HEARINGS AND APPEALS PROCEDURES Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals General Provisions § 4.1103...

43 CFR 4.1285 - Summary dismissal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Summary dismissal. 4.1285 Section 4.1285 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior DEPARTMENT HEARINGS AND APPEALS PROCEDURES... of the Office of Surface Mining § 4.1285 Summary dismissal. An appeal shall be subject to summary...

Joining and reinforcing a composite bumper beam and a composite crush can for a vehicle

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Berger, Elisabeth; Decker, Leland; Armstrong, Dale

A front bumper beam and crush can (FBCC) system is provided for a vehicle. A bumper beam has an interior surface with a plurality of ribs extending therefrom. The ribs and the interior surface are made of a chopped fiber composite and cooperate to engage a crush can. The chopped fiber composite reinforces the engaging surfaces of the crush can and the interior surface of the bumper beam. The crush can has a tubular body made of a continuous fiber composite. The crush can has outwardly-extending flanges at an end spaced away from the bumper beam. The flanges are atmore » least partially provided with a layer of chopped fiber composite to reinforce a joint between the outwardly-extending flange and the vehicle frame.« less

Orthogonal functionalization of nanoporous substrates: control of 3D surface functionality.

PubMed

Lazzara, Thomas D; Kliesch, Torben-Tobias; Janshoff, Andreas; Steinem, Claudia

2011-04-01

Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes with aligned, cylindrical, nonintersecting pores were selectively functionalized in order to create dual-functionality substrates with different pore-rim and pore-interior surface functionalities, using silane chemistry. We used a two-step process involving an evaporated thin gold film to protect the underlying surface functionality of the pore rims. Subsequent treatment with oxygen plasma of the modified AAO membrane removed the unprotected organic functional groups, i.e., the pore-interior surface. After gold removal, the substrate became optically transparent, and displayed two distinct surface functionalities, one at the pore-rim surface and another at the pore-interior surface. We achieved a selective hydrophobic functionalization with dodecyl-trichlorosilane of either the pore rims or the pore interiors. The deposition of planar lipid membranes on the functionalized areas by addition of small unilamellar vesicles occurred in a predetermined fashion. Small unilamellar vesicles only ruptured upon contact with the hydrophobic substrate regions forming solid supported hybrid bilayers. In addition, pore-rim functionalization with dodecyl-trichlorosilane allowed the formation of pore-spanning hybrid lipid membranes as a result of giant unilamellar vesicle rupture. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was employed to identify the selective spatial localization of the adsorbed fluorescently labeled lipids. The corresponding increase in the AAO refractive index due to lipid adsorption on the hydrophobic regions was monitored by optical waveguide spectroscopy. This simple orthogonal functionalization route is a promising method to control the three-dimensional surface functionality of nanoporous films. © 2011 American Chemical Society

49 CFR 238.233 - Interior fittings and surfaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... I Passenger Equipment § 238.233 Interior fittings and surfaces. (a) Each seat in a passenger car shall— (1) Be securely fastened to the car body so as to withstand an individually applied acceleration... deadweight of the seat or seats, if held in tandem; and (2) Have an attachment to the car body of an ultimate...

49 CFR 238.233 - Interior fittings and surfaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... I Passenger Equipment § 238.233 Interior fittings and surfaces. (a) Each seat in a passenger car shall— (1) Be securely fastened to the car body so as to withstand an individually applied acceleration... deadweight of the seat or seats, if held in tandem; and (2) Have an attachment to the car body of an ultimate...

49 CFR 238.233 - Interior fittings and surfaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... I Passenger Equipment § 238.233 Interior fittings and surfaces. (a) Each seat in a passenger car shall— (1) Be securely fastened to the car body so as to withstand an individually applied acceleration... deadweight of the seat or seats, if held in tandem; and (2) Have an attachment to the car body of an ultimate...

49 CFR 238.233 - Interior fittings and surfaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... I Passenger Equipment § 238.233 Interior fittings and surfaces. (a) Each seat in a passenger car shall— (1) Be securely fastened to the car body so as to withstand an individually applied acceleration... deadweight of the seat or seats, if held in tandem; and (2) Have an attachment to the car body of an ultimate...

Climatology of the interior Columbia River basin.

Treesearch

Sue A. Ferguson

1999-01-01

This work describes climate means and trends in each of three major ecological zones and 13 ecological reporting units in the interior Columbia River basin. Widely differing climates help define each major zone and reporting unit, the pattern of which is controlled by three competing air masses: marine, continental, and arctic. Paleoclimatic evidence and historical...

New Trends in the Design, Cost, Construction of the Modern School Building.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Allied Masonry Council, McLean, VA.

The compact school, generally defined as a brick structure with a flexible interior and natural light admission of skylights, domes, clearstories and interior courtyards, emerged from the new educational programs. Evaluation of the compact school design includes--(1) appraisals and reactions to the physical environment, (2) explanations of the…

43 CFR 2710.0-8 - Lands subject to sale.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Lands subject to sale. 2710.0-8 Section... MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (2000) SALES: FEDERAL LAND POLICY AND MANAGEMENT ACT Sales: General Provisions § 2710.0-8 Lands subject to sale. (a) All public lands, as defined...

43 CFR 2710.0-8 - Lands subject to sale.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Lands subject to sale. 2710.0-8 Section... MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (2000) SALES: FEDERAL LAND POLICY AND MANAGEMENT ACT Sales: General Provisions § 2710.0-8 Lands subject to sale. (a) All public lands, as defined...

43 CFR 2710.0-8 - Lands subject to sale.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Lands subject to sale. 2710.0-8 Section... MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (2000) SALES: FEDERAL LAND POLICY AND MANAGEMENT ACT Sales: General Provisions § 2710.0-8 Lands subject to sale. (a) All public lands, as defined...

43 CFR 4.1353 - Contents of request.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contents of request. 4.1353 Section 4.1353 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior DEPARTMENT HEARINGS AND APPEALS PROCEDURES Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals Request for Hearing on A Preliminary Finding Concerning A Demonstrated...

43 CFR 4.1263 - Contents of application.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contents of application. 4.1263 Section 4.1263 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior DEPARTMENT HEARINGS AND APPEALS PROCEDURES Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals Applications for Temporary Relief § 4.1263 Contents of application....

Rotating bubble membrane radiator

DOEpatents

Webb, Brent J.; Coomes, Edmund P.

1988-12-06

A heat radiator useful for expelling waste heat from a power generating system aboard a space vehicle is disclosed. Liquid to be cooled is passed to the interior of a rotating bubble membrane radiator, where it is sprayed into the interior of the bubble. Liquid impacting upon the interior surface of the bubble is cooled and the heat radiated from the outer surface of the membrane. Cooled liquid is collected by the action of centrifical force about the equator of the rotating membrane and returned to the power system. Details regarding a complete space power system employing the radiator are given.

Exploring the Largest Mass Fraction of the Solar System: the Case for Planetary Interiors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Danielson, L. R.; Draper, D.; Righter, K.; McCubbin, F.; Boyce, J.

2017-01-01

Why explore planetary interiors: The typical image that comes to mind for planetary science is that of a planet surface. And while surface data drive our exploration of evolved geologic processes, it is the interiors of planets that hold the key to planetary origins via accretionary and early differentiation processes. It is that initial setting of the bulk planet composition that sets the stage for all geologic processes that follow. But nearly all of the mass of planets is inaccessible to direct examination, making experimentation an absolute necessity for full planetary exploration.

Demonstration of Antimicrobial Corrosion-Resisting Interior Coating Systems for Military Facilities in Warm, Humid Locations

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-01

ER D C/ CE RL T R- 17 -1 9 DoD Corrosion Prevention and Control Program Demonstration of Antimicrobial Corrosion- Resisting Interior ...Demonstration of Antimicrobial Corrosion- Resisting Interior Coating Systems for Military Facilities in Warm, Humid Locations Final Report on...Under Project F10-AR04, “Application of New Corrosion-Resistant Mold Abatement Technologies for Interior Surfaces of Buildings at Fort Polk, LA” ERDC

[Penetration of external thermal perturbations into homeothermic organisms, part I (author's transl)].

PubMed

Theves, B

1978-03-20

The general importance of the mean surface curvature for heat conduction problems is explained and a special symmetry with constant mean curvature on the isothermal surfaces is defined. The applicability for the body shapes of homeothermic organisms is demonstrated and the partial differential equation of heat conduction for this case is derived. The definition: heat release = real heat production + convective pseudoproduction eliminates the term of convective heat transfer through the blood stream and allows the reduction to a mere heat conduction problem. Formulas for the heat loss to the environment and for steady state temperature profiles are given. In case of sudden change of heat loss the partial differential equation is solved and a formula is derived, using dimensionless coordinates of time and distance. The mean surface curvature has strongest influence to the interior temperature field. The solution shows clearly the importance of thermal inertia of the homeothermic organism, for the external temperature wave penetrates into the body with a long phase displacement in time.

Generation of interior cavity noise due to window vibration excited by turbulent flows past a generic side-view mirror

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yao, Hua-Dong; Davidson, Lars

2018-03-01

We investigate the interior noise caused by turbulent flows past a generic side-view mirror. A rectangular glass window is placed downstream of the mirror. The window vibration is excited by the surface pressure fluctuations and emits the interior noise in a cuboid cavity. The turbulent flows are simulated using a compressible large eddy simulation method. The window vibration and interior noise are predicted with a finite element method. The wavenumber-frequency spectra of the surface pressure fluctuations are analyzed. The spectra are identified with some new features that cannot be explained by the Chase model for turbulent boundary layers. The spectra contain a minor hydrodynamic domain in addition to the hydrodynamic domain caused by the main convection of the turbulent boundary layer. The minor domain results from the local convection of the recirculating flow. These domains are formed in bent elliptic shapes. The spanwise expansion of the wake is found causing the bending. Based on the wavenumber-frequency relationships in the spectra, the surface pressure fluctuations are decomposed into hydrodynamic and acoustic components. The acoustic component is more efficient in the generation of the interior noise than the hydrodynamic component. However, the hydrodynamic component is still dominant at low frequencies below approximately 250 Hz since it has low transmission losses near the hydrodynamic critical frequency of the window. The structural modes of the window determine the low-frequency interior tonal noise. The combination of the mode shapes of the window and cavity greatly affects the magnitude distribution of the interior noise.

78 FR 68471 - Action Subject to Intergovernmental Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-14

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement [S1D1SS08011000SX066A00067F134S180110; S2D2SS08011000SX066A00033F13XS501520] Action Subject to Intergovernmental Review AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: We, the Office of...

The Surface Layer of a Crystal and Its Specific Role in the Process of Melt Formation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sobolev, R. N.

2018-04-01

A crystal becomes melted in a few stages. The structure of the crystal surface differs from that of its interior. Therefore, as its interior is gradually involved in the melting process, the phase transition temperature becomes higher. The melting point becomes constant when all atoms have the same number of unsaturated bonds.

Blow-out protector and fire control system for petroleum exploration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Caraway, M.F.; Caraway, B.L.

1987-10-06

A blow-out protector is described for an oil well comprising a housing having a vertical passageway therethrough for a Kelly. The housing has a lower end adapter flange to be connected to a well casing, an elastomeric body having an opening for the Kelly and carried on the Kelly for providing sealing contact with the Kelly and housing passageway, a catch ring secured to the Kelly and having a surface defined by a given diameter, a compressor ring plate positioned below the elastomeric body on the Kelly, means on an interior of the housing having a given diameter and preventingmore » the compressor ring plate from falling down and yet providing engagement with the surface of the catch ring, the compressor ring plate having a hole for passage of the Kelly drive-mechanism for the drill pipe, the catch ring on the Kelly positioned below the compressor plate. The diameter of the catch ring is smaller than the diameter of the interior means on the housing so that when the Kelly is pulled up the catch ring will contact and force the compressor ring plate against the elastomeric body and force the elastomeric body into tight contact with both the Kelly and the housing thus sealing the space between the Kelly and the housing against a blow-out.« less

Method of coating the interior surface of hollow objects with a diffusion coating

DOEpatents

Knowles, Shawn D.; Senor, David J.; Forbes, Steven V.; Johnson, Roger N.; Hollenberg, Glenn W.

2005-03-15

A method for forming a diffusion coating on the interior of surface of a hollow object wherein a filament, extending through a hollow object and adjacent to the interior surface of the object, is provided, with a coating material, in a vacuum. An electrical current is then applied to the filament to resistively heat the filament to a temperature sufficient to transfer the coating material from the filament to the interior surface of the object. The filament is electrically isolated from the object while the filament is being resistively heated. Preferably, the filament is provided as a tungsten filament or molybdenum filament. Preferably, the coating materials are selected from the group consisting of Ag, Al, As, Au, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Ge, Hg, In, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni P, Pb, Pd, Pr, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, Te, Tl, Y, Yb, Zn, and combinations thereof. The invention additionally allows for the formation of nitrides, hydrides, or carbides of all the possible coating materials, where such compounds exist, by providing a partial pressure of nitrogen, hydrogen, hydrocarbons, or combination thereof, within the vacuum.

Container and method for absorbing and reducing hydrogen concentration

DOEpatents

Wicks, George G.; Lee, Myung W.; Heung, Leung K.

2001-01-01

A method for absorbing hydrogen from an enclosed environment comprising providing a vessel; providing a hydrogen storage composition in communication with a vessel, the hydrogen storage composition further comprising a matrix defining a pore size which permits the passage of hydrogen gas while blocking the passage of gaseous poisons; placing a material within the vessel, the material evolving hydrogen gas; sealing the vessel; and absorbing the hydrogen gas released into the vessel by the hydrogen storage composition. A container for absorbing evolved hydrogen gas comprising: a vessel having an interior and adapted for receiving materials which release hydrogen gas; a hydrogen absorbing composition in communication with the interior, the composition defining a matrix surrounding a hydrogen absorber, the matrix permitting the passage of hydrogen gas while excluding gaseous poisons; wherein, when the vessel is sealed, hydrogen gas, which is released into the vessel interior, is absorbed by the hydrogen absorbing composition.

8. VIEW SOUTHWEST, INTERIOR VIEW, WIND TUNNEL 139 Naval ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. VIEW SOUTHWEST, INTERIOR VIEW, WIND TUNNEL 139 - Naval Surface Warfare Center, Subsonic Wind Tunnel Building, Bounded by Clara Barton Parkway & McArthur Boulevard, Silver Spring, Montgomery County, MD

43 CFR 4.1184 - Contents of application.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contents of application. 4.1184 Section 4.1184 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior DEPARTMENT HEARINGS AND APPEALS PROCEDURES Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals Expedited Review of Section 521(a)(2) Or 521(a)(3) Orders of Cessatio...

43 CFR 4.1292 - Contents of petition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contents of petition. 4.1292 Section 4.1292 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior DEPARTMENT HEARINGS AND APPEALS PROCEDURES Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals Petitions for Award of Costs and Expenses Under Section 525(e) of the Ac...

43 CFR 4.1164 - Contents of application.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contents of application. 4.1164 Section 4.1164 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior DEPARTMENT HEARINGS AND APPEALS PROCEDURES Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals Review of Section 521 Notices of Violation and Orders of Cessation § ...

43 CFR 4.1166 - Contents of answer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contents of answer. 4.1166 Section 4.1166 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior DEPARTMENT HEARINGS AND APPEALS PROCEDURES Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals Review of Section 521 Notices of Violation and Orders of Cessation § 4.116...

43 CFR 4.1192 - Contents of answer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Contents of answer. 4.1192 Section 4.1192 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior DEPARTMENT HEARINGS AND APPEALS PROCEDURES Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining Hearings and Appeals Proceedings for Suspension Or Revocation of Permits Under Section 521(a)(4...

Solar Powered Automobile Interior Climate Control System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Howard, Richard T. (Inventor)

2003-01-01

There is provided a climate control system for a parked vehicle that includes a solar panel, thermostatic switch, fans, and thermoelectric coolers. The solar panel can serve as the sole source of electricity for the system. The system affords convenient installation and removal by including solar panels that are removably attached to the exterior of a vehicle. A connecting wire electrically connects the solar panels to a housing that is removably mounted to a partially opened window on the vehicle. The thermostatic switch, fans, and thermoelectric coolers are included within the housing. The thermostatic switch alternates the direction of the current flow through the thermoelectric coolers to selectively heat or cool the interior of the vehicle. The interior surface of the thermoelectric coolers are in contact with interior heat sinks that have air circulated across them by an interior fan. Similarly, the exterior surface of the thermoelectric coolers are in contact with exterior heat sinks that have air circulated across them by an exterior fan.

12. VIEW EAST, BUILDING 12 INTERIOR, WIND TUNNEL 157 ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

12. VIEW EAST, BUILDING 12 INTERIOR, WIND TUNNEL 157 - Naval Surface Warfare Center, Transonic Wind Tunnel Building, Bounded by Clara Barton Parkway & McArthur Boulevard, Silver Spring, Montgomery County, MD

A New Approach for 3D Ocean Reconstruction from Limited Observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiao, X.

2014-12-01

Satellites can measure ocean surface height and temperature with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to capture mesoscale features across the globe. Measurements of the ocean's interior, however, remain sparse and irregular, thus the dynamical inference of subsurface flows is necessary to interpret surface measurements. The most common (and accurate) approach is to incorporate surface measurements into a data-assimilating forward ocean model, but this approach is expensive and slow, and thus completely impractical for time-critical needs, such as offering guidance to ship-based observational campaigns. Two recently-developed approaches have made use of the apparent partial consistency of upper ocean dynamics with quasigeostrophic flows that take into account surface buoyancy gradients (i.e. the "surface quasigeostrophic" (SQG) model) to "reconstruct" the interior flow from knowledge of surface height and buoyancy. Here we improve on these methods in three ways: (1) we adopt a modal decomposition that represents the surface and interior dynamics in an efficient way, allowing the separation of surface energy from total energy; (2) we make use of instantaneous vertical profile observations (e.g. from ARGO data) to improve the reconstruction of eddy variables at depth; and (3) we use advanced statistical methods to choose the optimal modes for the reconstruction. The method is tested using a series of high horizontal and vertical resolution quasigeostrophic simulation, with a wide range of surface buoyancy and interior potential vorticity gradient combinations. In addtion, we apply the method to output from a very high resolution primitive equation simulation of a forced and dissipated baroclinic front in a channel. Our new method is systematically compared to the existing methods as well. Its advantages and limitations will be discussed.

13. VIEW NORTHEAST, BUILDING 12 INTERIOR, WIND TUNNEL FAN ASSEMBLY ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

13. VIEW NORTHEAST, BUILDING 12 INTERIOR, WIND TUNNEL FAN ASSEMBLY - Naval Surface Warfare Center, Transonic Wind Tunnel Building, Bounded by Clara Barton Parkway & McArthur Boulevard, Silver Spring, Montgomery County, MD

Solid-state greenhouses and their implications for icy satellites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Matson, Dennis L.; Brown, Robert H.

1989-01-01

The 'solid-state greenhouse effect' model constituted by the subsurface solar heating of translucent, high-albedo materials is presently applied to the study of planetary surfaces, with attention to frost and ice surfaces of the solar system's outer satellites. Temperature is computed as a function of depth for an illustrative range of thermal variables, and it is discovered that the surfaces and interiors of such bodies can be warmer than otherwise suspected. Mechanisms are identified through which the modest alteration of surface properties can substantially change the solid-state greenhouse and force an interior temperature adjustment.

Absorbent pads for Containment, Neutralization, and Clean-Up of Environmental Spills Containing Chemically-Reactive Agents

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, Dennis D. (Inventor)

1997-01-01

A pad for cleaning up liquid spills is described which contains a porous surface covering, and an absorbent interior containing chemically reactive reagents for neutralizing noxious chemicals within the spilled liquid. The porous surface and the absorbent component would normally consist of chemically resistant materials allowing tentative spill to pass. The absorbent interior which contains the neutralizing reagents can but is not required to be chemically resilient and conducts the liquid chemical spill towards the absorbent interior containing the chemically reactive reagents where the dangerous and undesirable chemicals within the chemical spill are then neutralized as well as removed from the premises.

Lunar Global Heat Flow: Predictions and Constraints

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Siegler, M.; Williams, J. P.; Paige, D. A.; Feng, J.

2017-12-01

The global thermal state of the Moon provides fundamental information on its bulk composition and interior evolution. The Moon is known to have a highly asymmetric surface composition [e.g. Lawrence et al., 2003] and crustal thickness [Wieczorek et al.,2012], which is suspected to result from interior asymmetries [Wieczorek and Phillips, 2000; Laneuville et al., 2013]. This is likely to cause a highly asymmetric surface heat flux, both past and present. Our understanding the thermal evolution and composition of the bulk moon therefore requires a global picture of the present lunar thermal state, well beyond our two-point Apollo era measurement. As on the on the Earth, heat flow measurements need to be taken in carefully selected locations to truly characterize the state of the planet's interior. Future surface heat flux and seismic observations will be affected by the presence of interior temperature and crustal radiogenic anomalies, so placement of such instruments is critically important for understanding the lunar interior. The unfortunate coincidence that Apollo geophysical measurements lie areas within or directly abutting the highly radiogenic, anomalously thin-crusted Procellarum region highlights the importance of location for in situ geophysical study [e.g. Siegler and Smrekar, 2014]. Here we present the results of new models of global lunar geothermal heat flux. We synthesize data from several recent missions to constrain lunar crustal composition, thickness and density to provide global predictions of the surface heat flux of the Moon. We also discuss implications from new surface heat flux constraints from the LRO Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment and Chang'E 2 Microwave Radiometer. We will identify areas with the highest uncertainty to provide insight on the placement of future landed geophysical missions, such as the proposed Lunar Geophysical Network, to better aim our future exploration of the Moon.

6. VIEW NORTH, INTERIOR VIEW OF BUILDING 11, SUPERSONIC WIND ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. VIEW NORTH, INTERIOR VIEW OF BUILDING 11, SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL - Naval Surface Warfare Center, Supersonic Wind Tunnel Building, Bounded by Clara Barton Parkway & McArthur Boulevard, Silver Spring, Montgomery County, MD

Restoration of degraded lands in the interior Columbia River basin: passive vs. active approaches.

Treesearch

James McIver; Lynn Starr

2001-01-01

Evidence for success of passive and active restoration is presented for interior conifer forest, sagebrush steppe, and riparian ecosystems, with a focus on the Columbia River basin. Passive restoration, defined as removal of the stresses that cause degradation, may be most appropriate for higher elevation forests, low-order riparian ecosystems, and for sagebrush steppe...

Interior and its implications for the atmosphere. [effects of Titan interior structure on its atmospheric composition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lewis, J. S.

1974-01-01

The bulk composition and interior structure of Titan required to explain the presence of a substantial methane atmosphere are shown to imply the presence of solid CH4 - 7H2O in Titan's primitive material. Consideration of the possible composition and structure of the present atmosphere shows plausible grounds for considering models with total atmospheric pressures ranging from approximately 20 mb up to approximately 1 kb. Expectations regarding the physical state of the surface and its chemical composition are strongly conditioned by the mass of atmosphere believed to be present. A surface of solid CH4, liquid CH4 solid, CH4 hydrate, H2O ice, aqueous NH3 solution, or even a non-surface of supercritical H2O-NH3-CH4 fluid could be rationalized.

Burial, Uplift and Exhumation History of the Atlantic Margin of NE Brazil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Japsen, Peter; Bonow, Johan M.; Green, Paul F.; Cobbold, Peter R.; Chiossi, Dario; Lilletveit, Ragnhild

2010-05-01

We have undertaken a regional study of landscape development and thermo-tectonic evo-lution of NE Brazil. Our results reveal a long history of post-Devonian burial and exhuma-tion across NE Brazil. Uplift movements just prior to and during Early Cretaceous rifting led to further regional denudation, to filling of rift basins and finally to formation of the Atlantic margin. The rifted margin was buried by a km-thick post-rift section, but exhumation began in the Late Cretaceous as a result of plate-scale forces. The Cretaceous cover probably extended over much of NE Brazil where it is still preserved over extensive areas. The Late Cretaceous exhumation event was followed by events in the Paleogene and Neogene. The results of these events of uplift and exhumation are two regional peneplains that form steps in the landscape. The plateaux in the interior highlands are defined by the Higher Surface at c. 1 km above sea level. This surface formed by fluvial erosion after the Late Cretaceous event - and most likely after the Paleogene event - and thus formed as a Paleogene pene-plain near sea level. This surface was reburied prior to the Neogene event, in the interior by continental deposits and along the Atlantic margin by marine and coastal deposits. Neo-gene uplift led to reexposure of the Palaeogene peneplain and to formation of the Lower Surface by incision along rivers below the uplifted Higher Surface that characterise the pre-sent landscape. Our results show that the elevated landscapes along the Brazilian margin formed during the Neogene, c. 100 Myr after break-up. Studies in West Greenland have demonstrated that similar landscapes formed during the late Neogene, c. 50 Myr after break-up. Many passive continental margins around the world are characterised by such elevated plateaus and it thus seems possible, even likely, that they may also post-date rifting and continental separation by many Myr.

[Plastic closure of a bladder wall defect by use of a pedicled auto-alloplastic prosthesis in experiments].

PubMed

Sedlarik, K; Stanulla, H; Samohýl, J

1975-01-01

The problems of substituting larger areas of the bladder wall are not definitely solved. Experiments on implantation of auto-allografts resulted in complications, which prevented correct epithelization of the interior surface, due to ischemia. In successful experiments on 34 rabbits, the authors obtained sufficient blood supply of the implantate and re-epithelization of the graft's interior surface in a two-stage operation.

Geothermal expansion spool piston

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Reed, L. T.

1985-08-06

A packing supporting piston assembly removably securable to an end section of a production casing of a geothermal well, which end section is disposed above a well head. The piston assembly when so mounted has packing in abutting sealing contact with the end section of the production casing and also has packing that is in slidable sealing contact with the interior surface of the expansion spool. The piston assembly is of such structure that the pressures exerted by the packing on the end section of the casing and on the interior surface of the expansion spool are independently adjustable tomore » desired magnitudes. The degree of pressure exerted by the packing on the interior surface of the expansion spool is adjustable after the packing has been disposed within the confines of the spool. The piston assembly in a preferred form includes a circumferentially extending high temperature resisting grease seal situated within the confines of the piston assembly. In addition to the preferred form of the piston assembly, alternate forms of the piston assembly are provided, each of which permits the pressure exerted by the packing on the interior surface of the expansion spool to be adjusted to a desired magnitude and periodically varied as the same becomes necessary to maintain an effective seal.« less

Method for the hydrogenation of poly-si

DOEpatents

Wang, Qi

2013-11-12

A method for hydrogenating poly-si. Poly-si is placed into the interior of a chamber. A filament is placed into the interior of a chamber. The base pressure of the interior of the chamber is evacuated, preferably to 10.sup.-6 Torr or less. The poly-si is heated for a predetermined poly-si heating time. The filament is heated by providing an electrical power to the filament. Hydrogen is supplied into the pressurized interior of the chamber comprising the heated poly-si and the heated filament. Atomic hydrogen is produced by the filament at a rate whereby the atomic hydrogen surface density at the poly-si is less than the poly-si surface density. Preferably, the poly-si is covered from the atomic hydrogen produced by the heated filament for a first predetermined covering time. Preferably, the poly-si is then uncovered from the atomic hydrogen produced by the heated filament for a first hydrogenation time.

Examination of interior surfaces using glow-discharge illumination

DOEpatents

Lord, David E.; Petrini, Richard R.; Carter, Gary W.

1978-01-01

Endoscopic examination of the interior of a hollow structure through a light pipe that is inserted into the structure, the interior being illuminated by means of a glow discharge that is established with a high voltage applied between the structure wall as one electrode and a second electrode that is inserted into the structure, or establishing the glow with two electrodes inserted into the structure.

Control of interior surface materials for speech privacy in high-speed train cabins.

PubMed

Jang, H S; Lim, H; Jeon, J Y

2017-05-01

The effect of interior materials with various absorption coefficients on speech privacy was investigated in a 1:10 scale model of one high-speed train cabin geometry. The speech transmission index (STI) and privacy distance (r P ) were measured in the train cabin to quantify speech privacy. Measurement cases were selected for the ceiling, sidewall, and front and back walls and were classified as high-, medium- and low-absorption coefficient cases. Interior materials with high absorption coefficients yielded a low r P , and the ceiling had the largest impact on both the STI and r P among the interior elements. Combinations of the three cases were measured, and the maximum reduction in r P by the absorptive surfaces was 2.4 m, which exceeds the space between two rows of chairs in the high-speed train. Additionally, the contribution of the interior elements to speech privacy was analyzed using recorded impulse responses and a multiple regression model for r P using the equivalent absorption area. The analysis confirmed that the ceiling was the most important interior element for improving speech privacy. These results can be used to find the relative decrease in r P in the acoustic design of interior materials to improve speech privacy in train cabins. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Systems and methods for coating conduit interior surfaces utilizing a thermal spray gun with extension arm

DOEpatents

Moore, Karen A.; Zatorski, Raymond A.

2005-07-12

Systems and methods for applying a coating to an interior surface of a conduit. In one embodiment, a spray gun configured to apply a coating is attached to an extension arm which may be inserted into the bore of a pipe. The spray gun may be a thermal spray gun adapted to apply a powder coating. An evacuation system may be used to provide a volume area of reduced air pressure for drawing overspray out of the pipe interior during coating. The extension arm as well as the spray gun may be cooled to maintain a consistent temperature in the system, allowing for more consistent coating.

Methods for coating conduit interior surfaces utilizing a thermal spray gun with extension arm

DOEpatents

Moore, Karen A.; Zatorski, Raymond A.

2007-10-02

Systems and methods for applying a coating to an interior surface of a conduit. In one embodiment, a spray gun configured to apply a coating is attached to an extension arm which may be inserted into the bore of a pipe. The spray gun may be a thermal spray gun adapted to apply a powder coating. An evacuation system may be used to provide a volume area of reduced air pressure for drawing overspray out of the pipe interior during coating. The extension arm as well as the spray gun may be cooled to maintain a consistent temperature in the system, allowing for more consistent coating.

Separation and/or sequestration apparatus and methods

DOEpatents

Rieke, Peter C; Towne, Silas A; Coffey, Greg W; Appel, Aaron M

2015-02-03

Apparatus for separating CO.sub.2 from an electrolyte solution are provided. Example apparatus can include: a vessel defining an interior volume and configured to house an electrolyte solution; an input conduit in fluid communication with the interior volume; an output conduit in fluid communication with the interior volume; an exhaust conduit in fluid communication with the interior volume; and an anode located within the interior volume. Other example apparatus can include: an elongated vessel having two regions; an input conduit extending outwardly from the one region; an output conduit extending outwardly from the other region; an exhaust conduit in fluid communication with the one region; and an anode located within the one region. Methods for separating CO.sub.2 from an electrolyte solution are provided. Example methods can include: providing a CO.sub.2 rich electrolyte solution to a vessel containing an anode; and distributing hydrogen from the anode to acidify the electrolyte solution.

Swelling-resistant nuclear fuel

DOEpatents

Arsenlis, Athanasios [Hayward, CA; Satcher, Jr., Joe; Kucheyev, Sergei O [Oakland, CA

2011-12-27

A nuclear fuel according to one embodiment includes an assembly of nuclear fuel particles; and continuous open channels defined between at least some of the nuclear fuel particles, wherein the channels are characterized as allowing fission gasses produced in an interior of the assembly to escape from the interior of the assembly to an exterior thereof without causing significant swelling of the assembly. Additional embodiments, including methods, are also presented.

Martian impact craters - Correlations of ejecta and interior morphologies with diameter, latitude, and terrain

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barlow, Nadine G.; Bradley, Tracy L.

1990-01-01

An effort is made to establish the ability of a correlation between crater morphology and latitude, diameter, and terrain, to discriminate among the effects of impact energy, atmosphere, and subsurface volatiles in 3819 larger-than-8 km diameter craters distributed over the Martian surface. It is noted that changes in ejecta and interior morphology correlate with increases in crater diameter, and that while many of the interior structures exhibit distributions interpretable as terrain-dependent, central peak and peak ring interior morphologies exhibit minimal relationships with planetary properties.

54. INTERIOR VIEW LOOKING NORTH IN THE VANER ROOM. VANNER ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

54. INTERIOR VIEW LOOKING NORTH IN THE VANER ROOM. VANNER IN THE FOREGROUND IS INTACT BUT IS MISSING THE MAIN BELT SURFACE. - Standard Gold Mill, East of Bodie Creek, Northeast of Bodie, Bodie, Mono County, CA

49 CFR 238.233 - Interior fittings and surfaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... determined by the railroad: (1) Longitudinal: 8g; (2) Vertical: 4g; and (3) Lateral: 4g. (c) Other interior..., except seats, shall be recessed or flush-mounted. (e) Sharp edges and corners in a locomotive cab and a...

35. INTERIOR VIEW, WHEELBRATORFRYE SHOT PEENER FOR REMOVAL OF RUST ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

35. INTERIOR VIEW, WHEELBRATOR-FRYE SHOT PEENER FOR REMOVAL OF RUST AND SCALE; NOTE TOOLS ARE TUMBLED WITH BLASTED WITH LEAD SHOT TO CLEAN SURFACES - Warwood Tool Company, Foot of Nineteenth Street, Wheeling, Ohio County, WV

The Effect of Furnishing on Perceived Spatial Dimensions and Spaciousness of Interior Space

PubMed Central

von Castell, Christoph; Oberfeld, Daniel; Hecht, Heiko

2014-01-01

Despite the ubiquity of interior space design, there is virtually no scientific research on the influence of furnishing on the perception of interior space. We conducted two experiments in which observers were asked to estimate the spatial dimensions (size of the room dimensions in meters and centimeters) and to judge subjective spaciousness of various rooms. Experiment 1 used true-to-scale model rooms with a square surface area. Furnishing affected both the perceived height and the spaciousness judgments. The furnished room was perceived as higher but less spacious. In Experiment 2, rooms with different square surface areas and constant physical height were presented in virtual reality. Furnishing affected neither the perceived spatial dimensions nor the perceived spaciousness. Possible reasons for this discrepancy, such as the influence of the presentation medium, are discussed. Moreover, our results suggest a compression of perceived height and depth with decreasing surface area of the room. PMID:25409456

The effect of furnishing on perceived spatial dimensions and spaciousness of interior space.

PubMed

von Castell, Christoph; Oberfeld, Daniel; Hecht, Heiko

2014-01-01

Despite the ubiquity of interior space design, there is virtually no scientific research on the influence of furnishing on the perception of interior space. We conducted two experiments in which observers were asked to estimate the spatial dimensions (size of the room dimensions in meters and centimeters) and to judge subjective spaciousness of various rooms. Experiment 1 used true-to-scale model rooms with a square surface area. Furnishing affected both the perceived height and the spaciousness judgments. The furnished room was perceived as higher but less spacious. In Experiment 2, rooms with different square surface areas and constant physical height were presented in virtual reality. Furnishing affected neither the perceived spatial dimensions nor the perceived spaciousness. Possible reasons for this discrepancy, such as the influence of the presentation medium, are discussed. Moreover, our results suggest a compression of perceived height and depth with decreasing surface area of the room.

Use of principle velocity patterns in the analysis of structural acoustic optimization.

PubMed

Johnson, Wayne M; Cunefare, Kenneth A

2007-02-01

This work presents an application of principle velocity patterns in the analysis of the structural acoustic design optimization of an eight ply composite cylindrical shell. The approach consists of performing structural acoustic optimizations of a composite cylindrical shell subject to external harmonic monopole excitation. The ply angles are used as the design variables in the optimization. The results of the ply angle design variable formulation are interpreted using the singular value decomposition of the interior acoustic potential energy. The decomposition of the acoustic potential energy provides surface velocity patterns associated with lower levels of interior noise. These surface velocity patterns are shown to correspond to those from the structural acoustic optimization results. Thus, it is demonstrated that the capacity to design multi-ply composite cylinders for quiet interiors is determined by how well the cylinder be can designed to exhibit particular surface velocity patterns associated with lower noise levels.

Surface Evolution from Orbital Decay on Phobos

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hurford, Terry; Asphaug, Erik; Spitale, Joseph; Hemingway, Douglas; Rhoden, Alyssa; Henning, Wade; Bills, Bruce; Kattenhorn, Simon; Walker, Matthew

2015-11-01

Phobos, the innermost satellite of Mars, displays an extensive system of grooves that are mostly symmetric about its sub-Mars point. Phobos is steadily spiraling inward due to the tides it raises, and will suffer tidal disruption before colliding with Mars. We calculate the surface stress field of the de-orbiting satellite and show that the first signs of tidal disruption are already present on its surface. Most of Phobos’ prominent grooves have an excellent correlation with computed stress orientations. The model predicts an interior that has very low strength on the tidal evolution timescale, overlain by a ~10-100 m exterior shell that has elastic properties similar to lunar regolith.Shortly after the Viking spacecraft obtained the first geomorphic images of Phobos, it was proposed that stresses from orbital decay cause grooves. But, assuming a homogeneous Phobos, it proved impossible to account for the build-up of failure stress in the exterior regardless of the value assumed for Phobos’ rigidity. Hence, the tidal model languished. Here, we revisit the tidal origin of surface fractures with a more detailed treatment that shows the production of significant stress in a surface layer, with a very strong correlation to the geometry of grooves.Our model results applied to surface observations imply that Phobos has a rubble pile interior that is nearly strengthless. A lunar-like cohesive regolith outer layer overlays the rubble pile interior. This outer layer behaves elastically and can experience significant tidal stress at levels able to drive tensile failure. Fissures can develop as the global body deforms due to increasing tides related to orbital decay. Phobos may have an active and evolving surface; an exciting target for further exploration. The interior predictions of this model can be evaluated by future detailed studies performed by an orbiter or lander.

Resistivity Surveys on the Mauna Kea Saddle: Implications for groundwater resources on the Island of Hawaii

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thomas, D. M.; Pierce, H. A.

2009-12-01

A sequence of Audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) and Magnetotelluric (MT) surveys was recently completed on the Island of Hawaii along a transect spanning the 2000 m high Humu'ula Saddle region bounded by Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa and Hualalai volcanoes. The surveys extended down to an elevation of ~600 m on the eastern flank of the island and to 1,100 m on the drier, western slope of Mauna Kea and were intended to define the depth to the local groundwater table across the interior of the island. The results of the surveys present a much more complicated picture of the interior structure, and associated hydrology, of the island than has generally been assumed. At the eastern end of the transect, where existing wells unequivocally define the depth to the water table, young Mauna Kea basalts saturated with freshwater yielded a resistivity of ~600 ohm-meters. At increasing elevations toward the west, where rainfall rates decline markedly, the resistivity/depth profiles are consistent with progressively drier, resistive rocks to depths approaching 1000 m below the surface. These are underlain by well-defined, moderately resistive zones consistent with freshwater saturated basalts. As the transect approaches an inferred southeasterly-trending rift zone near the crest of the Saddle, the moderately resistive intervals are underlain by less resistive rocks near sea level that fall into the range expected for either (cold) saltwater or heated freshwater. Near the center of the transect, freshwater resistivity values extend to elevations of ~1000 m above sea level and are, again, underlain by significantly less resistive intervals near sea level. We believe that the moderately resistive intervals reflect substantial quantities of freshwater that are bounded by rift systems of Mauna Kea and Hualalai and the northern flank of Mauna Loa. The unexpectedly low resistivity values near sea level are considered to more probably reflect leakage of thermal fluids from the interior of Mauna Kea rather than saltwater intrusion from below the freshwater system. Alternatively, the less resistive formations may be the result of hydrothermal alteration from now-extinct geothermal leakage from Mauna Kea. The presence of freshwater to 1000 m above sea level within the Mauna Kea flanks, if confirmed by planned drilling, will increase estimates of groundwater storage within the island by as much as a factor of ten above those projected by traditional ocean island groundwater models.

Carburetor for internal combustion engines

DOEpatents

Csonka, John J.; Csonka, Albert B.

1978-01-01

A carburetor for internal combustion engines having a housing including a generally discoidal wall and a hub extending axially from the central portion thereof, an air valve having a relatively flat radially extending surface directed toward and concentric with said discoidal wall and with a central conoidal portion having its apex directed toward the interior of said hub portion. The housing wall and the radially extending surface of the valve define an air passage converging radially inwardly to form an annular valving construction and thence diverge into the interior of said hub. The hub includes an annular fuel passage terminating at its upper end in a circumferential series of micro-passages for directing liquid fuel uniformly distributed into said air passage substantially at said valving constriction at right angles to the direction of air flow. The air valve is adjustable axially toward and away from the discoidal wall of the carburetor housing to regulate the volume of air drawn into the engine with which said carburetor is associated. Fuel is delivered under pressure to the fuel metering valve and from there through said micro-passages and controlled cams simultaneously regulate the axial adjustment of said air valve and the rate of delivery of fuel through said micro-passages according to a predetermined ratio pattern. A third jointly controlled cam simultaneously regulates the ignition timing in accordance with various air and fuel supply settings. The air valve, fuel supply and ignition timing settings are all independent of the existing degree of engine vacuum.

Concept for Hydrogen-Impregnated Nanofiber/Photovoltaic Cargo Stowage System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kennedy, Kriss J.; Toups, Larry David; Howard, Robert L.; Poffenberger, Jaso Eric

2012-01-01

A stowage system was conceived that consists of collapsible, reconfigurable stowage bags, rigid polyethylene or metal inserts, stainless-steel hooks, flexible photovoltaic materials, and webbing curtains that provide power generation, thermal stabilization, impact resistance, work/sleeping surfaces, and radiation protection to spaceflight hardware and crew members. Providing materials to the Lunar surface is costly from both a mass and a volume standpoint. Most of the materials that will be transferred to other planets or celestial bodies will not be returned to the Earth. In developing a plan to reconfigure pressurized logistics modules, it was determined that there was a requirement to be able to utilize the interior volume of these modules and transform them from Logistics Modules to Storage/Living Quarters. Logistics-to-living must re-utilize stowage bags and the structures that support them to construct living spaces, partitions, furniture, protective shelters from solar particle events, galactic cosmic radiation, and workspaces. In addition to reusing these logistics items for development of the interior living spaces, these items could also be reused outside the habitable volumes to build berms that protect assets from secondary blast ejecta, to define pathways, to stabilize high traffic areas, to protect against dust contamination, to secure assets to mobility elements, to provide thermal protection, and to create other types of protective shelters for surface experiments. Unique features of this innovation include hydrogen-impregnated nano fibers encapsulated in a polyethelyne coating that act as radiation shielding, flexible solar collection cells that can be connected together with cells from other bags via the webbing walls to create a solar array, and the ability to reconfigure each bag to satisfy multiple needs.

43 CFR 4.1116 - Status of notices of violation and orders of cessation pending review by the Office of Hearings...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Status of notices of violation and orders of cessation pending review by the Office of Hearings and Appeals. 4.1116 Section 4.1116 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior DEPARTMENT HEARINGS AND APPEALS PROCEDURES Special Rules Applicable to Surface Coal Mining...

The vibro-acoustic response and analysis of a full-scale aircraft fuselage section for interior noise reduction.

PubMed

Herdic, Peter C; Houston, Brian H; Marcus, Martin H; Williams, Earl G; Baz, Amr M

2005-06-01

The surface and interior response of a Cessna Citation fuselage section under three different forcing functions (10-1000 Hz) is evaluated through spatially dense scanning measurements. Spatial Fourier analysis reveals that a point force applied to the stiffener grid provides a rich wavenumber response over a broad frequency range. The surface motion data show global structural modes (approximately < 150 Hz), superposition of global and local intrapanel responses (approximately 150-450 Hz), and intrapanel motion alone (approximately > 450 Hz). Some evidence of Bloch wave motion is observed, revealing classical stop/pass bands associated with stiffener periodicity. The interior response (approximately < 150 Hz) is dominated by global structural modes that force the interior cavity. Local intrapanel responses (approximately > 150 Hz) of the fuselage provide a broadband volume velocity source that strongly excites a high density of interior modes. Mode coupling between the structural response and the interior modes appears to be negligible due to a lack of frequency proximity and mismatches in the spatial distribution. A high degree-of-freedom finite element model of the fuselage section was developed as a predictive tool. The calculated response is in good agreement with the experimental result, yielding a general model development methodology for accurate prediction of structures with moderate to high complexity.

76 FR 36039 - Colorado Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-21

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 906... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and... Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (``SMCRA'' or ``the Act''). Colorado proposes both additions...

Thermo-Physiological Responses of Sailors in a Disabled Submarine with Interior Cabin Temperature and Humidity Slowly Rising as Predicted by Computer Simulation Techniques

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

define CSTR .5 // 1/°C #define SKBFN 6.3 // liters/(h m^2) #define Skbfmax 90. // conservative could be higher for fit person 36 #define...WarmC=0; if (Tsk<TTSK) Colds=TTSK-Tsk; if (Tc>TTCR) WarmC=Tc-TTCR; Skbf=(SKBFN+CDIL*WarmC)/(1+ CSTR *Colds); // Liters/(h m^2) if (Skbf

On a two-phase Hele-Shaw problem with a time-dependent gap and distributions of sinks and sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Savina, Tatiana; Akinyemi, Lanre; Savin, Avital

2018-01-01

A two-phase Hele-Shaw problem with a time-dependent gap describes the evolution of the interface, which separates two fluids sandwiched between two plates. The fluids have different viscosities. In addition to the change in the gap width of the Hele-Shaw cell, the interface is driven by the presence of some special distributions of sinks and sources located in both the interior and exterior domains. The effect of surface tension is neglected. Using the Schwarz function approach, we give examples of exact solutions when the interface belongs to a certain family of algebraic curves and the curves do not form cusps. The family of curves are defined by the initial shape of the free boundary.

Finite element stress analysis of idealized composite damage zones

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Obrien, D.; Herakovich, C. T.

1978-01-01

A quasi three dimensional finite element stress analysis of idealized damage zones in composite laminates is presented. The damage zones consist of a long centered groove or cutout extending one or two layers in depth from both top and bottom surfaces of a thin composite laminate. Elastic results are presented for compressive loading of four and eight layer laminates. It is shown that a boundary layer exists near the cutout edge similar to that previously shown to exist along free edges. The cutout is shown to produce significant interlaminar stresses in the interior of the laminate away from free cutout edges. The interlaminar stresses are also shown to contribute to failure which is defined using the Tsai-Wu failure criteria.

Apparatus, systems, and methods for ultrasound synthetic aperature focusing

DOEpatents

Schuster, George J.; Crawford, Susan L.; Doctor, Steven R.; Harris, Robert V.

2005-04-12

One form of the present invention is a technique for interrogating a sample with ultrasound which includes: generating ultrasonic energy data corresponding to a volume of a sample and performing a synthetic aperture focusing technique on the ultrasonic energy data. The synthetic aperture focusing technique includes: defining a number of hyperbolic surfaces which extend through the volume at different depths and a corresponding number of multiple element accumulation vectors, performing a focused element calculation procedure for a group of vectors which are representative of the interior of a designated aperture, performing another focused element calculation procedure for vectors corresponding to the boundary of the aperture, and providing an image corresponding to features of the sample in accordance with the synthetic aperture focusing technique.

The Fuzziness of Giant Planets’ Cores

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Helled, Ravit; Stevenson, David

2017-05-01

Giant planets are thought to have cores in their deep interiors, and the division into a heavy-element core and hydrogen–helium envelope is applied in both formation and structure models. We show that the primordial internal structure depends on the planetary growth rate, in particular, the ratio of heavy elements accretion to gas accretion. For a wide range of likely conditions, this ratio is in one-to-one correspondence with the resulting post-accretion profile of heavy elements within the planet. This flux ratio depends sensitively on the assumed solid-surface density in the surrounding nebula. We suggest that giant planets’ cores might not bemore » distinct from the envelope and includes some hydrogen and helium, and the deep interior can have a gradual heavy-element structure. Accordingly, Jupiter’s core may not be well defined. Accurate measurements of Jupiter’s gravitational field by Juno could put constraints on Jupiter’s core mass. However, as we suggest here, the definition of Jupiter’s core is complex, and the core’s physical properties (mass, density) depend on the actual definition of the core and on the planet’s growth history.« less

Space-radiation-induced Photon Luminescence of the Moon

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilson, Thomas; Lee, Kerry

2008-01-01

We report on the results of a study of the photon luminescence of the Moon induced by Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) and space radiation from the Sun, using the Monte Carlo program FLUKA. The model of the lunar surface is taken to be the chemical composition of soils found at various landing sites during the Apollo and Luna programs, averaged over all such sites to define a generic regolith for the present analysis. This then becomes the target that is bombarded by Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) and Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) above 1 keV in FLUKA to determine the photon fluence albedo produced by the Moon's surface when there is no sunlight and Earthshine. This is to be distinguished from the gamma-ray spectrum produced by the radioactive decay of radiogenic constituents lying in the surface and interior of the Moon. From the photon fluence we derive the spectrum which can be utilized to examine existing lunar spectral data and to design orbiting instrumentation for measuring various components of the space-radiation-induced photon luminescence present on the Moon.

Conveyor with rotary airlock apparatus

DOEpatents

Kronbert, J.W.

1993-01-01

This invention is comprised of an apparatus for transferring objects from a first region to a second region, the first and second regions having differing atmospheric environments. The apparatus includes a shell having an entrance and an exit, a conveyer belt running through the shell from the entrance to the exit, and a horizontally mounted `revolving door` with at least four vanes revolving about its axis. The inner surface of the shell and the top surface of the conveyer belt act as opposing walls of the `revolving door`. The conveyer belt dips as it passes under but against the revolving vanes so as not to interfere with them but to engage at least two of the vanes and define thereby a moving chamber. Preferably, the conveyer belt has ridges or grooves on its surface that engage the edges of the vanes and act to rotate the vane assembly. Conduits are provided that communicate with the interior of the shell and allow the adjustment of the atmosphere of the moving chamber or recovery of constituents of the atmosphere of the first region from the moving chamber before they escape to the second region.

Lunar surface processes and cosmic ray histories over the past several million years

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fruchter, J. S.; Rancitelli, L. A.; Evans, J. C.; Perkins, R. W.

1978-01-01

Measurements of the Al-26 and Mn-53 in interior portions of lunar rocks have shown that lunar surface processes which move a significant fraction of kilogram size rocks on the lunar surface occur on time scales of a few million years. These measurements, together with noble gas age dating have made it possible to define the history for nine rock samples selected from whole rock counting data because of anomalously low Al-26 relative to Na-22. Six of the rocks from the Apollo 15 and 16 missions showed evidence of movement during the past five million years. Of these six, only two are of an age consistent with their origin from the South Ray Crater Event. In addition, our measurements of Na-22 and Al-26 in Apollo 17 double drive tube 74001-74002 suggest that one to two cm of soil is missing from the top of this core tube. Even with this loss, at least two cm of gardening is indicated in the top portion of 74002.

Conveyor with rotary airlock apparatus

DOEpatents

Kronberg, James W.

1995-01-01

An apparatus for transferring objects from a first region to a second reg, the first and second regions having differing atmospheric environments. The apparatus includes a shell having an entrance and an exit, a conveyor belt running through the shell from the entrance to the exit, and a horizontally mounted "revolving door" with at least four vanes revolving about its axis. The inner surface of the shell and the top surface of the conveyor belt act as opposing walls of the "revolving door." The conveyor belt dips as it passes under but against the revolving vanes so as not to interfere with them but to engage at least two of the vanes and define thereby a moving chamber. Preferably, the conveyor belt has ridges or grooves on its surface that engage the edges of the vanes and act to rotate the vane assembly. Conduits are provided that communicate with the interior of the shell and allow the adjustment of the atmosphere of the moving chamber or recovery of constituents of the atmosphere of the first region from the moving chamber before they escape to the second region.

Source habitats for terrestrial vertebrates of focus in the interior Columbia basin: broadscale trends and management implications. Volume 1—Overview.

Treesearch

Michael J. Wisdom; Richard S. Holthausen; Barbara C. Wales; Christina D. Hargis; Victoria A. Saab; Danny C. Lee; Wendel J. Hann; Terrell D. Rich; Mary M. Rowland; Wally J. Murphy; Michelle R. Eames

2000-01-01

We defined habitat requirements (source habitats) and assessed trends in these habitats for 91 species of terrestrial vertebrates on 58 million ha (145 million acres) of public and private lands within the interior Columbia basin (hereafter referred to as the basin). We also summarized knowledge about species-road relations for each species and mapped source habitats...

Electrostatic contribution to the binding stability of protein-protein complexes.

PubMed

Dong, Feng; Zhou, Huan-Xiang

2006-10-01

To investigate roles of electrostatic interactions in protein binding stability, electrostatic calculations were carried out on a set of 64 mutations over six protein-protein complexes. These mutations alter polar interactions across the interface and were selected for putative dominance of electrostatic contributions to the binding stability. Three protocols of implementing the Poisson-Boltzmann model were tested. In vdW4 the dielectric boundary between the protein low dielectric and the solvent high dielectric is defined as the protein van der Waals surface and the protein dielectric constant is set to 4. In SE4 and SE20, the dielectric boundary is defined as the surface of the protein interior inaccessible to a 1.4-A solvent probe, and the protein dielectric constant is set to 4 and 20, respectively. In line with earlier studies on the barnase-barstar complex, the vdW4 results on the large set of mutations showed the closest agreement with experimental data. The agreement between vdW4 and experiment supports the contention of dominant electrostatic contributions for the mutations, but their differences also suggest van der Waals and hydrophobic contributions. The results presented here will serve as a guide for future refinement in electrostatic calculation and inclusion of nonelectrostatic effects. Proteins 2006. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Hygrothermal Performance of West Coast Wood Deck Roofing System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pallin, Simon B.; Kehrer, Manfred; Desjarlais, Andre Omer

2014-02-01

Simulations of roofing assemblies are necessary in order to understand and adequately predict actual the hygrothermal performance. At the request of GAF, simulations have been setup to verify the difference in performance between white and black roofing membrane colors in relation to critical moisture accumulation for traditional low slope wood deck roofing systems typically deployed in various western U.S. Climate Zones. The performance of these roof assemblies has been simulated in the hygrothermal calculation tool of WUFI, from which the result was evaluated based on a defined criterion for moisture safety. The criterion was defined as the maximum accepted watermore » content for wood materials and the highest acceptable moisture accumulation rate in relation to the risk of rot. Based on the criterion, the roof assemblies were certified as being either safe, risky or assumed to fail. The roof assemblies were simulated in different western climates, with varying insulation thicknesses, two different types of wooden decking, applied with varying interior moisture load and with either a high or low solar absorptivity at the roof surface (black or white surface color). The results show that the performance of the studied roof assemblies differs with regard to all of the varying parameters, especially the climate and the indoor moisture load.« less

Achromatic illumination system for small targets

DOEpatents

Sigler, Robert D.

1979-01-01

A pair of light beams is directed to provide illumination that is substantially uniform from all directions on a small target by a system comprising a pair of corrector windows, a pair of planar reflecting surfaces, a pair of paraboloidal mirrors and a reflecting mirror cavity. The components are arranged so that each of the beams passes through a corrector and is reflected from the planar surface to the paraboloidal mirror, from which it is focused through a hole in the planar surface to the interior of the cavity. The surface of the interior portion of the cavity is shaped to reflect the focused beam three times before the focused reflected beam strikes the target.

Elongated solid electrolyte cell configurations and flexible connections therefor

DOEpatents

Reichner, P.

1989-10-17

A flexible, high temperature, solid oxide electrolyte electrochemical cell stack configuration is made, comprising a plurality of flattened, elongated, connected cell combinations, each cell combination containing an interior electrode having a top surface and a plurality of interior gas feed conduits, through its axial length, electrolyte contacting the interior electrode and exterior electrode contacting electrolyte, where a major portion of the air electrode top surface is covered by interconnection material, and where each cell has at least one axially elongated, electronically conductive, flexible, porous, metal fiber felt material in electronic connection with the air electrode through contact with a major portion of the interconnection material, the metal fiber felt being effective as a shock absorbent body between the cells. 4 figs.

43 CFR 3430.1-2 - Commercial quantities defined.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Section 3430.1-2 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND... quantities is defined as follows: (a) The coal deposit discovered under the prospecting permit shall be of... sale of the coal shall exceed the cost of developing the mine and extracting, removing, transporting...

43 CFR 3430.1-2 - Commercial quantities defined.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Section 3430.1-2 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND... quantities is defined as follows: (a) The coal deposit discovered under the prospecting permit shall be of... sale of the coal shall exceed the cost of developing the mine and extracting, removing, transporting...

76 FR 4266 - New Mexico Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-25

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 931... Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; public comment period and... Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (``SMCRA'' or ``the Act''). New Mexico proposes revisions to...

Pickup Ion Mass Spectrometry for Surface Bounded Exospheres and Composition Mapping of Lunar and Planetary Surfaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Keller, J. W.; Zurbuchen, T. H.; Baragiola, R. A.; Cassidy, T. A.; Chornay, D. J.; Collier, M. R.; Hartle, R. E.; Johnson, R. E.; Killen, R. M.; Koehn, P.

2005-01-01

Many of the small to medium sized objects in the solar system can be characterized as having surface bounded exospheres, or atmospheres so tenuous that scale lengths for inter-particle collisions are much larger than the dimensions of the objects. The atmospheres of these objects are the product of their surfaces, both the surface composition and the interactions that occur on them and also their interiors when gases escape from there. Thus by studying surface bounded exospheres it is possible to develop insight into the composition and processes that are taking place on the surface and interiors of these objects. The Moon and Mercury are two examples of planetary bodies with surface bounded exospheres that have been studied through spectroscopic observations of sodium, potassium, and, on the moon, mass spectrometric measurements of lunar gases such as argon and helium.

Near-station terrain corrections for gravity data by a surface-integral technique

USGS Publications Warehouse

Gettings, M.E.

1982-01-01

A new method of computing gravity terrain corrections by use of a digitizer and digital computer can result in substantial savings in the time and manual labor required to perform such corrections by conventional manual ring-chart techniques. The method is typically applied to estimate terrain effects for topography near the station, for example within 3 km of the station, although it has been used successfully to a radius of 15 km to estimate corrections in areas where topographic mapping is poor. Points (about 20) that define topographic maxima, minima, and changes in the slope gradient are picked on the topographic map, within the desired radius of correction about the station. Particular attention must be paid to the area immediately surrounding the station to ensure a good topographic representation. The horizontal and vertical coordinates of these points are entered into the computer, usually by means of a digitizer. The computer then fits a multiquadric surface to the input points to form an analytic representation of the surface. By means of the divergence theorem, the gravity effect of an interior closed solid can be expressed as a surface integral, and the terrain correction is calculated by numerical evaluation of the integral over the surfaces of a cylinder, The vertical sides of which are at the correction radius about the station, the flat bottom surface at the topographic minimum, and the upper surface given by the multiquadric equation. The method has been tested with favorable results against models for which an exact result is available and against manually computed field-station locations in areas of rugged topography. By increasing the number of points defining the topographic surface, any desired degree of accuracy can be obtained. The method is more objective than manual ring-chart techniques because no average compartment elevations need be estimated ?

Water inventories on Earth and Mars: Clues to atmosphere formation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Carr, M. H.

1992-01-01

Water is distributed differently on Earth and on Mars and the differences may have implications for the accretion of the two planets and the formation of their atmospheres. The Earth's mantle appears to contain at least several times the water content of the Martian mantle even accounting for differences in plate tectonics. One explanation is that the Earth's surface melted during accretion, as a result of development of a steam atmosphere, thereby allowing impact-devolitalized water at the surface to dissolve into the Earth's interior. In contrast, because of Mars' smaller size and greater distance from the Sun, the Martian surface may not have melted, so that the devolatilized water could not dissolve into the surface. A second possibility is suggested by the siderophile elements in the Earth's mantle, which indicates the Earth acquired a volatile-rich veneer after the core formed. Mars may have acquired a late volatile-rich veneer, but it did not get folded into the interior as with the Earth, but instead remained as a water rich veneer. This perception of Mars with a wet surface but dry interior is consistent with our knowledge of Mars' geologic history.

Arraying of intact liposomes into chemically functionalized microwells.

PubMed

Kalyankar, Nikhil D; Sharma, Manoj K; Vaidya, Shyam V; Calhoun, David; Maldarelli, Charles; Couzis, Alexander; Gilchrist, Lane

2006-06-06

Here, we describe a protocol to bind individual, intact phospholipid bilayer liposomes, which are on the order of 1 microm in diameter, in microwells etched in a regular array on a silicon oxide substrate. The diameter of the wells is on the order of the liposome diameter, so only one liposome is located in each well. The background of the silicon oxide surface is functionalized with a PEG oligomer using the contact printing of a PEG silane to present a surface that resists the adsorption of proteins, lipid material, and liposomes. The interiors of the wells are functionalized with an aminosilane to facilitate the conjugation of biotin, which is then bound to Neutravidin. The avidin-coated well interiors bind the liposomes whose surfaces contain biotinylated lipids. The specific binding of the liposomes to the surface using the biotin-avidin linkage, together with the resistant nature of the background and the physical confinement of the wells, allows the liposomes to remain intact and to not unravel, rupture, and fuse onto the surface. We demonstrate this intact arraying using confocal laser scanning microscopy of fluorophores specifically tagging the microwells, the lipid bilayer, and the aqueous interior of the liposome.

A stable isotope record of late Cenozoic surface uplift of southern Alaska

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bill, Nicholas S.; Mix, Hari T.; Clark, Peter U.; Reilly, Sean P.; Jensen, Britta J. L.; Benowitz, Jeffrey A.

2018-01-01

Although the timing of an acceleration in late-Cenozoic exhumation of southern Alaska is reasonably well constrained as beginning ∼5-∼6 Ma, the surface uplift history of this region remains poorly understood. To assess the extent of surface uplift relative to rapid exhumation, we developed a stable isotope record using the hydrogen isotope composition (δD) of paleo-meteoric water over the last ∼7 Ma from interior basins of Alaska and Yukon Territory. Our record, which is derived from authigenic clays (δDclay) in silicic tephras, documents a ∼50-60‰ increase in δD values from the late Miocene (∼6-∼7 Ma) through the Plio-Pleistocene transition (∼2-∼3 Ma), followed by near-constant values over at least the last ∼2 Ma. Although this enrichment trend is opposite that of a Rayleigh distillation model typically associated with surface uplift, we suggest that it is consistent with indirect effects of surface uplift on interior Alaska, including changes in aridity, moisture source, and seasonality of moisture. We conclude that the δDclay record documents the creation of a topographic barrier and the associated changes to the climate of interior Alaska and Yukon Territory.

Expected Seismicity and the Seismic Noise Environment of Europa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Panning, Mark P.; Stähler, Simon C.; Huang, Hsin-Hua; Vance, Steven D.; Kedar, Sharon; Tsai, Victor C.; Pike, William T.; Lorenz, Ralph D.

2018-01-01

Seismic data will be a vital geophysical constraint on internal structure of Europa if we land instruments on the surface. Quantifying expected seismic activity on Europa both in terms of large, recognizable signals and ambient background noise is important for understanding dynamics of the moon, as well as interpretation of potential future data. Seismic energy sources will likely include cracking in the ice shell and turbulent motion in the oceans. We define a range of models of seismic activity in Europa's ice shell by assuming each model follows a Gutenberg-Richter relationship with varying parameters. A range of cumulative seismic moment release between 1016 and 1018 Nm/yr is defined by scaling tidal dissipation energy to tectonic events on the Earth's moon. Random catalogs are generated and used to create synthetic continuous noise records through numerical wave propagation in thermodynamically self-consistent models of the interior structure of Europa. Spectral characteristics of the noise are calculated by determining probabilistic power spectral densities of the synthetic records. While the range of seismicity models predicts noise levels that vary by 80 dB, we show that most noise estimates are below the self-noise floor of high-frequency geophones but may be recorded by more sensitive instruments. The largest expected signals exceed background noise by ˜50 dB. Noise records may allow for constraints on interior structure through autocorrelation. Models of seismic noise generated by pressure variations at the base of the ice shell due to turbulent motions in the subsurface ocean may also generate observable seismic noise.

Properties of model atomic free-standing thin films.

PubMed

Shi, Zane; Debenedetti, Pablo G; Stillinger, Frank H

2011-03-21

We present a computational study of the thermodynamic, dynamic, and structural properties of free-standing thin films, investigated via molecular dynamics simulation of a glass-forming binary Lennard-Jones mixture. An energy landscape analysis is also performed to study glassy states. At equilibrium, species segregation occurs, with the smaller minority component preferentially excluded from the surface. The film's interior density and interface width depend solely on temperature and not the initialization density. The atoms at the surface of the film have a higher lateral diffusivity when compared to the interior. The average difference between the equilibrium and inherent structure energies assigned to individual particles, as a function of the distance from the center of the film, increases near the surface. A minimum of this difference occurs in the region just under the liquid-vapor interface. This suggests that the surface atoms are able to sample the underlying energy landscape more effectively than those in the interior, and we suggest a possible relationship of this observation to the recently reported formation of stable glasses by vapor phase deposition.

Study of space charge layer in silver bromide microcrystals by means of ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tani, Tadaaki; Inami, Yoshiyasu

2000-09-01

Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy has been successfully used to measure the heights of the tops of the valence bands of the surfaces of AgBr layers on Ag substrates for the verification of the space charge layer model. According to this model, the positive space charge layer (composed of negative charges with excess negative kink sites on the surface and corresponding positive charges with interstitial silver ions in the interior) is formed in silver halides, causing the difference in the electronic energy levels between their surface and interior. The depression of the positive space charge layer of AgBr caused by such adsorbates as photographic stabilizers and antifoggants was estimated from the decrease in the ionic conductivity of cubic AgBr microcrystals by the adsorbates. It was confirmed by the decrease in the heights of the tops of the valence bands of the surfaces of AgBr layers caused by the adsorbates in the presence of thin gelatin membranes on their surfaces. This result provided the explanation for the fact that the adsorbates increased the number of the microcrystals which formed latent image centers on the surface and decreased the number of the microcrystals, which formed latent image centers in the interior.

Internal Characteristics of Phobos and Deimos from Spectral Properties and Density: Relationship to Landforms and Comparison with Asteroids

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Murchie, S. L.; Fraeman, A. A.; Arvidson, R. E.; Rivkin, A. S.; Morris, R. V.

2013-01-01

Compositional interpretations of new spectral measurements of Phobos and Deimos from Mars Express/OMEGA and MRO/CRISM and density measurements from encounters by multiple spacecraft support refined estimates of the moons' porosity and internal structure. Phobos' estimated macroporosity of 12-20% is consistent with a fractured but coherent interior; Deimos' estimated macroporosity of 23-44% is more consistent with a loosely consolidated interior. These internal differences are reflected in differences in surface morphology: Phobos exhibits a globally coherent pattern of grooves, whereas Deimos has a surface dominated instead by fragmental debris. Comparison with other asteroids .110 km in diameter shows that this correspondence between landforms and inferred internal structure is part of a pervasive pattern: asteroids interpreted to have coherent interiors exhibit pervasive, organized ridge or groove systems, whereas loosely consolidated asteroids have landforms dominated by fragmental debris and/or retain craters >1.3 body radii in diameter suggesting a porous, compressible interior.

Associations of phthalate concentrations in floor dust and multi-surface dust with the interior materials in Japanese dwellings.

PubMed

Ait Bamai, Yu; Araki, Atsuko; Kawai, Toshio; Tsuboi, Tazuru; Saito, Ikue; Yoshioka, Eiji; Kanazawa, Ayako; Tajima, Shuji; Shi, Cong; Tamakoshi, Akiko; Kishi, Reiko

2014-01-15

Phthalates are widely used as plasticizers in numerous products. However, there has been some concern about the various effects they may have on human health. Thus, household phthalate levels are an important public health issue. While many studies have assessed phthalate levels in house dust, the association of these levels with building characteristics has scarcely been examined. The present study investigated phthalate levels in house dust samples collected from the living areas of homes, and examined associations between these phthalate levels and the interior materials. Dust was collected from two portions of the living area: floor dust from the entire floor surface, and multi-surface dust from objects more than 35 cm above the floor. The levels of seven phthalates were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in selective ion monitoring mode. Phthalate levels were higher in multi-surface dust than in floor dust. Among floor dust samples, those from dwellings with compressed wooden flooring had significantly higher levels of di-iso-butyl phthalate compared to those with other floor materials, while polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flooring was associated with higher di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) levels. Among multi-surface dust samples, higher levels of DEHP and di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DINP) were found in samples from homes with PVC wallpaper than without. The number of PVC interior materials was significantly positively correlated with the levels of DEHP and DINP in multi-surface dust. The phthalate levels in multi-surface dust were associated with the interior surface materials, and those in floor dust were directly related to the flooring materials. Our findings show that when using house dust as an exposure assessment, it is very important to note where the samples were collected from. The present report provides useful information about the association between phthalates and dust inside dwellings, which will assist with establishing public health provisions. © 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The surface and interior of Venus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Masursky, H.; Kaula, W. M.; Russell, C. T.; Schubert, G.; Mcgill, G. E.; Pettengill, G. H.; Shapiro, I. I.; Phillips, R. J.

1977-01-01

The present knowledge of Venus is reviewed with discussions of the nature and history of both the surface, crust and interior. Instrumentation on board the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, including the radar mapper, radio tracking and the fluxgate magnetometer, is described. Topographic, geological, Bouguer gravity, magnetic, and crustal thickness maps will be constructed from Orbiter data. These maps should provide information on composition and thermal history, the major geological or geophysical provinces, the rate of past and present tectonic activity, and evidence of past or present MHD dynamos.

Advanced turbo-prop airplane interior noise reduction-source definition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Magliozzi, B.; Brooks, B. M.

1979-01-01

Acoustic pressure amplitudes and phases were measured in model scale on the surface of a rigid semicylinder mounted in an acoustically treated wind tunnel near a prop-fan (an advanced turboprop with many swept blades) model. Operating conditions during the test simulated those of a prop-fan at 0.8 Mach number cruise. Acoustic pressure amplitude and phase contours were defined on the semicylinder surface. Measurements obtained without the semi-cylinder in place were used to establish the magnitude of pressure doubling for an aircraft fuselage located near a prop-fan. Pressure doubling effects were found to be 6dB at 90 deg incidence decreasing to no effect at grazing incidence. Comparisons of measurements with predictions made using a recently developed prop-fan noise prediction theory which includes linear and non-linear source terms showed good agreement in phase and in peak noise amplitude. Predictions of noise amplitude and phase contours, including pressure doubling effects derived from test, are included for a full scale prop-fan installation.

An experimental investigation of the interior noise control effects of propeller synchrophasing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, J. D.; Fuller, C. R.

1986-01-01

A simplified cylindrical model of an aircraft fuselage is used to investigate the mechanisms of interior noise suppression using synchrophasing techniques. This investigation allows isolation of important parameters to define the characteristics of synchrophasing. The optimum synchrophase angle for maximum noise reduction is found for several interior microphone positions with pure tone source excitation. Noise reductions of up to 30 dB are shown for some microphone positions, however, overall reductions are less. A computer algorithm is developed to decompose the cylinder vibration into modal components over a wide range of synchrophase angles. The circumferential modal response of the shell vibration is shown to govern the transmission of sound into the cylinder rather than localized transmission. As well as investigating synchrophasing, the interior sound field due to sources typical of propellers has been measured and discussed.

SHAPED FISSIONABLE METAL BODIES

DOEpatents

Wigner, E.P.; Williamson, R.R.; Young, G.J.

1958-10-14

A technique is presented for grooving the surface of fissionable fuel elements so that expansion can take place without damage to the interior structure of the fuel element. The fissionable body tends to develop internal stressing when it is heated internally by the operation of the nuclear reactor and at the same time is subjected to surface cooling by the circulating coolant. By producing a grooved or waffle-like surface texture, the annular lines of tension stress are disrupted at equally spaced intervals by the grooves, thereby relieving the tension stresses in the outer portions of the body while also facilitating the removal of accumulated heat from the interior portion of the fuel element.

Magnetism and the interior of the moon. [measured at Apollo landing sites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dyal, P.; Parkin, C. W.; Daily, W. D.

1974-01-01

During the time period 1961-1972 eleven magnetometers were sent to the moon. The results of lunar magnetometer data analysis are reviewed, with emphasis on the lunar interior. Magnetic fields have been measured on the lunar surface at the Apollo 12, 14, 15, and 16 landing sites. The remanent field values at these sites are given. Satellite and surface measurements show strong evidence that the lunar crust is magnetized over much of the lunar globe. The origin of the lunar remanent field is not yet satisfactorily understood; several source models are presented. Simultaneous data from the Apollo 12 lunar surface magnetometer and the Explorer 35 Ames magnetometer are used to construct a wholemoon hysteresis curve, from which the global lunar permeability is determined. Total iron abundance is calculated for two assumed compositional models of the lunar interior. Other lunar models with a small iron core and with a shallow iron-rich layer are also discussed in light of the measured global permeability.

Elongated solid electrolyte cell configurations and flexible connections therefor

DOEpatents

Reichner, Philip

1989-01-01

A flexible, high temperature, solid oxide electrolyte electrochemical cell stack configuration is made, comprising a plurality of flattened, elongated, connected cell combinations 1, each cell combination containing an interior electrode 2 having a top surface and a plurality of interior gas feed conduits 3, through its axial length, electrolyte 5 contacting the interior electrode and exterior electrode 8 contacting electrolyte, where a major portion of the air electrode top surface 7 is covered by interconnection material 6, and where each cell has at least one axially elongated, electronically conductive, flexible, porous, metal fiber felt material 9 in electronic connection with the air electrode 2 through contact with a major portion of the interconnection material 6, the metal fiber felt being effective as a shock absorbent body between the cells.

8. Credit PSR. Interior of Building 4305, looking west under ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. Credit PSR. Interior of Building 4305, looking west under elliptical laminated wooden roof arches. Lower surfaces are ceilings of offices built within structure; cylindrical and rectangular ducts are for air conditioning. - Edwards Air Force Base, North Base, Unicon Portable Hangar, First & C Streets, Boron, Kern County, CA

23. INTERIOR OF TAN 629 HANGAR, TAKEN FROM LOW ROOF, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

23. INTERIOR OF TAN 629 HANGAR, TAKEN FROM LOW ROOF, FACING NORTHEAST. SHOWS GROUND LEVEL USE OF FLOOR SPACE FOR TEMPORARY STORAGE OF CRATES. MOISTURE ON SURFACE IS FROM LEAKY HANGAR ROOF. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Area North, Hangar No. 629, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Insert Tidal Here: Finding Stability of Galilean Satellite Interiors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Walker, M.; Bills, B. G.; Mitchell, J.; Rhoden, A.

2017-12-01

The tidal environment is often hypothesized as a cause of surface expression in the satellites of the outer solar system. In two notable cases, Io's volcanism is thought to be driven by tidal heating of its mantle while the shattered surface of Europa's ice shell is said to be generated by tidal stresses in that ice. Being adjacent moons of Jupiter, these satellites give us a unique opportunity to apply a single set of general coupled models at each body to predict how one model can predict the heat generation and flow, strain and stress states, and structural parameters for each body. We include the effects of interior evolution into the tidal environment in addition to an evolving orbit. We find that the interiors of Io and Europa will evolve, as a consequence of the heat transfer from interior to surface, and stable structural and heat flow conditions are found. Then as their orbits evolve, perturbed by the mutual interactions of the Laplace mean motion resonance, those conditions of structural and heat stability also change. In particular, we find that at current orbital conditions there is sufficient heat to completely melt Io models for which a convecting interior is capped by a conducting lid. This argues for the presence of a non dissipating (or barely dissipating) core below the mantle, which future Io structure models should include. For the Europa model at current orbit, we use a silicate interior under an ocean capped by a two layer ice; convecting below with a conducting surface. We find stability in heat and structure occurs when the lower ice melts and recedes until the shell is roughly 50km thick. We present a variety of plausible structures for these bodies, and track how the stability of those structures trend as the orbit (in particular the orbital eccentricity, mean motion, and obliquity) change. We show how the Love numbers, layer thicknesses, surface heat flow, and orbital parameters are all linked. For Europa, upcoming measurements from Clipper should provide the necessary constraints to tune our model for the present day. This will also allow us to use today's initial conditions so that we can predict the history of the Galilean satellite's evolution as well as the changes we expect for their future.

Fluorescence-correlation spectroscopy study of molecular transport within reversed-phase chromatographic particles compared to planar model surfaces.

PubMed

Cooper, Justin; Harris, Joel M

2014-12-02

Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is a widely used technique for molecular separations. Stationary-phase materials for RPLC generally consist of porous silica-gel particles functionalized with n-alkane ligands. Understanding motions of molecules within the interior of these particles is important for developing efficient chromatographic materials and separations. To characterize these dynamics, time-resolved spectroscopic methods (photobleach recovery, fluorescence correlation, single-molecule imaging) have been adapted to measure molecular diffusion rates, typically at n-alkane-modified planar silica surfaces, which serve as models of chromatographic interfaces. A question arising from these studies is how dynamics of molecules on a planar surface relate to motions of molecules within the interior of a porous chromatographic particle. In this paper, imaging-fluorescence-correlation spectroscopy is used to measure diffusion rates of a fluorescent probe molecule 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3'3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) within authentic RPLC porous silica particles and compared with its diffusion at a planar C18-modified surface. The results show that surface diffusion on the planar C18 substrate is much faster than the diffusion rate of the probe molecule through a chromatographic particle. Surface diffusion within porous particles, however, is governed by molecular trajectories along the tortuous contours of the interior surface of the particles. By accounting for the greater surface area that a molecule must explore to diffuse macroscopic distances through the particle, the molecular-scale diffusion rates on the two surfaces can be compared, and they are virtually identical. These results provide support for the relevance of surface-diffusion measurements made on planar model surfaces to the dynamic behavior of molecules on the internal surfaces of porous chromatographic particles.

How can we constrain the amount of heat producing elements in the interior of Mars?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grott, M.; Plesa, A.; Breuer, D.

2013-12-01

The InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) mission to be launched in 2016 will study Mars' deep interior and help improving our knowledge about the interior structure and the thermal evolution of the planet - the latter is also directly linked to its volcanic history and atmospheric evolution. Measurements planned with the two main instruments, SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure) and HP3 (Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package) aim to constrain the main structure of the planet, i.e. core, mantle and crust as well as the rate at which the planet loses the interior heat over its surface. Since the surface heat flow depends on the amount of radiogenic heat elements (HPE) present in the interior, it offers a measurable quantity which could constrain the heat budget. Being the principal agent regulating the heat budget which in turn influences partial melting in the interior, crustal and atmospheric evolution, the heat producing elements have a major impact on the entire the present temperature thermal history of the planet. To constrain the radiogenic heat elements of the planet from the surface heat flow is possible assuming that the urey number of the planet, which describes the contribution of internal heat production to the surface heat loss, is known. We have tested this assumption by calculating the thermal evolution of the planet with fully dynamical numerical simulations and by comparing the obtained present-day urey number for a set of different models/parameters (Fig. 1). For one-plate planets like Mars, numerical models show - in contrast to models for the Earth, where plate tectonics play a major role adding more complexity to the system - that the urey ratio is mainly sensitive to two effects: the efficiency of cooling due to the temperature-dependence of the viscosity and the mean half-life time of the long lived radiogenic isotopes. The temperature-dependence of the viscosity results in the so-called thermostat effect regulating the interior temperature such that the present-day temperatures are independent of the initial temperature distribution. If the thermostat effect is efficient as we show for the assumed Martian mantle rheology, and if the system is not dominated by radioactive isotopes like Thorium with a half-life much longer than the age of the planet as in the model of [3], all numerical simulations show similar today's values for the urey number (Fig. 1). Knowing the surface heat loss from the upcoming heat flow measurements planned for the InSight mission, one can distinguish then between different radiogenic heat source models [1, 2, 3, 4]. REFERENCES [1] Wänke et al., 94; [2] Lodders & Fegley, 97; [3] Morgan & Anders, 79; [4] Treiman et al., 86 Fig. 1: a) the influence of the reference viscosity and initial upper thermal boundary layer (TBL) on the urey ratio using HPE density from [1]; b) different models for HPE density; c) the urey ratio for different HPE models and 1e22 Pa s reference viscosity.

Research related to improved computer aided design software package. [comparative efficiency of finite, boundary, and hybrid element methods in elastostatics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Walston, W. H., Jr.

1986-01-01

The comparative computational efficiencies of the finite element (FEM), boundary element (BEM), and hybrid boundary element-finite element (HVFEM) analysis techniques are evaluated for representative bounded domain interior and unbounded domain exterior problems in elastostatics. Computational efficiency is carefully defined in this study as the computer time required to attain a specified level of solution accuracy. The study found the FEM superior to the BEM for the interior problem, while the reverse was true for the exterior problem. The hybrid analysis technique was found to be comparable or superior to both the FEM and BEM for both the interior and exterior problems.

30 CFR 780.27 - Reclamation plan: Surface mining near underground mining.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... RECLAMATION AND OPERATION PLAN § 780.27 Reclamation plan: Surface mining near underground mining. For surface... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Reclamation plan: Surface mining near... ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL...

30 CFR 921.764 - Process for designating areas unsuitable for surface coal mining operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... surface coal mining operations. 921.764 Section 921.764 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS... mining operations. Part 764 of this chapter, State Processes for Designating Areas Unsuitable for Surface...

30 CFR 933.764 - Process for designating areas unsuitable for surface coal mining operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... surface coal mining operations. 933.764 Section 933.764 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS... mining operations. Part 764 of this chapter, State Processes for Designatng Areas Unsuitable for Surface...

Preliminary Geological Map of the Ac-H-14 Yalode Quadrangle of Ceres: An Integrated Mapping Study Using Dawn Spacecraft Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crown, D. A.; Yingst, R. A.; Mest, S. C.; Platz, T.; Williams, D. A.; Buczkowski, D.; Schenk, P.; Scully, J. E. C.; Jaumann, R.; Roatsch, T.; Preusker, F.; Nathues, A.; Hoffmann, M.; Schäfer, M.; Marchi, S.; De Sanctis, M. C.; Russell, C.; Raymond, C. A.

2015-12-01

We are conducting a geologic mapping investigation of the Ac-H-14 Yalode Quadrangle (21-66°S, 270-360°E) of Ceres to examine its surface geology and geologic history. At the time of this writing, geologic mapping has been performed on Dawn Framing Camera (FC) mosaics from the late Approach phase (up to 1.3 km/px) and Survey orbit (415 m/px), including clear filter and color images and digital terrain models derived from stereo images. In Fall 2015 images from the High Altitude Mapping Orbit (140 m/px) will be used to refine the mapping, followed by the Low Altitude Mapping Orbit (35 m/px) starting in December 2015. The Yalode Quadrangle is dominated by the ~300-km diameter impact basin Yalode and includes rugged and smooth terrains to the east. Yalode basin has a variably preserved rim, which is continuous and sharply defined to the north/northwest and is irregular or degraded elsewhere, and may have an interior ring structure. The basin floor includes hummocky and smooth areas (some bounded by scarps), crater chains, and a lineated zone. High-resolution images will be used to search for volcanic features on the basin floor and in association with basin structures. Yalode basin and its floor deposits appear to have been strongly affected by the Urvara impact to the west. Impact craters in Yalode Quadrangle display a range of preservation states. Degraded features, including Yalode basin and numerous smaller craters, exhibit subdued rims, lack discrete ejecta deposits, and have infilled interiors. More pristine features (including the large unnamed basin in the SE corner of the quadrangle and craters on Yalode basin floor) have well-defined, quasi-circular forms with prominent rims and in some cases discernible ejecta. Some of these craters have bowl-shaped interiors and others contain hills or mounds on their floors. Support of the Dawn Instrument, Operations, and Science Teams is acknowledged. This work is supported by grants from NASA, MPG, and DLR.

Formation mechanism of photo-induced nested wrinkles on siloxane-photomonomer hybrid film

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Suzuki, Kazumasa; International Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology; Laboratorio di Scienz

Nested wrinkle structures, hierarchical surface wrinkles of different periodicities of sub-μm and tens-μm, have been fabricated on a siloxane-photomonomer hybrid film via a photo-induced surface polymerization of acrylamide. The formation mechanism of the nested wrinkle structures is examined based on a time-dependent structure observation and chemical composition analyses. In-situ observation of the evolving surface structure showed that sub-μm scale wrinkles first formed, subsequently the tens-μm scale ones did. In-situ FT-IR analysis indicated that the nested wrinkles formation took place along with the development of siloxane network of under layer. A cross sectional observation of the film revealed that the filmmore » was composed of three layers. FT-IR spectra of the film revealed that the surface and interior layers were polyacrylamide rich layer and siloxane-polymer rich layer, respectively. The intermediate layer formed as a diffusion layer by migration of acrylamide from interior to the surface. These three layers have different chemical compositions and therefore different mechanical characteristics, which allows the wrinkle formation. Shrinkage of siloxane-polymer interior layers, as a result of polycondensation of siloxane network, induced mechanical instabilities at interlayers, to form the nested wrinkle structures.« less

Influence of zirconia framework thickness on residual stress profile in veneering ceramic: measurement by hole-drilling.

PubMed

Mainjot, Amélie K; Schajer, Gary S; Vanheusden, Alain J; Sadoun, Michaël J

2012-04-01

Framework design is reported to influence chipping in zirconia-based restorations, which is an important cause of failure of such restorations. Residual stress profile in the veneering ceramic after the manufacturing process is an important predictive factor of the mechanical behavior of the material. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of framework thickness on the stress profile measured in zirconia-based structures. The stress profile was measured with the hole-drilling method in bilayered disc samples of 20mm diameter with a 1.5 mm thick veneering ceramic layer. Six different framework thicknesses from 0.5 mm to 3 mm were studied. Two different cooling procedures were also investigated. Compressive stresses were observed in the surface, and tensile stresses in the depth of most of the samples. The slow cooling procedure was found to promote the development of interior tensile stresses, except for the sample with a 3mm thick framework. With the tempering procedure, samples with a 1.5 mm thick framework exhibited the most favorable stress profile, while thicker and thinner frameworks exhibited respectively in surface or interior tensile stresses. The measurements performed highlight the importance of framework thickness, which determine the nature of stresses and can explain clinical failures encountered, especially with thin frameworks. The adequate ratio between veneering ceramic and zirconia is hard to define, restricting the range of indications of zirconia-based restorations until a better understanding of such a delicate veneering process is achieved. Copyright © 2011 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Stellar Imager (SI) Mission Concept: Imaging the Surfaces and Interiors of Other Stars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Carpenter, Kenneth G.; Oegerle, William R. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

The Stellar Imager (SI) is envisioned as a space-based, uv-optical interferometer composed of 10 or more one-meter class elements distributed with a maximum. baseline of 0.5-km and providing a resolution of 60 micro-arcseconds at 1550 A. It will image stars and binaries with one hundred to one thousand resolution elements on their surface and enable long-term studies of stellar magnetic activity patterns and their evolution with time, for comparison with those on the sun. It will also sound their interiors through asteroseismology to image internal structure, differential rotation, and large-scale circulations. SI will enable us to understand the various effects of magnetic fields of stars, the dynamos that generate these fields, and the internal structure and dynamic the stars in which these dynamos operate. The ultimate goal of the mission is to achieve the best-possible forecasting of solar activity as a driver of climate and space weather on times scales ranging from months up to decades, and an understanding of the impact of stellar magnetic activity on life in the universe. The road to that goal will revolutionize our understanding of stars and stellar systems, the building blocks of the universe. Fitting naturally within the NASA and ESA long-term time lines, SI complements defined missions, and with them will show us entire other solar systems, from the central star to their orbiting planets. in this paper we describe the scientific goals of the mission, the performance requirements needed to address those goals, and the design concepts now under study.

The European Robotic Exploration of the Planet Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chicarro, Agustin

2010-05-01

The ESA Mars Express mission was launched in June 2003 and has been orbiting Mars for over six years providing data with an unprecedented spatial and spectral resolution on the surface, subsurface, atmosphere and ionosphere of the red planet. The main theme of the mission is the search for water in its various states everywhere on the planet by all instruments using different techniques. The mission is still a huge success, helping rewrite new pages in our understanding of Mars. Mars Express will be followed by ESA's new Exploration Programme, starting in 2016 with an Orbiter focusing on atmospheric trace gases and in particular methane. The ExoMars rover will follow in 2018 to perform geochemical and exobiological measurements on the surface and the subsurface. Then in 2020, a Network of 3-6 surface stations will be launched (possibly together with an orbiter), in order to investigate the interior of the planet, its atmospheric dynamics and the geology of each landing site. All these Mars Exploration missions will be carried out jointly with NASA. Such network-orbiter combination represents a unique tool to perform new investigations of Mars, which could not be addressed by other means. In particular, i) the internal geophysical aspects concern the structure and dynamics of the interior of Mars including the state of the core and composition of the mantle; the fine structure of the crust including its paleomagnetic anomalies; the rotational parameters (axis tilt, precession, nutation, etc) that define both the state of the interior and the climate evolution; ii) the atmospheric physics aspects concern the general circulation and its forcing factors; the time variability cycles of the transport of volatiles, water and dust; surface-atmosphere interactions and overall meteorology and climate; iii) the geology of each landing site concerns the full characterization of the surrounding area including petrological rock types, chemical and mineralogical sample analysis, erosion, oxidation and weathering processes to infer the geological history of the region, as well as the astrobiological potential of each site. To complement the science gained from the Martian surface, investigations need to be carried out from orbit in a coordinated manner, such as i) global atmospheric mapping to study weather patterns, opacity and chemical composition; ii) a detailed map of the crustal magnetic anomalies from lower orbit (150 km); iii) study of these magnetic anomalies need to be studied in light of the magnetic field induced by the solar wind interaction with the upper atmosphere of the planet. The Network Mission concept is based on the fact that some important science goals on any given terrestrial planet can only be achieved with simultaneous measurements from a number of landers located on the surface of the planet (primarily internal geophysics, geodesy and meteorology) coupled to an orbiter. The long-term goal of Mars robotic exploration in Europe remains the return of rock and soil samples from the Martian surface before eventually Humans go to Mars one day.

Impacts of Local Soil Moisture Anomalies on the Atmospheric Circulation and on Remote Surface Meteorological Fields During Boreal Summer: A Comprehensive Analysis over North America

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Koster, Randal D.; Chang, Yehui; Wang, Hailan; Schubert, Siegfried D.

2016-01-01

We perform a series of stationary wave model (SWM) experiments in which the boreal summer atmosphere is forced, over a number of locations in the continental U.S., with an idealized diabatic heating anomaly that mimics the atmospheric heating associated with a dry land surface. For localized heating within a large portion of the continental interior, regardless of the specific location of this heating, the spatial pattern of the forced atmospheric circulation anomaly (in terms of 250-mb eddy streamfunction) is largely the same: a high anomaly forms over west central North America and a low anomaly forms to the east. In supplemental atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) experiments, we find similar results; imposing soil moisture dryness in the AGCM in different locations within the US interior tends to produce the aforementioned pattern, along with an associated near-surface warming and precipitation deficit in the center of the continent. The SWM-based and AGCM-based patterns generally agree with composites generated using reanalysis and precipitation gauge data. The AGCM experiments also suggest that dry anomalies imposed in the lower Mississippi Valley have remote surface impacts of particularly large spatial extent, and a region along the eastern half of the US-Canada border is particularly sensitive to dry anomalies in a number of remote areas. Overall, the SWM and AGCM experiments support the idea of a positive feedback loop operating over the continent: dry surface conditions in many interior locations lead to changes in atmospheric circulation that act to enhance further the overall dryness of the continental interior.

Protein cages and synthetic polymers: a fruitful symbiosis for drug delivery applications, bionanotechnology and materials science.

PubMed

Rother, Martin; Nussbaumer, Martin G; Renggli, Kasper; Bruns, Nico

2016-11-07

Protein cages are hollow protein nanoparticles, such as viral capsids, virus-like particles, ferritin, heat-shock proteins and chaperonins. They have well-defined capsule-like structures with a monodisperse size. Their protein subunits can be modified by genetic engineering at predetermined positions, allowing for example site-selective introduction of attachment points for functional groups, catalysts or targeting ligands on their outer surface, in their interior and between subunits. Therefore, protein cages have been extensively explored as functional entities in bionanotechnology, as drug-delivery or gene-delivery vehicles, as nanoreactors or as templates for the synthesis of organic and inorganic nanomaterials. The scope of functionalities and applications of protein cages can be significantly broadened if they are combined with synthetic polymers on their surface or within their interior. For example, PEGylation reduces the immunogenicity of protein cage-based delivery systems and active targeting ligands can be attached via polymer chains to favour their accumulation in diseased tissue. Polymers within protein cages offer the possibility of increasing the loading density of drug molecules, nucleic acids, magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents or catalysts. Moreover, the interaction of protein cages and polymers can be used to modulate the size and shape of some viral capsids to generate structures that do not occur with native viruses. Another possibility is to use the interior of polymer cages as a confined reaction space for polymerization reactions such as atom transfer radical polymerization or rhodium-catalysed polymerization of phenylacetylene. The protein nanoreactors facilitate a higher degree of control over polymer synthesis. This review will summarize the hybrid structures that have been synthesized by polymerizing from protein cage-bound initiators, by conjugating polymers to protein cages, by embedding protein cages into bulk polymeric materials, by forming two- and three-dimensional crystals of protein cages and dendrimers, by adsorbing proteins to the surface of materials, by layer-by-layer deposition of proteins and polyelectrolytes and by encapsulating polymers into protein cages. The application of these hybrid materials in the biomedical context or as tools and building blocks for bionanotechnology, biosensing, memory devices and the synthesis of materials will be highlighted. The review aims to showcase recent developments in this field and to suggest possible future directions and opportunities for the symbiosis of protein cages and polymers.

Particle Creation at a Point Source by Means of Interior-Boundary Conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lampart, Jonas; Schmidt, Julian; Teufel, Stefan; Tumulka, Roderich

2018-06-01

We consider a way of defining quantum Hamiltonians involving particle creation and annihilation based on an interior-boundary condition (IBC) on the wave function, where the wave function is the particle-position representation of a vector in Fock space, and the IBC relates (essentially) the values of the wave function at any two configurations that differ only by the creation of a particle. Here we prove, for a model of particle creation at one or more point sources using the Laplace operator as the free Hamiltonian, that a Hamiltonian can indeed be rigorously defined in this way without the need for any ultraviolet regularization, and that it is self-adjoint. We prove further that introducing an ultraviolet cut-off (thus smearing out particles over a positive radius) and applying a certain known renormalization procedure (taking the limit of removing the cut-off while subtracting a constant that tends to infinity) yields, up to addition of a finite constant, the Hamiltonian defined by the IBC.

Creation of the Driver Fixed Heel Point (FHP) CAD Accommodation Model for Military Ground Vehicle Design

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-08-04

interior surfaces and direct field of view have been added per MIL-STD- 1472G. This CAD model can be applied early in the vehicle design process to ensure... interior surfaces and direct field of view have been added per MIL-STD-1472G. This CAD model can be applied early in the vehicle design process to ensure...Accommodation Model for Military Ground Vehicle Design Paper presented at 2016 NDIA/GVSETS Conference, Aug 4, 2016 4 August 2016 UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED

On ethics and the earthquake resistant interior design of buildings.

PubMed

Hurol, Yonca

2014-03-01

The most common tectonic quality of modern structures, such as frame systems, is their flexibility; they are open for change. Although this characteristic is a big advantage in comparison to the inflexible masonry structures of the past, it might also create some serious problems, such as e.g. the lack of safety in the event of an earthquake, if the flexibility is not used consciously by architects and interior designers. This article attempts to define and establish some rules for the interior design of buildings with reinforced concrete frame systems. The rules for making subtractions from these structures and extending them by making additions to them are contained within this article. The main objective of this article is to derive some ethical values from these rules. Thus, the conclusion of the article focuses on the derivation of some ethical values for achieving earthquake resistant interior design of buildings with reinforced concrete frame systems.

30 CFR 701.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GENERAL PERMANENT... program implementation; (2) Subchapter D on surface coal mining and reclamation operations on Federal lands; (3) Subchapter E on surface coal mining and reclamation operations on Indian lands. (4...

75 FR 34962 - Pennsylvania Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-21

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 938 [PA-154-FOR; OSM 2010-0002] Pennsylvania Regulatory Program AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining... the Pennsylvania regulatory program (the ``Pennsylvania program'') under the Surface Mining Control...

Acoustic holograms of active regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chou, Dean-Yi

2008-10-01

We propose a method to study solar magnetic regions in the solar interior with the principle of optical holography. A magnetic region in the solar interior scatters the solar background acoustic waves. The scattered waves and background waves could form an interference pattern on the solar surface. We investigate the feasibility of detecting this interference pattern on the solar surface, and using it to construct the three-dimensional scattered wave from the magnetic region with the principle of optical holography. In solar acoustic holography, the background acoustic waves play the role of reference wave; the magnetic region plays the role of the target object; the interference pattern, acoustic power map, on the solar surface plays the role of the hologram.

Lunar heat-flow experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Langseth, M. G.

1977-01-01

The principal components of the experiment were probes, each with twelve thermometers of exceptional accuracy and stability, that recorded temperature variations at the surface and in the regolith down to 2.5 m. The Apollo 15 experiment and the Apollo 17 probes recorded lunar surface and subsurface temperatures. These data provided a unique and valuable history of the interaction of solar energy with lunar surface and the effects of heat flowing from the deep interior out through the surface of the moon. The interpretation of these data resulted in a clearer definition of the thermal and mechanical properties of the upper two meters of lunar regolith, direct measurements of the gradient in mean temperature due to heat flow from the interior and a determination of the heat flow at the Apollo 15 and Apollo 17 sites.

43 CFR 23.12 - Appeals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior SURFACE EXPLORATION, MINING AND RECLAMATION OF LANDS § 23... mining supervisor made pursuant to the provisions of this part shall have a right of appeal to the Board... from was rendered by a mining supervisor, and the further right to appeal to the Board of Land Appeals...

Interior building details of Building D, Room DM5: mezzanine hallway, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Interior building details of Building D, Room D-M5: mezzanine hallway, intact historic asphalt surface flooring, full height partition wall with hoppers and east brick retaining wall with voids from the original veiling joist; southerly view - San Quentin State Prison, Building 22, Point San Quentin, San Quentin, Marin County, CA

43 CFR 3516.10 - What are use permits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false What are use permits? 3516.10 Section 3516.10 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT... Use Permits § 3516.10 What are use permits? Use permits allow you to use the surface of lands not...

43 CFR 3516.10 - What are use permits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false What are use permits? 3516.10 Section 3516.10 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT... Use Permits § 3516.10 What are use permits? Use permits allow you to use the surface of lands not...

30 CFR 937.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 937.816 Section 937.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE OREGON...

30 CFR 937.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 937.816 Section 937.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE OREGON...

30 CFR 903.816 - Performance standards-Surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Performance standards-Surface mining activities. 903.816 Section 903.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE ARIZONA...

30 CFR 912.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 912.816 Section 912.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE IDAHO...

30 CFR 933.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 933.816 Section 933.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE NORTH...

30 CFR 910.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 910.816 Section 910.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE GEORGIA...

30 CFR 921.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 921.816 Section 921.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE...

30 CFR 937.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 937.816 Section 937.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE OREGON...

30 CFR 905.816 - Performance standards-Surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Performance standards-Surface mining activities. 905.816 Section 905.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE CALIFORNIA...

30 CFR 941.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 941.816 Section 941.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE SOUTH...

30 CFR 922.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 922.816 Section 922.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MICHIGAN...

30 CFR 939.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 939.816 Section 939.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE RHODE...

30 CFR 933.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 933.816 Section 933.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE NORTH...

30 CFR 912.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 912.816 Section 912.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE IDAHO...

30 CFR 947.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 947.816 Section 947.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE WASHINGTON...

30 CFR 910.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 910.816 Section 910.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE GEORGIA...

30 CFR 939.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 939.816 Section 939.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE RHODE...

30 CFR 941.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 941.816 Section 941.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE SOUTH...

30 CFR 921.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 921.816 Section 921.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE...

30 CFR 903.816 - Performance standards-Surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Performance standards-Surface mining activities. 903.816 Section 903.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE ARIZONA...

30 CFR 937.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 937.816 Section 937.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE OREGON...

30 CFR 922.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Performance standards-surface mining activities. 922.816 Section 922.816 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MICHIGAN...

Nozzle cavity impingement/area reduction insert

DOEpatents

Yu, Yufeng Phillip; Itzel, Gary Michael; Osgood, Sarah Jane

2002-01-01

A turbine vane segment is provided that has inner and outer walls spaced from one another, a vane extending between the inner and outer walls and having leading and trailing edges and pressure and suction sides, the vane including discrete leading edge, intermediate, aft and trailing edge cavities between the leading and trailing edges and extending lengthwise of the vane for flowing a cooling medium; and an insert sleeve within at least one of the cavities and spaced from interior wall surfaces thereof. The insert sleeve has an inlet for flowing the cooling medium into the insert sleeve and has impingement holes defined in first and second walls thereof that respectively face the pressure and suction sides of the vane. The impingement holes of at least one of those first and second walls are defined along substantially only a first, upstream portion thereof, whereby the cooling flow is predominantly impingement cooling along a first region of the insert wall corresponding to the first, upstream portion and the cooling flow is predominantly convective cooling along a second region corresponding to a second, downstream portion of the at least one wall of the insert sleeve.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Yadong; Liu, Yuzhen; Meng, Zhaoshun

Because of the confinement effect, Ni embedded on the interior surface of BNNT exhibits a much higher catalytic activity for CO oxidation by comparing with that embedded in h-BN or on the outside surface of BNNT.

Chemical differentiation of a convecting planetary interior: Consequences for a one-plate planet such as Venus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parmentier, E. M.; Hess, P. C.

1992-01-01

Chemically depleted mantle forming a buoyant, refractory layer at the top of the mantle can have important implications for the evolution of the interior and surface. On Venus, the large apparent depths of compensation for surface topographic features might be explained if surface topography were supported by variations in the thickness of a 100-200 km thick chemically buoyant mantle layer or by partial melting in the mantle at the base of such a layer. Long volcanic flows seen on the surface may be explained by deep melting that generates low-viscosity MgO-rich magmas. The presence of a shallow refractory mantle layer may also explain the lack of volcanism associated with rifting. As the depleted layer thickens and cools, it becomes denser than the convecting interior and the portion of it that is hot enough to flow can mix with the convecting mantle. Time dependence of the thickness of a depleted layer may create episodic resurfacing events as needed to explain the observed distribution of impact craters on the venusian surface. We consider a planetary structure consisting of a crust, depleted mantle layer, and a thermally and chemically well-mixed convecting mantle. The thermal evolution of the convecting spherical planetary interior is calculated using energy conservation: the time rate of change of thermal energy in the interior is equated to the difference in the rate of radioactive heat production and the rate of heat transfer across the thermal boundary layer. Heat transfer across the thermal boundary layer is parameterized using a standard Nusselt number-Rayleigh number relationship. The radioactive heat production decreases with time corresponding to decay times for the U, Th, and K. The planetary interior cools by the advection of hot mantle at temperature T interior into the thermal boundary layer where it cools conductively. The crust and depleted mantle layers do not convect in our model so that a linear conductive equilibrium temperature distribution is assumed. The rate of melt production is calculated as the product of the volume flux of mantle into the thermal boundary layer and the degree of melting that this mantle undergoes. The volume flux of mantle into the thermal boundary layer is simply the heat flux divided by amount of heat lost in cooling mantle to the average temperature in the thermal boundary layer. The degree of melting is calculated as the temperature difference above the solidus, divided by the latent heat of melting. A maximum degree of melting is prescribed corresponding to the maximum amount of basaltic melt that the mantle can initially generate. As the crust thickens, the pressure at the base of the crust becomes high enough and the temperature remains low enough for basalt to transform to dense eclogite.

30 CFR 735.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PERMANENT REGULATORY... State programs for the regulation and control of surface coal mining and reclamation operations; (b) Administer and enforce State programs for the regulation and control of surface coal mining and reclamation...

30 CFR 740.10 - Information collection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FEDERAL LANDS PROGRAM GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS ON FEDERAL LANDS... surface coal mining operations on Federal lands. Persons intending to conduct such operations must respond...

30 CFR 740.10 - Information collection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FEDERAL LANDS PROGRAM GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS ON FEDERAL LANDS... surface coal mining operations on Federal lands. Persons intending to conduct such operations must respond...

76 FR 16714 - Pennsylvania Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-25

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 938 [PA-160-FOR; OSM 2010-0019] Pennsylvania Regulatory Program AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining... Pennsylvania regulatory program (the ``Pennsylvania program'') under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation...

75 FR 46877 - Pennsylvania Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-04

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 938 [PA-156-FOR; OSM 2010-0004] Pennsylvania Regulatory Program AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining... Pennsylvania program (the ``Pennsylvania program'') under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of...

77 FR 31038 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-24

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement Notice of Proposed Information Collection AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement. ACTION: Notice and... Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM) is announcing that the information collection request for...

30 CFR 779.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Scope. 779.1 Section 779.1 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND... environmental resources contents of applications for surface mining activities. ...

30 CFR 779.1 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Scope. 779.1 Section 779.1 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND... environmental resources contents of applications for surface mining activities. ...

77 FR 6141 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-07

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement Notice of Proposed Information Collection AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement. ACTION: Notice and... Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM) is announcing its intention to request approval to...

Regional paleohydrologic and paleoclimatic settings of wetland/lacustrine depositional systems in the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Western Interior, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Dunagan, S.P.; Turner, C.E.

2004-01-01

During deposition of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, water that originated as precipitation in uplands to the west of the Western Interior depositional basin infiltrated regional aquifers that underlay the basin. This regional groundwater system delivered water into the otherwise dry continental interior basin where it discharged to form two major wetland/lacustrine successions. A freshwater carbonate wetland/lacustrine succession formed in the distal reaches of the basin, where regional groundwater discharged into the Denver-Julesburg Basin, which was a smaller structural basin within the more extensive Western Interior depositional basin. An alkaline-saline wetland/lacustrine complex (Lake T'oo'dichi') formed farther upstream, where shallower aquifers discharged into the San Juan/Paradox Basin, which was another small structural basin in the Western Interior depositional basin. These were both wetlands in the sense that groundwater was the major source of water. Input from surface and meteoric water was limited. In both basins, lacustrine conditions developed during episodes of increased input of surface water. Inclusion of wetlands in our interpretation of what had previously been considered largely lacustrine systems has important implications for paleohydrology and paleoclimatology. The distal carbonate wetland/lacustrine deposits are well developed in the Morrison Formation of east-central Colorado, occupying a stratigraphic interval that is equivalent to the "lower" Morrison but extends into the "upper" Morrison Formation. Sedimentologic, paleontologic, and isotopic evidence indicate that regional groundwater discharge maintained shallow, hydrologically open, well oxygenated, perennial carbonate wetlands and lakes despite the semi-arid climate. Wetland deposits include charophyte-rich wackestone and green mudstone. Lacustrine episodes, in which surface water input was significant, were times of carbonate and siliciclastic deposition in scarce deltaic and shoreline deposits. Marginal lacustrine deposits include ooid and skeletal packstone-grainstone, siltstone, and sandstone. Distal lacustrine units are skeletal mudstone-wackestone, microbialites, and laminated (siliciclastic) mudstone. Differentiation between wetlands and distal lacustrine units is not always possible. Palustrine features, Magadi-type chert (MTC), and evaporites record episodes of increased aridity and exposure. Farther upstream, during deposition of the upper part of the Brushy Basin Member, the ancestral Uncompahgre Uplift imposed a barrier to shallow, eastward-flowing groundwater that discharged into the San Juan/Paradox Basin on the upstream side of the uplift. This created the closed hydrologic setting necessary for development of an alkaline-saline wetland/lacustrine complex ("Lake" T'oo'dichi'). Silicic volcanic ash, delivered by prevailing winds from calderas west and southwest of the basin, contributed to the pore-water evolution in the sediments. A distinctive lateral hydrogeochemical gradient, reflecting increasing salinity and alkalinity in the pore waters, altered the ash to a variety of authigenic minerals that define concentric zones within the basin. The basinward progression of diagenetic mineral zones is smectite???clinoptilolite???analcime ??potassium feldspar???albite. The groundwater-fed wetlands were shallow and frequently evaporated to dryness. Scarce laminated gray mudstone beds record distinct episodes of freshwater lacustrine deposition that resulted from intermittent streams that carried detritus well out into the basin. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Large-Volume Resonant Microwave Discharge for Plasma Cleaning of a CEBAF 5-Cell SRF Cavity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

J. Mammosser, S. Ahmed, K. Macha, J. Upadhyay, M. Nikoli, S. Popovi, L. Vuakovi

2012-07-01

We report the preliminary results on plasma generation in a 5-cell CEBAF superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavity for the application of cavity interior surface cleaning. CEBAF currently has {approx}300 of these five cell cavities installed in the Jefferson Lab accelerator which are mostly limited by cavity surface contamination. The development of an in-situ cavity surface cleaning method utilizing a resonant microwave discharge could lead to significant CEBAF accelerator performance improvement. This microwave discharge is currently being used for the development of a set of plasma cleaning procedures targeted to the removal of various organic, metal and metal oxide impurities. These contaminantsmore » are responsible for the increase of surface resistance and the reduction of RF performance in installed cavities. The CEBAF five cell cavity volume is {approx} 0.5 m2, which places the discharge in the category of large-volume plasmas. CEBAF cavity has a cylindrical symmetry, but its elliptical shape and transversal power coupling makes it an unusual plasma application, which requires special consideration of microwave breakdown. Our preliminary study includes microwave breakdown and optical spectroscopy, which was used to define the operating pressure range and the rate of removal of organic impurities.« less

GCR-induced Photon Luminescence of the Moon: The Moon as a CR Detector

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilson, Thomas L.; Lee, Kerry; Andersen, Vic

2007-01-01

We report on the results of a preliminary study of the GCR-induced photon luminescence of the Moon using the Monte Carlo program FLUKA. The model of the lunar surface is taken to be the chemical composition of soils found at various landing sites during the Apollo and Luna programs, averaged over all such sites to define a generic regolith for the present analysis. This then becomes the target that is bombarded by Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) in FLUKA to determine the photon fluence when there is no sunshine or Earthshine. From the photon fluence we derive the energy spectrum which can be utilized to design an orbiting optical instrument for measuring the GCR-induced luminescence. This is to be distinguished from the gamma-ray spectrum produced by the radioactive decay of its radiogenic constituents lying in the surface and interior. Also, we investigate transient optical flashes from high-energy CRs impacting the lunar surface (boulders and regolith). The goal is to determine to what extent the Moon could be used as a rudimentary CR detector. Meteor impacts on the Moon have been observed for centuries to generate such flashes, so why not CRs?

The Unfolding MD Simulations of Cyclophilin: Analyzed by Surface Contact Networks and Their Associated Metrics

PubMed Central

Roy, Sourav; Basu, Sankar; Dasgupta, Dipak; Bhattacharyya, Dhananjay; Banerjee, Rahul

2015-01-01

Currently, considerable interest exists with regard to the dissociation of close packed aminoacids within proteins, in the course of unfolding, which could result in either wet or dry moltenglobules. The progressive disjuncture of residues constituting the hydrophobic core ofcyclophilin from L. donovani (LdCyp) has been studied during the thermal unfolding of the molecule, by molecular dynamics simulations. LdCyp has been represented as a surface contactnetwork (SCN) based on the surface complementarity (Sm) of interacting residues within themolecular interior. The application of Sm to side chain packing within proteins make it a very sensitive indicator of subtle perturbations in packing, in the thermal unfolding of the protein. Network based metrics have been defined to track the sequential changes in the disintegration ofthe SCN spanning the hydrophobic core of LdCyp and these metrics prove to be highly sensitive compared to traditional metrics in indicating the increased conformational (and dynamical) flexibility in the network. These metrics have been applied to suggest criteria distinguishing DMG, WMG and transition state ensembles and to identify key residues involved in crucial conformational/topological events during the unfolding process. PMID:26545107

3D radar wavefield tomography of comet interiors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sava, Paul; Asphaug, Erik

2018-04-01

Answering fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of small planetary bodies hinges on our ability to image their surface and interior structure in detail and at high resolution. The interior structure is not easily accessible without systematic imaging using, e.g., radar transmission and reflection data from multiple viewpoints, as in medical tomography. Radar tomography can be performed using methodology adapted from terrestrial exploration seismology. Our feasibility study primarily focuses on full wavefield methods that facilitate high quality imaging of small body interiors. We consider the case of a monostatic system (co-located transmitters and receivers) operated in various frequency bands between 5 and 15 MHz, from a spacecraft in slow polar orbit around a spinning comet nucleus. Using realistic numerical experiments, we demonstrate that wavefield techniques can generate high resolution tomograms of comets nuclei with arbitrary shape and complex interior properties.

30 CFR 785.12 - Special bituminous surface coal mining and reclamation operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Special bituminous surface coal mining and... ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL....12 Special bituminous surface coal mining and reclamation operations. (a) This section applies to any...

30 CFR 785.12 - Special bituminous surface coal mining and reclamation operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Special bituminous surface coal mining and... ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL....12 Special bituminous surface coal mining and reclamation operations. (a) This section applies to any...

30 CFR 785.11 - Anthracite surface coal mining and reclamation operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Anthracite surface coal mining and reclamation..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL EXPLORATION... Anthracite surface coal mining and reclamation operations. (a) This section applies to any person who...

30 CFR 785.12 - Special bituminous surface coal mining and reclamation operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Special bituminous surface coal mining and... ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL....12 Special bituminous surface coal mining and reclamation operations. (a) This section applies to any...

30 CFR 785.11 - Anthracite surface coal mining and reclamation operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Anthracite surface coal mining and reclamation..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL EXPLORATION... Anthracite surface coal mining and reclamation operations. (a) This section applies to any person who...

30 CFR 785.11 - Anthracite surface coal mining and reclamation operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Anthracite surface coal mining and reclamation..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL EXPLORATION... Anthracite surface coal mining and reclamation operations. (a) This section applies to any person who...

30 CFR 785.11 - Anthracite surface coal mining and reclamation operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Anthracite surface coal mining and reclamation..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL EXPLORATION... Anthracite surface coal mining and reclamation operations. (a) This section applies to any person who...

30 CFR 785.11 - Anthracite surface coal mining and reclamation operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Anthracite surface coal mining and reclamation..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL EXPLORATION... Anthracite surface coal mining and reclamation operations. (a) This section applies to any person who...

77 FR 5049 - Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement; Notice of Proposed Information Collection...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-01

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement; Notice of Proposed Information Collection for 1029-0103 AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement... of 1995, the Office of Surface Mining (OSM) is announcing its intention to renew its authority for...

30 CFR 780.27 - Reclamation plan: Surface mining near underground mining.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Reclamation plan: Surface mining near underground mining. 780.27 Section 780.27 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL...

Interior Fracture Mechanism Analysis and Fatigue Life Prediction of Surface-Hardened Gear Steel under Axial Loading.

PubMed

Li, Wei; Deng, Hailong; Liu, Pengfei

2016-10-18

The interior defect-induced fracture of surface-hardened metallic materials in the long life region has become a key issue on engineering design. In the present study, the axial loading test with fully reversed condition was performed to examine the fatigue property of a surface-carburized low alloy gear steel in the long life region. Results show that this steel represents the duplex S-N (stress-number of cycles) characteristics without conventional fatigue limit related to 10⁷ cycles. Fatigue cracks are all originated from the interior inclusions in the matrix region due to the inhabitation effect of carburized layer. The inclusion induced fracture with fisheye occurs in the short life region below 5 × 10⁵ cycles, whereas the inclusion induced fracture with fine granular area (FGA) and fisheye occurs in the long life region beyond 10⁶ cycles. The stress intensity factor range at the front of FGA can be regarded as the threshold value controlling stable growth of interior long crack. The evaluated maximum inclusion size in the effective damage volume of specimen is about 27.29 μm. Considering the size relationships between fisheye and FGA, and inclusion, the developed life prediction method involving crack growth can be acceptable on the basis of the good agreement between the predicted and experimental results.

Dissipation in the deep interiors of Ganymede and Europa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hussmann, Hauke; Shoji, Daigo; Steinbruegge, Gregor; Stark, Alexander; Sohl, Frank

2017-04-01

Jupiter's satellites are subject to strong tidal forces which result in variations of the gravitational potential and deformations of the satellites' surfaces on the diurnal tidal cycle. Tidal flexing in the deep interiors can be a significant heat source for the satellites' thermal-orbital evolution. Whereas typical structure models of Europa consist of a core, a silicate mantle, an ocean and an outer ice-I shell [1], pressures inside Ganymede are sufficient for high-pressure ice phases to occur between the silicate mantle and the ocean [2]. With current data it is unknown whether the deep interiors (i.e., Europa's silicate shell and Ganymede's silicate mantle and/or high-pressure ice layer) are dissipative. Other possibilities would be that the dissipation rates are in general very low (unlikely at least for Europa due to recent observations) or that dissipative processes are mainly occurring in the ice-I shell and/or ocean. Thus, for evaluations of the heating state of these satellites, it is important to measure the magnitude of the interior dissipation. However, observation of the interior layers such as high-pressure ice layers is more challenging than that of the surface ice-I layer. Here we suggest a method to constrain the dissipation states of the deep interiors of Ganymede and Europa by altimetry and gravity measurements from an orbiting or multi-flyby spacecraft. Tidal variations are generally described by the Love numbers k2 and h2 for the tide-induced potential variation due to internal mass redistribution and the radial surface displacement, respectively. The phase-lags of these complex numbers contain information about the rheological and dissipative states of the satellites. For the satellites we assume a decoupling of the outer ice-shell from the deep interior by a liquid subsurface water ocean. We show that, in this case, the phase-lag difference between the lags of k2 and h2 can provide information on the rheological and thermal state of the deep interiors if the viscosities of the deeper layers are small (the phase-lag difference is almost independent of the dissipation in the surface layer). In case of Ganymede, phase-lag differences can reach values of a few degrees for high-pressure ice viscosities of 1e13-1e14 Pa s (around the lower boundary at its melting temperature) and would indicate a highly dissipative state of the deep interior. In this case, in contrast to the phase lags itself, the phase-lag difference is dominated by dissipation in the high-pressure ice layer rather than dissipation within the ice-I shell. These phase lags would be detectable from spacecraft in orbit around the satellite [3]. For Europa the phase-lag difference could reach values exceeding 20 deg if the silicate mantle contains melt and phase-lag measurements could help distinguish between (1) a hot dissipative (melt-containing) silicate mantle which would in thermal equilibrium correspond to a very thin outer ice-I shell and (2) a cold deep interior implying that dissipation would mainly occur in a thick (several tens of km) outer ice-I shell. These measurements are highly relevant for ESA's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) and NASA's Europa Multiple Flyby Mission, both targeted for the Jupiter system. References: [1] Schubert, G., F. Sohl and H. Hussmann 2009. Interior of Europa. In: Europa, (R.T. Pappalardo, W.B. McKinnon, K. Khurana, Eds.), University of Arizona Press, pp. 353 - 368. [2] Schubert G., J. D. Anderson, T. Spohn, and W. B. McKinnon 2004. Interior composition, structure, and dynamics of the Galilean satellites. In: F. Bagenal, T. E. Dowling, and W. B. McKinnon (eds.) Jupiter. The Planet, Satellites, and Magnetosphere, pp. 281-306. Cambridge University Press. [3] Hussmann, H., D. Shoji, G. Steinbrügge, A. Stark, F. Sohl 2016. Constraints on dissipation in the deep interiors of Ganymede and Europa from tidal phase-lags. Cel. Mech. Dyn. Astr. 126, 131 - 144.

30 CFR 903.842 - Federal inspections.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... jurisdiction over mining. ... Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE ARIZONA § 903.842 Federal...

Flow conditioner for fuel injector for combustor and method for low-NO.sub.x combustor

DOEpatents

Dutta, Partha; Smith, Kenneth O.; Ritz, Frank J.

2013-09-10

An injector for a gas turbine combustor including a catalyst coated surface forming a passage for feed gas flow and a channel for oxidant gas flow establishing an axial gas flow through a flow conditioner disposed at least partially within an inner wall of the injector. The flow conditioner includes a length with an interior passage opening into upstream and downstream ends for passage of the axial gas flow. An interior diameter of the interior passage smoothly reduces and then increases from upstream to downstream ends.

Possibilities of CT Scanning as Analysis Method in Laser Additive Manufacturing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karme, Aleksis; Kallonen, Aki; Matilainen, Ville-Pekka; Piili, Heidi; Salminen, Antti

Laser additive manufacturing is an established and constantly developing technique. Structural assessment should be a key component to ensure directed evolution towards higher level of manufacturing. The macroscopic properties of metallic structures are determined by their internal microscopic features, which are difficult to assess using conventional surface measuring methodologies. X-ray microtomography (CT) is a promising technique for three-dimensional non-destructive probing of internal composition and build of various materials. Aim of this study is to define the possibilities of using CT scanning as quality control method in LAM fabricated parts. Since the parts fabricated with LAM are very often used in high quality and accuracy demanding applications in various industries such as medical and aerospace, it is important to be able to define the accuracy of the build parts. The tubular stainless steel test specimens were 3D modelled, manufactured with a modified research AM equipment and imaged after manufacturing with a high-power, high-resolution CT scanner. 3D properties, such as surface texture and the amount and distribution of internal pores, were also evaluated in this study. Surface roughness was higher on the interior wall of the tube, and deviation from the model was systematically directed towards the central axis. Pore distribution showed clear organization and divided into two populations; one following the polygon model seams along both rims, and the other being associated with the concentric and equidistant movement path of the laser. Assessment of samples can enhance the fabrication by guiding the improvement of both modelling and manufacturing process.

Mars environment and magnetic orbiter scientific and measurement objectives.

PubMed

Leblanc, F; Langlais, B; Fouchet, T; Barabash, S; Breuer, D; Chassefière, E; Coates, A; Dehant, V; Forget, F; Lammer, H; Lewis, S; Lopez-Valverde, M; Mandea, M; Menvielle, M; Pais, A; Paetzold, M; Read, P; Sotin, C; Tarits, P; Vennerstrom, S

2009-01-01

In this paper, we summarize our present understanding of Mars' atmosphere, magnetic field, and surface and address past evolution of these features. Key scientific questions concerning Mars' surface, atmosphere, and magnetic field, along with the planet's interaction with solar wind, are discussed. We also define what key parameters and measurements should be performed and the main characteristics of a martian mission that would help to provide answers to these questions. Such a mission--Mars Environment and Magnetic Orbiter (MEMO)--was proposed as an answer to the Cosmic Vision Call of Opportunity as an M-class mission (corresponding to a total European Space Agency cost of less than 300 Meuro). MEMO was designed to study the strong interconnection between the planetary interior, atmosphere, and solar conditions, which is essential to our understanding of planetary evolution, the appearance of life, and its sustainability. The MEMO main platform combined remote sensing and in situ measurements of the atmosphere and the magnetic field during regular incursions into the martian upper atmosphere. The micro-satellite was designed to perform simultaneous in situ solar wind measurements. MEMO was defined to conduct: * Four-dimensional mapping of the martian atmosphere from the surface up to 120 km by measuring wind, temperature, water, and composition, all of which would provide a complete view of the martian climate and photochemical system; Mapping of the low-altitude magnetic field with unprecedented geographical, altitude, local time, and seasonal resolutions; A characterization of the simultaneous responses of the atmosphere, magnetic field, and near-Mars space to solar variability by means of in situ atmospheric and solar wind measurements.

Automated quadrilateral surface discretization method and apparatus usable to generate mesh in a finite element analysis system

DOEpatents

Blacker, Teddy D.

1994-01-01

An automatic quadrilateral surface discretization method and apparatus is provided for automatically discretizing a geometric region without decomposing the region. The automated quadrilateral surface discretization method and apparatus automatically generates a mesh of all quadrilateral elements which is particularly useful in finite element analysis. The generated mesh of all quadrilateral elements is boundary sensitive, orientation insensitive and has few irregular nodes on the boundary. A permanent boundary of the geometric region is input and rows are iteratively layered toward the interior of the geometric region. Also, an exterior permanent boundary and an interior permanent boundary for a geometric region may be input and the rows are iteratively layered inward from the exterior boundary in a first counter clockwise direction while the rows are iteratively layered from the interior permanent boundary toward the exterior of the region in a second clockwise direction. As a result, a high quality mesh for an arbitrary geometry may be generated with a technique that is robust and fast for complex geometric regions and extreme mesh gradations.

Contamination control device

DOEpatents

Clark, Robert M.; Cronin, John C.

1977-01-01

A contamination control device for use in a gas-insulated transmission bus consisting of a cylindrical center conductor coaxially mounted within a grounded cylindrical enclosure. The contamination control device is electrically connected to the interior surface of the grounded outer shell and positioned along an axial line at the lowest vertical position thereon. The contamination control device comprises an elongated metallic member having a generally curved cross-section in a first plane perpendicular to the axis of the bus and having an arcuate cross-section in a second plane lying along the axis of the bus. Each opposed end of the metallic member and its opposing sides are tapered to form a pair of generally converging and downward sloping surfaces to trap randomly moving conductive particles in the relatively field-free region between the metallic member and the interior surface of the grounded outer shell. The device may have projecting legs to enable the device to be spot welded to the interior of the grounded housing. The control device provides a high capture probability and prevents subsequent release of the charged particles after the capture thereof.

Studies of Drug Delivery and Drug Release of Dendrimer by Dissipative Particle Dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Chun-Min; Wu, Yi-Fan; Tsao, Heng-Kwong; Sheng, Yu-Jane

2008-02-01

Dendrimers, like unimolecular micelles, may encapsulate guest biomolecules (drug) and therefore are attractive candidates as carriers in drug delivery applications. Hydrophobic drugs can be complexed within the hydrophobic dendrimer interior to make them water-soluble. The equilibrium partition of hydrophobic solutes into a dendrimer with hydrophobic interior from aqueous solutions is studied by dissipative particle dynamics. The drug is mainly distributed in the vicinity of the interface between hydrophobic interior and hydrophilic exterior within a dendrimer. The partition coefficient, which is defined as the concentration ratio of the drug distributed within dendrimer to aqueous phases, depends on the interaction between drug and hydrophilic dendrimer exterior. Increasing the repulsion between them reduces the solubilization ability associated with the dendrimer.

30 CFR 740.11 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... jurisdiction. (e) This subchapter shall not apply to surface coal mining and reclamation operations within a... Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FEDERAL LANDS PROGRAM GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS ON FEDERAL LANDS § 740.11...

30 CFR 900.4 - Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE INTRODUCTION § 900.4 Responsibilities. (a) Each State that has surface coal mining and reclamation operations or coal exploration activities on non...

77 FR 34888 - Kentucky Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-12

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 917 [KY-255-FOR; OSM-2012-0004] Kentucky Regulatory Program AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation... Program (hereinafter, the ``Kentucky program'') under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of...

77 FR 31486 - Virginia Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-29

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 946 [VA-126-FOR; OSM-2008-0012] Virginia Regulatory Program AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation... an amendment to the Virginia regulatory program under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act...

75 FR 34960 - Pennsylvania Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-21

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 938 [PA-155-FOR; OSM 2010-0003] Pennsylvania Regulatory Program AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining... ``Pennsylvania program'') under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA or the Act...

76 FR 50436 - Kentucky Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-15

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 917 [KY-254-FOR; OSM-2011-0005] Kentucky Regulatory Program AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation... Program (hereinafter, the ``Kentucky program'') under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of...

30 CFR 800.14 - Determination of bond amount.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 800.14 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BONDING AND INSURANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS BOND AND INSURANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS UNDER REGULATORY PROGRAMS § 800.14...

43 CFR 3809.593 - What happens to my financial guarantee if I transfer my operations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false What happens to my financial guarantee if I transfer my operations? 3809.593 Section 3809.593 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to...) MINING CLAIMS UNDER THE GENERAL MINING LAWS Surface Management Release of Financial Guarantee § 3809.593...

Evidence for the interior evolution of Ceres from geologic analysis of fractures

USGS Publications Warehouse

Scully, Jennifer E. C.; Buczkowski, Debra; Schmedemann, Nico; Raymond, Carol A.; Castillo-Rogez, Julie C.; Scott King,; Bland, Michael T.; Ermakov, Anton; O'Brien, D.P.; Marchi, S.; Longobardo, A.; Russell, C.T.; Fu, R.R.; Neveu, M.

2017-01-01

Ceres is the largest asteroid belt object, and the Dawn spacecraft observed Ceres since 2015. Dawn observed two morphologically distinct linear features on Ceres's surface: secondary crater chains and pit chains. Pit chains provide unique insights into Ceres's interior evolution. We interpret pit chains called the Samhain Catenae as the surface expression of subsurface fractures. Using the pit chains' spacings, we estimate that the localized thickness of Ceres's fractured, outer layer is approximately ≥58 km, at least ~14 km greater than the global average. We hypothesize that extensional stresses, induced by a region of upwelling material arising from convection/diapirism, formed the Samhain Catenae. We derive characteristics for this upwelling material, which can be used as constraints in future interior modeling studies. For example, its predicted location coincides with Hanami Planum, a high-elevation region with a negative residual gravity anomaly, which may be surficial evidence for this proposed region of upwelling material.

The compression behavior of blödite at low and high temperature up to ~10GPa: Implications for the stability of hydrous sulfates on icy planetary bodies

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Comodi, Paola; Stagno, Vincenzo; Zucchini, Azzurra

Recent satellite inferences of hydrous sulfates as recurrent minerals on the surface of icy planetary bodies link with the potential mineral composition of their interior. Blödite, a mixed Mg-Na sulfate, is here taken as representative mineral of icy satellites surface to investigate its crystal structure and stability at conditions of the interior of icy bodies. To this aim we performed in situ synchrotron angle-dispersive X-ray powder diffraction experiments on natural blödite at pressures up to ~10.4 GPa and temperatures from ~118.8 K to ~490.0 K using diamond anvil cell technique to investigate the compression behavior and establish a low-to-high temperaturemore » equation of state that can be used as reference when modeling the interior of sulfate-rich icy satellites such as Ganymede.« less

InSight Lander in Mars-Surface Configuration

NASA Image and Video Library

2015-05-27

The solar arrays on NASA's InSight lander are deployed in this test inside a clean room at Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver. This configuration is how the spacecraft will look on the surface of Mars. The image was taken on April 30, 2015. InSight, for Interior Exploration Using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport, is scheduled for launch in March 2016 and landing in September 2016. It will study the deep interior of Mars to advance understanding of the early history of all rocky planets, including Earth. Note: After thorough examination, NASA managers have decided to suspend the planned March 2016 launch of the Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) mission. The decision follows unsuccessful attempts to repair a leak in a section of the prime instrument in the science payload. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19664

Characterization of protein immobilization on nanoporous gold using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy†

PubMed Central

Tan, Yih Horng; Schallom, John R.; Ganesh, N. Vijaya; Fujikawa, Kohki; Demchenko, Alexei V.

2011-01-01

Nanoporous gold (NPG), made by dealloying low carat gold alloys, is a relatively new nanomaterial finding application in catalysis, sensing, and as a support for biomolecules. NPG has attracted considerable interest due to its open bicontinuous structure, high surface-to-volume ratio, tunable porosity, chemical stability and biocompatibility. NPG also has the attractive feature of being able to be modified by self-assembled monolayers. Here we use scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to characterize a highly efficient approach for protein immobilization on NPG using N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester functionalized self-assembled monolayers on NPG with pore sizes in the range of tens of nanometres. Comparison of coupling under static versus flow conditions suggests that BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) and IgG (Immunoglobulin G) can only be immobilized onto the interior surfaces of free standing NPG monoliths with good coverage under flow conditions. AFM is used to examine protein coverage on both the exterior and interior of protein modified NPG. Access to the interior surface of NPG for AFM imaging is achieved using a special procedure for cleaving NPG. AFM is also used to examine BSA immobilized on rough gold surfaces as a comparative study. In principle, the general approach described should be applicable to many enzymes, proteins and protein complexes since both pore sizes and functional groups present on the NPG surfaces are controllable. PMID:21750834

43 CFR 3931.60 - Maps of underground and surface mine workings and in situ surface operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... workings and in situ surface operations. 3931.60 Section 3931.60 Public Lands: Interior Regulations... § 3931.60 Maps of underground and surface mine workings and in situ surface operations. Maps of... in plan views. Maps must be based on accurate surveys and certified by a professional engineer...

43 CFR 3931.60 - Maps of underground and surface mine workings and in situ surface operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... workings and in situ surface operations. 3931.60 Section 3931.60 Public Lands: Interior Regulations... § 3931.60 Maps of underground and surface mine workings and in situ surface operations. Maps of... in plan views. Maps must be based on accurate surveys and certified by a professional engineer...

43 CFR 3931.60 - Maps of underground and surface mine workings and in situ surface operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... workings and in situ surface operations. 3931.60 Section 3931.60 Public Lands: Interior Regulations... § 3931.60 Maps of underground and surface mine workings and in situ surface operations. Maps of... in plan views. Maps must be based on accurate surveys and certified by a professional engineer...

43 CFR 3931.60 - Maps of underground and surface mine workings and in situ surface operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... workings and in situ surface operations. 3931.60 Section 3931.60 Public Lands: Interior Regulations....60 Maps of underground and surface mine workings and in situ surface operations. Maps of underground... reference to sea level. When required by the BLM, include vertical projections and cross sections in plan...

Land-surface evolution at the continental time-scale: An example from interior Western Australia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mabbutt, J. A.

1988-12-01

The interior plateau of Western Australia in the Wiluna—Meekatharra area is in part an exhumed pre-Permian surface of low relief and to that extent of Gondwana age. A lateritic duricrust on interfluvial remnants of an Old Plateau surface is probably the outcome of several cycles of weathering and stripping, rather than of a single geomorphic episode. Landforms above the Old Plateau have maintained their relief during this circumdenudation and there is no regional evidence of their isolation by major escarpment retreat. A New Plateau surface has extended by stripping of saprolite and is an etchplain, as also is the Old Plateau under the genesis postulated. The New Plateau cycle was initiated by general drainage rejuvenation whilst lateritic weathering still continued, but its extension was halted through increasing climatic aridity, probably during the Miocene.

High-energy astrophysics: A theoretical analysis of thermal radiation from neutron stars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Applegate, James H.

1994-01-01

The unambiguous detection of thermal radiation from the surface of a cooling neutron star was one of the most anxiously awaited results in neutron star physics. This particular Holy Grail was found by Halpern and Holt, who used ROSAT to detect pulsed X-rays from the gamma-ray source Geminga and demonstrate that it was a neutron star, probably a radio pulsar beamed away from us. At an age of approximately 3.4 x 10(exp 5) years, Geminga is in the photon cooling era. Its surface temperature of 5.2 x 10(exp 5) K can be explained within the contexts of both the slow and fast cooling scenarios. In the slow cooling scenario, the surface temperature is too high unless the specific heat of the interior is reduced by extensive baryon pairing. In the fast cooling scenario, the surface temperature will be much too low unless the fast neutrino cooling is shut off by baryon pairing. Two other pulsars, PSR 0656+14 and PSR 1055-52, have also been detected in thermal X-rays by ROSAT. They are also in the photon cooling era. All of this research's neutron star cooling models to date have used the unmagnetized effective temperature-interior temperature relation for the outer boundary condition. Models are being improved by using published magnetic envelope calculations and assumed geometried for the surface magnetic field to determine local interior temperature-emitted flux relations for the surface of the star.

Interior of the Moon

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weber, Renee C.

2013-01-01

A variety of geophysical measurements made from Earth, from spacecraft in orbit around the Moon, and by astronauts on the lunar surface allow us to probe beyond the lunar surface to learn about its interior. Similarly to the Earth, the Moon is thought to consist of a distinct crust, mantle, and core. The crust is globally asymmetric in thickness, the mantle is largely homogeneous, and the core is probably layered, with evidence for molten material. This chapter will review a range of methods used to infer the Moon's internal structure, and briefly discuss the implications for the Moon's formation and evolution.

Absorbent Pads for Containment, neutralization, and clean-up of environmental spills containing chemically-reactive agents

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, Dennis D. (Inventor)

1996-01-01

A pad for cleaning up liquid spills is described which contains a porous surface covering, and an absorbent interior containing chemically reactive reagents for neutralizing noxious chemicals within the spilled liquid. The porous surface and the absorbent component would normally consist of chemically resistant materials allowing tentative spill to pass. The absorbent interior which contains the neutralizing reagents can but is not required to be chemically resilient and conducts the liquid chemically reactive reagents where the dangerous and undesirable chemicals within the chemical spill are then neutralized as well as removed from the premises.

Formation of Oxides in the Interior of Friction Stir Welds

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schneider, Judy; Chen, Po; Nunes, Arthur C., Jr.

2016-01-01

In friction stir welding (FSWing) the actual solid state joining takes place between the faying surfaces which form the weld seam. Thus the seam trace is often investigated for clues when the strength of the weld is reduced. Aluminum and its alloys are known to form a native, protective oxide on the surface. If these native surface oxides are not sufficiently broken up during the FSW process, they are reported to remain in the FSW interior and weaken the bond strength. This type of weld defect has been referred to as a lazy "S", lazy "Z", joint line defect, kissing bond, or residual oxide defect. Usually these defects are mitigated by modification of the process parameters, such as increased tool rotation rate, which causes a finer breakup of the native oxide particles. This study proposes that there may be an alternative mechanism for formation of oxides found within the weld nugget. As the oxidation rate increases at elevated temperatures above 400ºC, it may be possible for enhanced oxidation to occur on the interior surfaces during the FSW process from entrained air entering the seam gap. Normally, FSWs of aluminum alloys are made without a purge gas and it is unknown how process parameters and initial fit up could affect a potential air path into the interior during the processing. In addition, variations in FSW parameters, such as the tool rotation, are known to have a strong influence on the FSW temperature which may affect the oxidation rate if internal surfaces are exposed to entrained air. A series of FSWs were made in 3 different thickness panels of AA2219 (0.95, 1.27 and 1.56 cm) at 2 different weld pitches. As the thickness of the panels increased, there was an increased tendency for a gap to form in advance of the weld tool. If sufficient air is able to enter the workpiece gap prior to consolidation, the weld temperature can increase the oxidation rate on the interior surfaces. These oxidation rates would also be accelerated in areas of localized liquation. Metallographs from the weld panels showed indications of liquation at the grain boundaries. In FSWs of thicker panels, these regions of liquation were found to be heavily oxidized. The quality of the FSWs was evaluated from tensile testing at room temperature. As the panel thickness increased, a slight decrease in tensile strength was observed which was attributed to the presence of oxides. No oxide formation was observed in the thinner workpieces, although there were indications of localized liquation at the grain boundaries. Results from this study will assist in a better understand of the mechanisms of oxide formation in FSW interiors and provide methodology for minimizing their occurrence.

30 CFR 715.11 - General obligations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR INITIAL... surface coal mining and reclamation operations conducted on lands where any element of the operations is... are established by part 716 of this chapter for— (1) Surface coal mining operations on steep slopes...

75 FR 60375 - Utah Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-30

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 944 [SATS No. UT-047-FOR; Docket ID OSM-2010-0012] Utah Regulatory Program AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining... amendment to the Utah regulatory program (hereinafter, the ``Utah program'') under the Surface Mining...

30 CFR 921.700 - Massachusetts Federal program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 921.700 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MASSACHUSETTS § 921.700 Massachusetts Federal program. (a) This part contains all rules that are applicable to surface coal mining...

76 FR 6587 - Pennsylvania Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-07

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 938 [PA-159-FOR; OSM 2010-0017] Pennsylvania Regulatory Program AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining... the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA or the Act). In response to a required...

77 FR 46346 - Ohio Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-03

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 935 [OH-254-FOR; Docket ID OSM-2012-0012] Ohio Regulatory Program AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining... under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA or the Act). Ohio's proposed...

76 FR 12920 - Pennsylvania Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-09

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 938 [PA-157-FOR; OSM 2010-0011] Pennsylvania Regulatory Program AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining... the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA or the Act). In response to a required...

30 CFR 740.1 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FEDERAL LANDS PROGRAM GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS ON FEDERAL LANDS § 740.1 Scope and purpose. This part provides for the regulation of surface coal mining and reclamation...

30 CFR 740.1 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FEDERAL LANDS PROGRAM GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS ON FEDERAL LANDS § 740.1 Scope and purpose. This part provides for the regulation of surface coal mining and reclamation...

30 CFR 740.1 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FEDERAL LANDS PROGRAM GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS ON FEDERAL LANDS § 740.1 Scope and purpose. This part provides for the regulation of surface coal mining and reclamation...

30 CFR 740.1 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FEDERAL LANDS PROGRAM GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS ON FEDERAL LANDS § 740.1 Scope and purpose. This part provides for the regulation of surface coal mining and reclamation...

30 CFR 740.1 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FEDERAL LANDS PROGRAM GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS ON FEDERAL LANDS § 740.1 Scope and purpose. This part provides for the regulation of surface coal mining and reclamation...

The negligible chondritic contribution in the lunar soils water.

PubMed

Stephant, Alice; Robert, François

2014-10-21

Recent data from Apollo samples demonstrate the presence of water in the lunar interior and at the surface, challenging previous assumption that the Moon was free of water. However, the source(s) of this water remains enigmatic. The external flux of particles and solid materials that reach the surface of the airless Moon constitute a hydrogen (H) surface reservoir that can be converted to water (or OH) during proton implantation in rocks or remobilization during magmatic events. Our original goal was thus to quantify the relative contributions to this H surface reservoir. To this end, we report NanoSIMS measurements of D/H and (7)Li/(6)Li ratios on agglutinates, volcanic glasses, and plagioclase grains from the Apollo sample collection. Clear correlations emerge between cosmogenic D and (6)Li revealing that almost all D is produced by spallation reactions both on the surface and in the interior of the grains. In grain interiors, no evidence of chondritic water has been found. This observation allows us to constrain the H isotopic ratio of hypothetical juvenile lunar water to δD ≤ -550‰. On the grain surface, the hydroxyl concentrations are significant and the D/H ratios indicate that they originate from solar wind implantation. The scattering distribution of the data around the theoretical D vs. (6)Li spallation correlation is compatible with a chondritic contribution <15%. In conclusion, (i) solar wind implantation is the major mechanism responsible for hydroxyls on the lunar surface, and (ii) the postulated chondritic lunar water is not retained in the regolith.

30 CFR 933.761 - Areas designated unsuitable for surface coal mining by Act of Congress.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., forest, recreation area, or places; (f)(1) Where the proposed surface coal mining operation may adversely... mining by Act of Congress. 933.761 Section 933.761 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS...

30 CFR 933.761 - Areas designated unsuitable for surface coal mining by Act of Congress.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., forest, recreation area, or places; (f)(1) Where the proposed surface coal mining operation may adversely... mining by Act of Congress. 933.761 Section 933.761 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS...

30 CFR 933.761 - Areas designated unsuitable for surface coal mining by Act of Congress.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., forest, recreation area, or places; (f)(1) Where the proposed surface coal mining operation may adversely... mining by Act of Congress. 933.761 Section 933.761 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS...

30 CFR 933.761 - Areas designated unsuitable for surface coal mining by Act of Congress.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., forest, recreation area, or places; (f)(1) Where the proposed surface coal mining operation may adversely... mining by Act of Congress. 933.761 Section 933.761 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS...

Microbial Diversity in a Permanently Cold and Alkaline Environment in Greenland

PubMed Central

Glaring, Mikkel A.; Vester, Jan K.; Lylloff, Jeanette E.; Abu Al-Soud, Waleed; Sørensen, Søren J.; Stougaard, Peter

2015-01-01

The submarine ikaite columns located in the Ikka Fjord in Southern Greenland represent a unique, permanently cold (less than 6°C) and alkaline (above pH 10) environment and are home to a microbial community adapted to these extreme conditions. The bacterial and archaeal community inhabiting the ikaite columns and surrounding fjord was characterised by high-throughput pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Analysis of the ikaite community structure revealed the presence of a diverse bacterial community, both in the column interior and at the surface, and very few archaea. A clear difference in overall taxonomic composition was observed between column interior and surface. Whereas the surface, and in particular newly formed ikaite material, was primarily dominated by Cyanobacteria and phototrophic Proteobacteria, the column interior was dominated by Proteobacteria and putative anaerobic representatives of the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The results suggest a stratification of the ikaite columns similar to that of classical soda lakes, with a light-exposed surface inhabited by primary producers and an anoxic subsurface. This was further supported by identification of major taxonomic groups with close relatives in soda lake environments, including members of the genera Rhodobaca, Dethiobacter, Thioalkalivibrio and Tindallia, as well as very abundant groups related to uncharacterised environmental sequences originally isolated from Mono Lake in California. PMID:25915866

Microbial diversity in a permanently cold and alkaline environment in Greenland.

PubMed

Glaring, Mikkel A; Vester, Jan K; Lylloff, Jeanette E; Al-Soud, Waleed Abu; Sørensen, Søren J; Stougaard, Peter

2015-01-01

The submarine ikaite columns located in the Ikka Fjord in Southern Greenland represent a unique, permanently cold (less than 6°C) and alkaline (above pH 10) environment and are home to a microbial community adapted to these extreme conditions. The bacterial and archaeal community inhabiting the ikaite columns and surrounding fjord was characterised by high-throughput pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Analysis of the ikaite community structure revealed the presence of a diverse bacterial community, both in the column interior and at the surface, and very few archaea. A clear difference in overall taxonomic composition was observed between column interior and surface. Whereas the surface, and in particular newly formed ikaite material, was primarily dominated by Cyanobacteria and phototrophic Proteobacteria, the column interior was dominated by Proteobacteria and putative anaerobic representatives of the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The results suggest a stratification of the ikaite columns similar to that of classical soda lakes, with a light-exposed surface inhabited by primary producers and an anoxic subsurface. This was further supported by identification of major taxonomic groups with close relatives in soda lake environments, including members of the genera Rhodobaca, Dethiobacter, Thioalkalivibrio and Tindallia, as well as very abundant groups related to uncharacterised environmental sequences originally isolated from Mono Lake in California.

Experiments Developed to Study Microgravity Smoldering Combustion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vergilii, Franklin

2001-01-01

The overall objective of the Microgravity Smoldering Combustion (MSC) research program is to understand and predict smoldering combustion under normal and microgravity (near-zero-gravity) conditions to help prevent and control smolder-originated fires, in both environments. Smoldering is defined as a nonflaming, self-sustaining, propagating, exothermic surface reaction. If a material is sufficiently permeable, smoldering is not confined to its outer surface, but can propagate as a reaction wave through the interior of the material. The MSC program will accomplish its goals by conducting smolder experiments on the ground and in a space-based laboratory, and developing theoretical models of the process. Space-based experiments are necessary because smoldering is a very slow process and, consequently, its study in a microgravity environment requires extended periods of time that can only be achieved in space. Smoldering can occur in a variety of processes ranging from the smolder of porous insulating materials to underground coal combustion. Many materials can sustain smoldering, including wood, cloth, foams, tobacco, other dry organic materials, and charcoal. The ignition, propagation, transition to flaming, and extinction of the smolder reaction are controlled by complex, thermochemical mechanisms that are not well understood. As with many forms of combustion, gravity affects the availability of the oxidizer and the transport of heat, and therefore, the rate of combustion. The smoldering combustion of porous materials has been studied both experimentally and theoretically, usually in the context of fire safety. Smoldering encompasses a number of fundamental processes, including heat and mass transfer in a porous media; endothermic pyrolysis of combustible material; ignition, propagation, and extinction of heterogeneous exothermic reactions at the solid-gas pore interface; and the onset of gas phase reactions (flaming) from existing surface reactions. Smoldering presents a serious fire risk because the combustion can propagate slowly in a material's interior and go undetected for long periods of time. It typically yields a substantially higher conversion of fuel to toxic compounds than does flaming (though more slowly), and may undergo a sudden transition to flaming.

75 FR 34666 - Stream Protection Rule; Environmental Impact Statement

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-18

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Chapter VII RIN 1029-AC63 Stream Protection Rule; Environmental Impact Statement AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining... impact statement. [[Page 34667

Persistently declining oxygen levels in the interior waters of the eastern subarctic Pacific

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Whitney, Frank A.; Freeland, Howard J.; Robert, Marie

2007-10-01

Fifty years of measurements at Ocean Station Papa (OSP, 50°N, 145°W) show trends in the interior waters of the subarctic Pacific that are both impacted by short term (few years to bi-decadal) atmospheric or ocean circulation oscillations and by persistent climate trends. Between 1956 and 2006, waters below the ocean mixed layer to a depth of at least 1000 m have been warming and losing oxygen. On density surfaces found in the depth range 100-400 m ( σθ = 26.3-27.0), the ocean is warming at 0.005-0.012 °C y -1, whereas oxygen is declining at 0.39-0.70 μmol kg -1 y -1 or at an integrated rate of 123 mmol m -2 y -1 (decrease of 22% over 50 years). During this time, the hypoxic boundary (defined as 60 μmol O 2 kg -1) has shoaled from ∼400 to 300 m. In the Alaska Gyre, the 26.2 isopycnal occasionally ventilates, whereas at OSP 26.0 σθ has not been seen at the ocean surface since 1971 as the upper ocean continues to stratify. To interpret the 50 year record at OSP, the isopycnal transport of oxygenated waters within the interior of the subarctic Pacific is assessed by using a slightly modified “NO” parameter [Broecker, W., 1974. “NO” a conservative water-mass tracer. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 23, 100-107]. The highest nitrate-oxygen signature in interior waters of the North Pacific is found in the Bering Sea Gyre, Western Subarctic Gyre and East Kamchatka Current region as a consequence of winter mixing to the ∼26.6 isopycnal. By mixing with low NO waters found in the subtropics and Okhotsk Sea, this signature is diluted as waters flow eastward across the Pacific. Evidence of low NO waters flowing north from California is seen along the coasts of British Columbia and SE Alaska. Oxygen in the subsurface waters of the Alaskan Gyre was supplied ∼60% by subarctic and 40% by subtropical waters during WOCE surveys, whereas such estimates are shown to periodically vary by 20% at OSP. Other features discernable in the OSP data include periods of increased ventilation of deeper isopycnals on an ∼18 year cycle and strong, short term (few month) variability caused by passing mesoscale eddies. The potential impacts of declining oxygen on coastal ecosystems are discussed.

77 FR 26040 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection for 1029-0061

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-02

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement Notice of Proposed Information Collection for 1029-0061 AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement. ACTION... Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM) is announcing its intention to request renewed...

30 CFR 740.15 - Bonds on Federal lands.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FEDERAL LANDS PROGRAM GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS ON FEDERAL LANDS... surface coal mining, the applicant for a mining permit, if unable to obtain the written consent of the...

30 CFR 773.14 - Eligibility for provisionally issued permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... 773.14 Section 773.14 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL EXPLORATION... surface coal mining and reclamation operation with— (1) A notice of violation issued under § 843.12 of...

30 CFR 912.700 - Idaho Federal program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE IDAHO § 912.700 Idaho Federal program. (a) This part contains all rules that are applicable to surface coal mining operations in Idaho...

30 CFR 903.700 - Arizona Federal program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....700 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE ARIZONA § 903.700 Arizona Federal program. (a) This part establishes a Federal program under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act...

30 CFR 905.700 - California Federal Program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....700 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE CALIFORNIA § 905.700 California Federal Program. (a) This part contains all rules that are applicable to surface coal mining operations in...

76 FR 64043 - Iowa Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-17

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 915 [Docket No. IA-016-FOR; Docket ID: OSM-2011-0014] Iowa Regulatory Program AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining.... SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM), are announcing receipt of a...

30 CFR 947.700 - Washington Federal program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....700 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE WASHINGTON § 947.700 Washington Federal program. (a) This part contains all rules that are applicable to surface coal mining operations in...

30 CFR 922.700 - Michigan Federal program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....700 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MICHIGAN § 922.700 Michigan Federal program. (a) This part contains all rules that are applicable to surface coal mining operations in...

30 CFR 939.700 - Rhode Island Federal program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 939.700 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE RHODE ISLAND § 939.700... mining and reclamation operations in Rhode Island which have been adopted under the Surface Mining...

30 CFR 910.700 - Georgia Federal program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....700 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE GEORGIA § 910.700 Georgia Federal program. (a) This part contains all rules that are applicable to surface coal mining operations in Georgia...

30 CFR 937.700 - Oregon Federal program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE OREGON § 937.700 Oregon Federal program. (a) This part contains all rules that are applicable to surface coal mining operations in Oregon...

30 CFR 941.700 - South Dakota Federal program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 941.700 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE SOUTH DAKOTA § 941.700... mining operations in South Dakota which have been adopted under the Surface Mining Control and...

77 FR 8185 - Ohio Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-14

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 935 [SATS No. OH-252-FOR; Docket ID OSM 2011-0003] Ohio Regulatory Program AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining... amendment to the Ohio regulatory program (the ``Ohio program'') under the Surface Mining Control and...

78 FR 63909 - Missouri Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-25

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 925... 08011000 SX066A00033 F13XS501520] Missouri Regulatory Program AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation... hearing on proposed amendment. SUMMARY: We, the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM...

30 CFR 942.700 - Tennessee Federal program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....700 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE TENNESSEE § 942.700 Tennessee Federal program. (a) This part contains all rules that are applicable to surface coal mining operations in...

30 CFR 933.700 - North Carolina Federal program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 933.700 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE NORTH CAROLINA § 933.700... mining operations in North Carolina which have been adopted under the Surface Mining Control and...

30 CFR 777.17 - Permit fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Permit fees. 777.17 Section 777.17 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR SURFACE COAL... CONTENT REQUIREMENTS FOR PERMIT APPLICATIONS § 777.17 Permit fees. An application for a surface coal...

30 CFR 777.17 - Permit fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Permit fees. 777.17 Section 777.17 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR SURFACE COAL... CONTENT REQUIREMENTS FOR PERMIT APPLICATIONS § 777.17 Permit fees. An application for a surface coal...

Development of the Molecular Adsorber Coating for Spacecraft and Instrument Interiors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Abraham, Nithin

2011-01-01

On-orbit Molecular Contamination occurs when materials outgas and deposit onto very sensitive interior surfaces of the spacecraft and instruments. The current solution, Molecular Adsorber Pucks, has disadvantages, which are reviewed. A new innovative solution, Molecular Adsorber Coating (MAC), is currently being formulated, optimized, and tested. It is a sprayable alternative composed of Zeolite-based coating with adsorbing properties.

Innovative Retrofit Insulation Strategies for Concrete Masonry Foundations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Huelman, P.; Goldberg, L.; Jacobson, R.

This study was designed to test a new approach for foundation insulation retrofits, with the goal of demonstrating improved moisture control, improved occupant comfort, and reduced heat loss. Because conducting experimental research on existing below-grade assemblies is very difficult, most of the results are based on simulations. The retrofit approach consists of filling open concrete block cores with an insulating material and adding R-10 exterior insulation that extends 1 ft below grade. The core fill is designed to improve the R-value of the foundation wall and increase the interior wall surface temperature, but more importantly to block convection currents thatmore » could otherwise increase moisture loads on the foundation wall and interior space. The exterior insulation significantly reduces heat loss through the most exposed part of the foundation and further increases the interior wall surface temperature. This improves occupant comfort and decreases the risk of condensation. Such an insulation package avoids the full-depth excavation necessary for exterior insulation retrofits, reduces costs, and eliminates the moisture and indoor air quality risks associated with interior insulation retrofits. Retrofit costs for the proposed approach were estimated at roughly half those of a full-depth exterior insulation retrofit.« less

The use of mesoscale eddies by juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the southwestern Atlantic.

PubMed

Gaube, Peter; Barceló, Caren; McGillicuddy, Dennis J; Domingo, Andrés; Miller, Philip; Giffoni, Bruno; Marcovaldi, Neca; Swimmer, Yonat

2017-01-01

Marine animals, such as turtles, seabirds and pelagic fishes, are observed to travel and congregate around eddies in the open ocean. Mesoscale eddies, large swirling ocean vortices with radius scales of approximately 50-100 km, provide environmental variability that can structure these populations. In this study, we investigate the use of mesoscale eddies by 24 individual juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence region. The influence of eddies on turtles is assessed by collocating the turtle trajectories to the tracks of mesoscale eddies identified in maps of sea level anomaly. Juvenile loggerhead sea turtles are significantly more likely to be located in the interiors of anticyclones in this region. The distribution of surface drifters in eddy interiors reveals no significant association with the interiors of cyclones or anticyclones, suggesting higher prevalence of turtles in anticyclones is a result of their behavior. In the southern portion of the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence region, turtle swimming speed is significantly slower in the interiors of anticyclones, when compared to the periphery, suggesting that these turtles are possibly feeding on prey items associated with anomalously low near-surface chlorophyll concentrations observed in those features.

The use of mesoscale eddies by juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the southwestern Atlantic

PubMed Central

Barceló, Caren; McGillicuddy, Dennis J.; Domingo, Andrés; Miller, Philip; Giffoni, Bruno; Marcovaldi, Neca; Swimmer, Yonat

2017-01-01

Marine animals, such as turtles, seabirds and pelagic fishes, are observed to travel and congregate around eddies in the open ocean. Mesoscale eddies, large swirling ocean vortices with radius scales of approximately 50–100 km, provide environmental variability that can structure these populations. In this study, we investigate the use of mesoscale eddies by 24 individual juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence region. The influence of eddies on turtles is assessed by collocating the turtle trajectories to the tracks of mesoscale eddies identified in maps of sea level anomaly. Juvenile loggerhead sea turtles are significantly more likely to be located in the interiors of anticyclones in this region. The distribution of surface drifters in eddy interiors reveals no significant association with the interiors of cyclones or anticyclones, suggesting higher prevalence of turtles in anticyclones is a result of their behavior. In the southern portion of the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence region, turtle swimming speed is significantly slower in the interiors of anticyclones, when compared to the periphery, suggesting that these turtles are possibly feeding on prey items associated with anomalously low near-surface chlorophyll concentrations observed in those features. PMID:28249020

Is There Ecological Information in Optical Polarization Data?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vanderbilt, Vern; Daughtry, Craig; Dahlgren, Robert

2015-01-01

Optical linear polarization? In remote sensing it's due to specular reflection. The first surface that incident light encounters - a smooth water surface or the waxy first surface of a leaf's cuticle, if it's even somewhat smooth (i.e. shiny) - will specularly reflect and linearly polarize the incident light. We provide three examples of the types of ecological information contained in remotely sensed optical linear polarization measurements. Remove the surface reflection to better see the interior. The linearly polarized light reflected by leaf surfaces contains no information about cellular pigments, metabolites, or water contained in the leaf interiors of a plant canopy, because it never enters the leaf interior to interact with them. Thus, for purposes of remotely sensing the leaf interiors of a plant canopy, the linearly polarized light should be subtracted from the total reflected light, because including it would add noise to the measurement. In particular 'minus specular' vegetation indices should allow improved monitoring of a plant canopy's physiological processes. Estimate plant development stage and yield. Wheat and sorghum grain heads, following emergence, rapidly extend upward and very quickly tower over nearby leaves, partially blocking our view of the sunlight reflected by those leaf surfaces. The resulting decrease in the amount of surface reflected and polarized sunlight, if monitored over time, potentially allows per-field estimates of the dates of the heading and flowering development stages to be interleaved with weather data in models, which is key to better estimating per-field grain yield. Similar polarization changes may occur in other grasses, such as oats, barley, corn and rice, each a crop so widely grown that it potentially affects climate at the regional scale. Wetlands Mapping. The sunlight specularly reflected by surface waters is blindingly bright, spectrally flat and polarized - all of which telegraphs that the ground area is inundated. Inundated soils exchange methane with the atmosphere; non-inundated soils, carbon dioxide. Aquatic plants growing through the water surface pipe the soil-produced methane via the stomata to the atmosphere, enhancing exchanges rates by factors of 10-20 compared to ebullition (bubbling) or diffusion through the water column to the atmosphere. Thus, mapping wetland areas into three community types - inundated areas with emergent vegetation, open water and uplands - provides potentially key information to water, carbon and energy budgets at landscape to global scales.

Amino acid substitutions affecting protein dynamics in eglin C do not affect heat capacity change upon unfolding.

PubMed

Gribenko, Alexey V; Keiffer, Timothy R; Makhatadze, George I

2006-08-01

The heat capacity change upon unfolding (deltaC(p)) is a thermodynamic parameter that defines the temperature dependence of the thermodynamic stability of proteins; however, physical basis of the heat capacity change is not completely understood. Although empirical surface area-based calculations can predict heat capacity changes reasonably well, accumulating evidence suggests that changes in hydration of those surfaces is not the only parameter contributing to the observed heat capacity changes upon unfolding. Because packing density in the protein interior is similar to that observed in organic crystals, we hypothesized that changes in protein dynamics resulting in increased rigidity of the protein structure might contribute to the observed heat capacity change upon unfolding. Using differential scanning calorimetry we characterized the thermodynamic behavior of a serine protease inhibitor eglin C and two eglin C variants with altered native state dynamics, as determined by NMR. We found no evidence of changes in deltaC(p) in either of the variants, suggesting that changes in rigidity do not contribute to the heat capacity change upon unfolding in this model system. Copyright 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Synthesis of core-shell AlOOH hollow nanospheres by reacting Al nanoparticles with water

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lozhkomoev, A. S.; Glazkova, E. A.; Bakina, O. V.; Lerner, M. I.; Gotman, I.; Gutmanas, E. Y.; Kazantsev, S. O.; Psakhie, S. G.

2016-05-01

A novel route for the synthesis of boehmite nanospheres with a hollow core and the shell composed of highly crumpled AlOOH nanosheets by oxidizing Al nanopowder in pure water under mild processing conditions is described. The stepwise events of Al transformation into boehmite are followed by monitoring the pH in the reaction medium. A mechanism of formation of hollow AlOOH nanospheres with a well-defined shape and crystallinity is proposed which includes the hydration of the Al oxide passivation layer, local corrosion of metallic Al accompanied by hydrogen evolution, the rupture of the protective layer, the dissolution of Al from the particle interior and the deposition of AlOOH nanosheets on the outer surface. In contrast to previously reported methods of boehmite nanoparticle synthesis, the proposed method is simple, and environmentally friendly and allows the generation of hydrogen gas as a by-product. Due to their high surface area and high, slit-shaped nanoporosity, the synthesized AlOOH nanostructures hold promise for the development of more effective catalysts, adsorbents, vaccines and drug carriers.

Quantitative tests for plate tectonics on Venus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaula, W. M.; Phillips, R. J.

1981-01-01

Quantitative comparisons are made between the characteristics of plate tectonics on the earth and those which are possible on Venus. Considerations of the factors influencing rise height and relating the decrease in rise height to plate velocity indicate that the rate of topographic dropoff from spreading centers should be about half that on earth due to greater rock-fluid density contrast and lower temperature differential between the surface and interior. Statistical analyses of Pioneer Venus radar altimetry data and global earth elevation data is used to identify 21,000 km of ridge on Venus and 33,000 km on earth, and reveal Venus ridges to have a less well-defined mode in crest heights and a greater concavity than earth ridges. Comparison of the Venus results with the spreading rates and associated heat flow on earth reveals plate creation rates on Venus to be 0.7 sq km/year or less and indicates that not more than 15% of Venus's energy is delivered to the surface by plate tectonics, in contrast to values of 2.9 sq km a year and 70% for earth.

Ground water recharge and discharge in the central Everglades

USGS Publications Warehouse

Harvey, Judson W.; Krupa, Steven L.; Krest, James M.

2004-01-01

Rates of ground water recharge and discharge are not well known in the central Everglades. Here we report estimates of ground water recharge and discharge at 15 sites in the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project and in Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA-2A), along with measurements of hydraulic properties of peat at 11 sites. A simple hydrogeologic simulation was used to assess how specific factors have influenced recharge and discharge. Simulations and measurements agreed that the highest values of recharge and discharge occur within 600 m of levees, the result of ground water flow beneath levees. There was disagreement in the interior wetlands of WCA-2A (located > 1000 m from levees) where measurements of recharge and discharge were substantially higher than simulated fluxes. A five-year time series (1997 to 2002) of measured fluxes indicated that recharge and discharge underwent reversals in direction on weekly, monthly, and annual timescales at interior sites in WCA-2A. Ground water discharge tended to occur during average to moderately dry conditions when local surface water levels were decreasing. Recharge tended to occur during moderately wet periods or during very dry periods just as water levels began to increase following precipitation or in response to a pulse of surface water released from water-control structures by water managers. Discharge also tended to occur at sites in the wetland interior for ∼1 week preceding the arrival of the surface water pulse. We conclude that ground water recharge and discharge vary cyclically in the interior wetlands of the central Everglades, driven by the differential responses of surface water and ground water to annual, seasonal, and weekly trends in precipitation and operation of water-control structures.

Electrostatic shape-shifting ion optics

DOEpatents

Dahl, David A.; Scott, Jill R.; Appelhans, Anthony D.

2006-05-02

Electrostatic shape-shifting ion optics includes an outer electrode that defines an interior region between first and second opposed open ends. A first inner electrode is positioned within the interior region of the outer electrode at about the first open end. A second inner electrode is positioned within the interior region of the outer electrode at about the second open end. A first end cap electrode is positioned at about a first open end of the first inner electrode so that the first end cap electrode substantially encloses the first open end of the first inner electrode. A second end cap electrode is positioned at about a second open end of the second inner electrode so that the second end cap electrode substantially encloses the second open end of the second inner electrode. A voltage source operatively connected to each of the electrodes applies voltage functions to each of the electrodes to produce an electric field within an interior space enclosed by the electrodes.

Technique for Calculating Solution Derivatives With Respect to Geometry Parameters in a CFD Code

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mathur, Sanjay

2011-01-01

A solution has been developed to the challenges of computation of derivatives with respect to geometry, which is not straightforward because these are not typically direct inputs to the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver. To overcome these issues, a procedure has been devised that can be used without having access to the mesh generator, while still being applicable to all types of meshes. The basic approach is inspired by the mesh motion algorithms used to deform the interior mesh nodes in a smooth manner when the surface nodes, for example, are in a fluid structure interaction problem. The general idea is to model the mesh edges and nodes as constituting a spring-mass system. Changes to boundary node locations are propagated to interior nodes by allowing them to assume their new equilibrium positions, for instance, one where the forces on each node are in balance. The main advantage of the technique is that it is independent of the volumetric mesh generator, and can be applied to structured, unstructured, single- and multi-block meshes. It essentially reduces the problem down to defining the surface mesh node derivatives with respect to the geometry parameters of interest. For analytical geometries, this is quite straightforward. In the more general case, one would need to be able to interrogate the underlying parametric CAD (computer aided design) model and to evaluate the derivatives either analytically, or by a finite difference technique. Because the technique is based on a partial differential equation (PDE), it is applicable not only to forward mode problems (where derivatives of all the output quantities are computed with respect to a single input), but it could also be extended to the adjoint problem, either by using an analytical adjoint of the PDE or a discrete analog.

Occupant seating anthropometry: body ellipses and contact zones for side-impact protection research

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Culver, Clyde C.; Viano, David C.

The study has developed an anthropometric description of seated occupants and determined body regions representing major paths in side-impact crashes. The study has identified five major body ellipses defining the head, shoulder, chest, abdomen and pelvis of seated occupants of various sizes, including the six-year-old child. Body contact zones have been determined for front-seated occupants. These templates provide information for the design of side interiors to improve occupant protection in side-impact crashes by load-transfer and energy-absorption characteristics of biocompatible interiors.

Interior Secretary Highlights Key Trends, Including Climate Change and Fiscal Constraint

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Showstack, Randy

2014-06-01

Climate change is "the defining issue of our time," Department of the Interior (DOI) Secretary Sally Jewell said during her 18 June keynote addess at the AGU Science Policy Conference in Washington, D. C. The United States has to "lead by example. We can't be the largest economy in the world and the second largest producer of carbon in the world"—after China—"and not take care of our own problems first to demonstrate to the world what needs to be done," she said.

Analysis of crew functions as an aid in Space Station interior layout

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steinberg, A. L.; Tullis, Thomas S.; Bied, Barbra

1986-01-01

The Space Station must be designed to facilitate all of the functions that its crew will perform, both on-duty and off-duty, as efficiently and comfortably as possible. This paper examines the functions to be performed by the Space Station crew in order to make inferences about the design of an interior layout that optimizes crew productivity. Twenty-seven crew functions were defined, as well as five criteria for assessing relationships among all pairs of those functions. Hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling techniques were used to visually summarize the relationships. A key result was the identification of two dimensions for describing the configuration of crew functions: 'Private-Public' and 'Group-Individual'. Seven specific recommendations for Space Station interior layout were derived from the analyses.

Integrated seat frame and back support

DOEpatents

Martin, Leo

1999-01-01

An integrated seating device comprises a seat frame having a front end and a rear end. The seat frame has a double wall defining an exterior wall and an interior wall. The rear end of the seat frame has a slot cut therethrough both the exterior wall and the interior wall. The front end of the seat frame has a slot cut through just the interior wall thereof. A back support comprising a generally L shape has a horizontal member, and a generally vertical member which is substantially perpendicular to the horizontal member. The horizontal member is sized to be threaded through the rear slot and is fitted into the front slot. Welded slat means secures the back support to the seat frame to result in an integrated seating device.

Double bowl piston

DOEpatents

Meffert, Darrel Henry; Urven, Jr., Roger Leroy; Brown, Cory Andrew; Runge, Mark Harold

2007-03-06

A piston for an internal combustion engine is disclosed. The piston has a piston crown with a face having an interior annular edge. The piston also has first piston bowl recessed within the face of the piston crown. The first piston bowl has a bottom surface and an outer wall. A line extending from the interior annular edge of the face and tangent with the outer wall forms an interior angle greater than 90 degrees with the face of the piston. The piston also has a second piston bowl that is centrally located and has an upper edge located below a face of the piston crown.

Prediction of light aircraft interior sound pressure level using the room equation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Atwal, M.; Bernhard, R.

1984-01-01

The room equation is investigated for predicting interior sound level. The method makes use of an acoustic power balance, by equating net power flow into the cabin volume to power dissipated within the cabin using the room equation. The sound power level transmitted through the panels was calculated by multiplying the measured space averaged transmitted intensity for each panel by its surface area. The sound pressure level was obtained by summing the mean square sound pressures radiated from each panel. The data obtained supported the room equation model in predicting the cabin interior sound pressure level.

Interior near-field acoustical holography in flight.

PubMed

Williams, E G; Houston, B H; Herdic, P C; Raveendra, S T; Gardner, B

2000-10-01

In this paper boundary element methods (BEM) are mated with near-field acoustical holography (NAH) in order to determine the normal velocity over a large area of a fuselage of a turboprop airplane from a measurement of the pressure (hologram) on a concentric surface in the interior of the aircraft. This work represents the first time NAH has been applied in situ, in-flight. The normal fuselage velocity was successfully reconstructed at the blade passage frequency (BPF) of the propeller and its first two harmonics. This reconstructed velocity reveals structure-borne and airborne sound-transmission paths from the engine to the interior space.

Downhole component with a pressure equalization passageway

DOEpatents

Hall, David R.; Pixton, David S.; Dahlgren, Scott; Reynolds, Jay T.; Breihan, James W.; Briscoe, Michael A.

2006-08-22

The present invention includes a downhole component adapted for transmitting downhole data. The downhole component includes a threaded end on a downhole component. The threaded end furthermore includes an interior region, and exterior region, and a mating surface wherein a cavity is formed. A data transmission element is disposed in the cavity and displaces a volume of the cavity. At least one passageway is formed in the threaded region between interior and exterior regions. The passageway is in fluid communication with both the interior and exterior regions and thereby relieves pressure build up of thread lubricant upon tool joint make up.

Surface area and pore size characteristics of nanoporous gold subjected to thermal, mechanical, or surface modification studied using gas adsorption isotherms, cyclic voltammetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy

PubMed Central

Tan, Yih Horng; Davis, Jason A.; Fujikawa, Kohki; Ganesh, N. Vijaya; Demchenko, Alexei V.

2012-01-01

Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms are used to investigate the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) pore size distribution of physically modified, thermally annealed, and octadecanethiol functionalized np-Au monoliths. We present the full adsorption-desorption isotherms for N2 gas on np-Au, and observe type IV isotherms and type H1 hysteresis loops. The evolution of the np-Au under various thermal annealing treatments was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The images of both the exterior and interior of the thermally annealed np-Au show that the porosity of all free standing np-Au structures decreases as the heat treatment temperature increases. The modification of the np-Au surface with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of C18-SH (coverage of 2.94 × 1014 molecules cm−2 based from the decomposition of the C18-SH using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)), was found to reduce the strength of the interaction of nitrogen gas with the np-Au surface, as reflected by a decrease in the ‘C’ parameter of the BET equation. From cyclic voltammetry studies, we found that the surface area of the np-Au monoliths annealed at elevated temperatures followed the same trend with annealing temperature as found in the BET surface area study and SEM morphology characterization. The study highlights the ability to control free-standing nanoporous gold monoliths with high surface area, and well-defined, tunable pore morphology. PMID:22822294

Liquid Water Oceans in Ice Giants

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wiktorowicz, Sloane J.; Ingersoll, Andrew P.

2007-01-01

Aptly named, ice giants such as Uranus and Neptune contain significant amounts of water. While this water cannot be present near the cloud tops, it must be abundant in the deep interior. We investigate the likelihood of a liquid water ocean existing in the hydrogen-rich region between the cloud tops and deep interior. Starting from an assumed temperature at a given upper tropospheric pressure (the photosphere), we follow a moist adiabat downward. The mixing ratio of water to hydrogen in the gas phase is small in the photosphere and increases with depth. The mixing ratio in the condensed phase is near unity in the photosphere and decreases with depth; this gives two possible outcomes. If at some pressure level the mixing ratio of water in the gas phase is equal to that in the deep interior, then that level is the cloud base. The gas below the cloud base has constant mixing ratio. Alternately, if the mixing ratio of water in the condensed phase reaches that in the deep interior, then the surface of a liquid ocean will occur. Below this ocean surface, the mixing ratio of water will be constant. A cloud base occurs when the photospheric temperature is high. For a family of ice giants with different photospheric temperatures, the cooler ice giants will have warmer cloud bases. For an ice giant with a cool enough photospheric temperature, the cloud base will exist at the critical temperature. For still cooler ice giants, ocean surfaces will result. A high mixing ratio of water in the deep interior favors a liquid ocean. We find that Neptune is both too warm (photospheric temperature too high) and too dry (mixing ratio of water in the deep interior too low) for liquid oceans to exist at present. To have a liquid ocean, Neptune s deep interior water to gas ratio would have to be higher than current models allow, and the density at 19 kbar would have to be approx. equal to 0.8 g/cu cm. Such a high density is inconsistent with gravitational data obtained during the Voyager flyby. In our model, Neptune s water cloud base occurs around 660 K and 11 kbar, and the density there is consistent with Voyager gravitational data. As Neptune cools, the probability of a liquid ocean increases. Extrasolar "hot Neptunes," which presumably migrate inward toward their parent stars, cannot harbor liquid water oceans unless they have lost almost all of the hydrogen and helium from their deep interiors.

Installation of surface-mounted flat-conductor cable

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Carden, J. R.

1976-01-01

Guide describes step-by-step process for installation of interior surface-mounted FCC used in commerical and residential buildings. Photographs illustrate how cable-riser and baseboard covers are installed as well as receptacle assembly and receptacle-cover replacement.

24 CFR 35.1350 - Safe work practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... activities do not disturb painted surfaces that total more than: (1) 20 square feet (2 square meters) on exterior surfaces; (2) 2 square feet (0.2 square meters) in any one interior room or space; or (3) 10...

24 CFR 35.1350 - Safe work practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... activities do not disturb painted surfaces that total more than: (1) 20 square feet (2 square meters) on exterior surfaces; (2) 2 square feet (0.2 square meters) in any one interior room or space; or (3) 10...

24 CFR 35.1350 - Safe work practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... activities do not disturb painted surfaces that total more than: (1) 20 square feet (2 square meters) on exterior surfaces; (2) 2 square feet (0.2 square meters) in any one interior room or space; or (3) 10...

24 CFR 35.1350 - Safe work practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... activities do not disturb painted surfaces that total more than: (1) 20 square feet (2 square meters) on exterior surfaces; (2) 2 square feet (0.2 square meters) in any one interior room or space; or (3) 10...

24 CFR 35.1350 - Safe work practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... activities do not disturb painted surfaces that total more than: (1) 20 square feet (2 square meters) on exterior surfaces; (2) 2 square feet (0.2 square meters) in any one interior room or space; or (3) 10...

30 CFR 947.816 - Performance standards-surface mining activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE WASHINGTON... Forest Practices Act, RCW 76.09, the Water Pollution Control Act, RCW 90.48, the Minimum Water Flows and...

Impact of indoor surface material on perceived air quality.

PubMed

Senitkova, I

2014-03-01

The material combination impact on perceived indoor air quality for various surface interior materials is presented in this paper. The chemical analysis and sensory assessments identifies health adverse of indoor air pollutants (TVOCs). In this study, emissions and odors from different common indoor surface materials were investigated in glass test chamber under standardized conditions. Chemical measurements (TVOC concentration) and sensory assessments (odor intensity, air acceptability) were done after building materials exposure to standardized conditions. The results of the chemical and sensory assessment of individual materials and their combinations are compared and discussed within the paper. The using possibility of individual material surface sorption ability was investigated. The knowledge of targeted sorption effects can be used in the interior design phase. The results demonstrate the various sorption abilities of various indoor materials as well as the various sorption abilities of the same indoor material in various combinations. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Internal processes affecting surfaces of low-density satellites - Ganymede and Callisto

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parmentier, E. M.; Head, J. W.

1979-01-01

Possible significant physical processes on low-density (icy) satellites, particularly Ganymede and Callisto, are outlined, and the relations of these interior processes to the formation and evolution of satellite surfaces are discussed. A variety of mechanisms is shown to lead to interior melting in early satellite history and a configuration characterized by a predominantly water ice lithosphere overlying a mantle containing liquid water. Physical processes capable of affecting the lithosphere of an ice-silicate body and thus creating observable surface features are assessed, including tectonic stresses from tidal deformation and volume changes, gravitational effects on density differences and water volcanism. The residence time of surface features on icy bodies produced by the outlined processes and by impact cratering is considered, and a tentative outline of the geologic history of Ganymede and Callisto is presented. Observations from Voyager and Galileo are expected to provide evidence on the evolution and geologic history of low-density satellites.

78 FR 63911 - Montana Regulatory Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-25

... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 30 CFR Part 926...; S2D2SSS08011000 SX066A00033 F13XS501520] Montana Regulatory Program AGENCY: Office of Surface Mining Reclamation... regulatory program (hereinafter, the ``Montana program'') under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation...

36 CFR 9.4 - Surface disturbance moratorium.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Surface disturbance moratorium. 9.4 Section 9.4 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT Mining and Mining Claims § 9.4 Surface disturbance moratorium. (a) For a...

36 CFR 9.4 - Surface disturbance moratorium.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Surface disturbance moratorium. 9.4 Section 9.4 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT Mining and Mining Claims § 9.4 Surface disturbance moratorium. (a) For a...

36 CFR 9.4 - Surface disturbance moratorium.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Surface disturbance moratorium. 9.4 Section 9.4 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT Mining and Mining Claims § 9.4 Surface disturbance moratorium. (a) For a...

36 CFR 9.4 - Surface disturbance moratorium.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Surface disturbance moratorium. 9.4 Section 9.4 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT Mining and Mining Claims § 9.4 Surface disturbance moratorium. (a) For a...

30 CFR 773.4 - Requirements to obtain permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... INTERIOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL EXPLORATION SYSTEMS UNDER... a State, no person shall engage in or carry out any surface coal mining operations, unless such... (b) of this section. A permittee need not renew the permit if no surface coal mining operations will...

30 CFR 773.4 - Requirements to obtain permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... INTERIOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL EXPLORATION SYSTEMS UNDER... a State, no person shall engage in or carry out any surface coal mining operations, unless such... (b) of this section. A permittee need not renew the permit if no surface coal mining operations will...

30 CFR 773.4 - Requirements to obtain permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... INTERIOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL EXPLORATION SYSTEMS UNDER... a State, no person shall engage in or carry out any surface coal mining operations, unless such... (b) of this section. A permittee need not renew the permit if no surface coal mining operations will...

30 CFR 773.4 - Requirements to obtain permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... INTERIOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL EXPLORATION SYSTEMS UNDER... a State, no person shall engage in or carry out any surface coal mining operations, unless such... (b) of this section. A permittee need not renew the permit if no surface coal mining operations will...

Effects of coloured lighting on the perception of interior spaces.

PubMed

Odabaşioğlu, Seden; Olguntürk, Nіlgün

2015-02-01

Use of coloured lighting in interior spaces has become prevalent in recent years. Considerable importance is ascribed to coloured lighting in interior and lighting design. The effects of colour on the perception of interior spaces have been studied as surface colour; but here, the effects of three different types of chromatic light were investigated. The lighting differed in colour (red, green and white) and perceptions of interior space were assessed. 97 participants (59 women, 38 men; M age = 21.4 yr.) evaluated the experiment room on a questionnaire assessing eight evaluative factors: Pleasantness, Arousal, Aesthetics, Usefulness, Comfort, Spaciousness, Colour, and Lighting quality. Perceptions of the room differed by colour of lighting for some of the evaluative factors, but there was no sex difference in perceptions. Interior spaces may be perceived as equally pleasant under white, green and red lighting. Under white lighting a space is perceived as more useful, spacious, clear, and luminous. Green lighting would make the same effect. Green and white lighting were perceived equally comfortable in an interior space. Chromatic coloured lighting was perceived to be more aesthetic than white lighting. The results support previous findings for some evaluative factors, but differed for others.

Pigment biomarkers and particulate carbon in the upper water column compared to the ocean interior of the northeast Atlantic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Llewellyn, C. A.; Mantoura, R. F. C.

1996-08-01

In situ pumps (SAPs) were used to collect particulates from the upper and interior of the ocean at 47, 56 and 60°N along the 20°W meridian in the northeast Atlantic during 1989. The particulates were analysed for carbon, chlorophylls, chlorophyll degradation products and carotenoids covering a four order of magnitude change in concentration. There was a logarithmic decline in pigment and carbon concentrations from the surface to 1000 m, below which concentrations remained constant. The gradient of the decline for chlorophyll a (chl a) appeared to be directly related to the flux of organic matter from the upper ocean. 19'-Hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin (prymnesiophtyes) and fucoxanthin (diatoms) persisted throughout the water column revealing the importance of prymnesiophytes as well as diatoms in the transfer of biogenic material into the ocean interior. At 60°N there was a two order of magnitude decrease in chl a concentrations in the ocean interior compared to the surface (1 μg chl a l -1). At 47°N, surface chl a concentrations were similar to those 60°N, but in the ocean interior there was a three order of magnitude decrease. Chlorophyll a concentrations throughout the water column and differences in the type of assessory pigment present at the four latitudes were consistent with the timing of the spring bloom at each latitude. At 60°N, we sampled at the end of the spring bloom, and fucoxanthin dominated. At 47°N, the spring bloom was over, and 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin dominated. Pheophorbide a and pyropheophorbide a were the dominant chlorophyll degradation products, with highest concentrations in the north. Pyropheophorbide a became increasingly important with depth and towards the south. At least 50% of the organic carbon in the upper ocean could not be accounted for in terms of phytoplankton, zooplankton or bacteria, and we speculate that some of the unidentified carbon is related to microzooplankton faecal material. Carbon vertical profiles did not show the large latitudinal variation of the pigments, resulting in carbon/chl a ratios in the ocean interior at 47°N (1855) being 6-fold greater than those at 60°N. The ratios reflected the more highly degraded nature of the biogenic material in the ocean interior at 47°N compared to 60°N.

30 CFR 933.761 - Areas designated unsuitable for surface coal mining by Act of Congress.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... mining by Act of Congress. 933.761 Section 933.761 Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE NORTH CAROLINA § 933.761 Areas designated unsuitable for surface coal mining by Act of...

Gas insulated transmission line having low inductance intercalated sheath

DOEpatents

Cookson, Alan H.

1978-01-01

A gas insulated transmission line including an outer sheath, an inner conductor disposed within the outer sheath, and an insulating gas between the inner conductor and the outer sheath. The outer sheath comprises an insulating tube having first and second ends, and having interior and exterior surfaces. A first electrically conducting foil is secured to the interior surface of the insulating tube, is spirally wound from one tube end to the second tube end, and has a plurality of overlapping turns. A second electrically conducting foil is secured to the exterior surface of the insulating tube, and is spirally wound in the opposite direction from the first electrically conducting foil. By winding the foils in opposite directions, the inductances within the intercalated sheath will cancel each other out.

Venus Interior Structure Mission (VISM): Establishing a Seismic Network on Venus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stofan, E. R.; Saunders, R. S.; Senske, D.; Nock, K.; Tralli, D.; Lundgren, P.; Smrekar, S.; Banerdt, B.; Kaiser, W.; Dudenhoefer, J.

1993-01-01

Magellan radar data show the surface of Venus to contain a wide range of geologic features (large volcanoes, extensive rift valleys, etc.). Although networks of interconnecting zones of deformation are identified, a system of spreading ridges and subduction zones like those that dominate the tectonic style of the Earth do not appear to be present. In addition, the absence of a mantle low-viscosity zone suggests a strong link between mantle dynamics and the surface. As a natural follow-on to the Magellan mission, establishing a network of seismometers on Venus will provide detailed quantitative information on the large scale interior structure of the planet. When analyzed in conjunction with image, gravity, and topography information, these data will aid in constraining mechanisms that drive surface deformation.

Movement of moisture in refrigerated cheese samples transferred to room temperature.

PubMed

Emmons, D B; Bradley, R L; Campbell, C; Sauvé, J P

2001-01-01

When cheese samples refrigerated at 4 degrees C in 120 mL plastic tubs were transferred to room temperature at 23 degrees C, moisture began to move from the warmer surface to the cooler interior; the difference after 1 h was 0.2-0.4%. Others had observed that moisture moved from the interior of warmer blocks of cheese to the cooler surface during cooling at the end of cheese manufacture. In loosely packed cheese prepared for analysis, part of the moisture movement may have been due to evaporation from the warmer surface and condensation on the cooler cheese. It is recommended that cheese be prepared for analysis immediately before weighing. Cheese samples that have been refrigerated, as in interlaboratory trials, should also be remixed or prepared again.

Electrically isolated, high melting point, metal wire arrays and method of making same

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Simpson, John T.; Cunningham, Joseph P.; D'Urso, Brian R.

2016-01-26

A method of making a wire array includes the step of providing a tube of a sealing material and having an interior surface, and positioning a wire in the tube, the wire having an exterior surface. The tube is heated to soften the tube, and the softened tube is drawn and collapsed by a mild vacuum to bring the interior surface of the tube into contact with the wire to create a coated wire. The coated wires are bundled. The bundled coated wires are heated under vacuum to fuse the tube material coating the wires and create a fused rodmore » with a wire array embedded therein. The fused rod is cut to form a wire array. A wire array is also disclosed.« less

Turbine airfoil having near-wall cooling insert

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martin, Jr., Nicholas F.; Wiebe, David J.

A turbine airfoil is provided with at least one insert positioned in a cavity in an airfoil interior. The insert extends along a span-wise extent of the turbine airfoil and includes first and second opposite faces. A first near-wall cooling channel is defined between the first face and a pressure sidewall of an airfoil outer wall. A second near-wall cooling channel is defined between the second face and a suction sidewall of the airfoil outer wall. The insert is configured to occupy an inactive volume in the airfoil interior so as to displace a coolant flow in the cavity towardmore » the first and second near-wall cooling channels. A locating feature engages the insert with the outer wall for supporting the insert in position. The locating feature is configured to control flow of the coolant through the first or second near-wall cooling channel.« less

Video and thermal imaging system for monitoring interiors of high temperature reaction vessels

DOEpatents

Saveliev, Alexei V [Chicago, IL; Zelepouga, Serguei A [Hoffman Estates, IL; Rue, David M [Chicago, IL

2012-01-10

A system and method for real-time monitoring of the interior of a combustor or gasifier wherein light emitted by the interior surface of a refractory wall of the combustor or gasifier is collected using an imaging fiber optic bundle having a light receiving end and a light output end. Color information in the light is captured with primary color (RGB) filters or complimentary color (GMCY) filters placed over individual pixels of color sensors disposed within a digital color camera in a BAYER mosaic layout, producing RGB signal outputs or GMCY signal outputs. The signal outputs are processed using intensity ratios of the primary color filters or the complimentary color filters, producing video images and/or thermal images of the interior of the combustor or gasifier.

Control of edge effects of oxidant electrode

DOEpatents

Carr, Peter; Chi, Chen H.

1981-09-08

Described is an electrode assembly comprising; a. a porous electrode having a first and second exterior face with a cavity formed in the interior between said exterior faces thereby having first and second interior faces positioned opposite the first and second exterior faces; b. a counter electrode positioned facing each of the first and second exterior faces of the porous electrode; c. means for passing an oxidant through said porous electrode; and d. screening means for blocking the interior face of the porous electrode a greater amount than the blocking of the respective exterior face of the porous electrode, thereby maintaining a differential of oxidant electrode surface between the interior face and the exterior face. The electrode assembly is useful in a metal, halogen, halogen hydrate electrical energy storage device.

Method for control of edge effects of oxidant electrode

DOEpatents

Carr, Peter; Chi, Chen H.

1980-12-23

Described is an electrode assembly comprising; a. a porous electrode having a first and second exterior face with a cavity formed in the interior between said exterior faces thereby having first and second interior faces positioned opposite the first and second exterior faces; b. a counter electrode positioned facing each of the first and second exterior faces of the porous electrode; c. means for passing an oxidant through said porous electrode; and d. screening means for blocking the interior face of the porous electrode a greater amount than the blocking of the respective exterior face of the porous electrode, thereby maintaining a differential of oxidant electrode surface between the interior face and the exterior face. The electrode assembly is useful in a metal, halogen, halogen hydrate electrical energy storage device.

The determination of temperature stability of silver nanotubes by the molecular dynamics simulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Filatov, O.; Soldatenko, S.; Soldatenko, O.

2018-04-01

Molecular dynamics simulation using the embedded-atom method is applied to study thermal stability of silver nanotubes and its coefficient of linear thermal expansion. The correspondence of face centered cubic structure potential for this task is tested. Three types of nanotubes are modelled: scrolled from graphene-like plane, scrolled from plane with cubic structure and cut from cylinder. It is established that only the last two of them are stable. The last one describes in details. There is critical temperature when free ends of the nanotube close but the interior surface retains. At higher temperatures, the interior surface collapses and the nanotube is unstable.

Crustal and subcrustal nodules in ejecta from Kilbourne Hole Maar, New Mexico

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Whitford-Stark, J. L.

1987-01-01

Nodules retrieved from the ejecta of volcanic craters serve as the source of two major items of information. The first is in providing details of the geochemistry and mineralogy of the Earth's interior by supplying samples of materials that cannot be obtained by existing drilling techniques. The other is in providing information regarding the process which led to their transport from the Earth's interior to the surface. The primary purpose of the present study was to examine the morphology of the nodules in an attempt to place some constraints on the process that brought them to the surface. This attempt is briefly discussed.

Workshop on Mercury: Space Environment, Surface, and Interior

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

This volume contains abstracts that have been accepted for presentation at the Workshop on Mercury: Space Environment, Surface, and Interior, October 4-5, 2001. The Scientific Organizing Committee consisted of Mark Robinson (Northwestern University), Marty Slade (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Jim Slavin (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center), Sean Solomon (Carnegie Institution), Ann Sprague (University of Arizona), Paul Spudis (Lunar and Planetary Institute), G. Jeffrey Taylor (University of Hawai'i), Faith Vilas (NASA Johnson Space Center), Meenakshi Wadhwa (The Field Museum), and Thomas Watters (National Air and Space Museum). Logistics, administrative, and publications support were provided by the Publications and Program Services Departments of the Lunar and Planetary Institute.

Optimization of ceramic strength using elastic gradients

PubMed Central

Zhang, Yu; Ma, Li

2009-01-01

We present a new concept for strengthening ceamics by utilizing a graded structure with a low elastic modulus at both top and bottom surfaces sandwiching a high-modulus interior. Closed-form equations have been developed for stress analysis of simply supported graded sandwich beams subject to transverse center loads. Theory predicts that suitable modulus gradients at the ceramic surface can effectively reduce and spread the maximum bending stress from the surface into the interior. The magnitude of such stress dissipation is governed by the thickness ratio of the beam to the graded layers. We test our concept by infiltrating both top and bottom surfaces of a strong class of zirconia ceramic with an in-house prepared glass of similar coefficient of thermal expansion and Poisson’s ratio to zirconia, producing a controlled modulus gradient at the surface without significant long-range residual stresses. The resultant graded glass/zirconia/glass composite exhibits significantly higher load-bearing capacity than homogeneous zirconia. PMID:20161019

The Stellar Imager (SI) - A Mission to Resolve Stellar Surfaces, Interiors, and Magnetic Activity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen; Carpenter, Kenneth G.; Schrijver, Carolus J.; Karovska, Margarita

2012-01-01

The Stellar Imager (SI) is a space-based, UV/Optical Interferometer (UVOI) designed to enable 0.1 milli-arcsecond (mas) spectral imaging of stellar surfaces and of the Universe in general. It will also probe via asteroseismology flows and structures in stellar interiors. SI will enable the development and testing of a predictive dynamo model for the Sun, by observing patterns of surface activity and imaging of the structure and differential rotation of stellar interiors in a population study of Sun-like stars to determine the dependence of dynamo action on mass, internal structure and flows, and time. SI's science focuses on the role of magnetism in the Universe and will revolutionize our understanding of the formation of planetary systems, of the habitability and climatology of distant planets, and of many magnetohydrodynamically controlled processes in the Universe. SI is a "LandmarklDiscovery Mission" in the 2005 Heliophysics Roadmap, an implementation of the UVOI in the 2006 Astrophysics Strategic Plan, and a NASA Vision Mission ("NASA Space Science Vision Missions" (2008), ed. M. Allen). We present here the science goals of the SI Mission, a mission architecture that could meet those goals, and the technology development needed to enable this mission

Widespread Refreezing of Both Surface and Basal Melt Water Beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bell, R. E.; Tinto, K. J.; Das, I.; Wolovick, M.; Chu, W.; Creyts, T. T.; Frearson, N.

2013-12-01

The isotopically and chemically distinct, bubble-free ice observed along the Greenland Ice Sheet margin both in the Russell Glacier and north of Jacobshavn must have formed when water froze from subglacial networks. Where this refreezing occurs and what impact it has on ice sheet processes remain unclear. We use airborne radar data to demonstrate that freeze-on to the ice sheet base and associated deformation produce large ice units up to 700 m thick throughout northern Greenland. Along the ice sheet margin, in the ablation zone, surface meltwater, delivered via moulins, refreezes to the ice sheet base over rugged topography. In the interior, water melted from the ice sheet base is refrozen and surrounded by folded ice. A significant fraction of the ice sheet is modified by basal freeze-on and associated deformation. For the Eqip and Petermann catchments, representing the ice sheet margin and interior respectively, extensive airborne radar datasets show that 10%-13% of the base of the ice sheet and up to a third of the catchment width is modified by basal freeze-on. The interior units develop over relatively subdued topography with modest water flux from basal melt where conductive cooling likely dominates. Steps in the bed topography associated with subglacial valley networks may foster glaciohydraulic supercooling. The ablation zone units develop where both surface melt and crevassing are widespread and large volumes of surface meltwater will reach the base of the ice sheet. The relatively steep topography at the upslope edge of the ablation zone units combined with the larger water flux suggests that supercooling plays a greater role in their formation. The ice qualities of the ablation zone units should reflect the relatively fresh surface melt whereas the chemistry of the interior units should reflect solute-rich basal melt. Changes in basal conditions such as the presence of till patches may contribute to the formation of the large basal units near the Northeast Ice Stream. The contrasting rheology of glacial and interglacial ice may also enhance the deformation associated with freeze-on beneath large ice sheets. The occurrence of basal units both in the ice sheet interior and in the thermally very different ablation zone indicates refreezing is widespread and can occur in many environments beneath an ice sheet. This process appears to influence the morphology and behavior of the ice sheet from top to bottom.

Anthropogenic carbon in the ocean—Surface to interior connections

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Groeskamp, Sjoerd; Lenton, Andrew; Matear, Richard; Sloyan, Bernadette M.; Langlais, Clothilde

2016-11-01

Quantifying the surface to interior transport of anthropogenic carbon (CA) is critical for projecting future carbon uptake and for improved understanding of the role of the oceans in the global carbon cycle. Here we develop and apply a diagnostic tool that provides a volumetric stream function in (CA,σ0) coordinates to calculate the total diapycnal CA transport in the ocean, where σ0 is the surface referenced potential density anomaly. We combine this with air-sea fluxes of CA to infer the internal ocean mixing of CA to obtain a closed globally integrated budget analyses of the ocean's CA transport. This diagnostic separates the contribution from the mean flow, seasonal cycles, trend, surface fluxes, and mixing in the distribution and the accumulation of CA in the ocean. We find that the redistribution of CA from the surface to the interior of the ocean is due to an interplay between circulation and mixing. The circulation component is dominated by the mean flow; however, effects due to seasonal cycles are significant for the CA redistribution. The two most important pathways for CA subduction are through the transformation of thermocline water (TW) into subantarctic mode water and by transformation of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) into lighter Antarctic Intermediate Water. The results suggest that an accurate representation of intermediate and mode water formation, deep water formation, and spatial and temporal distribution of ocean mixing in ocean models is essential to simulate and project the oceanic uptake of CA.

Never judge a black hole by its area

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ong, Yen Chin

2015-04-01

Christodoulou and Rovelli have shown that black holes have large interiors that grow asymptotically linearly in advanced time, and speculated that this may be relevant to the information loss paradox. We show that there is no simple relation between the interior volume of an arbitrary black hole and its horizon area. That is, the volume enclosed is not necessarily a monotonically increasing function of the surface area.

The Interior Analysis and 3-D Reconstruction of Internally-Mixed Light-Absorbing Atmospheric Particles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Conny, J. M.; Collins, S. M.; Anderson, I.; Herzing, A.

2010-12-01

Carbon-containing atmospheric particles may either absorb solar or outgoing long-wave radiation or scatter solar radiation, and thus, affect Earth’s radiative balance in multiple ways. Light-absorbing carbon that is common in urban air particles such as industrial coke dust, road dust, and diesel soot, often exists in the same particle with other phases that contain, for example, aluminum, calcium, iron, and sulfur. While the optical properties of atmospheric particles in general depend on overall particle size and shape, the inhomogeneity of chemical phases within internally-mixed particles may also greatly affect particle optical properties. In this study, a series of microscopic approaches were used to identify individual light-absorbing coarse-mode particles and to assess their interior structure and composition. Particle samples were collected in 2004 from one of the U.S. EPA’s Los Angeles Particulate Matter Supersites, and were likely affected substantially by road dust and construction dust. First, bright-field and dark-field light microscopy and computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to distinguish predominantly light-absorbing carbonaceous particles from other particle types such as mineral dust, sea salt, and brake wear. Second, high-resolution SEM-EDX elemental mapping of individual carbonaceous particles was used to select particles with additional elemental phases that exhibited spatial inhomogeneity. Third, focused ion-beam SEM (FIB-SEM) with EDX was used to slice through selected particles to expose interior surfaces and to determine the spatial distribution of element phases throughout the particles. Fourth, study of the interior phases of a particle was augmented by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of a thin section of the particle prepared by FIB-SEM. Here, electron energy loss spectroscopy with TEM was used to study chemical bonding in the carbonaceous phase. Finally, automated serial slicing and imaging in the FIB-SEM generated a stack of secondary electron images of the particles’ interior surfaces that allowed for the 3-D reconstruction of the particles, a process known as FIB tomography. Interior surface of light-absorbing carbonaceous particle from FIB-SEM analysis.

10Be surface exposure dating reveals strong active deformation in the central Andean backarc interior

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

García Morabito, Ezequiel; Terrizzano, Carla; Zech, Roland; Willett, Sean; Yamin, Marcela; Haghipour, Negar; Wuethrich, Lorenz; Christl, Marcus; María Cortes, José; Ramos, Victor

2016-04-01

Understanding the deformation associated with active thrust wedges is essential to evaluate seismic hazard. How is active faulting distributed throughout the wedge, and how much deformation is taken up by individual structures? We address these questions for our study region, the central Andean backarc of Argentina. We combined a structural and geomorphological approach with surface exposure dating (10Be) of alluvial fans and strath terraces in two key localities at ~32° S: the Cerro Salinas, located in the active orogenic front of the Precordillera, and the Barreal block in the interior of the Andean mountain range. We analysed 22 surface samples and 6 depth profiles. At the thrust front, the oldest terrace (T1) yields an age of 100-130 ka, the intermediate terrace (T2) between 40-95 ka, and the youngest terrace (T3) an age of ~20 ka. In the Andean interior, T1´ dates to 117-146 ka, T2´ to ~70 ka, and T3´ to ~20 ka, all calculations assuming negligible erosion and using the scaling scheme for spallation based on Lal 1991, Stone 2000. Vertical slip rates of fault offsets are 0.3-0.5 mm/yr and of 0.6-1.2 mm/yr at the thrust front and in the Andean interior, respectively. Our results highlight: i) fault activity related to the growth of the Andean orogenic wedge is not only limited to a narrow thrust front zone. Internal structures have been active during the last 150 ka, ii) deformation rates in the Andean interior are comparable or even higher that those estimated and reported along the emerging thrust front, iii) distribution of active faulting seems to account for unsteady state conditions, and iv) seismic hazards may be more relevant in the internal parts of the Andean orogen than assumed so far. References Lal, D., 1991: Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces: In situ nuclide production rates and erosion models. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 104: 424-439. Stone, J.O., 2000: Air pressure and cosmogenic isotope production. Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (B10): 23753-23759

Evaluation of Staphylococcus aureus growth potential in ham during a slow-cooking process: use of predictions derived from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Pathogen Modeling Program 6.1 predictive model and an inoculation study.

PubMed

Ingham, Steven C; Losinski, Jill A; Dropp, Brenda K; Vivio, Laura L; Buege, Dennis R

2004-07-01

The U.S. Department of Agriculture has cautioned against slow cooking meat such that the interior temperature increases from 10 degrees C (50 degrees F) to 54.4 degrees C (130 degrees F) in > or = 6 h. During a commercial ham-smoking process, the ham cold point is typically between 10 and 54.4 degrees C for 13 h, but the ham is subsequently exposed to heating sufficient to eliminate vegetative pathogenic bacteria. Thus, production of heat-stable staphylococcal enterotoxin is the primary biological hazard. For this study, uncooked surface and uncooked ground interior ham were inoculated with a three-strain Staphylococcus aureus mixture, exposed to simulated surface and interior slow-cook conditions, respectively, and analyzed periodically using the Baird-Parker agar and 3M Petrifilm Staph Express count plate methods. For the surface and interior conditions, S. aureus numbers increased by no more than 0.1 and 0.7 log units, respectively. Predictions derived from actual time and temperature data and S. aureus growth values from a computer-generated model (Pathogen Modeling Program 6.1, U.S. Department of Agriculture) were for 2.7 (ham surface) and 9.9 to 10.5 (ham interior) generations of S. aureus growth, indicating that use of model-derived growth values would not falsely indicate safe slow cooking of ham. The Baird-Parker method recovered significantly (P < 0.05) greater numbers of S. aureus than the Petrifilm Staph Express method. For hams pumped with brine to attain (i) 18% (wt/wt) weight gain, (ii) > or = 2.3% sodium lactate, (iii) > or = 0.8% sodium chloride, and (iv) 200 ppm ingoing sodium nitrite, slow-cooking critical limits of < or = 4 h between 10 and 34 degrees C, < or = 5 h between 34 and 46 degrees C, and < or = 5 h between 46 and 54.4 degrees C could be considered adequate to ensure safety.

30 CFR 701.4 - Responsibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GENERAL PERMANENT... responsibility for regulation of coal exploration and surface coal mining and reclamation operations during the... mining and reclamation operations, approval of coal exploration which substantially disturbs the natural...

30 CFR 903.843 - Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... request, to a designated Arizona State agency with jurisdiction over mining. ... Mineral Resources OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE ARIZONA § 903.843 Federal...

Detectable Warning Surfaces : Color, Contrast, and Reflectance

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1994-09-01

The visual contrast of ten detectable warning surface/platform pairs was measured on an interior platform illuminated at 20 foot-candles, as recommended by the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) A4.429.2, by 24 persons h...

Flow and fracture of ices, with application to icy satellites (Invited)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Durham, W. B.; Stern, L. A.; Pathare, A.; Golding, N.

2013-12-01

Exploration of the outer planets and their satellites by spacecraft over the past 4 decades has revealed that the prevailing low temperatures in the outer solar system have not produced "dead" cryoworlds of generic appearance. Rather, there is an extraordinary diversity in average densities, presence/absence and compositions of atmospheres and planetary rings, average albedos and their seasonal changes, near-surface compositions, and surface records of impact cratering and endogenic tectonic and igneous processes. One reason for this diversity is that the icy minerals present in abundance on many of these worlds are now or once were at significant fractions of their melting temperatures. Hence, a host of thermally activated processes related to endogenic activity (such as crystal defect migration, mass diffusion, surface transport, solid-solid changes of state, and partial melting) may occur that can enable inelastic flow on the surfaces and in the interiors of these bodies. Planetary manifestations include viscous crater relaxation in ice-rich terrain, cryovolcanism, the presence of a stable subsurface ocean, and the effects of solid-ice convection in deep interiors. We make the connection between theoretical mechanisms of deformation and planetary geology through laboratory experiment. Specifically, we develop quantitative constitutive flow laws (strain rate vs. stress) that describe the effects of relevant environmental variables (hydrostatic pressure, temperature, phase composition, chemical impurities). Our findings speak to topics including (1) the behavior of an outer ice I layer, its thickness, the depth to which a stagnant lid might extend, and possibility of wholesale overturn; (2) softening effects of dissolved species such as ammonia and perchlorate; (3) hardening effects of enclathration and of rock dust; and (4) effects of grain size on strength and factors affecting grain size. Other applications of lab data include dynamics of the deep interiors of large icy moons; flow of very low melting temperature, weakly bonded solids such as N2, CH4, and CO2; and the behavior of ice-rich, large exoplanets. We will review recent results on the rheological behavior of water ice I in the regime of combined flow by grain size sensitive and grain size insensitive mechanisms of deformation, and in particular the possibility that grain size is not a free variable when ice I deforms over large strains for long periods of time, but rather is defined by stress and temperature. Existing rheological laws suggest that viscosity of an ice-I-rich outer layer on a large icy moon, including a moon as small as Enceladus, may be strongly grain size dependent. We will also review developments in two-phase flow, with implications for geysers on Enceladus and methane in Titan's atmosphere.