31 CFR 560.525 - Exportation of certain legal services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... (a) The provision of the following legal services to the Government of Iran or to a person in Iran... person in Iran or the Government of Iran has been named as a defendant in or otherwise made a party to... Iran or a person in Iran; (4) Representation before any federal or state agency with respect to the...

Factors affecting Iran`s future. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sinai, J.

1993-05-28

This study examines the factors affecting Iran`s future by focusing on the demographic, economic, and military trends in Iran and their impact on the country`s national security objectives in the next decade. The paper also assesses the implications of an economic embargo on Iran and potential Iranian threats to regional and United States national interests.

31 CFR 560.516 - Transfers of funds involving Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Transfers of funds involving Iran. 560... involving Iran. (a) United States depository institutions are authorized to process transfers of funds to or from Iran, or for the direct or indirect benefit of persons in Iran or the Government of Iran, if the...

31 CFR 560.526 - Commodities trading and related transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... with the United States person is a person in Iran or the Government of Iran, and (2) It was impossible... the Government of Iran. (b) Trading in commodities destined for Iran or the Government of Iran. With... by United States persons in commodities of U.S. or third-country origin destined for Iran or the...

31 CFR 560.525 - Exportation of certain legal services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... (a) The provision of the following legal services to the Government of Iran or to a person in Iran... person in Iran or the Government of Iran has been named as a defendant in or otherwise made a party to... Iran or a person in Iran; (4) Representation before any federal or state agency with respect to the...

31 CFR 535.433 - Central Bank of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Central Bank of Iran. 535.433 Section... § 535.433 Central Bank of Iran. The Central Bank of Iran (Bank Markazi Iran) is an agency, instrumentality and controlled entity of the Government of Iran for all purposes under this part. (Secs. 201-207...

31 CFR 560.525 - Exportation of certain legal services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... (a) The provision of the following legal services to the Government of Iran or to a person in Iran... person in Iran or the Government of Iran has been named as a defendant in or otherwise made a party to... Iran or a person in Iran; (4) Representation before any federal or state agency with respect to the...

31 CFR 535.433 - Central Bank of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Central Bank of Iran. 535.433 Section... § 535.433 Central Bank of Iran. The Central Bank of Iran (Bank Markazi Iran) is an agency, instrumentality and controlled entity of the Government of Iran for all purposes under this part. (Secs. 201-207...

31 CFR 560.205 - Prohibited reexportation of goods, technology or services to Iran or the Government of Iran by...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., technology or services to Iran or the Government of Iran by persons other than United States persons... Prohibitions § 560.205 Prohibited reexportation of goods, technology or services to Iran or the Government of Iran by persons other than United States persons; exceptions. (a) Except as otherwise authorized...

31 CFR 560.205 - Prohibited reexportation of goods, technology or services to Iran or the Government of Iran by...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., technology or services to Iran or the Government of Iran by persons other than United States persons... Prohibitions § 560.205 Prohibited reexportation of goods, technology or services to Iran or the Government of Iran by persons other than United States persons; exceptions. (a) Except as otherwise authorized...

31 CFR 560.535 - Letters of credit and brokering services relating to certain foodstuffs and carpets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... from Iran or the Government of Iran. United States depository institutions are authorized to issue letters of credit in favor of a beneficiary in Iran or the Government of Iran to pay for purchases from Iran or the Government of Iran of the categories of Iranian-origin goods described in § 560.534(a...

A Study of Comparative Advantage and Intra-Industry Trade in the Pharmaceutical Industry of Iran.

PubMed

Yusefzadeh, Hassan; Rezapour, Aziz; Lotfi, Farhad; Ebadifard Azar, Farbod; Nabilo, Bahram; Abolghasem Gorji, Hassan; Hadian, Mohammad; Shahidisadeghi, Niusha; Karami, Atiyeh

2015-04-23

Drug costs in Iran accounts for about 30% of the total health care expenditure. Moreover, pharmaceutical business lies among the world's greatest businesses. The aim of this study was to analyze Iran's comparative advantage and intra-industry trade in pharmaceuticals so that suitable policies can be developed and implemented in order to boost Iran's trade in this field. To identify Iran's comparative advantage in pharmaceuticals, trade specialization, export propensity, import penetration and Balassa and Vollrath indexes were calculated and the results were compared with other pharmaceutical exporting countries. The extent and growth of Iran's intra-industry trade in pharmaceuticals were measured and evaluated using the Grubel-Lloyd and Menon-Dixon indexes. The required data was obtained from Iran's Customs Administration, Iran's pharmaceutical Statistics, World Bank and International Trade Center. The results showed that among pharmaceutical exporting countries, Iran has a high level of comparative disadvantage in pharmaceutical products because it holds a small share in world's total pharmaceutical exports. Also, the low extent of bilateral intra-industry trade between Iran and its trading partners in pharmaceuticals shows the trading model of Iran's pharmaceutical industry is mostly inter-industry trade rather than intra-industry trade. In addition, the growth of Iran's intra-industry trade in pharmaceuticals is due to its shares of imports from pharmaceutical exporting countries to Iran and exports from Iran to its neighboring countries. The results of the analysis can play a valuable role in helping pharmaceutical companies and policy makers to boost pharmaceutical trade.

31 CFR 560.551 - Student loan payments from persons in Iran authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Iran authorized. 560.551 Section 560.551 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... payments from persons in Iran authorized. United States depository institutions and private loan companies... payments from persons in Iran or ordinarily resident in Iran. ...

31 CFR 560.551 - Student loan payments from persons in Iran authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Iran authorized. 560.551 Section 560.551 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... payments from persons in Iran authorized. United States depository institutions and private loan companies... payments from persons in Iran or ordinarily resident in Iran. ...

28 CFR 601.1 - Jurisdiction of the Independent Counsel: Iran/Contra.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...: Iran/Contra. 601.1 Section 601.1 Judicial Administration OFFICES OF INDEPENDENT COUNSEL, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE JURISDICTION OF THE INDEPENDENT COUNSEL: IRAN/CONTRA § 601.1 Jurisdiction of the Independent Counsel: Iran/Contra. (a) The Independent Counsel. Iran/Contra has jurisdiction to investigate to the...

28 CFR 601.1 - Jurisdiction of the Independent Counsel: Iran/Contra.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...: Iran/Contra. 601.1 Section 601.1 Judicial Administration OFFICES OF INDEPENDENT COUNSEL, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE JURISDICTION OF THE INDEPENDENT COUNSEL: IRAN/CONTRA § 601.1 Jurisdiction of the Independent Counsel: Iran/Contra. (a) The Independent Counsel. Iran/Contra has jurisdiction to investigate to the...

28 CFR 601.1 - Jurisdiction of the Independent Counsel: Iran/Contra.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...: Iran/Contra. 601.1 Section 601.1 Judicial Administration OFFICES OF INDEPENDENT COUNSEL, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE JURISDICTION OF THE INDEPENDENT COUNSEL: IRAN/CONTRA § 601.1 Jurisdiction of the Independent Counsel: Iran/Contra. (a) The Independent Counsel. Iran/Contra has jurisdiction to investigate to the...

28 CFR 601.1 - Jurisdiction of the Independent Counsel: Iran/Contra.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...: Iran/Contra. 601.1 Section 601.1 Judicial Administration OFFICES OF INDEPENDENT COUNSEL, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE JURISDICTION OF THE INDEPENDENT COUNSEL: IRAN/CONTRA § 601.1 Jurisdiction of the Independent Counsel: Iran/Contra. (a) The Independent Counsel. Iran/Contra has jurisdiction to investigate to the...

28 CFR 601.1 - Jurisdiction of the Independent Counsel: Iran/Contra.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...: Iran/Contra. 601.1 Section 601.1 Judicial Administration OFFICES OF INDEPENDENT COUNSEL, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE JURISDICTION OF THE INDEPENDENT COUNSEL: IRAN/CONTRA § 601.1 Jurisdiction of the Independent Counsel: Iran/Contra. (a) The Independent Counsel. Iran/Contra has jurisdiction to investigate to the...

78 FR 46782 - Federal Acquisition Regulation; Iran Threat Reduction

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-01

...] RIN 9000-AM44 Federal Acquisition Regulation; Iran Threat Reduction AGENCIES: Department of Defense... expansion of sanctions relating to the energy sector of Iran and sanctions with respect to Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps, as contained in titles II and III of the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights...

31 CFR 560.304 - Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Government of Iran. 560.304 Section... Definitions § 560.304 Government of Iran. The term Government of Iran includes: (a) The state and the Government of Iran, as well as any political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including the...

31 CFR 560.304 - Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Government of Iran. 560.304 Section... Definitions § 560.304 Government of Iran. The term Government of Iran includes: (a) The state and the Government of Iran, as well as any political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including the...

31 CFR 535.301 - Iran; Iranian Entity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Iran; Iranian Entity. 535.301 Section... § 535.301 Iran; Iranian Entity. (a) The term Iran and Iranian Entity includes: (1) The state and the Government of Iran as well as any political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof or any territory...

31 CFR 560.416 - Brokering services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... provision of goods, services or technology, from whatever source, to or from Iran or the Government of Iran... the Government of Iran; (3) Act as broker for the provision of financing, a financial guarantee or an extension of credit by any person to Iran or the Government of Iran; (4) Act as a broker for the provision...

31 CFR 535.301 - Iran; Iranian Entity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Iran; Iranian Entity. 535.301 Section... § 535.301 Iran; Iranian Entity. (a) The term Iran and Iranian Entity includes: (1) The state and the Government of Iran as well as any political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof or any territory...

31 CFR 535.301 - Iran; Iranian Entity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Iran; Iranian Entity. 535.301 Section... § 535.301 Iran; Iranian Entity. (a) The term Iran and Iranian Entity includes: (1) The state and the Government of Iran as well as any political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof or any territory...

31 CFR 560.416 - Brokering services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... provision of goods, services or technology, from whatever source, to or from Iran or the Government of Iran... the Government of Iran; (3) Act as broker for the provision of financing, a financial guarantee or an extension of credit by any person to Iran or the Government of Iran; (4) Act as a broker for the provision...

31 CFR 560.304 - Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Government of Iran. 560.304 Section... § 560.304 Government of Iran. The term Government of Iran includes: (a) The state and the Government of Iran, as well as any political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof; (b) Any entity owned or...

31 CFR 560.304 - Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Government of Iran. 560.304 Section... § 560.304 Government of Iran. The term Government of Iran includes: (a) The state and the Government of Iran, as well as any political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof; (b) Any entity owned or...

31 CFR 560.416 - Brokering services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... provision of goods, services or technology, from whatever source, to or from Iran or the Government of Iran... the Government of Iran; (3) Act as broker for the provision of financing, a financial guarantee or an extension of credit by any person to Iran or the Government of Iran; (4) Act as a broker for the provision...

75 FR 64120 - Technical Amendments to Forms N-CSR and N-SAR in Connection With the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-19

...] Technical Amendments to Forms N-CSR and N-SAR in Connection With the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions... the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010. DATES: Effective Date... Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 (``Iran Divestment Act'') into law.\\5\\ Among...

31 CFR 561.321 - Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Government of Iran. 561.321 Section... Definitions § 561.321 Government of Iran. The term Government of Iran includes: (a) The state and the Government of Iran, as well as any political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof; (b) Any entity...

31 CFR 561.321 - Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Government of Iran. 561.321 Section... Definitions § 561.321 Government of Iran. The term Government of Iran includes: (a) The state and the Government of Iran, as well as any political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof; (b) Any entity...

31 CFR 561.321 - Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Government of Iran. 561.321 Section... Definitions § 561.321 Government of Iran. The term Government of Iran includes: (a) The state and the Government of Iran, as well as any political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof; (b) Any entity...

31 CFR 560.204 - Prohibited exportation, reexportation, sale, or supply of goods, technology, or services to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., sale, or supply of goods, technology, or services to Iran. 560.204 Section 560.204 Money and Finance... exportation, reexportation, sale, or supply of goods, technology, or services to Iran. Except as otherwise... services to Iran or the Government of Iran is prohibited, including the exportation, reexportation, sale...

31 CFR 560.406 - Transshipment or transit through the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Iranian-origin goods or goods owned or controlled by the Government of Iran which are intended or destined... foreign goods through the United States which are intended or destined for Iran or the Government of Iran, including entities owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. (c) Goods in which the Government of Iran...

31 CFR 560.204 - Prohibited exportation, reexportation, sale, or supply of goods, technology, or services to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., sale, or supply of goods, technology, or services to Iran. 560.204 Section 560.204 Money and Finance... exportation, reexportation, sale, or supply of goods, technology, or services to Iran. Except as otherwise... services to Iran or the Government of Iran is prohibited, including the exportation, reexportation, sale...

31 CFR 560.204 - Prohibited exportation, reexportation, sale or supply of goods, technology, or services to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., sale or supply of goods, technology, or services to Iran. 560.204 Section 560.204 Money and Finance..., reexportation, sale or supply of goods, technology, or services to Iran. Except as otherwise authorized pursuant..., or services to Iran or the Government of Iran is prohibited, including the exportation, reexportation...

31 CFR 560.406 - Transshipment or transit through the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Iranian-origin goods or goods owned or controlled by the Government of Iran which are intended or destined... foreign goods through the United States which are intended or destined for Iran or the Government of Iran, including entities owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. (c) Goods in which the Government of Iran...

31 CFR 560.204 - Prohibited exportation, reexportation, sale or supply of goods, technology, or services to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., sale or supply of goods, technology, or services to Iran. 560.204 Section 560.204 Money and Finance..., reexportation, sale or supply of goods, technology, or services to Iran. Except as otherwise authorized pursuant..., or services to Iran or the Government of Iran is prohibited, including the exportation, reexportation...

31 CFR 535.334 - Act of the Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Act of the Government of Iran. 535... Definitions § 535.334 Act of the Government of Iran. For purposes of § 535.216, an act of the Government of Iran, includes any acts ordered, authorized, allowed, approved, or ratified by the Government of Iran...

31 CFR 560.204 - Prohibited exportation, reexportation, sale or supply of goods, technology, or services to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., sale or supply of goods, technology, or services to Iran. 560.204 Section 560.204 Money and Finance..., reexportation, sale or supply of goods, technology, or services to Iran. Except as otherwise authorized pursuant..., or services to Iran or the Government of Iran is prohibited, including the exportation, reexportation...

Factors Associated With Suicidal Attempts in Iran: A Systematic Review.

PubMed

Hakim Shooshtari, Mitra; Malakouti, Seyyed Kazem; Panaghi, Leili; Mohseni, Shohreh; Mansouri, Naghmeh; Rahimi Movaghar, Afarin

2016-03-01

Suicide prevention is a health service priority. Some surveys have assessed suicidal behaviors and potential risk factors. The current paper aimed to gather information about etiology of suicide attempts in Iran. Pubmed, ISI web of science, PsychInfo, IranPsych, IranMedex, IranDoc as well as gray literature were searched. By electronic and gray literature search, 128 articles were enrolled in this paper. Pubmed, ISI web of science, PsychInfo, IranPsych, IranMedex, IranDoc were searched for electronic search. After reading the abstracts, 84 studies were excluded and full texts of 44 articles were reviewed critically. Pubmed, ISI web of science, PsychInfo, IranPsych, IranMedex, IranDoc as well as gray literature were searched to find any study about etiologic factors of suicide attempt in Iran. Depressive disorder was the most common diagnosis in suicide attempters that is 45% of the evaluated cases had depression. One study that had used Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) found that Histrionics in females and Schizophrenia and Paranoia in males were significantly influential. Family conflicts with 50.7% and conflict with parents with 44% were two effective psychosocial factors in suicidal attempts. In around one fourth (28.7%) of the cases, conflict with spouse was the main etiologic factor. According to the methodological limitations, outcomes should be generalized cautiously. Further studies will help to plan preventive strategies for suicidal attempts; therefore, continued researches should be conducted to fill the data gaps.

31 CFR 535.334 - Act of the Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Act of the Government of Iran. 535.334... Definitions § 535.334 Act of the Government of Iran. For purposes of § 535.216, an act of the Government of Iran, includes any acts ordered, authorized, allowed, approved, or ratified by the Government of Iran...

31 CFR 560.410 - Exportation, reexportation, sale or supply of services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... services performed on behalf of a person in Iran or the Government of Iran or where the benefit of such services is otherwise received in Iran, if such services are performed: (1) In the United States, or (2... Government of Iran is presumed to be received in Iran. (c) Example. A United States person is engaged in a...

31 CFR 535.334 - Act of the Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Act of the Government of Iran. 535.334... Definitions § 535.334 Act of the Government of Iran. For purposes of § 535.216, an act of the Government of Iran, includes any acts ordered, authorized, allowed, approved, or ratified by the Government of Iran...

31 CFR 535.334 - Act of the Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Act of the Government of Iran. 535.334... Definitions § 535.334 Act of the Government of Iran. For purposes of § 535.216, an act of the Government of Iran, includes any acts ordered, authorized, allowed, approved, or ratified by the Government of Iran...

31 CFR 560.410 - Exportation, reexportation, sale or supply of services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... services performed on behalf of a person in Iran or the Government of Iran or where the benefit of such services is otherwise received in Iran, if such services are performed: (1) In the United States, or (2... Government of Iran is presumed to be received in Iran. (c) Example. A United States person is engaged in a...

31 CFR 560.410 - Exportation, reexportation, sale or supply of services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... services performed on behalf of a person in Iran or the Government of Iran or where the benefit of such services is otherwise received in Iran, if such services are performed: (1) In the United States, or (2... Government of Iran is presumed to be received in Iran. (c) Example. A United States person is engaged in a...

31 CFR 535.334 - Act of the Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Act of the Government of Iran. 535.334... Definitions § 535.334 Act of the Government of Iran. For purposes of § 535.216, an act of the Government of Iran, includes any acts ordered, authorized, allowed, approved, or ratified by the Government of Iran...

75 FR 68017 - Designation of Jundallah, Also Known as People's Resistance Movement of Iran (PMRI), Also Known...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-04

... Resistance Movement of Iran (PMRI), Also Known as Jonbesh-i Moqavemat-i-Mardom-i Iran, Also Known as The Popular Resistance Movement of Iran, Also Known as Soldiers of God, Also Known as Fedayeen-e-Islam, Also Known as Former Jundallah of Iran, Also Known as Jundullah, Also Known as Jondullah, Also Known as...

Iran diabetes research roadmap (IDRR) study: a preliminary study on diabetes research in the world and Iran.

PubMed

Nasli-Esfahani, Ensieh; Farzadfar, Farshad; Kouhnavard, Marjan; Ghodssi-Ghassemabadi, Robabeh; Khajavi, Alireza; Peimani, Maryam; Razmandeh, Rezvan; Vala, Mahboobeh; Shafiee, Gita; Rambod, Camelia; Sanjari, Mahnaz; Aalaa, Maryam; Ghodsi, Maryam; Razi, Farideh; Bandarian, Fatemeh; Larijani, Bagher

2017-01-01

Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic disorders worldwide. This study aim was to provide detail analysis of diabetes research output and its trend in Iran as well as in the world and compare them. Data was retrieved from PubMed database using a suitable search strategy and application of proper operator "AND", "OR" and "NOT". All English documents published from 2008 to 2012 were included. Meeting abstract, letter to the editor, guidelines, consensus and reviews were excluded. Obtained documents for Iran and world were categorized in eleven groups including diabetes management, education, paediatrics, nutrition, epidemiology, diabetes complications, stem cells, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), psychiatrics, genetics and prevention and were compared. Total number of DM publications was 59513 for world and 648 for Iran. Trend of DM publications was increasing during the 5 years with a growth rate of 22.5% for world and 23.4% for Iran. Contribution of Iran in the world diabetes output reached 1.08 in 2012. The most and the least number of DM documents were related to complications and preventions, respectively both in Iran and the world. Three leading countries with highest proportion of RCTs (randomized clinical trial) to their total DM publications were Italy, Germany and Iran. The most number of diabetes research was in the field of diabetes complication, management and genetics in the world as well as in Iran. During the 5-year period, despite of the world sanctions against Iran, diabetes research trend was increasing in Iran relatively parallel to the world research and sanction had no significant effect on Iran.

Iran Sanctions

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-18

Manufacturing Group (Iran, missile prog.) Aerospace Industries Organization (AIO) (Iran) September 2007 Korea Mining and Development Corp. ( N . Korea... Vitaly Sokolenko (general manager of Ferland) April 29, 2014 (for connections to deceptive oil dealings for Iran) Saeed Al Aqili (co-owner of Al

Sanctioned State: The Effects of International Sanctions on Iran’s Internal Politics

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

Iranian governmental policies.14 Additionally, the loss of tax revenue due to continued international disinvestment from Iran and announced...americanexperience/features/primary-resources/reagan-iran-contra/. Unattributed, “IRAN-CONTRA REPORT; Arms, Hostages and Contras: How a Secret ...hostages-contras- secret -foreign-policy- unraveled.html. 44See Iraq Oil-for-Food program, African conflict diamond sales, and the Iran-Contra affair

31 CFR 560.534 - Importation into the United States of, and dealings in, certain foodstuffs and carpets authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... authorized. (a) The importation into the United States, from Iran or a third country, of the following goods... supply, directly or indirectly, to Iran or the Government of Iran, other than services described in § 560... sell an Iranian-origin carpet, as long as the sale is not to Iran or the Government of Iran. (2) A...

75 FR 68017 - Designation of Jundallah, Also Known as People's Resistance Movement of Iran (PMRI), Also Known...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-04

... Resistance Movement of Iran (PMRI), Also Known as Jonbesh-i Moqavemat-i-Mardom-i Iran, Also Known as Popular Resistance Movement of Iran, Also Known As Soldiers of God, Also Known as Fedayeen-e-Islam, Also Known as Former Jundallah of Iran, Also Known as Jundullah, Also Known as Jondullah, Also Known as Jundollah, Also...

Factors Associated With Suicidal Attempts in Iran: A Systematic Review

PubMed Central

Hakim Shooshtari, Mitra; Malakouti, Seyyed Kazem; Panaghi, Leili; Mohseni, Shohreh; Mansouri, Naghmeh; Rahimi Movaghar, Afarin

2016-01-01

Context: Suicide prevention is a health service priority. Some surveys have assessed suicidal behaviors and potential risk factors. Objectives: The current paper aimed to gather information about etiology of suicide attempts in Iran. Data Sources: Pubmed, ISI web of science, PsychInfo, IranPsych, IranMedex, IranDoc as well as gray literature were searched. Study Selection: By electronic and gray literature search, 128 articles were enrolled in this paper. Pubmed, ISI web of science, PsychInfo, IranPsych, IranMedex, IranDoc were searched for electronic search. After reading the abstracts, 84 studies were excluded and full texts of 44 articles were reviewed critically. Data Extraction: Pubmed, ISI web of science, PsychInfo, IranPsych, IranMedex, IranDoc as well as gray literature were searched to find any study about etiologic factors of suicide attempt in Iran. Results: Depressive disorder was the most common diagnosis in suicide attempters that is 45% of the evaluated cases had depression. One study that had used Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) found that Histrionics in females and Schizophrenia and Paranoia in males were significantly influential. Family conflicts with 50.7% and conflict with parents with 44% were two effective psychosocial factors in suicidal attempts. In around one fourth (28.7%) of the cases, conflict with spouse was the main etiologic factor. Conclusions: According to the methodological limitations, outcomes should be generalized cautiously. Further studies will help to plan preventive strategies for suicidal attempts; therefore, continued researches should be conducted to fill the data gaps. PMID:27284284

Spatial Analysis of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Iran

PubMed Central

Mostafavi, Ehsan; Haghdoost, AliAkbar; Khakifirouz, Sahar; Chinikar, Sadegh

2013-01-01

Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral zoonotic disease. During 1999–2011, 871 human cases of CCHF were diagnosed in Iran. A history of serologic conversion for CCHF virus was seen in 58.7% of 2,447 sheep samples, 25.0% of 1,091 cattle samples and 24.8% of 987 goat samples from different parts of Iran. Spatial analysis showed that the main foci of this disease in humans during these years were in eastern Iran (P < 0.01) and the second most common foci were in northeastern and central Iran. Two livestock foci were detected in the northeastern northwestern Iran. On the basis of the results of this study, infection likely entered Iran from eastern and western neighboring countries. PMID:24166038

31 CFR 560.522 - Allowable payments for overflights of Iranian airspace.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... payments for overflights of Iranian airspace. (a) Payments to Iran of charges for services rendered by the Government of Iran in connection with the overflight of Iran or emergency landing in Iran of aircraft owned...

31 CFR 560.522 - Allowable payments for overflights of Iranian airspace.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... payments for overflights of Iranian airspace. (a) Payments to Iran of charges for services rendered by the Government of Iran in connection with the overflight of Iran or emergency landing in Iran of aircraft owned...

31 CFR 560.522 - Allowable payments for overflights of Iranian airspace.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... overflights of Iranian airspace. Payments to Iran of charges for services rendered by the Government of Iran in connection with the overflight of Iran or emergency landing in Iran of aircraft owned by a United...

31 CFR 560.522 - Allowable payments for overflights of Iranian airspace.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... overflights of Iranian airspace. Payments to Iran of charges for services rendered by the Government of Iran in connection with the overflight of Iran or emergency landing in Iran of aircraft owned by a United...

31 CFR 560.522 - Allowable payments for overflights of Iranian airspace.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... overflights of Iranian airspace. Payments to Iran of charges for services rendered by the Government of Iran in connection with the overflight of Iran or emergency landing in Iran of aircraft owned by a United...

75 FR 49836 - Iranian Financial Sanctions Regulations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-16

... Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (``IRGC'') or certain other blocked persons. Specifically...) Facilitates the efforts of the Government of Iran (including efforts of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard... transactions or provides significant financial services for-- (i) Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps or...

31 CFR 560.417 - Facilitation; change of policies and procedures; referral of business opportunities offshore.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... involving Iran or the Government of Iran without the approval of the United States person, where such... opportunities involving Iran or the Government of Iran to which the United States person could not directly...

31 CFR 560.417 - Facilitation; change of policies and procedures; referral of business opportunities offshore.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... involving Iran or the Government of Iran without the approval of the United States person, where such... opportunities involving Iran or the Government of Iran to which the United States person could not directly...

Iran’s Foreign and Defense Policies

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-02-06

terrorism to intimidate or retaliate against Israel or other regional opponents of Iran. Iran’s armed support to Shiite-dominated allied governments ...3 Khamene’i: “U.S. Would Overthrow Iranian Government If It Could—Media.” Reuters, February 8, 2014. 4 Erik Slavin. “Iran Emphasizes Nuclear...foreign policy, Iran provides arms, training, and military advisers in support of allied governments as well as armed factions. Iran supports groups

[History of acupuncture in Iran].

PubMed

Bai, Xinghua

2015-10-01

Iran is the neighbor of western China, and is a key transport junction on ancient Silk Road. The medical communication between China and Iran dates back to the 10th century, however, according to current evidences, it is indicated that acupuncture has not been introduced to Iran until the early 1970s. Unfortunately over the last 40 years, the acupuncture in Iran has not presented great development. The history of acupuncture development in Iran implies that geographical advantage and personnel exchanges are not essential to the international exchange of acupuncture, while language and cultural background may hinder the spread of acupuncture in foreign countries.

Genetic Epidemiology, Hematological and Clinical Features of Hemoglobinopathies in Iran

PubMed Central

Rahimi, Zohreh

2013-01-01

There is large variation in the molecular genetics and clinical features of hemoglobinopathies in Iran. Studying structural variants of hemoglobin demonstrated that the β-chain variants of hemoglobin S and D-Punjab are more prevalent in the Fars (southwestern Iran) and Kermanshah (western Iran) provinces, respectively. Also, α-chain variants of Hb Q-Iran and Hb Setif are prevalent in western Iran. The molecular basis and clinical severity of thalassemias are extremely heterogenous among Iranians due to the presence of multiethnic groups in the country. β-Thalassemia is more prevalent in northern and southern Iran. Among 52 different β-thalassemia mutations that have been identified among Iranian populations, IVSII-1 G:A is the most frequent mutation in most parts of the country. The presence of IVS I-5 G:C mutation with high frequency in southeastern Iran might reflect gene flow from neighboring countries. A wide spectrum of α-thalassemia alleles has been detected among Iranians with −α 3.7 kb as the most prevalent α-thalassemia mutation. The prevention program of thalassemia birth in Iran has reduced the birth rate of homozygous β-thalassemia since the implementation of the program in 1997. In this review genetic epidemiology, clinical and hematological aspects of hemoglobinopathies, and the prevention programs of β-thalassemia in Iran will be discussed. PMID:23853772

Recent spread of a new strain (A-Iran-05) of foot-and-mouth disease virus type A in the Middle East.

PubMed

Knowles, N J; Nazem Shirazi, M H; Wadsworth, J; Swabey, K G; Stirling, J M; Statham, R J; Li, Y; Hutchings, G H; Ferris, N P; Parlak, U; Ozyörük, F; Sumption, K J; King, D P; Paton, D J

2009-06-01

This report describes the characterization of a new genotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type A responsible for recent FMD outbreaks in the Middle East. Initially identified in samples collected in 2003 from Iran, during 2005 and 2006 this FMDV lineage (proposed to be named A-Iran-05) spread into Saudi Arabia and Jordan and then further west into Turkey reaching European Thrace in January 2007. Most recently A-Iran-05 has been found in Bahrain. To the east of Iran, it has been recognized in Afghanistan (2004-07) and Pakistan (2006-07). Throughout the region, this lineage is now the predominant genotype of FMDV serotype A sampled, and has appeared to have replaced the A-Iran-96 and A-Iran-99 strains which were previously encountered. In August 2007, a new A-Iran-05 sub-lineage (which we have called A-Iran-05(ARD-07)) was identified in Ardahan, Turkey, close to the border with Georgia. This new sub-lineage appeared to predominate in Turkey in 2008, but has, so far, not been identified in any other country. Vaccine matching tests revealed that the A-Iran-05 viruses are antigenically different to A-Iran-96 and more like A(22). These findings emphasize the importance of undertaking continued surveillance in the Middle East and Central Asia in order to detect and monitor the emergence and spread of new FMDV strains.

Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-02-17

Revolution in Iran in 1979, the United States and Iran have been at odds politically and diplomatically, and U.S. policy has been intended to reduce the...the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. Beginning in 2010, the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure...characterized Iran as an adversary of the United States and stated a commitment to countering Iran’s regional influence – although without taking steps that

76 FR 24410 - Financial Crimes Enforcement Network; Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-02

... Financial Crimes Enforcement Network; Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of... congressional mandate to prescribe regulations under section 104(e) of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions... financial institution designated by the U.S. Government in connection with Iran's proliferation of weapons...

Iran Sanctions

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-07

resolutions. November 21, 2011: Treasury Department names Iranian financial sector as a jurisdiction of primary money laundering concern. December...imposes sanctions on several key sectors of Iran’s economic infrastructure. For a broader analysis of policy on Iran, see CRS Report RL32048, Iran...1 Energy Sector Sanctions: The Iran

31 CFR 560.414 - Reexportation of certain U.S.-origin goods exported prior to May 7, 1995.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... reexportation of the U.S.-origin goods or technology to Iran or the Government of Iran was not subject to... Iran or the Government of Iran. For example, items which meet the conditions of paragraph (a) may...

31 CFR 560.403 - Transshipment or transit through Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Transshipment or transit through Iran... REGULATIONS Interpretations § 560.403 Transshipment or transit through Iran. The prohibitions in §§ 560.204... transit of goods or technology through Iran to third countries. ...

3 CFR - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... to Iran Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of November 7, 2011 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran On November 14, 1979, by Executive Order 12170, the President declared a national emergency with respect to Iran, pursuant to the International Emergency...

31 CFR 560.403 - Transshipment or transit through Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Transshipment or transit through Iran... REGULATIONS Interpretations § 560.403 Transshipment or transit through Iran. The prohibitions in §§ 560.204... transit of goods or technology through Iran to third countries. ...

31 CFR 560.414 - Reexportation of certain U.S.-origin goods exported prior to May 7, 1995.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... reexportation of the U.S.-origin goods or technology to Iran or the Government of Iran was not subject to... Iran or the Government of Iran. For example, items which meet the conditions of paragraph (a) may...

31 CFR 560.414 - Reexportation of certain U.S.-origin goods exported prior to May 7, 1995.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... goods or technology to Iran or the Government of Iran was not subject to reexport (as opposed to export... agencies of the U.S. Government for reexportation to Iran or the Government of Iran. For example, items...

3 CFR - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... to Iran Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of November 10, 2010 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran On November 14, 1979, by Executive Order 12170, the President declared a national emergency with respect to Iran, pursuant to the International Emergency...

15 CFR 746.7 - Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Iran. 746.7 Section 746.7 Commerce and... § 746.7 Iran. The Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) administers a comprehensive trade and investment embargo against Iran. This embargo includes prohibitions on exports and...

15 CFR 746.7 - Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Iran. 746.7 Section 746.7 Commerce and... § 746.7 Iran. The Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) administers a comprehensive trade and investment embargo against Iran. This embargo includes prohibitions on exports and...

31 CFR 560.414 - Reexportation of certain U.S.-origin goods exported prior to May 7, 1995.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... goods or technology to Iran or the Government of Iran was not subject to reexport (as opposed to export... agencies of the U.S. Government for reexportation to Iran or the Government of Iran. For example, items...

Iran’s Economy

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-06-12

Agriculture Iran’s agriculture sector is substantial. Iran is a major source of caviar and pistachio nuts, which constitute significant non-oil exports for Iran...prepared meat and fish, and edible nuts and foods ( pistachios ). There is evidence that Iran is able to obtain embargoed U.S. goods through the re

A new species of the genus Acinopus Dejean, 1821 from west of Iran (Coleoptera; Carabidae; Harpalini) with a key to species of Iran.

PubMed

Azadbakhsh, Saeed; Wrase, David W

2016-08-08

A new species of the genus Acinopus Dejean, 1821, namely Acinopus (Acinopus) zagrosensis sp. n., is described on the basis of specimens collected from west Iran (type locality: Iran, Fars province, Zagros Mts., Sepidan env., 2060 m). The new species is compared with closely related species. A key for the identification of species of genus Acinopus in Iran is provided.

3 CFR - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States constituted by the situation in Iran... to Iran Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of November 12, 2009 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran On November 14, 1979, by Executive Order 12170, the...

31 CFR 560.403 - Transshipment through Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Transshipment through Iran. 560.403... Interpretations § 560.403 Transshipment through Iran. The prohibitions in §§ 560.204, 560.206 and 560.208 apply to... through Iran to third countries. [64 FR 20172, Apr. 26, 1999] ...

48 CFR 25.703-2 - Iran Sanctions Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Iran Sanctions Act. 25.703... SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS FOREIGN ACQUISITION Prohibited Sources 25.703-2 Iran Sanctions Act. (a) Certification. (1) As required by the Iran Sanctions Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 note), unless an exception applies in...

3 CFR - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... to Iran Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of November 12, 2013 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran On November 14, 1979, by Executive Order 12170, the President declared a national emergency with respect to Iran and, pursuant to the International Emergency...

31 CFR 560.516 - Payment and United States dollar clearing transactions involving Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... clearing transactions involving Iran. 560.516 Section 560.516 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations... Payment and United States dollar clearing transactions involving Iran. (a) United States depository institutions are authorized to process transfers of funds to or from Iran, or for the direct or indirect...

3 CFR - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... to Iran Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of November 9, 2012 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran On November 14, 1979, by Executive Order 12170, the President declared a national emergency with respect to Iran and, pursuant to the International Emergency...

31 CFR 560.516 - Payment and United States dollar clearing transactions involving Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... clearing transactions involving Iran. 560.516 Section 560.516 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations... Payment and United States dollar clearing transactions involving Iran. (a) United States depository institutions are authorized to process transfers of funds to or from Iran, or for the direct or indirect...

31 CFR 560.516 - Payment and United States dollar clearing transactions involving Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... clearing transactions involving Iran. 560.516 Section 560.516 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations... Payment and United States dollar clearing transactions involving Iran. (a) United States depository institutions are authorized to process transfers of funds to or from Iran, or for the direct or indirect...

31 CFR 560.403 - Transshipment through Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Transshipment through Iran. 560.403... Interpretations § 560.403 Transshipment through Iran. The prohibitions in §§ 560.204, 560.206 and 560.208 apply to... through Iran to third countries. [64 FR 20172, Apr. 26, 1999] ...

31 CFR 560.403 - Transshipment through Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Transshipment through Iran. 560.403... Interpretations § 560.403 Transshipment through Iran. The prohibitions in §§ 560.204, 560.206 and 560.208 apply to... through Iran to third countries. [64 FR 20172, Apr. 26, 1999] ...

75 FR 66761 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Final Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-29

... strengthen sanctions against Iran, the Act contains language prohibiting Ex-Im Bank from: Authoriz[ing] any... refiner that continues to: (A) Provide Iran with significant refined petroleum resources; (B) materially contribute to Iran's capability to import refined petroleum resources; or (C) allow Iran to maintain or...

76 FR 68028 - Federal Acquisition Regulation; Representation Regarding Export of Sensitive Technology to Iran

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-02

... to Iran AGENCY: Department of Defense (DoD), General Services Administration (GSA), and National... section 106 of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010. Section 106... technology to Iran. DATES: Effective Date: November 2, 2011. Comment Date: Interested parties should submit...

75 FR 60254 - Federal Acquisition Regulation; Certification Requirement and Procurement Prohibition Relating to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-29

... Relating to Iran Sanctions AGENCY: Department of Defense (DoD), General Services Administration (GSA), and... and partially implements section 106 of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and... of the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996, as amended (the Iran Sanctions Act). Section 106 imposes a...

77 FR 23368 - Federal Acquisition Regulation; Representation Regarding Export of Sensitive Technology to Iran

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-18

... to Iran AGENCY: Department of Defense (DoD), General Services Administration (GSA), and National... representation to implement section 106 of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act... certain sensitive technology to Iran. DATES: Effective Date: May 18, 2012. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT...

78 FR 31999 - 30-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Iran Democracy Program Grants Vetting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-28

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice 8337] 30-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Iran... . SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title of Information Collection: Iran Program Grants Vetting. OMB Control Number... participants for Iran programs. Estimated Number of Respondents: 200. Estimated Number of Responses: 200...

76 FR 13283 - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-10

... National Emergency With Respect to Iran On March 15, 1995, by Executive Order 12957, the President declared a national emergency with respect to Iran pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers... of Iran. On May 6, 1995, the President issued Executive Order 12959, imposing more comprehensive...

77 FR 16170 - Iranian Transactions Regulations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-20

... redefine the term entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran to substantially conform to the... of Iran in a way that differs slightly from the definition of the term in the Iranian Transactions... Government of Iran is defined consistently in these Iran sanctions programs, OFAC also is amending the ITR to...

78 FR 15798 - 60-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Iran Democracy Program Grants Vetting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-12

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice 8218] 60-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Iran... INFORMATION: Title of Information Collection: Iran Program Grants. OMB Control Number: 1405-0176. Type of... participants for Iran programs. Estimated Number of Respondents: 200. Estimated Number of Responses: 200...

78 FR 55134 - Culturally Significant Object Imported for Exhibition Determinations: “Iran Modern”

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-09

... Determinations: ``Iran Modern'' ACTION: Notice, correction. SUMMARY: On August 8, 2013, notice was published on... State pertaining to the exhibit ``Iran Modern.'' The referenced notice is corrected to accommodate an... additional object to be included in the exhibition ``Iran Modern,'' imported from abroad for temporary...

75 FR 25307 - 30-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: DS-4100, Iran Program Grants Vetting...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-07

...-4100, Iran Program Grants Vetting, Information Collection 1405-0176 ACTION: Notice of request for... Collection: Iran Program Grants. OMB Control Number: 1405-0176. Type of Request: Extension of a Currently...). Form Number: DS-4100. Respondents: Potential grantees and participants for Iran programs. Estimated...

77 FR 75845 - Iranian Transactions and Sanctions Regulations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-26

... sections 602 and 603 of the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012; section 5, portions... Government of Iran-related entities or certain activities by the Government of Iran. DATES: Effective Date... Order 13622 of July 30, 2012, ``Authorizing Additional Sanctions With Respect to Iran'' (``E.O. 13622...

Iran’s Economic Conditions: U.S. Policy Issues

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-15

Iran is a major world provider source of caviar and pistachio nuts, a significant non-oil export for Iran. The country’s climate and... pistachios ). There is evidence that Iran is able to obtain embargoed U.S. goods through the re- export trade, mainly through Dubai.120 In general

15 CFR 746.7 - Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... certain reexport transactions involving Iran, including transactions dealing with items subject to the EAR... addition, BIS maintains licensing requirements on exports and reexports to Iran under the EAR as described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section or elsewhere in the EAR (See, e.g., § 742.8—Anti-terrorism: Iran...

Iran’s Security Dilemma

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-06-01

reasoning." Despite its ’For an example of a capabilities-driven analysis see Michael Eisenstadt, " Deja Vu All Over Again? An Assessment of Iran’s Military...Sancton, "No Longer Fenced In," Time, 23 May 1994, pp. 36-38. ’Michael Eisenstadt, " Deja Vu All Over Again? An Assessment of Iran’s Military Buildup...Eisenstadt, " Deja Vu All Over Again? An Assessment Of Iran’s Military Buildup," Iran’s Strategic Intentions and Capabilities, ed., Patrick Clawson

Status of Iran's nuclear program and negotiations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Albright, David

2014-05-09

Iran's nuclear program poses immense challenges to international security. Its gas centrifuge program has grown dramatically in the last several years, bringing Iran close to a point where it could produce highly enriched uranium in secret or declared gas centrifuge plants before its breakout would be discovered and stopped. To reduce the risk posed by Iran's nuclear program, the P5+1 have negotiated with Iran short term limits on the most dangerous aspects of its nuclear programs and is negotiating long-term arrangements that can provide assurance that Iran will not build nuclear weapons. These long-term arrangements need to include a farmore » more limited and transparent Iranian nuclear program. In advance of arriving at a long-term arrangement, the IAEA will need to resolve its concerns about the alleged past and possibly on-going military dimensions of Iran's nuclear program.« less

31 CFR 561.322 - Entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Government of Iran. 561.322 Section 561.322 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... SANCTIONS REGULATIONS General Definitions § 561.322 Entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. The phrase entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran means any entity, including a...

31 CFR 560.201 - Prohibited importation of goods or services from Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... services from Iran. 560.201 Section 560.201 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... SANCTIONS REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 560.201 Prohibited importation of goods or services from Iran. Except... services of Iranian origin or owned or controlled by the Government of Iran, other than information and...

31 CFR 560.201 - Prohibited importation of goods or services from Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... services from Iran. 560.201 Section 560.201 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... SANCTIONS REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 560.201 Prohibited importation of goods or services from Iran. Except... services of Iranian origin or owned or controlled by the Government of Iran, other than information and...

31 CFR 560.313 - Entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Government of Iran. 560.313 Section 560.313 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... SANCTIONS REGULATIONS General Definitions § 560.313 Entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. The term entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran includes any corporation, partnership...

31 CFR 561.322 - Entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Government of Iran. 561.322 Section 561.322 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... SANCTIONS REGULATIONS General Definitions § 561.322 Entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. The phrase entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran means any entity, including a...

31 CFR 561.322 - Entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Government of Iran. 561.322 Section 561.322 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... SANCTIONS REGULATIONS General Definitions § 561.322 Entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. The phrase entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran means any entity, including a...

48 CFR 25.703-3 - Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010, section 106.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Comprehensive Iran... Prohibited Sources 25.703-3 Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010, section... of goods or services with a person that exports certain sensitive technology to Iran, as determined...

31 CFR 560.206 - Prohibited trade-related transactions with Iran; goods, technology, or services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... with Iran; goods, technology, or services. 560.206 Section 560.206 Money and Finance: Treasury... Iran; goods, technology, or services. (a) Except as otherwise authorized pursuant to this part, and... services of Iranian origin or owned or controlled by the Government of Iran; or (2) Goods, technology, or...

31 CFR 560.313 - Entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Government of Iran. 560.313 Section 560.313 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... SANCTIONS REGULATIONS General Definitions § 560.313 Entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. The term entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran includes any corporation, partnership...

31 CFR 560.313 - Entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Government of Iran. 560.313 Section 560.313 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... REGULATIONS General Definitions § 560.313 Entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. The term entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran includes any corporation, partnership, association...

31 CFR 560.206 - Prohibited trade-related transactions with Iran; goods, technology, or services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... with Iran; goods, technology, or services. 560.206 Section 560.206 Money and Finance: Treasury... transactions with Iran; goods, technology, or services. (a) Except as otherwise authorized pursuant to this... to: (1) Goods or services of Iranian origin or owned or controlled by the Government of Iran; or (2...

48 CFR 25.700 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Accountability and Divestment Act of 2007 (Pub. L. 110-174) (50 U.S.C. 1701 note); (c) The Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (Iran Sanctions Act) (Pub. L. 104-172; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note), including amendments by the Iran Freedom Support Act (Pub. L. 109-293), section 102 of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability...

31 CFR 560.201 - Prohibited importation of goods or services from Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... services from Iran. 560.201 Section 560.201 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 560.201 Prohibited importation of goods or services from Iran. Except as otherwise... origin or owned or controlled by the Government of Iran, other than information and informational...

31 CFR 560.537 - Authorization of certain survey or assessment missions in Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... assessment missions in Iran. 560.537 Section 560.537 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to... certain survey or assessment missions in Iran. (a) Subject to the conditions of paragraphs (b), (c), and... missions in Iran related to the planning or preparation for the provision of humanitarian support to the...

48 CFR 25.700 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Accountability and Divestment Act of 2007 (Pub. L. 110-174); (c) The Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (Iran Sanctions Act) (Pub. L. 104-172; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note), including amendments by the Iran Freedom Support Act (Pub. L. 109-293), section 102 of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of...

48 CFR 25.700 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Accountability and Divestment Act of 2007 (Pub. L. 110-174); (c) The Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (Iran Sanctions Act) (Pub. L. 104-172; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note), including amendments by the Iran Freedom Support Act (Pub. L. 109-293) and section 102 of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act...

31 CFR 535.301 - Iran; Iranian Entity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Iran; Iranian Entity. 535.301 Section 535.301 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF... § 535.301 Iran; Iranian Entity. (a) The term Iran and Iranian Entity includes: (1) The state and the...

31 CFR 535.301 - Iran; Iranian Entity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Iran; Iranian Entity. 535.301 Section 535.301 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF... § 535.301 Iran; Iranian Entity. (a) The term Iran and Iranian Entity includes: (1) The state and the...

48 CFR 25.700 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Accountability and Divestment Act of 2007 (Pub. L. 110-174); (c) The Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (Iran Sanctions Act) (Pub. L. 104-172; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note), including amendments by the Iran Freedom Support Act (Pub. L. 109-293) and section 102 of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act...

31 CFR 560.201 - Prohibited importation of goods or services from Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... services from Iran. 560.201 Section 560.201 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 560.201 Prohibited importation of goods or services from Iran. Except as otherwise... origin or owned or controlled by the Government of Iran, other than information and informational...

31 CFR 560.313 - Entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Government of Iran. 560.313 Section 560.313 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... REGULATIONS General Definitions § 560.313 Entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. The term entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran includes any corporation, partnership, association...

31 CFR 560.201 - Prohibited importation of goods or services from Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... services from Iran. 560.201 Section 560.201 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 560.201 Prohibited importation of goods or services from Iran. Except as otherwise... origin or owned or controlled by the Government of Iran, other than information and informational...

48 CFR 25.700 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Accountability and Divestment Act of 2007 (Pub. L. 110-174); (c) The Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (Iran Sanctions Act) (Pub. L. 104-172; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note), including amendments by the Iran Freedom Support Act (Pub. L. 109-293) and section 102 of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act...

48 CFR 25.703-3 - Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010, section 106.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Comprehensive Iran... Prohibited Sources 25.703-3 Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010, section... goods or services with a person that exports certain sensitive technology to Iran, as determined by the...

31 CFR 560.313 - Entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Government of Iran. 560.313 Section 560.313 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... REGULATIONS General Definitions § 560.313 Entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. The term entity owned or controlled by the Government of Iran includes any corporation, partnership, association...

48 CFR 25.703-3 - Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010, section 106.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Comprehensive Iran... Prohibited Sources 25.703-3 Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010, section... goods or services with a person that exports certain sensitive technology to Iran, as determined by the...

31 CFR 560.537 - Authorization of certain survey or assessment missions in Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... assessment missions in Iran. 560.537 Section 560.537 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to... certain survey or assessment missions in Iran. (a) Subject to the conditions of paragraphs (b), (c), and... missions in Iran related to the planning or preparation for the provision of humanitarian support to the...

3 CFR - Delegation of Certain Functions and Authorities Under the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Under the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 Presidential... Authorities Under the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 Memorandum for... the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996, as amended (Public Law 104-172, 50 U.S.C. 1701 note, as amended most...

31 CFR 560.537 - Authorization of certain survey or assessment missions in Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... assessment missions in Iran. 560.537 Section 560.537 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to... certain survey or assessment missions in Iran. (a) Subject to the conditions of paragraphs (b), (c), and... missions in Iran related to the planning or preparation for the provision of humanitarian support to the...

78 FR 57001 - Identification of Persons Pursuant to the Iranian Transactions and Sanctions Regulations and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-16

... of Iran pursuant to the Iranian Transactions and Sanctions Regulations, 31 CFR part 560 (``ITSR... Executive Order 13599, ``Blocking Property of the Government of Iran and Iranian Financial Institutions... in property of the Government of Iran, including the Central Bank of Iran, that are in the United...

78 FR 16395 - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-14

...--Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran #0; #0; #0; Presidential Documents #0; #0; #0;#0... With Respect to Iran On March 15, 1995, the President issued Executive Order 12957, which declared a national emergency with respect to Iran and, pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act...

78 FR 13142 - Additional Designation of Faratech, Neda Industrial Group, Towlid Abzar Boreshi Iran, Tarh O...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-26

..., Towlid Abzar Boreshi Iran, Tarh O Palayesh, Amir Hossein Rahimyar, and Mohammad Reza Rezvanianzadeh... the Attorney General, has determined that Faratech, Neda Industrial Group, Towlid Abzar Boreshi Iran..., Iran. NEDA INDUSTRIAL GROUP Location: Address Number 10 & 12, 64th Street, Yousef Abad Avenue, Tehran...

77 FR 15227 - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran Executive Order 12957

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-14

...--Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran Executive Order 12957 #0; #0; #0; Presidential... the National Emergency With Respect to Iran Executive Order 12957 On March 15, 1995, by Executive Order 12957, the President declared a national emergency with respect to Iran, pursuant to the...

75 FR 2181 - 60-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: DS-4100, Iran Program Grants Vetting...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-14

...-4100, Iran Program Grants Vetting, Information Collection 1405-0176 ACTION: Notice of request for... accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995. Title of Information Collection: Iran Program Grants OMB...: Potential grantees and participants for Iran programs Estimated Number of Respondents: 100 Estimated Number...

77 FR 67739 - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-13

...--Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran #0; #0; #0; Presidential Documents #0; #0; #0;#0... Emergency With Respect to Iran On November 14, 1979, by Executive Order 12170, the President declared a national emergency with respect to Iran and, pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act...

78 FR 68321 - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-13

...--Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran #0; #0; #0; Presidential Documents #0; #0; #0;#0... Emergency With Respect to Iran On November 14, 1979, by Executive Order 12170, the President declared a national emergency with respect to Iran and, pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act...

77 FR 20687 - Secretary of State's Determination Under the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-05

..., Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Uzbekistan. The Secretary simultaneously designated the...), pursuant to section 402(c)(5) of the Act; For Iran, the existing ongoing restrictions on certain imports from and exports to Iran, in accordance with section 103(b) of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions...

76 FR 70033 - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-09

...--Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran #0; #0; #0; Presidential Documents #0; #0; #0;#0... Emergency With Respect to Iran On November 14, 1979, by Executive Order 12170, the President declared a national emergency with respect to Iran, pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U...

77 FR 6657 - Blocking Property of the Government of Iran and Iranian Financial Institutions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-08

... Property of the Government of Iran and Iranian Financial Institutions #0; #0; #0; Presidential Documents #0... Blocking Property of the Government of Iran and Iranian Financial Institutions By the authority vested in... the Central Bank of Iran and other Iranian banks to conceal transactions of sanctioned parties, the...

75 FR 74685 - Initiation of Five-Year (“Sunset”) Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-01

... pistachios from Iran (A-507-502) in December 2010. However, the recently enacted Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 includes a ban on all U.S. imports from Iran, including pistachios... on raw pistachios from Iran until two months after the import ban on pistachios is lifted. DOC case...

31 CFR 560.304 - Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Government of Iran. 560.304 Section 560.304 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF... § 560.304 Government of Iran. The term Government of Iran includes: (a) The state and the Government of...

31 CFR 560.206 - Prohibited trade-related transactions with Iran; goods, technology, or services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... with Iran; goods, technology, or services. 560.206 Section 560.206 Money and Finance: Treasury... Iran; goods, technology, or services. (a) Except as otherwise authorized pursuant to this part, and... services of Iranian origin or owned or controlled by the Government of Iran; or (2) Goods, technology, or...

31 CFR 560.206 - Prohibited trade-related transactions with Iran; goods, technology, or services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... with Iran; goods, technology, or services. 560.206 Section 560.206 Money and Finance: Treasury... Iran; goods, technology, or services. (a) Except as otherwise authorized pursuant to this part, and... services of Iranian origin or owned or controlled by the Government of Iran; or (2) Goods, technology, or...

The state of the environment in Iran.

PubMed

Zekavat, S M

1997-06-01

This article describes environmental conditions in Iran including air pollution, pesticide pollution, soil depletion and erosion, water pollution, natural resource loss, lack of appropriate waste management, lead poisoning, and desertification. Environmental policy and implementation is described under the Shah and the Islamic Republic. Iran is beset with interrelated problems of environmental degradation, unemployment, poverty, and population growth. Sustainability is being undermined at the cost of future generations. In 1995, Iran had a population of 67 million and a growth rate of 3.6%. Population is expected to exceed 100 million by the year 2000. The country is having difficulty in maintaining its current infrastructure, housing, food, and educational facilities. Competition for admission in higher education discourages women. Women with lower levels of education results in continued supremacy of men over women, more polygamy, and a lower quality of life for women. Iran was food self-sufficient in 1970, and exported its surplus. Today, Iran may be permanently dependent on food imports. Iran has abundant oil reserves, natural gas, copper, lead, and marketable items. Exchanging natural resources for food and technology has time and resource limits. Iran needs monetary assistance from wealthy nations. Population growth leads to increased demand for infrastructure and resources. Iran has signed many international environmental agreements and has enacted detailed environmental policies and regulations, but actual enforcement is lacking.

A PRISMA systematic review and meta-analysis on Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Iranian women (1986-2015).

PubMed

Roshani, Daem; Ramazanzadeh, Rashid; Farhadifar, Fariba; Ahmadi, Amjad; Derakhshan, Safoura; Rouhi, Samaneh; Zarea, Shamsi; Zandvakili, Farnaz

2018-04-01

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is the cause of genital tract infections in women. Some evidence has shown the role of this infection with CT in spontaneous abortions. The purpose of this study is to study the frequency of CT infection in Iranian women. This study was performed based on PRISMA guidelines. A total of 75 articles published in Google Scholar, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Biological abs, Iranmedex, SID, and Scopus databases were found (1986-2015) using the following keywords: CT in women, CT and Iranian women, CT and infection in Iran, CT and pregnancy in Iran, CT and preterm delivery in Iran, CT and preterm labor in Iran, CT and fertility in Iran, CT and infertility in Iran, and CT and abortion in Iran. Finally, 40 studies from different regions of Iran were included. Statistical analyses were performed using R3 and STATA 12. From 1986 to 2015, the lowest rate of prevalence was from 2010 to 2011 (3.9%) and the highest prevalence rate was in 2009 (69.39%) in northern Iran. Fixed effects for different parts of Iran (North, South, East, and West) were Pooled proportion: 0.13 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.12-0.14) and for samples (cervical, vaginal, urine, and blood) the pooled proportion was = 0.14 (95% CI = 0.12-0.14). CT infection in this study was prevalent in urine samples and the rate of CT was observed from culture methods in comparison to other methods. Because women with CT play an important role because of sexual activity for transmission and untreated women are at risk of developing sequels. Also, most studies in Iran use sensitive polymerase chain reaction tests for the detection of genital CT infections.

15 CFR 742.8 - Anti-terrorism: Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Anti-terrorism: Iran. 742.8 Section... BASED CONTROLS § 742.8 Anti-terrorism: Iran. (a) License Requirements. (1) A license is required for anti-terrorism purposes to export or reexport to Iran any item for which AT column 1 or AT column 2 is...

15 CFR 742.8 - Anti-terrorism: Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Anti-terrorism: Iran. 742.8 Section... BASED CONTROLS § 742.8 Anti-terrorism: Iran. (a) License Requirements. (1) A license is required for anti-terrorism purposes to export or reexport to Iran any item for which AT column 1 or AT column 2 is...

15 CFR 742.8 - Anti-terrorism: Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Anti-terrorism: Iran. 742.8 Section... BASED CONTROLS § 742.8 Anti-terrorism: Iran. (a) License Requirements. (1) A license is required for anti-terrorism purposes to export or reexport to Iran any item for which AT column 1 or AT column 2 is...

15 CFR 742.8 - Anti-terrorism: Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Anti-terrorism: Iran. 742.8 Section... BASED CONTROLS § 742.8 Anti-terrorism: Iran. (a) License Requirements. (1) A license is required for anti-terrorism purposes to export or reexport to Iran any item for which AT column 1 or AT column 2 is...

15 CFR 742.8 - Anti-terrorism: Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Anti-terrorism: Iran. 742.8 Section... BASED CONTROLS § 742.8 Anti-terrorism: Iran. (a) License Requirements. (1) A license is required for anti-terrorism purposes to export or reexport to Iran any item for which AT column 1 or AT column 2 is...

31 CFR 560.419 - U.S. employment of persons ordinarily resident in Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... resident in Iran. 560.419 Section 560.419 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... SANCTIONS REGULATIONS Interpretations § 560.419 U.S. employment of persons ordinarily resident in Iran. The prohibitions in § 560.201 make it unlawful to hire an Iranian national ordinarily resident in Iran to come to...

31 CFR 560.410 - Provision of services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... supply of services contained in § 560.204 applies to services performed on behalf of a person in Iran or the Government of Iran or where the benefit of such services is otherwise received in Iran, if such... services performed anywhere in the world on behalf of the Government of Iran is presumed to be received in...

31 CFR 535.403 - Termination and acquisition of an interest of Iran or an Iranian entity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... interest of Iran or an Iranian entity. 535.403 Section 535.403 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations... Iran or an Iranian entity. (a) Whenever a transaction licensed or authorized by or pursuant to this part results in the transfer of property (including any property interest) away from Iran or an Iranian...

48 CFR 25.703-3 - Prohibition on contracting with entities that export sensitive technology to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... with entities that export sensitive technology to Iran. 25.703-3 Section 25.703-3 Federal Acquisition... Sources 25.703-3 Prohibition on contracting with entities that export sensitive technology to Iran. (a... or services with a person that exports certain sensitive technology to Iran, as determined by the...

31 CFR 535.403 - Termination and acquisition of an interest of Iran or an Iranian entity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... interest of Iran or an Iranian entity. 535.403 Section 535.403 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations... Iran or an Iranian entity. (a) Whenever a transaction licensed or authorized by or pursuant to this part results in the transfer of property (including any property interest) away from Iran or an Iranian...

31 CFR 560.515 - 30-day delayed effective date for pre-May 7, 1995 trade contracts involving Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...-May 7, 1995 trade contracts involving Iran. 560.515 Section 560.515 Money and Finance: Treasury....515 30-day delayed effective date for pre-May 7, 1995 trade contracts involving Iran. (a) All... involving Iran (a pre-existing trade contract), including the exportation of goods, services (including...

31 CFR 560.406 - Transshipment or transit through United States prohibited.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... or transit, of Iranian-origin goods or goods owned or controlled by the Government of Iran which are... transit of foreign goods through the United States which are intended or destined for Iran or the Government of Iran, including entities owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. [64 FR 20172, Apr. 26...

31 CFR 560.417 - Facilitation; change of policies and procedures; referral of business opportunities offshore.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... foreign affiliate to accept or perform a specific contract, engagement or transaction involving Iran or the Government of Iran without the approval of the United States person, where such transaction... involving Iran or the Government of Iran to which the United States person could not directly respond as a...

31 CFR 535.403 - Termination and acquisition of an interest of Iran or an Iranian entity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... interest of Iran or an Iranian entity. 535.403 Section 535.403 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations... Iran or an Iranian entity. (a) Whenever a transaction licensed or authorized by or pursuant to this part results in the transfer of property (including any property interest) away from Iran or an Iranian...

48 CFR 25.703-3 - Prohibition on contracting with entities that export sensitive technology to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... with entities that export sensitive technology to Iran. 25.703-3 Section 25.703-3 Federal Acquisition... Sources 25.703-3 Prohibition on contracting with entities that export sensitive technology to Iran. (a... or services with a person that exports certain sensitive technology to Iran, as determined by the...

31 CFR 560.410 - Provision of services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... supply of services contained in § 560.204 applies to services performed on behalf of a person in Iran or the Government of Iran or where the benefit of such services is otherwise received in Iran, if such... services performed anywhere in the world on behalf of the Government of Iran is presumed to be received in...

31 CFR 560.419 - U.S. employment of persons normally located in Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... located in Iran. 560.419 Section 560.419 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... REGULATIONS Interpretations § 560.419 U.S. employment of persons normally located in Iran. The prohibitions in § 560.201 make it unlawful to hire an Iranian national normally located in Iran to come to the United...

31 CFR 560.419 - U.S. employment of persons ordinarily resident in Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... resident in Iran. 560.419 Section 560.419 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... SANCTIONS REGULATIONS Interpretations § 560.419 U.S. employment of persons ordinarily resident in Iran. The prohibitions in § 560.201 make it unlawful to hire an Iranian national ordinarily resident in Iran to come to...

31 CFR 560.419 - U.S. employment of persons normally located in Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... located in Iran. 560.419 Section 560.419 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... REGULATIONS Interpretations § 560.419 U.S. employment of persons normally located in Iran. The prohibitions in § 560.201 make it unlawful to hire an Iranian national normally located in Iran to come to the United...

31 CFR 560.419 - U.S. employment of persons normally located in Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... located in Iran. 560.419 Section 560.419 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... REGULATIONS Interpretations § 560.419 U.S. employment of persons normally located in Iran. The prohibitions in § 560.201 make it unlawful to hire an Iranian national normally located in Iran to come to the United...

31 CFR 560.406 - Transshipment or transit through United States prohibited.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... or transit, of Iranian-origin goods or goods owned or controlled by the Government of Iran which are... transit of foreign goods through the United States which are intended or destined for Iran or the Government of Iran, including entities owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. [64 FR 20172, Apr. 26...

31 CFR 560.417 - Facilitation; change of policies and procedures; referral of business opportunities offshore.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... foreign affiliate to accept or perform a specific contract, engagement or transaction involving Iran or the Government of Iran without the approval of the United States person, where such transaction... involving Iran or the Government of Iran to which the United States person could not directly respond as a...

31 CFR 561.201 - Prohibitions or strict conditions with respect to correspondent accounts or payable-through...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 (Pub. L. 111-195), either the Secretary... Government of Iran (including efforts of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps or any of its agents or... any other resolution adopted by the Security Council that imposes sanctions with respect to Iran; Note...

31 CFR 560.406 - Transshipment or transit through United States prohibited.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... or transit, of Iranian-origin goods or goods owned or controlled by the Government of Iran which are... transit of foreign goods through the United States which are intended or destined for Iran or the Government of Iran, including entities owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. [64 FR 20172, Apr. 26...

31 CFR 560.417 - Facilitation; change of policies and procedures; referral of business opportunities offshore.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... foreign affiliate to accept or perform a specific contract, engagement or transaction involving Iran or the Government of Iran without the approval of the United States person, where such transaction... involving Iran or the Government of Iran to which the United States person could not directly respond as a...

31 CFR 535.403 - Termination and acquisition of an interest of Iran or an Iranian entity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... interest of Iran or an Iranian entity. 535.403 Section 535.403 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations... Iran or an Iranian entity. (a) Whenever a transaction licensed or authorized by or pursuant to this part results in the transfer of property (including any property interest) away from Iran or an Iranian...

31 CFR 535.403 - Termination and acquisition of an interest of Iran or an Iranian entity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... interest of Iran or an Iranian entity. 535.403 Section 535.403 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations... Iran or an Iranian entity. (a) Whenever a transaction licensed or authorized by or pursuant to this part results in the transfer of property (including any property interest) away from Iran or an Iranian...

78 FR 12420 - Identification of Additional Vessels Pursuant to the Iranian Transactions and Sanctions...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-22

... controlled by the Government of Iran under the Iranian Transactions and Sanctions Regulations, 31 CFR part... Property of the Government of Iran and Iranian Financial Institutions'' (the ``Order''). Section 1 (a) of... Iran, including the Central Bank of Iran, that are in the United States, that hereafter come within the...

78 FR 29813 - Identification of Additional Vessels Pursuant to the Iranian Transactions and Sanctions...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-21

... Government of Iran has an interest that are blocked pursuant to the Iranian Transactions and Sanctions... President issued Executive Order 13599, ``Blocking Property of the Government of Iran and Iranian Financial... interests in property of the Government of Iran, including the Central Bank of Iran, that are in the United...

76 FR 72501 - Actions Taken Pursuant to Executive Order 13382 Related to the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-23

... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of Foreign Assets Control Actions Taken Pursuant to Executive Order 13382 Related to the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL) AGENCY: Office of Foreign..., Fajr Street, Shahid Motahari Avenue, Tehran 193651, Iran; P.O. Box 19365-1114, Tehran, Iran; Business...

76 FR 55164 - Actions Taken Pursuant to Executive Order 13382 Related to the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-06

... Order 13382 Related to the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL) AGENCY: Office of Foreign... their connection to the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL), is updating the entries of 21... the following two entities affiliated with the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL...

76 FR 55167 - Actions Taken Pursuant to Executive Order 13382 Related to the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-06

... Order 13382 Related to the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL) AGENCY: Office of Foreign... connection to the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL) from OFAC's list of Specially Designated... OFAC removed one vessel that was previously identified as property of the Islamic Republic of Iran...

76 FR 72499 - Actions Taken Pursuant to Executive Order 13382 Related to the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-23

... Order 13382 Related to the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL) AGENCY: Office of Foreign..., Ehteshamiyeh Square, 7th Neyestan Street, Pasdaran Avenue, Tehran, Iran; Email Address [email protected] ; alt... Shipping Co, No. 60, Ehteshamiyeh Square, 7th Neyestan Street, Pasdaran Avenue, Tehran, Iran; Email Address...

Shah-Kan-Daw: Anthropogenic simplification of semi-arid vegetation structure

Treesearch

David A. Charlet

2008-01-01

Semi-arid shrublands and woodlands of Nevada are changing in the face of many daunting challenges. I compare Nevada to Iran to understand these challenges better, because Iran and Nevada have similar climate, geology, physiography, and latitude. Floristically, Iran and Nevada share many dominant genera, and many of Nevada?s troubling invasive species are native to Iran...

Natural Gas Exports from Iran

EIA Publications

2012-01-01

This assessment of the natural gas sector in Iran, with a focus on Iran’s natural gas exports, was prepared pursuant to section 505 (a) of the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 (Public Law No: 112-158). As requested, it includes: (1) an assessment of exports of natural gas from Iran; (2) an identification of the countries that purchase the most natural gas from Iran; (3) an assessment of alternative supplies of natural gas available to those countries; (4) an assessment of the impact a reduction in exports of natural gas from Iran would have on global natural gas supplies and the price of natural gas, especially in countries identified under number (2); and (5) such other information as the Administrator considers appropriate.

Energy portfolio of Iran: A case study of solar desalination

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Besharati, Adib

Energy plays a very important role in the economic development of a country such as Iran where industrial progress and higher living standards increase demand for energy. Iran is one of the countries in the world that simultaneously produces and consumes large amounts of energy. Because of its geographic latitude and weather conditions, Iran has the potential to develop and use of both fossil and renewable energy sources. In South Iran, there are huge oil and gas resources, and at the same time high potential of solar radiation. However, at the present large-scale utilization, solar energy is prohibitively expensive for Iran. Therefore, this study investigates an economical way to utilize solar energy in a meaningful way for Iran. One of the possible uses of solar energy that is both economical and technically feasible is desalination of water using solar energy. People in South Iran live in different areas with relatively low population density. One of the critical problems in those areas is a lack of clean drinking water. As a result, there is an urgent need to investigate ways to produce clean water from the saltwater. Therefore, the present study conducts a case study of solar desalination in south Iran using solar. Different desalination methods, such as humidification dehumidification by using a solar collector, and reverse osmosis, are discussed. In the case study, a prototype desalination plant was considered and both technical and economic aspects of the plant were investigated in details. The results showed higher productivity of drinking water in reverse osmosis method for south Iran.

Ophiolites of Iran: Keys to understanding the tectonic evolution of SW Asia: (II) Mesozoic ophiolites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moghadam, Hadi Shafaii; Stern, Robert J.

2015-03-01

Iran is a mosaic of continental terranes of Cadomian (520-600 Ma) age, stitched together along sutures decorated by Paleozoic and Mesozoic ophiolites. Here we present the current understanding of the Mesozoic (and rare Cenozoic) ophiolites of Iran for the international geoscientific audience. We summarize field, chemical and geochronological data from the literature and our own unpublished data. Mesozoic ophiolites of Iran are mostly Cretaceous in age and are related to the Neotethys and associated backarc basins on the S flank of Eurasia. These ophiolites can be subdivided into five belts: 1. Late Cretaceous Zagros outer belt ophiolites (ZOB) along the Main Zagros Thrust including Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene Maku-Khoy-Salmas ophiolites in NW Iran as well as Kermanshah-Kurdistan, Neyriz and Esfandagheh (Haji Abad) ophiolites, also Late Cretaceous-Eocene ophiolites along the Iraq-Iran border; 2. Late Cretaceous Zagros inner belt ophiolites (ZIB) including Nain, Dehshir, Shahr-e-Babak and Balvard-Baft ophiolites along the southern periphery of the Central Iranian block and bending north into it; 3. Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene Sabzevar-Torbat-e-Heydarieh ophiolites of NE Iran; 4. Early to Late Cretaceous Birjand-Nehbandan-Tchehel-Kureh ophiolites in eastern Iran between the Lut and Afghan blocks; and 5. Late Jurassic-Cretaceous Makran ophiolites of SE Iran including Kahnuj ophiolites. Most Mesozoic ophiolites of Iran show supra-subduction zone (SSZ) geochemical signatures, indicating that SW Asia was a site of plate convergence during Late Mesozoic time, but also include a significant proportion showing ocean-island basalt affinities, perhaps indicating the involvement of subcontinental lithospheric mantle.

Information security risk management for computerized health information systems in hospitals: a case study of Iran.

PubMed

Zarei, Javad; Sadoughi, Farahnaz

2016-01-01

In recent years, hospitals in Iran - similar to those in other countries - have experienced growing use of computerized health information systems (CHISs), which play a significant role in the operations of hospitals. But, the major challenge of CHIS use is information security. This study attempts to evaluate CHIS information security risk management at hospitals of Iran. This applied study is a descriptive and cross-sectional research that has been conducted in 2015. The data were collected from 551 hospitals of Iran. Based on literature review, experts' opinion, and observations at five hospitals, our intensive questionnaire was designed to assess security risk management for CHISs at the concerned hospitals, which was then sent to all hospitals in Iran by the Ministry of Health. Sixty-nine percent of the studied hospitals pursue information security policies and procedures in conformity with Iran Hospitals Accreditation Standards. At some hospitals, risk identification, risk evaluation, and risk estimation, as well as risk treatment, are unstructured without any specified approach or methodology. There is no significant structured approach to risk management at the studied hospitals. Information security risk management is not followed by Iran's hospitals and their information security policies. This problem can cause a large number of challenges for their CHIS security in future. Therefore, Iran's Ministry of Health should develop practical policies to improve information security risk management in the hospitals of Iran.

31 CFR 535.201 - Transactions involving property in which Iran or Iranian entities have an interest.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... which Iran or Iranian entities have an interest. 535.201 Section 535.201 Money and Finance: Treasury... Iran or Iranian entities have an interest. No property subject to the jurisdiction of the United States... States in which on or after the effective date Iran has any interest of any nature whatsoever may be...

31 CFR 535.504 - Certain judicial proceedings with respect to property of Iran or Iranian entities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... respect to property of Iran or Iranian entities. 535.504 Section 535.504 Money and Finance: Treasury... § 535.504 Certain judicial proceedings with respect to property of Iran or Iranian entities. (a) Subject... existed an interest of Iran or an Iranian entity. (b) This section does not authorize: (1) Any pre...

31 CFR 535.576 - Payment of non-dollar letters of credit to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... credit to Iran. 535.576 Section 535.576 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... letters of credit to Iran. Notwithstanding the prohibitions of §§ 535.201 and 535.206(a)(4), payment of existing non-dollar letters of credit in favor of Iranian entities or any person in Iran by any foreign...

31 CFR 561.407 - Conducting or facilitating a financial transaction with the Central Bank of Iran or a designated...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... transaction with the Central Bank of Iran or a designated Iranian financial institution. 561.407 Section 561... § 561.407 Conducting or facilitating a financial transaction with the Central Bank of Iran or a... transaction with the Central Bank of Iran or a designated Iranian financial institution if it maintains an...

31 CFR 535.576 - Payment of non-dollar letters of credit to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... credit to Iran. 535.576 Section 535.576 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... letters of credit to Iran. Notwithstanding the prohibitions of §§ 535.201 and 535.206(a)(4), payment of existing non-dollar letters of credit in favor of Iranian entities or any person in Iran by any foreign...

31 CFR 535.504 - Certain judicial proceedings with respect to property of Iran or Iranian entities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... respect to property of Iran or Iranian entities. 535.504 Section 535.504 Money and Finance: Treasury... § 535.504 Certain judicial proceedings with respect to property of Iran or Iranian entities. (a) Subject... existed an interest of Iran or an Iranian entity. (b) This section does not authorize: (1) Any pre...

31 CFR 535.201 - Transactions involving property in which Iran or Iranian entities have an interest.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... which Iran or Iranian entities have an interest. 535.201 Section 535.201 Money and Finance: Treasury... Iran or Iranian entities have an interest. No property subject to the jurisdiction of the United States... States in which on or after the effective date Iran has any interest of any nature whatsoever may be...

31 CFR 561.407 - Conducting or facilitating a financial transaction with the Central Bank of Iran or a designated...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... transaction with the Central Bank of Iran or a designated Iranian financial institution. 561.407 Section 561... § 561.407 Conducting or facilitating a financial transaction with the Central Bank of Iran or a... transaction with the Central Bank of Iran or a designated Iranian financial institution if it maintains an...

31 CFR 561.407 - Conducting or facilitating a financial transaction with the Central Bank of Iran or a designated...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... transaction with the Central Bank of Iran or a designated Iranian financial institution. 561.407 Section 561... § 561.407 Conducting or facilitating a financial transaction with the Central Bank of Iran or a... transaction with the Central Bank of Iran or a designated Iranian financial institution if it maintains an...

31 CFR 535.215 - Direction involving other properties in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by any person subject to the jurisdiction of... CONTROL REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 535.215 Direction involving other properties in which Iran or an... including funds and securities owned by Iran or its agencies, instrumentalities or controlled entities, are...

31 CFR 535.215 - Direction involving other properties in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by any person subject to the jurisdiction of... CONTROL REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 535.215 Direction involving other properties in which Iran or an... including funds and securities owned by Iran or its agencies, instrumentalities or controlled entities, are...

31 CFR 535.212 - Direction to transfer property in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest by branches and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest by branches and offices of United States banks located... ASSETS CONTROL REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 535.212 Direction to transfer property in which Iran or an... owned by the Government of Iran or its agencies, instrumentalities, or controlled entities, or (2) Has...

31 CFR 535.576 - Payment of non-dollar letters of credit to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... credit to Iran. 535.576 Section 535.576 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... letters of credit to Iran. Notwithstanding the prohibitions of §§ 535.201 and 535.206(a)(4), payment of existing non-dollar letters of credit in favor of Iranian entities or any person in Iran by any foreign...

31 CFR 535.215 - Direction involving other properties in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by any person subject to the jurisdiction of... CONTROL REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 535.215 Direction involving other properties in which Iran or an... including funds and securities owned by Iran or its agencies, instrumentalities or controlled entities, are...

31 CFR 535.201 - Transactions involving property in which Iran or Iranian entities have an interest.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... which Iran or Iranian entities have an interest. 535.201 Section 535.201 Money and Finance: Treasury... Iran or Iranian entities have an interest. No property subject to the jurisdiction of the United States... States in which on or after the effective date Iran has any interest of any nature whatsoever may be...

31 CFR 535.504 - Certain judicial proceedings with respect to property of Iran or Iranian entities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... respect to property of Iran or Iranian entities. 535.504 Section 535.504 Money and Finance: Treasury... § 535.504 Certain judicial proceedings with respect to property of Iran or Iranian entities. (a) Subject... existed an interest of Iran or an Iranian entity. (b) This section does not authorize: (1) Any pre...

31 CFR 535.212 - Direction to transfer property in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest by branches and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest by branches and offices of United States banks located... ASSETS CONTROL REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 535.212 Direction to transfer property in which Iran or an... owned by the Government of Iran or its agencies, instrumentalities, or controlled entities, or (2) Has...

31 CFR 535.212 - Direction to transfer property in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest by branches and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest by branches and offices of United States banks located... ASSETS CONTROL REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 535.212 Direction to transfer property in which Iran or an... owned by the Government of Iran or its agencies, instrumentalities, or controlled entities, or (2) Has...

Iran Sanctions

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-04

Proliferation Act) authorizes sanctions on foreign persons (individuals or corporations , not countries or governments ) that are determined by the...the German government to order it closed.43 Foreign Companies Exiting the Iran Market Neither the U.S. ban on trade and investment with Iran, nor...and should try to isolate Iran from the international financial system. The energy sector provides about 80% of government revenues. Iran’s large

31 CFR 535.504 - Certain judicial proceedings with respect to property of Iran or Iranian entities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... respect to property of Iran or Iranian entities. 535.504 Section 535.504 Money and Finance: Treasury... § 535.504 Certain judicial proceedings with respect to property of Iran or Iranian entities. (a) Subject... existed an interest of Iran or an Iranian entity. (b) This section does not authorize: (1) Any pre...

31 CFR 535.212 - Direction to transfer property in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest by branches and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest by branches and offices of United States banks located... ASSETS CONTROL REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 535.212 Direction to transfer property in which Iran or an... owned by the Government of Iran or its agencies, instrumentalities, or controlled entities, or (2) Has...

31 CFR 535.576 - Payment of non-dollar letters of credit to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... credit to Iran. 535.576 Section 535.576 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... letters of credit to Iran. Notwithstanding the prohibitions of §§ 535.201 and 535.206(a)(4), payment of existing non-dollar letters of credit in favor of Iranian entities or any person in Iran by any foreign...

31 CFR 535.215 - Direction involving other properties in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by any person subject to the jurisdiction of... CONTROL REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 535.215 Direction involving other properties in which Iran or an... including funds and securities owned by Iran or its agencies, instrumentalities or controlled entities, are...

31 CFR 535.576 - Payment of non-dollar letters of credit to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... credit to Iran. 535.576 Section 535.576 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and... letters of credit to Iran. Notwithstanding the prohibitions of §§ 535.201 and 535.206(a)(4), payment of existing non-dollar letters of credit in favor of Iranian entities or any person in Iran by any foreign...

31 CFR 535.201 - Transactions involving property in which Iran or Iranian entities have an interest.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... which Iran or Iranian entities have an interest. 535.201 Section 535.201 Money and Finance: Treasury... Iran or Iranian entities have an interest. No property subject to the jurisdiction of the United States... States in which on or after the effective date Iran has any interest of any nature whatsoever may be...

31 CFR 535.215 - Direction involving other properties in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by any person subject to the jurisdiction of... CONTROL REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 535.215 Direction involving other properties in which Iran or an... including funds and securities owned by Iran or its agencies, instrumentalities or controlled entities, are...

31 CFR 535.201 - Transactions involving property in which Iran or Iranian entities have an interest.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... which Iran or Iranian entities have an interest. 535.201 Section 535.201 Money and Finance: Treasury... Iran or Iranian entities have an interest. No property subject to the jurisdiction of the United States... States in which on or after the effective date Iran has any interest of any nature whatsoever may be...

31 CFR 535.504 - Certain judicial proceedings with respect to property of Iran or Iranian entities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... respect to property of Iran or Iranian entities. 535.504 Section 535.504 Money and Finance: Treasury... § 535.504 Certain judicial proceedings with respect to property of Iran or Iranian entities. (a) Subject... existed an interest of Iran or an Iranian entity. (b) This section does not authorize: (1) Any pre...

31 CFR 535.212 - Direction to transfer property in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest by branches and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest by branches and offices of United States banks located... ASSETS CONTROL REGULATIONS Prohibitions § 535.212 Direction to transfer property in which Iran or an... owned by the Government of Iran or its agencies, instrumentalities, or controlled entities, or (2) Has...

76 FR 72500 - Actions Taken Pursuant to Executive Order 13382 Related to the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-23

... Order 13382 Related to the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL) AGENCY: Office of Foreign... to the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL) and is updating the entries on OFAC's list of... of a SDN vessel in the underlying transaction. Newly Identified Vessel IRAN SHAHR-E-KORD Container...

75 FR 67025 - Delegation of Certain Functions and Authorities Under the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-01

... of Certain Functions and Authorities Under the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and...), 5(f), 6(a)(1), 6(a)(2), 6(b)(5), and 9(c) of the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996, as amended (Public Law 104-172, 50 U.S.C. 1701 note, as amended most recently by the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions...

76 FR 55166 - Actions Taken Pursuant to Executive Order 13382 Related to the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-06

... Order 13382 Related to the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL) AGENCY: Office of Foreign... connection to the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL) and is updating the entries on OFAC's list... as property of the Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL) and updated the entries on OFAC's...

Iran Sanctions

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-07

funds the sale to Iran of Indian wheat, pharmaceuticals, rice, sugar , soybeans, auto parts, and other products. Still, there is a large trade...the Persian Gulf coast Sinopec up to $6 billion if new refinery is built Oct. 2009 South Pars Gas Field—Phases 6-8, Gas Sweetening Plant...petrochemical products from Iran. - Niksima Food and Beverage JLT for receiving payments on behalf of Jam Petrochemical Iran Sanctions Congressional

Current Readings on the Iran-Iraq Conflict and Its Effects on U.S. Foreign Relations and Policy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

El-Sherbini, Magda

1989-01-01

Provides background on the Iran-Iraq conflict and suggests readings dating from 1980 to 1988 in both English and Arabic which are classified under seven broad categories: the roots of the conflict; Iran-United States relations; the American hostage crisis; the Iran-Contra affair; periodicals and indexes; online databases; and bibliographies. (105…

Plague in Iran: its history and current status.

PubMed

Hashemi Shahraki, Abdolrazagh; Carniel, Elizabeth; Mostafavi, Ehsan

2016-01-01

Plague remains a public health concern worldwide, particularly in old foci. Multiple epidemics of this disease have been recorded throughout the history of Iran. Despite the long-standing history of human plague in Iran, it remains difficult to obtain an accurate overview of the history and current status of plague in Iran. In this review, available data and reports on cases and outbreaks of human plague in the past and present in Iran and in neighboring countries were collected, and information was compiled regarding when, where, and how many cases occurred. This paper considers the history of plague in Persia (the predecessor of today's Iran) and has a brief review of plague in countries in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region, including a range of countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Since Iran has experienced outbreaks of plague for several centuries, neighboring countries have reported the disease in recent years, the disease can be silent for decades, and the circulation of Yersinia pestis has been reported among rodents and dogs in western Iran, more attention should be paid to disease monitoring in areas with previously reported human cases and in high-risk regions with previous epizootic and enzootic activity.

Molecular Epidemiology of Human Intestinal Amoebas in Iran

PubMed Central

Hooshyar, H; Rostamkhani, P; Rezaian, M

2012-01-01

Many microscopic-based epidemiological surveys on the prevalence of human intestinal pathogenic and non-pathogenic protozoa including intestinal amoeba performed in Iran show a high prevalence of human intestinal amoeba in different parts of Iran. Such epidemiological studies on amoebiasis are confusing, mainly due to recently appreciated distinction between the Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar and E. moshkovskii. Differential diagnosis can be done by some methods such as PCR-based methods, monoclonal antibodies and the analysis of isoenzyme typing, however the molecular study of these protozoa in Iran is low. Based on molecular studies, it seems that E. dispar is predominant species especially in the central and northern areas of Iran and amoebiasis due to E. histolytica is a rare infection in the country. It is suggested that infection with E. moshkovskii may be common among Iranians. Considering the importance of molecular epidemiology of amoeba in Iran and also the current data, the present study reviews the data currently available on the molecular distribution of intestinal human amoeba in Iran. PMID:23193500

31 CFR 560.306 - Iranian-origin goods or services; goods or services owned or controlled by the Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...; goods or services owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. 560.306 Section 560.306 Money and... Iranian-origin goods or services; goods or services owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. (a) The..., extracted, or processed in Iran; and (2) Goods which have entered into Iranian commerce. (b) The terms...

31 CFR 535.213 - Direction involving property held by offices of banks in the United States in which Iran or an...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... offices of banks in the United States in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest. 535.213 Section....213 Direction involving property held by offices of banks in the United States in which Iran or an... funds or securities legally or beneficially owned by the Government of Iran or its agencies...

31 CFR 535.213 - Direction involving property held by offices of banks in the United States in which Iran or an...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... offices of banks in the United States in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest. 535.213 Section....213 Direction involving property held by offices of banks in the United States in which Iran or an... funds or securities legally or beneficially owned by the Government of Iran or its agencies...

31 CFR 535.217 - Blocking of property of the former Shah of Iran and of certain other Iranian nationals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Shah of Iran and of certain other Iranian nationals. 535.217 Section 535.217 Money and Finance... former Shah of Iran and of certain other Iranian nationals. (a) For the purpose of protecting the rights... in the control of the estate of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the former Shah of Iran, or any close relative...

31 CFR 535.217 - Blocking of property of the former Shah of Iran and of certain other Iranian nationals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Shah of Iran and of certain other Iranian nationals. 535.217 Section 535.217 Money and Finance... former Shah of Iran and of certain other Iranian nationals. (a) For the purpose of protecting the rights... in the control of the estate of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the former Shah of Iran, or any close relative...

31 CFR 535.217 - Blocking of property of the former Shah of Iran and of certain other Iranian nationals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Shah of Iran and of certain other Iranian nationals. 535.217 Section 535.217 Money and Finance... former Shah of Iran and of certain other Iranian nationals. (a) For the purpose of protecting the rights... in the control of the estate of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the former Shah of Iran, or any close relative...

31 CFR 560.306 - Iranian-origin goods or services; goods or services owned or controlled by the Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...; goods or services owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. 560.306 Section 560.306 Money and... goods or services; goods or services owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. (a) The terms goods..., extracted, or processed in Iran; and (2) Goods which have entered into Iranian commerce. (b) The terms...

31 CFR 535.213 - Direction involving property held by offices of banks in the United States in which Iran or an...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... offices of banks in the United States in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest. 535.213 Section....213 Direction involving property held by offices of banks in the United States in which Iran or an... funds or securities legally or beneficially owned by the Government of Iran or its agencies...

31 CFR 560.306 - Iranian-origin goods or services; goods or services owned or controlled by the Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...; goods or services owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. 560.306 Section 560.306 Money and... Iranian-origin goods or services; goods or services owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. (a) The..., extracted, or processed in Iran; and (2) Goods which have entered into Iranian commerce. (b) The terms...

31 CFR 535.217 - Blocking of property of the former Shah of Iran and of certain other Iranian nationals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Shah of Iran and of certain other Iranian nationals. 535.217 Section 535.217 Money and Finance... former Shah of Iran and of certain other Iranian nationals. (a) For the purpose of protecting the rights... in the control of the estate of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the former Shah of Iran, or any close relative...

31 CFR 535.217 - Blocking of property of the former Shah of Iran and of certain other Iranian nationals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Shah of Iran and of certain other Iranian nationals. 535.217 Section 535.217 Money and Finance... former Shah of Iran and of certain other Iranian nationals. (a) For the purpose of protecting the rights... in the control of the estate of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the former Shah of Iran, or any close relative...

31 CFR 535.213 - Direction involving property held by offices of banks in the United States in which Iran or an...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... offices of banks in the United States in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest. 535.213 Section....213 Direction involving property held by offices of banks in the United States in which Iran or an... funds or securities legally or beneficially owned by the Government of Iran or its agencies...

31 CFR 560.306 - Iranian-origin goods or services; goods or services owned or controlled by the Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...; goods or services owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. 560.306 Section 560.306 Money and... goods or services; goods or services owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. (a) The terms goods..., extracted, or processed in Iran; and (2) Goods which have entered into Iranian commerce. (b) The terms...

31 CFR 560.306 - Iranian-origin goods or services; goods or services owned or controlled by the Government of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...; goods or services owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. 560.306 Section 560.306 Money and... goods or services; goods or services owned or controlled by the Government of Iran. (a) The terms goods..., extracted, or processed in Iran; and (2) Goods which have entered into Iranian commerce. (b) The terms...

31 CFR 535.213 - Direction involving property held by offices of banks in the United States in which Iran or an...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... offices of banks in the United States in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest. 535.213 Section....213 Direction involving property held by offices of banks in the United States in which Iran or an... funds or securities legally or beneficially owned by the Government of Iran or its agencies...

77 FR 60741 - In the Matter of the Designation of the Mujahadin-e Khalq, Also Known as MEK, Also Known as...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-04

... Known as Organization of the People's Holy Warriors of Iran, Also Known as the National Liberation Army of Iran, Also Known as NLA, Also Known as People's Mujahadin Organization of Iran, Also Known as PMOI, Also Known as National Council of Resistance of Iran, Also Known as NCRI, Also Known as Sazeman-e...

75 FR 62916 - Persons and Entities on Whom Sanctions Have Been Imposed Under the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-13

... Under the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 AGENCY: Department of State. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The Secretary... investment described in section 5(a)(1) of the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (ISA) (50 U.S.C. 1701 note) and... on the day before the date of enactment of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and...

76 FR 18821 - Persons and Entities on Whom Sanctions Have Been Imposed Under the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-05

... Under the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 AGENCY: Department of State. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The Secretary... section 5(a)(1) of the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (ISA) (50 U.S.C. 1701 note) and that certain sanctions... in effect on the day before the date of enactment of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability...

77 FR 60741 - In the Matter of the Designation of Mujahadin-e Khalq, Also Known as MEK, Also Known as Mujahadin...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-04

... Known as Organization of the People's Holy Warriors of Iran, Also Known as the National Liberation Army of Iran, Also Known as NLA, Also Known as People's Mujahadin Organization of Iran, Also Known as PMOI, Also Known as National Council of Resistance of Iran, Also Known as NCRI, Also Known as Sazeman-e...

76 FR 30505 - Authorizing the Implementation of Certain Sanctions Set Forth in the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-25

... Authorizing the Implementation of Certain Sanctions Set Forth in the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996, as Amended By... National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-172) (50 U.S.C. 1701 note) (ISA), as amended by, inter alia, the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability...

Iran Sanctions

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-03-18

That local account funds the sale to Iran of Indian wheat, pharmaceuticals, rice, sugar , soybeans, auto parts, and other products. Still, there is a...Gas Field—Phases 6-8, Gas Sweetening Plant CRS conversation with Embassy of S. Korea in Washington, D.C, July 2010 Contract signed but then...Company for purchasing petrochemical products from Iran. - Niksima Food and Beverage JLT for receiving payments on behalf of Jam Petrochemical Iran

Iran Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2015-01-01

Iran holds the world's fourth-largest proved crude oil reserves and the world's second-largest natural gas reserves. Despite the country's abundant reserves, Iran's crude oil production has substantially declined, and natural gas production growth has been slower than expected over the past few years. International sanctions have profoundly affected Iran's energy sector and have prompted a number of cancellations or delays of upstream oil and gas projects.

Case Study: Iran, Islam, the NPT, and the Bomb

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Saunders, E .

2011-04-01

The goals of this case study are: (1) To examine the correlation between Iran's nuclear program and clerical statements; (2) To evaluate the importance of these statements; (3) To understand the relationship between policy and fatwas (Islamic decrees); (4) To address the issue of a 'nuclear fatwa'; and (5) To examine how, if at all, Sharia (Islamic law) has influenced Iran's actions or inactions with respect to the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and Iran's adherence to its IAEA Safeguards Agreements and the Additional Protocol. The Islamic Republic of Iran (hereinafter Iran) is one of twomore » theocracies in the world, the second being Vatican City. Iran's government derives its constitutional, moral, and political legitimacy from Islam. As a result of this theocratic culture, rules are set and interpreted with a much different calibrator than that of the Western world. Islam affects all aspects of Iranian life. This is further complicated by the fact that Islam is not a nationalistic faith, in that many people all over the world believe in and adhere to Islamic principles. As a result, a political system that derives much of its fervor from being nationalistic is caught between two worlds, one within the land boundaries of Iran and the other within a faith that transcends boundaries. Thus, any understanding of Islamic law must first be understood within this delicate balance of nationalism and transcendence. Iran has found itself on the international stage concerning its nuclear program. Because Iran is a theocratic state, it is imperative to examine its political moves, speeches, rights, and obligations through the lens of Islam. This study will examine how Islam plays a role in Iran's dealing with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), its understanding of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), including parties obligations under Safeguards Agreements and the Additional Protocol, and also provide a recommendation on how to move forward in dealings with Iran based in part on an understanding of Islamic principles.« less

Situation analysis of the National Comprehensive Cancer Control Program (2013) in the I. R. of Iran; assessment and recommendations based on the IAEA imPACT mission.

PubMed

Rouhollahi, Mohammad Reza; Mohagheghi, Mohammad Ali; Mohammadrezai, Narges; Ghiasvand, Reza; Ghanbari Motlagh, Ali; Harirchi, Iraj; Zendehdel, Kazem

2014-04-01

Iran was engaged in the Program of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT) in 2012, and delegates from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and the World Health Organization (WHO) evaluated the National Cancer Control Program (NCCP) status (the imPACT mission), based on which they provided recommendations for improvements of NCCP in the I.R. of Iran. We reported the results of this situational analysis and discussed the recommendations and their implication in the promotion of NCCP in the I.R. of Iran.  International delegates visited the I.R. of Iran and evaluated different aspects and capacities of NCCP in Iran. In addition, a Farsi version of the WHO/IAEA self-assessment tool was completed by local experts and stakeholders, including experts from different departments of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) and representatives from the National Cancer Research Network (NCRN). Following these evaluations, the PACT office provided recommendations for improving the NCCP in Iran. Almost all the recommendations were endorsed by MOHME. The PACT program provided 31 recommendations for improvement of NCCP in Iran in six categories, including planning, cancer registration and information, prevention, early detection, diagnosis and treatment, and palliative care. The most important recommendation was to establish a strong, multi-sectoral NCCP committee and develop an updated national cancer control program. The imPACT mission report provided a comprehensive view about the NCCP status in Iran. An appropriate response to these recommendations and filing the observed gaps will improve the NCCP status in the I.R. of Iran.

Palliative Care in Iran: Moving Toward the Development of Palliative Care for Cancer.

PubMed

Rassouli, Maryam; Sajjadi, Moosa

2016-04-01

Cancer is the third leading cause of death in Iran and its incidence has been increasing in recent years. Patients' quality of life is altered rather enormously due to cancer, which doubles the importance of and the need for providing palliative care in Iran. Although many steps have been taken toward the development and providing of palliative care in Iran, there is still a large gap between the status quo and the desirable state. This study presents the current state of palliative care for cancer patients and discusses the barriers, challenges and outlook of palliative care in Iran. If infrastructural projects that have recently been launched prove successful, proper advancement toward the providing of palliative care services in Iran will then not far on the horizon. © The Author(s) 2014.

Assessing the Factors Associated With Iran's Intra-Industry Trade in Pharmaceuticals.

PubMed

Yusefzadeh, Hassan; Hadian, Mohammad; Abolghasem Gorji, Hassan; Ghaderi, Hossein

2015-03-30

Pharmaceutical industry is a sensitive and profitable industry. If this industry wants to survive, it should be able to compete well in international markets. So, study of Iran's intra-industry trade (IIT) in pharmaceuticals is essential in order to identify competitiveness potential of country and boost export capability in the global arena. This study assessed the factors associated with Iran's intra-industry trade in pharmaceuticals with the rest of the world during the 2001-2012 periods using seasonal time series data at the four-digit SITC level. The data was collected from Iran's pharmaceutical Statistics, World Bank and International Trade Center. Finally, we discussed a number of important policy recommendations to increase Iran's IIT in pharmaceuticals. The findings indicated that economies of scale, market structure and degree of economic development had a significantly positive impact on Iran's intra-industry trade in pharmaceuticals and tariff trade barriers were negatively related to IIT. Product differentiation and technological advancement didn't have the expected signs. In addition, we found that Iran's IIT in pharmaceuticals have shown an increasing trend during the study period. Thus, the composition of Iran trade in pharmaceuticals has changed from inter-industry trade to intra-industry trade. In order to get more prepared for integration into the global economy, the development of Iran's IIT in pharmaceuticals should be given priority. Therefore, paying attention to IIT could have an important role in serving pharmaceutical companies in relation to pharmaceutical trade.

31 CFR 560.543 - Sale of certain real property in Iran and transfer of related funds to the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Sale of certain real property in Iran... Statements of Licensing Policy § 560.543 Sale of certain real property in Iran and transfer of related funds... necessary and ordinarily incident to the sale of real property in Iran and to transfer the proceeds to the...

31 CFR 535.214 - Direction involving other financial assets in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... assets in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by any person subject to the jurisdiction... Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United... institution and is on January 19, 1981, in possession or control of funds or securities of Iran or its...

31 CFR 535.214 - Direction involving other financial assets in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... assets in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by any person subject to the jurisdiction... Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United... institution and is on January 19, 1981, in possession or control of funds or securities of Iran or its...

31 CFR 560.543 - Sale of certain real property in Iran and transfer of related funds to the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Sale of certain real property in Iran... Statements of Licensing Policy § 560.543 Sale of certain real property in Iran and transfer of related funds... necessary and ordinarily incident to the sale of real property in Iran and to transfer the proceeds to the...

31 CFR 535.214 - Direction involving other financial assets in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... assets in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by any person subject to the jurisdiction... Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United... institution and is on January 19, 1981, in possession or control of funds or securities of Iran or its...

31 CFR 535.214 - Direction involving other financial assets in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... assets in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by any person subject to the jurisdiction... Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United... institution and is on January 19, 1981, in possession or control of funds or securities of Iran or its...

31 CFR 535.214 - Direction involving other financial assets in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... assets in which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by any person subject to the jurisdiction... Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest held by any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United... institution and is on January 19, 1981, in possession or control of funds or securities of Iran or its...

Iran: Politics, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-30

to produce the added benefit of improving U.S.-Iran relations. However, since the deal was finalized, Iran, Iran has tested ballistic missiles and...political and social freedoms and reducing Iran’s international isolation, continues to back state intervention in the economy to benefit workers and lower...is able to generate profits from its business affiliates, which enjoy vast tax and regulatory benefits , and can spend significant amounts of

Plague in Iran: its history and current status

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

OBJECTIVES: Plague remains a public health concern worldwide, particularly in old foci. Multiple epidemics of this disease have been recorded throughout the history of Iran. Despite the long-standing history of human plague in Iran, it remains difficult to obtain an accurate overview of the history and current status of plague in Iran. METHODS: In this review, available data and reports on cases and outbreaks of human plague in the past and present in Iran and in neighboring countries were collected, and information was compiled regarding when, where, and how many cases occurred. RESULTS: This paper considers the history of plague in Persia (the predecessor of today’s Iran) and has a brief review of plague in countries in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region, including a range of countries in the Middle East and North Africa. CONCLUSIONS: Since Iran has experienced outbreaks of plague for several centuries, neighboring countries have reported the disease in recent years, the disease can be silent for decades, and the circulation of Yersinia pestis has been reported among rodents and dogs in western Iran, more attention should be paid to disease monitoring in areas with previously reported human cases and in high-risk regions with previous epizootic and enzootic activity. PMID:27457063

Multilocus microsatellite typing shows three different genetic clusters of Leishmania major in Iran.

PubMed

Mahnaz, Tashakori; Al-Jawabreh, Amer; Kuhls, Katrin; Schönian, Gabriele

2011-10-01

Ten polymorphic microsatellite markers were used to analyse 25 strains of Leishmania major collected from cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in different endemic areas in Iran. Nine of the markers were polymorphic, revealing 21 different genotypes. The data displayed significant microsatellite polymorphism with rare allelic heterozygosity. Bayesian statistic and distance based analyses identified three genetic clusters among the 25 strains analysed. Cluster I represented mainly strains isolated in the west and south-west of Iran, with the exception of four strains originating from central Iran. Cluster II comprised strains from the central part of Iran, and cluster III included only strains from north Iran. The geographical distribution of L. major in Iran was supported by comparing the microsatellite profiles of the 25 Iranian strains to those of 105 strains collected in 19 Asian and African countries. The Iranian clusters I and II were separated from three previously described populations comprising strains from Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia whereas cluster III grouped together with the Central Asian population. The considerable genetic variability of L. major might be related to the existence of different populations of Phlebotomus papatasi and/or to differences in reservoir host abundance in different parts of Iran. Copyright © 2011 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Prevalence of pterygium in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis study

PubMed Central

Yasemi, Masoud; Bamdad, Shahram; Sarokhani, Diana; Sarokhani, Mandana; Sayemiri, Kourosh

2017-01-01

Background and aim Pterygium is one of the most prevalent pathologies involving the cornea, which can lead to various vision signs and even reduction in eyesight. No accurate estimate has been reported about the prevalence of pterygium in Iran. Hence, this study aimed to determine the pterygium prevalence in Iran by meta-analysis method. Methods Searching for data of the last eleven years (from 2004 to 2015) was conducted using the keywords of pterygium, eye, and Iran in International and domestic indexing services and databases including Iranmedex, Scientific Information Database (SID), Magiran, Irandoc, Medlib, IranPsych, Science Direct, Web of Science (Thomson Reuters), PubMed, and Scopus. The data were analyzed using the meta-analysis method (the random effects model). The disharmony of the studies was investigated using the I2 index. The data were analyzed by STATA Ver.11 software. Results In 5 studies conducted in Iran, with a sample size of 10,838 people between 2004 and 2015, the extent of the prevalence was estimated to be 11% (95% CI: 3 to 18%). Also, the prevalence of pterygium in women and men was 18% and 13%, respectively. Conclusion According to the published reports from Iran and its comparison with other points in the world, the prevalence of pterygium in Iran is high, especially among women. PMID:29560142

Managing Proliferation Issues with Iran

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nelson, C. Richard; Saltiel, David H.

2002-02-15

Any government in Tehran will be inclined to seek weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missile delivery options given the realities of its strategic environment. These weapons might help Iran to deter potential external threats, to achieve equality with other major regional powers armed with WMD, and to attain self-reliance in national security, given the isolating experience of arms embargoes. A more pluralist leadership in the future, however, may examine broader choices and trade-offs, and perhaps be less likely to cross key thresholds in WMD acquisition. In any event, Iran's WMD behavior is likely to be determined by both externalmore » factors, mainly the availability of crucial components, and internal factors, including calculations of costs, risks, and benefits. Among the benefits, psychological factors, such as prestige, will play an important role. Other important factors that might well shape Iran's WMD behavior include developments in Iraq, relations with the United States and other Gulf states, Israeli-Palestinian relations and the future price of oil. This paper offers recommendations on how the United States can best hope to influence Iranian decisions regarding the acquisition of WMD and missile delivery systems if the United States decides to pursue more direct engagement with Tehran. An engagement-nonproliferation strategy should involve at least three types of parallel efforts: public, private and indirect. Public efforts should seek to create a more positive, less-threatening image of the United States among opinion leaders in Iran. Private efforts should seek to determine the purposes, nature and extent of Iran's efforts to develop WMD and missiles and to suggest better alternatives for Iran's security and prestige needs. Indirect efforts should involve key third countries and organizations in an attempt both to address Iran's security concerns and to deny Iran access to critical WMD and missile technology and components. Russian policy, in particular, will continue to play a vital role in determining the extent to which Iran is able to pursue WMD options. Without a fundamental change in the regional security environment, however, there is little reason to expect changes in Iranian WMD and missile policies, and the United States, acting alone and short of war, cannot prevent Iran from ultimately developing WMD and delivery systems. Furthermore, U.S. policies that take a tougher line with Russia, China and North Korea are not likely to lead to more restraint among these potential sources of WMD and missile technology. In the absence of engagement with Iran, unilateral U.S. economic sanctions will remain the principal, if flawed, U.S. policy tool for seeking to prevent Iran from acquiring WMD. The rationale is that by discouraging trade and investment, particularly in Iran's energy sector, the government of Iran will have less revenue to pursue proliferation. Without broad international support for economic isolation, however, such an effort may hinder Iran's WMD programs, though it cannot block them. Finally, options are needed to deal with major failures in nonproliferation efforts. These options include measures to deter Iranian use of WMD, to defend against their use if deterrence fails, and to destroy Iranian WMD capabilities should the need arise.« less

Iran Sanctions

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-08-19

September 2007 Korea Mining and Development Corp. ( N . Korea) September 2007 Iran Sanctions Congressional Research Service 70 October 21, 2007...designated under other E.O.) - Vitaly Sokolenko (general manager of Ferland) April 29, 2014, (for connections to deceptive oil dealings for Iran

Israel and Iran: A Dangerous Rivalry

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

and Knesset view the Islamic Republic as “a bitter ideological enemy that is deter- mined to bring about the physical annihilation of Israel”; only...entirely different set of values. . . . Iran sends children into mine fields. Iran denies the Holocaust. Iran openly calls for Israel’s destruction...compromise on sovereignty by having U.S. troops deployed here.” Quoted in Barbara Opall -Rome, “U.S. to Deploy Radar, Troops In Israel,” Defense News

How to Deter and Coerce Iran into Giving Up Its Nuclear Weapons Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

ix LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AEOI Atomic Energy Organization of Iran CBI Central Bank of Iran EU European Union GCC Gulf...Atomic Energy Organization of Iran ( AEOI ) indicate a strong belief in the policy-makers’ minds that this deterrence lens has considerable merit. This...Presidents and Cabinet, the AEOI , the IRGC, the Supreme National Security Council, and the Majles. The Supreme Leader controls the IRGC, and the

U.S. Strategy for Iran Following its Achievement of Nuclear Weapon Capability

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-04-01

Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2007), 155. 2 Isaiah Wilson III, “Rediscovering Containment: The Sources of American-Iranian...72 Pollack, “The Threat from Iran,” 3. 73 Thomas Donnelly, “Strategy for a Nuclear Iran,” In Getting Ready for a Nuclear-Ready Iran, (Carlisle, PA...Strategic Studies Institute, Oct 2005), 167. 74 Jane’s Sentinel Country Risk Assessments, 111. 75 Stanley, 24. 76 Isaiah Wilson III

Posing Problems Without an Alliance: China-Iran Relations after the Nuclear Deal

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-25

support for a more assertive Iranian foreign policy . Thus, despite the prospects of greater China-Iran economic and diplomatic cooperation, the two...exporting advanced weapons, which could embolden Iran to conduct a more brazen foreign policy that would threaten China’s fundamental need for...partnerships with states such as Pakistan or North Korea.11 A key issue is whether, and how, the nuclear deal may affect China’s policies toward Iran

Gastrointestinal helminths of the Caspian turtle, Mauremys caspica (Testudines), from Northern Iran.

PubMed

Youssefi, Mohammad Reza; Mousapour, Ali; Nikzad, Reza; Gonzalez-Solis, David; Halajian, Ali; Rahimi, Mohammad Taghi

2016-03-01

The Caspian turtle (Mauremys caspica) is a semi-aquatic and adaptable reptile. To date, there are no reports on the parasites of this turtle in Iran. Hence, the current survey was designed to prepare a list of the gastrointestinal helminth parasites of the Caspian turtle in North Iran. A total of 34 road-killed individuals (14 males and 20 females) were collected between July 2011 and October 2012 from the Mazandaran province, Iran. All parts of gastrointestinal were parasitologically scrutinized and collected specimens were fixed and preserved in 70 % ethanol. Half of the examined Caspian turtles (17) were infected with at least one parasitic helminth. The list of helminths includes three nematodes: Serpinema microcephalum (Camallanidae), Falcaustra armenica (Kathlaniidae), Oxyuridae sp., and one digenean: Telorchis sp. (Telorchiidae). This is the first report of the gastrointestinal helminth parasites of the Caspian turtle in Iran and all helminth species are reported for the first time in Iran.

Resolving species delimitation within the genus Bunopus Blanford, 1874 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) in Iran using DNA barcoding approach.

PubMed

Khosravani, Azar; Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar; Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah; Oraie, Hamzeh; Papenfuss, Theodore J

2017-12-19

Mitochondrial COI sequences were used to investigate species delimitation within the genus Bunopus in Iran. A dataset with a final sequence length of 633 nucleotides including 100 specimens from 31 geographically distant localities across Iran were generated. The result demonstrated that two major clades with strong support can be identified within the genus Bunopus in Iran. Clade A includes Bunopus crassicaudus and two new entities, eastern populations (subclade A2,1) and Shahdad populations (subclade A2,2). The second clade comprises western and southwestern populations (subclade B1,1), Arabian populations (subclade B1,2) and south and southeast populations in Iran, to which Bunopus tuberculatus (subclade B2) is assigned. In addition to Bunopus crassicaudus and B. tuberculatus, three new candidate species in Iran can easily be identified based on the DNA barcoding approach.

Economical impact of plasma fractionation project in Iran on affordability of plasma-derived medicines.

PubMed

Cheraghali, A M; Aboofazeli, R

2009-12-01

In Iran all transfusion services are concentrated under authority of one public and centralized transfusion organization which has created the opportunity of using plasma produced in its blood centers for fractionation. In 2008 voluntary and non remunerated Iranian donors donated 1.8 million units of blood. This indicates a 25/1000 donation index. After responding to the needs for fresh plasma and cryoprecipitate each year about 150000 L of recovered plasma are reserved for fractionation. In an attempt to improve both blood safety profile and availability and affordability of plasma derived medicines, Iran's national transfusion service has entered into a contract fractionation agreement for surplus of plasma produced from donated blood by voluntary non remunerated donors. In order to ensure safety of product produced, Iran has chosen to collaborate with international fractionators based in highly regulated countries. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of contract plasma fractionation on the affordability of the plasma derived medicines in Iran. During 2006-2008, Iran's contract fractionation project was able to produce 46%, 18% and 6% of IVIG, Albumin and FVIII consumed in Iran's market, respectively. In contrary to IVIG and Albumin, due to fairly high consumption of FVIII in Iran, the role of fractionation project in meeting the needs to FVIII was not substantial. However, Iran's experience has shown that contract plasma fractionation, through direct and indirect effects on price of plasma derived medicines, could substantially improve availability and affordability of such products in national health care system.

Synoptic patterns leading to hailstorm in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Salahi, Bromand; Nohegar, Ahmad; Behrouzi, Mahmoud; Aalijahan, Mehdi

2018-03-01

The purpose of this study was to extract the synoptic patterns of 500 mb geopotential height and the sea level pressure leading to form hail in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. To this end, at first, we explored hail occurrence in different areas of the province under investigation. Then, using sea level pressure and 500 mb geopotential height data, the patterns of hail occurrence were investigated through hierarchical clustering and Ward's method. The level of 500 mb patterns resulting in hail formation in the area include: (1) settlement of a cut-off low pressure blocking in Turkey and Iran's position in downstream of trough and injection of humidity coming from the Red Sea; (2) settlement of low ridge in northern Europe and Iran lying in downstream of the trough and injection of humidity of the Mediterranean Sea; (3) settlement of a cut-off low pressure in east of Europe and Iran lying in downstream of the trough; and (4) settlement of a deep trough in the Mediterranean Sea, formation of an omega-shaped blocking in Northern Europe and Iran lying in downstream of the trough. At sea level, the following patterns have caused hail formation in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province: (1) settlement of low pressure in Iran and Russia accompanying high pressure in Taklimakan Desert and east of Europe; (2) settlement of low pressure in Iran and high pressure in Egypt, northern Europe, and Taklimakan Desert; and (3) settlement of low pressure in Iran, Saudi Arabia and south of Italy and high pressure in Egypt and Siberia.

Iran Sanctions

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-21

Iran); Korea Mining and Development Corp. ( N . Korea). October 21, 2007 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC); Ministry of Defense and Armed...designated under other E.O.); Vitaly Sokolenko (general manager of Ferland) April 29, 2014 (for connections to deceptive oil dealings for Iran) Saeed Al

An Analysis of the Impact of American Arms Transfers on Political Stability in Iran.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-09-01

IMPACT OF AMERICAN ARMS TRANSFERS ON POLITICAL STABILITY IN IRAN by Gregory Francis Gates September 1980 Thesis Advisor: E. J. Laurance Approved for...release; distribution unlimited An Analysis of the Impact of American Arms Transfers on Political Stability in Iran by Gregory Francis Gates Lieutenant...government survived, it is possible these goals may have been met and Iran’s labor problems solved. Unfortunately in 1977-78 when political stability deteriorated

The Days after a Deal with Iran: Implications for the Air Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-01

spillover, deter aggression against key regional partners—including the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states and Jordan —and wind down operations in...Iran may continue to enrich uranium , but limits are placed on the degree of enrichment, and on the number and types of centrifuges used. • Iran...aircraft, and support aircraft. There are also six F-16s in Jordan on a temporary basis. Security Cooperation and Exercises: Countering Iran is a shared

Criminal Acts against Civil Aviation 1987

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-01-01

committea aircraft worldwide. Of the 13, four were U.S.-registered by terrorist groups but by individuals seeking political aircraft and nine were foreign...Moscow/Tallinn, USSR United Kingdom or Norway 07-06-83 Iran Air B-747 Shiraz/Tehran, Iran Iraq/ Political Statement 08-27-83 Air France B-727 Vienna...25-84 CAAC (PRC) Unknown Nanchang/Fuzhou, China Taiwan 06-26-84 Iran Air B-727 Tehran/Bushehr, Iran Baghdad, Iraq/ Political Asylum 07-05-84 Indian

An investigation on thermal patterns in Iran based on spatial autocorrelation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fallah Ghalhari, Gholamabbas; Dadashi Roudbari, Abbasali

2018-02-01

The present study aimed at investigating temporal-spatial patterns and monthly patterns of temperature in Iran using new spatial statistical methods such as cluster and outlier analysis, and hotspot analysis. To do so, climatic parameters, monthly average temperature of 122 synoptic stations, were assessed. Statistical analysis showed that January with 120.75% had the most fluctuation among the studied months. Global Moran's Index revealed that yearly changes of temperature in Iran followed a strong spatially clustered pattern. Findings showed that the biggest thermal cluster pattern in Iran, 0.975388, occurred in May. Cluster and outlier analyses showed that thermal homogeneity in Iran decreases in cold months, while it increases in warm months. This is due to the radiation angle and synoptic systems which strongly influence thermal order in Iran. The elevations, however, have the most notable part proved by Geographically weighted regression model. Iran's thermal analysis through hotspot showed that hot thermal patterns (very hot, hot, and semi-hot) were dominant in the South, covering an area of 33.5% (about 552,145.3 km2). Regions such as mountain foot and low lands lack any significant spatial autocorrelation, 25.2% covering about 415,345.1 km2. The last is the cold thermal area (very cold, cold, and semi-cold) with about 25.2% covering about 552,145.3 km2 of the whole area of Iran.

48 CFR 25.703-2 - Iran Sanctions Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... integrity (see the Past Performance Information Retrieval System (including the Federal Awardee Performance.... (ii) Knowingly selling, leasing or providing to Iran goods, services, technology, information, or...) Knowingly selling, leasing, or providing to Iran goods, services, technology, information, or support with a...

48 CFR 25.703-2 - Iran Sanctions Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... integrity (see the Past Performance Information Retrieval System (including the Federal Awardee Performance.... (ii) Knowingly selling, leasing or providing to Iran goods, services, technology, information, or...) Knowingly selling, leasing, or providing to Iran goods, services, technology, information, or support with a...

31 CFR 535.333 - Properties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... liabilities and property interests of the Government of Iran, its agencies, instrumentalities, or controlled... property interests of the Government of Iran, its agencies, instrumentalities, or controlled entities may be considered contested only if the holder thereof reasonably believes that Iran does not have title...

31 CFR 535.333 - Properties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... liabilities and property interests of the Government of Iran, its agencies, instrumentalities, or controlled... property interests of the Government of Iran, its agencies, instrumentalities, or controlled entities may be considered contested only if the holder thereof reasonably believes that Iran does not have title...

31 CFR 535.333 - Properties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... liabilities and property interests of the Government of Iran, its agencies, instrumentalities, or controlled... property interests of the Government of Iran, its agencies, instrumentalities, or controlled entities may be considered contested only if the holder thereof reasonably believes that Iran does not have title...

Iran Sanctions

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-12

imports).9 • Petroleos de Venezuela (reportedly reached a September 2009 deal to supply Iran with gasoline). The cessation of supplies to Iran by the...Pars gas field (September 2009) Petroleos de Venezuela S.A.; 10% stake in venture $760 million Abadan refinery upgrade and expansion; building

31 CFR 535.333 - Properties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... liabilities and property interests of the Government of Iran, its agencies, instrumentalities, or controlled... property interests of the Government of Iran, its agencies, instrumentalities, or controlled entities may be considered contested only if the holder thereof reasonably believes that Iran does not have title...

31 CFR 535.333 - Properties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... liabilities and property interests of the Government of Iran, its agencies, instrumentalities, or controlled... property interests of the Government of Iran, its agencies, instrumentalities, or controlled entities may be considered contested only if the holder thereof reasonably believes that Iran does not have title...

Differences in Virulence Markers between Helicobacter pylori Strains from Iraq and Those from Iran: Potential Importance of Regional Differences in H. pylori-Associated Disease▿

PubMed Central

Hussein, Nawfal R.; Mohammadi, Marjan; Talebkhan, Yeganeh; Doraghi, Masoumeh; Letley, Darren P.; Muhammad, Merdan K.; Argent, Richard H.; Atherton, John C.

2008-01-01

Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulceration and gastric adenocarcinoma; the latter is common in Iran but not in Iraq. We hypothesized that more virulent H. pylori strains may be found in Iran than in Iraq and so compared established and newly described virulence factors in strains from these countries. We studied 59 unselected dyspeptic patients from Iran and 49 from Iraq. cagA was found in similar proportions of strains from both countries (76% in Iran versus 71% in Iraq) and was significantly associated with peptic ulcer disease in Iraq (P ≤ 0.01) but not in Iran. cagA alleles encoding four or more tyrosine phosphorylation motifs were found in 12% of the Iranian strains but none of the Iraqi strains (P = 0.02). There were no significant differences in the vacA signal-, middle-, or intermediate-region types between Iranian and Iraqi strains. Among the strains from Iran, vacA genotypes showed no specific peptic ulcer associations, but among the strains from Iraq, vacA i1 strains were associated with gastric ulcer (P ≤ 0.02), mimicking their previously demonstrated association with gastric cancer in Iran. dupA was found in similar proportions of Iranian and Iraqi strains (38% and 32%, respectively) and was associated with peptic ulceration in Iraqi patients (P ≤ 0.01) but not Iranian patients. H. pylori strains from Iraq and Iran possess virulence factors similar to those in Western countries. The presence of cagA with more phosphorylation motifs in Iranian strains may contribute to the higher incidence of gastric cancer. However, the association between strain virulence markers and disease in Iraq but not Iran suggests that other host and environmental factors may be more important in the disease-prone Iranian population. PMID:18353934

Differences in virulence markers between Helicobacter pylori strains from Iraq and those from Iran: potential importance of regional differences in H. pylori-associated disease.

PubMed

Hussein, Nawfal R; Mohammadi, Marjan; Talebkhan, Yeganeh; Doraghi, Masoumeh; Letley, Darren P; Muhammad, Merdan K; Argent, Richard H; Atherton, John C

2008-05-01

Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulceration and gastric adenocarcinoma; the latter is common in Iran but not in Iraq. We hypothesized that more virulent H. pylori strains may be found in Iran than in Iraq and so compared established and newly described virulence factors in strains from these countries. We studied 59 unselected dyspeptic patients from Iran and 49 from Iraq. cagA was found in similar proportions of strains from both countries (76% in Iran versus 71% in Iraq) and was significantly associated with peptic ulcer disease in Iraq (P

An Iranium bomb?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Albright, D.

1995-07-01

This year, the nuclear proliferation spotlight has swung away from Iraq and North Korea, only to focus on Iran. Western intelligence agencies have assembled a substantial body of evidence suggesting that, although Iran signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), it is secretly pursuing a broad, organized effort to develop nuclear weapons. US officials say that Iran is attempting to acquire nuclear technologies that are not consistent with a strictly peaceful program. Intelligence agencies have detected procurement patterns that point to a weapons program. Iran has a multifaceted strategy to develop options to make nuclear weapons: Iran has sought, with limitedmore » success, to buy nuclear power and research facilities from many countries, particularly China and Russia; Iran has shopped quietly in many countries, particularly in Western and Eastern Europe, for a wide range of nuclear-related or dual-use nuclear items that might enable it to put together facilities to enrich uranium, separate plutonium, and make nuclear weapons. There is little public information about how effective this clandestine shopping has been or which countries have been contacted; There is no evidence that Iran has bought any fissile material - but not for wont of trying, and the matter continues to be scrutinized very closely.« less

Cancer research priorities and gaps in Iran: the influence of cancer burden on cancer research outputs between 1997 and 2014.

PubMed

Majidi, A; Salimzadeh, H; Beiki, O; Delavari, F; Majidi, S; Delavari, A; Malekzadeh, R

2017-03-01

As a developing country, Iran is experiencing the increasing burden of cancers, which are currently the third leading cause of mortality in Iran. This study aims to demonstrate that cancer research in Iran concentrates on the cancer research priorities based on the global burden of disease (GBD) reports. Descriptive evaluation of all cancers disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) was performed using GBD data. Also a comprehensive search was conducted using cancer-associated keywords to obtain all cancer-related publications from Iran, indexed in Web of Science. Multiple regression analysis and correlation coefficients (R 2 ) were used to evaluate the possible associations between cancer research publications and GBD. During 1996-2014, the majority of cancer-related publications in Iran focused on breast cancer, leukaemia and stomach cancer, respectively. This study found hypothetical correlations between cancer publications in Iran in line with the burden of cancer as reported by GBD. Particularly, correlations between years lived with disability (YLD) and cancer-related publications were more obvious. This study introduces a new outline in setting cancer research priorities in the region. Copyright © 2016 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Narrative Review of Acute Adult Poisoning in Iran

PubMed Central

Alinejad, Samira; Zamani, Nasim; Abdollahi, Mohammad; Mehrpour, Omid

2017-01-01

Poisoning is a frequent cause of referral to medical emergencies and a major health problem around the world, especially in developing countries. We aimed to review the epidemiology and pattern of adult poisoning in Iran in order to facilitate the early diagnosis and management of poisoning. The pattern of poisoning is different in various parts of Iran. Pharmaceutical compounds were the most common cause of poisoning in most parts of Iran. Pesticide-related toxicities were more common in northern agricultural regions, whereas bites and stings were seen more commonly in southern Iran. Carbon monoxide poisoning was common in cities with many motor vehicles such as Tehran and in colder climates such as in northern and western regions due to inadequately vented gas appliances such as stoves and heaters. Majoon Birjandi (containing cannabis) is a unique substance used in eastern Iran. Poisoning by opioids, tramadol, and pesticides (organophosphate and aluminum phosphide) has remained a common hazard in Iran. Poisoning-associated morbidity and mortality rates vary by region and have changed over time due to the introduction of new drugs and chemicals. Early diagnosis and proper treatment may be lifesaving; thus, understanding the general pattern of poisoning in different regions is important. PMID:28761199

Safety survey of Iran's mines and comparison to some other countries.

PubMed

Bagherpour, Raheb; Yarahmadi, Reza; Khademian, Amir; Almasi, Seied Najmedin

2017-03-01

The increasing development of mining activities in Iran makes it necessary to have a closer look at the safety issues. Analysis of different incidents and damages in mines can be helpful for the adoption of suitable approaches to prevent the incidents. In this study, safety statistics of Iran's mines in 2011 and 2012 were assessed and important incidents and injuries happening to employees for 12 different groups of minerals were evaluated and eventually compared to the situation of some other countries. According to the obtained results, the average incidence probability in Iran's mines was calculated to be 0.18 for 2011 and the incidence probability of coal, copper and iron ore mines was greater than others. The injury rate of Iran's mines was 106 and 164 out of 10,000 persons for 2011 and 2012, respectively, and the maximum values of injury rate belonged to coal, dimension stone and aggregate mines. Also, it turned out that the fatal rate per 100 tons of production had the highest values in chromite and coal mines. Besides, comparison of injury rate and the fatal rate in Iran and some countries showed that the safety situation in Iran's mines was in a fair condition.

Iranian Native Plants on Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniosis: A Narrative Review

PubMed Central

MOGHADDAS, Elham; KHAMESIPOUR, Ali; MOHEBALI, Mehdi; FATA, Abdolmajid

2017-01-01

Background: Chemotherapy still relies on the use of pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, paromomycin, miltefosin, and allopurinol. In this study, we explained about the native plant that grows in different regions of Iran and used as anti-leishmanial in Iran and even many other countries. Methods: This narrative review covers all information about local herbal medicine in Iran that used in treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in all the worlds, published in local and international journals from 1996 to 2015 using various databases including PubMed, SID, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct. Results: Overall, 150 articles in databases were identified. Many local plants grown in some places of Iran were used to treat this endemic disease. Conclusion: The cutaneous leishmaniasis is also a major health problem in Iran, especially in Mashhad (Northeast of Iran). Therefore, many patients seek for herbal therapy that is cheaper and readily available. This review provides information regarding plant that exists in Iran and exhibiting effects on anti-Leishmania activity. Among the anti-leishmanial mentioned in this review, most have never been tested for cytotoxicity and very few have been tested for in vivo activity. PMID:28979340

48 CFR 25.703 - Prohibition on contracting with entities that engage in certain activities relating to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Prohibition on contracting with entities that engage in certain activities relating to Iran. 25.703 Section 25.703 Federal... to Iran. ...

48 CFR 25.703 - Prohibition on contracting with entities that engage in certain activities relating to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Prohibition on contracting with entities that engage in certain activities relating to Iran. 25.703 Section 25.703 Federal... to Iran. ...

Iran sets sights on 5 million b/d of crude

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1992-09-21

This paper reports that Iran, currently producing 3.2 million b/d of oil, has set a production target of 5 million b/d by March 1994. On the way to that target Iran's oil flow will climb to 4 million b/d by March 1993, says A. Moshtaqhian, director of exploration and production for National Iranian Oil Co. (NIOC). With oil reserves of about 100 million bbl, Iran will find it easy to increase productive capacity, Moshtaqhian told the Gulf Oil and Politics publication.

A faunistic study on the leafhoppers of northwestern Iran (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae)

PubMed Central

Abdollahi, Tandis; Jalalizand, Ali Reza; Mozaffarian, Fariba; Wilson, Michael

2015-01-01

Abstract The leafhopper fauna of northwestern Iran: Azarbaijan-e-Sharghi, Azarbaijan-e-Gharbi and Ardabil provinces is listed from previously published records and from our current work. Sixty-nine species are included with four species (Mogangella straminea Dlabola, 1957, Doratura stylata (Boheman, 1847), Macrosteles sordidipennis (Stål, 1858) and Psammotettix seriphidii Emeljanov, 1962) listed as new for Iran and Balclutha punctata (Fabricius, 1775), as a new record for the region. A distribution map of the species in northwestern Iran is given. PMID:25931954

Iranian Foreign Policy Toward the Gulf After Khomeini.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-04-01

Smented History . Frederick, Maryland: University Publications ofAmerica, 1980. Banisadr, Abolhassan. The Fundamental Principles and Precepts of Islamic Government. Lexington, Kentucky: Mazda Publications, 1981. .2 28 a ...regimes. Rule in Iran changed from a monarchy to rule by Iran’s clergy--for the first time in its history . The Islamic Republic’s principles were...Throughout its history , the appearance of a strong ruler resulted in the consolidation of Iran’s territorial integrity and enabled Iran to assert its

Iran and the Big Powers, 1900-1953.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-04-26

projects- all in return for a modest royalty and initial fee . The threat from both Britain and Russia forced Iran to develop a foreign policy for its...ignored Russian interests in keeping Iran under political and economic bondage through bank loans and trade with Iran. By posing a direct threat to...34.-".-",."..".. . . - . . .. .., ,--.".... 14 Russia 28,972,124 rubles in long-term debt and 3,223,810 in short-term debts . This was against a mere 2,000,000 ruble

Comparison of the characteristics of two hemoglobin variants, Hb D-Iran and Hb E, eluting in the Hb A2 window.

PubMed

Dass, Jasmita; Gupta, Aastha; Mittal, Suchi; Saraf, Amrita; Langer, Sabina; Bhargava, Manorama

2017-06-01

Cation exchange-high performance liquid chromatography (CE-HPLC) is most commonly used to evaluate hemoglobin (Hb) variants, which elute in the Hb A2 window. This study aimed to assess prevalence of an uncommon Hb variant, Hb D-Iran, and compare its red cell parameters and peak characteristics with those of Hb E that commonly elutes in the Hb A2 window. Generally, we assess abnormal Hb using CE-HPLC as the primary technique along with alkaline and acid electrophoresis. All cases with Hb A2 window >9%, as assessed by CE-HPLCs during 2009-2013, were selected. Twenty-nine cases with Hb D-Iran variant were identified-25 heterozygous, 2 homozygous, 1 compound heterozygous Hb D-Iran/β-thalassemia, and 1 Hb D-Iran/Hb D-Punjab. Overall prevalence of Hb D-Iran was 0.23%. Compared to patients with Hb E, those with Hb D-Iran had significantly higher Hb (12.1 vs. 11.3 g/dL, P =0.03), MCV (82.4 vs. 76.4 fL, P =0.0044), MCH (27.9 vs. 25.45 pg, P =0.0006), and MCHC (33.9 vs. 33.3 g/dL, P =0.0005). Amount of abnormal Hb (40.7 vs. 26.4%, P =0.0001) was significantly higher while retention time (3.56 vs. 3.70 min, P =0.0001) was significantly lower in Hb D-Iran than in Hb E. Hb D-Iran peak can be easily missed if area and retention time of the Hb A2 window are not carefully analyzed. To distinguish between variants, careful analysis of peak area and retention time is sufficient in most cases and may be further confirmed by the second technique-alkaline electrophoresis.

Tularemia, a re-emerging infectious disease in Iran and neighboring countrie

PubMed Central

Zargar, Afsaneh; Maurin, Max; Mostafavi, Ehsan

2015-01-01

OBJECTIVES: Tularemia is a zoonotic disease transmitted by direct contact with infected animals and through arthropod bites, inhalation of contaminated aerosols, ingestion of contaminated meat or water, and skin contact with any infected material. It is widespread throughout the northern hemisphere, including Iran and its neighbors to the north, northeast, and northwest. METHODS: In this paper, the epidemiology of tularemia as a re-emerging infectious disease in the world with a focus on Iran and the neighboring countries is reviewed. RESULTS: In Iran, positive serological tests were first reported in 1973, in wildlife and domestic livestock in the northwestern and southeastern parts of the country. The first human case was reported in 1980 in the southwest of Iran, and recent studies conducted among at-risk populations in the western, southeastern, and southwestern parts of Iran revealed seroprevalences of 14.4, 6.52, and 6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Several factors may explain the absence of reported tularemia cases in Iran since 1980. Tularemia may be underdiagnosed in Iran because Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica is likely to be the major etiological agent and usually causes mild to moderately severe disease. Furthermore, tularemia is not a disease extensively studied in the medical educational system in Iran, and empirical therapy may be effective in many cases. Finally, it should be noted that laboratories capable of diagnosing tularemia have only been established in the last few years. Since both recent and older studies have consistently found tularemia antibodies in humans and animals, the surveillance of this disease should receive more attention. In particular, it would be worthwhile for clinical researchers to confirm tularemia cases more often by isolating F. tularensis from infected humans and animals. PMID:25773439

Influence of southern oscillation on autumn rainfall in Iran (1951-2011)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roghani, Rabbaneh; Soltani, Saeid; Bashari, Hossein

2016-04-01

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between southern oscillation and autumn (October-December) rainfall in Iran. It also sought to identify the possible physical mechanisms involved in the mentioned relationships by analyzing observational atmospheric data. Analyses were based on monthly rainfall data from 50 synoptic stations with at least 35 years of records up to the end of 2011. Autumn rainfall time series were grouped by the average Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and SOI phase methods. Significant differences between rainfall groups in each method were assessed by Kruskal-Wallis and Kolmogorov-Smirnov non-parametric tests. Their relationships were also validated using the linear error in probability space (LEPS) test. The results showed that average SOI and SOI phases during July-September were related with autumn rainfall in some regions located in the west and northwest of Iran, west coasts of the Caspian Sea and southern Alborz Mountains. The El Niño (negative) and La Niña (positive) phases were associated with increased and decreased autumn rainfall, respectively. Our findings also demonstrated the persistence of Southern Pacific Ocean's pressure signals on autumn rainfall in Iran. Geopotential height patterns were totally different in the selected El Niño and La Niña years over Iran. During the El Niño years, a cyclone was formed over the north of Iran and an anticyclone existed over the Mediterranean Sea. During La Niña years, the cyclone shifted towards the Mediterranean Sea and an anticyclone developed over Iran. While these El Niño conditions increased autumn rainfall in Iran, the opposite conditions during the La Niña phase decreased rainfall in the country. In conclusion, development of rainfall prediction models based on the SOI can facilitate agricultural and water resources management in Iran.

A history of the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic and its impact on Iran.

PubMed

Azizi, Mohammad Hossein; Raees Jalali, Ghanbar Ali; Azizi, Farzaneh

2010-05-01

Approximately ninety two years ago, the worst influenza pandemic or "Spanish flu" occurred in 1918, at the end of the First World War (WWI, 1914-1918) which resulted in the deaths of millions of people worldwide. The death toll exceeded the total number of victims of WWI. The 1918 Spanish flu was a deadly, major global event that affected many countries, including Iran. In Iran, it was accompanied by a high mortality rate estimated to be more than one million. However, detailed information on the impact of this outbreak in Iran is scarce. The present paper describes a brief history of the influenza pandemics in the world as well as the spread of the 1918 Spanish flu to Iran.

Iran’s Economy

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-08-22

is substantial. Iran is a major source of caviar and pistachio nuts, which constitute significant non-oil exports for Iran. Iran’s climate and terrain...and Gas Developments and Trade,” Global Insight Daily Analysis, March 4, 2008. prepared meat and fish, and edible nuts and foods ( pistachios ). There

15 CFR 746.7 - Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... authorization is considered authorization for purposes of the EAR as well. Transactions that are not subject to... certain reexport transactions involving Iran, including transactions dealing with items subject to the EAR... addition, BIS maintains licensing requirements on exports and reexports to Iran under the EAR as described...

15 CFR 746.7 - Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... authorization for purposes of the EAR as well. Transactions that are not subject to OFAC regulatory authority... certain reexport transactions involving Iran, including transactions dealing with items subject to the EAR... addition, BIS maintains licensing requirements on exports and reexports to Iran under the EAR as described...

Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Iran.

PubMed

Taherkhani, Reza; Farshadpour, Fatemeh

2015-10-14

In Iran, the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is relatively low according to the population-based epidemiological studies. However, the epidemiology of HCV is changing and the rate of HCV infection is increasing due to the growth in the number of injecting drug users in the society. In addition, a shift has occurred in the distribution pattern of HCV genotypes among HCV-infected patients in Iran. Genotype 1a is the most prevalent genotype in Iran, but in recent years, an increase in the frequency of 3a and a decrease in 1a and 1b have been reported. These variations in the epidemiology of HCV reflect differences in the routes of transmission, status of public health, lifestyles, and risk factors in different groups and geographic regions of Iran. Health policy makers should consider these differences to establish better strategies for control and prevention of HCV infection. Therefore, this review was conducted to present a clear view regarding the current epidemiology of HCV infection in Iran.

Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Iran

PubMed Central

Taherkhani, Reza; Farshadpour, Fatemeh

2015-01-01

In Iran, the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is relatively low according to the population-based epidemiological studies. However, the epidemiology of HCV is changing and the rate of HCV infection is increasing due to the growth in the number of injecting drug users in the society. In addition, a shift has occurred in the distribution pattern of HCV genotypes among HCV-infected patients in Iran. Genotype 1a is the most prevalent genotype in Iran, but in recent years, an increase in the frequency of 3a and a decrease in 1a and 1b have been reported. These variations in the epidemiology of HCV reflect differences in the routes of transmission, status of public health, lifestyles, and risk factors in different groups and geographic regions of Iran. Health policy makers should consider these differences to establish better strategies for control and prevention of HCV infection. Therefore, this review was conducted to present a clear view regarding the current epidemiology of HCV infection in Iran. PMID:26478671

[General survey of the present distribution of helminths in Iran and comparison with those of past years].

PubMed

Reza, R

1976-01-01

In this paper the literature on helminthiasis in Iran is reviewed and the distribution, prevalence and intensity of infections caused by helminths are discussed. A comparison of prevalence and intensity of infections was accomplished in the recent 10 years by the author. Hookworm infections are found mostly in the north along the Caspian sea, but its prevalence is declining. Trichostrongylus are found in Iran with a high prevalence in central country. Schistosoma haematobium is found in one Province in the south, but its prevalence is declining because of large scale control activities. The Guinea worm rarely occurs in Iran. The prevalence of Fasciola hepatica is high among livestock and is occasionally found in man. Taenia saginata is found in most parts of Iran. Taenia solium is seldom found in animals with a prevalence of 0.03%. Trichinella spiralis is infrequently found in animals. Dioctophyma renale is found in straying dogs in the north or Iran, the percentage is 13-35%. Oxyuriasis is widespread among children.

The Burden of HIV in Iran: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.

PubMed

Noori, Atefeh; Rahimzadeh, Shadi; Shahbazi, Mohammad; Moradi, Ghobad; Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar; Naderimagham, Shohreh; Mohaghegh Shalmani, Hamid; Kompani, Farzad; Rezaei, Nazila; Shokoohi, Mostafa

2016-05-01

To evaluate the HIV/AIDS burden in Iran from 1980 to 2010 using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010). The burden of HIV/AIDS in Iran was obtained from a systematic study from 1990 to 2010 by the GBD team. The GBD 2010 disability weights were used to calculate the HIV/AIDS Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) based on the HIV prevalence reported by the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimation. Mortality data were obtained from the vital registration and statistics system of Iran. In the current study, the results are discussed, and the potential solutions are provided for observed deficiencies. HIV/AIDS-related DALYs (3.6 per 100,000 in 1990, and 154 per 100,000 in 2010) and death (0.07 per 100,000 in 1990, and 3 per 100,000 in 2010) had increased in Iran from 1990 to 2010. The majority of individuals who died of HIV were between 15 to 49 years old. The estimated rank of HIV/AIDS burden compared with the burden of other leading disease was 152nd in 1990 and considerably increased to 37th in 2010 in Iran. Since the majority of HIV/AIDS DALYs and deaths occur among young people, the burden of HIV/AIDS still remains high in Iran. Due to the limitations of the GBD study, National and Sub-National Burden of Diseases (NASBOD) study is being conducted in Iran to calculate the burden of diseases, including HIV/AIDS.

Ten years of snakebites in Iran.

PubMed

Dehghani, Rouhullah; Fathi, Behrooz; Shahi, Morteza Panjeh; Jazayeri, Mehrdad

2014-11-01

Many species of venomous snakes are found in Iran. The most medically important species which are responsible for the most snakebite incidents in Iran belong to the Viperidae family, including Vipera lebetina, Echis carinatus, Pseudocerastes persicus, Vipera albicornuta and the Elapidae family, especially Naja naja oxiana. At least one kind of venomous snake is found in each of the 31 provinces, and many provinces have more than one venomous species. As a result, snakebite is a considerable health hazard in Iran, especially in the rural area of south and south-west of Iran. A retrospective, descriptive study of snakebite in Iran during 2002-2011 was carried out in order based on data collected from medical records of bite victims admitted to hospitals and health centers. From 2002 to 2011, 53,787 cases of snake bites were reported by medical centers in Iran. The annual incidence of snake bites in 100,000 of population varied from 4.5 to 9.1 during this decade and the number of recorded deaths were about 67 cases. The highest rate of snakebite was found in provinces of south and southwest of Iran. We suggest that people, especially in the rural areas, need to be trained and educated about venomous snakes, their hazards, prevention of bite and the importance of early hospital referral and treatment of victims. Also adequate antivenins as the main life saving medicine should be made available based on the recorded numbers of victims in each area of the country. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Prevalence of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia in Iran.

PubMed

Kharaghani, Roghieh; Cheraghi, Zahra; Okhovat Esfahani, Batool; Mohammadian, Zahra; Nooreldinc, Reyhaneh Sadat

2016-01-01

Several studies have been conducted to investigate the prevalence of preeclampsia and eclampsia in Iran. These studies have yielded different results. This meta-analysis was aimed to estimate the prevalence of preeclampsia and eclampsia in Iran. International and national electronic databases were searched up to August 2014 including PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Science Information Database, MagIran, and IranMedex as well as conference databases. All studies, in which the prevalence or cumulative incidence of preeclampsia in Iran was reported, were included in this meta-analysis. Thirty-six separate studies were assessed involving overall 132,737 participants, of which 4360 had preeclampsia and 49 had eclampsia. Overall prevalence of preeclampsia and eclampsia was 0.05 (95% CI: 0.05, 0.06) and 0.23% (95% CI: 0.12%, 0.33%) respectively. The prevalence of preeclampsia, increased from 0.04 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.05) during 1996 to 2005 to 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.09) during 2010 to 2013, while the prevalence of eclampsia decreased from 0.30% (95% CI: 0.15%, 0.45%) to 0.01% (95% CI: 0.01%, 0.01%), during the same period. The preeclampsia prevalence had an increasing growth and the eclampsia prevalence had declining growth in recent years. In addition, despite many studies aimed the prevalence of preeclampsia and eclampsia in Iran, there is a significant variation between the results. So, it is difficult to give an exact estimation of the preeclampsia and eclampsia prevalence in Iran.

Factor XIII deficiency in Iran: a comprehensive review of the literature.

PubMed

Dorgalaleh, Akbar; Naderi, Majid; Hosseini, Maryam Sadat; Alizadeh, Shaban; Hosseini, Soudabeh; Tabibian, Shadi; Eshghi, Peyman

2015-04-01

Factor XIII deficiency (FXIIID) is a rare bleeding disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 2-million population worldwide. In Iran, a Middle Eastern country with a high rate of consanguineous marriages, there are approximately 473 patients afflicted with FXIIID. An approximately 12-fold higher prevalence of FXIIID is estimated in Iran in comparison with overall worldwide frequency. In this study, we have undertaken a comprehensive review on different aspects of FXIIID in the Iranian population. The distribution of this disease in different regions of Iran reveals that Sistan and Baluchestan Province has not only the highest number of patients with FXIIID in Iran but the highest global incidence of this condition. Among Iranian patients, umbilical cord bleeding, hematoma, and prolonged wound bleeding are the most frequent clinical manifestations. There are several disease causing mutations in Iranian patients with FXIIID, with Trp187Arg being the most common mutation in FXIIID in Iran. Traditionally, the management of FXIIID in Iran was only based on administration of fresh frozen plasma or cryoprecipitate, until 2009 when FXIII concentrate became available for patient management. Various studies have evaluated the efficacy and safety of prophylactic regimens in different situations with valuable findings. Although the focus of this study is on Iran, it offers considerable insight into FXIIID, which can be applied more extensively to improve the management and quality of life in all affected patients. Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

The incidence of prostate cancer in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PubMed

Hassanipour, Soheil; Fathalipour, Mohammad; Salehiniya, Hamid

2018-06-01

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men. There are various estimates of prostate cancer incidence from different geographical areas in Iran. In addition, no systematic reviews are available regarding the incidence rate of prostate cancer in Iran. Therefore, the present systematic review aimed to address this epidemiological gap. This systematic review was performed based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses in July 2017. In doing so, the researchers searched Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for international articles and four Iranian databases (Scientific Information Database, MagIran, IranMedex, and IranDoc) for Persian articles. A total of 274 titles were retrieved in the initial search of the databases. Further refinement and screening of the retrieved studies produced a total of 21 studies. Based on the random-effect model, the age-standardized rate of prostate cancer was 9.11 and 95% confidence interval was 8.19-10.04. Besides, the results of Cochran's test indicated the heterogeneity of the studies (Q = 1457.8, df = 46.0, I 2  = 96.8%, P  < 0.001). The incidence of prostate cancer was lower in Iran than in the other parts of the world. Yet, establishing cancer registries covering a broader perspective of the population and conducting further studies are required to map out the exact incidence rate and trend of prostate cancer in Iran.

Media and Innovation Spark a Revolution in Higher Education in Iran

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cummings, John; Rashidpour, Ebrahim

1976-01-01

A massive growth of the economy has fueled a continuing crisis in providing adequately trained professionals for Iran. One answer has been the creation of the Free University of Iran. Local Centers will form a network modeled after the British Open University. (Author/BD)

75 FR 48562 - Iranian Transactions Regulations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-11

... determined to be the Government of Iran, as that term is defined in the Iranian Transactions Regulations. The... Iran was actively supporting terrorism as an instrument of state policy, the President prohibited the... policies of the Government of Iran, including its support for international terrorism, its efforts to...

78 FR 43960 - Delegation by the Secretary of State to the Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairs of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-22

... citizen of Iran is seeking to enter the United States to participate in coursework to prepare for a career in the energy sector of Iran or in nuclear science or nuclear engineering or a related field in Iran...

31 CFR 560.521 - Diplomatic pouches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... authorized: (a) The importation into the United States from Iran, or the exportation from the United States to Iran, of diplomatic pouches and their contents; and (b) The exportation, reexportation, sale, or... goods or technology to a third-country government, or to its contractors or agents, for shipment to Iran...

31 CFR 560.405 - Transactions ordinarily incident to a licensed transaction authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... from Iran not explicitly authorized in or pursuant to this part other than loading, transporting, and discharging licensed or exempt cargo there; (d) Distribution or leasing in Iran of any containers or similar... Iran; and (e) Financing of sales for the exportation or reexportation of agricultural commodities...

31 CFR 560.405 - Transactions ordinarily incident to a licensed transaction authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... from Iran not explicitly authorized in or pursuant to this part other than loading, transporting, and discharging licensed or exempt cargo there; (d) Distribution or leasing in Iran of any containers or similar... Iran; and (e) Financing of sales for the exportation or reexportation of agricultural commodities...

31 CFR 560.521 - Diplomatic pouches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... authorized: (a) The importation into the United States from Iran, or the exportation from the United States to Iran, of diplomatic pouches and their contents; and (b) The exportation, reexportation, sale, or... goods or technology to a third-country government, or to its contractors or agents, for shipment to Iran...

31 CFR 560.405 - Transactions incidental to a licensed transaction authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... any transportation services to or from Iran not explicitly authorized in or pursuant to this part... leasing in Iran of any containers or similar goods owned or controlled by United States persons after the performance of transportation services to Iran; (d) Financing of licensed sales for exportation or...

31 CFR 560.521 - Diplomatic pouches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... authorized: (a) The importation into the United States from Iran, or the exportation from the United States to Iran, of diplomatic pouches and their contents; and (b) The exportation, reexportation, sale, or... goods or technology to a third-country government, or to its contractors or agents, for shipment to Iran...

31 CFR 560.405 - Transactions incidental to a licensed transaction authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... any transportation services to or from Iran not explicitly authorized in or pursuant to this part... leasing in Iran of any containers or similar goods owned or controlled by United States persons after the performance of transportation services to Iran; (d) Financing of licensed sales for exportation or...

31 CFR 560.521 - Diplomatic pouches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... authorized: (a) The importation into the United States from Iran, or the exportation from the United States to Iran, of diplomatic pouches and their contents; and (b) The exportation, reexportation, sale, or... goods or technology to a third-country government, or to its contractors or agents, for shipment to Iran...

31 CFR 560.524 - Household goods and personal effects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... (a) The exportation from the United States to Iran of household and personal effects, including baggage and articles for family use, of persons departing the United States to relocate in Iran is... from Iran. [60 FR 47063, Sept. 11, 1995, as amended at 65 FR 25643, May 3, 2000] ...

31 CFR 535.441 - Settlement Agreement regarding small claims.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, approving and giving effect to the Settlement Agreement in Claims...”), constitutes a determination by the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal of all claims encompassed therein within... Stat. 437, applicable to en bloc settlements of claims of U.S. nationals against Iran. (b) Pursuant to...

31 CFR 560.405 - Transactions incidental to a licensed transaction authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... any transportation services to or from Iran not explicitly authorized in or pursuant to this part... leasing in Iran of any containers or similar goods owned or controlled by United States persons after the performance of transportation services to Iran; (d) Financing of licensed sales for exportation or...

48 CFR 25.703 - Prohibition on contracting with entities that engage in certain activities relating to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Prohibition on contracting with entities that engage in certain activities relating to Iran. 25.703 Section 25.703 Federal... to Iran. [75 FR 60256, Sept. 29, 2010] ...

31 CFR 560.521 - Diplomatic pouches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... authorized: (a) The importation into the United States from Iran, or the exportation from the United States to Iran, of diplomatic pouches and their contents; and (b) The exportation, reexportation, sale, or... goods or technology to a third-country government, or to its contractors or agents, for shipment to Iran...

31 CFR 535.441 - Settlement Agreement regarding small claims.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, approving and giving effect to the Settlement Agreement in Claims...”), constitutes a determination by the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal of all claims encompassed therein within... Stat. 437, applicable to en bloc settlements of claims of U.S. nationals against Iran. (b) Pursuant to...

31 CFR 560.524 - Household goods and personal effects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... (a) The exportation from the United States to Iran of household and personal effects, including baggage and articles for family use, of persons departing the United States to relocate in Iran is... from Iran. [60 FR 47063, Sept. 11, 1995, as amended at 65 FR 25643, May 3, 2000] ...

78 FR 48539 - Culturally Significant Objects Imported for Exhibition Determinations: “Iran Modern”

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-08

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice 8414] Culturally Significant Objects Imported for Exhibition Determinations: ``Iran Modern'' SUMMARY: Notice is hereby given of the following determinations: Pursuant to the..., 2003), I hereby determine that the objects to be included in the exhibition ``Iran Modern,'' imported...

Reflections on Foreign Language Education in Iran

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Farhady, Hossein; Hezaveh, Fattaneh Sajadi; Hedayati, Hora

2010-01-01

This article reflects upon foreign-language education in Iran. Contrary to its political and historical reputation in the world, Iran has not been well presented regarding its educational system in general and its foreign-language education in particular. Of course, a critical assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the Iranian education…

76 FR 82042 - Designation of Two Individuals Pursuant to Executive Order 13553

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-29

... Human Rights Abuses by the Government of Iran and Taking Certain Other Actions.'' DATES: The designation... Persons With Respect to Serious Human Rights Abuses by the Government of Iran and Taking Certain Other....C. 1701-06) (``IEEPA'') and the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of...

Iran’s Balancing Act in Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

of Pishin, near the Pakistan border (“Iran: Dual Attacks in Sistan- Balochistan ,” 2009). The Iranian government accuses the United States, the United...Contract=cms_Contents_I_News&r=362180 “Iran: Dual Attacks in Sistan- Balochistan ,” Stratfor, October 18, 2009. As of January 5, 2011: http

Petroleum industry in Iran

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Farideh, A.

1981-01-01

This study examines the oil industry in Iran from the early discovery of oil nearly two hundred years ago in Mazandaran (north part) to the development of a giant modern industry in the twentieth century. Chapter I presents a brief historical setting to introduce the reader to the importance of oil in Iran. It focuses on the economic implications of the early oil concessions in the period 1901 to 1951. Chapter II discusses the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry and creation of NIOC in 1951 and the international political and economic implication of these activities. Chapter III explains themore » activities of NIOC in Iran. Exploration and drilling, production, exports, refineries, natural gas, petrochemicals and internal distributions are studied. Chapter IV discusses the role of the development planning of Iran. A brief presentation of the First Development Plan through the Fifth Development Plan is given. Sources and uses of funds by plan organization during these Five Plans is studied. The Iran and Iraq War is also studied briefly, but the uncertainty of its resolution prevents any close analysis of its impact on the Iranian oil industry. One conclusion, however, is certain; oil has been a vital resource in Iran's past and it will remain the lifetime of its economic development in the future.« less

Population Genetics of Verticillium dahliae in Iran Based on Microsatellite and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers.

PubMed

Rafiei, Vahideh; Banihashemi, Ziaeddin; Bautista-Jalon, Laura S; Del Mar Jiménez-Gasco, Maria; Turgeon, B Gillian; Milgroom, Michael G

2018-06-01

Verticillium dahliae is a plant pathogenic fungus that reproduces asexually and its population structure is highly clonal. In the present study, 78 V. dahliae isolates from Iran were genotyped for mating type, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and microsatellites to assign them to clonal lineages and to determine population genetic structure in Iran. The mating type of all isolates was MAT1-2. Based on neighbor-joining analysis and minimum spanning networks constructed from SNPs and microsatellite genotypes, respectively, all but four isolates were assigned to lineage 2B 824 ; four isolates were assigned to lineage 4B. The inferred coalescent genealogy of isolates in lineage 2B 824 showed a clear divergence into two clades that corresponded to geographic origin and host. Haplotypes of cotton and pistachio isolates sampled from central Iran were in one clade, and those of isolates from Prunus spp. sampled from northwestern Iran were in the other. The strong divergence in haplotypes between the two clades suggests that there were at least two separate introductions of lineage 2B 824 to different parts of Iran. Given the history of cotton and pistachio cultivation and Verticillium wilt in Iran, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that cotton was historically a likely source inoculum causing Verticillium wilt in pistachio.

The incidence of kidney cancer in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PubMed

Hassanipour, Soheil; Namvar, Gholamreza; Fathalipour, Mohammad; Salehiniya, Hamid

2018-06-01

The incidence of kidney cancer from different areas of Iran was reported. Nevertheless, there is no available systematic reviews in this regard. Therefore, the present systematic review carried out to estimate the incidence rate of kidney cancer among Iranian people. This systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) in September 2017. A search was concluded using Medline/ PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google scholar for international papers and four national databases (Scientific Information Database, MagIran, IranMedex, and IranDoc) for Persian papers. The incidence rate of kidney cancer was calculated using random effect model. An aggregate of 159 papers were retrieved in the primary search of the databases. Further screening and advanced refinement of the retrieved studies produced 15 studies totally. The age-standardized rate (ASR) of kidney cancer was 1.94, 95% CI (1.62-2.55) and 1.36, 95 % CI (1.09-1.62) in males and females, respectively. In comparison to other parts of the world, the incidence of kidney cancer was lower in Iran. Afterwards, further studies are necessary to outline the exact incidence rate and the trend of kidney cancer in Iran. © Author(s) 2018. This article is published with open access by China Medical University.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran

PubMed Central

Keshtkar-Jahromi, Maryam; Sajadi, Mohammad M.; Ansari, Hossein; Mardani, Masoud; Naieni, Kourosh Holakouie

2014-01-01

The presence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in Iran was first identified in studies of livestock sera and ticks in the 1970s, but the first human infection was not diagnosed until 1999. Since that time, the number of cases of CCHF in Iran has markedly increased. Through January 2012, articles in the published literature have reported a total of 870 confirmed cases, with 126 deaths, for a case fatality rate (CFR) of 17.6%. The disease has been seen in 26 of the country’s 31 provinces, with the greatest number of cases in Sistan and Baluchestan, Isfahan, Fars, Tehran, Khorasan, and Khuzestan provinces. The increase in CCHF in Iran has paralleled that in neighboring Turkey, though the number of cases in Turkey has been much larger, with an overall CFR of around 5%. In this article, we review the features of CCHF in Iran, including its history, epidemiology, animal and tick reservoirs, current surveillance and control programs, diagnostic methods, clinical features and experience with ribavirin therapy, and consider possible explanations for the difference in the CFR of CCHF between Iran and Turkey. The emergence of CCHF in Iran calls for countermeasures at many levels to protect the population, but also provides opportunities for studying the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of the disease. PMID:23872313

Nurses' Contribution to Health Information Technology of Iran's 2025 Health Map: A Review of the Document.

PubMed

Sadoughi, Farahnaz; Azadi, Tania; Azadi, Tannaz

2016-01-01

Implementation of eHealth strategy in Iran has a history less than 17 years. Iran's eHealth strategy is developed in 2011 and is called "Iran' 2025 Health Map: Health Information Technology". Considering the important role of nurses in providing healthcare services as well as in future long term plans such as sustainable development, it is of high value to pay attention to nurses' contribution in developing eHealth strategies. Thus the purpose of this study was to investigate nurses' contribution to health information technology of Iran's 2025 health map. This study was a qualitative study conducted in 2015 through reviewing the "Iran' 2025 Health Map: Health Information Technology" official report. The strategy published in three volumes and in Persian language was downloaded through the official website of the office of Statistics and Information Technology of Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME). Two main themes were identified in the report indicating areas which nurses' roles were clearly stated. The findings revealed that nurses' contribution is not clearly stated in the strategy. However, there are a few areas highlighting nurses' involvement such as "determining beneficiary groups" and "information dissemination". It is suggested that more attention needs to be paid in contribution of nurses in further actions to revise the Iran's eHealth strategy.

Exploring Measures to Control Road Traffic Injuries in Iran: Key Informants Points of View.

PubMed

Salari, Hedayat; Motevalian, Seyed Abbas; Arab, Mohammad; Esfandiari, Atefeh; Akbari Sari, Ali

2017-05-01

Injuries and fatalities from road traffic Injuries are global public health concerns, and a major problem in the Iran. This study aimed to explore strategies to control road traffic Injuries (RTI) in Iran. We conducted a qualitative study to explore possible ways to reduce the occurrence of road traffic Injuries in Iran in 2016. Interviewees were purposively sampled from various sectors due to multidisciplinary nature of RTIs. Participants were mainly representatives from the police, Ministry of Road, Municipal, emergency services and Ministry of Health. Besides, public health authorities, researchers, and university professors were interviewed. We conducted in-depth interviews using generic guides. Data was analyzed using MAXQDA 10 software. Through content analysis, we interpreted core themes relevant to the accomplishment of our study objectives. Themes that emerged from our study include; road traffic management, governance, education, improving accident database, enforcement, driving license restrictions, and construction of pedestrian overpass. This study revealed key informants' views regarding available and affordable solutions to reduce RTIs in Iran. Many applicable strategies are identified in the control of RTIs in Iran. Although some solutions such as highway construction and/or expanding rail transportation have been suggested as effective measures for reducing accident, but they are costly and may not be fully applied in developing countries like Iran.

Design issues concerning Iran`s Bushehr nuclear power plant VVER-1000 conversion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carson, C.F.

On January 8, 1995, the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI) signed a contract for $800 million with the Russian Federation Ministry for Atomic Energy (Minatom) to complete Bushehr nuclear power plant (BNPP) unit 1. The agreement called for a Russian VVER-1000/320 pressurized water reactor (PWR) to be successfully installed into the existing German-built BNPP facilities in 5 yr. System design differences, bomb damage, and environmental exposure are key issues with which Minatom must contend in order to fulfill the contract. The AEOI under the Shah of Iran envisioned Bushehr as the first of many nuclear power plants, with Iranmore » achieving 24 GW(electric) by 1993 and 34 GW(electric) by 2000. Kraftwerk Union AG (KWU) began construction of the two-unit plant near the Persian Gulf town of Halileh in 1975. Unit 1 was {approx}80% complete and unit 2 was {approx}50% complete when construction was interrupted by the 1979 Iranian Islamic revolution. Despite repeated AEOI attempts to lure KWU and other companies back to Iran to complete the plant, Western concerns about nuclear proliferation in Iran and repeated bombings of the plant during the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq war dissuaded Germany from resuming construction.« less

Confirmation of Two Sibling Species among Anopheles fluviatilis Mosquitoes in South and Southeastern Iran by Analysis of Cytochrome Oxidase I Gene.

PubMed

Naddaf, Saied Reza; Oshaghi, Mohammad Ali; Vatandoost, Hassan

2012-12-01

Anopheles fluviatilis, one of the major malaria vectors in Iran, is assumed to be a complex of sibling species. The aim of this study was to evaluate Cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene alongside 28S-D3 as a diagnostic tool for identification of An. fluviatilis sibling species in Iran. DNA sample belonging to 24 An. fluviatilis mosquitoes from different geographical areas in south and southeastern Iran were used for amplification of COI gene followed by sequencing. The 474-475 bp COI sequences obtained in this study were aligned with 59 similar sequences of An. fluviatilis and a sequence of Anopheles minimus, as out group, from GenBank database. The distances between group and individual sequences were calculated and phylogenetic tree for obtained sequences was generated by using Kimura two parameter (K2P) model of neighbor-joining method. Phylogenetic analysis using COI gene grouped members of Fars Province (central Iran) in two distinct clades separate from other Iranian members representing Hormozgan, Kerman, and Sistan va Baluchestan Provinces. The mean distance between Iranian and Indian individuals was 1.66%, whereas the value between Fars Province individuals and the group comprising individuals from other areas of Iran was 2.06%. Presence of 2.06% mean distance between individuals from Fars Province and those from other areas of Iran is indicative of at least two sibling species in An. fluviatilis mosquitoes of Iran. This finding confirms earlier results based on RAPD-PCR and 28S-D3 analysis.

The Iranian petroleum crisis and United States national security.

PubMed

Stern, Roger

2007-01-02

The U.S. case against Iran is based on Iran's deceptions regarding nuclear weapons development. This case is buttressed by assertions that a state so petroleum-rich cannot need nuclear power to preserve exports, as Iran claims. The U.S. infers, therefore, that Iran's entire nuclear technology program must pertain to weapons development. However, some industry analysts project an Irani oil export decline [e.g., Clark JR (2005) Oil Gas J 103(18):34-39]. If such a decline is occurring, Iran's claim to need nuclear power could be genuine. Because Iran's government relies on monopoly proceeds from oil exports for most revenue, it could become politically vulnerable if exports decline. Here, we survey the political economy of Irani petroleum for evidence of this decline. We define Iran's export decline rate (edr) as its summed rates of depletion and domestic demand growth, which we find equals 10-12%. We estimate marginal cost per barrel for additions to Irani production capacity, from which we derive the "standstill" investment required to offset edr. We then compare the standstill investment to actual investment, which has been inadequate to offset edr. Even if a relatively optimistic schedule of future capacity addition is met, the ratio of 2011 to 2006 exports will be only 0.40-0.52. A more probable scenario is that, absent some change in Irani policy, this ratio will be 0.33-0.46 with exports declining to zero by 2014-2015. Energy subsidies, hostility to foreign investment, and inefficiencies of its state-planned economy underlie Iran's problem, which has no relation to "peak oil."

Comparative Policy Brief: Status of Intellectual Disabilities in the Islamic Republic of Iran

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Samadi, Sayyed Ali

2008-01-01

In the Islamic Republic of Iran, considerable stigma is attached to the presence of a family member with intellectual disabilities, and even in Iran's new constitution, a word with traditional, negative connotation has been retained to refer to persons with intellectual disabilities. While two government organizations have recently become involved…

Iran's Denial of Education to Baha'is

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clarken, Rodney H.

2009-01-01

This paper briefly describes the background of the persecution of the Baha'is in Iran, especially the denial of education, and explores what could be done to alleviate this injustice, including enlisting the support of nations, organizations, media and people around the world. Baha'is are the largest religious minority in Iran and have been…

31 CFR 535.440 - Commercially reasonable interest rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... bank and Iran. However, where a deposit has in fact operated as a demand account under Treasury license... bearing account. Furthermore, in the event that the Iran-U.S Claims Tribunal (the “Tribunal”) determines that interest additional to that agreed upon between the bank and Iran, or compensation or damages in...

31 CFR 560.416 - Brokering services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... for the provision of goods, services or technology, from whatever source, to or from Iran or the Government of Iran; (2) Act as broker for the purchase or swap of crude oil of Iranian origin or owned or controlled by the Government of Iran; (3) Act as broker for the provision of financing, a financial guarantee...

31 CFR 535.222 - Suspension of claims eligible for Claims Tribunal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... be presented to the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal under the terms of Article II of the... Iran, dated January 19, 1981, and all claims for equitable or other judicial relief in connection with... or counterclaim in any pending or subsequent judicial proceeding commenced by the Government of Iran...

31 CFR 535.222 - Suspension of claims eligible for Claims Tribunal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... be presented to the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal under the terms of Article II of the... Iran, dated January 19, 1981, and all claims for equitable or other judicial relief in connection with... or counterclaim in any pending or subsequent judicial proceeding commenced by the Government of Iran...

31 CFR 535.440 - Commercially reasonable interest rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... bank and Iran. However, where a deposit has in fact operated as a demand account under Treasury license... bearing account. Furthermore, in the event that the Iran-U.S Claims Tribunal (the “Tribunal”) determines that interest additional to that agreed upon between the bank and Iran, or compensation or damages in...

31 CFR 560.422 - Termination and acquisition of an interest in blocked property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the transfer of property (including any property interest) away from the Government of Iran, an... property interest) is transferred or attempted to be transferred to the Government of Iran, an Iranian... § 560.211, such property shall be deemed to be property in which the Government of Iran, an Iranian...

31 CFR 560.509 - Certain transactions related to patents, trademarks, and copyrights authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... intellectual property protection in the United States or Iran are authorized, including importation of or dealing in Iranian-origin services, payment for such services, and payment to persons in Iran directly... Government or the Government of Iran, or of the reasonable and customary fees and charges currently due to...

31 CFR 560.518 - Transactions in Iranian-origin and Iranian Government property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Iran, all domestic transactions with respect to Iranian-origin goods located in the United States are... services of Iranian origin or owned or controlled by the Government of Iran that are located or to be... owned or controlled by the Government of Iran, except that the following transactions are authorized: (1...

31 CFR 560.412 - Extensions of credit or loans to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Extensions of credit or loans to Iran. 560.412 Section 560.412 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance... REGULATIONS Interpretations § 560.412 Extensions of credit or loans to Iran. (a) The prohibitions contained in...

31 CFR 560.416 - Brokering services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... for the provision of goods, services or technology, from whatever source, to or from Iran or the Government of Iran; (2) Act as broker for the purchase or swap of crude oil of Iranian origin or owned or controlled by the Government of Iran; (3) Act as broker for the provision of financing, a financial guarantee...

31 CFR 535.440 - Commercially reasonable interest rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... bank and Iran. However, where a deposit has in fact operated as a demand account under Treasury license... bearing account. Furthermore, in the event that the Iran-U.S Claims Tribunal (the “Tribunal”) determines that interest additional to that agreed upon between the bank and Iran, or compensation or damages in...

31 CFR 560.422 - Termination and acquisition of an interest in blocked property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the transfer of property (including any property interest) away from the Government of Iran, an... property interest) is transferred or attempted to be transferred to the Government of Iran, an Iranian... § 560.211, such property shall be deemed to be property in which the Government of Iran, an Iranian...

31 CFR 560.412 - Extensions of credit or loans to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Extensions of credit or loans to Iran. 560.412 Section 560.412 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance... REGULATIONS Interpretations § 560.412 Extensions of credit or loans to Iran. (a) The prohibitions contained in...

31 CFR 560.509 - Certain transactions related to patents, trademarks, and copyrights authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... intellectual property protection in the United States or Iran are authorized, including importation of or dealing in Iranian-origin services, payment for such services, and payment to persons in Iran directly... Government or the Government of Iran, or of the reasonable and customary fees and charges currently due to...

31 CFR 535.222 - Suspension of claims eligible for Claims Tribunal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... be presented to the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal under the terms of Article II of the... Iran, dated January 19, 1981, and all claims for equitable or other judicial relief in connection with... or counterclaim in any pending or subsequent judicial proceeding commenced by the Government of Iran...

A Proposed Blueprint Model towards the Evaluation of Educational System in Iran

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mehrafsha, S. Jahangir

2011-01-01

The pursuit of quality gave rise to the concept of Iran Universities as learning organizations. Iran Universities must have the capacity to learn if they are to survive the demands and requirements of the emerging times. This includes liberating traditional methodologies that are anchored on positivism and seemingly dependent on technical…

31 CFR 535.531 - Payment of certain checks and drafts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... issued or confirmed on behalf of Iran or an Iranian entity, Provided, That: (1) Notwithstanding the...) Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section do not authorize any payment to Iran or an Iranian entity except payments into a blocked account in a domestic bank unless Iran or the Iranian entity is otherwise licensed...

31 CFR 535.222 - Suspension of claims eligible for Claims Tribunal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... be presented to the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal under the terms of Article II of the... Iran, dated January 19, 1981, and all claims for equitable or other judicial relief in connection with... or counterclaim in any pending or subsequent judicial proceeding commenced by the Government of Iran...

31 CFR 535.440 - Commercially reasonable interest rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... bank and Iran. However, where a deposit has in fact operated as a demand account under Treasury license... bearing account. Furthermore, in the event that the Iran-U.S Claims Tribunal (the “Tribunal”) determines that interest additional to that agreed upon between the bank and Iran, or compensation or damages in...

31 CFR 560.518 - Transactions in Iranian-origin and Iranian Government property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Iran, all domestic transactions with respect to Iranian-origin goods located in the United States are... services of Iranian origin or owned or controlled by the Government of Iran that are located or to be... owned or controlled by the Government of Iran, except that the following transactions are authorized: (1...

31 CFR 560.518 - Transactions in Iranian-origin and Iranian Government property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Iran, all domestic transactions with respect to Iranian-origin goods located in the United States are... services of Iranian origin or owned or controlled by the Government of Iran that are located or to be... owned or controlled by the Government of Iran, except that the following transactions are authorized: (1...

31 CFR 535.222 - Suspension of claims eligible for Claims Tribunal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... be presented to the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal under the terms of Article II of the... Iran, dated January 19, 1981, and all claims for equitable or other judicial relief in connection with... or counterclaim in any pending or subsequent judicial proceeding commenced by the Government of Iran...

31 CFR 535.218 - Prohibitions and nullifications with respect to property described in §§ 535.211, 535.212, 535...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... rights, powers and privileges of the Government of Iran and its agencies, instrumentalities and... in paragraph (c) of this section shall not apply to Iran, its agencies, instrumentalities or... interests of the Government of Iran, its agencies, instrumentalities or controlled entities, including debts...

78 FR 30397 - Identification of Entity Pursuant to the Iranian Transactions and Sanctions Regulations and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-22

... Iran under the Iranian Transactions and Sanctions Regulations (the ``ITSR''), 31 CFR Part 560, and... of the Government of Iran and Iranian Financial Institutions'' (the ``Order''). Section 1(a) of the Order blocks, with certain exceptions, all property and interests in property of the Government of Iran...

75 FR 61572 - Additional Identifying Information Associated With Persons Whose Property and Interests in...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-05

... Abuses by the Government of Iran and Taking Certain Other Actions'' AGENCY: Office of Foreign Assets... With Respect to Serious Human Rights Abuses by the Government of Iran and Taking Certain Other Actions... Government of Iran and Taking Certain Other Actions'' (the ``Order'') pursuant to, inter alia, the [[Page...

78 FR 39064 - Designation of One (1) Individual Pursuant to Executive Order 13553

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-28

... Certain Persons With Respect to Serious Human Rights Abuses by the Government of Iran and Taking Certain... Property of Certain Persons With Respect to Serious Human Rights Abuses by the Government of Iran and... Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-06) (``IEEPA'') and the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability...

78 FR 19075 - Identification of One Individual, Fourteen Entities, and Eight Vessels Pursuant to the Iranian...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-28

... and fourteen entities identified as the Government of Iran, and eight vessels identified as the property of the Government of Iran under the Iranian Transactions and Sanctions Regulations, 31 CFR part... President issued Executive Order 13599, ``Blocking Property of the Government of Iran and Iranian Financial...

78 FR 37664 - Identification of Entities Pursuant to the Iranian Transactions and Sanctions Regulations and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-21

... Control (``OFAC'') is publishing the names of 38 entities identified as the Government of Iran under the... Government of Iran and Iranian Financial Institutions'' (the ``Order''). Section 1(a) of the Order blocks, with certain exceptions, all property and interests in property of the Government of Iran, including...

76 FR 11313 - Designation of Two Individuals Pursuant to Executive Order 13553

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-01

... Respect to Serious Human Rights Abuses by the Government of Iran and Taking Certain Other Actions.'' The... the Government of Iran and Taking Certain Other Actions'' (the ``Order'') pursuant to, inter alia, the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-06) and the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions...

77 FR 10807 - Designation of One Entity Pursuant to Executive Order 13553

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-23

... Abuses by the Government of Iran and Taking Certain Other Actions.'' DATES: The designation by the Acting... the Government of Iran and Taking Certain Other Actions'' (the ``Order'') pursuant to, inter alia, the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701-06) (``IEEPA'') and the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions...

77 FR 67726 - Department of State: State Department Sanctions Information and Guidance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-13

... information and freedom of expression in Iran and Syria and is cognizant of the vital importance of providing... information in Iran; or (B) to disrupt, monitor, or otherwise restrict speech of the people of Iran.'' Section... of information and freedom of expression over their networks, to track and monitor the communications...

Iran’s Economic Conditions: U.S. Policy Issues

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-15

is a major world provider source of caviar and pistachio nuts, a significant non-oil export for Iran. The country’s climate and terrain also support...prepared meat and fish, and edible nuts and foods ( pistachios ). There is evidence that Iran is able to obtain embargoed U.S. goods through the re

31 CFR 560.530 - Commercial sales, exportation, and reexportation of agricultural commodities, medicine, and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... reexportation of agricultural commodities, medicine, and medical devices. 560.530 Section 560.530 Money and..., medicine, and medical devices. (a) One-year license requirement. The exportation or reexportation of...), medicine, or medical devices to the Government of Iran, any entity in Iran, individuals in Iran, or persons...

Modernization and Consanguineous Marriage in Iran.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Givens, Benjamin P.; Hirschman, Charles

1994-01-01

Used data on 4,667 women from the Iran Fertility Survey to examine trends and social correlates of consanguineous marriage. Found modest increase in proportion of marriages between cousins in Iran from 1940s to 1970s. Results suggest that modernization may be eroding social bases on consanguinity, whereas increased availability of cousins may lead…

Embargo on Iran hurts supply firms

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lyle, D.

1995-06-01

When President Clinton dropped an embargo on Iran, he also collided with oilfield supply companies to the tune of some $662.5 million. The embargo locked Iran away from oil exports to the US and some imports from the US in an attempt to stop Iran from: building a nuclear weapons stockpile; threatening the Persian Gulf with conventional military operations, and supporting terrorism. Most people would agree with the need to stop that activity. But, the supply companies would have preferred something less drastic. The Petroleum Equipment Suppliers Association, and the Tom Wheatley Valve Co. of Houston, said Iran owes suppliersmore » approximately a half-billion dollars in receivables. That money may never be recovered, and it could send some companies into bankruptcy. In addition, the embargo cuts off $325 million in business the US conducts with Iran and about half of that business goes to the oil industry. If you plug that $162.5 million into Department of Labor statistics that say each $1 million sustains 20 jobs, the industry stands to lose 3250 jobs.« less

Review of subtribe Singilina Jeannel, 1949, of the Middle East and Central Asia (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini)

PubMed Central

Anichtchenko, Alexander

2011-01-01

Abstract Species of the genus Singilis Rambur, 1837 (Phloeozeteus Peyron, 1856, syn. n., Agatus Motschulsky, 1845, syn. n.), occurring in the Middle East and Central Asia are reviewed, with 24 species now recognized in the region, including ten species described as new: Singilis makarovi sp. n. (Tajikistan), Singilis jedlickai sp. n. (Afghanistan), Singilis kolesnichenkoi sp. n. (Iran), Singilis kabakovi sp. n. (Afghanistan, Iran), Singilis timuri sp. n. (Uzbekistan), Singilis klimenkoi sp. n. (Iran), Singilis saeedi sp. n. (Iran), Singilis felixi sp. n. (UAE), Singilis kryzhanovskii sp. n. (Iran, Turkmenistan), and Singilis timidus sp. n. (Iran); Singilis libani (Sahlberg, 1913) is recognized as a valid species; and Singilis solskyi nom. n. is proposed as a replacement name for Agatus bicolor (Solsky, 1874, not Rambur 1837), now placed in Singilis as junior homonym. New synonymies include: Singilis cingulatus (Gebler, 1843) = Singilis jakeschi Jedlička, 1967, syn. n.; Singilis mesopotamicus Pic, 1901 = Singilis apicalis Jedlička, 1956, syn. n. A key to species is provided. Habitus and aedeagal illustrations are provided for all species. Distributional data include many new country records. PMID:22291510

A New Model for the Organizational Structure of Medical Record Departments in Hospitals in Iran

PubMed Central

Moghaddasi, Hamid; Hosseini, Azamossadat; Sheikhtaheri, Abbas

2006-01-01

The organizational structure of medical record departments in Iran is not appropriate for the efficient management of healthcare information. In addition, there is no strong information management division to provide comprehensive information management services in hospitals in Iran. Therefore, a suggested model was designed based on four main axes: 1) specifications of a Health Information Management Division, 2) specifications of a Healthcare Information Management Department, 3) the functions of the Healthcare Information Management Department, and 4) the units of the Healthcare Information Management Department. The validity of the model was determined through use of the Delphi technique. The results of the validation process show that the majority of experts agree with the model and consider it to be appropriate and applicable for hospitals in Iran. The model is therefore recommended for hospitals in Iran. PMID:18066362

Medical Science and Research in Iran.

PubMed

Akhondzadeh, Shahin; Ebadifar, Asghar; Baradaran Eftekhari, Monir; Falahat, Katayoun

2017-11-01

During the last 3 decades, Iran has experienced a rapid population growth and at the same time the health of Iranian people has improved greatly. This achievement was mainly due to training and availability of health manpower, well organized public health network and medical science and research improvement. In this article, we aimed to report the relevant data about the medical science and research situation in Iran and compare them with other countries. In this study, after reviewing science development and research indicators in medical sciences with participation of key stakeholders, we selected 3 main hybrid indexes consisting of "Research and Development (R&D) expenditures," "Personnel in Science and Technology sector" and "knowledge generation" for evaluation of medical science and research situation. Data was extracted from reliable databases. Over the past decade, Iran has achieved significant success in medical sciences and for the first time in 2015 based on Scopus index, Iran ranked first in the number of published scientific papers and number of citations in the region and among all Islamic countries. Also, 2% of the world's publications belong to Iran. Regarding innovation, the number of Iranian patents submitted to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) was 3 and 43 in 2008 and 2013, respectively. In these years, the number of personnel in science and technology sectors including post graduate students, researchers and academic members in universities of medical sciences (UMSs) have increased. The female students in medical sciences field account for about twothirds of all students. Also, women comprise about one-third of faculty members. Since 5 years ago, Iran has had growth in science and technology parks. These achievements were attained in spite of the fact that research spending in Iran was still very low (0.5% of gross domestic product [GDP]) due to economic hardships and sanctions. Medical science and research development has been at least partially due to health technological development, training and availability of health manpower and improvement of overall health status in Iran compared to other Islamic countries.

National and sub-national drinking water fluoride concentrations and prevalence of fluorosis and of decayed, missed, and filled teeth in Iran from 1990 to 2015: a systematic review.

PubMed

Taghipour, Nader; Amini, Heresh; Mosaferi, Mohammad; Yunesian, Masud; Pourakbar, Mojtaba; Taghipour, Hassan

2016-03-01

Fluoride intake, fluorosis, and dental caries could affect quality of life and disease burden worldwide. As a part of the National and Sub-national Burden of Disease Study (NASBOD) in Iran, we conducted a systematic review to evaluate province-year-specific mean drinking water fluoride concentrations and prevalence of fluorosis and of decayed, missed, and filled teeth (DMFT) in Iran from 1990 to December 2015. We did electronic searches of all English and Persian publications on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Iranian databases. Results revealed that the weighted mean drinking water fluoride concentration in Iran from 1990 to 2015 has been about 0.65 ± 0.38 mg/l. However, based on the WHO guideline value (1.50 mg/l) and the maximum permissible Iranian national fluoride standard (1.40 to 2.40 mg/l depending on the region's climate), there have been some regions in Iran with non-optimum fluoride concentrations in their drinking water (up to 7.0 mg/l). Overall, concentrations have been higher in southern parts of Iran and in some areas of Azerbaijan-e-Gharbi Province in the northwest and lower in the rest of the northwest and central parts of Iran. In addition, some hotspots have been found in Bushehr Province, southwest of Iran. The highest prevalence of dental flourosis has been reported in normal index while the lowest prevalence has been expressed in severe index. The lowest DMFT (about 0.1) was in Arsanjan City in Fars Province, and the highest (about 6.7) was for Najaf Abad City in Isfahan Province. Prevalence of fluorosis has been rather high in studied areas of Iran (e.g. 100 % in Maku City in Azarbaijan-e-Gharbi Province), and there was discrepancy for DMFT, but a lack of studies renders the results inconclusive. Further studies, health education and promotion plans, and evidence-based nutrition programs are recommended.

Pharmaceutical laws and regulations in Iran: An overview

PubMed Central

Zaboli, Pardis; Hashemi-Meshkini, Amir; Varmaghani, Mehdi; Gholami, Hadi; Vazirian, Iman; Zekri, Hedieh-Sadat; Eslamitabar, Shahriar; Kebriaeezadeh, Abbas

2016-01-01

The pharmaceutical legal framework is a very important infrastructure in achieving predefined goals in pharmaceutical sector: Accessibility, quality, and rational use of medicine. This study aims to review the current pharmaceutical sector-related legal provisions in Iran where the Food and Drug Organization (FDO) is in charge of regulating all issues related to the pharmaceutical sector. The main laws and regulations enacted by parliament and cabinet and even internal regulations enacted by the Ministry of Health or Iran FDO are reviewed. Different laws and regulations are categorized according to the main goals of Iran national drug policy. PMID:27512704

The Ascendance of Iran: A Study of the Emergence of an Assertive Iranian Foreign Policy and Its Impact on Iranian-Soviet Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-06-01

376; also Shahram Chubin, "Iran’s Foreign Policy 1960-19761 An Over- view," in Twentieth Centuzav Iran, ed. by Hossein Amirsadeghi ((New York: 1977), p...March 1978, p. 3; see also Shahram Chubin, "Iran’s Security in the 1980’s," Ternatie nal ecurity, Vol. 2, No. 3 (Winter 1978), p. b3. 149...Series, 26-27:92-100, Spring/Summer 1974. "ŕCaution--Moscow’s New Catchword," The Middle East, 49:45-46, November 1978. Chubin, Shahram . "International

Echinococcus granulosus genotypes in Iran

PubMed Central

Sharafi, Seyedeh Maryam; Rostami-Nejad, Mohammad; Moazeni, Mohammad; Yousefi, Morteza; Saneie, Behnam; Hosseini-Safa, Ahmad

2014-01-01

Hydatidosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus is one of the most important zoonotic diseases, throughout most parts of the world. Hydatidosis is endemic in Iran and responsible for approximately 1% of admission to surgical wards. There are extensive genetic variations within E. granulosus and 10 different genotypes (G1–G10) within this parasite have been reported. Identification of strains is important for improvement of control and prevention of the disease. No new review article presented the situation of Echinococcus granulosus genotypes in Iran in the recent years; therefore in this paper we reviewed the different studies regarding Echinococcus granulosus genotypes in Iran. PMID:24834298

Exploring Measures to Control Road Traffic Injuries in Iran: Key Informants Points of View

PubMed Central

SALARI, Hedayat; MOTEVALIAN, Seyed Abbas; ARAB, Mohammad; ESFANDIARI, Atefeh; AKBARI SARI, Ali

2017-01-01

Background: Injuries and fatalities from road traffic Injuries are global public health concerns, and a major problem in the Iran. This study aimed to explore strategies to control road traffic Injuries (RTI) in Iran. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study to explore possible ways to reduce the occurrence of road traffic Injuries in Iran in 2016. Interviewees were purposively sampled from various sectors due to multidisciplinary nature of RTIs. Participants were mainly representatives from the police, Ministry of Road, Municipal, emergency services and Ministry of Health. Besides, public health authorities, researchers, and university professors were interviewed. We conducted in-depth interviews using generic guides. Data was analyzed using MAXQDA 10 software. Through content analysis, we interpreted core themes relevant to the accomplishment of our study objectives. Results: Themes that emerged from our study include; road traffic management, governance, education, improving accident database, enforcement, driving license restrictions, and construction of pedestrian overpass. Conclusion: This study revealed key informants’ views regarding available and affordable solutions to reduce RTIs in Iran. Many applicable strategies are identified in the control of RTIs in Iran. Although some solutions such as highway construction and/or expanding rail transportation have been suggested as effective measures for reducing accident, but they are costly and may not be fully applied in developing countries like Iran. PMID:28560198

West Nile Virus lineage-2 in Culex specimens from Iran.

PubMed

Shahhosseini, Nariman; Chinikar, Sadegh; Moosa-Kazemi, Seyed Hassan; Sedaghat, Mohammad Mehdi; Kayedi, Mohammad Hassan; Lühken, Renke; Schmidt-Chanasit, Jonas

2017-10-01

Screening of mosquitoes for viruses is an important forecasting tool for emerging and re-emerging arboviruses. Iran has been known to harbour medically important arboviruses such as West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus (DENV) based on seroepidemiological data. However, there are no data about the potential mosquito vectors for arboviruses in Iran. This study was performed to provide mosquito and arbovirus data from Iran. A total of 32 317 mosquitos were collected at 16 sites in five provinces of Iran in 2015 and 2016. RT-PCR for detection of flaviviruses was performed. The PCR amplicons were sequenced, and 109 WNV sequences, including one obtained in this study, were used for phylogenetic analyses. The 32 317 mosquito specimens belonging to 25 species were morphologically distinguished and distributed into 1222 pools. Culex pipiens s.l. comprised 56.429%. One mosquito pool (0.08%), containing 46 unfed Cx. pipiens pipiens form pipiens (Cpp) captured in August 2015, was positive for flavivirus RNA. Subsequent sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the detected Iranian WNV strain belongs to lineage 2 and clusters with a strain recently detected in humans. No flaviviruses other than WNV were detected in the mosquito pools. Cpp could be a vector for WNV in Iran. Our findings indicate recent circulation of WNV lineage-2 strain in Iran and provide a solid base for more targeted arbovirus surveillance programs. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Migrants' Health in Iran from the Perspective of Social Justice: a Systematic Literature Review.

PubMed

Shamsi Gooshki, Ehsan; Rezaei, Raheleh; Wild, Verina

2016-10-01

This paper presents a systematic literature review of studies that shed light on the health of migrants in Iran from the perspective of social justice. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Iranian databases, including IranMedex, Magiran, and SID, in June 2012. All studies that were published until June 2012 describing the health status of migrants - including refugees - in Iran were included. The search results were categorisoyed according to an adapted version of the six dimensions of well-being in Madison Powers' and Ruth Faden's theory of social justice in health. They consisted of access to health care, health, respect, self-determination and attachment, personal security, and social determinants of health. The majority of papers mentioned issues related to infectious diseases (100 papers, 60.2%). Only a few papers mentioned socioeconomic status and access to health services, education, and work. Infectious diseases and high population growth among migrants and the problematic image of migrants as "threat" to the Iranian population's health appear to be the most prominent results in our search. It is imperative to combat the high numbers of infectious diseases among migrants in Iran while simultaneously making efforts to change the public image of migrants as a health and social service threat to Iran. Data concerning social and ethical issues of migrants' health in Iran is scarce, and thus, future research is necessary using other methods and sources.

in Mapping of Gastric Cancer Incidence in Iran

PubMed

Asmarian, Naeimehossadat; Jafari-Koshki, Tohid; Soleimani, Ali; Taghi Ayatollahi, Seyyed Mohammad

2016-10-01

Background: In many countries gastric cancer has the highest incidence among the gastrointestinal cancers and is the second most common cancer in Iran. The aim of this study was to identify and map high risk gastric cancer regions at the county-level in Iran. Methods: In this study we analyzed gastric cancer data for Iran in the years 2003-2010. Areato- area Poisson kriging and Besag, York and Mollie (BYM) spatial models were applied to smoothing the standardized incidence ratios of gastric cancer for the 373 counties surveyed in this study. The two methods were compared in term of accuracy and precision in identifying high risk regions. Result: The highest smoothed standardized incidence rate (SIR) according to area-to-area Poisson kriging was in Meshkinshahr county in Ardabil province in north-western Iran (2.4,SD=0.05), while the highest smoothed standardized incidence rate (SIR) according to the BYM model was in Ardabil, the capital of that province (2.9,SD=0.09). Conclusion: Both methods of mapping, ATA Poisson kriging and BYM, showed the gastric cancer incidence rate to be highest in north and north-west Iran. However, area-to-area Poisson kriging was more precise than the BYM model and required less smoothing. According to the results obtained, preventive measures and treatment programs should be focused on particular counties of Iran. Creative Commons Attribution License

Epilepsy Research in Iran: a Scientometric Analysis of Publications Output During 2000-2014.

PubMed

Rasolabadi, Masoud; Rasouli-Ghahfarkhi, Seyedeh Moloud; Ardalan, Marlin; Kalhor, Marya Maryam; Seidi, Jamal; Gharib, Alireza

2015-12-01

The aim of this study is to analyze the epilepsy research output of Iran in national and global contexts, as reflected in its publication output indexed in Scopus citation database during 2000-2014. This study was based on the publications of epilepsy research from Iranian authors retrieved Feb. 2015 from Scopus Citation database [www.scopus.com]. The string used to retrieve the data was developed using "epilepsy OR epilepsies" keywords in title, abstract and keywords and Iran in affiliation field was our main string. Cumulative publication output of Iran in epilepsy research consisted of 702 papers from 2000 to 2014, with an average number of 46.53 papers per year. The total publication output of Iran in epilepsy research increased from 2 papers in 2000 to 88 papers in 2014. Hence, with 702 paper, Iran ranked 25(th) among the top 25 countries with a global share of 0.82 %. Iranian publication average citation per paper increased from 0 in 2000 to 7.88 in 2014. Overall, the received citations were 3184 citations during those years. Iran is collaborating with 36 countries with no more than 244 of its papers (35% of its total papers). It is necessary to prepare conditions for epilepsy researchers to collaborate more with international scientific societies in order to produce more and high quality papers.

Sanctions, Smuggling, and the Cigarette: The Granting of Iran Office of Foreign Asset Control's Licenses to Big Tobacco.

PubMed

Batmanghelidj, Esfandyar; Heydari, Gholamreza

2014-02-01

Presuming that tobacco taxes, levied both as import duties and ad valorem, would financially benefit the Iranian Government, such the introduction of a highly desired US product to the market would be antithetical to the sanctions regime currently in place. This paper as a systematic review and documents through Pubmed and webs seeks to understand the politician economy implications of nicotine addiction in Iran, focusing on the US office of foreign asset control's (OFAC) awarding of Iran operations licenses to American tobacco companies. By comparing Iran's tobacco industry and the attendant public health crisis that has arisen from high rates of nicotine addiction, to conditions in Turkey, it can be demonstrated that Iran is uniquely unable to extract revenues from the sale of tobacco products. The primary point of comparison between Iran and Turkey is smoking-attributable annual productivity loses of each country as estimated through the use of smoking-attributable mortality, morbidity and economic costs software (SAMMEC) and the available related literature. Based on the calculations derived from the SAMMEC model, Iran is burdened with an incredible cost to the economy borne by a high prevalence of smokers. It is concluded that an awareness of this condition enables OFAC to award licenses to big tobacco without fear of undermining current foreign policy initiatives.

Sanctions, Smuggling, and the Cigarette: The Granting of Iran Office of Foreign Asset Control's Licenses to Big Tobacco

PubMed Central

Batmanghelidj, Esfandyar; Heydari, Gholamreza

2014-01-01

Background: Presuming that tobacco taxes, levied both as import duties and ad valorem, would financially benefit the Iranian Government, such the introduction of a highly desired US product to the market would be antithetical to the sanctions regime currently in place. Methods: This paper as a systematic review and documents through Pubmed and webs seeks to understand the politician economy implications of nicotine addiction in Iran, focusing on the US office of foreign asset control's (OFAC) awarding of Iran operations licenses to American tobacco companies. Results: By comparing Iran's tobacco industry and the attendant public health crisis that has arisen from high rates of nicotine addiction, to conditions in Turkey, it can be demonstrated that Iran is uniquely unable to extract revenues from the sale of tobacco products. The primary point of comparison between Iran and Turkey is smoking-attributable annual productivity loses of each country as estimated through the use of smoking-attributable mortality, morbidity and economic costs software (SAMMEC) and the available related literature. Based on the calculations derived from the SAMMEC model, Iran is burdened with an incredible cost to the economy borne by a high prevalence of smokers. Conclusions: It is concluded that an awareness of this condition enables OFAC to award licenses to big tobacco without fear of undermining current foreign policy initiatives. PMID:24627738

76 FR 40773 - Additional Designation of Entities Pursuant to Executive Order 13382 and Information Regarding...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-11

... INVESTMENT COMPANY; a.k.a. MEHR IRANIAN ECONOMY COMPANY; a.k.a. MEHR IRANIAN ECONOMY INVESTMENTS; f.k.a... Square, Tehran, Iran; No. 48, 14th Alley, Ahmad Qassir Street, Argentina Square, Tehran, Iran; Business Registration Document 103222 (Iran); Web site http://www.mebank.ir ; Telephone: 982188526300; Alt. Telephone...

The Extension of Cultural Dominance in Iran with the Establishment of New Schools in Ghajar Period

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Piri, Mohammad

2016-01-01

Since the beginning of 19th century, England for political reasons tried to make relations with Iran. Englishmen besides political tricks tried to establish their trace in Iran society by cultural permeation. European religious commissions who proceeded in different parts of the world since 19th century, though apparently had religious…

75 FR 47899 - Designation of Two Entities and Seven Individuals Pursuant to Executive Order 13224

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-09

...; Passport A0023862 (Iran) (individual) [SDGT] 5. MORTEZAVI, Hasan (a.k.a. MORTEZAVI, Ali Hassan; a.k.a. MORTEZAVI, Majid; a.k.a. MORTEZAVI, Majid Mirali; a.k.a. ``ALI, Hassan''); DOB 28 Apr 1961; POB Ghazvin.... ZAHEDI, Ali Reza), Beirut, Lebanon; DOB 1944; POB Esfahan, Iran; nationality Iran (individual) [SDGT] 9...

31 CFR 560.513 - Importation of Iranian-origin oil.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... connection with the resolution or settlement of cases before the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal in The... the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran of January 19, 1981, or where the proceeds are... extracted, and that the sale or transfer of the oil is by or for the account of the Government of Iran...

31 CFR 535.528 - Certain transactions with respect to Iranian patents, trademarks and copyrights authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... currently due to the government of Iran, either directly or through an attorney or representative, in... customary fees currently due to attorneys or representatives in Iran incurred in connection with any of the..., petty patent, design patent, trademark or copyright issued by Iran. [45 FR 29288, May 2, 1980] ...

31 CFR 560.412 - Extensions of credit or loans to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Extensions of credit or loans to Iran. 560.412 Section 560.412 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance... Interpretations § 560.412 Extensions of credit or loans to Iran. (a) The prohibitions contained in §§ 560.204 and...

31 CFR 535.540 - Disposition of certain tangible property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... of time to obtain payment of any amounts owed by Iran or the Iranian entity, or adequate assurance of... monetary loss which may accrue to the United States from a decision by the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal that the United States is liable to Iran for damages that are in any way attributable to the issuance of...

31 CFR 535.528 - Certain transactions with respect to Iranian patents, trademarks and copyrights authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... currently due to the government of Iran, either directly or through an attorney or representative, in... customary fees currently due to attorneys or representatives in Iran incurred in connection with any of the..., petty patent, design patent, trademark or copyright issued by Iran. [45 FR 29288, May 2, 1980] ...

31 CFR 535.579 - Authorization of new transactions concerning certain Iranian property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest are authorized where: (1) The property comes within the... of the United States after January 19, 1981, or (2) The interest in the property of Iran or an Iranian entity (e.g. exports consigned to Iran or an Iranian entity) arises after January 19, 1981. (b...

31 CFR 560.525 - Provision of certain legal services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... services. (a) The provision of the following legal services to or on behalf of the Government of Iran, an... pursuant to § 560.211, or to or on behalf of a person in Iran, or in circumstances in which the benefit is otherwise received in Iran is authorized, provided that receipt of payment of professional fees and...

31 CFR 535.579 - Authorization of new transactions concerning certain Iranian property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest are authorized where: (1) The property comes within the... of the United States after January 19, 1981, or (2) The interest in the property of Iran or an Iranian entity (e.g. exports consigned to Iran or an Iranian entity) arises after January 19, 1981. (b...

31 CFR 560.525 - Provision of certain legal services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... services. (a) The provision of the following legal services to or on behalf of the Government of Iran, an... pursuant to § 560.211, or to or on behalf of a person in Iran, or in circumstances in which the benefit is otherwise received in Iran is authorized, provided that receipt of payment of professional fees and...

31 CFR 535.528 - Certain transactions with respect to Iranian patents, trademarks and copyrights authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... currently due to the government of Iran, either directly or through an attorney or representative, in... customary fees currently due to attorneys or representatives in Iran incurred in connection with any of the..., petty patent, design patent, trademark or copyright issued by Iran. [45 FR 29288, May 2, 1980] ...

31 CFR 535.579 - Authorization of new transactions concerning certain Iranian property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest are authorized where: (1) The property comes within the... of the United States after January 19, 1981, or (2) The interest in the property of Iran or an Iranian entity (e.g. exports consigned to Iran or an Iranian entity) arises after January 19, 1981. (b...

31 CFR 535.216 - Prohibition against prosecution of certain claims.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... against the Government of Iran arising out of events occurring before January 19, 1981 relating to: (1... result of popular movements in the course of the Islamic Revolution in Iran which were not an act of the Government of Iran. (b) Any persons who are not United States nationals are prohibited from prosecuting any...

Constructing the Ideal Muslim Sexual Subject: Problematics of School-Based Sex Education in Iran

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tabatabaie, Alireza

2015-01-01

School-based sex education is an underdeveloped and challenging issue to address in Iran. This paper provides insights into the main challenges in developing and implementing school-based sex education in Iran. Through an investigation of one Iranian boys' school that, in contrast to the majority of Iranian educational institutions, has an…

31 CFR 535.579 - Authorization of new transactions concerning certain Iranian property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest are authorized where: (1) The property comes within the... of the United States after January 19, 1981, or (2) The interest in the property of Iran or an Iranian entity (e.g. exports consigned to Iran or an Iranian entity) arises after January 19, 1981. (b...

31 CFR 560.513 - Importation of Iranian-origin oil.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... connection with the resolution or settlement of cases before the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal in The... the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran of January 19, 1981, or where the proceeds are... extracted, and that the sale or transfer of the oil is by or for the account of the Government of Iran...

31 CFR 535.528 - Certain transactions with respect to Iranian patents, trademarks and copyrights authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... currently due to the government of Iran, either directly or through an attorney or representative, in... customary fees currently due to attorneys or representatives in Iran incurred in connection with any of the..., petty patent, design patent, trademark or copyright issued by Iran. [45 FR 29288, May 2, 1980] ...

31 CFR 560.412 - Extensions of credit or loans to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Extensions of credit or loans to Iran. 560.412 Section 560.412 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance... Interpretations § 560.412 Extensions of credit or loans to Iran. (a) The prohibitions contained in §§ 560.204 and...

31 CFR 535.335 - Claim arising out of events in Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Claim arising out of events in Iran. 535.335 Section 535.335 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance... General Definitions § 535.335 Claim arising out of events in Iran. For purposes of § 535.216, a claim is...

31 CFR 535.580 - Necessary living expenses of relatives of the former Shah of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Necessary living expenses of relatives of the former Shah of Iran. 535.580 Section 535.580 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations... Necessary living expenses of relatives of the former Shah of Iran. The transfer, payment or withdrawal of...

31 CFR 535.580 - Necessary living expenses of relatives of the former Shah of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Necessary living expenses of relatives of the former Shah of Iran. 535.580 Section 535.580 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating... Necessary living expenses of relatives of the former Shah of Iran. The transfer, payment or withdrawal of...

31 CFR 535.216 - Prohibition against prosecution of certain claims.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... against the Government of Iran arising out of events occurring before January 19, 1981 relating to: (1... result of popular movements in the course of the Islamic Revolution in Iran which were not an act of the Government of Iran. (b) Any persons who are not United States nationals are prohibited from prosecuting any...

3 CFR 13553 - Executive Order 13553 of September 28, 2010. Blocking Property of Certain Persons With Respect to...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

.... Blocking Property of Certain Persons With Respect to Serious Human Rights Abuses by the Government of Iran... Human Rights Abuses by the Government of Iran and Taking Certain Other Actions By the authority vested....C. 1601et seq.), the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010...

31 CFR 535.528 - Certain transactions with respect to Iranian patents, trademarks and copyrights authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... currently due to the government of Iran, either directly or through an attorney or representative, in... customary fees currently due to attorneys or representatives in Iran incurred in connection with any of the..., petty patent, design patent, trademark or copyright issued by Iran. [45 FR 29288, May 2, 1980] ...

31 CFR 560.513 - Importation of Iranian-origin oil.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... connection with the resolution or settlement of cases before the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal in The... the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran of January 19, 1981, or where the proceeds are... extracted, and that the sale or transfer of the oil is by or for the account of the Government of Iran...

31 CFR 535.540 - Disposition of certain tangible property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... of time to obtain payment of any amounts owed by Iran or the Iranian entity, or adequate assurance of... monetary loss which may accrue to the United States from a decision by the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal that the United States is liable to Iran for damages that are in any way attributable to the issuance of...

31 CFR 535.216 - Prohibition against prosecution of certain claims.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... against the Government of Iran arising out of events occurring before January 19, 1981 relating to: (1... result of popular movements in the course of the Islamic Revolution in Iran which were not an act of the Government of Iran. (b) Any persons who are not United States nationals are prohibited from prosecuting any...

31 CFR 560.412 - Extensions of credit or loans to Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Extensions of credit or loans to Iran. 560.412 Section 560.412 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance... Interpretations § 560.412 Extensions of credit or loans to Iran. (a) The prohibitions contained in §§ 560.204 and...

31 CFR 535.540 - Disposition of certain tangible property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of time to obtain payment of any amounts owed by Iran or the Iranian entity, or adequate assurance of... monetary loss which may accrue to the United States from a decision by the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal that the United States is liable to Iran for damages that are in any way attributable to the issuance of...

31 CFR 535.579 - Authorization of new transactions concerning certain Iranian property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... which Iran or an Iranian entity has an interest are authorized where: (1) The property comes within the... of the United States after January 19, 1981, or (2) The interest in the property of Iran or an Iranian entity (e.g. exports consigned to Iran or an Iranian entity) arises after January 19, 1981. (b...

31 CFR 535.335 - Claim arising out of events in Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Claim arising out of events in Iran. 535.335 Section 535.335 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance... General Definitions § 535.335 Claim arising out of events in Iran. For purposes of § 535.216, a claim is...

76 FR 72609 - Authorizing the Imposition of Certain Sanctions With Respect to the Provision of Goods, Services...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-23

..., or Support for Iran's Energy and Petrochemical Sectors By the authority vested in me as President by... person: (a) knowingly, on or after the effective date of this order, sells, leases, or provides to Iran... directly and significantly contribute to the maintenance or enhancement of Iran's ability to develop...

77 FR 7660 - Information Regarding General Licenses A and B Under the New Executive Order of February 5, 2012

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-13

... Executive Order of February 5, 2012 (``Blocking Property of the Government of Iran and Iranian Financial...''), issued a new Executive Order (``Blocking Property of the Government of Iran and Iranian Financial... practices of the Central Bank of Iran and other Iranian banks to conceal transactions of sanctioned parties...

76 FR 22339 - Effectiveness of Licensing Procedures for Exportation of Agricultural Commodities, Medicine, and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-21

... Sudan and Iran; Comment Request AGENCY: Office of Foreign Assets Control, Treasury. ACTION: Request for... exportation of agricultural commodities, medicine, and medical devices to Sudan and Iran. Pursuant to section... commodities, medicine, and medical devices to Sudan and Iran are set forth in 31 CFR 538.523-526 and 31 CFR...

77 FR 61652 - Determination by the Secretary of State Relating to Iran Sanctions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-10

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice 8058] Determination by the Secretary of State Relating to Iran Sanctions AGENCY: Department of State. This notice is to inform the public that the Secretary of State... Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (NDAA) (Pub. L. 112-81), as amended by the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria...

Iran's Million-Student Alternative

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Labi, Aisha

2008-01-01

The Islamic Azad University was founded by Hashemi Rafsanjani, a cleric who was in the past the first speaker of the Majlis, or Parliament, of Iran's postrevolutionary government. He served as president of Iran from 1989 to 1997 and ran for re-election in 2005, when he was defeated by Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. In the two decades after Azad was founded,…

78 FR 54199 - Effectiveness of Licensing Procedures for Exportation of Agricultural Commodities, Medicine, and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-03

... Sudan and Iran; Comment Request AGENCY: Office of Foreign Assets Control, Treasury. ACTION: Request for... agricultural commodities, medicine, and medical devices to Sudan and Iran. Pursuant to section 906(c) of the... agricultural commodities, medicine, and medical devices to Sudan and Iran are set forth in 31 CFR 538.523-526...

Iran's Implicit Philosophy of Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bagheri Noaparast, Khosrow

2018-01-01

This paper aims to extract Iran's philosophy of education from two sources of the constitution and the course of practice in educational institutions. Regarding the first source, it is argued that parallel to the two main threads of the constitution, Iran's main elements of philosophy of education are expected to be derived from; (1) Islam and (2)…

76 FR 34805 - Designation of Three Entities and One Individual Pursuant to Executive Order 13553

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-14

... Property of Certain Persons With Respect to Serious Human Rights Abuses by the Government of Iran and... Persons With Respect to Serious Human Rights Abuses by the Government of Iran and Taking Certain Other....C. 1701-06) and the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 (Pub. L...

78 FR 11275 - Designation of One (1) Individual and Four (4) Entities Pursuant to Executive Order 13628 of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-15

... of October 9, 2012, ``Authorizing the Implementation of Certain Sanctions Set Forth in the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 and Additional Sanctions With Respect to Iran... issued Executive Order 13628, ``Authorizing the Implementation of Certain Sanctions Set Forth in the Iran...

77 FR 24571 - Blocking the Property and Suspending Entry Into the United States of Certain Persons With Respect...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-24

... Abuses by the Governments of Iran and Syria via Information Technology #0; #0; #0; Presidential Documents... Human Rights Abuses by the Governments of Iran and Syria via Information Technology By the authority... people of Iran and Syria by their governments, facilitated by computer and network disruption, monitoring...

77 FR 21387 - Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 1245(d)(4)(B) And (C) of the National Defense...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-10

... products from countries other than Iran to permit a significant reduction in the volume of petroleum and petroleum products purchased from Iran by or through foreign financial institutions. I will closely monitor... petroleum and petroleum products from Iran. The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish...

3 CFR - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of March 12, 2013 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran On March 15, 1995, the President issued Executive Order 12957, which declared a national emergency with...

3 CFR - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of March 11, 2009 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran On March 15, 1995, by Executive Order 12957, the President declared a national emergency with respect to...

3 CFR - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of March 8, 2011 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran On March 15, 1995, by Executive Order 12957, the President declared a national emergency with respect to...

3 CFR - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of March 10, 2010 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Iran On March 15, 1995, by Executive Order 12957, the President declared a national emergency with respect to...

The United States and Iran: Potential Friends or Contining Enemies

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-04-21

26 Iranian Political and Social Stance...Iran. This support to Iraqi consisted primarily of military equipment sales and intelligence updates on Iranian troop movements. A major issue of the...aid. In exchange for this facilitation in the sale of spare parts, Iran facilitated the freeing of American hostages held in Lebanon by Iranian backed

3 CFR 13599 - Executive Order 13599 of February 5, 2012. Blocking Property of the Government of Iran and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic... America, in order to take additional steps with respect to the national emergency declared in Executive...) All property and interests in property of the Government of Iran, including the Central Bank of Iran...

76 FR 72878 - Financial Crimes Enforcement Network; Amendment to the Bank Secrecy Act Regulations-Imposition of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-28

... Iran as a Jurisdiction of Primary Money Laundering Concern AGENCY: Financial Crimes Enforcement Network... Republic of Iran (``Iran'') is a jurisdiction of primary money laundering concern pursuant to 31 U.S.C... Act amends the anti- money laundering provisions of the Bank Secrecy Act (``BSA''), codified at 12 U.S...

Organizational Commitment among High School Teachers of India and Iran

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Joolideh, Faranak; Yeshodhara, K.

2009-01-01

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the organizational commitment of teachers in India and Iran. It is an attempt to understand how these perceptions vary by demographic variables such as age and subject taught by teachers. Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected from 721 high school teachers in Bangalore (India) and Sanandaj (Iran).…

Recruitment and Employment of Foreign Workers--Iran. Project Findings and Recommendations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

International Labour Organisation, Geneva (Switzerland).

Prepared for the government of Iran, the report is the result of a study concerned with the recruitment and employment of foreign workers. Due to the rapid industrialization of Iran, an anticipated shortage of qualified workers led to the government's request for an outside expert to advise on considerations and suggested procedures involved in…

Epidemiology of brucellosis in Iran: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis study.

PubMed

Mirnejad, Reza; Jazi, Faramarz Masjedian; Mostafaei, Shayan; Sedighi, Mansour

2017-08-01

Brucellosis is still one of the most challenging issues for health and the economy in many developing countries such as Iran. Considering the high prevalence of brucellosis, the aim of the current study was to systematically review published data about the annual incidence rate of this infection from different parts of Iran and provide an overall relative frequency (RF) for Iran using meta-analysis. We searched several databases including PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, google scholar, IranMedex and Iranian Scientific Information Database (SID) by using the following keywords: "Brucella", "Brucellosis", "Malta fever", "Mediterranean fever", "undulant fever", "zoonosis" and "Iran" in Title/Abstract/Keywords fields. Articles/Abstracts, which used clinical specimens and reported the incidence of brucellosis, were included in this review. Quality of studies was assessed by STROB and PRISMA forms. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA 11.0 (STATA Corp, College Station, TX) and P-values under 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Out of the 8326 results, we found 34 articles suitable, according to inclusion and exlusion criteria, for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled incidence of brucellosis was estimated 0.001% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.0005-0.0015%) annually. Relative frequency of brucellosis in different studies varied from 7.0/100000 to 276.41/100000 in Qom and Kermanshah provinces, respectively. This systematic-review and meta-analysis study showed that the highest incidences of brucellosis are occurred in west and northwest regions of Iran. Totally, the incidence of the disease in Iran is in the high range. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Population health and burden of disease profile of Iran among 20 countries in the region: from Afghanistan to Qatar and Lebanon.

PubMed

Shahraz, Saeid; Forouzanfar, Mohammad Hossein; Sepanlou, Sadaf G; Dicker, Daniel; Naghavi, Paria; Pourmalek, Farshad; Mokdad, Ali; Lozano, Rafael; Vos, Theo; Asadi-Lari, Mohsen; Sayyari, Ali-Akbar; Murray, Christopher J L; Naghavi, Mohsen

2014-05-01

Population health and disease profiles are diverse across Iran's neighboring countries. Borrowing the results of the country-level Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study (GBD 2010), we aim to compare Iran with 19 countries in terms of an important set of population health and disease metrics. These countries include those neighboring Iran and a few other countries from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. We show the pattern of health transition across the comparator countries from 1990 through 2010. We use classic GBD metrics measured for the year 2010 to indicate the rank of Iran among these nations. The metrics include disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost as a result of premature death (YLLs), years of life lost due to disability (YLDs), health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE), and age-standardized death rate (ASD). Considerable and uniform transition from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMMN) conditions to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) was seen between 1990 and 2010. On average, ischemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, and road injuries were the three principal causes of YLLs, while low back pain and major depressive disorders were the top causes of YLDs in these countries. Iran ranked 13th in HALE and 12th in ASD. The function of Iran's health care, measured by DALYs, was somewhat in the middle of the HALE spectrum for the comparator countries. This intermediate position becomes rather highlighted when Afghanistan, as outlier, is taken out of the comparison. Effective policies to reduce NCDs need to be formulated and implemented through an integrated health care system. Our comparison shows that Iran can learn from the experience of a number of these countries to devise and execute the required strategies.

Knowledge of healthy lifestyle in Iran: a systematic review

PubMed Central

Ghanei, Mostafa; Ahmady, Khodabakhsh; Babaei, Mansour; Tavana, Ali Mehrabi; Bahadori, Mohammadkarim; Ebadi, Abbas; Poursaid, Syed Masood

2016-01-01

Introduction Lifestyle is a set of goals, plans, values, attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs manifested in the personal and family life of the individual and in her or his social interactions. It is an interdisciplinary concept that involves a health-oriented view of the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual domains of life. Despite their great importance, there is not much knowledge in Iran about healthy lifestyles. The present study is an attempt to address the knowledge of healthy lifestyle in Iran through a review of the literature on the subject. Methods The present systematic review searched Elsevier, SID, Pub Med, Magiran, IranMedex, and Google Scholar databases for relevant articles published between 2000 and 2014. We used various keywords for the searches, including knowledge, lifestyle, health, and Iran. As a result, 62 articles were included in the study. Results There has been a dramatic increase in the publication of articles on lifestyle in Iran over the past 10 years. The results obtained showed that 64% of the articles addressed physical health, 14% addressed psychological health, 10% addressed social health, and 12% addressed spiritual health. Most lifestyle studies conducted in Iran have focused on physical health, and a few have examined the psychological, social, and spiritual aspects of lifestyle. None of the studies has examined the knowledge map of healthy lifestyles in Iran. Conclusion Given the changes in the causes of mortality from infectious and chronic diseases that impose greater medication and treatment costs on the society, and since diseases caused by unhealthy lifestyles have become the leading cause of death, it is essential for health researchers to focus on the root cause of these diseases, i.e., lifestyle and human behaviors. PMID:27123231

Penile fracture epidemiology, diagnosis and management in Iran: a narrative review

PubMed Central

Mirzazadeh, Majid; Fallahkarkan, Morteza

2017-01-01

Penile fracture (PF) is considered an emergency in urology. In the literature there are some case series reporting considerable incidence of PF in some parts of Iran. There are no accurate data about the incidence of PF all around Iran. Although it may be uncommon in other parts of the country and in the other countries, it can also be underreported. There are some challenges in diagnosis, management, and also reporting of these cases. In this review of Iranian medical literature, we searched for penile fracture and penile injury keywords in Medline, Scopus, SID, Google and Persian medical journals. We reviewed the status of epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, management and complications of PF in different parts of Iran in the published literature. To collect more accurate data, we also performed a questionnaire-based study with sending questionnaires by emails to 700 urologists throughout the country with 14% response rate. Incidence of PF varies significantly in different parts of Iran. Western province of Kermanshah has a significantly higher rate of PF. Adding data from different regions of Iran, we calculated that incidence of PF in Iran can be estimated between 1.14 to 10.48 per 100,000 of male populations, most probably closer to lower end. Although the incidence of PF varies significantly in different geographical areas, urologists practicing in Iran on average may encounter a PF patient every 3.5 months. To diagnose PF, majority of reviewed studies relied on history and clinical examination and did not recommend imaging except in patients with possible urethral injuries. Immediate surgical intervention can make good functional results with low morbidity and short hospital stay. Delayed surgical intervention and observational management approaches need large population studies with long term follow up. PMID:28540222

Penile fracture epidemiology, diagnosis and management in Iran: a narrative review.

PubMed

Mirzazadeh, Majid; Fallahkarkan, Morteza; Hosseini, Jalil

2017-04-01

Penile fracture (PF) is considered an emergency in urology. In the literature there are some case series reporting considerable incidence of PF in some parts of Iran. There are no accurate data about the incidence of PF all around Iran. Although it may be uncommon in other parts of the country and in the other countries, it can also be underreported. There are some challenges in diagnosis, management, and also reporting of these cases. In this review of Iranian medical literature, we searched for penile fracture and penile injury keywords in Medline, Scopus, SID, Google and Persian medical journals. We reviewed the status of epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, management and complications of PF in different parts of Iran in the published literature. To collect more accurate data, we also performed a questionnaire-based study with sending questionnaires by emails to 700 urologists throughout the country with 14% response rate. Incidence of PF varies significantly in different parts of Iran. Western province of Kermanshah has a significantly higher rate of PF. Adding data from different regions of Iran, we calculated that incidence of PF in Iran can be estimated between 1.14 to 10.48 per 100,000 of male populations, most probably closer to lower end. Although the incidence of PF varies significantly in different geographical areas, urologists practicing in Iran on average may encounter a PF patient every 3.5 months. To diagnose PF, majority of reviewed studies relied on history and clinical examination and did not recommend imaging except in patients with possible urethral injuries. Immediate surgical intervention can make good functional results with low morbidity and short hospital stay. Delayed surgical intervention and observational management approaches need large population studies with long term follow up.

The Iranian petroleum crisis and United States national security

PubMed Central

Stern, Roger

2007-01-01

The U.S. case against Iran is based on Iran's deceptions regarding nuclear weapons development. This case is buttressed by assertions that a state so petroleum-rich cannot need nuclear power to preserve exports, as Iran claims. The U.S. infers, therefore, that Iran's entire nuclear technology program must pertain to weapons development. However, some industry analysts project an Irani oil export decline [e.g., Clark JR (2005) Oil Gas J 103(18):34–39]. If such a decline is occurring, Iran's claim to need nuclear power could be genuine. Because Iran's government relies on monopoly proceeds from oil exports for most revenue, it could become politically vulnerable if exports decline. Here, we survey the political economy of Irani petroleum for evidence of this decline. We define Iran's export decline rate (edr) as its summed rates of depletion and domestic demand growth, which we find equals 10–12%. We estimate marginal cost per barrel for additions to Irani production capacity, from which we derive the “standstill” investment required to offset edr. We then compare the standstill investment to actual investment, which has been inadequate to offset edr. Even if a relatively optimistic schedule of future capacity addition is met, the ratio of 2011 to 2006 exports will be only 0.40–0.52. A more probable scenario is that, absent some change in Irani policy, this ratio will be 0.33–0.46 with exports declining to zero by 2014–2015. Energy subsidies, hostility to foreign investment, and inefficiencies of its state-planned economy underlie Iran's problem, which has no relation to “peak oil.” PMID:17190820

Multiplatform observations of dust vertical distribution during transport over northwest Iran in the summertime

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abdi Vishkaee, Farhad; Flamant, Cyrille; Cuesta, Juan; Flamant, Pierre; Khalesifard, Hamid R.

2011-03-01

Dynamical processes leading to dust emission over Iran and surrounding countries in the summer as well as the subsequent transport of dust toward northwest Iran are analyzed on the basis of two case studies using a suite of ground-based and spaceborne remote sensing platforms together with modeling tools. Ground-based lidar measurements acquired in Zanjan provide new insight into the vertical distribution of dust linked to transport over northwest Iran and highlight the importance of low-level transport of dust from both Iraq and Iran for air quality issues in Tehran. During the 3-5 August 2007 case, dust emission regions are located in Syria/Iraq and close to Qom, Iran, in a large intermittent salt lake in the western part of the Dasht-e Kavir desert. The visibility in Tehran associated with this event decreases significantly (reaching 7 km) on 5 August 2007 only. During the 11-13 September 2008 case, the dust transported to northwest Iran originates from Syria/Iraq only. The visibility in Tehran during this case is low throughout the period, sometimes less than 5 km due to the transport of dust at low levels. In both cases, emissions in Syria and Iraq occur in response to strong Shamal winds. However, transport of dust toward Iran takes place at different levels: above 700 hPa in August and below 700 hPa in September. This is found to be related to the presence of strong northeasterly winds over the Zagros Mountains as well as in its lee (south of the range) in the August case only. In August also, dust emissions in the Qom region results from strong winds blowing over the Dasht-e Kavir desert.

Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of Quadrivalent Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine for HPV-Related Disease in Iran

PubMed Central

Khatibi, Mohsen; Rasekh, Hamid Reza; Shahverdi, Zohreh; jamshidi, Hamid Reza

2014-01-01

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine has been added recently to the Iran Drug List. So, decision makers need information beyond that available from RCTs to recommend funding for this vaccination program to add it to the National Immunization program in Iran. Modeling and economic studies have addressed some of those information needs in foreign countries. In order to determine the long term benefit of this vaccine and impact of vaccine program on the future rate of cervical cancer in Iran, we described a model, based on the available economic and health effects of human papilloma virus (HPV), to estimate the cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination of 15-year-old girls in Iran. Our objective is to estimate the cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination in Iran against cervical cancer based on available data; incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) calculations were based on a model comparing a cohort of 15-year-old girls with and without vaccination. We developed a static model based on available data in Iran on the epidemiology of HPV related health outcome. The model compared the cohort of all 15-year old girls alive in the year 2013 with and without vaccination. The cost per QALY, which was found based on our assumption for the vaccination of 15-years old girl to current situation was 439,000,000 Iranian Rial rate (IRR). By considering the key parameters in our sensitivity analysis, value varied from 251,000,000 IRR to 842,000,000 IRR. In conclusion, quadrivalent HPV vaccine (Gardasil) is not cost-effective in Iran based on the base-case parameters value. PMID:24711850

Adaptation and reliability of neighborhood environment walkability scale (NEWS) for Iran: A questionnaire for assessing environmental correlates of physical activity

PubMed Central

Hakimian, Pantea; Lak, Azadeh

2016-01-01

Background: In spite of the increased range of inactivity and obesity among Iranian adults, insufficient research has been done on environmental factors influencing physical activity. As a result adapting a subjective (self-report) measurement tool for assessment of physical environment in Iran is critical. Accordingly, in this study Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) was adapted for Iran and also its reliability was evaluated. Methods: This study was conducted using a systematic adaptation method consisting of 3 steps: translate-back translation procedures, revision by a multidisciplinary panel of local experts and a cognitive study. Then NEWS-Iran was completed among adults aged 18 to 65 years (N=19) with an interval of 15 days. Intra-Class Coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the reliability of the adapted questionnaire. Results: NEWS-Iran is an adapted version of NEWS-A (abbreviated) and in the adaptation process five items were added from other versions of NEWS, two subscales were significantly modified for a shorter and more effective questionnaire, and five new items were added about climate factors and site-specific uses. NEWS-Iran showed almost perfect reliability (ICCs: more than 0.8) for all subscales, with items having moderate to almost perfect reliability scores (ICCs: 0.56-0.96). Conclusion: This study introduced NEWS-Iran, which is a reliable version of NEWS for measuring environmental perceptions related to physical activity behavior adapted for Iran. It is the first adapted version of NEWS which demonstrates a systematic adaptation process used by earlier studies. It can be used for other developing countries with similar environmental, social and cultural context. PMID:28210592

Adaptation and reliability of neighborhood environment walkability scale (NEWS) for Iran: A questionnaire for assessing environmental correlates of physical activity.

PubMed

Hakimian, Pantea; Lak, Azadeh

2016-01-01

Background: In spite of the increased range of inactivity and obesity among Iranian adults, insufficient research has been done on environmental factors influencing physical activity. As a result adapting a subjective (self-report) measurement tool for assessment of physical environment in Iran is critical. Accordingly, in this study Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) was adapted for Iran and also its reliability was evaluated. Methods: This study was conducted using a systematic adaptation method consisting of 3 steps: translate-back translation procedures, revision by a multidisciplinary panel of local experts and a cognitive study. Then NEWS-Iran was completed among adults aged 18 to 65 years (N=19) with an interval of 15 days. Intra-Class Coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the reliability of the adapted questionnaire. Results: NEWS-Iran is an adapted version of NEWS-A (abbreviated) and in the adaptation process five items were added from other versions of NEWS, two subscales were significantly modified for a shorter and more effective questionnaire, and five new items were added about climate factors and site-specific uses. NEWS-Iran showed almost perfect reliability (ICCs: more than 0.8) for all subscales, with items having moderate to almost perfect reliability scores (ICCs: 0.56-0.96). Conclusion: This study introduced NEWS-Iran, which is a reliable version of NEWS for measuring environmental perceptions related to physical activity behavior adapted for Iran. It is the first adapted version of NEWS which demonstrates a systematic adaptation process used by earlier studies. It can be used for other developing countries with similar environmental, social and cultural context.

The Presentation of Proper Indicators for Evaluation of WHO Collaboration Centres' Activities in Iran.

PubMed

Ardakani, S Motevallizadeh; Zakiani, Sh

2012-01-01

There are thirteen WHO collaborating centres in Iran which no mechanism or model has ever been foreseen for the evaluation of them. This original research is innovative in Iran, which has been offered by the researcher through a joint research project with WHO. The aforesaid model has been approved by the International Relation Department of Ministry of Health& education. This was done to develop model and indicators for evaluation of WHOCC's activities in Iran, which includes online survey, reports, literature reviews and website searches, published literature in another country, documents in Undersecretary for Research and Technology of Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education. We studied collaboration centres in other countries and then compared these indicators together and presented a proper indicators for evaluation of WHOCC' activities in Iran. Evaluation of WHOCC's activities could be used as a mean for implementing policies and promoting knowledge production. Evaluation of WHOCC' activities is country's requirements.

Nurse Leaders' Experiences of Implementing Career Advancement Programs for Nurses in Iran.

PubMed

Sheikhi, Mohammad Reza; Fallahi Khoshknab, Masoud; Mohammadi, Farahnaz; Oskouie, Fatemeh

2015-02-24

Career advancement programs are currently implemented in many countries. In Iran, the first career advancement program was Nurses' Career Advancement Pathway. The purpose of this study was to explore nurse leaders' experiences about implementing the Nurses' Career Advancement Pathway program in Iran. This exploratory qualitative study was conducted in 2013. Sixteen nurse managers were recruited from the teaching hospitals affiliated to Shahid Behesthi, Qazvin, and Iran Universities of Medical Sciences in Iran. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling method. Study data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews. The conventional content analysis approach was used for data analysis. participants' experiences about implementing the Nurses' Career Advancement Pathway fell into three main categories including: a) the shortcomings of performance evaluation, b) greater emphasis on point accumulation, c) the advancement-latitude mismatch. The Nurses' Career Advancement pathway has several shortcomings regarding both its content and its implementation. Therefore, it is recommended to revise the program.

Problems and Issues in Higher Education: Perspectives on Iran-United States Educational Relations and Influences.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fereshteh, M. Hussein

This review evaluates the writings and opinions of Americans and Iranians on relations and influences between institutions of higher education in Iran and the United States before and after the 1979 revolution. The review explores the arrival of modern western education in Iran, Egypt, and Turkey where a traditional education system had prevailed…

The Idea of English in Iran: An Example from Urmia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sadeghi, Karim; Richards, Jack C.

2016-01-01

This paper explores the place of English in Iran. To do this, we look at the social presence of English in Urmia (the capital of West Azerbaijan province, Iran). The paper draws on instances of the use of English in different contexts in Urmia, including its use in academia, business, state and private education, media, and people's ordinary…

31 CFR 535.202 - Transactions with respect to securities registered or inscribed in the name of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Transactions with respect to securities registered or inscribed in the name of Iran. 535.202 Section 535.202 Money and Finance: Treasury... registered or inscribed in the name of Iran. Unless authorized by a license expressly referring to this...

31 CFR 535.202 - Transactions with respect to securities registered or inscribed in the name of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Transactions with respect to securities registered or inscribed in the name of Iran. 535.202 Section 535.202 Money and Finance: Treasury... registered or inscribed in the name of Iran. Unless authorized by a license expressly referring to this...

31 CFR 535.202 - Transactions with respect to securities registered or inscribed in the name of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Transactions with respect to securities registered or inscribed in the name of Iran. 535.202 Section 535.202 Money and Finance: Treasury... registered or inscribed in the name of Iran. Unless authorized by a license expressly referring to this...

31 CFR 560.510 - Transactions related to the resolution of disputes between the United States or United States...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... of disputes between the United States or United States nationals and the Government of Iran. 560.510... between the United States or United States nationals and the Government of Iran. (a) Except as otherwise... with awards, decisions or orders of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal in The Hague, the...

31 CFR 535.508 - Payments to blocked accounts in domestic banks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Iran or any Iranian entity is hereby authorized: Provided, Such payment or transfer shall not be made... the interest of Iran or an Iranian entity to any other country or person. (b) This section does not authorize: (1) Any payment or transfer to any blocked account held in a name other than that of Iran or the...

31 CFR 535.202 - Transactions with respect to securities registered or inscribed in the name of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Transactions with respect to securities registered or inscribed in the name of Iran. 535.202 Section 535.202 Money and Finance: Treasury... registered or inscribed in the name of Iran. Unless authorized by a license expressly referring to this...

An integrated taxonomic approach to survey Armillaria in Iran

Treesearch

Saeideh Jafarpour; Khalil-Berdi Fotouhifar; Mohammad Javan-Nikhhah; Mohhamad Reza Asef; Anthony S. Davis; Amy L. Ross-Davis; John W. Hanna; Simona Margaritescu; Jean-Marc Moncalvo; Ned B. Klopfenstein

2016-01-01

Iran's most valuable forests are located on the coast of the Caspian Sea and cover 1.85 million ha in the northern region of the Alborz mountain range, which is the highest mountain range in the Middle East. Dense forests cover two major provinces, Gilan and Mazandaran; however, less than 10% of Iran is forested. These forests comprise temperate,...

31 CFR 560.517 - Exportation of services: Iranian accounts at United States depository institutions or United...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... an exportation of information or informational materials to Iran, a travel-related remittance, or... of: (1) Foreign government missions and their personnel in Iran; or (2) Missions of the Government of Iran in the United States. [60 FR 47063, Sept. 11, 1995, as amended at 70 FR 15584, Mar. 28, 2005; 74...

31 CFR 560.517 - Exportation of services: Iranian accounts at United States depository institutions or United...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... an exportation of information or informational materials to Iran, a travel-related remittance, or... of: (1) Foreign government missions and their personnel in Iran; or (2) Missions of the Government of Iran in the United States. [60 FR 47063, Sept. 11, 1995, as amended at 70 FR 15584, Mar. 28, 2005; 74...

31 CFR 560.510 - Transactions related to the resolution of disputes between the United States or United States...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... resolution of disputes between the United States or United States nationals and the Government of Iran. 560... between the United States or United States nationals and the Government of Iran. (a) Except as otherwise... with awards, decisions or orders of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal in The Hague, the...

31 CFR 535.508 - Payments to blocked accounts in domestic banks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Iran or any Iranian entity is hereby authorized: Provided, Such payment or transfer shall not be made... the interest of Iran or an Iranian entity to any other country or person. (b) This section does not authorize: (1) Any payment or transfer to any blocked account held in a name other than that of Iran or the...

31 CFR 535.202 - Transactions with respect to securities registered or inscribed in the name of Iran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Transactions with respect to securities registered or inscribed in the name of Iran. 535.202 Section 535.202 Money and Finance: Treasury... registered or inscribed in the name of Iran. Unless authorized by a license expressly referring to this...

School Physical Education Curriculum of Iran from Experts' Perspective: "What It Is and Should Be"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nazari, Hossein; Jafari, Ebrahim Mirshah; Nasr, Ahmad Reza; Marandi, Seyed Mohammad

2017-01-01

This study aimed to evaluate the current physical education curriculum of elementary schools (first and second grades) in Iran. This is an applied study conducted using grounded theory and the research method is qualitative. The research population consisted of all professors in Iran in the field of physical education, of whom, 15 people were…

Development Discourses on the Educational System of Iran: A Critical Analysis of Their Effects

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mahdi Sajjadi, Seyed

2015-01-01

Three decades have passed since the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran and, entering the fourth decade, major changes are apparent in the structure and content of the nation's education system. Because of the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the regime change and formation of an Islamic state, the changes in the educational…