Exploratory Advanced Research Program : Video Analytics Research Projects

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-12-01

The flagship dataset to emerge from the Transportation Research Boards second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) study is the naturalistic driving study (NDS). The study is a focus on driver behavior and addresses the notion that it is po...

Lysine-functionalized nanodiamonds as gene carriers: development of stable colloidal dispersion for in vitro cellular uptake studies and siRNA delivery application

PubMed Central

Alwani, Saniya; Kaur, Randeep; Michel, Deborah; Chitanda, Jackson M; Verrall, Ronald E; Karunakaran, Chithra; Badea, Ildiko

2016-01-01

Purpose Nanodiamonds (NDs) are emerging as an attractive tool for gene therapeutics. To reach their full potential for biological application, NDs should maintain their colloidal stability in biological milieu. This study describes the behavior of lysine-functionalized ND (lys-ND) in various dispersion media, with an aim to limit aggregation and improve the colloidal stability of ND-gene complexes called diamoplexes. Furthermore, cellular and macromolecular interactions of lys-NDs are also analyzed in vitro to establish the understanding of ND-mediated gene transfer in cells. Methods lys-NDs were synthesized earlier through covalent conjugation of lysine amino acid to carboxylated NDs surface generated through re-oxidation in strong oxidizing acids. In this study, dispersions of lys-NDs were prepared in various media, and the degree of sedimentation was monitored for 72 hours. Particle size distributions and zeta potential measurements were performed for a period of 25 days to characterize the physicochemical stability of lys-NDs in the medium. The interaction profile of lys-NDs with fetal bovine serum showed formation of a protein corona, which was evaluated by size and charge distribution measurements. Uptake of lys-NDs in cervical cancer cells was analyzed by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. Cellular uptake of diamoplexes (complex of lys-NDs with small interfering RNA) was also analyzed using flow cytometry. Results Aqueous dispersion of lys-NDs showed minimum sedimentation and remained stable over a period of 25 days. Size distributions showed good stability, remaining under 100 nm throughout the testing period. A positive zeta potential of >+20 mV indicated a preservation of surface charges. Size distribution and zeta potential changed for lys-NDs after incubation with blood serum, suggesting an interaction with biomolecules, mainly proteins, and a possible formation of a protein corona. Cellular internalization of lys-NDs was confirmed by various techniques such as confocal microscopy, soft X-ray spectroscopy, and flow cytometry. Conclusion This study establishes that dispersion of lys-NDs in aqueous medium maintains long-term stability and also provides evidence that lysine functionalization enables NDs to interact effectively with the biological system to be used for RNAi therapeutics. PMID:26929623

NASA Docking System (NDS) Technical Integration Meeting

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lewis, James L.

2010-01-01

This slide presentation reviews the NASA Docking System (NDS) as NASA's implementation of the International Docking System Standard (IDSS). The goals of the NDS, is to build on proven technologies previously demonstrated in flight and to advance the state of the art of docking systems by incorporating Low Impact Docking System (LIDS) technology into the NDS. A Hardware Demonstration was included in the meeting, and there was discussion about software, NDS major system interfaces, integration information, schedule, and future upgrades.

NASA Docking System (NDS) Interface Definitions Document (IDD). Revision F, Dec. 15, 2011

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lewis, James

2011-01-01

The NASA Docking System (NDS) mating system supports low approach velocity docking and provides a modular and reconfigurable standard interface, supporting crewed and autonomous vehicles during mating and assembly operations. The NDS is NASA s implementation for the International Docking System Standard (IDSS) using low impact docking technology. All NDS configurations can mate with the configuration specified in the IDSS Interface Definition Document (IDD), Revision A, released May 13, 2011. The NDS evolved from the Low Impact Docking System (LIDS). The term (and its associated acronym), international Low Impact Docking System (iLIDS) is also used to describe this system. NDS and iLIDS may be used interchangeability. Some of the heritage documentation and implementations (e.g., software command names) used on the NDS will continue to use the LIDS acronym.

Advanced Computational Methods for Security Constrained Financial Transmission Rights

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kalsi, Karanjit; Elbert, Stephen T.; Vlachopoulou, Maria

Financial Transmission Rights (FTRs) are financial insurance tools to help power market participants reduce price risks associated with transmission congestion. FTRs are issued based on a process of solving a constrained optimization problem with the objective to maximize the FTR social welfare under power flow security constraints. Security constraints for different FTR categories (monthly, seasonal or annual) are usually coupled and the number of constraints increases exponentially with the number of categories. Commercial software for FTR calculation can only provide limited categories of FTRs due to the inherent computational challenges mentioned above. In this paper, first an innovative mathematical reformulationmore » of the FTR problem is presented which dramatically improves the computational efficiency of optimization problem. After having re-formulated the problem, a novel non-linear dynamic system (NDS) approach is proposed to solve the optimization problem. The new formulation and performance of the NDS solver is benchmarked against widely used linear programming (LP) solvers like CPLEX™ and tested on both standard IEEE test systems and large-scale systems using data from the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC). The performance of the NDS is demonstrated to be comparable and in some cases is shown to outperform the widely used CPLEX algorithms. The proposed formulation and NDS based solver is also easily parallelizable enabling further computational improvement.« less

Plasmid-derived DNA Strand Displacement Gates for Implementing Chemical Reaction Networks.

PubMed

Chen, Yuan-Jyue; Rao, Sundipta D; Seelig, Georg

2015-11-25

DNA nanotechnology requires large amounts of highly pure DNA as an engineering material. Plasmid DNA could meet this need since it is replicated with high fidelity, is readily amplified through bacterial culture and can be stored indefinitely in the form of bacterial glycerol stocks. However, the double-stranded nature of plasmid DNA has so far hindered its efficient use for construction of DNA nanostructures or devices that typically contain single-stranded or branched domains. In recent work, it was found that nicked double stranded DNA (ndsDNA) strand displacement gates could be sourced from plasmid DNA. The following is a protocol that details how these ndsDNA gates can be efficiently encoded in plasmids and can be derived from the plasmids through a small number of enzymatic processing steps. Also given is a protocol for testing ndsDNA gates using fluorescence kinetics measurements. NdsDNA gates can be used to implement arbitrary chemical reaction networks (CRNs) and thus provide a pathway towards the use of the CRN formalism as a prescriptive molecular programming language. To demonstrate this technology, a multi-step reaction cascade with catalytic kinetics is constructed. Further it is shown that plasmid-derived components perform better than identical components assembled from synthetic DNA.

International Low Impact Docking System (iLIDS) Project Technical Requirements Specification, Revision F

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lewis, James L.

2011-01-01

The NASA Docking System (NDS) is NASA's implementation for the emerging International Docking System Standard (IDSS) using low impact docking technology. The NASA Docking System Project (NDSP) is the International Space Station (ISS) Program's project to produce the NDS, Common Docking Adapter (CDA) and Docking Hub. The NDS design evolved from the Low Impact Docking System (LIDS). The acronym international Low Impact Docking System (iLIDS) is also used to describe this system as well as the Government Furnished Equipment (GFE) project designing the NDS for the NDSP. NDS and iLIDS may be used interchangeability. This document will use the acronym iLIDS. Some of the heritage documentation and implementations (e.g., software command names, requirement identification (ID), figures, etc.) used on NDS will continue to use the LIDS acronym. This specification defines the technical requirements for the iLIDS GFE delivered to the NDSP by the iLIDS project. This document contains requirements for two iLIDS configurations, SEZ29101800-301 and SEZ29101800-302. Requirements with the statement, iLIDS shall, are for all configurations. Examples of requirements that are unique to a single configuration may be identified as iLIDS (-301) shall or iLIDS (-302) shall. Furthermore, to allow a requirement to encompass all configurations with an exception, the requirement may be designated as iLIDS (excluding -302) shall. Verification requirements for the iLIDS project are identified in the Verification Matrix (VM) provided in the iLIDS Verification and Validation Document, JSC-63966. The following definitions differentiate between requirements and other statements: Shall: This is the only verb used for the binding requirements. Should/May: These verbs are used for stating non-mandatory goals. Will: This verb is used for stating facts or declaration of purpose. A Definition of Terms table is provided in Appendix B to define those terms with specific tailored uses in this document.

Iraq Reconstruction: Lessons in Program and Project Management

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-03-01

Interim Government ( IIG ). The U.S. Mission-Iraq concomi- tantly took the lead in reconstruction management, and the Iraq Reconstruction Management...completed.85 There was limited capacity to provide oversight of these transactions . One offi- cial noted that the overarching goal was to get Iraqis back to...program decreased in November 2003 when the USG decided to transition responsibility to the IIG by June 30, 2004. This decision forced the CPA to

Multifunctional Surface Modification of Nanodiamonds Based on Dopamine Polymerization.

PubMed

Zeng, Yun; Liu, Wenyan; Wang, Zheyu; Singamaneni, Srikanth; Wang, Risheng

2018-04-03

Surface functionalization of nanodiamonds (NDs), which is of great interest in advanced material and therapeutic applications, requires the immobilization of functional species, such as nucleic acids, bioprobes, drugs, and metal nanoparticles, onto NDs' surfaces to form stable nanoconjugates. However, it is still challenging to modify the surface of NDs due to the complexity of their surface chemistry and the low density of each functional group on the surfaces of NDs. In this work, we demonstrate a general applicable surface functionalization approach for the preparation of ND-based core-shell nanoconjugates using dopamine polymerization. By taking advantage of the universal adhesion and versatile reactivity of polydopamine, we have effectively conjugated DNA and silver nanoparticles onto NDs. Moreover, the catalytic activity of ND-supported silver nanoparticle was characterized by the reduction of 4-nitrophenol, and the addressability of NDs was tested through DNA hybridization that formed satellite ND-gold nanorod conjugation. This simple and robust method we have presented may significantly improve the capability for attaching various functionalities onto NDs and open up new platforms for applications of NDs.

A Proposed Educational Program for Agricultural Development in Iraq.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alsamarrae, Hatam Ali

The general purpose of this study was to develop an educational program for agricultural development in Iraq, and to identify the best method for its implementation. The proposed program was based primarily upon relevant factors identified through data collection from the following sources: official records, current literature, and the writer's…

The role of conservation programs in drought risk adaptation

Treesearch

Steven Wallander; Marcel Aillery; Daniel Hellerstein; Michael Hand

2013-01-01

This report evaluates the extent to which farms facing higher levels of drought risk are more likely to participate in conservation programs, and fi nds a strong link between drought risk and program participation. Prior research has shown that climate-related risk exposure infl uences production decisions such as crop choice; our research shows that adaptation also...

Photoassisted photoluminescence fine-tuning of gold nanodots through free radical-mediated ligand-assembly

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tseng, Yu-Ting; Cherng, Rochelle; Harroun, Scott G.; Yuan, Zhiqin; Lin, Tai-Yuan; Wu, Chien-Wei; Chang, Huan-Tsung; Huang, Chih-Ching

2016-05-01

In this study, we have developed a simple photoassisted ligand assembly to fine-tune the photoluminescence (PL) of (11-mercaptoundecyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide-capped gold nanodots (11-MUTAB-Au NDs). The 11-MUTAB-Au NDs (size: ca. 1.8 nm), obtained from the reaction of gold nanoparticles (ca. 3 nm) and 11-MUTAB, exhibited weak, near-infrared (NIR) PL at 700 nm with a quantum yield (QY) of 0.37% upon excitation at 365 nm. The PL QY of the Au NDs increased to 11.43% after reaction with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) for 30 min under ultraviolet (UV) light, which was accompanied by a PL wavelength shift to the green region (~520 nm). UV-light irradiation accelerates 11-MUA assembly on the 11-MUTABAu NDs (11-MUA/11-MUTAB-Au NDs) through a radical-mediated reaction. Furthermore, the PL wavelength of the 11-MUA/11-MUTAB-Au NDs can be switched to 640 nm via cysteamine under UV-light irradiation. We propose that the PL of the Au NDs with NIR and visible emissions was originally from the surface thiol-Au complexes and the Au core, respectively. These dramatically different optical properties of the Au NDs were due to variation in the surface ligands, as well as the densities and surface oxidant states of the surface Au atoms/ions. These effects can be controlled by assembling surface thiol ligands and accelerated by UV irradiation.In this study, we have developed a simple photoassisted ligand assembly to fine-tune the photoluminescence (PL) of (11-mercaptoundecyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide-capped gold nanodots (11-MUTAB-Au NDs). The 11-MUTAB-Au NDs (size: ca. 1.8 nm), obtained from the reaction of gold nanoparticles (ca. 3 nm) and 11-MUTAB, exhibited weak, near-infrared (NIR) PL at 700 nm with a quantum yield (QY) of 0.37% upon excitation at 365 nm. The PL QY of the Au NDs increased to 11.43% after reaction with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) for 30 min under ultraviolet (UV) light, which was accompanied by a PL wavelength shift to the green region (~520 nm). UV-light irradiation accelerates 11-MUA assembly on the 11-MUTABAu NDs (11-MUA/11-MUTAB-Au NDs) through a radical-mediated reaction. Furthermore, the PL wavelength of the 11-MUA/11-MUTAB-Au NDs can be switched to 640 nm via cysteamine under UV-light irradiation. We propose that the PL of the Au NDs with NIR and visible emissions was originally from the surface thiol-Au complexes and the Au core, respectively. These dramatically different optical properties of the Au NDs were due to variation in the surface ligands, as well as the densities and surface oxidant states of the surface Au atoms/ions. These effects can be controlled by assembling surface thiol ligands and accelerated by UV irradiation. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00795c

The prevalence and correlates of neurotic disorders among undergraduates at a mainland Chinese university.

PubMed

Kou, Changgui; Meng, Xiangfei; Xie, Bing; Chen, Yanfen; Yu, Qiong; Shi, Jieping; Yu, Yaqin; D'Arcy, Carl; Huang, Yueqin

2012-12-01

To study the prevalence and risk factors of neurotic disorders (NDs) among Chinese university students. Stratified random sampling was used to select students who were interviewed using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0 to diagnose psychiatric disorder and collected socio-demographic, and family structure and environment data. The response rate was 90 % (N = 1,843). The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) criteria were used to diagnose NDs. We used logistical regression to evaluate the links between NDs and selected correlates. The prevalence of NDs was 25.6 % (lifetime), 15.7 % (12-month), and 6.8 % (30-day) among the university students with no significant gender differences in these rates. No family structure characteristics were related to 12-month prevalence of NDs (P > 0.05). In contrast, family environment factors including a history of family disputes (OR 1.562, CI 1.108-2.203), parental mental health problems (OR 1.800, CI 1.379-2.349), and absence of care in childhood (OR 1.916, 95 % CI 1.331-2.759) were associated with higher prevalence rates of NDs. Our findings show a high prevalence of NDs in this sample of Chinese undergraduates. Social environment factors, in the student's family of orientation, were significantly associated with the prevalence of NDs. These findings support the importance of negative family experiences during childhood and adolescence and increasing vulnerability to NDs.

Nanodiamonds as novel nanomaterials for biomedical applications: drug delivery and imaging systems

PubMed Central

Kaur, Randeep; Badea, Ildiko

2013-01-01

Detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) are emerging as delivery vehicles for small chemical drugs and macromolecular biotechnology products due to their primary particle size of 4 to 5 nm, stable inert core, reactive surface, and ability to form hydrogels. Nanoprobe technology capitalizes on the intrinsic fluorescence, high refractive index, and unique Raman signal of the NDs, rendering them attractive for in vitro and in vivo imaging applications. This review provides a brief introduction of the various types of NDs and describes the development of procedures that have led to stable single-digit-sized ND dispersions, a crucial feature for drug delivery systems and nanoprobes. Various approaches used for functionalizing the surface of NDs are highlighted, along with a discussion of their biocompatibility status. The utilization of NDs to provide sustained release and improve the dispersion of hydrophobic molecules, of which chemotherapeutic drugs are the most investigated, is described. The prospects of improving the intracellular delivery of nucleic acids by using NDs as a platform are exemplified. The photoluminescent and optical scattering properties of NDs, together with their applications in cellular labeling, are also reviewed. Considering the progress that has been made in understanding the properties of NDs, they can be envisioned as highly efficient drug delivery and imaging biomaterials for use in animals and humans. PMID:23326195

Nanodiamonds as novel nanomaterials for biomedical applications: drug delivery and imaging systems.

PubMed

Kaur, Randeep; Badea, Ildiko

2013-01-01

Detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) are emerging as delivery vehicles for small chemical drugs and macromolecular biotechnology products due to their primary particle size of 4 to 5 nm, stable inert core, reactive surface, and ability to form hydrogels. Nanoprobe technology capitalizes on the intrinsic fluorescence, high refractive index, and unique Raman signal of the NDs, rendering them attractive for in vitro and in vivo imaging applications. This review provides a brief introduction of the various types of NDs and describes the development of procedures that have led to stable single-digit-sized ND dispersions, a crucial feature for drug delivery systems and nanoprobes. Various approaches used for functionalizing the surface of NDs are highlighted, along with a discussion of their biocompatibility status. The utilization of NDs to provide sustained release and improve the dispersion of hydrophobic molecules, of which chemotherapeutic drugs are the most investigated, is described. The prospects of improving the intracellular delivery of nucleic acids by using NDs as a platform are exemplified. The photoluminescent and optical scattering properties of NDs, together with their applications in cellular labeling, are also reviewed. Considering the progress that has been made in understanding the properties of NDs, they can be envisioned as highly efficient drug delivery and imaging biomaterials for use in animals and humans.

Teaching Career Skills in War-Torn Iraq

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eliah, Elaine

2006-01-01

While western Iraq's Anbar province was making headlines with its voter turnout this past December 2005, a quieter turnout of its young men was making headway graduating from school. In Habbaniyah, a volatile city where rockets and mortars destroy buildings and lives all too suddenly and frequently, the Iraq Construction Apprentice Program (ICAP)…

The Gulf War on Computer: A Review of "Iraq Stack."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rattan, Dick

1993-01-01

Reviews a HyperCard stack designed for use in schools and at home. Describes the program as primarily a database of information on Iraq, Kuwait, and the Gulf War. Contends that the program is pedagogically weak and of marginal use in the classroom. (CFR)

Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction. Quarterly Report and Semiannual Report to the United States Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-30

Energy Fusion Cell, and allocations include $110 million for oil pipeline exclusion zones—which aim to prevent illegal tapping and sabotage of...sectors in Iraq. This quarter SIGIR highlights two of these programs: the electronic funds transfer ( EFT ) system and U.S. advisory support provided to...the Iraq Stock Exchange. eleCTroniC funds Transfer SIGIR noted last quarter that Iraq finally acti- vated an electronic funds transfer ( EFT ) system

Excessive sodium ions delivered into cells by nanodiamonds: implications for tumor therapy.

PubMed

Zhu, Ying; Li, Wenxin; Zhang, Yu; Li, Jing; Liang, Le; Zhang, Xiangzhi; Chen, Nan; Sun, Yanhong; Chen, Wen; Tai, Renzhong; Fan, Chunhai; Huang, Qing

2012-06-11

Nanodiamonds (NDs) possess many excellent physical and chemical properties that make them attractive materials for applications in biomedicine. In this paper, the adsorption and delivery of a large amount of sodium ions into the cell interior by NDs in serum-free medium is demonstrated. The excess sodium ions inside the cells induce osmotic stresses followed by cell swelling and an increase in the intracellular levels of calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which leads to severe cellular damage. In complete culture medium, however, serum proteins wrapped around the NDs effectively prevent the sodium ions from adsorbing onto the NDs, and thus the NDs show no cytotoxicity. This work is the first to elaborate on the correlation between the sodium ions adsorbed on the nanomaterials and their bio-effects. Excessive ions delivered into cells by NDs might have potential applications in tumor therapy. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Raman microspectroscopy of nanodiamond-induced structural changes in albumin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Svetlakova, Anastasiya S.; Brandt, Nikolay N.; Priezzhev, Alexander V.; Chikishev, Andrey Yu.

2015-04-01

Nanodiamonds (NDs) are promising agents for theranostic applications due to reported low toxicity and high biocompatibility, which is still being extensively tested on cellular, tissue, and organism levels. It is presumed that for experimental and future clinical applications, NDs will be administered into the organism via the blood circulation system. In this regard, the interaction of NDs with blood components needs to be thoroughly studied. We studied the interaction of carboxylated NDs (cNDs) with albumin, one of the major proteins of blood plasma. After 2-h long in vitro incubation in an aqueous solution of the protein, 100-nm cNDs were dried and the dry samples were studied with the aid of Raman microspectroscopy. The spectroscopic data indicate significant conformational changes that can be due to cND-protein interaction. A possible decrease in the functional activity of albumin related to the conformational changes must be taken into account in the in vivo applications.

Raman microspectroscopy of nanodiamond-induced structural changes in albumin.

PubMed

Svetlakova, Anastasiya S; Brandt, Nikolay N; Priezzhev, Alexander V; Chikishev, Andrey Yu

2015-04-01

Nanodiamonds (NDs) are promising agents for theranostic applications due to reported low toxicity and high biocompatibility, which is still being extensively tested on cellular, tissue, and organism levels. It is presumed that for experimental and future clinical applications, NDs will be administered into the organism via the blood circulation system. In this regard, the interaction of NDs with blood components needs to be thoroughly studied. We studied the interaction of carboxylated NDs (cNDs) with albumin, one of the major proteins of blood plasma. After 2-h long in vitro incubation in an aqueous solution of the protein, 100-nm cNDs were dried and the dry samples were studied with the aid of Raman microspectroscopy. The spectroscopic data indicate significant conformational changes that can be due to cND–protein interaction. A possible decrease in the functional activity of albumin related to the conformational changes must be taken into account in the in vivo applications.

Iraq: Recent Developments in Reconstruction Assistance

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-03-23

Developments in Reconstruction Assistance Summary Large-scale reconstruction assistance programs are being undertaken by the United States following the war...currently the case. The House approved the measure on March 16. On June 28, 2004, the entity implementing assistance programs , the Coalition Provisional...Large-scale reconstruction assistance programs are being undertaken by the United States in Iraq. This report describes recent developments in this

First Coast Guard district NDS voice traffic desired capabilities report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-09-01

Coast Guard personnel, who used National Distress System (NDS) daily in the performance of their profession, were among the most knowledgeable NDS users. They understood the system's shortcomings and the capabilities needed to strengthen the system s...

Translational Applications of Nanodiamonds: From Biocompatibility to Theranostics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moore, Laura Kent

Nanotechnology marks the next phase of development for drug delivery, contrast agents and gene therapy. For these novel systems to achieve success in clinical translation we must see that they are both effective and safe. Diamond nanoparticles, also known as nanodiamonds (NDs), have been gaining popularity as molecular delivery vehicles over the last decade. The uniquely faceted, carbon nanoparticles possess a number of beneficial properties that are being harnessed for applications ranging from small-molecule drug delivery to biomedical imaging and gene therapy. In addition to improving the effectiveness of a variety of therapeutics and contrast agents, initial studies indicate that NDs are biocompatible. In this work we evaluate the translational potential of NDs by demonstrating efficacy in molecular delivery and scrutinizing particle tolerance. Previous work has demonstrated that NDs are effective vehicles for the delivery of anthracycline chemotherapeutics and gadolinium(III) based contrast agents. We have sought to enhance the gains made in both areas through the addition of active targeting. We find that ND-mediated targeted delivery of epirubicin to triple negative breast cancers induces tumor regression and virtually eliminates drug toxicities. Additionally, ND-mediated delivery of the MRI contrast agent ProGlo boosts the per gadolinium relaxivity four fold, eliminates water solubility issues and effectively labels progesterone receptor expressing breast cancer cells. Both strategies open the door to the development of targeted, theranostic constructs based on NDs, capable of treating and labeling breast cancers at the same time. Although we have seen that NDs are effective vehicles for molecular delivery, for any nanoparticle to achieve clinical utility it must be biocompatible. Preliminary research has shown that NDs are non-toxic, however only a fraction of the ND-subtypes have been evaluated. Here we present an in depth analysis of the cellular response to multiple subtypes of NDs, including pristine, amine functionalized, fluorescent and daunorubicin-loaded NDs. Furthermore, we present the most comprehensive analysis of in vivo tolerance of nanodiamonds to date. We find that NDs, regardless of subtype, are non-toxic to multiple cell types. Furthermore, we find that NDs are well tolerated by mice and rats at both acute and sub-acute time frames. These results indicate that NDs are biocompatible and will serve as the foundation for future clinical translation of diamond-based imaging, therapeutic or theranostic agents.

Specificity of the Relationships Between Dysphoria and Related Constructs in an Outpatient Sample.

PubMed

Starcevic, Vladan; Berle, David; Viswasam, Kirupamani; Hannan, Anthony; Milicevic, Denise; Brakoulias, Vlasios; Dale, Erin

2015-12-01

Dysphoria has recently been conceptualized as a complex emotional state that consists of discontent and/or unhappiness and a predominantly externalizing mode of coping with these feelings. The Nepean Dysphoria Scale (NDS) was developed on the basis of this model of dysphoria and used in this clinical study to ascertain the specificity of the relationships between dysphoria and relevant domains of psychopathology. Ninety-six outpatients completed the NDS, Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90R) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales, 21-item version (DASS-21). The scores on the NDS subscales (Discontent, Surrender, Irritability and Interpersonal Resentment) and total NDS scores correlated significantly with scores on the DASS-21 scales and relevant SCL-90R subscales. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated the following: DASS-21 Depression and Stress each had unique relationships with NDS Discontent and Surrender; DASS-21 Anxiety had a unique relationship with NDS Discontent; SCL-90R Hostility and Paranoid Ideation and DASS-21 Stress each had unique relationships with NDS Irritability; and SCL-90R Paranoid Ideation and DASS-21 Stress, Depression and Anxiety each had unique relationships with NDS Interpersonal Resentment. These findings support the notion that dysphoria is a complex emotional state, with both non-specific and specific relationships with irritability, tension, depression, paranoid tendencies, anxiety, hostility and interpersonal sensitivity. Conceptual rigor when referring to dysphoria should be promoted in both clinical practice and further research.

Reconstruction Leaders’ Perceptions of the Commander’s Emergency Response Program in Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-30

provided immediate support to the Iraqi people. American Commanders in Iraq used CERP funds to build schools , roads, health clinics, sewers, and...and 2008 we considered them as having served during the surge. If their time in Iraq was before those years we considered them to be pre- surge. If...their time in Iraq was after those years we considered them as having served post-surge. More details about our survey methodology are in Appendix

Concurrent anti-vascular therapy and chemotherapy in solid tumors using drug-loaded acoustic nanodroplet vaporization.

PubMed

Ho, Yi-Ju; Yeh, Chih-Kuang

2017-02-01

Drug-loaded nanodroplets (NDs) can be converted into gas bubbles through ultrasound (US) stimulation, termed acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV), which provides a potential strategy to simultaneously induce vascular disruption and release drugs for combined physical anti-vascular therapy and chemotherapy. Doxorubicin-loaded NDs (DOX-NDs) with a mean size of 214nm containing 2.48mg DOX/mL were used in this study. High-speed images displayed bubble formation and cell debris, demonstrating the reduction in cell viability after ADV. Intravital imaging provided direct visualization of disrupted tumor vessels (vessel size <30μm), the extravasation distance was 12μm in the DOX-NDs group and increased over 100μm in the DOX-NDs+US group. Solid tumor perfusion on US imaging was significantly reduced to 23% after DOX-NDs vaporization, but gradually recovered to 41%, especially at the tumor periphery after 24h. Histological images of the DOX-NDs+US group revealed tissue necrosis, a large amount of drug extravasation, vascular disruption, and immune cell infiltration at the tumor center. Tumor sizes decreased 22%, 36%, and 68% for NDs+US, DOX-NDs, and DOX-NDs+US, respectively, to prolong the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Therefore, this study demonstrates that the combination of physical anti-vascular therapy and chemotherapy with DOX-NDs vaporization promotes uniform treatment to improve therapeutic efficacy. Tumor vasculature plays an important role for tumor cell proliferation by transporting oxygen and nutrients. Previous studies combined anti-vascular therapy and drug release to inhibit tumor growth by ultrasound-stimulated microbubble destruction or acoustic droplet vaporization. Although the efficacy of combined therapy has been demonstrated; the relative spatial distribution of vascular disruption, drug delivery, and accompanied immune responses within solid tumors was not discussed clearly. Herein, our study used drug-loaded nanodroplets to combined physical anti-vascular and chemical therapy. The in vitro cytotoxicity, intravital imaging, and histological assessment were used to evaluate the temporal and spatial cooperation between physical and chemical effect. These results revealed some evidences for complementary action to explain the high efficacy of tumor inhibition by combined therapy. Copyright © 2016 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Iraq: Recent Developments in Reconstruction Assistance

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-27

Developments in Reconstruction Assistance Summary Large-scale reconstruction assistance programs are being undertaken by the United States following the war...in grant aid and as much as $13.3 billion in possible loans. On June 28, 2004, the entity implementing assistance programs , the Coalition Provisional... programs are being undertaken by the United States in Iraq. This report describes recent developments in this assistance effort. The report will be updated

Iraq: Recent Developments in Reconstruction Assistance

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-12-20

Developments in Reconstruction Assistance Summary Large-scale reconstruction assistance programs are being undertaken by the United States following the war...in grant aid and as much as $13.3 billion in possible loans. On June 28, 2004, the entity implementing assistance programs , the Coalition... programs are being undertaken by the United States in Iraq. This report describes recent developments in this assistance effort. The report will be

Nanodiamonds facilitate killing of intracellular uropathogenic E. coli in an in vitro model of urinary tract infection pathogenesis.

PubMed

Iyer, Janaki Kannan; Dickey, Alexia; Rouhani, Parvaneh; Kaul, Anil; Govindaraju, Nirmal; Singh, Raj Narain; Kaul, Rashmi

2018-01-01

About 25-44% of women will experience at least one episode of recurrent UTI and the causative agent in over 70% of UTI cases is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). UPEC cause recurrent UTI by evading the bladder's innate immune system through internalization into the bladder epithelium where antibiotics cannot reach or be effective. Thus, it is important to develop novel therapeutics to eliminate these intracellular pathogens. Nanodiamonds (NDs) are biocompatible nanomaterials that serve as promising candidates for targeted therapeutic applications. The objective of the current study was to investigate if 6 or 25 nm NDs can kill extracellular and intracellular UPEC in infected bladder cells. We utilized the human bladder epithelial cell line, T24, and an invasive strain of UPEC that causes recurrent UTI. We found that acid-purified 6 nm NDs displayed greater antibacterial properties towards UPEC than 25 nm NDs (11.5% vs 94.2% CFU/mL at 100 μg/mL of 6 and 25 nm, respectively; P<0.001). Furthermore, 6 nm NDs were better than 25 nm NDs in reducing the number of UPEC internalized in T24 bladder cells (46.1% vs 81.1% CFU/mL at 100 μg/mL of 6 and 25 nm, respectively; P<0.01). Our studies demonstrate that 6 nm NDs interacted with T24 bladder cells in a dose-dependent manner and were internalized in 2 hours through an actin-dependent mechanism. Finally, internalization of NDs was required for reducing the number of intracellular UPEC in T24 bladder cells. These findings suggest that 6 nm NDs are promising candidates to treat recurrent UTIs.

Nanodiamonds facilitate killing of intracellular uropathogenic E. coli in an in vitro model of urinary tract infection pathogenesis

PubMed Central

Iyer, Janaki Kannan; Dickey, Alexia; Rouhani, Parvaneh; Kaul, Anil; Govindaraju, Nirmal; Singh, Raj Narain

2018-01-01

About 25–44% of women will experience at least one episode of recurrent UTI and the causative agent in over 70% of UTI cases is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). UPEC cause recurrent UTI by evading the bladder’s innate immune system through internalization into the bladder epithelium where antibiotics cannot reach or be effective. Thus, it is important to develop novel therapeutics to eliminate these intracellular pathogens. Nanodiamonds (NDs) are biocompatible nanomaterials that serve as promising candidates for targeted therapeutic applications. The objective of the current study was to investigate if 6 or 25 nm NDs can kill extracellular and intracellular UPEC in infected bladder cells. We utilized the human bladder epithelial cell line, T24, and an invasive strain of UPEC that causes recurrent UTI. We found that acid-purified 6 nm NDs displayed greater antibacterial properties towards UPEC than 25 nm NDs (11.5% vs 94.2% CFU/mL at 100 μg/mL of 6 and 25 nm, respectively; P<0.001). Furthermore, 6 nm NDs were better than 25 nm NDs in reducing the number of UPEC internalized in T24 bladder cells (46.1% vs 81.1% CFU/mL at 100 μg/mL of 6 and 25 nm, respectively; P<0.01). Our studies demonstrate that 6 nm NDs interacted with T24 bladder cells in a dose-dependent manner and were internalized in 2 hours through an actin-dependent mechanism. Finally, internalization of NDs was required for reducing the number of intracellular UPEC in T24 bladder cells. These findings suggest that 6 nm NDs are promising candidates to treat recurrent UTIs. PMID:29324795

Stimulated phase-shift acoustic nanodroplets enhance vancomycin efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms.

PubMed

Guo, Hao; Wang, Ziming; Du, Quanyin; Li, Pan; Wang, Zhigang; Wang, Aimin

2017-01-01

Bacterial biofilms on the surface of prostheses are becoming a rising concern in managing prosthetic joint infections. The inherent resistant features of biofilms render traditional antimicrobial therapy unproductive and revision surgery outcomes uncertain. This situation has prompted the exploration of novel antimicrobial strategies. The synergy of ultrasound microbubbles and vancomycin has been proposed as an efficient alternative for biofilm eradication. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-biofilm effect of stimulated phase-shift acoustic nanodroplets (NDs) combined with vancomycin. We fabricated lipid phase-shift NDs with a core of liquid perfluoropentane. A new phase change mode for NDs incorporating an initial unfocused low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for 5 minutes and a subsequent incubation at 37°C into a 24-hour duration was developed. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms were incubated with vancomycin and NDs under the hybrid stimulation. Biofilm morphology following treatment was determined using confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Resazurin assay was used to quantify bactericidal efficacy against MRSA biofilm bacteria. NDs treated sequentially with ultrasound and heating at 37°C achieved gradual and substantial ND vaporization and cavitation in a successive process. NDs after stimulation were capable of generating stronger destruction on biofilm structure which was best characterized by residual circular arc margins and more dead bacteria. Furthermore, NDs combined with vancomycin contributed to significantly decreasing the metabolic activity of bacteria in MRSA biofilms ( P <0.05). Phase-shift acoustic NDs could exert a significant bactericidal effect against MRSA biofilms through a new stimulation mode. Acoustic NDs present advantages over microbubbles for biofilm damage. This anti-biofilm strategy could be used either alone or as an enhancer of traditional antibiotics in the control of prosthetic joint infections.

Nanodiamonds activate blood platelets and induce thromboembolism.

PubMed

Kumari, Sharda; Singh, Manoj K; Singh, Sunil K; Grácio, José J A; Dash, Debabrata

2014-03-01

Nanodiamonds (NDs) have been evaluated for a wide range of biomedical applications. Thus, thorough investigation of the biocompatibility of NDs has become a research priority. Platelets are highly sensitive and are one of the most abundant cell types found in blood. They have a central role in hemostasis and arterial thrombosis. In this study, we aim to investigate the direct and acute effects of carboxylated NDs on platelet function. In this study, pro-coagulant parameters such as platelet aggregability, intracellular Ca(2+) flux, mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), generation of reactive oxygen species, surface exposure of phosphatidylserine, electron microscopy, cell viability assay and in vivo thromboembolism were analyzed in great detail. Carboxylated NDs evoked significant activation of human platelets. When administered intravenously in mice, NDs were found to induce widespread pulmonary thromboembolism, indicating the remarkable thrombogenic potential of this nanomaterial. Our findings raise concerns regarding the putative biomedical applications of NDs pertaining to diagnostics and therapeutics, and their toxicity and prothrombotic properties should be critically evaluated.

Nano spin-diodes using FePt-NDs with huge on/off current ratio at room temperature

PubMed Central

Makihara, Katsunori; Kato, Takeshi; Kabeya, Yuuki; Mitsuyuki, Yusuke; Ohta, Akio; Oshima, Daiki; Iwata, Satoshi; Darma, Yudi; Ikeda, Mitsuhisa; Miyazaki, Seiichi

2016-01-01

Spin transistors have attracted tremendous interest as new functional devices. However, few studies have investigated enhancements of the ON/OFF current ratio as a function of the electron spin behavior. Here, we found a significantly high spin-dependent current ratio—more than 102 at 1.5 V—when changing the relative direction of the magnetizations between FePt nanodots (NDs) and the CoPtCr-coated atomic force microscope (AFM) probe at room temperature. This means that ON and OFF states were achieved by switching the magnetization of the FePt NDs, which can be regarded as spin-diodes. The FePt magnetic NDs were fabricated by exposing a bi-layer metal stack to a remote H2 plasma (H2-RP) on ~1.7 nm SiO2/Si(100) substrates. The ultrathin bi-layers with a uniform surface coverage are changed drastically to NDs with an areal density as high as ~5 × 1011 cm−2. The FePt NDs exhibit a large perpendicular anisotropy with an out-of-plane coercivity of ~4.8 kOe, reflecting the magneto-crystalline anisotropy of (001) oriented L10 phase FePt. We also designed and fabricated double-stacked FePt-NDs with low and high coercivities sandwiched between an ultra-thin Si-oxide interlayer, and confirmed a high ON/OFF current ratio when switching the relative magnetization directions of the low and high coercivity FePt NDs. PMID:27615374

An ultraviolet photodetector fabricated from WO₃ nanodiscs/reduced graphene oxide composite material.

PubMed

Shao, Dali; Yu, Mingpeng; Lian, Jie; Sawyer, Shayla

2013-07-26

A high sensitivity, fast ultraviolet (UV) photodetector was fabricated from WO₃ nanodiscs (NDs)/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composite material. The WO₃ NDs/reduced GO composite material was synthesized using a facile three-step synthesis procedure. First, the Na₂WO₄/GO precursor was synthesized by homogeneous precipitation. Second, the Na₂WO₄/GO precursor was transformed into Na₂WO₄/GO composites by acidification. Finally, the Na₂WO₄/GO composites were reduced to WO₃ NDs/RGO via a hydrothermal reduction process. The UV photodetector showed a fast transient response and high responsivity, which are attributed to the improved carrier transport and collection efficiency through graphene. The excellent material properties of the WO₃ NDs/RGO composite demonstrated in this work may open up new possibilities for using WO₃ NDs/RGO for future optoelectronic applications.

Synthesis of Silver Nanodendrites on Silicon and Its Application for the Trace Detection of Pyridaben Pesticide Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ngan, Luong Truc Quynh; Minh, Kieu Ngoc; Cao, Dao Tran; Anh, Cao Tuan; Van Vu, Le

2017-06-01

We present the results of the synthesis of arrays of silver nanodendrites (AgNDs) on the surface of a silicon wafer (AgNDs@Si) and the application of them as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates to detect traces of pesticides, through the example of pyridaben detection. AgNDs were chosen because they contain many of the points that could be considered as "hot spots", and therefore SERS substrates made from them will have a high Raman enhancement factor. AgNDs were deposited onto the surface of silicon by electrochemical deposition, using an aqueous solution of HF and AgNO3. The results showed that, after fabrication, a large number of fern-like AgNDs formed on the surface of the silicon. These AgNDs are distributed evenly across the entire silicon surface with a relatively thick density. Pyridaben is a pesticide for the control of mites and some other insects such as white flies, aphids and thrips on fruits, vegetables, tea and ornamentals. Pyridaben is harmful to humans if it is used improperly. When used for the detection of pyridaben, SERS substrates made from fabricated AgNDs@Si were able to detect concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm.

Learning by Dispossession: Democracy Promotion and Civic Engagement in Iraq and the United States

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mojab, Shahrzad; Carpenter, Sara

2011-01-01

This paper brings together two ongoing research projects on current citizenship learning programs in Iraq and the United States, both of which draw from the theoretical ground of Marxist-feminist perspective. A particular strength of this paper is its comparison between two American citizenship education programs in the context of neoliberalism,…

Neurocognitive Impairments in Deficit and Non-Deficit Schizophrenia and Their Relationships with Symptom Dimensions and Other Clinical Variables

PubMed Central

Zhang, XiangRong; Zhang, XiaoBin; Sha, WeiWei; Yao, ShuQiao; Shu, Ni; Zhang, XiangYang; Zhang, ZhiJun

2015-01-01

Background Deficit schizophrenia (DS) has been proposed as a pathophysiologically distinct subgroup within schizophrenia. Earlier studies focusing on neurocognitive function of DS patients have yielded inconsistent findings ranging from substantial deficits to no significant difference relative to non-deficit schizophrenia patients (NDS). The present study investigated the severity and characteristic patterns of neurocognitive impairments in DS and NDS patients and their relationships with clinical variables. Methods Attention, ideation fluency, cognitive flexibility and visuospatial memory function were assessed in 40 DS patients, 57 NDS patients, and 52 healthy controls by a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Results Both schizophrenia subgroups had overall more severe cognitive impairments than controls while DS performed worse on every neuropsychological measure except the Stroop interference than the NDS patients with age and education as the covariates. Profile analysis found significantly different patterns of cognitive profiles between two patients group mainly due to their differences in attention and cognitive flexibility functions. Age, education, illness duration and negative symptoms were found to have the correlations with cognitive impairments in the NDS group, while only age and the negative symptoms were correlated with the cognitive impairments in the DS group. Multiple regression analyses revealed that sustained attention and cognitive flexibility were the core impaired cognitive domains mediating other cognitive functions in DS and NDS patients respectively. Conclusions DS patients exemplified worse in almost all cognitive domains than NDS patients. Sustained attention and cognitive flexibility might be the key impaired cognitive domains for DS and NDS patients respectively. The present study suggested the DS as a specific subgroup of schizophrenia. PMID:26381645

Neurocognitive Impairments in Deficit and Non-Deficit Schizophrenia and Their Relationships with Symptom Dimensions and Other Clinical Variables.

PubMed

Yu, Miao; Tang, XiaoWei; Wang, Xiang; Zhang, XiangRong; Zhang, XiaoBin; Sha, WeiWei; Yao, ShuQiao; Shu, Ni; Zhang, XiangYang; Zhang, ZhiJun

2015-01-01

Deficit schizophrenia (DS) has been proposed as a pathophysiologically distinct subgroup within schizophrenia. Earlier studies focusing on neurocognitive function of DS patients have yielded inconsistent findings ranging from substantial deficits to no significant difference relative to non-deficit schizophrenia patients (NDS). The present study investigated the severity and characteristic patterns of neurocognitive impairments in DS and NDS patients and their relationships with clinical variables. Attention, ideation fluency, cognitive flexibility and visuospatial memory function were assessed in 40 DS patients, 57 NDS patients, and 52 healthy controls by a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Both schizophrenia subgroups had overall more severe cognitive impairments than controls while DS performed worse on every neuropsychological measure except the Stroop interference than the NDS patients with age and education as the covariates. Profile analysis found significantly different patterns of cognitive profiles between two patients group mainly due to their differences in attention and cognitive flexibility functions. Age, education, illness duration and negative symptoms were found to have the correlations with cognitive impairments in the NDS group, while only age and the negative symptoms were correlated with the cognitive impairments in the DS group. Multiple regression analyses revealed that sustained attention and cognitive flexibility were the core impaired cognitive domains mediating other cognitive functions in DS and NDS patients respectively. DS patients exemplified worse in almost all cognitive domains than NDS patients. Sustained attention and cognitive flexibility might be the key impaired cognitive domains for DS and NDS patients respectively. The present study suggested the DS as a specific subgroup of schizophrenia.

Viruses and neurodegeneration

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are chronic degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), which affect 37 million people worldwide. As the lifespan increases, the NDs are the fourth leading cause of death in the developed countries and becoming increasingly prevalent in developing countries. Despite considerable research, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Although the large majority of studies do not show support for the involvement of pathogenic aetiology in classical NDs, a number of emerging studies show support for possible association of viruses with classical neurodegenerative diseases in humans. Space does not permit for extensive details to be discussed here on non-viral-induced neurodegenerative diseases in humans, as they are well described in literature. Viruses induce alterations and degenerations of neurons both directly and indirectly. Their ability to attack the host immune system, regions of nervous tissue implies that they can interfere with the same pathways involved in classical NDs in humans. Supporting this, many similarities between classical NDs and virus-mediated neurodegeneration (non-classical) have been shown at the anatomic, sub-cellular, genomic and proteomic levels suggesting that viruses can explain neurodegenerative disorders mechanistically. The main objective of this review is to provide readers a detailed snapshot of similarities viral and non-viral neurodegenerative diseases share, so that mechanistic pathways of neurodegeneration in human NDs can be clearly understood. Viruses can guide us to unveil these pathways in human NDs. This will further stimulate the birth of new concepts in the biological research, which is needed for gaining deeper insights into the treatment of human NDs and delineate mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. PMID:23724961

Modified Nanodiamonds for Detoxification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gibson, Natalie Marie

Nanodiamonds (NDs) are an emerging class of biomaterials that are reaching worldwide attention due to their biocompatible, nontoxic properties and abundant surface chemistries that lend them to a wide range of biomedical applications. Furthermore, surface functional groups of NDs can easily be tailored to exhibit desirable chemical, physical and biological properties. Such characteristics naturally allow for NDs' surface to be considered as ideal carriers for various molecules and biomolecules intended for the delivery or removal of molecules in vivo. NDs have already shown to have a high affinity for various biological molecules, including DNA and proteins. This dissertation, however, expands NDs' use to the adsorption of carcinogenic mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA). It has been estimated that myocotoxins are found in approximately 25 % of the world's crops each year. Ingestion of mycotoxins contaminated crops has been linked to hepatocellular carcinoma, disease and death. Therefore, we aim to develop ND enterosorbents, for the binding and removal of mycotoxins within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, thereby eliminating the effects of these toxins. While NDs are readily available, raw, unmodified NDs, like those typically received from vendors, possess inhomogeneous aggregate sizes and surface characteristics. Our research first explored several ND modification techniques to enhance ND's adsorption of AfB1 and OTA. Modification methods assessed in this research include size reduction techniques, plasma treatments, silane surface coatings and homogenous surface group termination, including carboxylation, hydrogenation and hydroxylation. The effectiveness of these NDs for mycotoxins removal was determined by calculations of maximum capacities and binding constants, as obtained through the Langmuir isotherm and related transform equations. Several of these treatments also showed heightening of the NDs' inherent zeta potentials (ZPs), which were essential for interacting with charged molecules, like OTA. Furthermore, the increased ZPs lead to improved colloidal stabilities over a wide range of pH, which is important for their interaction in the GI tract. While the dyes and OTA illustrated primarily electrostatic adsorption mechanisms, neutrally charged AfB1's adsorption was predominantly based upon the aggregate size of the ND substrate. In addition to mycotoxins, fluorescent dyes, including propidium iodide, pyranine and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), were initially utilized during methodological development. Fluorescent dye investigations helped assesses the adsorption mechanisms of NDs and demonstrated the significance of electrostatic interactions. Beyond electrostatic adsorption mechanisms, surface functional groups were also responsible for the amount of dye adsorbed, as was also true in OTA adsorption. Therefore, surface characterization was carried out for several ND samples by FTIR, TOF-SIMS and TDMS analysis. Final results of our studies show that our modified NDs perform better than yeast cells walls and other NDs but comparable to activated charcoal in the adsorption of AfB1, and outperform clay minerals in OTA studies. Moreover, it was demonstrated that adsorption can be maintained in a wide range of pH, thereby, increasing the possibility of NDs use in mycotoxins enterosorbent applications.

Quantifying the distribution of nanodiamonds in pre-Younger Dryas to recent age deposits along Bull Creek, Oklahoma Panhandle, USA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bement, Leland C.; Madden, Andrew S.; Carter, Brian J.; Simms, Alexander R.; Swindle, Andrew L.; Alexander, Hanna M.; Fine, Scott; Benamara, Mourad

2014-02-01

High levels of nanodiamonds (nds) have been used to support the transformative hypothesis that an extraterrestrial (ET) event (comet explosion) triggered Younger Dryas changes in temperature, flora and fauna assemblages, and human adaptations [Firestone RB, et al. (2007) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(41):16016-16021]. We evaluate this hypothesis by establishing the distribution of nds within the Bull Creek drainage of the Beaver River basin in the Oklahoma panhandle. The earlier report of an abundance spike of nds in the Bull Creek I Younger Dryas boundary soil is confirmed, although no pure cubic diamonds were identified. The lack of hexagonal nds suggests Bull Creek I is not near any impact site. Potential hexagonal nds at Bull Creek were found to be more consistent with graphene/graphane. An additional nd spike is found in deposits of late Holocene through the modern age, indicating nds are not unique to the Younger Dryas boundary. Nd distributions do not correlate with depositional environment, pedogenesis, climate perturbations, periods of surface stability, or cultural activity.

Synthesis, properties, crystal structures, and semiconductor characteristics of naphtho[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene and -diselenophene derivatives.

PubMed

Shinamura, Shoji; Miyazaki, Eigo; Takimiya, Kazuo

2010-02-19

In this paper we present the synthesis, structures, characterization, and applications to field-effect transistors (FETs) of naphtho[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene (NDT) and -diselenophene (NDS) derivatives. Treatment of 1,5-dichloro-2,6-diethynylnaphthalenes, easily derived from commercially available 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene, with sodium chalcogenide afforded a straightforward access to NDTs and NDSs including the parent and dioctyl and diphenyl derivatives. Physicochemical evaluations of NDT and NDS derivatives showed that these heteroarenes have a similar electronic structure with isomeric [1]benzothieno[2,3-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) and [1]benzoselenopheneno[2,3-b][1]benzoselenophene (BSBS) derivatives, respectively. Although attempts to fabricate solution-processed field-effect transistors (FETs) with soluble dioctyl-NDT (C(8)-NDT) and -NDS (C(8)-NDS) failed, diphenyl derivatives (DPh-NDT and DPh-NDS) afforded vapor-processed FETs showing field-effect mobility as high as 0.7 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). These results indicated that NDT and NDS are new potential heteroarene core structures for organic semiconducting materials.

Nanospherical-lens lithographical Ag nanodisk arrays embedded in p-GaN for localized surface plasmon-enhanced blue light emitting diodes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wei, Tongbo, E-mail: tbwei@semi.ac.cn; Wu, Kui; Sun, Bo

2014-06-15

Large-scale Ag nanodisks (NDs) arrays fabricated using nanospherical-lens lithography (NLL) are embedded in p-GaN layer of an InGaN/GaN light-emitting diode (LED) for generating localized surface plasmon (LSP) coupling with the radiating dipoles in the quantum-well (QWs). Based on the Ag NDs with the controlled surface coverage, LSP leads to the improved crystalline quality of regrowth p-GaN, increased photoluminescence (PL) intensity, reduced PL decay time, and enhanced output power of LED. Compared with the LED without Ag NDs, the optical output power at a current of 350 mA of the LSP-enhanced LEDs with Ag NDs having a distance of 20 andmore » 35 nm to QWs is increased by 26.7% and 31.1%, respectively. The electrical characteristics and optical properties of LEDs with embedded Ag NPs are dependent on the distance of between Ag NPs and QWs region. The LED with Ag NDs array structure is also found to exhibit reduced emission divergence, compared to that without Ag NDs.« less

Engineered diamond nanopillars as mobile probes for high sensitivity metrology in fluid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andrich, P.; de Las Casas, C. F.; Heremans, F. J.; Awschalom, D. D.; Aleman, B. J.; Ohno, K.; Lee, J. C.; Hu, E. L.

2015-03-01

The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center`s optical addressability and exceptional spin coherence properties at room temperature, along with diamond`s biocompatibility, has put this defect at the frontier of metrology applications in biological environments. To push the spatial resolution to the nanoscale, extensive research efforts focus on using NV centers embedded in nanodiamonds (NDs). However, this approach has been hindered by degraded spin coherence properties in NDs and the lack of a platform for spatial control of the nanoparticles in fluid. In this work, we combine the use of high quality diamond membranes with a top-down patterning technique to fabricate diamond nanoparticles with engineered and highly reproducible shape, size, and NV center density. We obtain NDs, easily releasable from the substrate into a water suspension, which contain single NV centers exhibiting consistently long spin coherence times (up to 700 μs). Additionally, we demonstrate highly stable, three-dimensional optical trapping of the nanoparticles within a microfluidic circuit. This level of control enables a bulk-like DC magnetic sensitivity and gives access to dynamical decoupling techniques on contactless, miniaturized diamond probes. This work was supported by DARPA, AFOSR, and the DIAMANT program.

A randomized clinical trial of counseling and nicotine replacement therapy for treatment of African American non-daily smokers: Design, accrual, and baseline characteristics.

PubMed

Nollen, Nicole L; Cox, Lisa Sanderson; Mayo, Matthew S; Ellerbeck, Edward F; Madhusudhana, Sheshadri; Ahluwalia, Jasjit S

2018-05-19

Non-daily smokers (NDS) who smoke on some but not all days are a growing subset of United States (US) tobacco users. Racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to be NDS. African American NDS have strikingly high levels of nicotine and carcinogen exposure, making treatment of this high risk group a priority. The current study is one of three ongoing federally-funded clinical trials of NDS and, to our knowledge the only RCT focused on racial/ethnic minority NDS. The design has been guided by input from Patient and Stakeholder Advisory Panels who helped develop the research questions, design the intervention, and select the outcomes. The objective is to compare the effectiveness of smoking cessation counseling alone (C) or smoking cessation counseling plus participant's choice of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT; C + NRT) for African American NDS. Two-hundred seventy-eight African American NDS will be randomized in a 2:1 fashion to C + NRT or C. All participants receive five sessions of smoking cessation counseling; those randomized to C + NRT receive their choice of nicotine gum, patch, and/or lozenge. Treatment in both groups lasts for 12 weeks. We hypothesize that C + NRT will be more effective than C on the primary outcome of biochemically-confirmed abstinence from smoking at week 12. Secondary aims will compare C + NRT and C on patient- and provider-desired outcomes including abstinence from smoking at week 26, change in biochemically-verified nicotine and carcinogen exposure, days abstinent, and treatment process measures (e.g., NRT use and side effects). Predictors of abstinence will also be explored. Findings will illuminate effective treatment options for African American NDS and contribute to development of evidence-based guidelines for treating the 8.9 million US adult NDS for whom no guidelines currently exist. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02244918. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Boron-doped nanodiamonds as possible agents for local hyperthermia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vervald, A. M.; Burikov, S. A.; Vlasov, I. I.; Ekimov, E. A.; Shenderova, O. A.; Dolenko, T. A.

2017-04-01

In this work, the effective heating of surrounding water by heavily-boron-doped nanodiamonds (NDs) under laser irradiation of visible wavelength was found. Using Raman scattering spectroscopy of aqueous suspensions of boron-doped NDs, it was found that this abnormally high heating results in the weakening of hydrogen bonds much more so (2-5 times stronger) than for undoped NDs. The property of boron-doped NDs to heat a solvent under the influence of laser radiation (1-5 W cm-2) opens broad prospects for their use to create nanoagents for medical oncology and local hyperthermia.

The Situation of Children in Iraq: An Assessment Based on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hijab, Nadia

In accordance with UNICEF mandates requiring a situation analysis prior to preparing a new country program, this report examines causes and linkages between problems affecting women and children in Iraq, identifies necessary actions to realize the rights of women and children, and contributes to the country program strategy for priority…

Enhanced cavitation and heating of flowing polymer- and lipid-shelled microbubbles and phase-shift nanodroplets during focused ultrasound exposures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Siyuan; Cui, Zhiwei; Li, Chong; Zhou, Fanyu; Zong, Yujin; Wang, Supin; Wan, Mingxi

2017-03-01

Cavitation and heating are the primary mechanisms of numerous therapeutic applications of ultrasound. Various encapsulated microbubbles (MBs) and phase-shift nanodroplets (NDs) have been used to enhance local cavitation and heating, creating interests in developing ultrasound therapy using these encapsulated MBs and NDs. This work compared the efficiency of flowing polymer- and lipid-shelled MBs and phase-shift NDs in cavitation and heating during focused ultrasound (FUS) exposures. Cavitation activity and temperature were investigated when the solution of polymer- and lipid-shelled MBs and NDs flowed through the vessel in a tissue-mimicking phantom with varying flow velocities when exposed to FUS at various acoustic power levels. The inertial cavitation dose (ICD) for the encapsulated MBs and NDs were higher than those for the saline. Temperature initially increased with increasing flow velocities of the encapsulated MBs, followed by a decrease of the temperature with increasing flow velocities when the velocity was much higher. Meanwhile, ICD showed a trend of increases with increasing flow velocity. For the phase-shift NDs, ICD after the first FUS exposure was lower than those after the second FUS exposure. For the encapsulated MBs, ICD after the first FUS exposure was higher than those after the second FUS exposure. Further studies are necessary to investigate the treatment efficiency of different encapsulated MBs and phase-shift NDs in cavitation and heating.

Preparation, characterization and optoelectronic properties of nanodiamonds doped zinc oxide nanomaterials by a ball milling technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ullah, Hameed; Sohail, Muhammad; Malik, Uzma; Ali, Naveed; Bangash, Masroor Ahmad; Nawaz, Mohsan

2016-07-01

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the very important metal oxides (MOs) for applications in optoelectronic devices which work in the blue and UV regions. However, to meet the challenges of obtaining ZnO nanomaterials suitable for practical applications, various modifications in physico-chemical properties are highly desirable. One of the ways adopted for altering the properties is to synthesize composite(s) of ZnO with various reinforcements. Here we report on the tuning of optoelectronic properties of ZnO upon doping by nanodiamonds (NDs) using the ball milling technique. A varying weight percent (wt.%) of NDs were ball milled for 2 h with ZnO nanoparticles prepared by a simple precipitation method. The effects of different parameters, the calcination temperature of ZnO, wt.% of NDs and mechanical milling upon the optoelectronic properties of the resulting ZnO-NDs nanocomposites have been investigated. The ZnO-NDs nanocomposites were characterized by IR spectroscopy, powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The UV-vis spectroscopy revealed the alteration in the bandgap energy (Eg ) of ZnO as a function of the calcination temperature of ZnO, changing the concentration of NDs, and mechanical milling of the resulting nanocomposites. The photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy showed a decrease in the deep level emission (DLE) peaks and an increase in near-band-edge transition peaks as a result of the increasing concentration of NDs. The decrease in DLE and increase in band to band transition peaks were due to the strong interaction between the NDs and the Zn+; consequently, the Zn+ concentration decreased on the interstitial sites.

Non-covalent nanodiamond-polymer dispersions and electrostatic immobilization of bovine serum albumin protein

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Skaltsas, T.; Pispas, S.; Tagmatarchis, N.

2015-11-01

Nanodiamonds (NDs) lack efficient dispersion, not only in solvents but also in aqueous media. The latter is of great importance, considering the inherent biocompatibility of NDs and the plethora of suitable strategies for immobilizing functional biomolecules. In this work, a series of polymers was non-covalently interacted with NDs, forming ND-polymer ensembles, and their dispersibility and stability was examined. Dynamic light scattering gave valuable information regarding the size of the ensembles in liquid phase, while their morphology was further examined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging. In addition, thermal analysis measurements were applied to collect information on the thermal behavior of NDs and their ensembles and to calculate the amount of polymer interacting with the NDs, as well as the dispersibility values of the ND-polymer ensembles. Finally, the bovine serum albumin protein was electrostatically bound to a ND-polymer ensemble in which the polymeric moiety was carrying quaternized pyridine units.

Surface properties of hydrogenated nanodiamonds: a chemical investigation.

PubMed

Girard, H A; Petit, T; Perruchas, S; Gacoin, T; Gesset, C; Arnault, J C; Bergonzo, P

2011-06-28

Hydrogen terminations (C-H) confer to diamond layers specific surface properties such as a negative electron affinity and a superficial conductive layer, opening the way to specific functionalization routes. For example, efficient covalent bonding of diazonium salts or of alkene moieties can be performed on hydrogenated diamond thin films, owing to electronic exchanges at the interface. Here, we report on the chemical reactivity of fully hydrogenated High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) nanodiamonds (H-NDs) towards such grafting, with respect to the reactivity of as-received NDs. Chemical characterizations such as FTIR, XPS analysis and Zeta potential measurements reveal a clear selectivity of such couplings on H-NDs, suggesting that C-H related surface properties remain dominant even on particles at the nanoscale. These results on hydrogenated NDs open up the route to a broad range of new functionalizations for innovative NDs applications development. This journal is © the Owner Societies 2011

Efficiency of Cathodoluminescence Emission by Nitrogen-Vacancy Color Centers in Nanodiamonds.

PubMed

Zhang, Huiliang; Glenn, David R; Schalek, Richard; Lichtman, Jeff W; Walsworth, Ronald L

2017-06-01

Correlated electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging using functionalized nanoparticles is a promising nanoscale probe of biological structure and function. Nanodiamonds (NDs) that contain CL-emitting color centers are particularly well suited for such applications. The intensity of CL emission from NDs is determined by a combination of factors, including particle size, density of color centers, efficiency of energy deposition by electrons passing through the particle, and conversion efficiency from deposited energy to CL emission. This paper reports experiments and numerical simulations that investigate the relative importance of each of these factors in determining CL emission intensity from NDs containing nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers. In particular, it is found that CL can be detected from NV-doped NDs with dimensions as small as ≈40 nm, although CL emission decreases significantly for smaller NDs. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Iroquois Warriors in Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER( S ) 12. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES...Baghdad to work on the J-Staff soon after Mob-2 and 3’ s arrival in Iraq. Both officers, at least nominally, remained in charge of their respective...00-00-2007 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Iroquois Warriors in Iraq 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR( S ) 5d

Isolation of nitrite-degrading strains from Douchi and their application to degrade high nitrite in Jiangshui.

PubMed

Guo, Xing; Liu, Bianfang; Gao, Lina; Zhou, Yuan; Shan, Yuanyuan; Lü, Xin

2018-06-01

Excessive nitrite in food is potentially harmful to human health because of its carcinogenic effects caused by nitroso-dervivatives. Douchi, which widely distributed throughout the country, is a traditional solid fermented soybean food with low nitrite content. In this study, bacterias which can degrade nitrite were isolated from Douchi and identified according to 16S rDNA sequence. Acinetobacter guillouiae, Acinetobacter bereziniae, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus tequilensis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus aryabhattai and Bacillus methylotrophicus were selected. It was shown that all strains have nitrite degradation capability, in which 99.41 % nitrite can be degraded by Bacillus subtilis NDS1. The enzyme activities of these strains were determined at 24 h and 48 h, which corresponded to their nitrite degradation rates. The strains were firstly tried to inoculate in Jiangshui, which is a kind of traditional fermented vegetable in northwest China and often has high nitrite content. It was found that Bacillus subtilis NDS1, Bacillus tequilensis NDS3, Acinetobacter bereziniae NDS4, Bacillus subtilis NDS6, Bacillus subtilis NDS12 can degrade nitrite in Jiangshui more quickly, among which Acinetobacter bereziniae NDS4 degraded almost all nitrite in 48 h while it took 180 h for control. These results indicated that the selected strains have potential to become nitrite degradition agent in food. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Carboxylated nanodiamonds are neither cytotoxic nor genotoxic on liver, kidney, intestine and lung human cell lines.

PubMed

Paget, V; Sergent, J A; Grall, R; Altmeyer-Morel, S; Girard, H A; Petit, T; Gesset, C; Mermoux, M; Bergonzo, P; Arnault, J C; Chevillard, S

2014-08-01

Although nanodiamonds (NDs) appear as one of the most promising nanocarbon materials available so far for biomedical applications, their risk for human health remains unknown. Our work was aimed at defining the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of two sets of commercial carboxylated NDs with diameters below 20 and 100 nm, on six human cell lines chosen as representative of potential target organs: HepG2 and Hep3B (liver), Caki-1 and Hek-293 (kidney), HT29 (intestine) and A549 (lung). Cytotoxicity of NDs was assessed by measuring cell impedance (xCELLigence® system) and cell survival/death by flow cytometry while genotoxicity was assessed by γ-H2Ax foci detection, which is considered the most sensitive technique for studying DNA double-strand breaks. To validate and check the sensitivity of the techniques, aminated polystyrene nanobeads were used as positive control in all assays. Cell incorporation of NDs was also studied by flow cytometry and luminescent N-V center photoluminescence (confirmed by Raman microscopy), to ensure that nanoparticles entered the cells. Overall, we show that NDs effectively entered the cells but NDs do not induce any significant cytotoxic or genotoxic effects on the six cell lines up to an exposure dose of 250 µg/mL. Taken together these results strongly support the huge potential of NDs for human nanomedicine but also their potential as negative control in nanotoxicology studies.

Exploration of the SHRP2 naturalistic driving study data to identify factors related to the selection of freeway ramp design speed.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2017-03-01

This research explored the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) database for the potential to identify freeway entrance and exit ramps and teen drivers behavior while traveling those ramps. This is in ...

Development of failure mechanisms for fasteners in the United States

Treesearch

Douglas R. Rammer; Philip Line

2006-01-01

In the 2001 National Design Specifications® for Wood Construction (NDS), Appendix E was added to explicitly address wood failure mechanisms that may occur in fasteners. One approach to estimate design capacities for net section, row tear out, and group tear failure mechanisms is presented in Appendix E of the 2001 NDS. Since the 2001 NDS, efforts are being untaken to...

NASA Docking System (NDS) Interface Definitions Document (IDD)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tabakman, Alexander; England, Warren

2013-01-01

The contents of this document define the integrated performance and interface design for NASA Docking System (NDS) Block 1 and the International Docking Adapter. The intent of this IDD is to provide the interface design for using, installing, and interfacing to the NDS Block 1 that will enable successful docking to the IDA. This document is under the control of the ISS Development Projects Office (OG).

Recognising safety critical events: can automatic video processing improve naturalistic data analyses?

PubMed

Dozza, Marco; González, Nieves Pañeda

2013-11-01

New trends in research on traffic accidents include Naturalistic Driving Studies (NDS). NDS are based on large scale data collection of driver, vehicle, and environment information in real world. NDS data sets have proven to be extremely valuable for the analysis of safety critical events such as crashes and near crashes. However, finding safety critical events in NDS data is often difficult and time consuming. Safety critical events are currently identified using kinematic triggers, for instance searching for deceleration below a certain threshold signifying harsh braking. Due to the low sensitivity and specificity of this filtering procedure, manual review of video data is currently necessary to decide whether the events identified by the triggers are actually safety critical. Such reviewing procedure is based on subjective decisions, is expensive and time consuming, and often tedious for the analysts. Furthermore, since NDS data is exponentially growing over time, this reviewing procedure may not be viable anymore in the very near future. This study tested the hypothesis that automatic processing of driver video information could increase the correct classification of safety critical events from kinematic triggers in naturalistic driving data. Review of about 400 video sequences recorded from the events, collected by 100 Volvo cars in the euroFOT project, suggested that drivers' individual reaction may be the key to recognize safety critical events. In fact, whether an event is safety critical or not often depends on the individual driver. A few algorithms, able to automatically classify driver reaction from video data, have been compared. The results presented in this paper show that the state of the art subjective review procedures to identify safety critical events from NDS can benefit from automated objective video processing. In addition, this paper discusses the major challenges in making such video analysis viable for future NDS and new potential applications for NDS video processing. As new NDS such as SHRP2 are now providing the equivalent of five years of one vehicle data each day, the development of new methods, such as the one proposed in this paper, seems necessary to guarantee that these data can actually be analysed. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction: Quarterly Report and Semiannual Report to the United States Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-30

Cell, and allocations include $110 million for oil pipeline exclusion zones—which aim to prevent illegal tapping and sabotage of pipelines—$51...This quarter SIGIR highlights two of these programs: the electronic funds transfer ( EFT ) system and U.S. advisory support provided to the Iraq Stock...Exchange. eleCTroniC funds Transfer SIGIR noted last quarter that Iraq finally acti- vated an electronic funds transfer ( EFT ) system. The United

Uniform Si nano-dot fabrication using reconstructed structure of Si(110)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yano, Masahiro; Uozumi, Yuki; Yasuda, Satoshi; Asaoka, Hidehito

2018-06-01

Si nano-dot (ND) formation on Si(110) is observed by means of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The initial Si-NDs are Si crystals that are continuous from the substrate and grow during the oxide layer desorption. The NDs fabricated on the flat surface of Si(110)-1 × 1 are surrounded by four types of facets with almost identical appearance probabilities. An increase in the size of the NDs increases the variety of its morphology. In contrast, most Si-NDs fabricated on straight-stepped surface of Si(110)-16 × 2 reconstructed structure are surrounded by only a single type of facet, namely the \\text{Si}(17,15,1)-2 × 1 plane. An appearance probability of the facet in which the base line is along the step of Si(110)-16 × 2 exceeds 75%. This finding provides a fabrication technique of uniformed structural Si-NDs by using the reconstructed structure of Si(110).

Antioxidant activity of hydrated carboxylated nanodiamonds and its influence on water γ-radiolysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Santacruz-Gomez, Karla; Sarabia-Sainz, A.; Acosta-Elias, M.; Sarabia-Sainz, M.; Janetanakit, Woraphong; Khosla, Nathan; Melendrez, R.; Pedroza Montero, Martin; Lal, Ratnesh

2018-03-01

Water radiolysis involves chemical decomposition of the water molecule into free radicals after exposure to ionizing radiation. These free radicals have deleterious effects on normal cell physiology. Carboxylated nanodiamonds (cNDs) appear to modulate the deleterious effects of γ-irradiation on the pathophysiology of red blood cells (RBCs). In the present work, the antioxidant activity of hydrated cNDs (h-cNDs) on limiting oxidative damage (the water radiolysis effect) by γ-irradiation was confirmed. Our results show that h-cNDs have remarkable free radical scavenging ability and preserve the enzymatic activity of catalase after γ-irradiation. The underlying mechanism through which nanodiamonds exhibit antioxidant activity appears to depend on their colloidal stability. This property of detonation synthesized nanodiamonds is improved after carboxylation, which in turn influences changes in the hydrogen bond strength in water. The observed stability of h-cNDs in water and their antioxidant activity correlates with their protective effect on RBCs against γ-irradiation.

Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU)-induced acoustic droplet vaporization in phase-transition perfluoropentane nanodroplets modified by folate for ultrasound molecular imaging.

PubMed

Liu, Jianxin; Shang, Tingting; Wang, Fengjuan; Cao, Yang; Hao, Lan; Ren, JianLi; Ran, Haitao; Wang, Zhigang; Li, Pan; Du, Zhiyu

2017-01-01

The commonly used ultrasound (US) molecular probes, such as targeted microbubbles and perfluorocarbon emulsions, present a number of inherent problems including the conflict between US visualization and particle penetration. This study describes the successful fabrication of phase changeable folate-targeted perfluoropentane nanodroplets (termed FA-NDs), a novel US molecular probe for tumor molecular imaging with US. Notably, these FA-NDs can be triggered by low-intensity focused US (LIFU) sonication, providing excellent US enhancement in B-mode and contrast-enhanced US mode in vitro. After intravenous administration into nude mice bearing SKOV3 ovarian carcinomas, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3' -tetramethylindotricarbocya-nine iodide-labeled FA-NDs were found to accumulate in the tumor region. FA-NDs injection followed by LIFU sonication exhibited remarkable US contrast enhancement in the tumor region. In conclusion, combining our elaborately developed FA-NDs with LIFU sonication provides a potential protocol for US molecular imaging in folate receptor-overexpressing tumors.

Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU)-induced acoustic droplet vaporization in phase-transition perfluoropentane nanodroplets modified by folate for ultrasound molecular imaging

PubMed Central

Liu, Jianxin; Shang, Tingting; Wang, Fengjuan; Cao, Yang; Hao, Lan; Ren, JianLi; Ran, Haitao; Wang, Zhigang; Li, Pan; Du, Zhiyu

2017-01-01

The commonly used ultrasound (US) molecular probes, such as targeted microbubbles and perfluorocarbon emulsions, present a number of inherent problems including the conflict between US visualization and particle penetration. This study describes the successful fabrication of phase changeable folate-targeted perfluoropentane nanodroplets (termed FA-NDs), a novel US molecular probe for tumor molecular imaging with US. Notably, these FA-NDs can be triggered by low-intensity focused US (LIFU) sonication, providing excellent US enhancement in B-mode and contrast-enhanced US mode in vitro. After intravenous administration into nude mice bearing SKOV3 ovarian carcinomas, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′ -tetramethylindotricarbocya-nine iodide-labeled FA-NDs were found to accumulate in the tumor region. FA-NDs injection followed by LIFU sonication exhibited remarkable US contrast enhancement in the tumor region. In conclusion, combining our elaborately developed FA-NDs with LIFU sonication provides a potential protocol for US molecular imaging in folate receptor-overexpressing tumors. PMID:28184161

Carboxylated nanodiamonds can be used as negative reference in in vitro nanogenotoxicity studies.

PubMed

Moche, H; Paget, V; Chevalier, D; Lorge, E; Claude, N; Girard, H A; Arnault, J C; Chevillard, S; Nesslany, F

2017-08-01

Nanodiamonds (NDs) are promising nanomaterials for biomedical applications. However, a few studies highlighted an in vitro genotoxic activity for detonation NDs, which was not evidenced in one of our previous work quantifying γ-H2Ax after 20 and 100 nm high-pressure high-temperature ND exposures of several cell lines. To confirm these results, in the present work, we investigated the genotoxicity of the same 20 and 100 nm NDs and added intermediate-sized NDs of 50 nm. Conventional in vitro genotoxicity tests were used, i.e., the in vitro micronucleus and comet assays that are recommended by the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety for the toxicological evaluation of nanomedicines. In vitro micronucleus and in vitro comet assays (standard and hOGG1-modified) were therefore performed in two human cell lines, the bronchial epithelial 16HBE14o- cells and the colon carcinoma T84 cells. Our results did not show any genotoxic activity, whatever the test, the cell line or the size of carboxylated NDs. Even though these in vitro results should be confirmed in vivo, they reinforce the potential interest of carboxylated NDs for biomedical applications or even as a negative reference nanoparticle in nanotoxicology. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Preventing ballistic missile proliferation: Lessons from Iraq. Master`s thesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Talay, B.J.

1996-12-01

This thesis examines the case of Iraq to assess the performance of the missile nonproliferation regime since 1970. By analyzing the methods used by Iraq to obtain missile systems and missile technology, this thesis assesses the ability of the international community to prevent ballistic missile proliferation. Understanding Iraq`s past capabilities as well as its post-war efforts to rebuild weapons programs and procurement networks, this thesis provides suggestions for improving the regime`s performance. This thesis finds that (1) prior to 1992, the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) failed in its attempts to prevent proliferation; (2) the existence of the MTCR, whilemore » necessary to slow proliferation, is not sufficient to prevent proliferation; and (3) additional enforcement is needed to counter weapons of mass destruction acquisition by resourceful and determined states.« less

Lysine-functionalized nanodiamonds: synthesis, physiochemical characterization, and nucleic acid binding studies

PubMed Central

Kaur, Randeep; Chitanda, Jackson M; Michel, Deborah; Maley, Jason; Borondics, Ferenc; Yang, Peng; Verrall, Ronald E; Badea, Ildiko

2012-01-01

Purpose: Detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) are carbon-based nanomaterials that, because of their size (4–5 nm), stable inert core, alterable surface chemistry, fluorescence, and biocompatibility, are emerging as bioimaging agents and promising tools for the delivery of biochemical molecules into cellular systems. However, diamond particles possess a strong propensity to aggregate in liquid formulation media, restricting their applicability in biomedical sciences. Here, the authors describe the covalent functionalization of NDs with lysine in an attempt to develop nanoparticles able to act as suitable nonviral vectors for transferring genetic materials across cellular membranes. Methods: NDs were oxidized and functionalized by binding lysine moieties attached to a three-carbon-length linker (1,3-diaminopropane) to their surfaces through amide bonds. Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential measurement, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopic imaging, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the lysine-functionalized NDs. Finally, the ability of the functionalized diamonds to bind plasmid DNA and small interfering RNA was investigated by gel electrophoresis assay and through size and zeta potential measurements. Results: NDs were successfully functionalized with the lysine linker, producing surface loading of 1.7 mmol g−1 of ND. These modified NDs formed highly stable aqueous dispersions with a zeta potential of 49 mV and particle size of approximately 20 nm. The functionalized NDs were found to be able to bind plasmid DNA and small interfering RNA by forming nanosized “diamoplexes”. Conclusion: The lysine-substituted ND particles generated in this study exhibit stable aqueous formulations and show potential for use as carriers for genetic materials. PMID:22904623

Does Evidence-Based PTS Treatment Reduce PTS Symptoms and Suicide in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Seeking VA Care

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-01

AWARD NUMBER: W81XWH-15-1-0038 TITLE: Does Evidence-Based PTS Treatment Reduce PTS Symptoms and Suicide in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans... Suicide in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Seeking VA Care? 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER W81XWH-15-1-0038 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6...cohort with two or more suicide screenings during the post-deployment period. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Key words or phrases identifying major concepts in

Security in Iraq: A Framework for Analyzing Emerging Threats as U.S. Forces Leave

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES...including enhance - ment of the ISF. Economic hardship in Iraq could increase the propen- sity for violence, especially if inequities are severe and...withdrawal of U.S. forces, if mutually agreed, should have three missions: xviii Security in Iraq • capability-building: aiding in the training

22 CFR 193.3 - Applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Applications. 193.3 Section 193.3 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE HOSTAGE RELIEF BENEFITS FOR HOSTAGES IN IRAQ, KUWAIT, OR LEBANON § 193.3.../Iraq/Lebanon Hostage Benefits Program, room 4817, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520-4818. (e...

About normal distribution on SO(3) group in texture analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Savyolova, T. I.; Filatov, S. V.

2017-12-01

This article studies and compares different normal distributions (NDs) on SO(3) group, which are used in texture analysis. Those NDs are: Fisher normal distribution (FND), Bunge normal distribution (BND), central normal distribution (CND) and wrapped normal distribution (WND). All of the previously mentioned NDs are central functions on SO(3) group. CND is a subcase for normal CLT-motivated distributions on SO(3) (CLT here is Parthasarathy’s central limit theorem). WND is motivated by CLT in R 3 and mapped to SO(3) group. A Monte Carlo method for modeling normally distributed values was studied for both CND and WND. All of the NDs mentioned above are used for modeling different components of crystallites orientation distribution function in texture analysis.

DNA-Based Self-Assembly of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds.

PubMed

Zhang, Tao; Neumann, Andre; Lindlau, Jessica; Wu, Yuzhou; Pramanik, Goutam; Naydenov, Boris; Jelezko, Fedor; Schüder, Florian; Huber, Sebastian; Huber, Marinus; Stehr, Florian; Högele, Alexander; Weil, Tanja; Liedl, Tim

2015-08-12

As a step toward deterministic and scalable assembly of ordered spin arrays we here demonstrate a bottom-up approach to position fluorescent nanodiamonds (NDs) with nanometer precision on DNA origami structures. We have realized a reliable and broadly applicable surface modification strategy that results in DNA-functionalized and perfectly dispersed NDs that were then self-assembled in predefined geometries. With optical studies we show that the fluorescence properties of the nitrogen-vacancy color centers in NDs are preserved during surface modification and DNA assembly. As this method allows the nanoscale arrangement of fluorescent NDs together with other optically active components in complex geometries, applications based on self-assembled spin lattices or plasmon-enhanced spin sensors as well as improved fluorescent labeling for bioimaging could be envisioned.

Temperature-dependent radiative and non-radiative dynamics of photo-excited carriers in extremely high-density and small InGaN nanodisks fabricated by neutral-beam etching using bio-nano-templates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Yafeng; Kiba, Takayuki; Takayama, Junichi; Higo, Akio; Tanikawa, Tomoyuki; Chen, Shula; Samukawa, Seiji; Murayama, Akihiro

2018-05-01

Temperature-dependent radiative and non-radiative dynamics of photoexcited carriers were studied in In0.3Ga0.7N nanodisks (NDs) fabricated from quantum wells (QWs) by neutral-beam etching using bio-nano-templates. The NDs had a diameter of 5 nm, a thickness of 2 and 3 nm, and a sheet density of 2 × 1011 cm-2. The radiative decay time, reflecting the displacement between the electron and hole wavefunctions, is about 0.2 ns; this value is almost constant as a function of temperature in the NDs and not dependent on their thickness. We observed non-exponential decay curves of photoluminescence (PL) in the NDs, particularly at temperatures above 150 K. The thermal activation energies of PL quenching in the NDs are revealed to be about 110 meV, corresponding to the barrier heights of the valence bands in the disks. Therefore, hole escape is deemed responsible for the PL quenching, while thermal activation energies of 12 meV due to the trapping of carriers by defects were dominant in the mother QWs. The above-mentioned non-exponential PL decay curves can be attributed to variations in the rate of hole escape in the NDs because of fluctuations in the valence-band barrier height, which, in turn, is possibly due to compositional fluctuations in the QWs. We found that non-radiative trapping, characteristic of the original QW, also exists in about 1% of the NDs in a form that is not masked by other newly formable defects. Therefore, we suggest that additional defect formation is not significant during our ND fabrication process.

Oxidative stress and histological changes following exposure to diamond nanoparticles in the freshwater Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774).

PubMed

Cid, Antonio; Picado, Ana; Correia, José Brito; Chaves, Rúben; Silva, Héber; Caldeira, Jorge; de Matos, António P Alves; Diniz, Mário S

2015-03-02

Recently, the scientific community became aware of the potential ability of nanoparticles to cause toxicity in living organisms. Therefore, many of the implications for aquatic ecosystems and its effects on living organisms are still to be evaluated and fully understood. In this study, the toxicity of nanodiamonds (NDs) was assessed in the freshwater bivalve (Corbicula fluminea) following exposure to different nominal concentrations of NDs (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg l(-1)) throughout 14 days. The NDs were characterized (gravimetry, pH, zeta potential, electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy) confirming manufacturer information and showing NDs with a size of 4-6 nm. Oxidative stress enzymes activities (glutathione-S-transferase, catalase) and lipid peroxidation were determined. The results show a trend to increase in GST activities after seven days of exposure in bivalves exposed to NDs concentrations (>0.1 mg l(-1)), while for catalase a significant increase was found in bivalves exposed from 0.01 to 1.0 mg l(-1) following an exposure of 14 days. The histological analysis revealed alterations in digestive gland cells, such as vacuolization and thickening. The lipid peroxidation showed a trend to increase for the different tested NDs concentrations which is compatible with the observed cellular damage. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nuclear proliferation: Learning from the Iraq experience. Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, First Session, October 17 and 23, 1991

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1991-01-01

Most of this hearings record is devoted to brief statements to the committee and prepared statements submitted for the record by: (1) Dr. David Kay, Deputy Leader, IAEA Action Team for Nuclear Inspections; and (2) Dr. Hans Blix, Director General, IAEA. Dr. Kay spent considerable time in Iraq during the seven IAEA inspections of Iraqi facilities between May 14-23, 1991 and October 11-21, 1991. He says (1) it is overwhelmingly clear that Iraq had a clandestine nuclear weapons program of considerable breadth; and (2) there is a very high probability that Iraq is still withholding information from the inspection effortmore » of the IAEA. He concludes that IAEA, with firm backing of the U.N. Security Council and a minimum of constraints, has a substantial proven capacity to carry out inspections. Dr. Blix reviews briefly the history of the IAEA inspection effort, starting with the 1950s' Atoms for Peace Program. He emphasizes that the one factor that enabled IAEA inspectors to find out in 5 months in Iraq what had not been uncovered in 10 years, was intelligence information; further, IAEA will make special efforts in the future to obtain such intelligence information.« less

Evaluation of resistive switching properties of Si-rich oxide embedded with Ti nanodots by applying constant voltage and current

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ohta, Akio; Kato, Yusuke; Ikeda, Mitsuhisa; Makihara, Katsunori; Miyazaki, Seiichi

2018-06-01

We have studied the resistive switching behaviors of electron beam (EB) evaporated Si-rich oxide (SiO x ) sandwiched between Ni electrodes by applying a constant voltage and current. Additionally, the impact of Ti nanodots (NDs) embedded into SiO x on resistive switching behaviors was investigated because it is expected that NDs can trigger the formation of a conductive filament path in SiO x . The resistive switching behaviors of SiO x show that the response time during resistance switching was decreased by increasing the applied constant current or constant voltage. It was found that Ti-NDs in SiO x enhance the conductive filament path formation owing to electric field concentration by Ti-NDs.

Ultrasound-enhanced delivery of doxorubicin/all-trans retinoic acid-loaded nanodiamonds into tumors.

PubMed

Li, Huanan; Zeng, Deping; Wang, Zhenyu; Fang, Liaoqiong; Li, Faqi; Wang, Zhibiao

2018-03-14

To build up a combined therapy strategy to address limitations of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and improve the efficiency of tumor therapy. A pH-sensitive nanocomplex for co-delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) was developed based on nanodiamonds (DOX/ATRA-NDs) to enhance intracellular retention of drugs. Meanwhile, ultrasound was employed to enhance tumor vascular penetration of DOX-ATRA-NDs. The distribution of DOX/ATRA-NDs in the tumor tissues increased threefold when ultrasound was applied at 1 MHz and 0.6 W/cm 2 . Comparing with unmodified chemotherapeutics, the combined therapy induced more tumor cells apoptosis and greater tumor growth inhibition in both liver and breast tumor models. DOX-ATRA-NDs demonstrate great potential in clinical applications.

Iraq Security Forces Fund: Weak Contract Oversight Allowed Potential Overcharges by AECOM to go Undetected

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-10-30

review of the invoices submitted in support of the GMASS contract. S PE CI AL I NS PECTO R GE NE R AL FO R I RA Q RE CO NST R UC TIO N...Command-Iraq (MNSTC- I ), using the Iraq Security Forces Fund, issued task orders for a program to assist the Iraqi Army in developing a self...its first tier subcontractor. According to contracting and MNSTC- I officials, Anham had the capability to obtain foreign military vehicle parts

Association of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Somatic Symptoms, Health Care Visits, and Absenteeism among Iraq War Veterans

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

Health Care Visits, and Absenteeism Among Iraq War Veterans Charles W. Hoge, M.D. Artin Terhakopian, M.D. Carl A. Castro, Ph.D. Stephen C. Messer, Ph.D...Disorder With Somatic Symptoms, Health Care Visits, and Absenteeism Among Iraq War Veterans 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT...NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Walter Reed Army

Aqueous phase preparation of ultrasmall MoSe2 nanodots for efficient photothermal therapy of cancer cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yuwen, Lihui; Zhou, Jiajia; Zhang, Yuqian; Zhang, Qi; Shan, Jingyang; Luo, Zhimin; Weng, Lixing; Teng, Zhaogang; Wang, Lianhui

2016-01-01

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising cancer treatment with both high effectiveness and fewer side effects. However, an ideal PTT agent not only needs strong absorption of near-infrared (NIR) light and high photothermal conversion efficiency, but also needs good biocompatibility, stability, and small size, which makes the design and preparation of a novel PTT agent a great challenge. In this work, we developed an ultrasonication-assisted liquid exfoliation method for the direct preparation of ultrasmall (2-3 nm) MoSe2 nanodots (NDs) in aqueous solution and demonstrated their superior properties as a PTT agent. The as-prepared MoSe2 NDs have strong absorption of NIR light and high photothermal conversion efficiency of about 46.5%. In vitro cellular experiments demonstrate that MoSe2 NDs have negligible cytotoxicity and can efficiently kill HeLa cells (human cervical cell line) under NIR laser (785 nm) irradiation.Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising cancer treatment with both high effectiveness and fewer side effects. However, an ideal PTT agent not only needs strong absorption of near-infrared (NIR) light and high photothermal conversion efficiency, but also needs good biocompatibility, stability, and small size, which makes the design and preparation of a novel PTT agent a great challenge. In this work, we developed an ultrasonication-assisted liquid exfoliation method for the direct preparation of ultrasmall (2-3 nm) MoSe2 nanodots (NDs) in aqueous solution and demonstrated their superior properties as a PTT agent. The as-prepared MoSe2 NDs have strong absorption of NIR light and high photothermal conversion efficiency of about 46.5%. In vitro cellular experiments demonstrate that MoSe2 NDs have negligible cytotoxicity and can efficiently kill HeLa cells (human cervical cell line) under NIR laser (785 nm) irradiation. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Characterization, size distribution and EDS spectrum of MoSe2 NDs, calculation of the extinction coefficient and photothermal conversion efficiency of MoSe2 NDs. See DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08166a

In vivo pharmacokinetic comparisons of ferulic acid and puerarin after oral administration of monomer, medicinal substance aqueous extract and Nao-De-Sheng to rats

PubMed Central

Ouyang, Zhen; Zhao, Ming; Tang, Jianming; Pan, Lulin

2012-01-01

Background: Nao-De-Sheng decoction (NDS), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription containing Radix puerariae lobatae, Floscarthami, Radix et Rhizoma Notoginseng, Rhizoma chuanxiong and Fructus crataegi, is effective in the treatment of cerebral arteriosclerosis, ischemic cerebral stroke and apoplexy linger effect. Ferulic acid and puerarin are the main absorbed effective ingredients of NDS. Objective: To assess the affection of other components in medical material and compound recipe compatibility on the pharmacokinetics of ferulaic acid and puerarin, of ferulic acid from the monomer Rhizoma chuanxiong aqueous extract and NDS were studied. And pharmacokinetics comparisons of puerarin from the monomer Radix puerariae extract and NDS decoction were investigated simultaneously. Materials and Methods: At respective different time points after oral administration of the monomer, medicinal substance aqueous extract and NDS at the same dose in rats, plasma concentrations of ferulic acid and puerarin in rats were determined by RP-HPLC, and the main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated with 3P97 software. Results: The plasma concentration-time curves of ferulaic acid and puerarin were both best fitted with a two-compartment model. AUC0−t, AUC0→∞, Tmax, and Cmax of ferulic acid in the monomer and NDS decoction were increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared with that in Rhizoma chuanxiong aqueous extract. And statistically significant increase (P < 0.05) in pharmacokinetic parameters of puerarin including AUC0−t, AUC0→∞, CL, Tmax and Cmax were obtained after oral administration of puerarin monomer compared with Radix puerariae extract. Although the changes of AUC0−t, AUC0→∞ and CL had no statistically significant, Cmax of puerarin in NDS was increased remarkably (P < 0.05) compared with that in single puerarin. Conclusions: Some ingredients of Rhizoma chuanxiong and Radix puerariae may be suggested to remarkably influence plasma concentrations of ferulaic acid and puerarin. Some ingredients in NDS may increase dissolution and absorption of ferulaic acid and puerarin, delay elimination, and subsequently enhance bioavailability of ferulaic acid and puerarin in rats after compatibility. PMID:24082627

Treatment-seeking veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan: comparison with veterans of previous wars.

PubMed

Fontana, Alan; Rosenheck, Robert

2008-07-01

Differences in the characteristics and mental health needs of veterans of the Iraq/Afghanistan war when compared with those of veterans who served in the Persian Gulf war and in the Vietnam war may have important implications for Veterans Affairs (VA) program and treatment planning. Subjects were drawn from administrative data bases of veterans who sought treatment from specialized VA programs for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Current Iraq/Afghanistan veterans were compared with 4 samples of outpatient and inpatient Persian Gulf and Vietnam veterans whose admission to treatment was either contemporaneous or noncontemporaneous with their admission. A series of analyses of covariance was used hierachically to control for program site and age. In analyses of contemporaneous veterans uncontrolled for age, Iraq/Afghanistan veterans differed most notably from Vietnam veterans by being younger, more likely to be female, less likely to be either married or separated/divorced, more often working, less likely to have ever been incarcerated, and less likely to report exposure to atrocities in the military. Regarding clinical status, Iraq/Afghanistan veterans were less often diagnosed with substance abuse disorders, manifested more violent behavior, and had lower rates of VA disability compensation because of PTSD. Differences are more muted in comparisons with Persian Gulf veterans, particularly in those involving noncontemporaneous samples, or those that controlled for age differences. Among recent war veterans with PTSD, social functioning has largely been left intact. There is a window of opportunity, therefore, for developing and focusing on treatment interventions that emphasize the preservation of these social assets.

Standardization of the Food Composition Database Used in the Latin American Nutrition and Health Study (ELANS).

PubMed

Kovalskys, Irina; Fisberg, Mauro; Gómez, Georgina; Rigotti, Attilio; Cortés, Lilia Yadira; Yépez, Martha Cecilia; Pareja, Rossina G; Herrera-Cuenca, Marianella; Zimberg, Ioná Z; Tucker, Katherine L; Koletzko, Berthold; Pratt, Michael

2015-09-16

Between-country comparisons of estimated dietary intake are particularly prone to error when different food composition tables are used. The objective of this study was to describe our procedures and rationale for the selection and adaptation of available food composition to a single database to enable cross-country nutritional intake comparisons. Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS) is a multicenter cross-sectional study of representative samples from eight Latin American countries. A standard study protocol was designed to investigate dietary intake of 9000 participants enrolled. Two 24-h recalls using the Multiple Pass Method were applied among the individuals of all countries. Data from 24-h dietary recalls were entered into the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R) program after a harmonization process between countries to include local foods and appropriately adapt the NDS-R database. A food matching standardized procedure involving nutritional equivalency of local food reported by the study participants with foods available in the NDS-R database was strictly conducted by each country. Standardization of food and nutrient assessments has the potential to minimize systematic and random errors in nutrient intake estimations in the ELANS project. This study is expected to result in a unique dataset for Latin America, enabling cross-country comparisons of energy, macro- and micro-nutrient intake within this region.

Standardization of the Food Composition Database Used in the Latin American Nutrition and Health Study (ELANS)

PubMed Central

Kovalskys, Irina; Fisberg, Mauro; Gómez, Georgina; Rigotti, Attilio; Cortés, Lilia Yadira; Yépez, Martha Cecilia; Pareja, Rossina G.; Herrera-Cuenca, Marianella; Zimberg, Ioná Z.; Tucker, Katherine L.; Koletzko, Berthold; Pratt, Michael

2015-01-01

Between-country comparisons of estimated dietary intake are particularly prone to error when different food composition tables are used. The objective of this study was to describe our procedures and rationale for the selection and adaptation of available food composition to a single database to enable cross-country nutritional intake comparisons. Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS) is a multicenter cross-sectional study of representative samples from eight Latin American countries. A standard study protocol was designed to investigate dietary intake of 9000 participants enrolled. Two 24-h recalls using the Multiple Pass Method were applied among the individuals of all countries. Data from 24-h dietary recalls were entered into the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R) program after a harmonization process between countries to include local foods and appropriately adapt the NDS-R database. A food matching standardized procedure involving nutritional equivalency of local food reported by the study participants with foods available in the NDS-R database was strictly conducted by each country. Standardization of food and nutrient assessments has the potential to minimize systematic and random errors in nutrient intake estimations in the ELANS project. This study is expected to result in a unique dataset for Latin America, enabling cross-country comparisons of energy, macro- and micro-nutrient intake within this region. PMID:26389952

Moderate plasma treatment enhances the quality of optically detected magnetic resonance signals of nitrogen-vacancy centres in nanodiamonds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sotoma, Shingo; Igarashi, Ryuji; Shirakawa, Masahiro

2016-05-01

We demonstrate that a moderate plasma treatment increases the quality of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) signals from negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centres in nanodiamonds (NDs). We measured the statistics of the ODMR spectra of 50-nm-size NDs before and after plasma treatment. We then evaluated each ODMR spectrum in terms of fluorescence and ODMR intensities, line width and signal-to-noise (SN) ratio. Our results showed that plasma treatment for more than 10 min contributes to higher-quality ODMR signals, i.e. signals that are brighter, stronger, sharper and have a higher SN ratio. We showed that such signal improvement is due to alteration of the surface chemical states of the NDs by the plasma treatment. Our study contributes to the advancement of biosensing applications using ODMR of NDs.

Combinatorial approaches to evaluate nanodiamond uptake and induced cellular fate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eldawud, Reem; Reitzig, Manuela; Opitz, Jörg; Rojansakul, Yon; Jiang, Wenjuan; Nangia, Shikha; Zoica Dinu, Cerasela

2016-02-01

Nanodiamonds (NDs) are an emerging class of engineered nanomaterials that hold great promise for the next generation of bionanotechnological products to be used for drug and gene delivery, or for bio-imaging and biosensing. Previous studies have shown that upon their cellular uptake, NDs exhibit high biocompatibility in various in vitro and in vivo set-ups. Herein we hypothesized that the increased NDs biocompatibility is a result of minimum membrane perturbations and their reduced ability to induce disruption or damage during cellular translocation. Using multi-scale combinatorial approaches that simulate ND-membrane interactions, we correlated NDs real-time cellular uptake and kinetics with the ND-induced membrane fluctuations to derive energy requirements for the uptake to occur. Our discrete and real-time analyses showed that the majority of NDs internalization occurs within 2 h of cellular exposure, however, with no effects on cellular viability, proliferation or cellular behavior. Furthermore, our simulation analyses using coarse-grained models identified key changes in the energy profile, membrane deformation and recovery time, all functions of the average ND or ND-based agglomerate size. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for ND-cell membrane interactions could possibly advance their implementation in various biomedical applications.

Combinatorial approaches to evaluate nanodiamond uptake and induced cellular fate

PubMed Central

Eldawud, Reem; Reitzig, Manuela; Opitz, Jörg; Rojansakul, Yon; Jiang, Wenjuan; Nangia, Shikha; Dinu, Cerasela Zoica

2016-01-01

Nanodiamonds (NDs) are an emerging class of engineered nanomaterials that hold great promise for the next generation of bionanotechnological products to be used for drug and gene delivery, or for bio-imaging and biosensing. Previous studies have shown that upon their cellular uptake, NDs exhibit high biocompatibility in various in vitro and in vivo set-ups. Herein we hypothesized that the increased NDs biocompatibility is a result of minimum membrane perturbations and their reduced ability to induce disruption or damage during cellular translocation. Using multi-scale combinatorial approaches that simulate ND-membrane interactions, we correlated NDs real-time cellular uptake and kinetics with the ND-induced membrane fluctuations to derive energy requirements for the uptake to occur. Our discrete and real-time analyses showed that the majority of NDs internalization occurs within 2 h of cellular exposure, however, with no effects on cellular viability, proliferation or cellular behavior. Furthermore, our simulation analyses using coarse-grained models identified key changes in the energy profile, membrane deformation and recovery time, all functions of the average ND or ND-based agglomerate size. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for ND-cell membrane interactions could possibly advance their implementation in various biomedical applications. PMID:26820775

Field emission luminescence of nanodiamonds deposited on the aligned carbon nanotube array

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fedoseeva, Yu. V.; Bulusheva, L. G.; Okotrub, A. V.; Kanygin, M. A.; Gorodetskiy, D. V.; Asanov, I. P.; Vyalikh, D. V.; Puzyr, A. P.; Bondar, V. S.

2015-03-01

Detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) were deposited on the surface of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by immersing a CNT array in an aqueous suspension of NDs in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The structure and electronic state of the obtained CNT-ND hybrid material were studied using optical and electron microscopy and Infrared, Raman, X-ray photoelectron and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. A non-covalent interaction between NDs and CNT and preservation of vertical orientation of CNTs in the hybrid were revealed. We showed that current-voltage characteristics of the CNT-ND cathode are changed depending on the applied field; below ~3 V/µm they are similar to those of the initial CNT array and at the higher field they are close to the ND behavior. Involvement of the NDs in field emission process resulted in blue luminescence of the hybrid surface at an electric field higher than 3.5 V/µm. Photoluminescence measurements showed that the NDs emit blue-green light, while blue luminescence prevails in the CNT-ND hybrid. The quenching of green luminescence was attributed to a partial removal of oxygen-containing groups from the ND surface as the result of the hybrid synthesis.

NDS modernization project - requirements analysis report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-04-09

The National Distress System (NDS) Modernization Project envisions replacing/modernizing the present VHF-FM based system with an integrated state-of-the-art commercial/government-off- : the-shelf (COTS/GOTS) or non-developmental item (NDI) solution. ...

Limiting Index Sort: A New Non-Dominated Sorting Algorithm and its Comparison to the State-of-the-Art

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-01

Skyline Algorithms 2.2.1 Block-Nested Loops A simple way to find the skyline is to use the block-nested loops ( BNL ) algorithm [3], which is the algorithm...by an NDS member are discarded. After every individual has been compared with the NDS, the NDS is the dataset’s skyline. In the best case for BNL ...SFS) algorithm [4] is a variation on BNL that first introduces the idea of initially ordering the individuals by a monotonically increasing scoring

Fragment-based drug discovery as alternative strategy to the drug development for neglected diseases.

PubMed

Mello, Juliana da Fonseca Rezende E; Gomes, Renan Augusto; Vital-Fujii, Drielli Gomes; Ferreira, Glaucio Monteiro; Trossini, Gustavo Henrique Goulart

2017-12-01

Neglected diseases (NDs) affect large populations and almost whole continents, representing 12% of the global health burden. In contrast, the treatment available today is limited and sometimes ineffective. Under this scenery, the Fragment-Based Drug Discovery emerged as one of the most promising alternatives to the traditional methods of drug development. This method allows achieving new lead compounds with smaller size of fragment libraries. Even with the wide Fragment-Based Drug Discovery success resulting in new effective therapeutic agents against different diseases, until this moment few studies have been applied this approach for NDs area. In this article, we discuss the basic Fragment-Based Drug Discovery process, brief successful ideas of general applications and show a landscape of its use in NDs, encouraging the implementation of this strategy as an interesting way to optimize the development of new drugs to NDs. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

The hemocompatibility of oxidized diamond nanocrystals for biomedical applications.

PubMed

Li, Hung-Cheng; Hsieh, Feng-Jen; Chen, Ching-Pin; Chang, Ming-Yao; Hsieh, Patrick C H; Chen, Chia-Chun; Hung, Shain-Un; Wu, Che-Chih; Chang, Huan-Cheng

2013-10-25

Low-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials have recently received enormous attention for biomedical applications. However, increasing evidence indicates that they are cytotoxic and can cause inflammatory responses in the body. Here, we show that monocrystalline nanodiamonds (NDs) synthesized by high-pressure-high-temperature (HPHT) methods and purified by air oxidation and strong oxidative acid treatments have excellent hemocompatibility with negligible hemolytic and thrombogenic activities. Cell viability assays with human primary endothelial cells suggested that the oxidized HPHT-NDs (dimensions of 35-500 nm) are non-cytotoxic. No significant elevation of the inflammatory cytokine levels of IL-1β and IL-6 was detected in mice after intravenous injection of the nanocrystals in vivo. Using a hindlimb-ischemia mouse model, we demonstrated that 35-nm NDs after covalent conjugation with polyarginine are useful as a drug delivery vehicle of heparin for prolonged anticoagulation treatment. The present study lays a solid foundation for further therapeutic applications of NDs in biomedicine.

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy of single nanodiamonds

PubMed Central

Pope, Iestyn; Payne, Lukas; Zoriniants, George; Thomas, Evan; Williams, Oliver; Watson, Peter; Langbein, Wolfgang; Borri, Paola

2016-01-01

Nanoparticles have attracted enormous attention for biomedical applications as optical labels, drug delivery vehicles, and contrast agents in vivo. In the quest for superior photostability and bio-compatibility, nanodiamonds (NDs) are considered one of the best choices due to their unique structural, chemical, mechanical, and optical properties. So far, mainly fluorescent NDs have been utilized for cell imaging. However, their use is limited by the efficiency and costs in reliably producing fluorescent defect centers with stable optical properties. Here, we show that single non-fluorescing NDs exhibit strong coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) at the sp3 vibrational resonance of diamond. Using correlative light and electron microscopy, the relationship between CARS signal strength and ND size is quantified. The calibrated CARS signal in turn enables the analysis of the number and size of NDs internalized in living cells in situ, which opens the exciting prospect of following complex cellular trafficking pathways quantitatively. PMID:25305746

Independent control of electrical and heat conduction by nanostructure designing for Si-based thermoelectric materials

PubMed Central

Yamasaka, Shuto; Watanabe, Kentaro; Sakane, Shunya; Takeuchi, Shotaro; Sakai, Akira; Sawano, Kentarou; Nakamura, Yoshiaki

2016-01-01

The high electrical and drastically-low thermal conductivities, a vital goal for high performance thermoelectric (TE) materials, are achieved in Si-based nanoarchitecture composed of Si channel layers and epitaxial Ge nanodots (NDs) with ultrahigh areal density (~1012 cm−2). In this nanoarchitecture, the ultrasmall NDs and Si channel layers play roles of phonon scattering sources and electrical conduction channels, respectively. Electron conductivity in n-type nanoacrhitecture shows high values comparable to those of epitaxial Si films despite the existence of epitaxial NDs. This is because Ge NDs mainly scattered not electrons but phonons selectively, which could be attributed to the small conduction band offset at the epitaxially-grown Si/Ge interface and high transmission probability through stacking faults. These results demonstrate an independent control of thermal and electrical conduction for phonon-glass electron-crystal TE materials by nanostructure designing and the energetic and structural interface control. PMID:26973092

Iraq. Country profile.

PubMed

Marfleet, P

1988-02-01

Iraq, with a population of 15.9 million, is blessed with vital natural resources, oil being its chief export product, as well as barley, dates, and wheat. Fertile land and unlimited supplies of water give it enormous productive potential. However, that potential has not been realized because of the war with Iran, which began in 1980 when President Hussein sent troops to Iran, after continual border skirmishes. Prior to that time, there was a pattern of large rural migration to towns, and a period of rapid growth of the economy. The country was run by the Ba'athist Party who instituted a successful program of development. With the advent of war, development plans have been crippled by shortages of electricity, spare parts, and labor, especially in rural areas. Some agricultural and urban projects are maintained but the large-scale plans of the 1970's have been abandoned. The oil glut and the war economy have contributed to Iraq's new status as a debtor nation. In addition, the war has increased the cultural tensions between the Ba'athists and the Kurds of the North and the Shi'ite Arabs of the South. The Ba'athist Party is dominated by the Sunni Arab minority, whose goal during the 1970's was to reassert Iraq's ancient traditions. Toward that end, the government began a program that sought to restore medieval mosques, and reestablish Baghdad, Basra, and Mosul as centers of Arab culture. Arabic is Iran's official language, although Kurdish is used in the North and East. Iraq is overwhelmingly Muslim, with a small Christian minority. Its infant morality rate is 73/1,000 live births. The war with Iran has touched every area of the nation's life, and severely curtailed government development programs.

A Partnership Training Program in Breast Cancer Research Using Molecular Imaging Techniques

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-07-01

suggests that the cause of this interaction is the nonuniform toroidal distribution of Magnevist within the NDS, consistent with SEM and nonmagnetic SPM...disease. Ann Neurol 25:450–459 de Leon MJ, DeSanti S, Zinkowski R, Mehta PD, Pratico D, Segal S, Clark C, Kerkman D, DeBernardis J, Li J, Lair L, Reisberg B

Current challenges to overcome in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated neurological disorders.

PubMed

Khan, Nazir M; Ahmad, Ausaf; Tiwari, Rajesh K; Kamal, Mohammad A; Mushtaq, Gohar; Ashraf, Ghulam M

2014-01-01

The increasing worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated neurological disorders (NDs), such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson's disease, have raised concerns about increasing health care and financial burden. Due to the overwhelming growth rate of T2DM and its strong association with NDs, there is an ever-growing and an urgent need to improve the diagnosis and management of the disease. Major hurdles in the management of T2DM comprise of striving for glycemic targets, polypharmacy, patient adherence and clinical inertia. The challenges occurring in the treatment of T2DM are mainly attributed to the complex heterogeneous nature of the disease and its close association with a wide variety of neurological, metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. To overcome these challenges, authors propose to focus on the treatment strategies that employ shared pathogenesis and common molecular denominators involved in the aetiology of T2DM and associated NDs. Impaired insulin signalling (as a result of perturbed redox status), insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction are key molecular events that may lead to the pathogenesis of T2DM and associated NDs. However, effective management of these therapeutic strategies requires holistic experimental evidence from animal as well as clinical human studies. Therefore, a shift in the treatment paradigm from single point glycemic control to shared pathogenesis control would be an ideal approach to combat the alarming progression of diabetes and associated NDs. Therapeutic interventions focused on shared molecular pathogenesis, along with effective glycemic control, may provide protection from associated NDs.

Inverse effects of flowing phase-shift nanodroplets and lipid-shelled microbubbles on subsequent cavitation during focused ultrasound exposures.

PubMed

Zhang, Siyuan; Cui, Zhiwei; Xu, Tianqi; Liu, Pan; Li, Dapeng; Shang, Shaoqiang; Xu, Ranxiang; Zong, Yujin; Niu, Gang; Wang, Supin; He, Xijing; Wan, Mingxi

2017-01-01

This paper compared the effects of flowing phase-shift nanodroplets (NDs) and lipid-shelled microbubbles (MBs) on subsequent cavitation during focused ultrasound (FUS) exposures. The cavitation activity was monitored using a passive cavitation detection method as solutions of either phase-shift NDs or lipid-shelled MBs flowed at varying velocities through a 5-mm diameter wall-less vessel in a transparent tissue-mimicking phantom when exposed to FUS. The intensity of cavitation for the phase-shift NDs showed an upward trend with time and cavitation for the lipid-shelled MBs grew to a maximum at the outset of the FUS exposure followed by a trend of decreases when they were static in the vessel. Meanwhile, the increase of cavitation for the phase-shift NDs and decrease of cavitation for the lipid-shelled MBs had slowed down when they flowed through the vessel. During two discrete identical FUS exposures, while the normalized inertial cavitation dose (ICD) value for the lipid-shelled MB solution was higher than that for the saline in the first exposure (p-value <0.05), it decreased to almost the same level in the second exposure. For the phase-shift NDs, the normalized ICD was 0.71 in the first exposure and increased to 0.97 in the second exposure. At a low acoustic power, the normalized ICD values for the lipid-shelled MBs tended to increase with increasing velocities from 5 to 30cm/s (r>0.95). Meanwhile, the normalized ICD value for the phase-shift NDs was 0.182 at a flow velocity of 5cm/s and increased to 0.188 at a flow velocity of 15cm/s. As the flow velocity increased to 20cm/s, the normalized ICD was 0.185 and decreased to 0.178 at a flow velocity of 30cm/s. At high acoustic power, the normalized ICD values for both the lipid-shelled MBs and the phase-shift NDs increased with increasing flow velocities from 5 to 30cm/s (r>0.95). The effects of the flowing phase-shift NDs vaporized into gas bubbles as cavitation nuclei on the subsequent cavitation were inverse to those of the flowing lipid-shelled MBs destroyed after focused ultrasound exposures. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nanodiamonds as pH-switchable oxidation and reduction catalysts with enzyme-like activities for immunoassay and antioxidant applications.

PubMed

Chen, T M; Tian, X M; Huang, L; Xiao, J; Yang, G W

2017-10-19

Nanodiamonds (NDs) have recently become a focus of interest from the viewpoints of both science and technology. Their intriguing properties make them suitable as biologically active substrates, in biosensor applications as well as diagnostic and therapeutic biomedical imaging probes. Here, we demonstrate that NDs, as oxidation and reduction catalysts, possess intrinsic enzyme mimetic properties of oxidase, peroxidase and catalase, and these behaviors can be switched by modulating the pH value. NDs not only catalyze the reduction of oxygen (O 2 ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) at acidic pH, but also catalyze the dismutation decomposition of H 2 O 2 to produce O 2 at alkaline pH. It was proposed that the molecular mechanism of their peroxidase-like activity is electron-transfer acceleration, the source of which is likely derived from oxygen containing functional groups on their surface. Based on the color reaction, a nanodiamond-based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established for the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG). Surprisingly, NDs display an excellent antioxidant activity due to the protective effect against H 2 O 2 -induced cellular oxidative damage. These findings make NDs a promising enzyme mimetic candidate and expand their applications in biocatalysis, bioassays and nano-biomedicine.

Rapid Biochemical Mixture Screening by Three-Dimensional Patterned Multifunctional Substrate with Ultra-Thin Layer Chromatography (UTLC) and Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS).

PubMed

Lee, Bi-Shen; Lin, Pi-Chen; Lin, Ding-Zheng; Yen, Ta-Jen

2018-01-11

We present a three-dimensional patterned (3DP) multifunctional substrate with the functions of ultra-thin layer chromatography (UTLC) and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), which simultaneously enables mixture separation, target localization and label-free detection. This multifunctional substrate is comprised of a 3DP silicon nanowires array (3DP-SiNWA), decorated with silver nano-dendrites (AgNDs) atop. The 3DP-SiNWA is fabricated by a facile photolithographic process and low-cost metal assisted chemical etching (MaCE) process. Then, the AgNDs are decorated onto 3DP-SiNWA by a wet chemical reduction process, obtaining 3DP-AgNDs@SiNWA multifunctional substrates. With various patterns designed on the substrates, the signal intensity could be maximized by the excellent confinement and concentrated effects of patterns. By using this 3DP-AgNDs@SiNWA substrate to scrutinize the mixture of two visible dyes, the individual target could be recognized and further boosted the Raman signal of target 15.42 times comparing to the un-patterned AgNDs@SiNWA substrate. Therefore, such a three-dimensional patterned multifunctional substrate empowers rapid mixture screening, and can be readily employed in practical applications for biochemical assays, food safety and other fields.

Odors identification differences in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia.

PubMed

Pełka-Wysiecka, Justyna; Wroński, Michał; Bieńkowski, Przemysław; Murawiec, Sławomir; Samochowiec, Agnieszka; Samochowiec, Jerzy

2016-04-01

There is evidence that deficit schizophrenia (DS) is associated with neuroanatomical changes in structures including those involved in olfaction. Olfactory dysfunction, which includes impaired odor identification, is found in patients with schizophrenia and their family members. 82 patients with DS and 72 patients with NDS (nondeficit schizophrenia), somatically healthy and without acute psychotic symptoms undertook a smell identification test using the 16-item Sniffin' Sticks ID test. Demographic and psychometric data were collected. No differences in the course of the illness, perinatal history and demographic data were found between the DS and NDS groups. No differences in the number of correctly identified odor samples were found. Some differences in the qualitative identification of samples between DS and NDS were found in the groups of female (fewer correct identifications of cinnamon and pineapple smells in DS) and male patients (fewer correct identifications of the smell of rose and more correct identifications of the smell of orange than in NDS). No overall differences between DS and NDS regarding odors identification have been found. The results seem to indicate some specific deficits in the identification of markers of rose, pineapple, orange and cinnamon. Copyright © 2015 Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Urban & Partner Sp. z o.o. All rights reserved.

Pediatric training and practice of Canadian chiropractic and naturopathic doctors: a 2004-2014 comparative study.

PubMed

Porcino, Antony; Solomonian, Leslie; Zylich, Stephen; Gluvic, Brian; Doucet, Chantal; Vohra, Sunita

2017-12-01

To assess chiropractic (DC) and naturopathic doctors' (ND) knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour with respect to the pediatric patients in their practice. Cross-sectional surveys were developed in collaboration with DC and ND educators. Surveys were sent to randomly selected DCs and NDs in Ontario, Canada in 2004, and a national online survey was conducted in 2014. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, non-parametric tests, and linear regression. Response rates for DCs were n = 172 (34%) in 2004, n = 553 (15.5%) in 2014, and for NDs, n = 171 (36%) in 2004, n = 162 (7%) in 2014. In 2014, 366 (78.4%) of DCs and 83 (61%) of NDs saw one or more pediatric patients per week. Pediatric training was rated as inadequate by most respondents in both 2004 and 2014, with most respondents (n = 643, 89.9%) seeking post-graduate training by 2014. Respondents' comfort in treating children and youth is based on experience and post-graduate training. Both DCs and NDs that see children and youth in their practices address a broad array of pediatric health concerns, from well child care and preventative health, to mild and serious illness. Although the response rate in 2014 is low, the concerns identified a decade earlier remain. The majority of responding DCs and NDs see infants, children, and youth for a variety of health conditions and issues, but self-assess their undergraduate pediatric training as inadequate. We encourage augmented pediatric educational content be included as core curriculum for DCs and NDs and suggest collaboration with institutions/organizations with expertise in pediatric education to facilitate curriculum development, especially in areas that affect patient safety.

Mediterranean and Nordic diet scores and long-term changes in body weight and waist circumference: results from a large cohort study.

PubMed

Li, Yingjun; Roswall, Nina; Ström, Peter; Sandin, Sven; Adami, Hans-Olov; Weiderpass, Elisabete

2015-12-28

Dietary patterns, which represent a broader picture of food and nutrient consumption, have gained increasing interest over the last decades. In a cohort design, we followed 27 544 women aged 29-49 years from baseline in 1991-1992. We collected data from an FFQ at baseline and body weight (BW) and waist circumference (WC) data both at baseline and at follow-up in 2003. We calculated the Mediterranean diet score (MDS, ranging from 0 to 9) and the Nordic diet score (NDS, ranging from 0 to 6). We used linear regression to examine the association between MDS and NDS (exposures) with subsequent BW change (ΔBW) and WC change (ΔWC) (outcomes) both continuously and categorically. Higher adherence to the MDS or NDS was not associated with ΔBW. The multivariable population average increment in BW was 0·03 kg (95 % CI -0·03, 0·09) per 1-point increase in MDS and 0·04 kg (95 % CI -0·02, 0·10) per 1-point increase in NDS. In addition, higher adherence to the MDS was not associated with ΔWC, with the multivariable population average increment per 1-point increase in MDS being 0·05 cm (95 % CI -0·03, 0·13). Higher adherence to the NDS was not significantly associated with gain in WC when adjusted for concurrent ΔBW. In conclusion, a higher adherence to the MDS or NDS was not associated with changes in average BW or WC in the present cohort followed for 12 years.

The Effect of High Concentration and Small Size of Nanodiamonds on the Strength of Interface and Fracture Properties in Epoxy Nanocomposite

PubMed Central

Haleem, Yasir A.; Song, Pin; Liu, Daobin; Wang, Changda; Gan, Wei; Saleem, Muhammad Farooq; Song, Li

2016-01-01

The concentration and small size of nanodiamonds (NDs) plays a crucial role in the mechanical performance of epoxy-based nanocomposites by modifying the interface strength. Herein, we systemically analyzed the relation between the high concentration and small size of ND and the fracture properties of its epoxy-based nanocomposites. It was observed that there is a two-fold increase in fracture toughness and a three-fold increase in fracture energy. Rationally, functionalized-NDs (F-NDs) showed a much better performance for the nanocomposite than pristine NDs (P-NDs) because of additional functional groups on its surface. The F-ND/epoxy nanocomposites exhibited rougher surface in contrast with the P-ND/epoxy, indicating the presence of a strong interface. We found that the interfaces in F-ND/epoxy nanocomposites at high concentrations of NDs overlap by making a web, which can efficiently hinder further crack propagation. In addition, the de-bonding in P-ND/epoxy nanocomposites occurred at the interface with the appearance of plastic voids or semi-naked particles, whereas the de-bonding for F-ND/epoxy nanocomposites happened within the epoxy molecular network instead of the interface. Because of the strong interface in F-ND/epoxy nanocomposites, at high concentrations the de-bonding within the epoxy molecular network may lead to subsequent cracks, parallel to the parent crack, via crack splitting which results in a fiber-like structure on the fracture surface. The plastic void growth, crack deflection and subsequent crack growth were correlated to higher values of fracture toughness and fracture energy in F-ND/epoxy nanocomposites. PMID:28773628

Detoxification in Naturopathic Medicine: A Survey

PubMed Central

Montalto, Melissa; Lovejoy, Jennifer; Weber, Wendy

2011-01-01

Abstract Objectives This study sought to assess the use of clinical detoxification therapies used by licensed naturopathic doctors (NDs) in the United States. Design This was a qualitative, descriptive, online survey of a convenience sample of NDs. Methods An online survey was conducted of NDs who were licensed in the United States. Responses were analyzed descriptively regarding the use of clinical detoxification therapies. Respondents were recruited from a membership list provided by the American Association of Naturopathic Physicians, and from alumni e-mail lists of Council of Naturopathic Medical Education accredited naturopathic medical schools. Results Surveys were sent out to 1442 e-mail addresses (261 were returned to sender); a total of 196 respondents completed the survey (16.6%). Ninety-two percent (92%) of respondents reported using clinical detoxification therapies. Over 75% of respondents utilized detoxification therapies primarily to treat patients for environmental exposures, general cleansing/preventive medicine, gastrointestinal disorders, and autoimmune disease. Regarding methods used, >75% reported using dietary measures, reducing environmental exposures, and using botanicals as detoxification therapies. Eighty-three percent (83%) of NDs surveyed reported using follow-up measurements to determine efficacy of detoxification therapies. The most common were patient symptom questionnaires (66%), patient medical histories (54%), and urinary provocative challenge testing (53%). Conclusions The majority of NDs responding to this survey reported routine use of clinical detoxification therapies to treat a range of medical conditions utilizing multiple therapeutic approaches. Although the majority of NDs reported using some follow-up measurements after detoxification therapy, few of these are an objective means to determine treatment efficacy. Further research is needed in the field of complementary and alternative medicine clinical detoxification to determine the safety and efficacy of these approaches. PMID:22103982

Characterization of premorbid functioning during childhood in patients with deficit vs. non-deficit schizophrenia and in their healthy siblings.

PubMed

Bucci, Paola; Mucci, Armida; Piegari, Giuseppe; Nobile, Maria; Pini, Stefano; Rossi, Alessandro; Vita, Antonio; Galderisi, Silvana; Maj, Mario

2016-07-01

Impaired premorbid adjustment has been reported in patients with schizophrenia, generally in association with unfavorable aspects of the illness (e.g., poor outcome and severe negative symptoms). Several studies attempted to define the domains of premorbid dysfunction associated with negative symptoms and poor outcome; however, most of them assessed broadly defined negative symptoms. The present study was aimed to characterize premorbid functioning in a group of patients with deficit schizophrenia (DS), characterized by the presence of at least two primary and persistent negative symptoms (PPNS), and one of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia who did not meet criteria for DS (NDS). The presence of emotional/behavioral problems during childhood was investigated using the Childhood Behavior Checklist (CBCL) in both patient groups and in their respective healthy siblings. The Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS) was also used to assess premorbid functioning during childhood in the two patient groups. PPNS were also treated as a continuous variable and correlated with the indices of premorbid functioning regardless the DS/NDS categorization. DS patients, as compared to NDS, showed higher scores on the CBCL subscale "Withdrawn". Both DS and NDS patients showed, as compared to their healthy siblings, a greater impairment on almost all CBCL subscales. PAS findings revealed that DS patients had poorer premorbid adjustment than NDS. No significant correlation between premorbid functioning and PPNS was observed. These findings support the hypothesis that DS has a different developmental trajectory with respect to NDS, and that premorbid adjustment is one of the essential aspects of its characterization. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Effect of High Concentration and Small Size of Nanodiamonds on the Strength of Interface and Fracture Properties in Epoxy Nanocomposite.

PubMed

Haleem, Yasir A; Song, Pin; Liu, Daobin; Wang, Changda; Gan, Wei; Saleem, Muhammad Farooq; Song, Li

2016-06-23

The concentration and small size of nanodiamonds (NDs) plays a crucial role in the mechanical performance of epoxy-based nanocomposites by modifying the interface strength. Herein, we systemically analyzed the relation between the high concentration and small size of ND and the fracture properties of its epoxy-based nanocomposites. It was observed that there is a two-fold increase in fracture toughness and a three-fold increase in fracture energy. Rationally, functionalized-NDs (F-NDs) showed a much better performance for the nanocomposite than pristine NDs (P-NDs) because of additional functional groups on its surface. The F-ND/epoxy nanocomposites exhibited rougher surface in contrast with the P-ND/epoxy, indicating the presence of a strong interface. We found that the interfaces in F-ND/epoxy nanocomposites at high concentrations of NDs overlap by making a web, which can efficiently hinder further crack propagation. In addition, the de-bonding in P-ND/epoxy nanocomposites occurred at the interface with the appearance of plastic voids or semi-naked particles, whereas the de-bonding for F-ND/epoxy nanocomposites happened within the epoxy molecular network instead of the interface. Because of the strong interface in F-ND/epoxy nanocomposites, at high concentrations the de-bonding within the epoxy molecular network may lead to subsequent cracks, parallel to the parent crack, via crack splitting which results in a fiber-like structure on the fracture surface. The plastic void growth, crack deflection and subsequent crack growth were correlated to higher values of fracture toughness and fracture energy in F-ND/epoxy nanocomposites.

Assessment of the Office of Security Cooperation-Iraq Mission Capabilities

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-18

and report and other activities conducted by the Office of Special Plans & Operations to spo@dodig.mil Defense Hotline, The Pentagon ... Defense for Policy, U.S. Cenh·al Command, Joint Staff, and Defense Security Cooperation Agency responses when preparing the final repmt. Please...of Department of Defense support for executing security cooperation programs in Iraq and whether the Office of Security

Iraq: Politics, Governance, and Human Rights

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-10-02

some Sons of Iraq had been dropped from payrolls, harassed , arrested, or sidelined, and that the Maliki government might want to strangle the program...law to facilitate elimination of trafficking in persons, both sexual and labor-related. Budget and Energy Sector Development Another issue delayed...of harassment and intimidation of journalists who write about corruption and the lack of government services. Much of the private media that

Iraq: Politics, Governance, and Human Rights

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-13

some Sons of Iraq had been dropped from payrolls, harassed , arrested, or sidelined, and that the Maliki government might want to strangle the program...the other hand, on April 30, 2012, the COR enacted a law to facilitate elimination of trafficking in persons, both sexual and labor-related...for 2011 noted continuing instances of harassment and intimidation of journalists who write about corruption and the lack of government services

Effect of platinum-nanodendrite modification on the glucose-sensing properties of a zinc-oxide-nanorod electrode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abdul Razak, Khairunisak; Neoh, Soo Huan; Ridhuan, N. S.; Mohamad Nor, Noorhashimah

2016-09-01

The properties of ZnO nanorods (ZnONRs) decorated with platinum nanodendrites (PtNDs) were studied. Various sizes of PtNDs were synthesized and spin coated onto ZnONRs, which were grown on indium-titanium-oxide (ITO) substrates through a low-temperature hydrothermal method. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses were conducted to analyze the morphology and structural properties of the electrodes. The effects of PtND size, glucose concentration, and Nafion amount on glucose-sensing properties were investigated. The glucose-sensing properties of electrodes with immobilized glucose oxidase (GOx) were measured using cyclic voltammetry. The bio-electrochemical properties of Nafion/GOx/42 nm PtNDs/ZnONRs/ITO glucose sensor was observed with linear range within 1-18 mM, with a sensitivity value of 5.85 μA/mM and a limit of detection of 1.56 mM. The results of this study indicate that PtNDs/ZnONRs/ITO has potential in glucose sensor applications.

Epigenetic Effect of Environmental Factors on Neurodevelopmenal Disorders.

PubMed

Kubota, Takeo

2016-01-01

Epigenetics is an important mechanism of gene regulation that is dependent on the chromatin structure, which is determined by the epigenetic chemical modification of DNA and histone proteins. It is known that the failure of epigenetic mechanisms causes congenital neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs), and that early life exposure to mental stress and endocrine disrupting chemicals, such as phthalates, bisphenol A, and tobacco, can change epigenetic mechanism and gene expression in the brain and cause NDs. Moreover, environmentally induced epigenetic changes are not erased during gametogenesis and are transmitted to subsequent generations, leading to changes in behavior phenotypes. However, epigenetics has a reversible nature because it is based on the addition or removal of chemical residues, and thus the original epigenetic status may be restored. Indeed, several drugs used for mental disorders and NDs restore the epigenetic state and gene expression. Improved epigenetic understanding of NDs will provide important clues for the development of new drugs that take advantage of epigenetic reversibility.

Synthesis of Nanodiamond-Daunorubicin Conjugates to Overcome Multidrug Chemoresistance in Leukemia

PubMed Central

Man, Han B.; Kim, Hansung; Kim, Ho-Joong; Robinson, Erik; Liu, Wing Kam; Chow, Edward Kai-Hua; Ho, Dean

2013-01-01

Nanodiamonds (NDs) are promising candidates in nanomedicine, demonstrating significant potential as gene/drug delivery platforms for cancer therapy. We have synthesized ND vectors capable of chemotherapeutic loading and delivery with applications towards chemoresistant leukemia. The loading of Daunorubicin (DNR) onto NDs was optimized by adjusting reaction parameters such as acidity and concentration. The resulting conjugate, a novel therapeutic payload for NDs, was characterized extensively for size, surface charge, and loading efficiency. A K562 human myelogenous leukemia cell line, with multidrug resistance conferred by incremental DNR exposure, was used to demonstrate the efficacy enhancement resulting from ND-based delivery. While resistant K562 cells were able to overcome treatment from DNR alone, as compared with non-resistant K562 cells, NDs were able to improve DNR delivery into resistant K562 cells. By overcoming efflux mechanisms present in this resistant leukemia line, ND-enabled therapeutics have demonstrated the potential to improve cancer treatment efficacy, especially towards resistant strains. PMID:23916889

Negative symptoms in nondeficit syndrome respond to neuroleptic treatment with changes in plasma homovanillic acid concentrations.

PubMed Central

Suzuki, E; Kanba, S; Koshikawa, H; Nibuya, M; Yagi, G; Asai, M

1996-01-01

Deficit syndrome (DS) in schizophrenia is characterized by serious, chronic, and primary negative symptoms. We investigated differences in response to neuroleptic treatment between 8 DS patients and 6 nondeficit syndrome (NDS) patients who had the selective dopamine-D2 receptor blocker bromperidol added to their neuroleptic regimens. First, 9 mg/d was administered for 4 weeks, followed by 18 mg/d for another 4 weeks. Plasma homovanillic acid (pHVA) and plasma bromperidol concentrations were measured, and psychiatric symptoms were scored. In the NDS patients, both positive and negative symptoms improved. However, only the positive symptom scores changed in the DS patients. On day 4, pHVA concentrations of the NDS patients alone were significantly elevated. Plasma bromperidol concentrations did not differ between the groups. These results suggest that bromperidol exerts different effects on negative symptoms and pHVA concentrations between NDS and DS patients, effects that are unrelated to plasma bromperidol concentrations. PMID:8935328

Negative symptoms in nondeficit syndrome respond to neuroleptic treatment with changes in plasma homovanillic acid concentrations.

PubMed

Suzuki, E; Kanba, S; Koshikawa, H; Nibuya, M; Yagi, G; Asai, M

1996-05-01

Deficit syndrome (DS) in schizophrenia is characterized by serious, chronic, and primary negative symptoms. We investigated differences in response to neuroleptic treatment between 8 DS patients and 6 nondeficit syndrome (NDS) patients who had the selective dopamine-D2 receptor blocker bromperidol added to their neuroleptic regimens. First, 9 mg/d was administered for 4 weeks, followed by 18 mg/d for another 4 weeks. Plasma homovanillic acid (pHVA) and plasma bromperidol concentrations were measured, and psychiatric symptoms were scored. In the NDS patients, both positive and negative symptoms improved. However, only the positive symptom scores changed in the DS patients. On day 4, pHVA concentrations of the NDS patients alone were significantly elevated. Plasma bromperidol concentrations did not differ between the groups. These results suggest that bromperidol exerts different effects on negative symptoms and pHVA concentrations between NDS and DS patients, effects that are unrelated to plasma bromperidol concentrations.

Summary of Research: Study of Substrates in Microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bingham, Gail E.; Yendler, Boris S.; Kliss, Mark

1996-01-01

An upcoming series of joint US-Russian plant experiments will use the granular Substrate Nutrient Delivery System (NDS) equipment developed by Russian and Bulgarian scientists for the Mir Space Station's Svet greenhouse. The purpose of this study was to develop a better understanding of granular substrate water relations and to provide the ability to document water distribution in the Svet NDS during the space experiments. To this end, we conducted a study to expanded our understanding of substrate water behavior in granular substrates in microgravity. This report documents the results of our experiments with the Svet substrate water content sensor, explains the results observed in the Svet NDS during the 1990 Greenhouse experiment; describes the development of a miniature version of the Svet type (heat pulse) sensor that has been used to measure the distribution of water content inside the Svet NDS in space, and documents the calibration of these sensors and measurements conducted in both ground and space experiments,

A platform for discovery: The University of Pennsylvania Integrated Neurodegenerative Disease Biobank

PubMed Central

Toledo, Jon B.; Van Deerlin, Vivianna M.; Lee, Edward B.; Suh, EunRan; Baek, Young; Robinson, John L.; Xie, Sharon X.; McBride, Jennifer; Wood, Elisabeth M.; Schuck, Theresa; Irwin, David J.; Gross, Rachel G.; Hurtig, Howard; McCluskey, Leo; Elman, Lauren; Karlawish, Jason; Schellenberg, Gerard; Chen-Plotkin, Alice; Wolk, David; Grossman, Murray; Arnold, Steven E.; Shaw, Leslie M.; Lee, Virginia M.-Y.; Trojanowski, John Q.

2014-01-01

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are defined by the accumulation of abnormal protein deposits in the central nervous system (CNS), and only neuropathological examination enables a definitive diagnosis. Brain banks and their associated scientific programs have shaped the actual knowledge of NDs, identifying and characterizing the CNS deposits that define new diseases, formulating staging schemes, and establishing correlations between neuropathological changes and clinical features. However, brain banks have evolved to accommodate the banking of biofluids as well as DNA and RNA samples. Moreover, the value of biobanks is greatly enhanced if they link all the multidimensional clinical and laboratory information of each case, which is accomplished, optimally, using systematic and standardized operating procedures, and in the framework of multidisciplinary teams with the support of a flexible and user-friendly database system that facilitates the sharing of information of all the teams in the network. We describe a biobanking system that is a platform for discovery research at the Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research at the University of Pennsylvania. PMID:23978324

Bartonella and Toxoplasma Infections in Stray Cats from Iraq

PubMed Central

Switzer, Alexandra D.; McMillan-Cole, Audrey C.; Kasten, Rickie W.; Stuckey, Matthew J.; Kass, Philip H.; Chomel, Bruno B.

2013-01-01

Because of overpopulation, stray/feral cats were captured on military bases in Iraq as part of the US Army Zoonotic Disease Surveillance Program. Blood samples were collected from 207 cats, mainly in Baghdad but also in North and West Iraq, to determine the prevalence of Bartonella and Toxoplasma infections. Nine (4.3%) cats, all from Baghdad, were bacteremic with B. henselae type I. Seroprevalence was 30.4% for T. gondii, 15% for B. henselae, and 12.6% for B. clarridgeiae. Differences in Bartonella prevalence by location were statistically significant, because most of the seropositive cats were from Baghdad. There was no association between T. gondii seropositivity and either of the two Bartonella species surveyed. This report is the first report on the prevalence of Bartonella and T. gondii among stray cats in Iraq, which allows for better evaluation of the zoonotic risk potential to the Iraqi people and deployed military personnel by feral cat colonies. PMID:24062480

Nanodiamond-based injectable hydrogel for sustained growth factor release: Preparation, characterization and in vitro analysis.

PubMed

Pacelli, Settimio; Acosta, Francisca; Chakravarti, Aparna R; Samanta, Saheli G; Whitlow, Jonathan; Modaresi, Saman; Ahmed, Rafeeq P H; Rajasingh, Johnson; Paul, Arghya

2017-08-01

Nanodiamonds (NDs) represent an emerging class of carbon nanomaterials that possess favorable physical and chemical properties to be used as multifunctional carriers for a variety of bioactive molecules. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of a new injectable ND-based nanocomposite hydrogel which facilitates a controlled release of therapeutic molecules for regenerative applications. In particular, we have formulated a thermosensitive hydrogel using gelatin, chitosan and NDs that provides a sustained release of exogenous human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for wound healing applications. Addition of NDs improved the mechanical properties of the injectable hydrogels without affecting its thermosensitive gelation properties. Biocompatibility of the generated hydrogel was verified by in vitro assessment of apoptotic gene expressions and anti-inflammatory interleukin productions. NDs were complexed with VEGF and the inclusion of this complex in the hydrogel network enabled the sustained release of the angiogenic growth factor. These results suggest for the first time that NDs can be used to formulate a biocompatible, thermosensitive and multifunctional hydrogel platform that can function both as a filling agent to modulate hydrogel properties, as well as a delivery platform for the controlled release of bioactive molecules and growth factors. One of the major drawbacks associated with the use of conventional hydrogels as carriers of growth factors is their inability to control the release kinetics of the loaded molecules. In fact, in most cases, a burst release is inevitable leading to diminished therapeutic effects and unsuccessful therapies. As a potential solution to this issue, we hereby propose a strategy of incorporating ND complexes within an injectable hydrogel matrix. The functional groups on the surface of the NDs can establish interactions with the model growth factor VEGF and promote a prolonged release from the polymer network, therefore, providing a longer therapeutic effect. Our strategy demonstrates the efficacy of using NDs as an essential component for the design of a novel injectable nanocomposite system with improved release capabilities. Copyright © 2017 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Degradation of naphthalene-2,6- and naphthalene-1,6-disulfonic acid by a Moraxella sp

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wittich, R.M.; Tast, H.G.; Knackmuss, H.J.

1988-07-01

A naphthalene-2,6-disulfonic acid (2,6NDS)-degrading Moraxella strain was isolated from an industrial sewage plant. This culture could also be adapted to naphthalene-1,6-disulfonic acid as growth substrate. Regioselective 1,2-dioxygenation effected desulfonation and catabolism to 5-sulfosalicylic acid (5SS), which also could be used a the sole carbon source. 5SS-grown cells exhibited high gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase activity. Neither 5SS- nor gentisate-grown cells oxidized 2,6NDS; therefore, 2,6NDS or an early metabolite must serve as an inducer of the initial catabolic enzymes(s).

Should tobacco and alcohol companies be allowed to influence Australia's National Drug Strategy?

PubMed

Freeman, Becky; MacKenzie, Ross; Daube, Mike

2017-04-27

Formation of Australia's National Drug Strategy (NDS) included an extensive consultation process that was open not only to community and public health stakeholders, but also to representatives of the tobacco and alcohol industries. Australia is bound by the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which requires governments to protect tobacco control measures from interference by the tobacco industry. NDS consultation submissions made by these conflicted industries are not publicly available for scrutiny. The NDS goals are at odds with the commercial agenda of industries that support regulatory stagnation, oppose and undermine effective action, ignore and distort evidence, and prioritise profits over health.

Heat-induced morphological transformation of gold nanodumbbells in ionic surfactant solutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wen, Ting-Chun; Lu, Chung-Wen; Hsieh, Wei-Chi; Chang, Sheng-Te; Yang, Ya-Ting; Deng, Jin-Pei

2018-01-01

The thermal stability of gold nanodumbbells (NDs) is studied in aqueous solution of ionic surfactants. It is found in aqueous solution of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide that the blue-shift of longitudinal surface plasmon resonance band of gold NDs occurs at 75 °C and the new gold nanorods (NRs) with shortened aspect ratio are formed at the same time. The aspect ratio of the generated gold NRs gradually decreases and finally approaches ∼1.7 after repeated processing. Similarly, the same results are also obtained in aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate at room temperature. Mechanism is proposed for the shape transformation of gold NDs.

Cross-validation of the PAI Negative Distortion Scale for feigned mental disorders: a research report.

PubMed

Rogers, Richard; Gillard, Nathan D; Wooley, Chelsea N; Kelsey, Katherine R

2013-02-01

A major strength of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) is its systematic assessment of response styles, including feigned mental disorders. Recently, Mogge, Lepage, Bell, and Ragatz developed and provided the initial validation for the Negative Distortion Scale (NDS). Using rare symptoms as its detection strategy for feigning, the usefulness of NDS was examined via a known-groups comparison. The current study sought to cross-validate the NDS by implementing a between-subjects simulation design. Simulators were asked to feign total disability in an effort to secure unwarranted compensation from their insurance company. Even in an inpatient sample with severe Axis I disorders and concomitant impairment, the NDS proved effective as a rare-symptom strategy with low levels of item endorsement that remained mostly stable across genders. For construct validity, the NDS was moderately correlated with the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms-Second Edition and other PAI feigning scales. For discriminant validity, it yielded a very large effect size (d = 1.81), surpassing the standard PAI feigning indicators. Utility estimates appeared to be promising for both ruling-out (low probability of feigning) and ruling-in (high probability of feigning) determinations at different base rates. Like earlier research, the data supported the creation of well-defined groups with indeterminate scores (i.e., the cut score ± 1 SEM) removed to avoid high rates of misclassifications for this narrow band.

Multifunctional nanodiamonds in regenerative medicine: Recent advances and future directions.

PubMed

Whitlow, Jonathan; Pacelli, Settimio; Paul, Arghya

2017-09-10

With recent advances in the field of nanomedicine, many new strategies have emerged for diagnosing and treating diseases. At the forefront of this multidisciplinary research, carbon nanomaterials have demonstrated unprecedented potential for a variety of regenerative medicine applications including novel drug delivery platforms that facilitate the localized and sustained release of therapeutics. Nanodiamonds (NDs) are a unique class of carbon nanoparticles that are gaining increasing attention for their biocompatibility, highly functional surfaces, optical properties, and robust physical properties. Their remarkable features have established NDs as an invaluable regenerative medicine platform, with a broad range of clinically relevant applications ranging from targeted delivery systems for insoluble drugs, bioactive substrates for stem cells, and fluorescent probes for long-term tracking of cells and biomolecules in vitro and in vivo. This review introduces the synthesis techniques and the various routes of surface functionalization that allow for precise control over the properties of NDs. It also provides an in-depth overview of the current progress made toward the use of NDs in the fields of drug delivery, tissue engineering, and bioimaging. Their future outlook in regenerative medicine including the current clinical significance of NDs, as well as the challenges that must be overcome to successfully translate the reviewed technologies from research platforms to clinical therapies will also be discussed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hard Lessons: The Iraq Reconstruction Experience

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-02-01

late to influence pre- war planning.81 Moreover, the completed reports proved of varying utility . The Transitional Justice Working Group, for example...the import of more than a billion dollars in spare parts and equipment under the Oil-for-Food program, Iraq’s production capacity only marginally ...from the Future of Iraq Project and experts across the government to draft contingency plans to prevent a mone - tary collapse and stabilize Iraqi

Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-07-30

GENERAL FOR IRAQ RECONSTRUCTION RECONSTRUCTION FUNDING SOURCES AND USES for artificial insemination .556The donations were part of an $83,000 program...229 Satellite offices have been re-designated as “Forward Presences.” As of June 30, there were 15 “Forward Presences,” down from 22 satellite ...mobile phone license. According Satellite image of the al-Mamoon Exchange and Telecommunications Center taken on July 3, 2010. (OrbView photo, copyright

Plant Cell Imaging Based on Nanodiamonds with Excitation-Dependent Fluorescence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, Li-Xia; Lou, Qing; Jiao, Zhen; Shan, Chong-Xin

2016-09-01

Despite extensive work on fluorescence behavior stemming from color centers of diamond, reports on the excitation-dependent fluorescence of nanodiamonds (NDs) with a large-scale redshift from 400 to 620 nm under different excitation wavelengths are so far much fewer, especially in biological applications. The fluorescence can be attributed to the combined effects of the fraction of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms among the surface of the fine diamond nanoparticles and the defect energy trapping states on the surface of the diamond. The excitation-dependent fluorescent NDs have been applied in plant cell imaging for the first time. The results reported in this paper may provide a promising route to multiple-color bioimaging using NDs.

Plant Cell Imaging Based on Nanodiamonds with Excitation-Dependent Fluorescence.

PubMed

Su, Li-Xia; Lou, Qing; Jiao, Zhen; Shan, Chong-Xin

2016-12-01

Despite extensive work on fluorescence behavior stemming from color centers of diamond, reports on the excitation-dependent fluorescence of nanodiamonds (NDs) with a large-scale redshift from 400 to 620 nm under different excitation wavelengths are so far much fewer, especially in biological applications. The fluorescence can be attributed to the combined effects of the fraction of sp(2)-hybridized carbon atoms among the surface of the fine diamond nanoparticles and the defect energy trapping states on the surface of the diamond. The excitation-dependent fluorescent NDs have been applied in plant cell imaging for the first time. The results reported in this paper may provide a promising route to multiple-color bioimaging using NDs.

Postdoctoral Fellow | Center for Cancer Research

Cancer.gov

The Neural Development Section (NDS) headed by Dr. Lino Tessarollo has an open postdoctoral fellow position. The candidate should have a background in neurobiology and basic expertise in molecular biology, cell biology, immunoistochemistry and biochemistry.  Experience in confocal analysis is desired. The NDS study the biology of neurotrophin and Trk receptors function by

Host-Guest Complexes of Cyclodextrins and Nanodiamonds as a Strong Non-Covalent Binding Motif for Self-Assembled Nanomaterials

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schibilla, Frauke; Voskuhl, Jens; Fokina, Natalie A.

We report the inclusion of carboxy- and amine-substituted molecular nanodiamonds (NDs) adamantane, diamantane, and triamantane by β-cyclodextrin and γ-cyclodextrin (β-CD and γ-CD), which have particularly well-suited hydrophobicity and symmetry for an optimal fit of the host and guest molecules. We studied the host–guest interactions in detail and generally observed 1:1 association of the NDs with the larger γ-CD cavity, but observed 1:2 association for the largest ND in the series (triamantane) with β-CD. Here, we found higher binding affinities for carboxy-substituted NDs than for amine-substituted NDs. Additionally, cyclodextrin vesicles (CDVs) were decorated with d-mannose by using adamantane, diamantane, and triamantanemore » as non-covalent anchors, and the resulting vesicles were compared with the lectin concanavalin A in agglutination experiments. Agglutination was directly correlated to the host–guest association: adamantane showed lower agglutination than di- or triamantane with β-CDV and almost no agglutination with γ-CDV, whereas high agglutination was observed for di- and triamantane with γ-CDV.« less

Comparing in vivo biodistribution with radiolabeling and Franz cell permeation assay to validate the efficacy of both methodologies in the evaluation of nanoemulsions: a safety approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cerqueira-Coutinho, C. S.; De Campo, V. E. B.; Rossi, A. L.; Veiga, V. F.; Holandino, C.; Freitas, Z. M. F.; Ricci-Junior, E.; Mansur, C. R. E.; Santos, E. P.; Santos-Oliveira, R.

2016-01-01

The Franz cells permeation assay has been performed for over 25 years. However, the advent of nanotechnology created a whole new world, especially with regard to topical products. In this new global scenario an increasing number of nanostructure-based delivery systems (NDSs) have emerged and a global warning relating to the safety of these NDSs is arising. This work studied the efficacy of the Franz cells assay, comparing it with the radiolabeling biodistribution test. For this purpose a formulation of sunscreen based on an NDS was developed and characterized. The results demonstrated both that the NDS did not present in vitro cytotoxicity and that the radiolabeling biodistribution test is more precise for the evaluation of NDS cosmetics than the Franz cells assay, since it detected the permeation of the NDS at a picogram order. Due to this fact, and considering all the concerns related to NDSs and nanoparticles in general, more precise methods must be used in order to guarantee the safe use of these new classes of products.

Clinical validation of a nanodiamond-embedded thermoplastic biomaterial

PubMed Central

Lee, Dong-Keun; Kee, Theodore; Liang, Zhangrui; Hsiou, Desiree; Miya, Darron; Wu, Brian; Osawa, Eiji; Chow, Edward Kai-Hua; Kang, Mo K.; Ho, Dean

2017-01-01

Detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) are promising drug delivery and imaging agents due to their uniquely faceted surfaces with diverse chemical groups, electrostatic properties, and biocompatibility. Based on the potential to harness ND properties to clinically address a broad range of disease indications, this work reports the in-human administration of NDs through the development of ND-embedded gutta percha (NDGP), a thermoplastic biomaterial that addresses reinfection and bone loss following root canal therapy (RCT). RCT served as the first clinical indication for NDs since the procedure sites involved nearby circulation, localized administration, and image-guided treatment progress monitoring, which are analogous to many clinical indications. This randomized, single-blind interventional treatment study evaluated NDGP equivalence with unmodified GP. This progress report assessed one control-arm and three treatment-arm patients. At 3-mo and 6-mo follow-up appointments, no adverse events were observed, and lesion healing was confirmed in the NDGP-treated patients. Therefore, this study is a foundation for the continued clinical translation of NDs and other nanomaterials for a broad spectrum of applications. PMID:29078364

Monoclinic nanodomains in morphotropic phase boundary Pb(Mg{sub 1/3}Nb{sub 2/3})O{sub 3}–PbTiO{sub 3}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sato, Y., E-mail: y-sato@sigma.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp; Hirayama, T.; Ikuhara, Y.

2014-02-24

Crystalline structure is a fundamental characteristic of many materials, and drastic changes in properties may accompany crystal phase transitions. A prominent example of this is the morphotropic phase boundary of (Pb(Mg{sub 1/3}Nb{sub 2/3})O{sub 3}-PbTiO{sub 3}) single crystal, a region that exhibits a high piezoelectric effect. Although the highest piezoelectricity is often attributed to a monoclinic crystal phase, formation of ferroelectric nanodomains (NDs) complicates understanding of this crystal structure. In this Letter, we report dedicated transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction analysis to understand the crystal structure at the ND level. Splitting of diffraction spots, caused by very small lattice distortionmore » in the NDs, is important to understanding crystal structure and has been unambiguously observed. The results can be explained by monoclinic phase NDs. Combining these results with our previous findings on ND dynamics [Sato et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 187601 (2011)], monoclinic NDs can potentially make a considerable contribution to the piezoelectricity in these materials.« less

Current Update on Synopsis of miRNA Dysregulation in Neurological Disorders

PubMed Central

Kamal, Mohammad A.; Mushtaq, Gohar; Greig, Nigel H.

2018-01-01

Aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been implicated in various neurological disorders (NDs) of the central nervous system such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, schizophrenia and autism. If dysregulated miRNAs are identified in patients suffering from NDs, this may serve as a biomarker for the earlier diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression. Identifying the role of miRNAs in normal cellular processes and understanding how dysregulated miRNA expression is responsible for their neurological effects is also critical in the development of new therapeutic strategies for NDs. miRNAs hold great promise from a therapeutic point of view especially if it can be proved that a single miRNA has the ability to influence several target genes, making it possible for the researchers to potentially modify a whole disease phenotype by modulating a single miRNA molecule. Hence, better understanding of the mechanisms by which miRNA play a role in the pathogenesis of NDs may provide novel targets to scientists and researchers for innovative therapies. PMID:25714967

Role of Nanodiamonds in Drug Delivery and Stem Cell Therapy.

PubMed

Ansari, Shakeel Ahmed; Satar, Rukhsana; Jafri, Mohammad Alam; Rasool, Mahmood; Ahmad, Waseem; Kashif Zaidi, Syed

2016-09-01

The use of nanotechnology in medicine and more specifically drug delivery is set to spread rapidly. Currently many substances are under investigation for drug delivery and more specifically for cancer therapy. Nanodiamonds (NDs) have contributed significantly in the development of highly efficient and successful drug delivery systems, and in stem cell therapy. Drug delivery through NDs is an intricate and complex process that deserves special attention to unravel underlying molecular mechanisms in order to overcome certain bottlenecks associated with it. It has already been established that NDs based drug delivery systems have excellent biocompatibility, nontoxicity, photostability and facile surface functionalization properties. There is mounting evidence that suggests that such conjugated delivery systems well retain the properties of nanoparticles like small size, large surface area to volume ratio that provide greater biocatalytic activity to the attached drug in terms of selectivity, loading and stability. NDs based drug delivery systems may form the basis for the development of effective novel drug delivery vehicles with salient features that may facilitate their utility in fluorescence imaging, target specificity and sustainedrelease.

Host-Guest Complexes of Cyclodextrins and Nanodiamonds as a Strong Non-Covalent Binding Motif for Self-Assembled Nanomaterials

DOE PAGES

Schibilla, Frauke; Voskuhl, Jens; Fokina, Natalie A.; ...

2017-11-06

We report the inclusion of carboxy- and amine-substituted molecular nanodiamonds (NDs) adamantane, diamantane, and triamantane by β-cyclodextrin and γ-cyclodextrin (β-CD and γ-CD), which have particularly well-suited hydrophobicity and symmetry for an optimal fit of the host and guest molecules. We studied the host–guest interactions in detail and generally observed 1:1 association of the NDs with the larger γ-CD cavity, but observed 1:2 association for the largest ND in the series (triamantane) with β-CD. Here, we found higher binding affinities for carboxy-substituted NDs than for amine-substituted NDs. Additionally, cyclodextrin vesicles (CDVs) were decorated with d-mannose by using adamantane, diamantane, and triamantanemore » as non-covalent anchors, and the resulting vesicles were compared with the lectin concanavalin A in agglutination experiments. Agglutination was directly correlated to the host–guest association: adamantane showed lower agglutination than di- or triamantane with β-CDV and almost no agglutination with γ-CDV, whereas high agglutination was observed for di- and triamantane with γ-CDV.« less

Lessons from UNSCOM and IAEA regarding remote monitoring and air sampling

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dupree, S.A.

1996-01-01

In 1991, at the direction of the United Nations Security Council, UNSCOM and IAEA developed plans for On-going Monitoring and Verification (OMV) in Iraq. The plans were accepted by the Security Council and remote monitoring and atmospheric sampling equipment has been installed at selected sites in Iraq. The remote monitoring equipment consists of video cameras and sensors positioned to observe equipment or activities at sites that could be used to support the development or manufacture of weapons of mass destruction, or long-range missiles. The atmospheric sampling equipment provides unattended collection of chemical samples from sites that could be used tomore » support the development or manufacture of chemical weapon agents. To support OMV in Iraq, UNSCOM has established the Baghdad Monitoring and Verification Centre. Imagery from the remote monitoring cameras can be accessed in near-real time from the Centre through RIF communication links with the monitored sites. The OMV program in Iraq has implications for international cooperative monitoring in both global and regional contexts. However, monitoring systems such as those used in Iraq are not sufficient, in and of themselves, to guarantee the absence of prohibited activities. Such systems cannot replace on-site inspections by competent, trained inspectors. However, monitoring similar to that used in Iraq can contribute to openness and confidence building, to the development of mutual trust, and to the improvement of regional stability.« less

Rebuilding an empire. Once a crown jewel of healthcare in the Middle East, Iraq's system needs a complete overhaul, everything from equipment to staff.

PubMed

Tieman, Jeff

2003-11-17

As work begins to rebuild Iraq's infrastructure, hospitals and primary-care facilities are major priorities. While security concerns have prevented some U.S. civilians from traveling there to lend their assistance, hospital executives soon could participate in exchange programs to educate their Iraqi counterparts. James Haveman, left, is senior U.S. adviser to the Iraqi Ministry of Health.

A Kurdish Grammar: Descriptive Analysis of the Kurdish of Sulaimaniya, Iraq. American Council of Learned Societies Program in Oriental Languages, Publications Series B - Aids - Number 10.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McCarus, Ernest N.

This study is a description of the Kurdish of the city of Sulaimaniya, Iraq. Kurdish dialects cover an area embracing parts of eastern Turkey, Soviet Armenia, northern Syria, western Iran, and Khorasan in Iran. The language is described in terms of (1) phonology, (2) morphology, (3) morphophonemics, (4) word formation, and (5) syntax. An appendix,…

Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, Report to Congress, October 30, 2006

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-10-30

governorate, including the workover of 30 wells in the Rumaila fields and completion and replace- ment of tubing in 30 wells in West Qurna. The...economic governance, trade, bank lending, capital markets, and microfinance . • There are more than 200 independent media sources in Iraq, but only...sector development. USAID also manages the microfinance program, under Izdihar, that was started by the CPA.195 The IRMO Office of Private Sector

Genetic HLA Study of Kurds in Iraq, Iran and Tbilisi (Caucasus, Georgia): Relatedness and Medical Implications.

PubMed

Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Palacio-Grüber, Jose; Muñiz, Ester; Campos, Cristina; Alonso-Rubio, Javier; Gomez-Casado, Eduardo; Salih, Shadallah Fareq; Martin-Villa, Manuel; Al-Qadi, Rawand

2017-01-01

Kurds from Iraq (Dohuk and Erbil Area, North Iraq) have been analyzed for HLA genes. Their HLA genetic profile has been compared with that of other Kurd groups from Iran and Tbilisi (Georgia, Caucasus) and also Worldwide populations. A total of 7,746 HLA chromosomes have been used. Genetic distances, NJ dendrograms and correspondence analyses have been carried out. Haplotype HLA-B*52-DRB1*15 is present in all three analyzed Kurd populations. HLA-A*02-B*51-DRB1*11 is present in Iraq and Georgia Kurds. Haplotypes common to Iran and Iraq Kurds are HLA DRB1*11-DQB1*03, HLA DRB1*03-DQB1*02 and others in a lower frequency. Our HLA study conclusions are that Kurds most probably belong to an ancient Mediterranean / Middle East / Caucasian genetic substratum and that present results and those previously obtained by us in Kurds may be useful for Medicine in future Kurd transplantation programs, HLA Epidemiology (HLA linked diseases) and Pharmacogenomics (HLA-associated drug side effects) and also for Anthropology. It is discussed that one of the most ancient Kurd ancestor groups is in Hurrians (2,000 years BC).

Genetic HLA Study of Kurds in Iraq, Iran and Tbilisi (Caucasus, Georgia): Relatedness and Medical Implications

PubMed Central

Muñiz, Ester; Campos, Cristina; Alonso-Rubio, Javier; Gomez-Casado, Eduardo; Salih, Shadallah Fareq; Martin-Villa, Manuel; Al-Qadi, Rawand

2017-01-01

Kurds from Iraq (Dohuk and Erbil Area, North Iraq) have been analyzed for HLA genes. Their HLA genetic profile has been compared with that of other Kurd groups from Iran and Tbilisi (Georgia, Caucasus) and also Worldwide populations. A total of 7,746 HLA chromosomes have been used. Genetic distances, NJ dendrograms and correspondence analyses have been carried out. Haplotype HLA-B*52—DRB1*15 is present in all three analyzed Kurd populations. HLA-A*02-B*51-DRB1*11 is present in Iraq and Georgia Kurds. Haplotypes common to Iran and Iraq Kurds are HLA DRB1*11—DQB1*03, HLA DRB1*03—DQB1*02 and others in a lower frequency. Our HLA study conclusions are that Kurds most probably belong to an ancient Mediterranean / Middle East / Caucasian genetic substratum and that present results and those previously obtained by us in Kurds may be useful for Medicine in future Kurd transplantation programs, HLA Epidemiology (HLA linked diseases) and Pharmacogenomics (HLA-associated drug side effects) and also for Anthropology. It is discussed that one of the most ancient Kurd ancestor groups is in Hurrians (2,000 years BC). PMID:28114347

Facile modification of nanodiamonds with hyperbranched polymers based on supramolecular chemistry and their potential for drug delivery.

PubMed

Huang, Hongye; Liu, Meiying; Jiang, Ruming; Chen, Junyu; Mao, Liucheng; Wen, Yuanqing; Tian, Jianwen; Zhou, Naigen; Zhang, Xiaoyong; Wei, Yen

2018-03-01

Due to their excellent chemical stability and remarkable biocompatibility, nanodiamonds (NDs) have received widespread research attention by the biomedical field. The excellent water dispersibility of NDs has significant importance for biomedical applications. Therefore, surface modification of NDs with hydrophilic polymers has been extensively investigated over the past few decades. In this study, we synthesize β-CD containing hyperbranched polymer functionalized ND (ND-β-CD-HPG) composites with high water dispersibility via supramolecular chemistry based on the host-guest interactions between β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) and adamantine (Ad). The hydroxyl groups of NDs first reacted with 1, 1-adamantanecarbonyl chloride to obtain ND-Ad, which was further functionalized with β-CD containing hyperbranched polymers to form the final ND-β-CD-HPG composites. The successful preparation of ND-β-CD-HPG composites was confirmed by several characterization techniques. Furthermore, the loading and release of the anticancer agent doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) on ND-β-CD-HPG composites was also examined to explore its potential in drug delivery. When compared with traditional methods of surface modification of NDs, this method was convenient, fast and efficient. We demonstrated that ND-β-CD-HPG composites have great water dispersibility, low toxicity, high drug-loading capacity and controlled drug-release behavior. Based on these characteristics, ND-β-CD-HPG composites are expected to have high potential for biomedical applications. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Ubiquitin-coated nanodiamonds bind to autophagy receptors for entry into the selective autophagy pathway.

PubMed

Liu, Kuang-Kai; Qiu, Wei-Ru; Naveen Raj, Emmanuel; Liu, Huei-Fang; Huang, Hou-Syun; Lin, Yu-Wei; Chang, Chien-Jen; Chen, Ting-Hua; Chen, Chinpiao; Chang, Huan-Cheng; Hwang, Jenn-Kang; Chao, Jui-I

2017-01-02

Selective macroautophagy/autophagy plays a pivotal role in the processing of foreign pathogens and cellular components to maintain homeostasis in human cells. To date, numerous studies have demonstrated the uptake of nanoparticles by cells, but their intracellular processing through selective autophagy remains unclear. Here we show that carbon-based nanodiamonds (NDs) coated with ubiquitin (Ub) bind to autophagy receptors (SQSTM1 [sequestosome 1], OPTN [optineurin], and CALCOCO2/NDP52 [calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2]) and are then linked to MAP1LC3/LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3) for entry into the selective autophagy pathway. NDs are ultimately delivered to lysosomes. Ectopically expressed SQSTM1-green fluorescence protein (GFP) could bind to the Ub-coated NDs. By contrast, the Ub-associated domain mutant of SQSTM1 (ΔUBA)-GFP did not bind to the Ub-coated NDs. Chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, prevented the ND-containing autophagosomes from fusing with lysosomes. Furthermore, autophagy receptors OPTN and CALCOCO2/NDP52, involved in the processing of bacteria, were found to be involved in the selective autophagy of NDs. However, ND particles located in the lysosomes of cells did not induce mitotic blockage, senescence, or cell death. Single ND clusters in the lysosomes of cells were observed in the xenografted human lung tumors of nude mice. This study demonstrated for the first time that Ub-coated nanoparticles bind to autophagy receptors for entry into the selective autophagy pathway, facilitating their delivery to lysosomes.

Tobacco outlet density and converted versus native non-daily cigarette use in a national US sample

PubMed Central

Kirchner, Thomas R; Anesetti-Rothermel, Andrew; Bennett, Morgane; Gao, Hong; Carlos, Heather; Scheuermann, Taneisha S; Reitzel, Lorraine R; Ahluwalia, Jasjit S

2017-01-01

Objective Investigate whether non-daily smokers’ (NDS) cigarette price and purchase preferences, recent cessation attempts, and current intentions to quit are associated with the density of the retail cigarette product landscape surrounding their residential address. Participants Cross-sectional assessment of N=904 converted NDS (CNDS). who previously smoked every day, and N=297 native NDS (NNDS) who only smoked non-daily, drawn from a national panel. Outcome measures Kernel density estimation was used to generate a nationwide probability surface of tobacco outlets linked to participants’ residential ZIP code. Hierarchically nested log-linear models were compared to evaluate associations between outlet density, non-daily use patterns, price sensitivity and quit intentions. Results Overall, NDS in ZIP codes with greater outlet density were less likely than NDS in ZIP codes with lower outlet density to hold 6-month quit intentions when they also reported that price affected use patterns (G2=66.1, p<0.001) and purchase locations (G2=85.2, p<0.001). CNDS were more likely than NNDS to reside in ZIP codes with higher outlet density (G2=322.0, p<0.001). Compared with CNDS in ZIP codes with lower outlet density, CNDS in high-density ZIP codes were more likely to report that price influenced the amount they smoke (G2=43.9, p<0.001), and were more likely to look for better prices (G2=59.3, p<0.001). NDS residing in high-density ZIP codes were not more likely to report that price affected their cigarette brand choice compared with those in ZIP codes with lower density. Conclusions This paper provides initial evidence that the point-of-sale cigarette environment may be differentially associated with the maintenance of CNDS versus NNDS patterns. Future research should investigate how tobacco control efforts can be optimised to both promote cessation and curb the rising tide of non-daily smoking in the USA. PMID:26969172

Curative effects of GM1 in the treatment of severe ischemic brain injury and its effects on serum TNF-α and NDS.

PubMed

Liu, Fang; Sun, Xiaoling; Zhang, Yunxia; Zhao, Guoliang; Liu, Yancang; Zhang, Yiwu

2018-06-01

The curative effects of monosialotetrahexosyl ganglioside (GM1) in the treatment of severe ischemic brain injury and its effects on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and neuropathy disability score (NDS). Sixty patients with severe ischemic brain injury admitted to The First People's Hospital of Jining (Jining, China) from June 2014 to March 2016 were selected. They were randomly divided into the control group (n=30) and the experimental group (n=30). The patients in the control group were treated with routine therapy while those in the experimental group were treated with GM1. The level of TNF-α in the serum was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The NDS was used to grade the two groups; Pearson's correlation coefficient was applied to analyze the correlation between the content of TNF-α and NDS; the content of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was detected using xanthine oxidase assay, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was detected by thiobarbituric acid method. The clinical recovery time of two groups of patients was recorded. At 14 days after GM1 treatment, the serum TNF-α content and the NDS in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The content of TNF-α in the patients was positively correlated with the NDS. After treatment, the serum MDA content of patients in the experimental group was lower, while the SOD content was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). After GM1 treatment, hemodynamic parameters of patients in the experimental group were significantly improved compared with those in the control group. The total effective rate of GM1 treatment in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). GM1 has a good clinical significance in the treatment of patients with severe ischemic brain injury and is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

Infectious Complications in Living-Donor Kidney Transplant Recipients Undergoing Multi-Modal Desensitization

PubMed Central

Shafique, Michael; Lobo, Peter I.; Sawyer, Robert G.; Keith, Douglas S.; Brayman, Kenneth L.; Agarwal, Avinash

2014-01-01

Abstract Background: Pre-existing humoral barriers challenge the transplantation of living donor kidneys (LDK) into highly sensitized ABO- and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-incompatible recipients. Conditioning these LDK recipients' immune systems is required before they undergo transplantation. We hypothesized that medical desensitization would yield higher post-transplantation rates of infection. Methods: We conducted a study in which matched controls consisting of non-desensitized (NDS) LDK recipients were compared with desensitized (DS) receipients. Pre-transplantation desensitization included treatment with rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil followed by intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and plasmapheresis. All participants in the study underwent induction therapy and maintenance immunosuppression. Primary outcomes included infection (opportunistic, local, systemic) within 12 mo after transplantation. Results: Twenty-five patients underwent desensitization and LDK transplantation. Graft survival in the DS and NDS groups of patients was 96% and 98%, respectively. The mean 3- and 12-mo serum creatinine concentrations in the DS and NDS groups were 1.1±0.2 mg/dL and 1.2±0.3 mg/dL and 0.95±0.4mg/dL and 0.73±0.8mg/dL (p=0.3 and p=0.01), respectively. Thirty-six percent of the patients in the DS group had one or more infections, vs. 28% of those in the NDS group (p=0.1). No difference was observed in the frequency of opportunistic or systemic infections in the two groups. Local infections were statistically significantly more frequent in the DS group (60% vs. 30%, respectively; p=0.02). Conclusion: Pre-operative desensitization in highly sensitized LDK recipients is followed by a similar incidence of opportunistic and systemic infections as in NDS patients. Local infections were significantly more frequent in the DS than in the NDS patients in the study. With careful monitoring of infectious complications, pre-transplant desensitization permits LDK transplantation into highly sensitized patients. PMID:24773230

Infectious complications in living-donor kidney transplant recipients undergoing multi-modal desensitization.

PubMed

Turza, Kristin C; Shafique, Michael; Lobo, Peter I; Sawyer, Robert G; Keith, Douglas S; Brayman, Kenneth L; Agarwal, Avinash

2014-06-01

Pre-existing humoral barriers challenge the transplantation of living donor kidneys (LDK) into highly sensitized ABO- and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-incompatible recipients. Conditioning these LDK recipients' immune systems is required before they undergo transplantation. We hypothesized that medical desensitization would yield higher post-transplantation rates of infection. We conducted a study in which matched controls consisting of non-desensitized (NDS) LDK recipients were compared with desensitized (DS) receipients. Pre-transplantation desensitization included treatment with rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil followed by intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and plasmapheresis. All participants in the study underwent induction therapy and maintenance immunosuppression. Primary outcomes included infection (opportunistic, local, systemic) within 12 mo after transplantation. Twenty-five patients underwent desensitization and LDK transplantation. Graft survival in the DS and NDS groups of patients was 96% and 98%, respectively. The mean 3- and 12-mo serum creatinine concentrations in the DS and NDS groups were 1.1±0.2 mg/dL and 1.2±0.3 mg/dL and 0.95±0.4 mg/dL and 0.73±0.8 mg/dL (p=0.3 and p=0.01), respectively. Thirty-six percent of the patients in the DS group had one or more infections, vs. 28% of those in the NDS group (p=0.1). No difference was observed in the frequency of opportunistic or systemic infections in the two groups. Local infections were statistically significantly more frequent in the DS group (60% vs. 30%, respectively; p=0.02). Pre-operative desensitization in highly sensitized LDK recipients is followed by a similar incidence of opportunistic and systemic infections as in NDS patients. Local infections were significantly more frequent in the DS than in the NDS patients in the study. With careful monitoring of infectious complications, pre-transplant desensitization permits LDK transplantation into highly sensitized patients.

Experiences with new neutralization technologies for remediation after ISL mining of uranium in Straz Pod Ralskem

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sedlakova, Veronika; Kaspar, Ludvik; Tykal, Tomas

2013-07-01

A big affection of the rock environment and groundwaters occurred during the chemical mining of uranium in the years 1966 to 1996 in the neighbourhood of the town Straz pod Ralskem in the Czech Republic. It is necessary to clean the residual technological solutions (RTS) from the underground. The pH of the solutions in some places is still less than 2 and the concentration of sulphates reaches up to 65 g/l. The remedial activities consist of pumping of the RTS from the ground and reprocessing of the RTS in the surface technologies. The implementation of the new neutralization technologies NDSmore » ML and NDS 10 help us with increasing of the efficiency of the remedial process. The NDS ML technology ('Mother liquor reprocessing station') started its operation in 2009 and it processes the concentrated technological solution from the evaporation station after the alum crystallization (mother liquor) with the concentration of total dissolved solids up to 250 g/l. The principle is the neutralization of the acid solutions with the aid of the lime milk. The suspension is then filtrated in the filter press, the filter cake is deposited in the tailings pond and the filtrate is injected back into the underground rock environment. The NDS 10 technology ('Neutralization and Decontamination Station NDS 10') started its operation in 2012 and it works on the same technological principle as the NDS ML station. The difference is that the NDS 10 station can process higher volume (4.4 m{sup 3}/min) of the RTS with lower concentration of total dissolved solids 20 - 25 g/l. This poster describes the experiences of the state enterprise DIAMO with putting of these two neutralization technologies into operation and with using of the lime milk neutralization in such a large scale. (authors)« less

Space-confined fabrication of silver nanodendrites and their enhanced SERS activity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Shuqi; Xu, Li-Ping; Wen, Yongqiang; Du, Hongwu; Wang, Shutao; Zhang, Xueji

2013-05-01

Here we report a controllable method based on electrodeposition to fabricate Ag nanodendrites (NDs) on a microwell patterned electrode. The microwell patterns on the ITO electrode are fabricated via the microcontact printing technique. By varying the microwell size and electrodeposition time, the morphology of metal deposits on the microwell patterned ITO electrode can be tuned from boulders to dendrites. At the edge of the microwells, the current density was strengthened, which incurs rapid nucleation. The nucleus develops into dendrites because of Mullins-Sekerka instability. However, only boulders were observed at the center of microwells. By reducing the size of the microwells, only NDs were fabricated due to the edge effect. On the basis of understanding the underlying mechanism for dendritic growth in a confined space, our method is used for fabricating other noble metal (Au, Pt) nanodendrites. The controllable synthesis of Au and Pt NDs indicates the universality of this method. Compared with Ag film obtained from electron beam evaporation, the as-prepared Ag NDs exhibit highly enhanced surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensitivity when they are used to detect rhodamine 6G (R6G). This approach provides a very controllable, reliable and general way for space-confined fabricating the noble metal nanodendrite arrays which show great promise in catalysis, sensing, biomedicine, electronic and magnetic devices.Here we report a controllable method based on electrodeposition to fabricate Ag nanodendrites (NDs) on a microwell patterned electrode. The microwell patterns on the ITO electrode are fabricated via the microcontact printing technique. By varying the microwell size and electrodeposition time, the morphology of metal deposits on the microwell patterned ITO electrode can be tuned from boulders to dendrites. At the edge of the microwells, the current density was strengthened, which incurs rapid nucleation. The nucleus develops into dendrites because of Mullins-Sekerka instability. However, only boulders were observed at the center of microwells. By reducing the size of the microwells, only NDs were fabricated due to the edge effect. On the basis of understanding the underlying mechanism for dendritic growth in a confined space, our method is used for fabricating other noble metal (Au, Pt) nanodendrites. The controllable synthesis of Au and Pt NDs indicates the universality of this method. Compared with Ag film obtained from electron beam evaporation, the as-prepared Ag NDs exhibit highly enhanced surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensitivity when they are used to detect rhodamine 6G (R6G). This approach provides a very controllable, reliable and general way for space-confined fabricating the noble metal nanodendrite arrays which show great promise in catalysis, sensing, biomedicine, electronic and magnetic devices. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: SEM images. See DOI: 10.1039/c3nr00313b

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment for Iraq

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Onur, Tuna; Gok, Rengin; Abdulnaby, Wathiq

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessments (PSHA) form the basis for most contemporary seismic provisions in building codes around the world. The current building code of Iraq was published in 1997. An update to this edition is in the process of being released. However, there are no national PSHA studies in Iraq for the new building code to refer to for seismic loading in terms of spectral accelerations. As an interim solution, the new draft building code was considering to refer to PSHA results produced in the late 1990s as part of the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP; Giardini et al.,more » 1999). However these results are: a) more than 15 years outdated, b) PGA-based only, necessitating rough conversion factors to calculate spectral accelerations at 0.3s and 1.0s for seismic design, and c) at a probability level of 10% chance of exceedance in 50 years, not the 2% that the building code requires. Hence there is a pressing need for a new, updated PSHA for Iraq.« less

Infrared photoconductivity and photovoltaic response from nanoscale domains of PbS alloyed with thorium and oxygen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arad-Vosk, N.; Beach, R.; Ron, A.; Templeman, T.; Golan, Y.; Sarusi, G.; Sa'ar, A.

2018-03-01

Thin films of lead sulfide alloyed with thorium and oxygen were deposited on GaAs substrates and processed to produce a photo-diode structure. Structural, optical and electrical characterizations indicate the presence of small nanoscale domains (NDs) that are characterized by dense packaging, high quality interfaces and a blue-shift of the energy bandgap toward the short wavelength infrared range of the spectrum. Photocurrent spectroscopy revealed a considerable photoconductivity that is correlated with excitation of carriers in the NDs of lead sulfide alloyed with thorium and oxygen. Furthermore, the appearance of a photovoltaic effect under near infrared illumination indicates a quasi-type II band alignment at the interface of the GaAs and the film of NDs.

Infrared photoconductivity and photovoltaic response from nanoscale domains of PbS alloyed with thorium and oxygen.

PubMed

Arad-Vosk, N; Beach, R; Ron, A; Templeman, T; Golan, Y; Sarusi, G; Sa'ar, A

2018-03-16

Thin films of lead sulfide alloyed with thorium and oxygen were deposited on GaAs substrates and processed to produce a photo-diode structure. Structural, optical and electrical characterizations indicate the presence of small nanoscale domains (NDs) that are characterized by dense packaging, high quality interfaces and a blue-shift of the energy bandgap toward the short wavelength infrared range of the spectrum. Photocurrent spectroscopy revealed a considerable photoconductivity that is correlated with excitation of carriers in the NDs of lead sulfide alloyed with thorium and oxygen. Furthermore, the appearance of a photovoltaic effect under near infrared illumination indicates a quasi-type II band alignment at the interface of the GaAs and the film of NDs.

Special Plans and Operations: Assessment of Allegations Concerning Traumatic Brain Injury Research Integrity in Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-31

protocols conducted in Iraq. His office had been designated by the 1 A research protocol is a formal document detailing the study methodology and the...Human Research Protections Program plan requires scientific peer review to ensure that research is scientifically sound in its design and methods, and...ofthe approved research protocol and IRB minutes, revealed that there was no mention of "active rehabilitation and exercise" under the design

A preventive pilot project addressing multiethnic tensions in the wake of the Iraq war.

PubMed

Rousseau, Cécile; Machouf, Anousheh

2005-10-01

This article describes a school-based preventive pilot project for recent immigrant children, designed to decrease anxiety and intergroup tensions associated with the Iraq war. Results suggest that clinicians should address the multiplicity of meanings associated with international events when planning a prevention program in multiethnic schools to help children to cope with the increasingly common gap between the ways traumatic events covered by the media are understood at home and at school.

Operation Desert Shield/Storm after Action Report

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-05-01

Individual Ready Reservists. Iraq displays captured airmen on television. Jan. 2 1 First rescue of downed coalition pilot in Iraq. Baghdad threatens to...capability not available elsewhere. o Response needs to pass "reasonableness" test . o Depending on the "wants" of the Army, this could result in...accelerated program, in addition to the test units already in development. FUNDING: ($ in millions) EXK ELi RDT&E Required $8.0 $6.0 RDT&E Available _ a

Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction (SIGIR): The Year of Transition Enters the Fourth Quarter

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-10-30

including the workover of 30 wells in the Rumaila fields and completion and replace- ment of tubing in 30 wells in West Qurna. The objective is...governance, trade, bank lending, capital markets, and microfinance . • There are more than 200 independent media sources in Iraq, but only $3...development. USAID also manages the microfinance program, under Izdihar, that was started by the CPA.195 The IRMO Office of Private Sector Develop- ment

Modeling Driving Performance Using In-Vehicle Speech Data From a Naturalistic Driving Study.

PubMed

Kuo, Jonny; Charlton, Judith L; Koppel, Sjaan; Rudin-Brown, Christina M; Cross, Suzanne

2016-09-01

We aimed to (a) describe the development and application of an automated approach for processing in-vehicle speech data from a naturalistic driving study (NDS), (b) examine the influence of child passenger presence on driving performance, and (c) model this relationship using in-vehicle speech data. Parent drivers frequently engage in child-related secondary behaviors, but the impact on driving performance is unknown. Applying automated speech-processing techniques to NDS audio data would facilitate the analysis of in-vehicle driver-child interactions and their influence on driving performance. Speech activity detection and speaker diarization algorithms were applied to audio data from a Melbourne-based NDS involving 42 families. Multilevel models were developed to evaluate the effect of speech activity and the presence of child passengers on driving performance. Speech activity was significantly associated with velocity and steering angle variability. Child passenger presence alone was not associated with changes in driving performance. However, speech activity in the presence of two child passengers was associated with the most variability in driving performance. The effects of in-vehicle speech on driving performance in the presence of child passengers appear to be heterogeneous, and multiple factors may need to be considered in evaluating their impact. This goal can potentially be achieved within large-scale NDS through the automated processing of observational data, including speech. Speech-processing algorithms enable new perspectives on driving performance to be gained from existing NDS data, and variables that were once labor-intensive to process can be readily utilized in future research. © 2016, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

NAFLD and Atherosclerosis Are Prevented by a Natural Dietary Supplement Containing Curcumin, Silymarin, Guggul, Chlorogenic Acid and Inulin in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet.

PubMed

Amato, Antonella; Caldara, Gaetano-Felice; Nuzzo, Domenico; Baldassano, Sara; Picone, Pasquale; Rizzo, Manfredi; Mulè, Flavia; Di Carlo, Marta

2017-05-13

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) confers an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. NAFDL is associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia, inflammation and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) imbalance, which in turn lead to atherosclerotic lesions. In the present study, the impact of a natural dietary supplement (NDS) containing Curcuma longa , silymarin, guggul, chlorogenic acid and inulin on NAFLD and atherosclerosis was evaluated, and the mechanism of action was examined. C57BL/6 mice were fed an HFD for 16 weeks; half of the mice were simultaneously treated with a daily oral administration (os) of the NDS. NAFLD and atherogenic lesions in aorta and carotid artery (histological analysis), hepatic expression of genes involved in the NAFLD (PCR array), hepatic angiotensinogen (AGT) and AT₁R mRNA expression (real-time PCR) and plasma angiotensin (ANG)-II levels (ELISA) were evaluated. In the NDS group, steatosis, aortic lesions or carotid artery thickening was not observed. PCR array showed upregulation of some genes involved in lipid metabolism and anti-inflammatory activity (Cpt2, Ifng) and downregulation of some genes involved in pro-inflammatory response and in free fatty acid up-take (Fabp5, Socs3). Hepatic AGT, AT₁R mRNA and ANG II plasma levels were significantly lower with respect to the untreated-group. Furthermore, NDS inhibited the dyslipidemia observed in the untreated animals. Altogether, these results suggest that NDS prevents NAFLD and atherogenesis by modulating the expression of different genes involved in NAFLD and avoiding RAS imbalance.

NAFLD and Atherosclerosis Are Prevented by a Natural Dietary Supplement Containing Curcumin, Silymarin, Guggul, Chlorogenic Acid and Inulin in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

PubMed Central

Amato, Antonella; Caldara, Gaetano-Felice; Nuzzo, Domenico; Baldassano, Sara; Picone, Pasquale; Rizzo, Manfredi; Mulè, Flavia; Di Carlo, Marta

2017-01-01

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) confers an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. NAFDL is associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia, inflammation and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) imbalance, which in turn lead to atherosclerotic lesions. In the present study, the impact of a natural dietary supplement (NDS) containing Curcuma longa, silymarin, guggul, chlorogenic acid and inulin on NAFLD and atherosclerosis was evaluated, and the mechanism of action was examined. C57BL/6 mice were fed an HFD for 16 weeks; half of the mice were simultaneously treated with a daily oral administration (os) of the NDS. NAFLD and atherogenic lesions in aorta and carotid artery (histological analysis), hepatic expression of genes involved in the NAFLD (PCR array), hepatic angiotensinogen (AGT) and AT1R mRNA expression (real-time PCR) and plasma angiotensin (ANG)-II levels (ELISA) were evaluated. In the NDS group, steatosis, aortic lesions or carotid artery thickening was not observed. PCR array showed upregulation of some genes involved in lipid metabolism and anti-inflammatory activity (Cpt2, Ifng) and downregulation of some genes involved in pro-inflammatory response and in free fatty acid up-take (Fabp5, Socs3). Hepatic AGT, AT1R mRNA and ANG II plasma levels were significantly lower with respect to the untreated-group. Furthermore, NDS inhibited the dyslipidemia observed in the untreated animals. Altogether, these results suggest that NDS prevents NAFLD and atherogenesis by modulating the expression of different genes involved in NAFLD and avoiding RAS imbalance. PMID:28505074

Public health implications of complex emergencies and natural disasters.

PubMed

Culver, Amanda; Rochat, Roger; Cookson, Susan T

2017-01-01

During the last decade, conflict or natural disasters have displaced unprecedented numbers of persons. This leads to conditions prone to outbreaks that imperil the health of displaced persons and threaten global health security. Past literature has minimally examined the association of communicable disease outbreaks with complex emergencies (CEs) and natural disasters (NDs). To examine this association, we identified CEs and NDs using publicly available datasets from the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters and United Nations Flash and Consolidated Appeals archive for 2005-2014. We identified outbreaks from World Health Organization archives. We compared findings to identify overlap of outbreaks, including their types (whether or not of a vaccine-preventable disease), and emergency event types (CE, ND, or Both) by country and year using descriptive statistics and measure of association. There were 167 CEs, 912 NDs, 118 events linked to 'Both' types of emergencies, and 384 outbreaks. Of CEs, 43% were associated with an outbreak; 24% NDs were associated with an outbreak; and 36% of 'Both' types of emergencies were associated with an outbreak. Africa was disproportionately affected, where 67% of total CEs, 67% of 'Both' events (CE and ND), and 46% of all outbreaks occurred for the study period. The odds ratio of a vaccine-preventable outbreak occurring in a CE versus an ND was 4.14 (95% confidence limits 1.9, 9.4). CEs had greater odds of being associated with outbreaks compared with NDs. Moreover, CEs had high odds of a vaccine-preventable disease causing that outbreak. Focusing on better vaccine coverage could reduce CE-associated morbidity and mortality by preventing outbreaks from spreading.

Ubiquitin-coated nanodiamonds bind to autophagy receptors for entry into the selective autophagy pathway

PubMed Central

Liu, Kuang-Kai; Qiu, Wei-Ru; Naveen Raj, Emmanuel; Liu, Huei-Fang; Huang, Hou-Syun; Lin, Yu-Wei; Chang, Chien-Jen; Chen, Ting-Hua; Chen, Chinpiao; Chang, Huan-Cheng; Hwang, Jenn-Kang; Chao, Jui-I

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT Selective macroautophagy/autophagy plays a pivotal role in the processing of foreign pathogens and cellular components to maintain homeostasis in human cells. To date, numerous studies have demonstrated the uptake of nanoparticles by cells, but their intracellular processing through selective autophagy remains unclear. Here we show that carbon-based nanodiamonds (NDs) coated with ubiquitin (Ub) bind to autophagy receptors (SQSTM1 [sequestosome 1], OPTN [optineurin], and CALCOCO2/NDP52 [calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2]) and are then linked to MAP1LC3/LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3) for entry into the selective autophagy pathway. NDs are ultimately delivered to lysosomes. Ectopically expressed SQSTM1-green fluorescence protein (GFP) could bind to the Ub-coated NDs. By contrast, the Ub-associated domain mutant of SQSTM1 (ΔUBA)-GFP did not bind to the Ub-coated NDs. Chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, prevented the ND-containing autophagosomes from fusing with lysosomes. Furthermore, autophagy receptors OPTN and CALCOCO2/NDP52, involved in the processing of bacteria, were found to be involved in the selective autophagy of NDs. However, ND particles located in the lysosomes of cells did not induce mitotic blockage, senescence, or cell death. Single ND clusters in the lysosomes of cells were observed in the xenografted human lung tumors of nude mice. This study demonstrated for the first time that Ub-coated nanoparticles bind to autophagy receptors for entry into the selective autophagy pathway, facilitating their delivery to lysosomes. PMID:27846374

Molecular changes in obese and depressive patients are similar to neurodegenerative disorders

PubMed Central

Habibi, Laleh; Tafakhori, Abbas; Hadiani, Rasoul; Maserat-Mashhadi, Maryam; Kafrash, Zeinab; Torabi, Shahla; Azhdarzadeh, Mohammad; Akrami, Seyed Mohammad; Mahmoudi, Morteza; Dinarvand, Rasoul

2017-01-01

Background: Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are categorized as multifactorial conditions with different molecular and environmental causes. Disturbance of important signaling pathways, such as energy metabolism and inflammation induced by environmental agents, is involved in the pathophysiology of NDs. It has been proposed that changes in the lifestyle and nutrition (metabolism) during mid-life could trigger and accumulate cellular and molecular damages resulting in NDs during aging. Methods: In order to test the hypothesis, we investigated the expression level of two energy metabolism-related [forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) and forkhead box O3 (FOXO3A)] and two pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-6] genes, using quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, changes in the ionic concentration of three essential heavy metals [iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn)] by atomic absorption spectroscopy in patients with NDs, depression, obesity, and diabetes type II, were evaluated and compared with the results of normal individuals. Results: More than half of the participants in obesity, depression, and ND groups had significant up-regulation of FOXO1 and FOXO3A, down-regulation of IL-1β and IL-6, and higher levels of Fe and Cu in their blood. This pattern of gene expression was not repeated in diabetic patients. Conclusion: It could be concluded that individuals affected with different levels of obesity and depression have increased the risk of developing NDs later in life, probably through changes in energy metabolism, inflammatory pathways, and ionic concentrations. PMID:29736225

Molecular changes in obese and depressive patients are similar to neurodegenerative disorders.

PubMed

Habibi, Laleh; Tafakhori, Abbas; Hadiani, Rasoul; Maserat-Mashhadi, Maryam; Kafrash, Zeinab; Torabi, Shahla; Azhdarzadeh, Mohammad; Akrami, Seyed Mohammad; Mahmoudi, Morteza; Dinarvand, Rasoul

2017-10-07

Background: Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are categorized as multifactorial conditions with different molecular and environmental causes. Disturbance of important signaling pathways, such as energy metabolism and inflammation induced by environmental agents, is involved in the pathophysiology of NDs. It has been proposed that changes in the lifestyle and nutrition (metabolism) during mid-life could trigger and accumulate cellular and molecular damages resulting in NDs during aging. Methods: In order to test the hypothesis, we investigated the expression level of two energy metabolism-related [forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) and forkhead box O3 (FOXO3A)] and two pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-6] genes, using quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, changes in the ionic concentration of three essential heavy metals [iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn)] by atomic absorption spectroscopy in patients with NDs, depression, obesity, and diabetes type II, were evaluated and compared with the results of normal individuals. Results: More than half of the participants in obesity, depression, and ND groups had significant up-regulation of FOXO1 and FOXO3A, down-regulation of IL-1β and IL-6, and higher levels of Fe and Cu in their blood. This pattern of gene expression was not repeated in diabetic patients. Conclusion: It could be concluded that individuals affected with different levels of obesity and depression have increased the risk of developing NDs later in life, probably through changes in energy metabolism, inflammatory pathways, and ionic concentrations.

Utilization of nanoemulsions to enhance bioactivity of pharmaceuticals, supplements, and nutraceuticals: Nanoemulsion delivery systems and nanoemulsion excipient systems.

PubMed

Aboalnaja, Khaled Omer; Yaghmoor, Soonham; Kumosani, Taha Abdullah; McClements, David Julian

2016-09-01

The efficacy of many hydrophobic bioactives (pharmaceuticals, supplements, and nutraceuticals) is limited due to their relatively low or highly variable bioavailability. Nanoemulsions consisting of small lipid droplets (r < 100 nm) dispersed in water can be designed to improve bioavailability. The major factors limiting the oral bioavailability of hydrophobic bioactive agents are highlighted: bioaccessibility, absorption and transformation. Two nanoemulsion-based approaches to control these processes and improve bioavailability are discussed: nanoemulsion delivery systems (NDS) and nanoemulsion excipient systems (NES). In NDS, hydrophobic bioactives are dissolved within the lipid phase of oil-in-water nanoemulsions. In NES, the bioactives are present within a conventional drug, supplement, or food, which is consumed with an oil-in-water nanoemulsion. Examples of NDS and NES utilization to improve bioactive bioavailability are given. Considerable progress has been made in nanoemulsion design, fabrication, and testing. This knowledge facilitates the design of new formulations to improve the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals, supplements, and nutraceuticals. NDS and NES must be carefully designed based on the major factors limiting the bioavailability of specific bioactives. Research is still required to ensure these systems are commercially viable, and to demonstrate their safety and efficacy using animal and human feeding studies.

Nanostructure design for drastic reduction of thermal conductivity while preserving high electrical conductivity.

PubMed

Nakamura, Yoshiaki

2018-01-01

The design and fabrication of nanostructured materials to control both thermal and electrical properties are demonstrated for high-performance thermoelectric conversion. We have focused on silicon (Si) because it is an environmentally friendly and ubiquitous element. High bulk thermal conductivity of Si limits its potential as a thermoelectric material. The thermal conductivity of Si has been reduced by introducing grains, or wires, yet a further reduction is required while retaining a high electrical conductivity. We have designed two different nanostructures for this purpose. One structure is connected Si nanodots (NDs) with the same crystal orientation. The phonons scattering at the interfaces of these NDs occurred and it depended on the ND size. As a result of phonon scattering, the thermal conductivity of this nanostructured material was below/close to the amorphous limit. The other structure is Si films containing epitaxially grown Ge NDs. The Si layer imparted high electrical conductivity, while the Ge NDs served as phonon scattering bodies reducing thermal conductivity drastically. This work gives a methodology for the independent control of electron and phonon transport using nanostructured materials. This can bring the realization of thermoelectric Si-based materials that are compatible with large scale integrated circuit processing technologies.

Synergistic Effect of Hybrid Multilayer In2Se3 and Nanodiamonds for Highly Sensitive Photodetectors.

PubMed

Zheng, Zhaoqiang; Yao, Jiandong; Xiao, Jun; Yang, Guowei

2016-08-10

Layered materials have rapidly established themselves as intriguing building blocks for next-generation photodetection platforms in view of their exotic electronic and optical attributes. However, both relatively low mobility and heavier electron effective mass limit layered materials for high-performance applications. Herein, we employed nanodiamonds (NDs) to promote the performance of multilayer In2Se3 photodetectors for the first time. This hybrid NDs-In2Se3 photodetector showed a tremendous promotion of photodetection performance in comparison to pristine In2Se3 ones. This hybrid devices exhibited remarkable detectivity (5.12 × 10(12) jones), fast response speed (less than 16.6 ms), and decent current on/off ratio (∼2285) simultaneously. These parameters are superior to most reported layered materials based photodetectors and even comparable to the state-of-the-art commercial photodetectors. Meanwhile, we attributed this excellent performance to the synergistic effect between NDs and the In2Se3. They can greatly enhance the broad spectrum absorption and promote the injection of photoexcited carrier in NDs to In2Se3. These results actually open up a new scenario for designing and fabricating innovative optoelectronic systems.

Nanodiamonds coupled with 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin, a plant bioactive metabolite, interfere with the mitotic process in B16F10 cells altering the actin organization.

PubMed

Gismondi, Angelo; Nanni, Valentina; Reina, Giacomo; Orlanducci, Silvia; Terranova, Maria Letizia; Canini, Antonella

2016-01-01

For the first time, we coupled reduced detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) with a plant secondary metabolite, citropten (5,7-dimethoxycoumarin), and demonstrated how this complex was able to reduce B16F10 tumor cell growth more effectively than treatment with the pure molecule. These results encouraged us to find out the specific mechanism underlying this phenomenon. Internalization kinetics and quantification of citropten in cells after treatment with its pure or ND-conjugated form were measured, and it was revealed that the coupling between NDs and citropten was essential for the biological properties of the complex. We showed that the adduct was not able to induce apoptosis, senescence, or differentiation, but it determined cell cycle arrest, morphological changes, and alteration of mRNA levels of the cytoskeletal-related genes. The identification of metaphasic nuclei and irregular disposition of β-actin in the cell cytoplasm supported the hypothesis that citropten conjugated with NDs showed antimitotic properties in B16F10 cells. This work can be considered a pioneering piece of research that could promote and support the biomedical use of plant drug-functionalized NDs in cancer therapy.

Nanodiamonds coupled with 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin, a plant bioactive metabolite, interfere with the mitotic process in B16F10 cells altering the actin organization

PubMed Central

Gismondi, Angelo; Nanni, Valentina; Reina, Giacomo; Orlanducci, Silvia; Terranova, Maria Letizia; Canini, Antonella

2016-01-01

For the first time, we coupled reduced detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) with a plant secondary metabolite, citropten (5,7-dimethoxycoumarin), and demonstrated how this complex was able to reduce B16F10 tumor cell growth more effectively than treatment with the pure molecule. These results encouraged us to find out the specific mechanism underlying this phenomenon. Internalization kinetics and quantification of citropten in cells after treatment with its pure or ND-conjugated form were measured, and it was revealed that the coupling between NDs and citropten was essential for the biological properties of the complex. We showed that the adduct was not able to induce apoptosis, senescence, or differentiation, but it determined cell cycle arrest, morphological changes, and alteration of mRNA levels of the cytoskeletal-related genes. The identification of metaphasic nuclei and irregular disposition of β-actin in the cell cytoplasm supported the hypothesis that citropten conjugated with NDs showed antimitotic properties in B16F10 cells. This work can be considered a pioneering piece of research that could promote and support the biomedical use of plant drug-functionalized NDs in cancer therapy. PMID:26893562

Preparation of HCPT-Loaded Nanoneedles with Pointed Ends for Highly Efficient Cancer Chemotherapy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Shichao; Yang, Xiangrui; Li, Yang; Wu, Hongjie; Huang, Yu; Xie, Liya; Zhang, Ying; Hou, Zhenqing; Liu, Xiangyang

2016-06-01

The high-aspect-ratio nanoparticles were proved to be internalized much more rapidly and efficiently by cancer cells than the nanoparticles with an equal aspect ratio. Herein, a kind of high-aspect ratio, pointed-end nanoneedles (NDs) with a high drug loading (15.04 %) and the prolonged drug release profile were fabricated with an anti-tumor drug—10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT)—via an ultrasound-assisted emulsion crystallization technique. It is surprising to see that the cellular internalization of NDs with an average length of 5 μm and an aspect ratio of about 12:1 was even much faster and higher than that of nanorods with the same size and the nanospheres with a much smaller size of 150 nm. The results further validated that cellular internalization of the nanoparticles exhibited a strong shape-dependent effect, and cellular uptake may favor the particles with sharp ends as well as a high-aspect ratio instead of particle size. The NDs with enhanced cytotoxicity would lead to a promising sustained local drug delivery system for highly efficient anticancer therapy. More importantly, the fabrication of NDs opens a door to design new formulations of nanoneedle drug delivery systems for highly efficient cancer.

Highly conductive and anticorrosion Ag/CNTs/NDs hybrid films on molecular-grafted PET substrate for flexible electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yang; Kang, Zhixin

2018-01-01

We reported an approach of preparing highly conductive, anticorrosion, flexible Ag hybrid films enhanced by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanodaimonds (NDs) on molecular-grafted PET substrate by spin-spray for flexible electronics. we studied in this paper and found that even an outstanding enhancement on conductivity of Ag films, CNTs have a negative effect on anticorrosion property. Meanwhile, NDs decreased the conductivity of Ag/CNTs hybrids, but it remained a relatively high conductivity property and even was affirmed a distinctly boost improvement on anticorrosion, microhardness and tensile strength, which meant a better mechanical chemical stabilization and practicability in real flexible electronics. To obtain the strong adhesive strength of films/substrate, molecular-grafting technology was applied, which was affirmed by XPS and cross-cut test. What's more, we evaluated anticorrosion property by electrochemistry test, including Tafel measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, proving the positive effect of NDs on Ag/CNTs hybrid films. For practical application, a flexible light-emitting diode (LED) circuit was successfully structured and remained steady under bending, folding and twisting. Besides, after 1000000 cycles inner/outer bending deformation, the hybrid films showed a mechanical compliance, fatigue stability and practicability in real flexible electronics.

Lessons of the Iraqi De-Ba’athification Program for Iraq’s Future and the Arab Revolutions

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-01

with some of the Arab Spring militaries and has a particu- larly strong relationship with the Egyptian military. These bonds of trust, cooperation...suitable tomb for the co-founder of Ba’athism. Saddam was not a military man, and as a youth was rejected for entry into the Iraqi military academy due...Egypt. While parallels between Saddam Hussein’s Iraq and 64 these countries exist, differences vastly outnumber similarities. The Tunisian and Egyptian

The Army’s Ground Combat Vehicle Program and Alternatives

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-01

the M2A3 Bradley IFV used in Iraq, which includes reactive armor and underbelly armor. Weighta Number of Vehicle (Tons) Passengers Ground Combat...RCWS = remotely controlled weapon station; n.a. = not applicable. a. Version of the M2A3 Bradley IFV used in Iraq, which includes reactive armor and...trade-offs that the Army made to reduce the average procurement unit cost to $13.5 million (in 2013 dollars). b. Version of the M2A3 Bradley IFV used

Combinatorial nanodiamond in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.

PubMed

Lim, Dae Gon; Prim, Racelly Ena; Kim, Ki Hyun; Kang, Eunah; Park, Kinam; Jeong, Seong Hoon

2016-11-30

One of the newly emerging carbon materials, nanodiamond (ND), has been exploited for use in traditional electric materials and this has extended into biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Recently, NDs have attained significant interests as a multifunctional and combinational drug delivery system. ND studies have provided insights into granting new potentials with their wide ranging surface chemistry, complex formation with biopolymers, and combination with biomolecules. The studies that have proved ND inertness, biocompatibility, and low toxicity have made NDs much more feasible for use in real in vivo applications. This review gives an understanding of NDs in biomedical engineering and pharmaceuticals, focusing on the classified introduction of ND/drug complexes. In addition, the diverse potential applications that can be obtained with chemical modification are presented. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

LSTM for diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases using gait data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Aite; Qi, Lin; Li, Jie; Dong, Junyu; Yu, Hui

2018-04-01

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) usually cause gait disorders and postural disorders, which provides an important basis for NDs diagnosis. By observing and analyzing these clinical manifestations, medical specialists finally give diagnostic results to the patient, which is inefficient and can be easily affected by doctors' subjectivity. In this paper, we propose a two-layer Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model to learn the gait patterns exhibited in the three NDs. The model was trained and tested using temporal data that was recorded by force-sensitive resistors including time series, such as stride interval and swing interval. Our proposed method outperforms other methods in literature in accordance with accuracy of the predicted diagnostic result. Our approach aims at providing the quantitative assessment so that to indicate the diagnosis and treatment of these neurodegenerative diseases in clinic

A Novel Evaluation Model for the Vehicle Navigation Device Market Using Hybrid MCDM Techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Chia-Li; Hsieh, Meng-Shu; Tzeng, Gwo-Hshiung

The developing strategy of ND is also presented to initiate the product roadmap. Criteria for evaluation are constructed via reviewing papers, interviewing experts and brain-storming. The ISM (interpretive structural modeling) method was used to construct the relationship between each criterion. The existing NDs were sampled to benchmark the gap between the consumer’s aspired/desired utilities with respect to the utilities of existing/developing NDs. The VIKOR method was applied to rank the sampled NDs. This paper will propose the key driving criteria of purchasing new ND and compare the consumer behavior of various characters. Those conclusions can be served as a reference for ND producers for improving existing functions or planning further utilities in the next e-era ND generation.

Activity computer program for calculating ion irradiation activation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Palmer, Ben; Connolly, Brian; Read, Mark

2017-07-01

A computer program, Activity, was developed to predict the activity and gamma lines of materials irradiated with an ion beam. It uses the TENDL (Koning and Rochman, 2012) [1] proton reaction cross section database, the Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) (Biersack et al., 2010) code, a Nuclear Data Services (NDS) radioactive decay database (Sonzogni, 2006) [2] and an ENDF gamma decay database (Herman and Chadwick, 2006) [3]. An extended version of Bateman's equation is used to calculate the activity at time t, and this equation is solved analytically, with the option to also solve by numeric inverse Laplace Transform as a failsafe. The program outputs the expected activity and gamma lines of the activated material.

An experimental predeployment training program improves self-reported patient treatment confidence and preparedness of Army combat medics.

PubMed

Gerhardt, Robert T; Hermstad, Erik L; Oakes, Michael; Wiegert, Richard S; Oliver, Jeffrey

2008-01-01

To develop and assess impact of a focused review of International Trauma Life Support (ITLS) and combat casualty care with hands-on procedure training for U.S. Army medics deploying to Iraq. The setting was a U.S. Army Medical Department Center and School and Camp Eagle, Iraq. Investigators developed and implemented a command-approved prospective educational intervention with a post hoc survey. Subjects completed a three-day course with simulator and live-tissue procedure laboratories. At deployment's end, medics were surveyed for experience, confidence, and preparedness in treating various casualty severity levels. Investigators used two-tailed t-test with unequal variance for continuous data and chi-square for categorical data. Twenty-nine medics deployed. Eight completed the experimental program. Twenty-one of 25 (84%) available medics completed the survey including six of the eight (75%) experimental medics. The experimental group reported significantly greater levels of preparedness and confidence treating "minimal," "delayed," and "immediate" casualties at arrival in Iraq. These differences dissipated progressively over the time course of the deployment. This experimental program increased combat medic confidence and perceived level of preparedness in treating several patient severity levels. Further research is warranted to determine if the experimental intervention objectively improves patient care quality and translates into lives saved early in deployment.

Iraq liquid radioactive waste tanks maintenance and monitoring program plan.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dennis, Matthew L.; Cochran, John Russell; Sol Shamsaldin, Emad

2011-10-01

The purpose of this report is to develop a project management plan for maintaining and monitoring liquid radioactive waste tanks at Iraq's Al-Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center. Based on information from several sources, the Al-Tuwaitha site has approximately 30 waste tanks that contain varying amounts of liquid or sludge radioactive waste. All of the tanks have been non-operational for over 20 years and most have limited characterization. The program plan embodied in this document provides guidance on conducting radiological surveys, posting radiation control areas and controlling access, performing tank hazard assessments to remove debris and gain access, and conducting routine tankmore » inspections. This program plan provides general advice on how to sample and characterize tank contents, and how to prioritize tanks for soil sampling and borehole monitoring.« less

Health Services Management Education On-Site at a Military Medical Center

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Stephen J.; Poss, W. Bradley; Cupp, Craig L.

2014-01-01

A cooperative educational program with the U.S. military is described to illustrate a unique opportunity that confronted a graduate healthcare management program. The resulting degree program supported the military's operational medical mission but also presented interesting and unexpected challenges resulting from the wars in Iraq and…

Tobacco outlet density and converted versus native non-daily cigarette use in a national US sample.

PubMed

Kirchner, Thomas R; Anesetti-Rothermel, Andrew; Bennett, Morgane; Gao, Hong; Carlos, Heather; Scheuermann, Taneisha S; Reitzel, Lorraine R; Ahluwalia, Jasjit S

2017-01-01

Investigate whether non-daily smokers' (NDS) cigarette price and purchase preferences, recent cessation attempts, and current intentions to quit are associated with the density of the retail cigarette product landscape surrounding their residential address. Cross-sectional assessment of N=904 converted NDS (CNDS). who previously smoked every day, and N=297 native NDS (NNDS) who only smoked non-daily, drawn from a national panel. Kernel density estimation was used to generate a nationwide probability surface of tobacco outlets linked to participants' residential ZIP code. Hierarchically nested log-linear models were compared to evaluate associations between outlet density, non-daily use patterns, price sensitivity and quit intentions. Overall, NDS in ZIP codes with greater outlet density were less likely than NDS in ZIP codes with lower outlet density to hold 6-month quit intentions when they also reported that price affected use patterns (G 2 =66.1, p<0.001) and purchase locations (G 2 =85.2, p<0.001). CNDS were more likely than NNDS to reside in ZIP codes with higher outlet density (G 2 =322.0, p<0.001). Compared with CNDS in ZIP codes with lower outlet density, CNDS in high-density ZIP codes were more likely to report that price influenced the amount they smoke (G 2 =43.9, p<0.001), and were more likely to look for better prices (G 2 =59.3, p<0.001). NDS residing in high-density ZIP codes were not more likely to report that price affected their cigarette brand choice compared with those in ZIP codes with lower density. This paper provides initial evidence that the point-of-sale cigarette environment may be differentially associated with the maintenance of CNDS versus NNDS patterns. Future research should investigate how tobacco control efforts can be optimised to both promote cessation and curb the rising tide of non-daily smoking in the USA. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

48 CFR 225.7704-3 - Solicitation provisions and contract clauses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... American-Trade Agreements-Balance of Payments Program solicitation provisions and contract clauses... ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS FOREIGN ACQUISITION Acquisitions in Support of Operations in Iraq or Afghanistan 225.7704-3 Solicitation provisions and contract...

Structural and electronic properties of GaN nanowires with embedded In{sub x}Ga{sub 1−x}N nanodisks

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kioseoglou, J., E-mail: sifisl@auth.gr; Pavloudis, Th.; Kehagias, Th.

2015-07-21

In the present study, the effects of various types of strain and indium concentration on the total energy and optoelectronic properties of GaN nanowires (NWs) with embedded In{sub x}Ga{sub 1−x}N nanodisks (NDs) are examined. In particular, the bi-axial, hydrostatic, and uniaxial strain states of the embedded In{sub x}Ga{sub 1−x}N NDs are investigated for multiple In concentrations. Density functional theory is employed to calculate the band structure of the NWs. The theoretical analysis finds that the supercell-size-dependent characteristics calculated for our 972-atom NW models are very close to the infinite supercell-size limit. It is established that the embedded In{sub x}Ga{sub 1−x}Nmore » NDs do not induce deep states in the band gap of the NWs. A bowing parameter of 1.82 eV is derived from our analysis in the quadratic Vegard's formula for the band gaps at the various In concentrations of the investigated In{sub x}Ga{sub 1−x}N NDs in GaN NW structures. It is concluded that up to ∼10% of In, the hydrostatic strain state is competitive with the bi-axial due to the radial absorption of the strain on the surfaces. Above this value, the dominant strain state is the bi-axial one. Thus, hydrostatic and bi-axial strain components coexist in the embedded NDs, and they are of different physical origin. The bi-axial strain comes from growth on lattice mismatched substrates, while the hydrostatic strain originates from the lateral relaxation of the surfaces.« less

Polarization-dependent enhanced photoluminescence and polarization-independent emission rate of quantum dots on gold elliptical nanodisc arrays.

PubMed

Zhu, Qiangzhong; Zheng, Shupei; Lin, Shijie; Liu, Tian-Ran; Jin, Chongjun

2014-07-07

We have fabricated gold (Au) elliptical nanodisc (ND) arrays via three-beam interference lithography and electron beam deposition of gold. The enhanced photoluminescence intensity and emission rate of quantum dots (QDs) near to the Au elliptical NDs have been studied by tuning the nearest distance between quantum dots and Au elliptical NDs. We found that the photoluminescence intensity is polarization-dependent with the degree of polarization being equal to that of the light extinction of the Au elliptical NDs, while the emission rate is polarization-independent. This is resulted from the plasmon-coupled emission via the coupling between the QD dipole and the plasmon nano-antenna. Our experiments fully confirm the evidence of the plasmophore concept proposed recently in the interaction of the QDs with metal nanoparticles.

31 CFR Appendix B to Chapter V - Alphabetical Listing of Vessels That Are the Property of Blocked Persons or Specially Designated...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Tanker 36,330 HNAZ Iraqi Oil Tankers Company, Basrah, Iraq AL-ALYAA IRAQ Iraq Tug 375 N/A State Org. of Iraqi Ports AL-AMIN IRAQ Iraq Tug 368 YIAM State Org. of Iraqi Ports AL ANBAR IRAQ Iraqi flag Tug YIAV... IRAQ Iraq Tanker 9,928 HNBT Iraqi Oil Tankers Company AL-BAKR IRAQ Iraq Research 390 YIBR State Org. of...

Efficient Nondomination Level Update Method for Steady-State Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization.

PubMed

Li, Ke; Deb, Kalyanmoy; Zhang, Qingfu; Zhang, Qiang

2017-09-01

Nondominated sorting (NDS), which divides a population into several nondomination levels (NDLs), is a basic step in many evolutionary multiobjective optimization (EMO) algorithms. It has been widely studied in a generational evolution model, where the environmental selection is performed after generating a whole population of offspring. However, in a steady-state evolution model, where a population is updated right after the generation of a new candidate, the NDS can be extremely time consuming. This is especially severe when the number of objectives and population size become large. In this paper, we propose an efficient NDL update method to reduce the cost for maintaining the NDL structure in steady-state EMO. Instead of performing the NDS from scratch, our method only updates the NDLs of a limited number of solutions by extracting the knowledge from the current NDL structure. Notice that our NDL update method is performed twice at each iteration. One is after the reproduction, the other is after the environmental selection. Extensive experiments fully demonstrate that, comparing to the other five state-of-the-art NDS methods, our proposed method avoids a significant amount of unnecessary comparisons, not only in the synthetic data sets, but also in some real optimization scenarios. Last but not least, we find that our proposed method is also useful for the generational evolution model.

Neutrophilic Skin Lesions in Autoimmune Connective Tissue Diseases

PubMed Central

Hau, Estelle; Vignon Pennamen, Marie-Dominique; Battistella, Maxime; Saussine, Anne; Bergis, Maud; Cavelier-Balloy, Benedicte; Janier, Michel; Cordoliani, Florence; Bagot, Martine; Rybojad, Michel; Bouaziz, Jean-David

2014-01-01

Abstract The pathophysiology of neutrophilic dermatoses (NDs) and autoimmune connective tissue diseases (AICTDs) is incompletely understood. The association between NDs and AICTDs is rare; recently, however, a distinctive subset of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE, the prototypical AICTD) with neutrophilic histological features has been proposed to be included in the spectrum of lupus. The aim of our study was to test the validity of such a classification. We conducted a monocentric retrospective study of 7028 AICTDs patients. Among these 7028 patients, a skin biopsy was performed in 932 cases with mainly neutrophilic infiltrate on histology in 9 cases. Combining our 9 cases and an exhaustive literature review, pyoderma gangrenosum, Sweet syndrome (n = 49), Sweet-like ND (n = 13), neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis (n = 6), palisaded neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis (n = 12), and histiocytoid neutrophilic dermatitis (n = 2) were likely to occur both in AICTDs and autoinflammatory diseases. Other NDs were specifically encountered in AICTDs: bullous LE (n = 71), amicrobial pustulosis of the folds (n = 28), autoimmunity-related ND (n = 24), ND resembling erythema gyratum repens (n = 1), and neutrophilic annular erythema (n = 1). The improvement of AICTDS neutrophilic lesions under neutrophil targeting therapy suggests possible common physiopathological pathways between NDs and AICTDs. PMID:25546688

Nanostructure design for drastic reduction of thermal conductivity while preserving high electrical conductivity

PubMed Central

Nakamura, Yoshiaki

2018-01-01

Abstract The design and fabrication of nanostructured materials to control both thermal and electrical properties are demonstrated for high-performance thermoelectric conversion. We have focused on silicon (Si) because it is an environmentally friendly and ubiquitous element. High bulk thermal conductivity of Si limits its potential as a thermoelectric material. The thermal conductivity of Si has been reduced by introducing grains, or wires, yet a further reduction is required while retaining a high electrical conductivity. We have designed two different nanostructures for this purpose. One structure is connected Si nanodots (NDs) with the same crystal orientation. The phonons scattering at the interfaces of these NDs occurred and it depended on the ND size. As a result of phonon scattering, the thermal conductivity of this nanostructured material was below/close to the amorphous limit. The other structure is Si films containing epitaxially grown Ge NDs. The Si layer imparted high electrical conductivity, while the Ge NDs served as phonon scattering bodies reducing thermal conductivity drastically. This work gives a methodology for the independent control of electron and phonon transport using nanostructured materials. This can bring the realization of thermoelectric Si-based materials that are compatible with large scale integrated circuit processing technologies. PMID:29371907

Space-confined fabrication of silver nanodendrites and their enhanced SERS activity.

PubMed

Wang, Shuqi; Xu, Li-Ping; Wen, Yongqiang; Du, Hongwu; Wang, Shutao; Zhang, Xueji

2013-05-21

Here we report a controllable method based on electrodeposition to fabricate Ag nanodendrites (NDs) on a microwell patterned electrode. The microwell patterns on the ITO electrode are fabricated via the microcontact printing technique. By varying the microwell size and electrodeposition time, the morphology of metal deposits on the microwell patterned ITO electrode can be tuned from boulders to dendrites. At the edge of the microwells, the current density was strengthened, which incurs rapid nucleation. The nucleus develops into dendrites because of Mullins-Sekerka instability. However, only boulders were observed at the center of microwells. By reducing the size of the microwells, only NDs were fabricated due to the edge effect. On the basis of understanding the underlying mechanism for dendritic growth in a confined space, our method is used for fabricating other noble metal (Au, Pt) nanodendrites. The controllable synthesis of Au and Pt NDs indicates the universality of this method. Compared with Ag film obtained from electron beam evaporation, the as-prepared Ag NDs exhibit highly enhanced surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensitivity when they are used to detect rhodamine 6G (R6G). This approach provides a very controllable, reliable and general way for space-confined fabricating the noble metal nanodendrite arrays which show great promise in catalysis, sensing, biomedicine, electronic and magnetic devices.

REVIEW OF THE NEGOTIATION OF THE MODEL PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE AGREEMENT(S) BETWEEN STATE(S) AND THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY FOR THE APPLICATION OF SAFEGUARDS,INFCIRC/540 (Corrected) VOLUME I/III SETTING THE STAGE: 1991-1996.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rosenthal, M.D.; Saum-Manning, L.; Houck, F.

Events in Iraq at the beginning of the 1990s demonstrated that the safeguards system of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) needed to be improved. It had failed, after all, to detect Iraq's clandestine nuclear weapon program even though some of Iraq's's activities had been pursued at inspected facilities in buildings adjacent to ones being inspected by the IAEA. Although there were aspects of the implementation of safeguards where the IAEA needed to improve, the primary limitations were considered to be part of the safeguards system itself. That system was based on the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty of 1970, to whichmore » Iraq was a party, and implemented on the basis of a model NPT safeguards agreement, published by the IAEA 1972 as INFCIRC/153 (corrected). The agreement calls for states to accept and for the IAEA to apply safeguards to all nuclear material in the state. Iraq was a party to such an agreement, but it violated the agreement by concealing nuclear material and other nuclear activities from the IAEA. Although the IAEA was inspecting in Iraq, it was hindered by aspects of the agreement that essentially limited its access to points in declared facilities and provided the IAEA with little information about nuclear activities anywhere else in Iraq. As a result, a major review of the NPT safeguards system was initiated by its Director General and Member States with the objective of finding the best means to enable the IAEA to detect both diversions from declared stocks and any undeclared nuclear material or activities in the state. Significant improvements that could be made within existing legal authority were taken quickly, most importantly a change in 1992 in how and when and what design information would be reported to the IAEA. During 1991-1996, the IAEA pursued intensive study, legal and technical analysis, and field trials and held numerous consultations with Member States. The Board of Governors discussed the issue of strengthening safeguards at almost all of its meeting.« less

Nanoparticles used in medical applications for the lung: hopes for nanomedicine and fears for nanotoxicity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boland, S.; Guadagnini, R.; Baeza-Squiban, A.; Hussain, S.; Marano, F.

2011-07-01

Nanotechnology is a promising tool for the development of innovative treatment strategies allowing to overcome obstacles encountered by classical drug delivery. This has led to the development of nanomedicine. Indeed, nano-delivery systems (NDS) may allow the controlled release of therapeutics, protection of drugs against degradation, targeted drug delivery and facilitated transport across barriers. All these advantages of NDS are particularly interesting for treatments of the lung which is a challenging organ in respect to drug delivery. However, for the development of nanomaterials aimed to transport therapeutics, there is also a need to assess the potential health hazards of these new materials, especially as a variety of nanoparticles have been shown to induce toxicity related to their nanometer size leading to the new field of nanotoxicology. We will address both aspects of NDS, specifically in respect to lung treatments: their potential benefits and the possible adverse health effects of these materials.

Metal-free hybrids of graphitic carbon nitride and nanodiamonds for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic applications.

PubMed

Zhou, Li; Zhang, Huayang; Guo, Xiaochen; Sun, Hongqi; Liu, Shaomin; Tade, Moses O; Wang, Shaobin

2017-05-01

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) has been considered as a metal-free, cost-effective, eco-friendly and efficient catalyst for various photoelectrochemical applications. However, compared to conventional metal-based photocatalysts, its photocatalytic activity is still low because of the low mobility of carriers restricted by the polymer nature. Herein, a series of hybrids of g-C 3 N 4 (GCN) and nanodiamonds (NDs) were synthesized using a solvothermal method. The photoelectrochemical performance and photocatalytic efficiency of the GCN/NDs were investigated by means of the generation of photocurrent and photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) solutions under UV-visible light irradiations. In this study, the sample of GCN/ND-33% derived from 0.1g GCN and 0.05g NDs displayed the highest photocatalytic activity and the strongest photocurrent density. The mechanism of enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic performances was also discussed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

[Consensus on nursing diagnoses, interventions and outcomes for home care of patients with heart failure].

PubMed

Azzolin, Karina; de Souza, Emiliane Nogueira; Ruschel, Karen Brasil; Mussi, Cláudia Motta; de Lucena, Amália Fátima; Rabelo, Eneida Rejane

2012-12-01

This was a consensus study with six cardiology nurses with the objective of selecting nursing diagnoses, outcomes and interventions described by NANDA International (NANDA-I), Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC), for home care of patients with heart failure (HF). Eight nursing diagnoses (NDs) were pre-selected and a consensus was achieved in three stages, during which interventions/activities and outcomes/indicators of each NDs were validated and those considered valid obtained 70% to 100% consensus. From the eight pre-selected NDs, two were excluded due to the lack of consensus on appropriate interventions for the clinical home care scenario. Eleven interventions were selected from a total of 96 pre-selected ones and seven outcomes were validated out of 71. The practice of consensus among expert nurses provides assistance to the qualifications of the care process and deepens the knowledge about the use of tazonomies in nursing clinical practice.

Solvothermal synthesis of N-doped graphene supported PtCo nanodendrites with highly catalytic activity for 4-nitrophenol reduction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xiao-Fang; Zhu, Xiao-Yan; Feng, Jiu-Ju; Wang, Ai-Jun

2018-01-01

A simple solvothermal method was developed to prepare N-doped reduced graphene oxide supported homogeneous PtCo nanodendrites (PtCo NDs/N-rGO), where ethylene glycol (EG) served as the reducing agent and the solvent, and linagliptin as the structure-directing and stabilizing agent for PtCo NDs and dopant for rGO, respectively. Controlled researches showed that the dosage of linagliptin and the ratios of the two metal precursors were important in the current synthesis. The PtCo NDs/N-rGO nanocomposite exhibited higher catalytic activity towards the reduction of 4-nitrophnol (4-NP) in contrast with the referenced Pt1Co3 NCs/N-rGO, Pt3Co1 NCs/N-rGO and commercial Pt/C catalysts. More importantly, the constructed catalyst exhibited the superior stability without sacrificing the catalytic activity, showing great prospect for the reduction of 4-NP in practice.

Spatial and temporal variations of aridity indices in Iraq

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Şarlak, Nermin; Mahmood Agha, Omar M. A.

2017-06-01

This study investigates the spatial and temporal variations of the aridity indices to reveal the desertification vulnerability of Iraq region. Relying on temperature and precipitation data taken from 28 meteorological stations for 31 years, the study aims to determine (1) dry land types and their delineating boundaries and (2) temporal change in aridity conditions in Iraq. Lang's aridity (Im), De Martonne's aridity (Am), United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) aridity (AIu), and Erinç aridity (IE) indices were selected in this study because of the scarcity of the observed data. The analysis of the spatial variation of aridity indices exhibited that the arid and semi-arid regions cover about 97% of the country's areas. As for temporal variations, it was observed that the aridity indices tend to decrease (statistically significant or not) for all stations. The cumulative sum charts (CUSUMs) were applied to detect the year on which the climate pattern of aridity indices had changed from one pattern to another. The abrupt change point was detected around year 1997 for the majority of the stations. Thus, the spatial and temporal aridity characteristics in Iraq were examined for the two periods 1980-1997 and 1998-2011 (before and after the change-point year) to observe the influence of abrupt change point on aridity phenomena. The spatial variation after 1997 was observed from semi-arid (dry sub humid) to arid (semi-arid) especially at the stations located in northern Iraq, while hyper-arid and arid climatic conditions were still dominant over southern and central Iraq. Besides, the negative temporal variations of the two periods 1980-1997 and 1998-2011 were obtained for almost every station. As a result, it was emphasized that Iraq region, like other Middle East regions, has become drier after 1997. The observed reduction in precipitation and increase in temperature for this region seem to make the situation worse in future.

Program Oversight of Contractors on the Battlefield

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-23

contractor to another. For example, under Blackwater Security Firm‟s contract for private security services in Iraq, the contract paid workers guarding...subcontracting relationship with Blackwater . 38 The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) provided less than adequate control for approximately $8.8...the Army‟s LOGCAP, the Navy ‟s Construction Capabilities Contract Program, and the Air Force‟s Contract Augmentation Program. These programs remain

Meeting Expanding Needs to Collect Food Intake Specificity: The Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

VanHeel, Nancy; Pettit, Janet; Rice, Barbara; Smith, Scott M.

2003-01-01

Food and nutrient databases are populated with data obtained from a variety of sources including USDA Reference Tables, scientific journals, food manufacturers and foreign food tables. The food and nutrient database maintained by the Nutrition Coordinating Center (NCC) at the University of Minnesota is continually updated with current nutrient data and continues to be expanded with additional nutrient fields to meet diverse research endeavors. Data are strictly evaluated for reliability and relevance before incorporation into the database; however, the values are obtained from various sources and food samples rather than from direct chemical analysis of specific foods. Precise nutrient values for specific foods are essential to the nutrition program at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Specific foods to be included in the menus of astronauts are chemically analyzed at the Johnson Space Center for selected nutrients. A request from NASA for a method to enter the chemically analyzed nutrient values for these space flight food items into the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R) software resulted in modification of the database and interview system for use by NASA, with further modification to extend the method for related uses by more typical research studies.

78 FR 18365 - Commencement of Iraq Claims Adjudication Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-26

... instances of serious physical, mental, or emotional injury arising from sexual assault, coercive... was held hostage or was subject to unlawful detention and encompassed physical, mental, and emotional... adjudication program in accordance with its regulations, which are published in Chapter V of Title 45, Code of...

Understanding the effect of insurance expansion on utilization of inpatient surgery

PubMed Central

Ellimoottil, Chandy; Miller, Sarah; Ayanian, John Z.; Miller, David C.

2014-01-01

Importance While the enthusiasm for the Affordable Care Act (ACA) revolves around its impact on access to preventive and primary care services, the effect of this reform on surgical care remains undefined. Objective Using Massachusetts (MA) healthcare reform as a natural experiment, we estimate the differential impact of insurance expansion on the utilization of discretionary versus non-discretionary inpatient surgery. Design We used the State Inpatient Databases from MA and two control states to identify nonelderly patients (19–64 years) who underwent discretionary (DS) versus non-discretionary surgery (NDS) during the years 2003–2010. We defined DS as elective, preference-sensitive procedures (e.g., joint replacement, back surgery), and NDS as imperative and potentially lifesaving procedures (e.g., cancer surgery, hip fracture repair). Using July 2007 as the transition point between pre and post-reform periods, we performed a difference-in-differences (DID) analysis to estimate the effect of insurance expansion on rates of DS vs NDS among the entire study population, and for subgroups defined by race, income and insurance status. We then extrapolated our results from MA to the entire US population. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s) Rate of DS and NDS performed before and after the healthcare reform in Massachusetts. Results We identified a total of 836,311 surgeries during the study period. In contrast to NDS, post-reform rates of DS increased more in MA than in control states. Based on our DID analysis, insurance expansion was associated with a 9.3% increase in the use of DS in MA (p=0.021). Conversely, the rate of NDS decreased by 4.5% (p=0.009). We found similar effects for DS in all subgroups, with the greatest increase observed for non-whites (19.9%, p<0.001). Based on the findings in MA, we estimated that full implementation of national insurance expansion would yield an additional 465,934 discretionary surgeries by 2017. Conclusions and Relevance Insurance expansion in Massachusetts was associated with increased rates of discretionary surgery, and a concurrent decrease in utilization of nondiscretionary surgery. If similar changes are seen nationally, the value of insurance expansion for surgical care may depend on the relative balance between increased expenditures and potential health benefits of greater access to elective inpatient procedures. PMID:24988945

Nanodiamonds act as Trojan horse for intracellular delivery of metal ions to trigger cytotoxicity.

PubMed

Zhu, Ying; Zhang, Yu; Shi, Guosheng; Yang, Jinrong; Zhang, Jichao; Li, Wenxin; Li, Aiguo; Tai, Renzhong; Fang, Haiping; Fan, Chunhai; Huang, Qing

2015-02-05

Nanomaterials hold great promise for applications in the delivery of various molecules with poor cell penetration, yet its potential for delivery of metal ions is rarely considered. Particularly, there is limited insight about the cytotoxicity triggered by nanoparticle-ion interactions. Oxidative stress is one of the major toxicological mechanisms for nanomaterials, and we propose that it may also contribute to nanoparticle-ion complexes induced cytotoxicity. To explore the potential of nanodiamonds (NDs) as vehicles for metal ion delivery, we used a broad range of experimental techniques that aimed at getting a comprehensive assessment of cell responses after exposure of NDs, metal ions, or ND-ion mixture: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, Trypan blue exclusion text, optical microscope observation, synchrotron-based scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and micro X-ray fluorescence (μXRF) microscopy, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation. In addition, theoretical calculation and molecular dynamics (MD) computation were used to illustrate the adsorption properties of different metal ion on NDs as well as release profile of ion from ND-ion complexes at different pH values. The adsorption capacity of NDs for different metal ions was different, and the adsorption for Cu2+ was the most strong among divalent metal ions. These different ND-ion complexes then had different cytotoxicity by influencing the subsequent cellular responses. Detailed investigation of ND-Cu2+ interaction showed that the amount of released Cu2+ from ND-Cu2+ complexes at acidic lysosomal conditions was much higher than that at neutral conditions, leading to the elevation of intracellular ROS level, which triggered cytotoxicity. By theoretical approaches, we demonstrated that the functional carbon surface and cluster structures of NDs made them good vehicles for metal ions delivery. NDs played the Trojan horse role by allowing large amounts of metal ions accumulate into living cells followed by subsequent release of ions in the interior of cells, which then led to cytotoxicity. The present experimental and theoretical results provide useful insight into understanding of cytotoxicity triggered by nanoparticle-ion interactions, and open new ways in the interpretation of nanotoxicity.

Frequency, associated features, and burden of neurological disorders in older adult inpatients in Brazil: a retrospective cross-sectional study.

PubMed

Bacellar, Aroldo; Pedreira, Bruno B; Costa, Gersonita; Assis, Telma

2017-07-24

The burden of neurological disorders (NDs) in older adult inpatients is often underestimated. We studied diagnostic frequency and comorbidity of NDs among inpatients aged ≥60 years. We compared rates of hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS), and readmission with younger patient counterparts (aged 18-59 years) and older adult non-neurological patients. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of inpatients in a tertiary care center in Brazil. We compiled data for all patients admitted between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2010, and selected those aged ≥18 years for inclusion in the study. We collected data for inpatients under care of a clinical neurologist who were discharged with primary diagnoses of NDs or underlying acute clinical disorders, and data for complications in clinical or surgical inpatients. Patients who remained hospitalized for more than 9 days were categorized as having long LOS. Older adult inpatients with NDs (n = 798) represented 56% of all neurological inpatients aged ≥18 years (n = 1430), and 14% of all geriatric inpatients (n = 5587). The mean age of older adult inpatients was 75 ± 9.1 years. Women represented 55% of participants. The most common NDs were cerebrovascular diseases (51%), although multimorbidity was observed. Hospital mortality rate was 18% (95% confidence interval [CI], 15-21) and readmission rate was 31% (95% CI, 28-35), with 40% of patients readmitted 1.8 ± 1.5 times. The long LOS rate was 51% and the median LOS was 9 days (interquartile interval, 1-20 days). In younger inpatients mortality rate was 1.4%, readmission rate was 34%, and long LOS rate was 14%. In older adult non-neurological inpatients, mortality rate was 22%, readmission rate was 49%, and long LOS rate was 30%. Older adult neurological inpatients had the highest long LOS rate of all patient groups, and a higher mortality rate than neurological patients aged 18-59 years. Readmissions were high in all groups studied, particularly among older adult non-neurological inpatients. Improved structures and concerted efforts are required in hospitals in Brazil to reduce burden of NDs in older adult patients.

Screening techniques to identify people at high risk for diabetic foot ulceration: a prospective multicenter trial.

PubMed

Pham, H; Armstrong, D G; Harvey, C; Harkless, L B; Giurini, J M; Veves, A

2000-05-01

Diabetic foot ulceration is a preventable long-term complication of diabetes. A multicenter prospective follow-up study was conducted to determine which risk factors in foot screening have a high association with the development of foot ulceration. A total of 248 patients from 3 large diabetic foot centers were enrolled in a prospective study. Neuropathy symptom score, neuropathy disability score (NDS), vibration perception threshold (VPT), Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments (SWFs), joint mobility, peak plantar foot pressures, and vascular status were evaluated in all patients at the beginning of the study. Patients were followed-up every 6 months for a mean period of 30 months (range 6-40), and all new foot ulcers were recorded. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of each risk factor were evaluated. Foot ulcers developed in 95 feet (19%) or 73 patients (29%) during the study. Patients who developed foot ulcers were more frequently men, had diabetes for a longer duration, had nonpalpable pedal pulses, had reduced joint mobility, had a high NDS, had a high VPT, and had an inability to feel a 5.07 SWE NDS alone had the best sensitivity, whereas the combination of the NDS and the inability to feel a 5.07 SWF reached a sensitivity of 99%. On the other hand, the best specificity for a single factor was offered by foot pressures, and the best combination was that of NDS and foot pressures. Univariate logistical regression analysis yielded a statistically significant odds ratio (OR) for sex, race, duration of diabetes, palpable pulses, history of foot ulceration, high NDSs, high VPTs, high SWFs, and high foot pressures. In addition, 94 (99%) of the 95 ulcerated feet had a high NDS and/or SWF which resulted in the highest OR of 26.2 (95% CI 3.6-190). Furthermore, in multivariate logistical regression analysis, the only significant factors were high NDSs, VPTs, SWFs, and foot pressures. Clinical examination and a 5.07 SWF test are the two most sensitive tests in identifying patients at risk for foot ulceration, especially when the tests are used in conjunction with each other. VPT measurements are also helpful and can be used as an alternative. Finally, foot pressure measurements offer a substantially higher specificity and can be used as a postscreening test in conjunction with providing appropriate footwear.

Photochemical Synthesis of Silver Nanodecahedrons and Related Nanostructures for Plasmonic Field Enhancement Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Haifei

Noble-metal nanocrystals have received considerable attention in recent years for their size and shape dependent localized surface Plasmon resonances (LSPR). Various applications based on colloidal nanoparticles, such as surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), surface enhanced fluorescence (SEF), plasmonic sensing, photothermal therapy etc., have been broadly explored in the field of biomedicine, because of their extremely large optical scattering and absorption cross sections, as well as giant electric field enhancement on their surface. However, despite its high chemical stability, gold exhibits quite large losses and electric field enhancement is comparatively weaker than silver. Silver nanoparticles synthesized by the traditional technique only cover an LSPR ranged from 420~500 nm. On the other hand, the range of 500~660 nm, which is covered by several easily available commercial laser lines, very limited colloidal silver nanostructures with controllable size and shape have been reported, and realization of tuning the resonance to longer wavelengths is very important for the practical applications. In this thesis, a systematic study on photochemical synthesis of silver nanodecahedrons (NDs) and related nanostructures, and their plasmonic field enhancements are presented. First, the roles of chemicals and the light source during the formation of silver nanoparticles have been studied. We have also developed a preparation route for the production size-controlled silver nanodecahedrons (LSPR range 420 ~ 660 nm) in high purity. Indeed our experiments indicate that both the chemicals and the light sources can affect the shape and purity of final products. Adjusting the molar ratio between sodium citrate and silver nitrate can help to control the crystal structure following rapid reduction from sodium borohydride. Light from a blue LED (465 nm) can efficiently transform the polyvinylpyrrolidone stabilized small silver nanoparticles into silver NDs through photo excitation. These silver NDs acting as seeds can be re-grown into larger silver NDs with LSPR ranging from 490 nm to 590 nm, upon receiving LED irradiation with emission close to the LSPR of silver ND seeds, which are suspended in a precursor solution containing small silver nanoparticles. With the aid of centrifugation, silver NDs with high purity can be obtained. Furthermore, silver ND with a broad tuning range (LSPR 490 ~ 660 nm) can be synthesized from these seeds using irradiation from a 500 nm LED. Second, the optical properties of silver NDs and their SERS application for sensitive molecular detection are presented. Raman signal obtained from silver NDs show remarkable advantage over noble nanoparticles of other shaped, thus revealing their strong localized field enhancement. Experimental results demonstrate that average enhancement factor from individual silver ND may be as high as 106. In order to explore their application for biosensing and bioimaging, stable silica coated SERS tags based on silver ND producing high Raman intensity have been studied. Our experiment results indicate that 10-8 M 4-MBA in solution can be detected by silver NDs modified silicon chip through SERS. Simulation result on the geometry of silver ND/silica spacer/gold film/substrate shows that the Raman sensitivity of the NDs modified chip can be further improved with the insertion of a dielectric/conductor film between them. Finally, we present a photochemical method for the preparation of silver nanostructures preparation with the use of 633 nm laser. Silver nanostructures composed of silver nanoplates could be grown from small silver nanoparticles deposited on a glass substrate. The periodicity of the silver nanostructures is several micrometers, revealing that this photochemical method has the potential for "writing" silver pattern on a solid substrate. Raman spectroscopy has also been explored for real-time monitoring of silver nanostructure growth and SERS hotspots formation.

Linear Actuator System for the NASA Docking System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dick, Brandon N.; Oesch, Christopher; Rupp, Timothy W.

2017-01-01

The Linear Actuator System (LAS) is a major sub-system within the NASA Docking System (NDS). The NDS Block 1 will be used on the Boeing Crew Space Transportation (CST-100) system to achieve docking with the International Space Station. Critical functions in the Soft Capture aspect of docking are performed by the LAS. This paper describes the general function of the LAS, the system's key requirements and technical challenges, and the development and qualification approach for the system.

Computation of Material Demand in the Risk Assessment and Mitigation Framework for Strategic Materials (RAMF-SM) Process

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-08-01

Congress concerning requirements for the National Defense Stockpile (NDS) of strategic and critical non- fuel materials. 1 RAMF-SM, which was...critical non- fuel materials. The NDS was established in the World War II era and has been managed by the Department of Defense (DOD) since 1988. By...Department of the Interior. An alternative algorithm is used for materials with intensive defense demands. v Contents 1 .  Introduction

The role of hunger state and dieting history in neural response to food cues: An event-related potential study.

PubMed

Feig, Emily H; Winter, Samantha R; Kounios, John; Erickson, Brian; Berkowitz, Staci A; Lowe, Michael R

2017-10-01

A history of dieting to lose weight has been shown to be a robust predictor of future weight gain. A potential factor in propensity towards weight gain is the nature of people's reactions to the abundance of highly palatable food cues in the environment. Event Related Potentials (ERPs) have revealed differences in how the brain processes food cues between obese and normal weight individuals, as well as between restrained and unrestrained eaters. However, comparisons by weight status are not informative regarding whether differences predate or follow weight gain in obese individuals and restrained eating has not consistently been found to predict future weight gain. The present study compared ERP responses to food cues in non-obese historic dieters (HDs) to non-obese never dieters (NDs). HDs showed a blunted N1 component relative to NDs overall, and delayed N1 and P2 components compared to NDs in the hungry state, suggesting that early, perceptual processing of food cues differs between these groups, especially when food-deprived. HDs also showed a more hunger-dependent sustained ERP (LPP) compared to NDs. Future research should test ERP-based food cue responsivity as a mediator between dieting history and future weight gain to better identify those most at risk for weight gain as well as the nature of their vulnerability. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Transcriptional induction of the heat shock protein B8 mediates the clearance of misfolded proteins responsible for motor neuron diseases.

PubMed

Crippa, Valeria; D'Agostino, Vito G; Cristofani, Riccardo; Rusmini, Paola; Cicardi, Maria E; Messi, Elio; Loffredo, Rosa; Pancher, Michael; Piccolella, Margherita; Galbiati, Mariarita; Meroni, Marco; Cereda, Cristina; Carra, Serena; Provenzani, Alessandro; Poletti, Angelo

2016-03-10

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are often associated with the presence of misfolded protein inclusions. The chaperone HSPB8 is upregulated in mice, the human brain and muscle structures affected during NDs progression. HSPB8 exerts a potent pro-degradative activity on several misfolded proteins responsible for familial NDs forms. Here, we demonstrated that HSPB8 also counteracts accumulation of aberrantly localized misfolded forms of TDP-43 and its 25 KDa fragment involved in most sporadic cases of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (sALS) and of Fronto Lateral Temporal Dementia (FLTD). HSPB8 acts with BAG3 and the HSP70/HSC70-CHIP complex enhancing the autophagic removal of misfolded proteins. We performed a high-through put screening (HTS) to find small molecules capable of inducing HSPB8 in neurons for therapeutic purposes. We identified two compounds, colchicine and doxorubicin, that robustly up-regulated HSPB8 expression. Both colchicine and doxorubicin increased the expression of the master regulator of autophagy TFEB, the autophagy linker p62/SQSTM1 and the autophagosome component LC3. In line, both drugs counteracted the accumulation of TDP-43 and TDP-25 misfolded species responsible for motoneuronal death in sALS. Thus, analogs of colchicine and doxorubicin able to induce HSPB8 and with better safety and tolerability may result beneficial in NDs models.

Temporal and mechanistic tracking of cellular uptake dynamics with novel surface fluorophore-bound nanodiamonds.

PubMed

Schrand, Amanda M; Lin, Jonathan B; Hens, Suzanne Ciftan; Hussain, Saber M

2011-02-01

Nanoparticles (NPs) offer promise for a multitude of biological applications including cellular probes at the bio-interface for targeted delivery of anticancer substances, Raman and fluorescent-based imaging and directed cell growth. Nanodiamonds (NDs), in particular, have several advantages compared to other carbon-based nanomaterials - including a rich surface chemistry useful for chemical conjugation, high biocompatibility with little reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, physical and chemical stability that affords sterilization, high surface area to volume ratio, transparency and a high index of refraction. The visualization of ND internalization into cells is possible via photoluminescence, which is produced by direct dye conjugation or high energy irradiation that creates nitrogen vacancy centers. Here, we explore the kinetics and mechanisms involved in the intracellular uptake and localization of novel, highly-stable, fluorophore-conjugated NDs. Examination in a neuronal cell line (N2A) shows ND localization to early endosomes and lysosomes with eventual release into the cytoplasm. The addition of endocytosis and exocytosis inhibitors allows for diminished uptake and increased accumulation, respectively, which further corroborates cellular behavior in response to NDs. Ultimately, the ability of the NDs to travel throughout cellular compartments of varying pH without degradation of the surface-conjugated fluorophore or alteration of cell viability over extended periods of time is promising for their use in biomedical applications as stable, biocompatible, fluorescent probes.

JPRS Report, Arms Control.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-02-12

Revised SDI Program [V. Chernyshev; TASS 1 Feb] 25 CONVENTIONAL FORCES IN EUROPE Batenin Views Future European Security Strategy [G. Batenin...Iraq Detailed [A. Schwartzbrod; LES ECHOS 1 Feb] 41 Assistance to Iraqi Scud Program Described [L’EXPRESS 8 Feb] 42 GERMANY Government Office...on German Aid to Iraqi Missile, CW Program 45 DER SPIEGEL Report [DER SPIEGEL 28 Jan] 45 Minister Confirms Aid [DPA 30 Jan] 48 TV Program

Delivering Transmembrane Peptide Complexes to the Gas Phase Using Nanodiscs and Electrospray Ionization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Jun; Richards, Michele R.; Kitova, Elena N.; Klassen, John S.

2017-10-01

The gas-phase conformations of dimers of the channel-forming membrane peptide gramicidin A (GA), produced from isobutanol or aqueous solutions of GA-containing nanodiscs (NDs), are investigated using electrospray ionization-ion mobility separation-mass spectrometry (ESI-IMS-MS) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The IMS arrival times measured for (2GA + 2Na)2+ ions from isobutanol reveal three different conformations, with collision cross-sections (Ω) of 683 Å2 (conformation 1, C1), 708 Å2 (C2), and 737 Å2 (C3). The addition of NH4CH3CO2 produced (2GA + 2Na)2+ and (2GA + H + Na)2+ ions, with Ω similar to those of C1, C2, and C3, as well as (2GA + 2H)2+, (2GA + 2NH4)2+, and (2GA + H + NH4)2+ ions, which adopt a single conformation with a Ω similar to that of C2. These results suggest that the nature of the charging agents, imparted by the ESI process, can influence dimer conformation in the gas phase. Notably, the POPC NDs produced exclusively (2GA + 2NH4)2+ dimer ions; the DMPC NDs produced both (2GA + 2H)2+ and (2GA + 2NH4)2+ dimer ions. While the Ω of (2GA + 2H)2+ is similar to that of C2, the (2GA + 2NH4)2+ ions from NDs adopt a more compact structure, with a Ω of 656 Å2. It is proposed that this compact structure corresponds to the ion conducting single stranded head-to-head helical GA dimer. These findings highlight the potential of NDs, combined with ESI, for transferring transmembrane peptide complexes directly from lipid bilayers to the gas phase. [Figure not available: see fulltext.

Two-dimensional tin selenide nanostructures for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors.

PubMed

Zhang, Chunli; Yin, Huanhuan; Han, Min; Dai, Zhihui; Pang, Huan; Zheng, Yulin; Lan, Ya-Qian; Bao, Jianchun; Zhu, Jianmin

2014-04-22

Due to their unique electronic and optoelectronic properties, tin selenide nanostructures show great promise for applications in energy storage and photovoltaic devices. Despite the great progress that has been achieved, the phase-controlled synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) tin selenide nanostructures remains a challenge, and their use in supercapacitors has not been explored. In this paper, 2D tin selenide nanostructures, including pure SnSe2 nanodisks (NDs), mixed-phase SnSe-SnSe2 NDs, and pure SnSe nanosheets (NSs), have been synthesized by reacting SnCl2 and trioctylphosphine (TOP)-Se with borane-tert-butylamine complex (BTBC) and 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone. Utilizing the interplay of TOP and BTBC and changing only the amount of BTBC, the phase-controlled synthesis of 2D tin selenide nanostructures is realized for the first time. Phase-dependent pseudocapacitive behavior is observed for the resulting 2D nanostructures. The specific capacitances of pure SnSe2 NDs (168 F g(-1)) and SnSe NSs (228 F g(-1)) are much higher than those of other reported materials (e.g., graphene-Mn3O4 nanorods and TiN mesoporous spheres); thus, these tin selenide materials were used to fabricate flexible, all-solid-state supercapacitors. Devices fabricated with these two tin selenide materials exhibited high areal capacitances, good cycling stabilities, excellent flexibilities, and desirable mechanical stabilities, which were comparable to or better than those reported recently for other solid-state devices based on graphene and 3D GeSe2 nanostructures. Additionally, the rate capability of the SnSe2 NDs device was much better than that of the SnSe NS device, indicating that SnSe2 NDs are promising active materials for use in high-performance, flexible, all-solid-state supercapacitors.

Development of a Nitride Dispersion Strengthened (NDS) Metallic Alloy for High-Temperature Recuperators

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-06-01

Alloy 2- 40 2-17 Summary of Tensile and Creep/Rupture Results on 0.010-in.-Thick NDS 200 Material 2-41 2-18 Brazing Alloy Screening Tests on NOS 300 2-44...Nitride Strengthening Process 100 - - 90 - __ __ __ __ - 80 __ AFTER NITRIDE AND DENITRIDE CYCLE S 60 - - -- C,50- _ - 40 . 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200...commercially with development of the 200-series stainless steels and the Nitronic alloys (Armco Steel designation). Manganese also is known to

Modulation of polymer refractive indices with diamond nanoparticles for metal-free multilayer film mirrors.

PubMed

Ogata, Tomonari; Yagi, Ryohei; Nakamura, Nozomi; Kuwahara, Yutaka; Kurihara, Seiji

2012-08-01

Modulation of the refractive index of a polymer was achieved by combining it with diamond nanoparticles (NDs). The increase in the refractive index was controlled by the amount of NDs added, according to the Lorentz-Lorenz equation. The refractive index of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), which was used as the base polymer, increased from 1.52 to 1.88. A multilayer film consisting of alternating layers of ND-PVA composite and poly(methyl methacrylate) exhibited ca. 80% reflectance with 10 bilayers.

National Dam Inspection Program. Lake Catalpa Dam (NDS-ID Number PA-560), (DER-ID Number 40-57) Susquehanna River Basin, Falls Creek, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. Phase I Inspection Report,

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-09-01

Ogee spillway crest 1269.5 Sharp crest weir (rigid fish screen) 1271.5 N Upstream invert of spillway 1265.4 Downstream invert of spillway 1260.9 Maximum...Sluice gate Access Valve house upstream Regulating facilities Sluice gate i. Spillway. Type Concrete ogee to sharp crested weir Length 26 feet Ogee... crest elevation 1269.5 Sharp crest weir (rigid fish screen) 1271.5 Upstream channel Lake Downstream channel Reinforced concrete channel for

Crashes and near-crashes on horizontal curves along rural two-lane highways: Analysis of naturalistic driving data.

PubMed

Wang, Bo; Hallmark, Shauna; Savolainen, Peter; Dong, Jing

2017-12-01

Prior research has shown the probability of a crash occurring on horizontal curves to be significantly higher than on similar tangent segments, and a disproportionally higher number of curve-related crashes occurred in rural areas. Challenges arise when analyzing the safety of horizontal curves due to imprecision in integrating information as to the temporal and spatial characteristics of each crash with specific curves. The second Strategic Highway Research Program(SHRP 2) conducted a large-scale naturalistic driving study (NDS),which provides a unique opportunity to better understand the contributing factors leading to crash or near-crash events. This study utilizes high-resolution behavioral data from the NDS to identify factors associated with 108 safety critical events (i.e., crashes or near-crashes) on rural two-lane curves. A case-control approach is utilized wherein these events are compared to 216 normal, baseline-driving events. The variables examined in this study include driver demographic characteristics, details of the traffic environment and roadway geometry, as well as driver behaviors such as in-vehicle distractions. Logistic regression models are estimated to discern those factors affecting the likelihood of a driver being crash-involved. These factors include high-risk behaviors, such as speeding and visual distractions, as well as curve design elements and other roadway characteristics such as pavement surface conditions. This paper successfully integrated driver behavior, vehicle characteristics, and roadway environments into the same model. Logistic regression model was found to be an effective way to investigate crash risks using naturalistic driving data. This paper revealed a number of contributing factors to crashes on rural two-lane curves, which has important implications in traffic safety policy and curve geometry design. This paper also discussed limitations and lessons learned from working with the SHRP 2 NDS data. It will benefit future researchers who work with similar type of data. Copyright © 2017 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Biology and Genetics of Prions Causing Neurodegeneration

PubMed Central

Prusiner, Stanley B.

2014-01-01

Prions are proteins that acquire alternative conformations that become self-propagating. Transformation of proteins into prions is generally accompanied by an increase in β-sheet structure and a propensity to aggregate into oligomers. Some prions are beneficial and perform cellular functions, whereas others cause neurodegeneration. In mammals, more than a dozen proteins that become prions have been identified and a similar number has been found in fungi. In both mammals and fungi, variations in the prion conformation encipher the biological properties of distinct prion strains. Increasing evidence argues that prions cause many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, and Lou Gehrig’s diseases, as well as the tauopathies. The majority of NDs are sporadic, and 10% to 20% are inherited. The late onset of heritable NDs, like their sporadic counterparts, may reflect the stochastic nature of prion formation; the pathogenesis of such illnesses seems to require prion accumulation to exceed some critical threshold before neurological dysfunction manifests. PMID:24274755

Nano-assembly of nanodiamonds by conjugation to actin filaments.

PubMed

Bradac, Carlo; Say, Jana M; Rastogi, Ishan D; Cordina, Nicole M; Volz, Thomas; Brown, Louise J

2016-03-01

Fluorescent nanodiamonds (NDs) are remarkable objects. They possess unique mechanical and optical properties combined with high surface areas and controllable surface reactivity. They are non-toxic and hence suited for use in biological environments. NDs are also readily available and commercially inexpensive. Here, the exceptional capability of controlling and tailoring their surface chemistry is demonstrated. Small, bright diamond nanocrystals (size ˜30 nm) are conjugated to protein filaments of actin (length ˜3-7 µm). The conjugation to actin filaments is extremely selective and highly target-specific. These unique features, together with the relative simplicity of the conjugation-targeting method, make functionalised nanodiamonds a powerful and versatile platform in biomedicine and quantum nanotechnologies. Applications ranging from using NDs as superior biological markers to, potentially, developing novel bottom-up approaches for the fabrication of hybrid quantum devices that would bridge across the bio/solid-state interface are presented and discussed. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Protein Attachment on Nanodiamonds.

PubMed

Lin, Chung-Lun; Lin, Cheng-Huang; Chang, Huan-Cheng; Su, Meng-Chih

2015-07-16

A recent advance in nanotechnology is the scale-up production of small and nonaggregated diamond nanoparticles suitable for biological applications. Using detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) with an average diameter of ∼4 nm as the adsorbents, we have studied the static attachment of three proteins (myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, and insulin) onto the nanoparticles by optical spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and dynamic light scattering, and electrophoretic zeta potential measurements. Results show that the protein surface coverage is predominantly determined by the competition between protein-protein and protein-ND interactions, giving each protein a unique and characteristic structural configuration in its own complex. Specifically, both myoglobin and bovine serum albumin show a Langmuir-type adsorption behavior, forming 1:1 complexes at saturation, whereas insulin folds into a tightly bound multimer before adsorption. The markedly different adsorption patterns appear to be independent of the protein concentration and are closely related to the affinity of the individual proteins for the NDs. The present study provides a fundamental understanding for the use of NDs as a platform for nanomedical drug delivery.

Nonlinear dynamical systems for theory and research in ergonomics.

PubMed

Guastello, Stephen J

2017-02-01

Nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS) theory offers new constructs, methods and explanations for phenomena that have in turn produced new paradigms of thinking within several disciplines of the behavioural sciences. This article explores the recent developments of NDS as a paradigm in ergonomics. The exposition includes its basic axioms, the primary constructs from elementary dynamics and so-called complexity theory, an overview of its methods, and growing areas of application within ergonomics. The applications considered here include: psychophysics, iconic displays, control theory, cognitive workload and fatigue, occupational accidents, resilience of systems, team coordination and synchronisation in systems. Although these applications make use of different subsets of NDS constructs, several of them share the general principles of the complex adaptive system. Practitioner Summary: Nonlinear dynamical systems theory reframes problems in ergonomics that involve complex systems as they change over time. The leading applications to date include psychophysics, control theory, cognitive workload and fatigue, biomechanics, occupational accidents, resilience of systems, team coordination and synchronisation of system components.

Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans: National Findings from VA Residential Treatment Programs

PubMed Central

Cook, Joan M.; Dinnen, Stephanie; O’Donnell, Casey; Bernardy, Nancy; Rosenheck, Robert; Desai, Rani

2013-01-01

A quality improvement effort was undertaken in Department of Veterans Affairs’ (VA) residential treatment programs for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) across the United States. Qualitative interviews were conducted with over 250 directors, providers, and staff during site visits of 38 programs. The aims of this report are to describe clinical issues and distinctive challenges in working with veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan and approaches to addressing their needs. Providers indicated that the most commonly reported problems were: acute PTSD symptomotology; other complex mental health symptom presentations; broad readjustment problems; and difficulty with time demands of and readiness for intensive treatment. Additional concerns included working with active duty personnel and mixing different eras in therapy. Programmatic solutions address structure (e.g., blended versus era-specific therapy), content (e.g., physical activity), and adaptations (e.g., inclusion of family; shortened length of stay). Clinical implications for VA managers and policy makers as well as non-VA health care systems and individual health care providers are noted. PMID:23458113

The Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program: family skills component.

PubMed

Gottman, John M; Gottman, Julie S; Atkins, Christopher L

2011-01-01

Field combat stress clinics and research have identified the signature event that precedes thoughts of suicide and homicide in combat soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan: a distressing personal relationship event with a stateside partner. In response to this alarming information, we have identified critical factors and precipitating incidents as well as critical social skills that form the basis for changing communication between soldiers and their stateside partners. A pilot program is described that proved effective with small groups of soldiers who were led by a male-female professional team and given structured reading and social skills training exercises based on Gottman and Silver's (1999) book The seven principles for making marriage work. Recommendations for future training are made based upon our assessment of the family issues facing the combat soldier in Iraq and Afghanistan. In conclusion, we describe the family fitness interventions and program elements of the skill building trainings within the family component of the Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program, which can be delivered via online interactive technology as well as face to face with families. (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved.

Al Basrah Oil Terminal. Basrah, Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-26

made of plastic Conclusion Emergency evacuation capabilities are very important for the protection of personnel working on ABOT. The work... EEA ) Program and Health, Safety, and Environmental (HSE) Program URIs 22671 and 22672 As mentioned earlier in the Lifeboat section of this...accounting of all personnel.” PIJV recommended the development of an EEA plan and HSE program manual for the ABOT personnel. The EEA plan was

Groundwater monitoring program plan and conceptual site model for the Al-Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center in Iraq.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Copland, John Robin; Cochran, John Russell

2013-07-01

The Radiation Protection Center of the Iraqi Ministry of Environment is developing a groundwater monitoring program (GMP) for the Al-Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center located near Baghdad, Iraq. The Al-Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center was established in about 1960 and is currently being cleaned-up and decommissioned by Iraqs Ministry of Science and Technology. This Groundwater Monitoring Program Plan (GMPP) and Conceptual Site Model (CSM) support the Radiation Protection Center by providing: A CSM describing the hydrogeologic regime and contaminant issues, recommendations for future groundwater characterization activities, and descriptions of the organizational elements of a groundwater monitoring program. The Conceptual Site Model identifiesmore » a number of potential sources of groundwater contamination at Al-Tuwaitha. The model also identifies two water-bearing zones (a shallow groundwater zone and a regional aquifer). The depth to the shallow groundwater zone varies from approximately 7 to 10 meters (m) across the facility. The shallow groundwater zone is composed of a layer of silty sand and fine sand that does not extend laterally across the entire facility. An approximately 4-m thick layer of clay underlies the shallow groundwater zone. The depth to the regional aquifer varies from approximately 14 to 17 m across the facility. The regional aquifer is composed of interfingering layers of silty sand, fine-grained sand, and medium-grained sand. Based on the limited analyses described in this report, there is no severe contamination of the groundwater at Al-Tuwaitha with radioactive constituents. However, significant data gaps exist and this plan recommends the installation of additional groundwater monitoring wells and conducting additional types of radiological and chemical analyses.« less

Does Body Mass Index Moderate the Association between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation in Iraq/Afghanistan Veterans?

PubMed Central

Kittel, Julie A.; DeBeer, Bryann B.; Kimbrel, Nathan A.; Matthieu, Monica M.; Meyer, Eric C.; Gulliver, Suzy Bird; Morissette, Sandra B.

2017-01-01

Suicide, PTSD, and obesity co-occur at high rates among returning veterans, yet limited research exists regarding the relationship among these variables. Self-report and diagnostic interview data from a longitudinal study of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans (N = 130) enrolled in VA healthcare examined these inter-relations. As hypothesized, body mass index (BMI) significantly moderated the association between PTSD and suicidal ideation such that the association between PTSD and suicidal ideation was strongest among individuals with a high BMI. Programs that focus on health promotion, trauma treatment, and weight management should continue to monitor suicide risk. PMID:27479102

Atom-Photon Coupling from Nitrogen-vacancy Centres Embedded in Tellurite Microspheres

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ruan, Yinlan; Gibson, Brant C.; Lau, Desmond W. M.; Greentree, Andrew D.; Ji, Hong; Ebendorff-Heidepriem, Heike; Johnson, Brett C.; Ohshima, Takeshi; Monro, Tanya M.

2015-06-01

We have developed a technique for creating high quality tellurite microspheres with embedded nanodiamonds (NDs) containing nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres. This hybrid method allows fluorescence of the NVs in the NDs to be directly, rather than evanescently, coupled to the whispering gallery modes of the tellurite microspheres at room temperature. As a demonstration of its sensing potential, shifting of the resonance peaks is also demonstrated by coating a sphere surface with a liquid layer. This new approach is a robust way of creating cavities for use in quantum and sensing applications.

Linear Actuator System for the NASA Docking System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dick, Brandon; Oesch, Chris

2017-01-01

The Linear Actuator System (LAS) is a major sub-system within the NASA Docking System (NDS). The NDS Block 1 will be used on the Boeing Crew Space Transportation (CST-100) system to achieve docking with the International Space Station. Critical functions in the Soft Capture aspect of docking are performed by the LAS, which implements the Soft Impact Mating and Attenuation Concept (SIMAC). This paper describes the general function of the LAS, the system's key requirements and technical challenges, and the development and qualification approach for the system.

Engaging Military Fathers in a Reflective Parenting Program: Lessons from Strong Families Strong Forces

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DeVoe, Ellen R.; Paris, Ruth

2015-01-01

Through Strong Families Strong Forces, a reflective parenting program for military families with young children, we were privileged to work with contemporary military fathers who served in the post-9/11 conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. Due to this work, the authors gained valuable insight into the complexity of fathering during wartime, the…

Effects of three methadone doses combined with acepromazine on sedation and some cardiopulmonary variables in dogs.

PubMed

Bitti, Flavia S; Campagnol, Daniela; Rangel, Julia Pp; Nunes Junior, Juarez S; Loureiro, Bárbara; Monteiro, Eduardo R

2017-03-01

To evaluate the sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of three methadone doses, combined with acepromazine, in dogs. Prospective, randomized, complete block study. Six healthy, adult, cross-bred dogs weighing 17.2±4.4 kg (mean±standard deviation). Each dog was administered four treatments: acepromazine (0.05 mg kg -1 ) alone or acepromazine (same dose) in combination with methadone (0.25, 0.50 or 0.75 mg kg -1 ). All drugs were administered intramuscularly. Sedation was scored by a numeric descriptive scale (NDS, range 0-3) and a simple numerical scale (SNS, range 0-10). Heart rate, invasive blood pressure, arterial blood gases and rectal temperature were measured at 15 to 30 minute intervals for 120 minutes. According to NDS scores, mild to moderate sedation (NDS=1-2) was observed in most dogs in the acepromazine treatment, with only one out of six dogs scored as exhibiting intense sedation (NDS=3). All treatments with methadone resulted in significantly higher SNS scores compared with acepromazine alone. In these treatments, most dogs exhibited intense sedation (NDS=3). Increasing the dose of methadone from 0.25 to 0.50 or 0.75 mg kg -1 prolonged sedation in a dose-related manner, but did not influence the degree of sedation. The main adverse effects following administration of acepromazine-methadone treatments were decreased blood pressure, mild respiratory acidosis and decreased rectal temperature. These effects were well tolerated and resolved without treatment. In this study in six dogs, acepromazine-methadone administration resulted in intense sedation in most dogs. The results are interpreted to indicate that a low dose of methadone (0.25 mg kg -1 ) administered in combination with acepromazine (0.05 mg kg -1 ) will induce short-term sedation in dogs, whereas higher doses of methadone should be administered when prolonged sedation is desired. Copyright © 2017 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chemical characteristics of atmospheric PM2.5 loads during air pollution episodes in Giza, Egypt

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hassan, Salwa K.; Khoder, Mamdouh I.

2017-02-01

Several types of pollution episodes, including dust storm (DSs), haze dust (HDs), straw rice combustions (SRCs) are common phenomena and represent severe environmental hazard in Egypt. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of the chemical characteristics of aerosol during air pollution episodes at an urban area in Giza, Egypt. PM2.5 samples during various PM episodes during 2013-2014 were collected and analyzed. Results indicate that the highest PM2.5 mass concentrations were found during DSs (250 μg/m3), followed by HDs (130 μg/m3) and SRCs (103 μg/m3). Average PM2.5 mass concentrations were 1.91, 3.68 and 1.68 times higher than on normal days (NDs) during HDs, DSs and SRCs, respectively. The highest total water-soluble ions concentration was 61.1 μg/m3 during HDs, followed by SRCs (41.9 μg/m3) and DSs (35.2 μg/m3). SO42- is the most abundant chemical components on the three PM episodes. Secondary inorganic ions (NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+) were enriched during HDs. The total secondary inorganic ions concentrations were 3.17, 1.39 and 1.75 times higher than NDs during HDs days, DSs days and SRCs days, respectively. PM from SRCs showed high K+ and Cl-. SO42-/K+, NO3-/SO42- and Cl-/K+ ratios proved effective as indicators for different pollution episodes. A Ca2+/Al ratio indicates that soil dust was dominant during DSs. Ion balance calculations indicated that PM2.5 from HDs was acidic, while the DSs and SRCs particles were alkaline and the NDs particle's was nearly neutral. The total crustal and anthropogenic metals concentrations were higher in DSs than other PM episodes and normal days. The enrichment factors values in PM episodes and normal days indicate that Fe and Mn in NDs, HDs, DSs and SRCs as well as Cr and Ni in DSs come mainly from crustal sources, whereas Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in PM episodes and NDs are anthropogenic.

Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-11-07

the Ottomans in World War I and took control of what is now Iraq in 1918 . Britain had tried to take Iraq from the Ottomans in Iraq earlier in World War... role in oil decisions. (A table on U.S. appropriations for the Iraqi opposition, including the INC, is an appendix).4 Another secular group, the Iraq...Sistani generally opposes a direct role for clerics in government, but he believes in clerical supervision of political leaders. He wants Iraq to

48 CFR 252.225-7023 - Preference for products or services from Iraq or Afghanistan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... services from Iraq or Afghanistan. 252.225-7023 Section 252.225-7023 Federal Acquisition Regulations System... from Iraq or Afghanistan. As prescribed in 225.7703-5(a), use the following provision: Requirement for Products or Services from Iraq or Afghanistan (APR 2010) (a) Definitions. Product from Iraq or Afghanistan...

Impact of phlebotomine sand flies on U.S. Military operations at Tallil Air Base, Iraq: 1. background, military situation, and development of a "Leishmaniasis Control Program".

PubMed

Coleman, Russell E; Burkett, Douglas A; Putnam, John L; Sherwood, Van; Caci, Jennifer B; Jennings, Barton T; Hochberg, Lisa P; Spradling, Sharon L; Rowton, Edgar D; Blount, Keith; Ploch, John; Hopkins, Grady; Raymond, Jo-Lynne W; O'Guinn, Monica L; Lee, John S; Weina, Peter J

2006-07-01

One of the most significant modern day efforts to prevent and control an arthropod-borne disease during a military deployment occurred when a team of U.S. military entomologists led efforts to characterize, prevent, and control leishmaniasis at Tallil Air Base (TAB), Iraq, during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Soon after arriving at TAB on 22 March 2003, military entomologists determined that 1) high numbers of sand flies were present at TAB, 2) individual soldiers were receiving many sand fly bites in a single night, and 3) Leishmania parasites were present in 1.5% of the female sand flies as determined using a real-time (fluorogenic) Leishmania-generic polymerase chain reaction assay. The rapid determination that leishmaniasis was a specific threat in this area allowed for the establishment of a comprehensive Leishmaniasis Control Program (LCP) over 5 mo before the first case of leishmaniasis was confirmed in a U.S. soldier deployed to Iraq. The LCP had four components: 1) risk assessment, 2) enhancement of use of personal protective measures by all personnel at TAB, 3) vector and reservoir control, and 4) education of military personnel about sand flies and leishmaniasis. The establishment of the LCP at TAB before the onset of any human disease conclusively demonstrated that entomologists can play a critical role during military deployments.

Regulatory cascade of neuronal loss and glucose metabolism.

PubMed

Hassan, Mubashir; Sehgal, Sheikh A; Rashid, Sajid

2014-01-01

During recent years, numerous lines of research including proteomics and molecular biology have highlighted multiple targets and signaling pathways involved in metabolic abnormalities and neurodegeneration. However, correlation studies of individual neurodegenerative disorders (ND) including Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in association with Diabetes type 2 Mellitus (D2M) are demanding tasks. Here, we report a comprehensive mechanistic overview of major contributors involved in process-based co-regulation of D2M and NDs. D2M is linked with Alzheimer's disease through deregulation of calcium ions thereby leading to metabolic fluctuations of glucose and insulin. Parkinson-associated proteins disturb insulin level through ATP-sensitive potassium ion channels and extracellular signal-regulated kinases to enhance glucose level. Similarly, proteins which perturb carbohydrate metabolism for disturbing glucose homeostasis link Huntington, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and D2M. Other misleading processes which interconnect D2M and NDs include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunctions and microRNAs (miRNA29a/b and miRNA-9). Overall, the collective listing of pathway-specific targets would help in establishing novel connections between NDs and D2M to explore better therapeutic interventions.

Plasma-Enabled Carbon Nanostructures for Early Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

PubMed Central

Pineda, Shafique; Han, Zhao Jun; Ostrikov, Kostya (Ken)

2014-01-01

Carbon nanostructures (CNs) are amongst the most promising biorecognition nanomaterials due to their unprecedented optical, electrical and structural properties. As such, CNs may be harnessed to tackle the detrimental public health and socio-economic adversities associated with neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). In particular, CNs may be tailored for a specific determination of biomarkers indicative of NDs. However, the realization of such a biosensor represents a significant technological challenge in the uniform fabrication of CNs with outstanding qualities in order to facilitate a highly-sensitive detection of biomarkers suspended in complex biological environments. Notably, the versatility of plasma-based techniques for the synthesis and surface modification of CNs may be embraced to optimize the biorecognition performance and capabilities. This review surveys the recent advances in CN-based biosensors, and highlights the benefits of plasma-processing techniques to enable, enhance, and tailor the performance and optimize the fabrication of CNs, towards the construction of biosensors with unparalleled performance for the early diagnosis of NDs, via a plethora of energy-efficient, environmentally-benign, and inexpensive approaches. PMID:28788112

Unique (3,8)-connected lanthanide arenedisulfonate metal-organic frameworks containing benzimidazole-5,6-dicarboxylic acid co-ligand: Syntheses, structures and luminescence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Yan-Qiong; Liu, Qi; Zhong, Jie-Cen; Pan, Qun-Feng; Chen, Yi-Ping

2013-10-01

Two isostructural 3D lanthanide arenedisulfonate metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [Ln(Hbidc)(nds)0.5(H2O)]n(Ln=Eu(1), La(2)) have been successfully synthesized by the hydrothermal reaction of lanthanide oxide with 2,6-naphthalenedisulfonate sodium (Na2nds) and an auxiliary ligand, 1H-benzimidazole-5,6-dicarboxylic acid (H3bidc). The two complexes are both constructed from 2D [Ln(Hbidc)]+ double layers pillared by nds2- ligands to generate 3D (3, 8)-connected open-framework structures with 1D long narrow channels running along the a axis. From topological point of view, the 3D framework is a (3, 8)-connected tfz-d net. The weak interactions including N-H⋯O, O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking are observed in 1. The 2D IR correlation spectroscopy was applied to study the molecular interactions induced by thermal perturbation. The emission spectra of 1 exhibit the characteristic transition of 5D0→7FJ(J=0-4) of Eu(III).

Cystic echinococcosis in marketed offal of sheep in Basrah, Iraq: Abattoir-based survey and a probabilistic model estimation of the direct economic losses due to hydatid cyst.

PubMed

Abdulhameed, Mohanad F; Habib, Ihab; Al-Azizz, Suzan A; Robertson, Ian

2018-02-01

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a highly endemic parasitic zoonosis in Iraq with substantial impacts on livestock productivity and human health. The objectives of this study were to study the abattoir-based occurrence of CE in marketed offal of sheep in Basrah province, Iraq, and to estimate, using a probabilistic modelling approach, the direct economic losses due to hydatid cysts. Based on detailed visual meat inspection, results from an active abattoir survey in this study revealed detection of hydatid cysts in 7.3% (95% CI: 5.4; 9.6) of 631 examined sheep carcasses. Post-mortem lesions of hydatid cyst were concurrently present in livers and lungs of more than half (54.3% (25/46)) of the positive sheep. Direct economic losses due to hydatid cysts in marketed offal were estimated using data from government reports, the one abattoir survey completed in this study, and expert opinions of local veterinarians and butchers. A Monte-Carlo simulation model was developed in a spreadsheet utilizing Latin Hypercube sampling to account for uncertainty in the input parameters. The model estimated that the average annual economic losses associated with hydatid cysts in the liver and lungs of sheep marketed for human consumption in Basrah to be US$72,470 (90% Confidence Interval (CI); ±11,302). The mean proportion of annual losses in meat products value (carcasses and offal) due to hydatid cysts in the liver and lungs of sheep marketed in Basrah province was estimated as 0.42% (90% CI; ±0.21). These estimates suggest that CE is responsible for considerable livestock-associated monetary losses in the south of Iraq. These findings can be used to inform different regional CE control program options in Iraq.

15 CFR 746.3 - Iraq.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

.... (2) License applications for the export or reexport to Iraq or transfer within Iraq of machine tools..., Directorate of Defense Trade Controls, maintains controls on arms and military equipment to Iraq under the...

Atom–Photon Coupling from Nitrogen-vacancy Centres Embedded in Tellurite Microspheres

PubMed Central

Ruan, Yinlan; Gibson, Brant C.; Lau, Desmond W. M.; Greentree, Andrew D.; Ji, Hong; Ebendorff-Heidepriem, Heike; Johnson, Brett C.; Ohshima, Takeshi; Monro, Tanya M.

2015-01-01

We have developed a technique for creating high quality tellurite microspheres with embedded nanodiamonds (NDs) containing nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres. This hybrid method allows fluorescence of the NVs in the NDs to be directly, rather than evanescently, coupled to the whispering gallery modes of the tellurite microspheres at room temperature. As a demonstration of its sensing potential, shifting of the resonance peaks is also demonstrated by coating a sphere surface with a liquid layer. This new approach is a robust way of creating cavities for use in quantum and sensing applications. PMID:26095793

Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder: A Tale of Strategic Context and Operational Art in Iraq, 2004-2008

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-17

throughout Iraq to cities such as Tal Afar, Baghdad, Mosul, Baqubah, and Ar Ramadi. However, in their attempt to control Anbar Province, al Qaeda in Iraq ...conflicts only grew stronger and by the beginning of 2006, Iraq was on the verge of civil war due to systematic terrorist attacks by al Qaeda in Iraq and...sec. Middle East, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/ 12 /16/world/middleeast/panetta-in-baghdad-for- iraq -military-handover- ceremony.html?pagewanted=all

5 CFR 890.1210 - Reconsideration and appeal rights.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Reconsideration and appeal rights. 890.1210 Section 890.1210 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL EMPLOYEES HEALTH BENEFITS PROGRAM Benefits for United States Hostages in Iraq...

5 CFR 890.1210 - Reconsideration and appeal rights.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Reconsideration and appeal rights. 890.1210 Section 890.1210 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL EMPLOYEES HEALTH BENEFITS PROGRAM Benefits for United States Hostages in Iraq...

Specificity of Problem-Solving Skills Training in Mothers of Children Newly Diagnosed With Cancer: Results of a Multisite Randomized Clinical Trial

PubMed Central

Sahler, Olle Jane Z.; Dolgin, Michael J.; Phipps, Sean; Fairclough, Diane L.; Askins, Martha A.; Katz, Ernest R.; Noll, Robert B.; Butler, Robert W.

2013-01-01

Purpose Diagnosis of cancer in a child can be extremely stressful for parents. Bright IDEAS, a problem-solving skills training (PSST) intervention, has been shown to decrease negative affectivity (anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress symptoms) in mothers of newly diagnosed patients. This study was designed to determine the specificity of PSST by examining its direct and indirect (eg, social support) effects compared with a nondirective support (NDS) intervention. Patients and Methods This randomized clinical trial included 309 English- or Spanish-speaking mothers of children diagnosed 2 to 16 weeks before recruitment. Participants completed assessments prerandomization (T1), immediately postintervention (T2), and at 3-month follow-up (T3). Both PSST and NDS consisted of eight weekly 1-hour individual sessions. Outcomes included measures of problem-solving skill and negative affectivity. Results There were no significant between-group differences at baseline (T1). Except for level of problem-solving skill, which was directly taught in the PSST arm, outcome measures improved equally in both groups immediately postintervention (T2). However, at the 3-month follow-up (T3), mothers in the PSST group continued to show significant improvements in mood, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress; mothers in the NDS group showed no further significant gains. Conclusion PSST is an effective and specific intervention whose beneficial effects continue to grow after the intervention ends. In contrast, NDS is an effective intervention while it is being administered, but its benefits plateau when active support is removed. Therefore, teaching coping skills at diagnosis has the potential to facilitate family resilience over the entire course of treatment. PMID:23358975

Prevalence and characteristics of painful diabetic neuropathy in a large community-based diabetic population in the U.K.

PubMed

Abbott, Caroline A; Malik, Rayaz A; van Ross, Ernest R E; Kulkarni, Jai; Boulton, Andrew J M

2011-10-01

To assess, in the general diabetic population, 1) the prevalence of painful neuropathic symptoms; 2) the relationship between symptoms and clinical severity of neuropathy; and 3) the role of diabetes type, sex, and ethnicity in painful neuropathy. Observational study of a large cohort of diabetic patients receiving community-based health care in northwest England (n = 15,692). Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) was assessed using neuropathy symptom score (NSS) and neuropathy disability score (NDS). Prevalence of painful symptoms (NSS ≥5) and PDN (NSS ≥5 and NDS ≥3) was 34 and 21%, respectively. Painful symptoms occurred in 26% of patients without neuropathy (NDS ≤2) and 60% of patients with severe neuropathy (NDS >8). Adjusted risk of painful neuropathic symptoms in type 2 diabetes was double that of type 1 diabetes (odds ratio [OR] = 2.1 [95% CI 1.7-2.4], P < 0.001) and not affected by severity of neuropathy, insulin use, foot deformities, smoking, or alcohol. Women had 50% increased adjusted risk of painful symptoms compared with men (OR = 1.5 [1.4-1.6], P < 0.0001). Despite less neuropathy in South Asians (14%) than Europeans (22%) and African Caribbeans (21%) (P < 0.0001), painful symptoms were greater in South Asians (38 vs. 34 vs. 32%, P < 0.0001). South Asians without neuropathy maintained a 50% increased risk of painful neuropathy symptoms compared with other ethnic groups (P < 0.0001). One-third of all community-based diabetic patients have painful neuropathy symptoms, regardless of their neuropathic deficit. PDN was more prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes, women, and people of South Asian origin. This highlights a significant morbidity due to painful neuropathy and identifies key groups who warrant screening for PDN.

On the Long-Term Stability of Microwave Radiometers Using Noise Diodes for Calibration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brown, Shannon T.; Desai, Shailen; Lu, Wenwen; Tanner, Alan B.

2007-01-01

Results are presented from the long-term monitoring and calibration of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jason Microwave Radiometer (JMR) on the Jason-1 ocean altimetry satellite and the ground-based Advanced Water Vapor Radiometers (AWVRs) developed for the Cassini Gravity Wave Experiment. Both radiometers retrieve the wet tropospheric path delay (PD) of the atmosphere and use internal noise diodes (NDs) for gain calibration. The JMR is the first radiometer to be flown in space that uses NDs for calibration. External calibration techniques are used to derive a time series of ND brightness for both instruments that is greater than four years. For the JMR, an optimal estimator is used to find the set of calibration coefficients that minimize the root-mean-square difference between the JMR brightness temperatures and the on-Earth hot and cold references. For the AWVR, continuous tip curves are used to derive the ND brightness. For the JMR and AWVR, both of which contain three redundant NDs per channel, it was observed that some NDs were very stable, whereas others experienced jumps and drifts in their effective brightness. Over the four-year time period, the ND stability ranged from 0.2% to 3% among the diodes for both instruments. The presented recalibration methodology demonstrates that long-term calibration stability can be achieved with frequent recalibration of the diodes using external calibration techniques. The JMR PD drift compared to ground truth over the four years since the launch was reduced from 3.9 to - 0.01 mm/year with the recalibrated ND time series. The JMR brightness temperature calibration stability is estimated to be 0.25 K over ten days.

Bypassing multidrug resistant ovarian cancer using ultrasound responsive doxorubicin/curcumin co-deliver alginate nanodroplets.

PubMed

Baghbani, Fatemeh; Moztarzadeh, Fathollah

2017-05-01

Ultrasound-responsive perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions are a class of new multifunctional smart nanocarriers which combine diagnostic properties with therapeutic properties and release their drug payload in a controlled manner in response to ultrasound. Therefore, combination therapy using chemotherapeutic and chemosensitizing agents co-entrapped in these nanocarriers seems beneficial for cancer treatment. In the present study, multifunctional smart alginate/perfluorohexane nanodroplets were developed for co-delivery of doxorubicin and curcumin (a strong chemosensitizer). The nanodroplets with the average particle size of 55.1nm were synthesized via nanoemulsion process. The entrapment efficiency of doxorubicin was 92.3%. To improve curcumin entrapment into the alginate shell, Span 60 was added to the formulation as a co-surfactant and finally curcumin entrapment of about 40% was achieved. Ultrasound-mediated drug release kinetic was evaluated at two different frequencies of 28kHz (low frequency) and 1MHz (high frequency). Low frequency ultrasound resulted in higher triggered drug release from nanodroplets. The nanodroplets showed strong ultrasound contrast via droplet to bubble transition as confirmed via B-mode ultrasound imaging. Enhanced cytotoxicity in adriamycin-resistant A2780 ovarian cancer cells was observed for Dox-Cur-NDs compared to Dox-NDs because of the synergistic effects of doxorubicin and curcumin. However, ultrasound irradiation significantly increased the cytotoxicity of Dox-Cur-NDs. Finally, in vivo ovarian cancer treatment using Dox/Cur-NDs combined with ultrasound irradiation resulted in efficient tumor regression. According to the present study, nanotherapy of multidrug resistant human ovarian cancer using ultrasound responsive doxorubicin/curcumin co-loaded alginate-shelled nanodroplets combined with ultrasound irradiation could be a promising modality for the future of cancer treatment. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The oxygen-conserving potential of the diving response: A kinetic-based analysis.

PubMed

Costalat, Guillaume; Coquart, Jeremy; Castres, Ingrid; Joulia, Fabrice; Sirost, Olivier; Clua, Eric; Lemaître, Frédéric

2017-04-01

We investigated the oxygen-conserving potential of the human diving response by comparing trained breath-hold divers (BHDs) to non-divers (NDs) during simulated dynamic breath-holding (BH). Changes in haemodynamics [heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO)] and peripheral muscle oxygenation [oxyhaemoglobin ([HbO 2 ]), deoxyhaemoglobin ([HHb]), total haemoglobin ([tHb]), tissue saturation index (TSI)] and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) were continuously recorded during simulated dynamic BH. BHDs showed a breaking point in HR kinetics at mid-BH immediately preceding a more pronounced drop in HR (-0.86 bpm.% -1 ) while HR kinetics in NDs steadily decreased throughout BH (-0.47 bpm.% -1 ). By contrast, SV remained unchanged during BH in both groups (all P > 0.05). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) results (mean ± SD) expressed as percentage changes from the initial values showed a lower [HHb] increase for BHDs than for NDs at the cessation of BH (+24.0 ± 10.1 vs. +39.2 ± 9.6%, respectively; P < 0.05). As a result, BHDs showed a [tHb] drop that NDs did not at the end of BH (-7.3 ± 3.2 vs. -3.0 ± 4.7%, respectively; P < 0.05). The most striking finding of the present study was that BHDs presented an increase in oxygen-conserving efficiency due to substantial shifts in both cardiac and peripheral haemodynamics during simulated BH. In addition, the kinetic-based approach we used provides further credence to the concept of an "oxygen-conserving breaking point" in the human diving response.

Particle size alterations of feedstuffs during in situ neutral detergent fiber incubation.

PubMed

Krämer, M; Nørgaard, P; Lund, P; Weisbjerg, M R

2013-07-01

Particle size alterations during neutral detergent fiber (NDF) determination and in situ rumen incubation were analyzed by dry sieving and image analysis to evaluate the in situ procedure for estimation of NDF degradation parameters and indigestible NDF concentration in terms of particle size. Early-cut and late-cut grass silages, corn silage, alfalfa silage, rapeseed meal, and dried distillers grains were examined. Treatments were (1) drying and grinding of forage samples and grinding of concentrates; (2) neutral detergent-soluble (NDS) extraction; (3) machine washing and NDS extraction; (4) 24-h rumen incubation, machine washing, and NDS extraction; and (5) 288-h rumen incubation, machine washing, and NDS extraction. Degradation profiles for potentially degradable NDF were determined and image analysis was used to estimate particle size profiles and thereby the risk for particle loss. Particle dimensions changed during NDF determination and in situ rumen incubation and variations depended on feedstuff and treatment. Corn silage and late-cut grass silage varied most in particle area among feedstuffs, with an increase of 139% between 0 and 24h and a decrease of 77% between 24 and 288 h for corn silage and a decrease of 74% for late-cut grass silage between 24- and 288-h in situ rumen incubation. Especially for late-cut grass silage residues after 288 h in situ rumen incubation, a high mass proportion in the critical zone for escape was found. Particle area decreased linearly with increasing incubation time. Particle loss during in situ rumen incubation cannot be excluded and is likely to vary among feedstuffs. Copyright © 2013 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Nanodiamonds on tetrahedral amorphous carbon significantly enhance dopamine detection and cell viability.

PubMed

Peltola, Emilia; Wester, Niklas; Holt, Katherine B; Johansson, Leena-Sisko; Koskinen, Jari; Myllymäki, Vesa; Laurila, Tomi

2017-02-15

We hypothesize that by using integrated carbon nanostructures on tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C), it is possible to take the performance and characteristics of these bioelectrodes to a completely new level. The integrated carbon electrodes were realized by combining nanodiamonds (NDs) with ta-C thin films coated on Ti-coated Si-substrates. NDs were functionalized with mixture of carboxyl and amine groups ND andante or amine ND amine , carboxyl ND vox or hydroxyl groups ND H and drop-casted or spray-coated onto substrate. By utilizing these novel structures we show that (i) the detection limit for dopamine can be improved by two orders of magnitude [from 10µM to 50nM] in comparison to ta-C thin film electrodes and (ii) the coating method significantly affects electrochemical properties of NDs and (iii) the ND coatings selectively promote cell viability. ND andante and ND H showed most promising electrochemical properties. The viability of human mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblastic SaOS-2 cells was increased on all ND surfaces, whereas the viability of mouse neural stem cells and rat neuroblastic cells was improved on ND andante and ND H and reduced on ND amine and ND vox. The viability of C6 cells remained unchanged, indicating that these surfaces will not cause excess gliosis. In summary, we demonstrated here that by using functionalized NDs on ta-C thin films we can significantly improve sensitivity towards dopamine as well as selectively promote cell viability. Thus, these novel carbon nanostructures provide an interesting concept for development of various in vivo targeted sensor solutions. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The healthy Nordic diet predicts muscle strength 10 years later in old women, but not old men.

PubMed

Perälä, Mia-Maria; von Bonsdorff, Mikaela B; Männistö, Satu; Salonen, Minna K; Simonen, Mika; Kanerva, Noora; Rantanen, Taina; Pohjolainen, Pertti; Eriksson, Johan G

2017-07-01

a number of nutrients have been found to be associated with better muscle strength and mass; however, the role of the whole diet on muscle strength and mass remains still unknown. to examine whether the healthy Nordic diet predicts muscle strength, and mass 10 years later among men and women. about 1,072 participants belong to the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study, born 1934-44. Diet was assessed with a validated food-frequency questionnaire during 2001-04. The Nordic diet score (NDS) was calculated. The score included Nordic fruits, vegetables, cereals, ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids, low-fat milk, fish, red meat, total fat and alcohol. Higher scores indicated better adherence to the healthy Nordic diet. Hand grip strength, leg strength (knee extension) and muscle mass were measured during the follow-up, between 2011 and 2013. in women, each 1-unit increase in the NDS was related to 1.83 N greater leg strength (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.14-3.51; P = 0.034), and 1.44 N greater hand grip strength (95% CI: 0.04-2.84; P = 0.044). Women in the highest quartile of the NDS had on average 20.0 N greater knee extension results, and 14.2 N greater hand grip results than those in the lowest quartile. No such associations were observed among men. The NDS was not significantly related to muscle mass either in men or women. adherence to the healthy Nordic diet seems to protect from weaker muscle strength in old women. Therefore, the healthy Nordic diet may help to prevent disability. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Geriatrics Society.All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com

ROTC Seeks to Expand on Campuses, and Colleges Cope with a Conflict

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wiedeman, Reeves

2008-01-01

With its forces stretched thin by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the Army is looking to significantly expand the number of Reserve Officers' Training Corps programs on college campuses for the first time since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, which led the Army to close more than 80 programs. At the University of Maryland-Baltimore County…

48 CFR 225.7701 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... or Afghanistan 225.7701 Definitions. As used in this subpart— Product from Iraq or Afghanistan means a product that is mined, produced, or manufactured in Iraq or Afghanistan. Service from Iraq or Afghanistan means a service (including construction) that is performed in Iraq or Afghanistan predominantly by...

Medical Education and the Physician Workforce of Iraq

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Al Mosawi, Aamir Jalal

2008-01-01

The lack of resources in a country experiencing decades of successive wars, blockade, administrative corruption, and poor governance led to deteriorated standards throughout medical education. Although professional certification programs exist, continuing medical education accreditation and credit systems are required to monitor and certify the…

Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan.

PubMed

Hoge, Charles W; Auchterlonie, Jennifer L; Milliken, Charles S

2006-03-01

The US military has conducted population-level screening for mental health problems among all service members returning from deployment to Afghanistan, Iraq, and other locations. To date, no systematic analysis of this program has been conducted, and studies have not assessed the impact of these deployments on mental health care utilization after deployment. To determine the relationship between combat deployment and mental health care use during the first year after return and to assess the lessons learned from the postdeployment mental health screening effort, particularly the correlation between the screening results, actual use of mental health services, and attrition from military service. Population-based descriptive study of all Army soldiers and Marines who completed the routine postdeployment health assessment between May 1, 2003, and April 30, 2004, on return from deployment to Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan (n = 16,318), Operation Iraqi Freedom (n = 222,620), and other locations (n = 64,967). Health care utilization and occupational outcomes were measured for 1 year after deployment or until leaving the service if this occurred sooner. Screening positive for posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression, or other mental health problems; referral for a mental health reason; use of mental health care services after returning from deployment; and attrition from military service. The prevalence of reporting a mental health problem was 19.1% among service members returning from Iraq compared with 11.3% after returning from Afghanistan and 8.5% after returning from other locations (P<.001). Mental health problems reported on the postdeployment assessment were significantly associated with combat experiences, mental health care referral and utilization, and attrition from military service. Thirty-five percent of Iraq war veterans accessed mental health services in the year after returning home; 12% per year were diagnosed with a mental health problem. More than 50% of those referred for a mental health reason were documented to receive follow-up care although less than 10% of all service members who received mental health treatment were referred through the screening program. Combat duty in Iraq was associated with high utilization of mental health services and attrition from military service after deployment. The deployment mental health screening program provided another indicator of the mental health impact of deployment on a population level but had limited utility in predicting the level of mental health services that were needed after deployment. The high rate of using mental health services among Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans after deployment highlights challenges in ensuring that there are adequate resources to meet the mental health needs of returning veterans.

Improving drug delivery technology for treating neurodegenerative diseases.

PubMed

Choonara, Yahya E; Kumar, Pradeep; Modi, Girish; Pillay, Viness

2016-07-01

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represent intricate challenges for efficient uptake and transport of drugs to the brain mainly due to the restrictive blood-brain barrier (BBB). NDs are characterized by the loss of neuronal subtypes as sporadic and/or familial and several mechanisms of neurodegeneration have been identified. This review attempts to recap, organize and concisely evaluate the advanced drug delivery systems designed for treating common NDs. It highlights key research gaps and opinionates on new neurotherapies to overcome the BBB as an addition to the current treatments of countering oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptotic mechanisms. Current treatments do not fully address the biological, drug and therapeutic factors faced. This has led to the development of vogue treatments such as nose-to-brain technologies, bio-engineered systems, fusion protein chaperones, stem cells, gene therapy, use of natural compounds, neuroprotectants and even vaccines. However, failure of these treatments is mainly due to the BBB and non-specific delivery in the brain. In order to increase neuroavailability various advanced drug delivery systems provide promising alternatives that are able to augment the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, much work is still required in this field beyond the preclinical testing phase.

Fluorescent nanodiamonds embedded in biocompatible translucent shells.

PubMed

Rehor, Ivan; Slegerova, Jitka; Kucka, Jan; Proks, Vladimir; Petrakova, Vladimira; Adam, Marie-Pierre; Treussart, François; Turner, Stuart; Bals, Sara; Sacha, Pavel; Ledvina, Miroslav; Wen, Amy M; Steinmetz, Nicole F; Cigler, Petr

2014-03-26

High pressure high temperature (HPHT) nanodiamonds (NDs) represent extremely promising materials for construction of fluorescent nanoprobes and nanosensors. However, some properties of bare NDs limit their direct use in these applications: they precipitate in biological solutions, only a limited set of bio-orthogonal conjugation techniques is available and the accessible material is greatly polydisperse in shape. In this work, we encapsulate bright 30-nm fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) in 10-20-nm thick translucent (i.e., not altering FND fluorescence) silica shells, yielding monodisperse near-spherical particles of mean diameter 66 nm. High yield modification of the shells with PEG chains stabilizes the particles in ionic solutions, making them applicable in biological environments. We further modify the opposite ends of PEG chains with fluorescent dyes or vectoring peptide using click chemistry. High conversion of this bio-orthogonal coupling yielded circa 2000 dye or peptide molecules on a single FND. We demonstrate the superior properties of these particles by in vitro interaction with human prostate cancer cells: while bare nanodiamonds strongly aggregate in the buffer and adsorb onto the cell membrane, the shell encapsulated NDs do not adsorb nonspecifically and they penetrate inside the cells. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Fluorescent Nanodiamonds Embedded in Biocompatible Translucent Shells

PubMed Central

Rehor, Ivan; Slegerova, Jitka; Kucka, Jan; Proks, Vladimir; Petrakova, Vladimira; Adam, Marie-Pierre; Treussart, François; Turner, Stuart; Bals, Sara; Sacha, Pavel; Ledvina, Miroslav; Wen, Amy M.; Steinmetz, Nicole F.; Cigler, Petr

2016-01-01

High pressure high temperature (HPHT) nanodiamonds (NDs) represent extremely promising materials for construction of fluorescent nanoprobes and nanosensors. However, some properties of bare NDs limit their direct use in these applications: they precipitate in biological solutions, only a limited set of bio-orthogonal conjugation techniques is available and the accessible material is greatly polydisperse in shape. In this work, we encapsulate bright 30-nm fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) in 10–20-nm thick translucent (i.e., not altering FND fluorescence) silica shells, yielding monodisperse near-spherical particles of mean diameter 66 nm. High yield modification of the shells with PEG chains stabilizes the particles in ionic solutions, making them applicable in biological environments. We further modify the opposite ends of PEG chains with fluorescent dyes or vectoring peptide using click chemistry. High conversion of this bio-orthogonal coupling yielded circa 2000 dye or peptide molecules on a single FND. We demonstrate the superior properties of these particles by in vitro interaction with human prostate cancer cells: while bare nanodiamonds strongly aggregate in the buffer and adsorb onto the cell membrane, the shell encapsulated NDs do not adsorb nonspecifically and they penetrate inside the cells. PMID:24500945

Applicability of the NANDA-I and Nursing Interventions Classification taxonomies to mental health nursing practice.

PubMed

Thomé, Emi da Silva; Centena, Renata Cardoso; Behenck, Andressa da Silva; Marini, Maiko; Heldt, Elizeth

2014-10-01

To assess the applicability of the systematization of nursing care (NCS) to outpatient nursing appointments using the NANDA-I and Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) taxonomies. Data were collected from 40 patients who had appointments with a nurse who specialized in mental health. Nursing diagnoses (NDs) and interventions were classified using the NANDA-I and NIC taxonomies, respectively. A total of 14 different NDs were detected (minimum of one and maximum of three per appointment). The most frequently made diagnoses were impaired social interaction (00052), anxiety (00146), and ineffective self-health management (00078). A total of 23 nursing interventions were prescribed (approximately two per appointment), of which the most frequent were socialization enhancement (5100), self-care assistance (1800), and exercise promotion (0200). Significant associations were found between the most frequently detected NDs and the most commonly prescribed interventions (p > .05). The NCS through the use of classification systems allows mental health nurses to better identify and assist poorly adjusted patients. The assessment of the applicability of the NCS to different areas of health care and types of medical assistance contributes significantly to the quality of nursing care. © 2014 NANDA International, Inc.

Iraq.

PubMed

1987-10-01

Attention in this discussion of Iraq is directed to the following: geography; people; history; government; political conditions; the economy; defense; foreign relations; and relations between the US and Iraq. In 1986, Iraq's population was estimated to be 16 million with an annual growth rate of 3.3%. The infant mortality rate is 25/1000; life expectancy is 56.1 years. Iraq is bordered by Kuwait, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. Almost 75% of the population live in the flat, alluvial plain stretching southeast toward Baghdad and Basra to the Persian Gulf. The 2 largest ethnic groups are Arabas and Kurds; other distinct groups are Assyrians, Turkomans, Iranians, Lurs, and Armenians. Iraq, once known as Mesopotamia, was the site of flourishing ancient civilizations. Muslims conquered Iraq in the 7th century A.D. In the 8th century, the Abassid caliphate established its capital at Baghdad, and by 1638 Baghdad had become a frontier outpost of the Ottoman Empire. At the end of World War I, Iraq became a British-mandated territory. When it was declared independent in 1932, the Hashemite family ruled as a constitutional monarchy. In 1945, Iraq joined the UN and became a founding member of the Arab League. The Ba'ath Party rules Iraq through the 9-member Revolutionary Command Council (RCC). The RCC's president (chief of state and supreme commander of the armed forces) is elected by a 2/3 majority of the RCC. A Council of Ministers, appointed by the RCC, has administrative and some legislative responsibilities. A 250-member National Assembly was elected on June 20, 1980, in the 1st elections since the end of the monarchy, with another National Assembly election held in October 1984. The Ba'ath Party controls the government. The Iraqi regime does not tolerate opposition. The economy of Iraq is characterized by a heavy dependence on oil exports and an emphasis on development through central planning. Economic performance deteriorated in 1986 because of the sharp decline in world oil prices. Despite abundant land and water resources, Iraq is a net food importer. The Iran-Iraq war reversed Iraq's foreign trade balance from a large surplus into a severe deficit, which topped $7 billion in 1982. The war with Iran has caused the Iraqi government to expand significantly the size of its armed forces and the paramilitary. Iraq has accepted all UN cease-fire resolutions as well as all mediation efforts. Through mid-1987, Iran regime continued to reject all such mediation initiatives. The US and Iraq reestablished diplomatic relations in November 1984.

Security Strategy for Postwar Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-05-03

1 17 Bruce Nussbaum, “Iraq: Hard Lessons and How to Use Them”, Business Week , 22 September 2003, 29, 34 18 Lydia Saad and Frank Newport, “Americans...Terrence R . Henry, "Guerilla warfare in Iraq threatens peace, reconstruction", National Journal, 6 August 2003, available at < http://www.govexec.com/news...Studies 31 Patrick E. Tyler and Felicity Barringer , "The Struggle for Iraq: Sovereignty; Iraq Council Head Shifts to Position At Odds With U.S.", The

31 CFR 576.302 - Development Fund for Iraq.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Development Fund for Iraq. 576.302 Section 576.302 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... REGULATIONS General Definitions § 576.302 Development Fund for Iraq. The term Development Fund for Iraq means...

The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

Middle East After the Iraq War THE IRAQ EFFECT Frederic Wehrey Dalia Dassa Kaye Jessica Watkins Jeffrey Martini Robert A. Guffey The RAND...tx_ttnews[tt_news]=159 Jones, Seth , “The Rise of Afghanistan’s Insurgency: State Failure and Jihad,” International Security Journal, Vol. 32, No. 4

31 CFR 576.310 - Government of Iraq.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Government of Iraq. 576.310 Section... General Definitions § 576.310 Government of Iraq. The term Government of Iraq means: (a) Any interim or permanent Iraqi government in authority after June 30, 2004, and any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality...

31 CFR 576.310 - Government of Iraq.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Government of Iraq. 576.310 Section... General Definitions § 576.310 Government of Iraq. The term Government of Iraq means: (a) Any interim or permanent Iraqi government in authority after June 30, 2004, and any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality...

31 CFR 576.310 - Government of Iraq.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Government of Iraq. 576.310 Section... General Definitions § 576.310 Government of Iraq. The term Government of Iraq means: (a) Any interim or permanent Iraqi government in authority after June 30, 2004, and any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality...

75 FR 21597 - Business Development Trade Mission to Baghdad, Iraq

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-26

... total in Iraq), it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest in the region. Iraq's gross... by participating in Embassy briefings, and explore additional opportunities at networking receptions...--Participants arrive in pre-arranged departure city and assemble on the preferred flight. Day 2--Security...

Iraq: Regional Perspectives and U.S. Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

conference on Iraq that was held in November 2004, in Sharm al Shaykh, Egypt, which included high level representatives from Iraq, its key neighbors...engagement with Syria and Iran expanded after early 2007. The International Compact for Iraq was adopted in May 2007 at a two-day summit in Sharm al

Inhibition of type 1 fimbriae-mediated Escherichia coli adhesion and biofilm formation by trimeric cluster thiomannosides conjugated to diamond nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khanal, Manakamana; Larsonneur, Fanny; Raks, Victoriia; Barras, Alexandre; Baumann, Jean-Sébastien; Martin, Fernando Ariel; Boukherroub, Rabah; Ghigo, Jean-Marc; Ortiz Mellet, Carmen; Zaitsev, Vladimir; Garcia Fernandez, Jose M.; Beloin, Christophe; Siriwardena, Aloysius; Szunerits, Sabine

2015-01-01

Recent advances in nanotechnology have seen the development of a number of microbiocidal and/or anti-adhesive nanoparticles displaying activity against biofilms. In this work, trimeric thiomannoside clusters conjugated to nanodiamond particles (ND) were targeted for investigation. NDs have attracted attention as a biocompatible nanomaterial and we were curious to see whether the high mannose glycotope density obtained upon grouping monosaccharide units in triads might lead to the corresponding ND-conjugates behaving as effective inhibitors of E. coli type 1 fimbriae-mediated adhesion as well as of biofilm formation. The required trimeric thiosugar clusters were obtained through a convenient thiol-ene ``click'' strategy and were subsequently conjugated to alkynyl-functionalized NDs using a Cu(i)-catalysed ``click'' reaction. We demonstrated that the tri-thiomannoside cluster-conjugated NDs (ND-Man3) show potent inhibition of type 1 fimbriae-mediated E. coli adhesion to yeast and T24 bladder cells as well as of biofilm formation. The biofilm disrupting effects demonstrated here have only rarely been reported in the past for analogues featuring such simple glycosidic motifs. Moreover, the finding that the tri-thiomannoside cluster (Man3N3) is itself a relatively efficient inhibitor, even when not conjugated to any ND edifice, suggests that alternative mono- or multivalent sugar-derived analogues might also be usefully explored for E. coli-mediated biofilm disrupting properties.Recent advances in nanotechnology have seen the development of a number of microbiocidal and/or anti-adhesive nanoparticles displaying activity against biofilms. In this work, trimeric thiomannoside clusters conjugated to nanodiamond particles (ND) were targeted for investigation. NDs have attracted attention as a biocompatible nanomaterial and we were curious to see whether the high mannose glycotope density obtained upon grouping monosaccharide units in triads might lead to the corresponding ND-conjugates behaving as effective inhibitors of E. coli type 1 fimbriae-mediated adhesion as well as of biofilm formation. The required trimeric thiosugar clusters were obtained through a convenient thiol-ene ``click'' strategy and were subsequently conjugated to alkynyl-functionalized NDs using a Cu(i)-catalysed ``click'' reaction. We demonstrated that the tri-thiomannoside cluster-conjugated NDs (ND-Man3) show potent inhibition of type 1 fimbriae-mediated E. coli adhesion to yeast and T24 bladder cells as well as of biofilm formation. The biofilm disrupting effects demonstrated here have only rarely been reported in the past for analogues featuring such simple glycosidic motifs. Moreover, the finding that the tri-thiomannoside cluster (Man3N3) is itself a relatively efficient inhibitor, even when not conjugated to any ND edifice, suggests that alternative mono- or multivalent sugar-derived analogues might also be usefully explored for E. coli-mediated biofilm disrupting properties. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05906a

Challenges Facing Early Childhood Programs Worldwide

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Neugebauer, Roger

2008-01-01

In this article, the author presents the challenges faced by early childhood education in 29 countries, according to the World Forum National Representatives and Global Leaders for Young Children. The countries represented in these responses include: Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, Fiji, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan,…

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Silvers, Kurt

Program Manager Kurt Silvers helped protect the safety of U.S. troops who fought in Iraq and Afghanistan. PNNL researchers developed technology that monitored the battle-readiness of Hellfire II missiles onboard Army Apache helicopters. The technology continually monitors factors like vibration and temperature, providing key data when making decisions to deploy or retire weapons.

Premarital screening for hemoglobinopathies: experience of a single center in Kurdistan, Iraq.

PubMed

Al-Allawi, Nasir A S; Al-Doski, Adnan A S; Markous, Raji S D; Mohamad Amin, Khyria A K; Eissa, Adil A Z; Badi, Ameer I A; Asmaro, Rafal R H; Hamamy, Hanan

2015-01-01

A program for the prevention of major hemoglobinopathies was initiated in 2008 in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. This study reports on the achievements and challenges of the program. A total of 102,554 individuals (51,277 couples) visiting a premarital center between 2008 and 2012 were screened for carrier status of hemoglobinopathies, and at-risk couples were counseled. A total of 223 (4.3/1,000) couples were identified and counseled as high-risk couples. Available data on 198 high-risk couples indicated that 90.4% proceeded with their marriage plans, and 15% of these married couples decided to have prenatal diagnosis (PND) in subsequent pregnancies with the identification of 8 affected fetuses; all were terminated as chosen by the parents. Thirty affected births were recorded among the high-risk couples. The premarital program managed to reduce the affected birth rate of major hemoglobinopathies by 21.1%. Of the 136 affected babies born during the study period, 77.9% were born to couples married prior to the start of the program, while 22.1% were born to couples identified as having a high risk. The main reason for not taking the option of PND was unaffordable costs. Financial support would have increased opting for PND by high-risk couples. Further reduction in affected birth rates could be achieved by including parallel antenatal screening programs to cover those married before the initiation of the premarital program and improving the public health education and counseling programs. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Public Affairs: Inform, Educate, and Influence

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-12

directed towards domestic target audiences. Outside of the military and scholarly material, there is a large amount of news and opinion articles, books ...program, which began in earnest during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003, has been discussed in great lengths in scores of books , studies and editorials...few examples of books about the DOD‘s embed program follows: Embedded: The Media at War in Iraq by Bill Katovsky and Timothy Carlson - Lyons Press

77 FR 4082 - Review and Amendment of the Designation of al-Qa'ida in Iraq, et al. as a Foreign Terrorist...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-26

... Operations in Iraq, aka al-Qaida of Jihad in Iraq, aka al-Qaida in Iraq, aka al-Qaida in Mesopotamia, aka al... of al-Jihad's Base in the Land of the Two Rivers, aka The Organization Base of Jihad/Mesopotamia, aka...

48 CFR 252.225-7026 - Acquisition Restricted to Products or Services from Iraq or Afghanistan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Products or Services from Iraq or Afghanistan. 252.225-7026 Section 252.225-7026 Federal Acquisition... to Products or Services from Iraq or Afghanistan. As prescribed in 225.7703-5(c), use the following clause: Acquisition Restricted to Products or Services From Iraq or Afghanistan (APR 2010) (a...

Head and neck trauma in Iraq and Afghanistan: different war, different surgery, lessons learned.

PubMed

Brennan, Joseph

2013-10-01

The objectives are to compare and contrast the head and neck trauma experience in Iraq and Afghanistan and to identify trauma lessons learned that are applicable to civilian practice. A retrospective review of one head and neck surgeon's operative experience in Iraq and Afghanistan was performed using operative logs and medical records. The surgeon's daily operative log book with patient demographic data and operative reports was reviewed. Also, patient medical records were examined to identify the preoperative and postoperative course of care. The head and neck trauma experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan were very different, with a higher percentage of emergent cases performed in Iraq. In Iraq, only 10% of patients were pretreated at a facility with surgical capabilities. In Afghanistan, 93% of patients were pretreated at such facilities. Emergent neck exploration for penetrating neck trauma and emergent airway surgery were more common in Iraq, which most likely accounted for the increased perioperative mortality also seen in Iraq (5.3% in Iraq vs. 1.3% in Afghanistan). Valuable lessons regarding soft tissue trauma repair, midface fracture repair, and mandible fracture repair were learned. The head and neck trauma experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan were very different, and the future training for mass casualty trauma events should reflect these differences. Furthermore, valuable head and neck trauma lessons learned in both war zones are applicable to the civilian practice of trauma. Level 4. Copyright © 2013 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.

Iraq War: Defense Program Implications for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-06-04

Sinnreich, Richard Hart. War Could Test Transformation The Hard Way. Lawton (Oklahoma) Constitution, February 16, 2003; Jaffe, Greg. Getting U.S...fire. McIntyre, Jamie . U.S. Crew Missing After F-15 Goes Down. CNN.Com, April 17, 2003; U.S. Army Helicopter Shot Down; 7 Killed, New York Times

Student Veterans Returning to a Community College: Understanding Their Transitions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rumann, Corey Bradford

2010-01-01

Higher education and the military have been linked throughout history in the United States. Now, with the current wars in Afghanistan and Iraq the higher education community is beginning to realize again the importance of understanding student veterans' transition experiences into college and providing appropriate support programs. However, the…

Iraq Reconstruction: Lessons from Auditing U.S.-funded Stabilization and Reconstruction Activities

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-10-01

Emergency Response Program: Hotel Construction Successfully Completed, but Project Management Issues Remain 09-025 7/26/2009 Commander’s Emergency...Emergency Response Pro- gram: Hotel Construction Completed, but Project Management Issues Remain,” 7/26/2009. 47. SIGIR Audit 11-003, “Iraqi Security Forces

CNN Newsroom Classroom Guides. August 1998.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cable News Network, Atlanta, GA.

These Classroom Guides, designed to accompany the daily CNN (Cable News Network) Newsroom broadcasts for the month of August, provide program rundowns, suggestions for class activities and discussion, links to pertinent World Wide Web sites, and lists of related news terms. Topics include: meetings over weapons inspections in Iraq could either…

The Comprehensive Soldier Fitness Program: Family Skills Component

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gottman, John M.; Gottman, Julie S.; Atkins, Christopher L.

2011-01-01

Field combat stress clinics and research have identified the signature event that precedes thoughts of suicide and homicide in combat soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan: a distressing personal relationship event with a stateside partner. In response to this alarming information, we have identified critical factors and precipitating incidents as well…

Medical education and the physician workforce of Iraq.

PubMed

Al Mosawi, Aamir Jalal

2008-01-01

The lack of resources in a country experiencing decades of successive wars, blockade, administrative corruption, and poor governance led to deteriorated standards throughout medical education. Although professional certification programs exist, continuing medical education accreditation and credit systems are required to monitor and certify the continuing professional development of physicians.

CNN Newsroom Classroom Guides. November, 1998.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cable News Network, Atlanta, GA.

These classroom guides, designed to accompany the daily Cable News Network (CNN) Newsroom broadcasts for the month of November, provide program rundowns, suggestions for class activities and discussion, student handouts, and a list of related news terms. Topics include: Iraq refuses to cooperate with United Nations weapons inspectors, expansion of…

CNN Newsroom Classroom Guides. February 1-28, 1998.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Turner Educational Services, Inc., Atlanta, GA.

These classroom guides, designed to accompany the daily CNN (Cable News Network) Newsroom broadcasts for the month of February, provide program rundowns, suggestions for class activities and discussion, student handouts, and a list of related news terms. Topics include: United States lobbies for support for possible air strike against Iraq,…

48 CFR 225.7704-1 - Applicability of trade agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Applicability of trade agreements. 225.7704-1 Section 225.7704-1 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS FOREIGN ACQUISITION Acquisitions in Support of Operations in Iraq or Afghanistan...

America’s Heroes -- Preparing Our Vets for Civilian Employment

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-16

business environment . Oracle’s Injured Veteran Job and Training Program offers on-the-job training for soldiers wounded in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars...Awards.aspx 10 ^ http://www.blackstone.com/news/news-views/ blackstone -portfolio-company- alliedbarton-supports-u.s.-veterans-and-reservists 11 ^ http

The Patterns and Dynamics of Revolution: Insights into Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-03-18

197. 80 Rabasa, 56. 26 81 Ibid., 53. 82 Roger Cohen. 83 Crane and Terrill, 33. 84 Andrew Krepinevich, "Iraq and Vietnam: Deja vu all over Again?" 8...in Iraq." Christian Science Monitor, 20 September 2004, 1. Krepinevich, Andrew. "Iraq and Vietnam: Deja vu all over Again?" Center for Strategic and

Iraq after the December 2005 Election

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Social Education, 2006

2006-01-01

In an article in 2004 on Islamist movements in Iraq, "Social Education" pointed out that Iraq might be headed toward a juncture from which "one road leads to sectarian and ethnic strife and the other to the establishment of a new Islamic republic in the Middle East." The events of 2005 propelled Iraq further in that direction.…

48 CFR 252.225-7024 - Requirement for products or services from Iraq or Afghanistan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... or services from Iraq or Afghanistan. 252.225-7024 Section 252.225-7024 Federal Acquisition... products or services from Iraq or Afghanistan. As prescribed in 225.7703-5(b), use the following clause: Requirement for Products or Services From Iraq or Afghanistan (SEP 2008) (a) Definitions. As used in this...

31 CFR 576.206 - Protection granted to the Development Fund for Iraq, Iraqi Petroleum and Petroleum Products, and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Fund for Iraq, Iraqi Petroleum and Petroleum Products, and the Central Bank of Iraq. 576.206 Section... Prohibitions § 576.206 Protection granted to the Development Fund for Iraq, Iraqi Petroleum and Petroleum... petroleum and petroleum products, and interests therein, but only until title passes to the initial...

Joint Global War on Terror (GWOT) Vascular Injury Study 2

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-02-01

trauma, vascular injury management, survey , OIF, OEF, Iraq, Afghanistan, Iraq, deployment, training 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF...injury, extremity, vascular injury, vascular trauma, vascular injury management, survey , OIF, OEF, Iraq, Afghanistan, Iraq, deployment, training...Phase II will be analyzed to provide comprehensive descriptive information on the patient cohort pertaining to demographics, injury information and

Naturopathy and the Primary Care Practice

PubMed Central

Fleming, Sara A.; Gutknecht, Nancy C.

2010-01-01

Synopsis Naturopathy is a distinct type of primary care medicine that blends age-old healing traditions with scientific advances and current research. It is guided by a unique set of principles that recognize the body's innate healing capacity, emphasize disease prevention, and encourage individual responsibility to obtain optimal health. Naturopathic treatment modalities include diet and clinical nutrition, behavioral change, hydrotherapy, homeopathy, botanical medicine, physical medicine, pharmaceuticals, and minor surgery. Naturopathic physicians (NDs) are trained as primary care physicians in four-year, accredited doctoral-level naturopathic medical schools. Currently, there are 15 U.S. states, 2 U.S. territories, and a number of provinces in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand that recognize licensure for NDs. PMID:20189002

Plasmonic graded nano-disks as nano-optical conveyor belt.

PubMed

Kang, Zhiwen; Lu, Haifei; Chen, Jiajie; Chen, Kun; Xu, Fang; Ho, Ho-Pui

2014-08-11

We propose a plasmonic system consisting of nano-disks (NDs) with graded diameters for the realization of nano-optical conveyor belt. The system contains a couple of NDs with individual elements coded with different resonant wavelengths. By sequentially switching the wavelength and polarization of the excitation source, optically trapped target nano-particle can be transferred from one ND to another. The feasibility of such function is verified based on the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain technique and the Maxwell stress tensor method. Our design may provide an alternative way to construct nano-optical conveyor belt with which target molecules can be delivered between trapping sites, thus enabling many on-chip optofluidic applications.

"Explosions and Examinations": Growing up Female in Post-Saddam Iraq

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Campbell, Perri; Kelly, Peter

2009-01-01

In the aftermath of the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, Iraqi civilians have witnessed their country descend into profound and often deadly chaos. HNK and Aunt Najma are two young voices from post-Saddam, post-invasion Iraq who write www-based diaries (blogs) on life in post-invasion Iraq. Through their voices, and via the voices of many other…

The Effectiveness of University Programs, Services, and Practices in Retaining Student Veterans Transitioning to Higher Education: Voices of Student Veterans--A Case Study Analysis Approach at Two Universities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lopez, Eddie S.

2013-01-01

With an active war ongoing for nearly thirteen years, the nation has been experiencing hundreds of thousands of returning solders as a result of the military drawdown of troops from Iraq and Afghanistan. The intent of this research study was to understand the effectiveness of university programs, services, and practices in retaining student…

Social Cognition Dysfunctions in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Neuroanatomical Correlates and Clinical Implications.

PubMed

Christidi, Foteini; Migliaccio, Raffaella; Santamaría-García, Hernando; Santangelo, Gabriella; Trojsi, Francesca

2018-01-01

Social cognitive function, involved in the perception, processing, and interpretation of social information, has been shown to be crucial for successful communication and interpersonal relationships, thereby significantly impacting mental health, well-being, and quality of life. In this regard, assessment of social cognition, mainly focusing on four key domains, such as theory of mind (ToM), emotional empathy, and social perception and behavior, has been increasingly evaluated in clinical settings, given the potential implications of impairments of these skills for therapeutic decision-making. With regard to neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), most disorders, characterized by variable disease phenotypes and progression, although similar for the unfavorable prognosis, are associated to impairments of social cognitive function, with consequent negative effects on patients' management. Specifically, in some NDs these deficits may represent core diagnostic criteria, such as for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), or may emerge during the disease course as critical aspects, such as for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. On this background, we aimed to revise the most updated evidence on the neurobiological hypotheses derived from network-based approaches, clinical manifestations, and assessment tools of social cognitive dysfunctions in NDs, also prospecting potential benefits on patients' well-being, quality of life, and outcome derived from potential therapeutic perspectives of these deficits.

The way to her heart? Response to romantic cues is dependent on hunger state and dieting history: An fMRI pilot study.

PubMed

Ely, Alice V; Childress, Anna Rose; Jagannathan, Kanchana; Lowe, Michael R

2015-12-01

Normal weight historical dieters (HDs) are prone to future weight gain, and show higher levels of brain activation in reward-related regions after having eaten than nondieters (NDs) in response to food stimuli (Ely, Childress, Jagannathan, & Lowe, 2014), a similar pattern to that seen in obesity. We hypothesized that HDs are differentially sensitive after eating to rewards in general, and thus extended prior findings by comparing the same groups' brain activation when viewing romantic pictures compared to neutral stimuli while being scanned in a blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI paradigm in a fasted and fed state. Results show that 1) in fed relative to fasted conditions, both HDs and NDs were more responsive in areas related to reward and 2) in HDs, greater fed versus fasted activation extended to areas linked to perception and goal-directed behavior. HDs relative to NDs were more responsive to romantic cues in the superior frontal gyrus when fasted and the middle temporal gyrus when fed. This pattern of response is similar to HDs' activation when viewing highly palatable food cues, and is consistent with research showing overlapping brain-based responses to sex, drugs and food. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Emotion regulation in heavy smokers: experiential, expressive and physiological consequences of cognitive reappraisal

PubMed Central

Wu, Lingdan; Winkler, Markus H.; Wieser, Matthias J.; Andreatta, Marta; Li, Yonghui; Pauli, Paul

2015-01-01

Emotion regulation dysfunctions are assumed to contribute to the development of tobacco addiction and relapses among smokers attempting to quit. To further examine this hypothesis, the present study compared heavy smokers with non-smokers (NS) in a reappraisal task. Specifically, we investigated whether non-deprived smokers (NDS) and deprived smokers (DS) differ from non-smokers in cognitive emotion regulation and whether there is an association between the outcome of emotion regulation and the cigarette craving. Sixty-five participants (23 non-smokers, 22 NDS, and 20 DS) were instructed to down-regulate emotions by reappraising negative or positive pictorial scenarios. Self-ratings of valence, arousal, and cigarette craving as well as facial electromyography and electroencephalograph activities were measured. Ratings, facial electromyography, and electroencephalograph data indicated that both NDS and DS performed comparably to nonsmokers in regulating emotional responses via reappraisal, irrespective of the valence of pictorial stimuli. Interestingly, changes in cigarette craving were positively associated with regulation of emotional arousal irrespective of emotional valence. These results suggest that heavy smokers are capable to regulate emotion via deliberate reappraisal and smokers’ cigarette craving is associated with emotional arousal rather than emotional valence. This study provides preliminary support for the therapeutic use of reappraisal to replace maladaptive emotion-regulation strategies in nicotine addicts. PMID:26528213

Dynamical Systems Theory in Quantitative Psychology and Cognitive Science: A Fair Discrimination between Deterministic and Statistical Counterparts is Required.

PubMed

Gadomski, Adam; Ausloos, Marcel; Casey, Tahlia

2017-04-01

This article addresses a set of observations framed in both deterministic as well as statistical formal guidelines. It operates within the framework of nonlinear dynamical systems theory (NDS). It is argued that statistical approaches can manifest themselves ambiguously, creating practical discrepancies in psychological and cognitive data analyses both quantitatively and qualitatively. This is sometimes termed in literature as 'questionable research practices.' This communication points to the demand for a deeper awareness of the data 'initial conditions, allowing to focus on pertinent evolution constraints in such systems.' It also considers whether the exponential (Malthus-type) or the algebraic (Pareto-type) statistical distribution ought to be effectively considered in practical interpretations. The role of repetitive specific behaviors by patients seeking treatment is examined within the NDS frame. The significance of these behaviors, involving a certain memory effect seems crucial in determining a patient's progression or regression. With this perspective, it is discussed how a sensitively applied hazardous or triggering factor can be helpful for well-controlled psychological strategic treatments; those attributable to obsessive-compulsive disorders or self-injurious behaviors are recalled in particular. There are both inherent criticality- and complexity-exploiting (reduced-variance based) relations between a therapist and a patient that can be intrinsically included in NDS theory.

Multi-protein Delivery by Nanodiamonds Promotes Bone Formation

PubMed Central

Moore, L.; Gatica, M.; Kim, H.; Osawa, E.; Ho, D.

2013-01-01

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are well-studied regulators of cartilage and bone development that have been Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the promotion of bone formation in certain procedures. BMPs are seeing more use in oral and maxillofacial surgeries because of recent FDA approval of InFUSE® for sinus augmentation and localized alveolar ridge augmentation. However, the utility of BMPs in medical and dental applications is limited by the delivery method. Currently, BMPs are delivered to the surgical site by the implantation of bulky collagen sponges. Here we evaluate the potential of detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) as a delivery vehicle for BMP-2 and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Nanodiamonds are biocompatible, 4- to 5-nm carbon nanoparticles that have previously been used to deliver a wide variety of molecules, including proteins and peptides. We find that both BMP-2 and bFGF are readily loaded onto NDs by physisorption, forming a stable colloidal solution, and are triggered to release in slightly acidic conditions. Simultaneous delivery of BMP-2 and bFGF by ND induces differentiation and proliferation in osteoblast progenitor cells. Overall, we find that NDs provide an effective injectable alternative for the delivery of BMP-2 and bFGF to promote bone formation. PMID:24045646

Engineering strategies for the design of plant nutrient delivery systems for use in space: approaches to countering microbiological contamination

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gonzales, A. A.; Schuerger, A. C.; Barford, C.; Mitchell, R.

1996-01-01

Microbiological contamination of crops within space-based plant growth research chambers has been postulated as a potentially significant problem. Microbial infestations; fouling of Nutrient Delivery System (NDS) fluid loops; and the formation of biofilms have been suggested as the most obvious and important manifestations of the problem. Strict sanitation and quarantine procedures will reduce, but not eliminate, microbial species introduced into plant growth systems in space habitats. Microorganisms transported into space most likely will occur as surface contaminants on spacecraft components, equipment, the crew, and plant-propagative materials. Illustrations of the potential magnitude of the microbiological contamination issue will be drawn from the literature and from documentation of laboratory and commercial field experience. Engineering strategies for limiting contamination and for the development of countermeasures will be described. Microbiological control technologies and NDS hardware will be discussed. Configurations appropriate for microgravity research facilities, as well as anticipated bio-regenerative life support system implementations, will be explored. An efficiently designed NDS, capable of adequately meeting the environmental needs of crop plants in space, is considered to be critical in both the research and operational domains. Recommended experiments, tests, and technology developments, structured to allow the development of prudent engineering solutions also will be presented.

Engineering Strategies for the Design of Plant Nutrient Delivery Systems for Use in Space: Approaches to Countering Microbiological Contamination

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gonzales, A. A.; Schuerger, A. C.; Mitchell, R.; Harper, Lynn D. (Technical Monitor)

1994-01-01

Microbiological contamination of crops within space-based crop growth research chambers has been postulated as a potentially significant problem. Microbial infestations; fouling of Nutrient Delivery System (NDS) fluid loops; and the formation of biofilms, have been suggested as the most obvious and important manifestations of the problem. Strict sanitation and quarantine procedures will reduce, but not eliminate, microbial species introduced into plant growing systems in space habitats. Microorganisms transported into space will most likely occur as contaminants on spacecraft components, equipment, the crew, and plant-propagative materials. Illustrations of the potential magnitude of the microbiological contamination issue will be drawn from the literature and from documentation of laboratory and commercial field experience. Engineering strategies for limiting contamination and for the development of countermeasures will be described. Microbiological control technologies and NDS hardware will be discussed. Configurations appropriate for microgravity research facilities, as well as anticipated bio-regenerative life support system implementations, will be explored. An efficiently designed NDS, capable of adequately meeting the environmental needs of crop plants in space, is considered to be critical in both the research and operational domains. Recommended experiments, tests and technology developments, structured to allow the development of prudent engineering solutions, will also be presented.

Nanodiamonds for device applications: An investigation of the properties of boron-doped detonation nanodiamonds.

PubMed

Afandi, Abdulkareem; Howkins, Ashley; Boyd, Ian W; Jackman, Richard B

2018-02-19

The inclusion of boron within nanodiamonds to create semiconducting properties would create a new class of applications in the field of nanodiamond electronics. Theoretical studies have differed in their conclusions as to whether nm-scale NDs would support a stable substitutional boron state, or whether such a state would be unstable, with boron instead aggregating or attaching to edge structures. In the present study detonation-derived NDs with purposefully added boron during the detonation process have been studied with a wide range of experimental techniques. The DNDs are of ~4 nm in size, and have been studied with CL, PL, Raman and IR spectroscopies, AFM and HR-TEM and electrically measured with impedance spectroscopy; it is apparent that the B-DNDs studied here do indeed support substitutional boron species and hence will be acting as semiconducting diamond nanoparticles. Evidence for moderate doping levels in some particles (~10 17 B cm -3 ), is found alongside the observation that some particles are heavily doped (~10 20 B cm -3 ) and likely to be quasi-metallic in character. The current study has therefore shown that substitutional boron doping in nm NDs is in fact possible, opening-up the path to a whole host of new applications for this interesting class of nano-particles.

Multi-protein delivery by nanodiamonds promotes bone formation.

PubMed

Moore, L; Gatica, M; Kim, H; Osawa, E; Ho, D

2013-11-01

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are well-studied regulators of cartilage and bone development that have been Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the promotion of bone formation in certain procedures. BMPs are seeing more use in oral and maxillofacial surgeries because of recent FDA approval of InFUSE(®) for sinus augmentation and localized alveolar ridge augmentation. However, the utility of BMPs in medical and dental applications is limited by the delivery method. Currently, BMPs are delivered to the surgical site by the implantation of bulky collagen sponges. Here we evaluate the potential of detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) as a delivery vehicle for BMP-2 and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Nanodiamonds are biocompatible, 4- to 5-nm carbon nanoparticles that have previously been used to deliver a wide variety of molecules, including proteins and peptides. We find that both BMP-2 and bFGF are readily loaded onto NDs by physisorption, forming a stable colloidal solution, and are triggered to release in slightly acidic conditions. Simultaneous delivery of BMP-2 and bFGF by ND induces differentiation and proliferation in osteoblast progenitor cells. Overall, we find that NDs provide an effective injectable alternative for the delivery of BMP-2 and bFGF to promote bone formation.

Range-Finding Risk Assessment of Inhalation Exposure to Nanodiamonds in a Laboratory Environment

PubMed Central

Koivisto, Antti J.; Palomäki, Jaana E.; Viitanen, Anna-Kaisa; Siivola, Kirsi M.; Koponen, Ismo K.; Yu, Mingzhou; Kanerva, Tomi S.; Norppa, Hannu; Alenius, Harri T.; Hussein, Tareq; Savolainen, Kai M.; Hämeri, Kaarle J.

2014-01-01

This study considers fundamental methods in occupational risk assessment of exposure to airborne engineered nanomaterials. We discuss characterization of particle emissions, exposure assessment, hazard assessment with in vitro studies, and risk range characterization using calculated inhaled doses and dose-response translated to humans from in vitro studies. Here, the methods were utilized to assess workers’ risk range of inhalation exposure to nanodiamonds (NDs) during handling and sieving of ND powder. NDs were agglomerated to over 500 nm particles, and mean exposure levels of different work tasks varied from 0.24 to 4.96 µg·m−3 (0.08 to 0.74 cm−3). In vitro-experiments suggested that ND exposure may cause a risk for activation of inflammatory cascade. However, risk range characterization based on in vitro dose-response was not performed because accurate assessment of delivered (settled) dose on the cells was not possible. Comparison of ND exposure with common pollutants revealed that ND exposure was below 5 μg·m−3, which is one of the proposed exposure limits for diesel particulate matter, and the workers’ calculated dose of NDs during the measurement day was 74 ng which corresponded to 0.02% of the modeled daily (24 h) dose of submicrometer urban air particles. PMID:24840353

Social Cognition Dysfunctions in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Neuroanatomical Correlates and Clinical Implications

PubMed Central

Santamaría-García, Hernando; Santangelo, Gabriella

2018-01-01

Social cognitive function, involved in the perception, processing, and interpretation of social information, has been shown to be crucial for successful communication and interpersonal relationships, thereby significantly impacting mental health, well-being, and quality of life. In this regard, assessment of social cognition, mainly focusing on four key domains, such as theory of mind (ToM), emotional empathy, and social perception and behavior, has been increasingly evaluated in clinical settings, given the potential implications of impairments of these skills for therapeutic decision-making. With regard to neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), most disorders, characterized by variable disease phenotypes and progression, although similar for the unfavorable prognosis, are associated to impairments of social cognitive function, with consequent negative effects on patients' management. Specifically, in some NDs these deficits may represent core diagnostic criteria, such as for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), or may emerge during the disease course as critical aspects, such as for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. On this background, we aimed to revise the most updated evidence on the neurobiological hypotheses derived from network-based approaches, clinical manifestations, and assessment tools of social cognitive dysfunctions in NDs, also prospecting potential benefits on patients' well-being, quality of life, and outcome derived from potential therapeutic perspectives of these deficits. PMID:29854017

Protonation Dynamics on Lipid Nanodiscs: Influence of the Membrane Surface Area and External Buffers.

PubMed

Xu, Lei; Öjemyr, Linda Näsvik; Bergstrand, Jan; Brzezinski, Peter; Widengren, Jerker

2016-05-10

Lipid membrane surfaces can act as proton-collecting antennae, accelerating proton uptake by membrane-bound proton transporters. We investigated this phenomenon in lipid nanodiscs (NDs) at equilibrium on a local scale, analyzing fluorescence fluctuations of individual pH-sensitive fluorophores at the membrane surface by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The protonation rate of the fluorophores was ∼100-fold higher when located at 9- and 12-nm diameter NDs, compared to when in solution, indicating that the proton-collecting antenna effect is maximal already for a membrane area of ∼60 nm(2). Fluorophore-labeled cytochrome c oxidase displayed a similar increase when reconstituted in 12 nm NDs, but not in 9 nm NDs, i.e., an acceleration of the protonation rate at the surface of cytochrome c oxidase is found when the lipid area surrounding the protein is larger than 80 nm(2), but not when below 30 nm(2). We also investigated the effect of external buffers on the fluorophore proton exchange rates at the ND membrane-water interfaces. With increasing buffer concentrations, the proton exchange rates were found to first decrease and then, at millimolar buffer concentrations, to increase. Monte Carlo simulations, based on a simple kinetic model of the proton exchange at the membrane-water interface, and using rate parameter values determined in our FCS experiments, could reconstruct both the observed membrane-size and the external buffer dependence. The FCS data in combination with the simulations indicate that the local proton diffusion coefficient along a membrane is ∼100 times slower than that observed over submillimeter distances by proton-pulse experiments (Ds ∼ 10(-5)cm(2)/s), and support recent theoretical studies showing that proton diffusion along membrane surfaces is time- and length-scale dependent. Copyright © 2016 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Population distributions of time to collision at brake application during car following from naturalistic driving data.

PubMed

Kusano, Kristofer D; Chen, Rong; Montgomery, Jade; Gabler, Hampton C

2015-09-01

Forward collision warning (FCW) systems are designed to mitigate the effects of rear-end collisions. Driver acceptance of these systems is crucial to their success, as perceived "nuisance" alarms may cause drivers to disable the systems. In order to make customizable FCW thresholds, system designers need to quantify the variation in braking behavior in the driving population. The objective of this study was to quantify the time to collision (TTC) that drivers applied the brakes during car following scenarios from a large scale naturalistic driving study (NDS). Because of the large amount of data generated by NDS, an automated algorithm was developed to identify lead vehicles using radar data recorded as part of the study. Using the search algorithm, all trips from 64 drivers from the 100-Car NDS were analyzed. A comparison of the algorithm to 7135 brake applications where the presence of a lead vehicle was manually identified found that the algorithm agreed with the human review 90.6% of the time. This study examined 72,123 trips that resulted in 2.6 million brake applications. Population distributions of the minimum, 1st, and 10th percentiles were computed for each driver in speed ranges between 3 and 60 mph in 10 mph increments. As speed increased, so did the minimum TTC experience by drivers as well as variance in TTC. Younger drivers (18-30) had lower TTC at brake application compared to older drivers (30-51+), especially at speeds between 40 mph and 60 mph. This is one of the first studies to use large scale NDS data to quantify braking behavior during car following. The results of this study can be used to design and evaluate FCW systems and calibrate traffic simulation models. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and National Safety Council. All rights reserved.

Improving Model Representation of Reduced Nitrogen in the Greater Yellowstone Area

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thompson, T. M.

2015-12-01

Human activity, including fossil fuel combustion and agriculture has greatly increased the amount of reactive nitrogen (RN) in the atmosphere and its subsequent deposition to land. Increases in deposition of RN compounds can adversely affect sensitive ecosystems and is a growing problem in many natural areas. The National Park Service in conjunction with Colorado State University researchers and assistance from the Forest Service conducted the Grand Teton Reactive Nitrogen Deposition Study (GrandTReNDS) involving spatially and temporally detailed measurements of RN during spring/summer 2011. In this work it was found that during summer months at the high elevation site Grand Targhee, 62% of the nitrogen deposition was due to reduced nitrogen, about equally split between dry and wet deposition, oxidized nitrogen accounted for 27% of the total, and the remaining was wet deposited organic nitrogen. An important next step to GrandTReNDS is the use of chemical transport models (CTMs) to estimate source contributions to RN in the park. Given the large contribution of reduced nitrogen species to total nitrogen deposition in the park, understanding and properly characterizing ammonia in CTMs is critical to estimating the total nitrogen deposition. A model performance evaluation of the CAMx uni-directional model and CMAQ bi-direction and uni-directional 2011 model simulations versus GrandTReNDS and other datasets was conducted. Preliminary results suggest that, in some areas, model performance of ambient ammonia concentration is more sensitive to the spatial resolution of the model and the accuracy of the spatial representation of emissions than to the incorporation of bi-directional flux. Additional model sensitivity runs, including sensitivity to resolution (with and without bi-directional flux capabilities), changes to model estimated ammonia dry deposition velocities, and improved representation of the spatial distribution of ammonia emissions, are used to identify the best set of options for GrandTReNDS modeling, and to provide a measure of uncertainties. This will help atmospheric scientists identify deficiencies in the models and inform future model development.

War News Radio: Conflict Education through Student Journalism

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hager, Emily

2009-01-01

In this essay Emily Hager presents an example of conflict education through student journalism. War News Radio is a student-organized and student-produced program developed at Swarthmore College in which participants produce for a global audience nonpartisan weekly radio shows and podcasts focused on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Hager shares…

77 FR 15361 - Gainful Employment Reporting Deadline Date for the 2011-2012 Award Year

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-15

... student assistance programs authorized under title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended (HEA... Federal Direct Loan, Teacher Education Assistance for College and Higher Education Grant, and Iraq and... DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Gainful Employment Reporting Deadline Date for the 2011-2012 Award Year...

Private Security Contractors: The Other Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-22

improving PSC oversight. This paper will not address private contractors conducting Police force training , governmental use of PSCs outside of Iraq...theater entry requirements, conduct mandatory training , conduct weapons training and qualification and conduct security verification and criminal...an effective oversight program including contractor deployment tracking, limited contract oversight personnel, and untrained Contract Officer

78 FR 7860 - Initial Research on the Long-Term Health Consequences of Exposure to Burn Pits in Iraq and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-04

... design features. Existing research studies, such as the Million Veteran Program, the Cooperative Studies..., study designs, research and evaluation protocols, and results from burn pit emissions research. VA has... DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS Initial Research on the Long-Term Health Consequences of Exposure...

CNN Newsroom Classroom Guides. March 1-31, 1998.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cable News Network, Atlanta, GA.

These classroom guides, designed to accompany the daily CNN (Cable News Network) Newsroom broadcasts for the month of March, provide program rundowns, suggestions for class activities and discussion, student handouts, and a list of related news terms. Topics include: United Nations (UN) and Iraq interpret their recent deal in different ways,…

48 CFR 225.7704-2 - Applicability of Balance of Payments Program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Applicability of Balance... in Support of Operations in Iraq or Afghanistan 225.7704-2 Applicability of Balance of Payments... it would be inconsistent with the public interest to apply the provisions of the Balance of Payments...

DefenseLink Special: Joint Civilian Orientation Conference, JCOC 71, April

Science.gov Websites

Websites Contact Us Joint Civilian Orientation Conference 71 Multi-Service Orientation Program for Civilian in the Middle East: how the U.S. Coast Guard is helping keep Iraq's offshore oil terminals operating -improvised explosive device training at Forward Operating Base Sword in Kuwait, April 26, 2006. Hendrickson

CNN Newsroom Classroom Guides, November 1-30, 1997.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cable News Network, Atlanta, GA.

These classroom guides, designed to accompany the daily CNN (Cable News Network) Newsroom broadcasts for the month of November 1997, provide program rundowns, suggestions for class activities and discussion, student handouts, and a list of related news terms. Topics include: U.S. leaders call for the use of force as Iraq refuses to permit access…

Agrarian Reform and Rural Development.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Biswas, Margaret R.

1979-01-01

This paper presents the plight of the world's poor, which was discussed at The World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development in July, 1979. Urban bias is attributed to the failure of rural development. More participation of rural people is needed. Progress is being made. Examples of literary programs in Iraq and the Sudan are included.…

Is Federalism Based on Ethnic Partition a Viable Solution in Iraq?

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-12-14

the expansion of federalism may be a potential solution for resolving the conflict in Iraq. The fourth pillar of the political track in the...Iraq) was ungovernable. He noted deep-seated religious, sectional, and political differences in what had become a separate country only after the...made substantial miscalculations when it removed the Sunnis from power in Iraq. The Bush administration thought of politics as the relationship

Rebuilding Iraq - The Danish Interagency Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-02-09

HDI ), Iraq dropped from position number 76 in 1990, to position 126 in 2000. No other country underwent a similar descent in the same period. In the...and mutually impressionable main tendencies in Iraq today: progress in the political process, endeavors to rebuild the country , and a continued...the country , and (3) a continued serious security situation including violent incidents especially in the central part of Iraq but also in other

Respiratory symptoms necessitating spirometry among soldiers with Iraq/Afghanistan war lung injury.

PubMed

Szema, Anthony M; Salihi, Walid; Savary, Khalil; Chen, John J

2011-09-01

New-onset asthma rates are higher among US soldiers deployed to Iraq/Afghanistan than stateside, but overall respiratory symptom and spirometry rates among soldiers returning from Iraq/Afghanistan have not yet been addressed. We determined these rates in soldiers deployed to Iraq/Afghanistan versus troops stationed elsewhere. Retrospective review of active-duty soldiers (2004 to 2010) registered at Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York, with Long Island/New York City zip codes. Subjects were examined by physicians or physicians' assistants. We counted number of spirometries, which required respiratory symptoms, and the provider was required to submit a diagnosis as part of the request process. Twenty-five percent of 7151 troops went to Iraq/Afghanistan (n = 1816) and 75% went elsewhere (n = 5335), with more smokers in the Iraq/Afghanistan group (16.1% vs 3.3%). Rates of symptoms and spirometry were 14.5% and 1.8%, for Iraq/Afghanistan, versus troops deployed elsewhere, respectively (P < 0.001). Both groups had similar forced expired volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity ratios (78%). New-onset Iraq/Afghanistan war lung injury is common and rates of symptoms leading to a diagnosis requiring spirometry are high. (C)2011The American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Enhanced activity of CaFeMg layered double hydroxides-supported gold nanodendrites for the electrochemical evolution of oxygen and hydrogen in alkaline media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Havakeshian, Elaheh; Salavati, Hossein; Taei, Masoumeh; Hasheminasab, Fatemeh; Seddighi, Mohadeseh

2018-02-01

In this study, Au was electrodeposited on a support of CaFeMg layered double hydroxide and then, its catalytic activity was investigated for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Field emission scanning electron microscopy images showed that a uniform porous film of aggregated nano-particles of the LDH has been decorated with Au nanodendrite-like structures (AuNDs@LDH). The results obtained from polarization curves, Tafel plots and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the AuNDs@LDH exhibits lower overpotential, higher current density, faster kinetics and enhanced stability for both of the OER and HER, in comparison with the single AuNPs and LDH catalysts.

Withdrawing from Iraq: Alternative Schedules, Associated Risks, and Mitigating Strategies

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

Reconstruction, 2009a. 22 Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, 2008 and 2009a. 23 Marsden, 2009; Watkins , 2008. 142 Withdrawing from Iraq...www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/mek.htm Bibliography 157 Gompert, David C., John Gordon IV, Adam Grissom, David R. Frelinger, Seth G. Jones...Michael, “Fighting Identity: Why We Are Losing Our Wars,” Military Review, November– December 2007, pp. 2–12. Watkins , Eric, “EA Report Outlines

The Right US Strategy for Iran

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-01

King , King of Kings , King of countries containing all kinds of men, King in this great earth far and wide, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian , a...Highlights of the Iraq Strategy Review, January 2007, http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/iraq/2007/iraq-strategy011007. pdf . 13 Greg Jaffe and Neil King Jr...do if Iraq Implodes?” August 2006, Brookings Report, (Washington DC) http://www.brook.edu/views/articles/pollack/20060820. pdf . 21 Neil King Jr. and

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Helms, C.M.

Iraq, holding oil reserves second only to those of Saudi Arabia in the Middle East, is locked in a war with Iran whose outcome will affect Western energy supplies and the prospects for stability in the Arabian Gulf. Yet Iraq even now remains little known to Western governments and publics. This study is intended to enlarge understanding of Iraqi behavior and of the concerns that motivate its leaders. Rather than selecting issues of importance to other countries, the author focuses on the forces that influence policy formulation in Iraq and evokes the perspective from which the Iraqi government itself viewsmore » its problems and sets its priorities. Part 1 examines the country's evolution into modern Iraq, explaining why problems that have recurred throughout Iraqi history have bedeviled all recent Iraqi governments and created tension between ''Iraq the nation'' and ''Iraq the state.'' Part 2 discusses the Arab Ba'th Socialist party, which has dominated Iraqi political life since 1968. The author neither condemns nor praises this controversial party and its current leader, President Saddam Husain, but seeks to explain why they have adopted the positions and taken the actions that have characterized their rule. Part 3 analyzes the war between Iraq and Iran, its causes, and the decisions Iraq has made in light of its goals and its assumptions about Iran. The author finds that this is not simply ''a war over borders'' but a deeper conflict between Islamic conservatism and Arab nationalism. Looking beyond the war, the final chapter assesses Iraq's potential importance in the Middle East and to the world economy. 8 figs.« less

31 CFR 575.329 - Areas of Iraq not controlled by the Government of Iraq.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the “Green Line” and under the control of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) or the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) in the following provinces of Iraq: Dahuk (Dohuk), Arbil (Erbil), and Sulaymaniyah...

Gender-based violence against civilian women in postinvasion Iraq: (re)politicizing George W. Bush's silent legacy.

PubMed

Lee-Koo, Katrina

2011-12-01

This article explores the increase in gender-based violence against civilian women in Iraq since 2003 and connects it to the U.S.-led invasion of that country. It outlines the complex nature of the gender-based violence and the impact that it has had on civilian women in Iraq. It then analyzes the links between this violence and the politics of the postinvasion period. This article also explores how this violence has been politicized. Ultimately, the article (re)politicizes gender-based violence through a feminist lens and argues that the security of Iraq's women is fundamental to the stability of Iraq as a whole.

Oil Federalism In Iraq: Resource Curse, Patronage Networks and Stability. Case Studies of Baghdad, Kurdistan and the Advent of ISIS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wahab, Bilal A.

Petroleum wealth is the lifeblood of Iraq, with the potential to promote prosperity, or become a curse that destabilizes the country and interrupts its economic and political development. The management and sharing of petroleum wealth has been at the center of economic, political and security developments in Iraq since the country's invasion in 2003. This study analyzes Iraq's experiment with petrofederalism, the influence of different actors (e.g. international oil companies and ISIS), and the emergence of Iraqi Kurdistan as a petroregion. Using case study method, it demonstrates how patronage politics exacerbated resource curse in Iraq and resulted in instability.

Poisoning caused by the consumption of organomercury-dressed seed in Iraq

PubMed Central

Skerfving, Staffan B.; Copplestone, J. F.

1976-01-01

In 1971-72, a large outbreak of poisoning caused by the consumption of seed dressed with organomercury compound occurred in Iraq. International assistance was requested by the Government of Iraq in investigating this outbreak. The results of the investigations to date were presented at the Conference on Intoxication due to Alkylmercury Treated Seed, held in Baghdad, Iraq on 9-13 November 1974. This paper summarizes the main findings and recommendations of the Conference. PMID:1087584

Barriers to the use of Veterans Affairs health care services among female veterans who served in Iraq and Afghanistan.

PubMed

Newins, Amie R; Wilson, Sarah M; Hopkins, Tiffany A; Straits-Troster, Kristy; Kudler, Harold; Calhoun, Patrick S

2018-02-08

The study investigated barriers to the utilization of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care services among female veterans who served in served in Iraq and Afghanistan, including reasons for not choosing VA health care, reasons for not seeking mental health treatment, and types of desired VA services. Female respondents to a survey assessing Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans' needs and health (N = 186) completed measures of military history, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, barriers to VA health care, and preferences for services. Barriers to use of VA health care endorsed by female veterans included receiving care elsewhere and logistical issues. Barriers to utilization of mental health services among female veterans who screened positive for depression or posttraumatic stress disorder included negative treatment biases and concerns about stigma, privacy, and cost. Female veterans endorsed preferences for services related to eligibility education, nonprimary care physical health services, vocational assistance, and a few behavioral/mental health services. Findings highlight the need for ongoing outreach and education regarding eligibility and types of resources for physical and mental health problems experienced by female veterans who served in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as inform types of VA programming and services desired by female veterans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Resulting from Torture and Other Traumatic Events among Syrian Kurdish Refugees in Kurdistan Region, Iraq

PubMed Central

Ibrahim, Hawkar; Hassan, Chiya Q.

2017-01-01

Political violence is known to cause psychological distress. There is a large body of empirical studies drawing correlations between war trauma, torture, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there are few studies on the effects of war-related trauma among Syrian refugees after events following the ‘Arab Spring’ uprisings between 2010 and 2012. This study examines the association of PTSD symptoms with torture and other traumatic events among Syrian Kurdish refugees living in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The experiences and PTSD symptoms among 91 Syrian Kurdish refugees in the Arbat camp in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq were assessed using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, sections I, IV, and V. Results showed that the estimated levels of PTSD symptoms were high: between 35 and 38%. There were no significant gender differences in the occurrence of PTSD symptoms. However, men reported more general traumatic experiences than women. There were significant positive correlations between PTSD symptoms with traumatic events and torture (r = 0.500, r = 0.366, respectively). Examining the mental health impact of torture and other traumatic events among refugees has possible implications for organizations managing rehabilitation programs for individuals who have been exposed to traumatic events. PMID:28265252

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Resulting from Torture and Other Traumatic Events among Syrian Kurdish Refugees in Kurdistan Region, Iraq.

PubMed

Ibrahim, Hawkar; Hassan, Chiya Q

2017-01-01

Political violence is known to cause psychological distress. There is a large body of empirical studies drawing correlations between war trauma, torture, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there are few studies on the effects of war-related trauma among Syrian refugees after events following the 'Arab Spring' uprisings between 2010 and 2012. This study examines the association of PTSD symptoms with torture and other traumatic events among Syrian Kurdish refugees living in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The experiences and PTSD symptoms among 91 Syrian Kurdish refugees in the Arbat camp in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq were assessed using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, sections I, IV, and V. Results showed that the estimated levels of PTSD symptoms were high: between 35 and 38%. There were no significant gender differences in the occurrence of PTSD symptoms. However, men reported more general traumatic experiences than women. There were significant positive correlations between PTSD symptoms with traumatic events and torture ( r = 0.500, r = 0.366, respectively). Examining the mental health impact of torture and other traumatic events among refugees has possible implications for organizations managing rehabilitation programs for individuals who have been exposed to traumatic events.

[Analysis of posttraumatic stress disorders in Polish soldiers who returned from stabilization mission in Iraq].

PubMed

Skotnicka, Justyna

2013-01-01

The aim of the survey was to establish whether PTSD is present among Polish soldiers returning from a one-year deployment to Iraq and an analysis of its individual symptoms. Sixty soldiers were examined, including 30 who returned from the Iraqi mission and 30 who remained in Poland. Five analysing devices were used: (IPSA), (STAI), (BDI), a PTSD questionnaire and a socio-demographical form. A significant number of soldiers experienced a traumatic event during the mission in Iraq. Although the Iraq deployment did not change the level of depression and anxiety among the two groups of soldiers, disproportions were found in the range of anger level intensity, which was significantly higher among soldiers who returned from Iraq. Stabilisation mission and the experience of a traumatic event influenced the biological and psychological functioning patterns among soldiers who returned from Iraq. The manifestations of this were emotional and physiological reactions that the soldiers experienced (nightmares, excessive sweating, increased heartbeat rate, stressful reactions in situations similar to the traumatic occurrence and intensified responses to them). However, contrary to the assumptions, it was not concluded that soldiers who returned from Iraq are suffering from PTSD.

Integrating Social Sciences and Intelligence

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

considered controversial. The American Anthropological Association has demonstrated disdain for HTTs stating that the Army program violates the AAA...demonstrated the great need for socio-cultural understanding. Human Terrain Teams are aiding brigades and regiments in Iraq and Afghanistan and...Champion 1 Integrating Social Sciences and Intelligence By 2LT Lindsey Champion Army leaders recognize the importance of socio

The Global Links Program: Building Pedagogy in Social Entrepreneurship for Positive Impact in Iraq

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dato-on, Mary Conway; Al-Charaakh, Amel

2013-01-01

In this paper we offer a model that seeks to develop an entrepreneurial ecosystem as a portfolio approach to economic development through ongoing partnerships vs. one-off initiatives that may serve as a prototype for economic development in transitional economies. The model, developed by Tupperware Brands, Rollins College, and the U.S. Department…

Land Reform and Its Effects on Rural Community Development in Selected Near Eastern Countries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yacoub, Salah M.

The effects of land reform programs on community development and the overall socioeconomic development in the three Near Eastern countries of Jordan, Iraq, and Syria were assessed. Land reform was defined as the: redistribution of rights in land ownership and management; reform in the land tenancy patterns; and land settlements, including the…

Public Diplomacy - Capturing the Information Terrain on the Way to Victory

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-04-01

John Pilger was released in the US entitled: �Paying the Price�The Killing of the Children of Iraq.� This 11 90-minute documentary covered the...engagement have not been updated since the days of the Cold War.4 Often times, this handcuffs engagement initiatives such as a program for some Middle East

77 FR 5865 - Privacy Act; System of Records: State-59, Refugee Case Records

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-06

..., pursuant to the provisions of the Privacy Act of 1974, as amended (5 U.S.C. 552a) and Office of Management... with the Office of Management and Budget. The amended system description, ``Refugee Case Records, State... Presidential Documents, Pg. 2880 (Refugee Resettlement Grants Program); Refugee Crisis in Iraq Act of 2007...

Inhibition of type 1 fimbriae-mediated Escherichia coli adhesion and biofilm formation by trimeric cluster thiomannosides conjugated to diamond nanoparticles.

PubMed

Khanal, Manakamana; Larsonneur, Fanny; Raks, Victoriia; Barras, Alexandre; Baumann, Jean-Sébastien; Martin, Fernando Ariel; Boukherroub, Rabah; Ghigo, Jean-Marc; Ortiz Mellet, Carmen; Zaitsev, Vladimir; Garcia Fernandez, Jose M; Beloin, Christophe; Siriwardena, Aloysius; Szunerits, Sabine

2015-02-14

Recent advances in nanotechnology have seen the development of a number of microbiocidal and/or anti-adhesive nanoparticles displaying activity against biofilms. In this work, trimeric thiomannoside clusters conjugated to nanodiamond particles (ND) were targeted for investigation. NDs have attracted attention as a biocompatible nanomaterial and we were curious to see whether the high mannose glycotope density obtained upon grouping monosaccharide units in triads might lead to the corresponding ND-conjugates behaving as effective inhibitors of E. coli type 1 fimbriae-mediated adhesion as well as of biofilm formation. The required trimeric thiosugar clusters were obtained through a convenient thiol-ene "click" strategy and were subsequently conjugated to alkynyl-functionalized NDs using a Cu(I)-catalysed "click" reaction. We demonstrated that the tri-thiomannoside cluster-conjugated NDs (ND-Man3) show potent inhibition of type 1 fimbriae-mediated E. coli adhesion to yeast and T24 bladder cells as well as of biofilm formation. The biofilm disrupting effects demonstrated here have only rarely been reported in the past for analogues featuring such simple glycosidic motifs. Moreover, the finding that the tri-thiomannoside cluster (Man3N3) is itself a relatively efficient inhibitor, even when not conjugated to any ND edifice, suggests that alternative mono- or multivalent sugar-derived analogues might also be usefully explored for E. coli-mediated biofilm disrupting properties.

Excitation of surface plasmon polariton modes with multiple nitrogen vacancy centers in single nanodiamonds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Shailesh; Lausen, Jens L.; Garcia-Ortiz, Cesar E.; Andersen, Sebastian K. H.; Roberts, Alexander S.; Radko, Ilya P.; Smith, Cameron L. C.; Kristensen, Anders; Bozhevolnyi, Sergey I.

2016-02-01

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds are interesting due to their remarkable characteristics that are well suited to applications in quantum-information processing and magnetic field sensing, as well as representing stable fluorescent sources. Multiple NV centers in nanodiamonds (NDs) are especially useful as biological fluorophores due to their chemical neutrality, brightness and room-temperature photostability. Furthermore, NDs containing multiple NV centers also have potential in high-precision magnetic field and temperature sensing. Coupling NV centers to propagating surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes gives a base for lab-on-a-chip sensing devices, allows enhanced fluorescence emission and collection which can further enhance the precision of NV-based sensors. Here, we investigate coupling of multiple NV centers in individual NDs to the SPP modes supported by silver surfaces protected by thin dielectric layers and by gold V-grooves (VGs) produced via the self-terminated silicon etching. In the first case, we concentrate on monitoring differences in fluorescence spectra obtained from a source ND, which is illuminated by a pump laser, and from a scattering ND illuminated only by the fluorescence-excited SPP radiation. In the second case, we observe changes in the average NV lifetime when the same ND is characterized outside and inside a VG. Fluorescence emission from the VG terminations is also observed, which confirms the NV coupling to the VG-supported SPP modes.

Polyamidoamine-Decorated Nanodiamonds as a Hybrid Gene Delivery Vector and siRNA Structural Characterization at the Charged Interfaces.

PubMed

Lim, Dae Gon; Rajasekaran, Nirmal; Lee, Dukhee; Kim, Nam Ah; Jung, Hun Soon; Hong, Sungyoul; Shin, Young Kee; Kang, Eunah; Jeong, Seong Hoon

2017-09-20

Nanodiamonds have been discovered as a new exogenous material source in biomedical applications. As a new potent form of nanodiamond (ND), polyamidoamine-decorated nanodiamonds (PAMAM-NDs) were prepared for E7 or E6 oncoprotein-suppressing siRNA gene delivery for high risk human papillomavirus-induced cervical cancer, such as types 16 and 18. It is critical to understand the physicochemical properties of siRNA complexes immobilized on cationic solid ND surfaces in the aspect of biomolecular structural and conformational changes, as the new inert carbon material can be extended into the application of a gene delivery vector. A spectral study of siRNA/PAMAM-ND complexes using differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism spectroscopy proved that the hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions between siRNA and PAMAM-NDs decreased endothermic heat capacity. Moreover, siRNA/PAMAM-ND complexes showed low cell cytotoxicity and significant suppressing effects for forward target E6 and E7 oncogenic genes, proving functional and therapeutic efficacy. The cellular uptake of siRNA/PAMAM-ND complexes at 8 h was visualized by macropinocytes and direct endosomal escape of the siRNA/PAMAM-ND complexes. It is presumed that PAMAM-NDs provided a buffering cushion to adjust the pH and hard mechanical stress to escape endosomes. siRNA/PAMAM-ND complexes provide a potential organic/inorganic hybrid material source for gene delivery carriers.

Data mining of mental health issues of non-bone marrow donor siblings.

PubMed

Takita, Morihito; Tanaka, Yuji; Kodama, Yuko; Murashige, Naoko; Hatanaka, Nobuyo; Kishi, Yukiko; Matsumura, Tomoko; Ohsawa, Yukio; Kami, Masahiro

2011-07-20

Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a curative treatment for patients with advanced hematologic malignancies. However, the long-term mental health issues of siblings who were not selected as donors (non-donor siblings, NDS) in the transplantation have not been well assessed. Data mining is useful in discovering new findings from a large, multidisciplinary data set and the Scenario Map analysis is a novel approach which allows extracting keywords linking different conditions/events from text data of interviews even when the keywords appeared infrequently. The aim of this study is to assess mental health issues on NDSs and to find helpful keywords for the clinical follow-up using a Scenario Map analysis. A 47-year-old woman whose younger sister had undergone allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 20 years earlier was interviewed as a NDS. The text data from the interview transcriptions was analyzed using Scenario Mapping. Four clusters of words and six keywords were identified. Upon review of the word clusters and keywords, both the subject and researchers noticed that the subject has had mental health issues since the disease onset to date with being a NDS. The issues have been alleviated by her family. This single subject study suggested the advantages of data mining in clinical follow-up for mental health issues of patients and/or their families.

Defense.gov - Special Report: Travels with Gates

Science.gov Websites

U.S. Role in Iraq Remains Critical, Gates Says KIRKUK, Iraq, Dec. 11, 2009 – The U.S. military role remains critical to preserving gains made in Iraq and helping to prevent sectarian violence in the roll-up

The Collapse of Iraq and Syria: The End of the Colonial Construct in the Greater Levant

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

dominated by the security state, not the military. Summary Projecting back in time, the political odysseys of Syria and Iraq between the end of...OPERATIONS UNIVERSITY The Collapse of Iraq and Syria: The End of the Colonial Construct in the Greater Levant Roby C. Barrett, Ph.D. JSOU Report 16-1 Dr...Roby Barrett’s The Collapse of Iraq and Syria: The End of the Colonial Construct in the Greater Levant is a timely, scholarly work that helps

An Unexpected Case of Lyme Disease in a Soldier Serving in Northern Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-01

Christopher E. Curtis, MC USAt 188143 ABSTRACT Lyme disease is a tick-transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Cases have been...MILITARY MEDICINE, 175,5:367,2010 An Unexpected Case of Lyme Disease in a Soldier Serving in Northern Iraq CPT Jeremy B. Fisher, SP USA *; CPT...Turkey.3-S We report an unexpected case of Lyme disease from Iraq. CASE REPORT A 28-year-old active duty Army male, on a deployment to northern Iraq

Iraq Police Development Program: Lack of Iraqi Support and Security Problems Raise Questions about the Continued Viability of the Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-07-30

law precepts, including respect for human rights. Improved Iraqi police capacity also will benefit the safety of U.S. diplomatic and business ...22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law , no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to...Public Law 108-106, as amended, which also incorporates the duties and responsibilities of inspectors general under the Inspector General Act of

Report on the Assessment of Arms, Ammunition, and Explosives Accountability and Control; Security Assistance; and Logistics Sustainment for the Iraq Security Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-19

Undistributed ISFF-Funded Equipment 105 17. Iraqi Army Maintenance Program 107 18. Class IX Material Management 115 Part V – Medical Sustainability 123...database and are subsequently forwarded to the Army Material Command, Logistics Support Activity for inclusion in the DoD Small Arms and Light Weapons...be forwarded to the Army Material Command, Logistics Support Activity for inclusion in the DoD Small Arms and Light Weapons Serialization Program

Al Basrah, Iraq

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-12-08

Al Basrah, Iraq Sensor: L7 ETM+ Acquisition Date: April 4, 2003 Path/Row: 166/39 Lat/Long: 30.486/47.811 Smoke drifts south in this image of Al Basrah, located in southeastern Iraq. The green circles from the center to the left of the image represent irrigated crops.

Postdoctoral Fellow | Center for Cancer Research

Cancer.gov

The Neural Development Section (NDS) headed by Dr. Lino Tessarollo has an open postdoctoral fellow position. The candidate should have a background in neurobiology and basic expertise in molecular biology, cell biology, immunoistochemistry and biochemistry.  Experience in confocal analysis is desired. The NDS study the biology of neurotrophin and Trk receptors function by using both in vitro and in vivo approaches. Our group makes extensive use of engineered mouse models and cell culture models. The current research emphasis is on understanding the molecular mechanisms by which activated trk receptor function. Specifically, we are dissecting the molecular mechanism responsible for modulating Trk receptors activity, including their interaction with specific scaffold proteins and proteins leading to de-activation of Trk signaling. Moreover, we are attempting to identify new signaling pathways activated by truncated Trk receptors.

The role of lipid nanoparticles and its surface modification in reaching the brain: an approach for neurodegenerative diseases treatment.

PubMed

Pedraz, Jose Luis; Igartua, Manoli; Maria, Rosa; Hernando, Sara

2018-05-09

Nanomedicine is a field of science that employs materials in the nanometer scale. Specifically, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) has some medical applications due to their structure, for example, the ability to cross the biological barriers, and their effectiveness avoiding some drug delivery problems. Because of that, in the last years, the use of NPs has been raised as a workable solution for neurodegenerative diseases (ND) treatment [1,2]. NDs are characterized by a continuous structural and functional neuronal loss, usually correlated with neuronal death. Between NDs, Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common disorders worldwide, becoming a serious economic burden and public health problem [3]. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.

Nanodiamonds as platforms for biology and medicine.

PubMed

Man, Han B; Ho, Dean

2013-02-01

Nanoparticles possess a wide range of exceptional properties applicable to biology and medicine. In particular, nanodiamonds (NDs) are being studied extensively because they possess unique characteristics that make them suitable as platforms for diagnostics and therapeutics. This carbon-based material (2-8 nm) is medically relevant because it unites several key properties necessary for clinical applications, such as stability and compatibility in biological environments, and scalability in production. Research by the Ho group and others has yielded ND particles with a variety of capabilities ranging from delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to targeted labeling and uptake studies. In addition, encouraging new findings have demonstrated the ability for NDs to effectively treat chemoresistant tumors in vivo. In this review, we highlight the progress made toward bringing nanodiamonds from the bench to the bedside.

U.S. Post-Conflict Integration Policy of Militias in Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-03-01

2 Hashim, 300. 3 Ahmed Hashim, Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency in Iraq (Ithaca: Cornell University...have earned acceptance and legitimacy through 19 Migdal, 296. 20 Ahmed Hashim, Insurgency and...Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University,[2006]). 41 Ahmed Hashim, Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency in Iraq (Ithaca: Cornell University

77 FR 4083 - Amendment of the Designation of al-Qa'ida in Iraq, et al. as a Specially Designated Global...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-26

... Iraq, aka al-Qaida in Iraq, aka al-Qaida in Mesopotamia, aka al-Qaida in the Land of the Two Rivers... the Two Rivers, aka The Organization Base of Jihad/Mesopotamia, aka The Organization of al-Jihad's...

48 CFR 225.7703-1 - Acquisition procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Operations in Iraq or Afghanistan 225.7703-1 Acquisition procedures. (a) Subject to the requirements of 225... in Iraq or Afghanistan, may be acquired by— (1) Providing a preference for products or services from Iraq or Afghanistan in accordance with the evaluation procedures at 225.7703-3; (2) Limiting...

75 FR 57657 - Supplemental Standards of Ethical Conduct for Employees of the Special Inspector General for Iraq...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-22

... Ethical Conduct for Employees of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction AGENCY: Special... Iraq Reconstruction (SIGIR), with the concurrence of the Office of Government Ethics (OGE), is... of Ethical Conduct (Standards) issued by OGE. With certain exceptions, this supplemental regulation...

31 CFR 575.205 - Prohibited exportation and reexportation of goods, technology, or services to Iraq.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... reexportation of goods, technology, or services to Iraq. 575.205 Section 575.205 Money and Finance: Treasury... goods, technology, or services to Iraq. Except as otherwise authorized, no goods, technology (including... humanitarian circumstances, and donated supplies intended strictly for medical purposes, the exportation of...

48 CFR 206.303-70 - Acquisitions in support of operations in Iraq or Afghanistan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... operations in Iraq or Afghanistan. 206.303-70 Section 206.303-70 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ACQUISITION PLANNING COMPETITION REQUIREMENTS Other Than Full and Open Competition 206.303-70 Acquisitions in support of operations in Iraq or...

Rebuilding Iraq: DoD and State Department Have Improved Oversight and Coordination of Private Security Contractors in Iraq, but Further Actions are Needed to Sustain Improvements

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-07-01

MNC-I Multi-National Corps-Iraq MNF-I Multi-National Force-Iraq PSC private security contractor RSO Regional Security Office TOC tactical...maritime and territorial jurisdiction’ to include a housing complex leased by the U.S. military on a military base in Germany where a sexual assault...and monitored by RSO personnel in the RSO TOC . Motorcade vehicles are equipped with video cameras that record and document motorcade movements and

[Ocular findings in Polish Armed Forces in Iraq and Afghanistan, a review of medical examinations by The Military Medical Commission in Łodz].

PubMed

Pastuszka, Mirosław; Goś, Roman; Jurowski, Piotr; Chrzaszcz, Agnieszka; Smigielski, Janusz; Nowak, Michał S

2013-01-01

To determine the prevalence of ocular disorders among Polish soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan military campaigns. A retrospective review of medical records of the Military Medical Commission of Lodz, Poland was performed. Records of 296 randomly selected soldiers, including 98 who returned from Iraq in 2004 and in 198 who returned from Afghanistan in 2012, were assessed. All subjects underwent comprehensive ocular examinations according to the military regulations. We used statistical analysis to review the results. The incidence of ocular disorders in Iraq and Afghanistan groups was 17.3% and 15.1%, respectively. The study revealed that the most common disorders among soldiers were refractive errors affecting 6.8% subjects, followed by defective color vision (4.7%) and solar retinopathy (3.0%). Combat injuries were diagnosed in 3 subjects, including 2 cases of corneal injury and 1 case of retinal detachment due to blast exposure. Combat injuries occurred in 1% of soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan military campaigns. There were no statistically significant differences between Iraq and Afghanistan groups in the incidence of ocular disorders. Solar retinopathy was the most common problem related to the long-term exposure to rough climate conditions in both groups. ocular findings, Iraq, Afghanistan.

Diabetic Foot Syndrome and Corneal Subbasal Nerve Plexus Changes in Congolese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

PubMed Central

Schober, Hans-Christof; Stachs, Oliver; Baltrusch, Simone; Bambi, Marie Therese; Kilangalanga, Janvier; Winter, Karsten; Kundt, Guenther; Guthoff, Rudolf F.

2015-01-01

Background To study the severity of diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy and grades of diabetic foot syndrome for correlations with corneal subbasal nerve plexus (SBP) changes in Congolese patients with type 2 diabetes. Methodology/Principal Findings Twenty-eight type 2 diabetes patients with diabetes-related foot ulceration were recruited in a diabetic care unit in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Corneal SBP was investigated by confocal laser-scanning microscopy to analyse nerve fibre density (NFD) [µm/ µm²], number of branches [n] and number of connectivity points [n]. Foot ulceration was graded using the Wagner ulcer classification. Corneal sensitivity (Cochet-Bonnet), Neuropathy Symptom Score (NSS), Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS), ankle-brachial index (ABI) and ophthalmological status were evaluated. Foot ulceration was ranked as mild (Wagner 0-1: 13 patients/46.4%), moderate (Wagner 2-3: 10 patients/35.7%) and severe (Wagner 4-5: 5 patients/17.9%). The correlation between Wagner Score and NFD (p=0.017, r = - 0,454), NDS and NFD (p=0,039, r = - 0.400) as well as Wagner Score and HbA1c (p=0,007, r = - 0.477) was stated. Significant differences in confocal SBP parameters were observed between Wagner 0-1 and Wagner 4 5 (number of branches (p=0.012), number of connectivity points (p=0.001), nerve fibre density (p=0.033)) and ABI (p=0.030), and between Wagner 2-3 and Wagner 4-5 (number of branches (p=0.003), number of connectivity points (p=0.005) and nerve fibre density (p=0.014)). Differences in NDS (p=0.001) and corneal sensation (p=0.032) were significant between Wagner 0-1 and Wagner 2-3. Patients with diabetic retinopathy had significantly longer diabetes duration (p=0.03) and higher NDS (p=0.01), but showed no differences in SBP morphology or corneal sensation. Conclusions/Significance While confirming the diabetic aetiology of foot ulceration due to medial arterial calcification, this study indicates that the grade of diabetic foot syndrome correlates with corneal SBP changes and corneal sensation in patients in sub-Saharan Africa. PMID:25811186

Sand Fly Surveillance and Control on Camp Ramadi, Iraq, as Part of a Leishmaniasis Control Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-01

Environmental Science, Research Triangle Park, NC, U.S.A.) and Anvil® 10+10 ULV (Clarke Mosquito Control Products, Roselle , IL, U.S.A). Scourge® was...contract personnel using a Clarke Pro-Mist ULV machine (Clarke Mosquito Control Products, Roselle , IL): April (n=2), May (n=6), June (n=6), July

Basrah Children’s Hospital, Basrah, Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-07-28

that 97% of urban and 79% of rural populations had access to health care, which included public health programs for malaria and tuberculosis control...construct the medical logistics warehouses landscaping install kitchen and laundry equipment medical equipment (medical waste autoclave, oxygen...addition, the SOW required the construction of supporting facilities to include the following: cafeteria and associated facilities (i.e. kitchen

Adolescents' Views on War and Peace in the Early Phases of the Iraq Conflict

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Garatti, Marinella; Rudnitski, Rose A.

2007-01-01

Adolescents' views of war and peace were assessed among 209 children aged 10-14 who attended a parochial school or its after-school religious program located in a predominantly middle-class, suburban area within commuting distance of New York City. Findings were compared to those of youth surveyed during other armed conflicts, specifically the…

Changing views on child mortality and economic sanctions in Iraq: a history of lies, damned lies and statistics

PubMed Central

Dyson, Tim; Cetorelli, Valeria

2017-01-01

In August 1990, Saddam Hussein’s army invaded Kuwait and consequently the United Nations imposed economic sanctions on Iraq. In 1991, an international military alliance expelled the Iraqi army from Kuwait during a short war. Nevertheless, the economic sanctions remained in place—their removal required that Iraq should destroy its weapons of mass destruction. Subsequent years saw reports of acute suffering in Iraq. The sanctions undoubtedly greatly reduced the country’s ability to import supplies of food and medicine. Particular concerns arose about the state of young children. These concerns crystalised in 1999 when, with cooperation from the Iraqi government, Unicef conducted a major demographic survey. The results of the survey indicated that the under-5 death rate in Iraq had increased hugely between 1990 and 1991 and had then continued at a very high level. The survey results were used both to challenge and support the case for the invasion of Iraq in 2003. And they were cited by Tony Blair in 2010 in his testimony to the Iraq Inquiry established by the British government. Indeed, the results of the 1999 Unicef/Government of Iraq survey are still cited. Since 2003, however, several more surveys dealing with child mortality have been undertaken. Their results show no sign of a huge and enduring rise in the under-5 death rate starting in 1991. It is therefore clear that Saddam Hussein’s government successfully manipulated the 1999 survey in order to convey a very false impression—something that is surely deserving of greater recognition. PMID:29225933

3 CFR - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Stabilization of Iraq

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Stabilization of Iraq Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of May 18, 2012 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Stabilization of Iraq On May 22, 2003...

PEO EIS Delivers Information Dominance to Soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

PEO EIS Delivers Information Dominance to Soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan Jill Finnie In the business world, it is common knowledge that superior...COVERED 00-00-2009 to 00-00-2009 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE PEO EIS Delivers Information Dominance to Soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan 5a. CONTRACT

31 CFR 575.304 - Entity of the Government of Iraq; Iraqi Government entity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Entity of the Government of Iraq; Iraqi Government entity. 575.304 Section 575.304 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to... SANCTIONS REGULATIONS General Definitions § 575.304 Entity of the Government of Iraq; Iraqi Government...

Malaysian Educators and Their Perspectives on the Iraq War: A Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cashman, Timothy G.

2007-01-01

This case study provides perspectives on the War in Iraq with information collected from Sabah, Malaysia, educators. The author has analyzed input from Sabahan teachers regarding their discussions of United States-led war efforts in Iraq. The implications for discourse in Sabahan classrooms are described. The author then argues that Sabahan…

Using a Virtual History Conference to Teach the Iraq War

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gilley, Bruce

2013-01-01

In teaching the causes of the Iraq War, the use of "virtual history" can be employed in a conference setting in which different individuals are assigned to different plausible counterfactuals they use to construct virtual histories. The Iraq War lends itself to the virtual history approach because of the availability of many plausible…

48 CFR 225.7703-3 - Evaluating offers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Iraq or Afghanistan 225.7703-3 Evaluating offers. (a) Evaluate offers submitted in response to... Afghanistan, as follows: (1) If the low offer is an offer of a product or service from Iraq or Afghanistan, award on that offer. (2) If there are no offers of a product or service from Iraq or Afghanistan, award...

Differences in Virulence Markers between Helicobacter pylori Strains from Iraq and Those from Iran: Potential Importance of Regional Differences in H. pylori-Associated Disease▿

PubMed Central

Hussein, Nawfal R.; Mohammadi, Marjan; Talebkhan, Yeganeh; Doraghi, Masoumeh; Letley, Darren P.; Muhammad, Merdan K.; Argent, Richard H.; Atherton, John C.

2008-01-01

Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulceration and gastric adenocarcinoma; the latter is common in Iran but not in Iraq. We hypothesized that more virulent H. pylori strains may be found in Iran than in Iraq and so compared established and newly described virulence factors in strains from these countries. We studied 59 unselected dyspeptic patients from Iran and 49 from Iraq. cagA was found in similar proportions of strains from both countries (76% in Iran versus 71% in Iraq) and was significantly associated with peptic ulcer disease in Iraq (P ≤ 0.01) but not in Iran. cagA alleles encoding four or more tyrosine phosphorylation motifs were found in 12% of the Iranian strains but none of the Iraqi strains (P = 0.02). There were no significant differences in the vacA signal-, middle-, or intermediate-region types between Iranian and Iraqi strains. Among the strains from Iran, vacA genotypes showed no specific peptic ulcer associations, but among the strains from Iraq, vacA i1 strains were associated with gastric ulcer (P ≤ 0.02), mimicking their previously demonstrated association with gastric cancer in Iran. dupA was found in similar proportions of Iranian and Iraqi strains (38% and 32%, respectively) and was associated with peptic ulceration in Iraqi patients (P ≤ 0.01) but not Iranian patients. H. pylori strains from Iraq and Iran possess virulence factors similar to those in Western countries. The presence of cagA with more phosphorylation motifs in Iranian strains may contribute to the higher incidence of gastric cancer. However, the association between strain virulence markers and disease in Iraq but not Iran suggests that other host and environmental factors may be more important in the disease-prone Iranian population. PMID:18353934

Differences in virulence markers between Helicobacter pylori strains from Iraq and those from Iran: potential importance of regional differences in H. pylori-associated disease.

PubMed

Hussein, Nawfal R; Mohammadi, Marjan; Talebkhan, Yeganeh; Doraghi, Masoumeh; Letley, Darren P; Muhammad, Merdan K; Argent, Richard H; Atherton, John C

2008-05-01

Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulceration and gastric adenocarcinoma; the latter is common in Iran but not in Iraq. We hypothesized that more virulent H. pylori strains may be found in Iran than in Iraq and so compared established and newly described virulence factors in strains from these countries. We studied 59 unselected dyspeptic patients from Iran and 49 from Iraq. cagA was found in similar proportions of strains from both countries (76% in Iran versus 71% in Iraq) and was significantly associated with peptic ulcer disease in Iraq (P

Iraq Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2016-01-01

Iraq is the second-largest crude oil producer in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) after Saudi Arabia, and it holds the world's fifth-largest proved crude oil reserves after Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Canada, and Iran. Most of Iraq's major known fields are producing or in development, although much of its known hydrocarbon resources have not been fully exploited. All of Iraq's known oil fields are onshore. The largest fields in the south have relatively low extraction costs owing to uncomplicated geology, multiple supergiant fields, fields located in relatively unpopulated areas with flat terrain, and the close proximity of fields to coastal ports.

The Danger of Deja Vu: Why the Iraq Surge is Not a Lesson for Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

JAN 2010 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-12-2009 to 00-01-2010 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE The danger of deja vu . Why the Iraq surge is not a lesson...of five brigade combat teams — eerily mim- icked the surge number for Iraq. And there was more déjà vu when our senior civilian and military leaders...Department. PERSPECTIVES The danger of déjà vu Why the Iraq surge is not a lesson for Afghanistan BY COL. CHARLES D. ALLEN (RET.) The thing we take hold of

National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization

MedlinePlus

... FEPC) National Data Set (NDS) Survey of Team Attitudes and Relationships (STAR) Quality Reporting QAPI Resources Quality ... moments my.nhpco Episode 27: Survey of Team Attitudes and Relationships High quality education that comes right ...

Synthesis and characterization of a prominent NLO active MOF of lead with 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prasad, S. Shibu; Sudarsanakumar, M. R.; Dhanya, V. S.; Suma, S.; Kurup, M. R. Prathapachandra

2018-09-01

A new metal-organic framework of lead, [Pb(1,5-nds)(H2O)3]n (1,5-nds = 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate) having prominent nonlinear optical property has been prepared by single gel diffusion technique at ambient condition using sodium metasilicate. The second harmonic generation efficiency was analyzed using Kurtz and Perry powder method and was found to be 30 times as large as potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP). Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal the crystal structure. The grown crystals were further characterized by elemental analysis, powder XRD study, thermogravimetry, FT-IR and UV-visible spectral studies. The Pb2S2O4 rings in the crystal structure form a 1D channel. Hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions provide additional stability to the compound. Photoluminescence studies were also carried out.

Phonon transport control by nanoarchitecture including epitaxial Ge nanodots for Si-based thermoelectric materials

PubMed Central

Yamasaka, Shuto; Nakamura, Yoshiaki; Ueda, Tomohiro; Takeuchi, Shotaro; Sakai, Akira

2015-01-01

Phonon transport in Si films was controlled using epitaxially-grown ultrasmall Ge nanodots (NDs) with ultrahigh density for the purpose of developing Si-based thermoelectric materials. The Si/Ge ND stacked structures, which were formed by the ultrathin SiO2 film technique, exhibited lower thermal conductivities than those of the conventional nanostructured SiGe bulk alloys, despite the stacked structures having a smaller Ge fraction. This came from the large thermal resistance caused by phonon scattering at the Si/Ge ND interfaces. The phonon scattering can be controlled by the Ge ND structure, which was independent of Si layer structure for carrier transport. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of ultrasmall epitaxial Ge NDs as phonon scattering sources, opening up a route for the realisation of Si-based thermoelectric materials. PMID:26434678

Preparation and Characterization of Zirconia-Coated Nanodiamonds as a Pt Catalyst Support for Methanol Electro-Oxidation

PubMed Central

Lu, Jing; Zang, Jianbing; Wang, Yanhui; Xu, Yongchao; Xu, Xipeng

2016-01-01

Zirconia-coated nanodiamond (ZrO2/ND) electrode material was successfully prepared by one-step isothermal hydrolyzing from ND-dispersed ZrOCl2·8H2O aqueous solution. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that a highly conformal and uniform ZrO2 shell was deposited on NDs by this simple method. The coating obtained at 90 °C without further calcination was mainly composed of monoclinic nanocrystalline ZrO2 rather than common amorphous Zr(OH)4 clusters. The ZrO2/NDs and pristine ND powder were decorated with platinum (Pt) nanoparticles by electrodeposition from 5 mM chloroplatinic acid solution. The electrochemical studies indicate that Pt/ZrO2/ND catalysts have higher electrocatalytic activity and better stability for methanol oxidation than Pt/ND catalysts in acid. PMID:28335361

The Development of Novel Nanodiamond Based MALDI Matrices for the Analysis of Small Organic Pharmaceuticals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chitanda, Jackson M.; Zhang, Haixia; Pahl, Erica; Purves, Randy W.; El-Aneed, Anas

2016-10-01

The utility of novel functionalized nanodiamonds (NDs) as matrices for matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is described herein. MALDI-MS analysis of small organic compounds (<1000 Da) is typically complex because of interferences from numerous cluster ions formed when using conventional matrices. To expand the use of MALDI for the analysis of small molecules, novel matrices were designed by covalently linking conventional matrices (or a lysine moiety) to detonated NDs. Four new functionalized NDs were evaluated for their ionization capabilities using five pharmaceuticals with varying molecular structures. Two ND matrices were able to ionize all tested pharmaceuticals in the negative ion mode, producing the deprotonated ions [M - H]-. Ion intensity for target analytes was generally strong with enhanced signal-to-noise ratios compared with conventional matrices. The negative ion mode is of great importance for biological samples as interference from endogenous compounds is inherently minimized in the negative ion mode. Since the molecular structures of the tested pharmaceuticals did not suggest that negative ion mode would be preferable, this result magnifies the importance of these findings. On the other hand, conventional matrices primarily facilitated the ionization as expected in the positive ion mode, producing either the protonated molecules [M + H]+ or cationic adducts (typically producing complex spectra with numerous adduct peaks). The data presented in this study suggests that these matrices may offer advantages for the analysis of low molecular weight pharmaceuticals/metabolites.

The Development of Novel Nanodiamond Based MALDI Matrices for the Analysis of Small Organic Pharmaceuticals.

PubMed

Chitanda, Jackson M; Zhang, Haixia; Pahl, Erica; Purves, Randy W; El-Aneed, Anas

2016-10-01

The utility of novel functionalized nanodiamonds (NDs) as matrices for matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is described herein. MALDI-MS analysis of small organic compounds (<1000 Da) is typically complex because of interferences from numerous cluster ions formed when using conventional matrices. To expand the use of MALDI for the analysis of small molecules, novel matrices were designed by covalently linking conventional matrices (or a lysine moiety) to detonated NDs. Four new functionalized NDs were evaluated for their ionization capabilities using five pharmaceuticals with varying molecular structures. Two ND matrices were able to ionize all tested pharmaceuticals in the negative ion mode, producing the deprotonated ions [M - H](-). Ion intensity for target analytes was generally strong with enhanced signal-to-noise ratios compared with conventional matrices. The negative ion mode is of great importance for biological samples as interference from endogenous compounds is inherently minimized in the negative ion mode. Since the molecular structures of the tested pharmaceuticals did not suggest that negative ion mode would be preferable, this result magnifies the importance of these findings. On the other hand, conventional matrices primarily facilitated the ionization as expected in the positive ion mode, producing either the protonated molecules [M + H](+) or cationic adducts (typically producing complex spectra with numerous adduct peaks). The data presented in this study suggests that these matrices may offer advantages for the analysis of low molecular weight pharmaceuticals/metabolites. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

Protamine sulfate-nanodiamond hybrid nanoparticles as a vector for MiR-203 restoration in esophageal carcinoma cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cao, Minjun; Deng, Xiongwei; Su, Shishuai; Zhang, Fang; Xiao, Xiangqian; Hu, Qin; Fu, Yongwei; Yang, Burton B.; Wu, Yan; Sheng, Wang; Zeng, Yi

2013-11-01

We report an innovative approach for miRNA-203 delivery in esophageal cancer cells using protamine sulphate (PS)-nanodiamond (ND) nanoparticles. The efficient delivery of miR-203 significantly suppressed the proliferation and migration of cancer cells through targeting Ran and ΔNp63, exhibiting a great potential for PS@ND nanoparticles in miRNA-based cancer therapy.We report an innovative approach for miRNA-203 delivery in esophageal cancer cells using protamine sulphate (PS)-nanodiamond (ND) nanoparticles. The efficient delivery of miR-203 significantly suppressed the proliferation and migration of cancer cells through targeting Ran and ΔNp63, exhibiting a great potential for PS@ND nanoparticles in miRNA-based cancer therapy. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: (1) Experimental section; (2) Results: serum stability of miR-203/PS@NDs and miR-203 release curve (Fig. S1). Cytotoxicity assay of PS@NDs to Ec-109 cells (Fig. S2); confocal image and FACS analysis of intracellular uptake of cy3-labeled miR-203 (Fig. S3 and S4); real-time PCR analysis of miR-203 restoration (Fig. S5); Ran and ΔNp63 expression (Fig. S6); the sizes and zeta potentials of miRNA/PS@NDs (Table S1); the sequences of the microRNA mimics and primers (Table S2, S3 and S4). See DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04056a

Facile synthesis of novel magnetic silica nanoparticles functionalized with layer-by-layer detonation nanodiamonds for secretome study.

PubMed

Li, Hong; Wang, Yi; Zhang, Lei; Lu, Haojie; Zhou, Zhongjun; Wei, Liming; Yang, Pengyuan

2015-12-07

Novel magnetic silica nanoparticles functionalized with layer-by-layer detonation nanodiamonds (dNDs) were prepared by coating single submicron-size magnetite particles with silica and subsequently modified with dNDs. The resulting layer-by-layer dND functionalized magnetic silica microspheres (Fe3O4@SiO2@[dND]n) exhibit a well-defined magnetite-core-silica-shell structure and possess a high content of magnetite, which endow them with high dispersibility and excellent magnetic responsibility. Meanwhile, dNDs are known for their high affinity and biocompatibility towards peptides or proteins. Thus, a novel convenient, fast and efficient pretreatment approach of low-abundance peptides or proteins was successfully established with Fe3O4@SiO2@[dND]n microspheres. The signal intensity of low-abundance peptides was improved by at least two to three orders of magnitude in mass spectrometry analysis. The novel microsphere also showed good tolerance to salt. Even with a high concentration of salt, peptides or proteins could be isolated effectively from samples. Therefore, the convenient and efficient enrichment process of this novel layer-by-layer dND-functionalized microsphere makes it a promising candidate for isolation of protein in a large volume of culture supernatant for secretome analysis. In the application of Fe3O4@SiO2@[dND]n in the secretome of hepatoma cells, 1473 proteins were identified and covered a broad range of pI and molecular weight, including 377 low molecular weight proteins.

The fate of organic micropollutants during long-term/long-distance river bank filtration.

PubMed

Hamann, Enrico; Stuyfzand, Pieter J; Greskowiak, Janek; Timmer, Harrie; Massmann, Gudrun

2016-03-01

The fate of organic micropollutants during long-term/long-distance river bank filtration (RBF) at a temporal scale of several years was investigated along a row of monitoring wells perpendicular to the Lek River (the Netherlands). Out of 247 compounds, which were irregularly analyzed in the period 1999-2013, only 15 were detected in both the river and river bank observation wells. Out of these, 10 compounds (1,4-dioxan, 1,5-naphthalene disulfonate (1,5-NDS), 2-amino-1,5-NDS, 3-amino-1,5-NDS, AOX, carbamazepine, EDTA, MTBE, toluene and triphenylphosphine oxide) showed fully persistent behavior (showing no concentration decrease at all), even after 3.6 years transit time. The remaining 5 compounds (1,3,5-naphthalene trisulfonate (1,3,5-NTS), 1,3,6-NTS, diglyme, iopamidol, triglyme) were partially removed. Their reactive transport parameters (removal rate constants/half-lives, retardation coefficients) were inferred from numerical modeling. In addition, maximum half-lives for 14 of the fully removed compounds, for which the data availability was sufficient to deduce 100% removal during sub-surface passage, were approximated based on travel times to the nearest well. The study is one of very few reporting on the long-term field-scale behavior of organic micropollutants. It highlights the efficiency of RBF for water quality improvement as a pre-treatment step for drinking water production. However, it also shows the very persistent behavior of various compounds in groundwater. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Transcriptome Analysis of a Rotenone Model of Parkinsonism Reveals Complex I-Tied and -Untied Toxicity Mechanisms Common to Neurodegenerative Diseases

PubMed Central

Cabeza-Arvelaiz, Yofre; Schiestl, Robert H.

2012-01-01

The pesticide rotenone, a neurotoxin that inhibits the mitochondrial complex I, and destabilizes microtubules (MT) has been linked to Parkinson disease (PD) etiology and is often used to model this neurodegenerative disease (ND). Many of the mechanisms of action of rotenone are posited mechanisms of neurodegeneration; however, they are not fully understood. Therefore, the study of rotenone-affected functional pathways is pertinent to the understanding of NDs pathogenesis. This report describes the transcriptome analysis of a neuroblastoma (NB) cell line chronically exposed to marginally toxic and moderately toxic doses of rotenone. The results revealed a complex pleiotropic response to rotenone that impacts a variety of cellular events, including cell cycle, DNA damage response, proliferation, differentiation, senescence and cell death, which could lead to survival or neurodegeneration depending on the dose and time of exposure and cell phenotype. The response encompasses an array of physiological pathways, modulated by transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory networks, likely activated by homeostatic alterations. Pathways that incorporate the contribution of MT destabilization to rotenone toxicity are suggested to explain complex I-independent rotenone-induced alterations of metabolism and redox homeostasis. The postulated mechanisms involve the blockage of mitochondrial voltage-dependent anions channels (VDACs) by tubulin, which coupled with other rotenone-induced organelle dysfunctions may underlie many presumed neurodegeneration mechanisms associated with pathophysiological aspects of various NDs including PD, AD and their variant forms. Thus, further investigation of such pathways may help identify novel therapeutic paths for these NDs. PMID:22970289

Quality Assurance Strategies of Higher Education in Iraq and Kurdistan: A Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kaghed, Nabeel; Dezaye, Ahmed

2009-01-01

This paper reports on two different strategies that have been implemented in Iraq to improve quality assurance in the higher education sector in Iraq. One strategy has been developed by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Baghdad. It involved conducting a pilot study at the University of Babylon. This pilot included…

78 FR 77426 - Notice of Vacancies on the U.S. Section of the U.S.-Iraq Business Dialogue

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-23

... a bilateral forum to facilitate private sector business growth in Iraq and to strengthen trade and... Section consists of members from the private sector, representing the views and interests of the private... reflect private sector views, needs, and concerns regarding private sector business development in Iraq...

Treating Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans with PTSD Who Are at High Risk for Suicide

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jakupcak, Matthew; Varra, Edward M.

2011-01-01

Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans diagnosed with psychiatric disorders commit suicide at a higher rate than the general population (Kang & Bullman, 2008). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been identified as a risk factor for suicide in veterans (Bullman & Kang, 1994) and is the most common mental disorder among Iraq and Afghanistan…

Iraq: A Geography.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Malinowski, Jon C., Ed.

Accused of harboring and supporting terrorists, Saddam Hussein's country of Iraq sits at the top of a short list of targets in United States war on terrorism. Iraq is a country about twice the size of the state of Idaho with a population of over 22 million. The country relies on oil for its economic well-being and controls what some estimate to be…

Is there an Iraq war syndrome? Comparison of the health of UK service personnel after the Gulf and Iraq wars.

PubMed

Horn, Oded; Hull, Lisa; Jones, Margaret; Murphy, Dominic; Browne, Tess; Fear, Nicola T; Hotopf, Matthew; Rona, Roberto J; Wessely, Simon

2006-05-27

UK armed forces personnel who took part in the 1991 Gulf war experienced an increase in symptomatic ill health, colloquially known as Gulf war syndrome. Speculation about an Iraq war syndrome has already started. We compared the health of male regular UK armed forces personnel deployed to Iraq during the 2003 war (n=3642) with that of their colleagues who were not deployed (n=4295), and compared these findings with those from our previous survey after the 1991 war. Data were obtained by questionnaire. Graphs comparing frequencies of 50 non-specific symptoms in the past month in deployed and non-deployed groups did not show an increase in prevalence of symptoms equivalent to that observed after the Gulf war. For the Iraq war survey, odds ratios (ORs) for self-reported symptoms ranged from 0.8 to 1.3. Five symptoms were significantly increased, and two decreased, in deployed individuals, whereas prevalence greatly increased for all symptoms in the Gulf war study (ORs 1.9-3.9). Fatigue was not increased after the 2003 Iraq war (OR 1.08; 95% CI 0.98-1.19) but was greatly increased after the 1991 Gulf war (3.39; 3.00-3.83). Personnel deployed to the Gulf war were more likely (2.00, 1.70-2.35) than those not deployed to report their health as fair or poor; no such effect was found for the Iraq war (0.94, 0.82-1.09). Increases in common symptoms in the 2003 Iraq war group were slight, and no pattern suggestive of a new syndrome was present. We consider several explanations for these differences.

An Analytical Evaluation of Contingency Contracting Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan: Capturing Critical Corporate Knowledge for the Future

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-07

Contingency Operations Task Force, 2011, p. 4)...........................68  Figure 25.  Original Organizational Makeup for the CASO (After Deputy...Workforce CAP Civilian Augmentation Program CAP Crisis Action Planning CASO Contingency Acquisition Support Office CBP Capability-Based...its inclusion in joint exercises;  Identify and assign responsibilities to institutionalize OCS lesson development, analysis, documentation and use

Sanctioned State: The Effects of International Sanctions on Iran’s Internal Politics

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

Iranian governmental policies.14 Additionally, the loss of tax revenue due to continued international disinvestment from Iran and announced...americanexperience/features/primary-resources/reagan-iran-contra/. Unattributed, “IRAN-CONTRA REPORT; Arms, Hostages and Contras: How a Secret ...hostages-contras- secret -foreign-policy- unraveled.html. 44See Iraq Oil-for-Food program, African conflict diamond sales, and the Iran-Contra affair

Globe Watch. Teachers' Guide for Globe Watch IV: Mexico, Canada, Finland, Japan, the Arms Race, the Iran-Iraq War.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Turner, Ginny

To enhance the use of the Globe Watch IV public television series, produced jointly by Hampden-Sydney College (Virginia) and the University of North Carolina Center for Public Television, each lesson in this guide provides: (1) a statement of the objective of the program; (2) a synopsis of the issue discussed; (3) background information; (4) brief…

Haditha General Hospital Under the Economic Support Fund Program Haditha, Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-23

disease from the use of the restrooms. Photos 10 and 11. Heart monitors and defibrillator machines (left) and standing...350 kilometers west of Baghdad, Haditha is a river-side community with an estimated population of 150,000. The hospital, located in the heart of...medical equipment requiring electricity; specifically, several heart monitors and defibrillator machines (Site Photo 10). This equipment appeared

Enabling Persistence of Veteran Students at North Carolina Community Colleges through Institutional Support Programs and Policies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sitzes, Janice Dawn

2015-01-01

Over two million service men and women, returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, will take advantage of the educational benefits of the Post-9/11 GI Bill and will enroll in community colleges. Despite over 70 years of education benefits for U.S. veterans, there has been little research into the availability and effectiveness of…

Defense AT&L. Volume 42, Number 3, May-June 2013

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

known program that demonstrated the government’s remarkable ability to streamline the process to develop , evaluate, and field within 2 years is the... abreast of research and development initiatives, confer- ences, and symposia. Collaboration across DoD increases our ability to identify challenges...stan and Iraq over the last 10 years has challenged materiel developers to keep pace in providing equipment, vehicles, surveillance, and weapons

Commander’s Guide to Money as a Weapons System: Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-04-01

services and expand commercial lending through microfinance institutions and banks. • The Iraq Rapid Assistance Program allows provincial reconstruction...rate of over 98 percent. There are presently three international microfinance institutions serving Iraqis: Al Thiqa (operated by Agricultural...International. USAID currently supports six indigenous microfinance institutions: Al-Aman in Kirkuk; Al Bashair in Baghdad; Al Takadum with offices in Al

78 FR 58589 - Final Listing of Audit and Other Reports Issued by SIGIR on Reconstruction Spending in Iraq

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-24

... Taken Action on Most Open Audit Recommendations 10/27/2011 12-003 Status of International Narcotics... Requirements for Changes in Reconstruction Activities in Iraq 4/27/2011 11-011 Quick Response Fund: Management... Data 1/28/2011 11-009 Iraqi Government Support for the Iraq International Academy 1/ 26/2011 11-007...

Female Academics' Research Capacities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Socio-Cultural Issues, Personal Factors and Institutional Practices

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Masika, Rachel; Wisker, Gina; Dabbagh, Lanja; Akreyi, Kawther Jameel; Golmohamad, Hediyeh; Bendixen, Lone; Crawford, Kirstin

2014-01-01

In October 2010, an interdisciplinary group of female academics from a university in the Kurdistan region of Iraq initiated a collaborative research project with a UK university to investigate opportunities and challenges for female academics' research leadership in universities in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The project aimed to develop female…

48 CFR 225.401-71 - Products or services in support of operations in Iraq or Afghanistan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... support of operations in Iraq or Afghanistan. 225.401-71 Section 225.401-71 Federal Acquisition... Afghanistan. When acquiring products or services, other than small arms, in support of operations in Iraq or Afghanistan— (a) If using the procedure specified in 225.7703-1(a)(1), the purchase restriction at FAR 25.403...

3 CFR - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Stabilization of Iraq

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Stabilization of Iraq Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of May 17, 2011 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Stabilization of Iraq On May 22, 2003, by Executive Order 13303, the President declare...

3 CFR - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Stabilization of Iraq

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Stabilization of Iraq Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of May 12, 2010 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Stabilization of Iraq On May 22, 2003, by Executive Order 13303, the President declare...

3 CFR - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Stabilization of Iraq

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Stabilization of Iraq Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of May 17, 2013 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Stabilization of Iraq On May 22, 2003, by Executive Order 13303, the President declare...

3 CFR - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Stabilization of Iraq

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Stabilization of Iraq Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of May 19, 2009 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to the Stabilization of Iraq On May 22, 2003, by Executive Order 13303, the President declare...

School Enrollment in Iraq during the U.S-Led Invasion: A Statistical Analysis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shafiq, M. Najeeb

2012-01-01

Little is known about the educational consequences in Iraq during the U.S.-led invasion of 2003-2010. This study examines school enrollment based on the 2007 Iraq Household Socio-Economic Survey. There are three main findings. First, a population-weighted analysis indicates that the school enrollment rate (72.3 percent) is lower than past Iraqi…

School Enrollment in Iraq during the U.S.-Led Invasion: A Statistical Analysis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shafiq, M. Najeeb

2013-01-01

Little is known about the educational consequences in Iraq during the U.S.-led invasion of 2003-2010. This study examines school enrollment based on the 2007 Iraq Household Socio-Economic Survey. There are three main findings. First, a population-weighted analysis indicates that the school enrollment rate (72.3%) is lower than past Iraqi rates but…

Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-01

development, generating 27 signed investment licenses totaling $2 billion for the tourism and hospitality industries, with 13 projects under...continue to plan and execute the responsible drawdown of U.S. military forces from Iraq. By August 31, 2010, U.S. forces will have transitioned... planning and budgeting, procurement, and information technology. In summary, political, rule-of-law, economic and energy, and security trends in Iraq

Thi Qar Bee Farm Thi Qar, Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-01

vegetation and fields where bees once gathered pollen and beekeepers face hardships from droughts and lack of financial assistance. 1...of equipment, and provided training to the bee farmers. General topography of the area was flat with vacant or agricultural land extending for a...OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL INSPECTOR GENERAL FOR IRAQ RECONSTRUCTION THI QAR BEE FARM THI QAR, IRAQ SIGIR PA--09--188

On the eve of war: authoritarianism, social dominance, and American students' attitudes toward attacking Iraq.

PubMed

McFarland, Sam G

2005-03-01

In the week before the 2003 American attack on Iraq, the effects of authoritarianism and the social dominance orientation on support for the attack were examined. Based on prior research on the nature of these constructs, a structural model was developed and tested. As predicted, authoritarianism strengthened support for the attack by intensifying the perception that Iraq threatened America. Social dominance increased support by reducing concern for the likely human costs of the war. Both also increased blind patriotism, which in turn reduced concern for the war's human costs and was reciprocally related to the belief that Iraq threatened America.

A Program Manager's Guide for Program Improvement in Ongoing Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury Programs.

PubMed

Ryan, Gery W; Farmer, Carrie M; Adamson, David M; Weinick, Robin M

2014-01-01

Between 2001 and 2011, the U.S. Department of Defense has implemented numerous programs to support service members and their families in coping with the stressors from a decade of the longstanding conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. These programs, which address both psychological health and traumatic brain injury (TBI), number in the hundreds and vary in their size, scope, and target population. To ensure that resources are wisely invested and maximize the benefits of such programs, RAND developed a tool to help assess program performance, consider options for improvement, implement solutions, then assess whether the changes worked, with the intention of helping those responsible for managing or implementing programs to conduct assessments of how well the program is performing and to implement solutions for improving performance. Specifically, the tool is intended to provide practical guidance in program improvement and continuous quality improvement for all programs.

Protesting Their Apathy? An Analysis of British Press Coverage of Young Anti-Iraq War Protestors

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cushion, Stephen

2007-01-01

Drawing on a systematic content analysis of UK newspaper coverage of young anti-Iraq war protestors, I examine how young people's opinions were mediated before and during the war in Iraq. I explore the extent and nature of coverage, and ask whether newspapers encouraged young people to be active citizens in the public sphere. I argue that the UK…

DefenseLink Special: Iraq Transition of Power Anniversary, 2005

Science.gov Websites

their hopes. They are determined to carry out a political process that will lead to a free and Iraq, and two days ahead of schedule, the world witnessed the arrival of a free and sovereign Iraqi terrorists are doing all they can to stop the rise of a free Iraq, but their bombs and attacks have not

Children's Understanding of the War in Iraq: Views from Britain and Bosnia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roberts, Ron; Becirevic, Majda; Baker, Tracy

2009-01-01

Sixty-one children (aged 9-17) from the United Kingdom (31) and Bosnia (30) were interviewed about the war in Iraq. Significant differences emerged in their views of the war. The Bosnian children were more affected by the Iraq War, more aware of who is involved in it, had different views about its causes, viewed the consequences of the war with…

Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-01

tackle the country’s corruption problem. The KRG recently issued a white paper outlining elements of a new strategy for good gover - nance, in part to...Iraq. The State Board of Tourism (SBT) hosted several tourist groups during this reporting 16 January 29, 2010 period. This year Iraq will...coordi- nated tours for the first American tourism company, Advantage Travel and Tours. Additionally, 27 signed investment licenses totaling $2

Protecting Diplomats in Iraq: What Can the U.S. Department of State do to Improve it’s Management and Oversight of Security Contractors in Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

2004 Mission." Associated Press Financial Wire, October 24,2007, sec. Business News. http://proquest.com. Lee , Mattew. "Rice: New State Dept. Security...Front Page. http://proquest.com. Strobel , Warren P. "Iraq Panel Charges Feds Interference." Monterey County Herald, September 26,2007, sec. National. http

Petroleum reserves and undiscovered resources in the total petroleum systems of Iraq: Reserve growth and production implications

USGS Publications Warehouse

Verma, M.K.; Ahlbrandt, T.S.; Al-Gailani, M.

2004-01-01

Iraq is one of the world's most petroleum-rich countries and, in the future, it could become one of the main producers. Iraq's petroleum resources are estimated to be 184 billion barrels, which include oil and natural gas reserves, and undiscovered resources. With its proved (or remaining) reserves of 113 billion barrels of oil (BBO) as of January 2003, Iraq ranks second to Saudi Arabia with 259 BBO in the Middle East. Iraq's proved reserves of 110 trillion cubic feet of gas (TCFG) rank tenth in the world. In addition to known reserves, the combined undiscovered hydrocarbon potential for the three Total Petroleum Systems (Paleozoic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous/Tertiary) in Iraq is estimated to range from 14 to 84 BBO (45 BBO at the mean), and 37 to 227 TCFG (120 TCFG at the mean). Additionally, of the 526 known prospective structures, some 370 remain undrilled. Petroleum migration models and associated geological and geochemical studies were used to constrain the undiscovered resource estimates of Iraq. Based on a criterion of recoverable reserves of between 1 and 5 BBO for a giant field, and more than 5 BBO for a super-giant, Iraq has 6 super-giant and 11 giant fields, accounting for 88% of its recoverable reserves, which include proved reserves and cumulative production. Of the 28 producing fields, 22 have recovery factors that range from 15 to 42% with an overall average of less than 30%. The recovery factor can be increased with water injection, improved and enhanced oil recovery methods (IOR and EOR) in various reservoirs, thus potentially increasing Iraq's reserves by an additional 50 to 70 BBO. Reserve growth is a significant factor that has been observed, to some extent, in nearly all Iraqi oil fields. Historically, producing fields have shown an average growth of 1.6 fold (or 60%) in their recoverable reserves over a 20-year period (1981-2001). With periodic assessments of reservoirs, application of available technology, and an upgrading of facilities, increases in reserves are expected in the future.

Silica nanoparticle stability in biological media revisited.

PubMed

Yang, Seon-Ah; Choi, Sungmoon; Jeon, Seon Mi; Yu, Junhua

2018-01-09

The stability of silica nanostructure in the core-silica shell nanomaterials is critical to understanding the activity of these nanomaterials since the exposure of core materials due to the poor stability of silica may cause misinterpretation of experiments, but unfortunately reports on the stability of silica have been inconsistent. Here, we show that luminescent silver nanodots (AgNDs) can be used to monitor the stability of silica nanostructures. Though relatively stable in water and phosphate buffered saline, silica nanoparticles are eroded by biological media, leading to the exposure of AgNDs from AgND@SiO 2 nanoparticles and the quenching of nanodot luminescence. Our results reveal that a synergistic effect of organic compounds, particularly the amino groups, accelerates the erosion. Our work indicates that silica nanostructures are vulnerable to cellular medium and it may be possible to tune the release of drug molecules from silica-based drug delivery vehicles through controlled erosion.

Anchored but not internalized: shape dependent endocytosis of nanodiamond

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Bokai; Feng, Xi; Yin, Hang; Ge, Zhenpeng; Wang, Yanhuan; Chu, Zhiqin; Raabova, Helena; Vavra, Jan; Cigler, Petr; Liu, Renbao; Wang, Yi; Li, Quan

2017-04-01

Nanoparticle-cell interactions begin with the cellular uptake of the nanoparticles, a process that eventually determines their cellular fate. In the present work, we show that the morphological features of nanodiamonds (NDs) affect both the anchoring and internalization stages of their endocytosis. While a prickly ND (with sharp edges/corners) has no trouble of anchoring onto the plasma membrane, it suffers from difficult internalization afterwards. In comparison, the internalization of a round ND (obtained by selective etching of the prickly ND) is not limited by its lower anchoring amount and presents a much higher endocytosis amount. Molecular dynamics simulation and continuum modelling results suggest that the observed difference in the anchoring of round and prickly NDs likely results from the reduced contact surface area with the cell membrane of the former, while the energy penalty associated with membrane curvature generation, which is lower for a round ND, may explain its higher probability of the subsequent internalization.

Comprehensive Interrogation of the Cellular Response to Fluorescent, Detonation and Functionalized Nanodiamonds

PubMed Central

Moore, L.; Grobárová, V.; Shen, H.; Man, H. B.; Míčová, J.; Ledvina, M.; Štursa, J.; Nesladek, M.

2015-01-01

Nanodiamonds (NDs) are versatile nanoparticles that are currently being investigated for a variety of applications in drug delivery, biomedical imaging and nanoscale sensing. Although initial studies indicate that these small gems are biocompatible, there is a great deal of variability in synthesis methods and surface functionalization that has yet to be evaluated. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of the cellular compatibility of an array of nanodiamond subtypes and surface functionalization strategies. These results demonstrate that NDs are well tolerated by multiple cell types at both functional and gene expression levels. In addition, ND-mediated delivery of daunorubicin is less toxic to multiple cell types than treatment with daunorubicin alone, demonstrating the ability of the ND agent to improve drug tolerance and decrease therapeutic toxicity. Overall, the results here indicate that ND biocompatibility serves as a promising foundation for continued preclinical investigation. PMID:25037888

Comprehensive interrogation of the cellular response to fluorescent, detonation and functionalized nanodiamonds.

PubMed

Moore, Laura; Grobárová, Valéria; Shen, Helen; Man, Han Bin; Míčová, Júlia; Ledvina, Miroslav; Štursa, Jan; Nesladek, Milos; Fišerová, Anna; Ho, Dean

2014-10-21

Nanodiamonds (NDs) are versatile nanoparticles that are currently being investigated for a variety of applications in drug delivery, biomedical imaging and nanoscale sensing. Although initial studies indicate that these small gems are biocompatible, there is a great deal of variability in synthesis methods and surface functionalization that has yet to be evaluated. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of the cellular compatibility of an array of nanodiamond subtypes and surface functionalization strategies. These results demonstrate that NDs are well tolerated by multiple cell types at both functional and gene expression levels. In addition, ND-mediated delivery of daunorubicin is less toxic to multiple cell types than treatment with daunorubicin alone, thus demonstrating the ability of the ND agent to improve drug tolerance and decrease therapeutic toxicity. Overall, the results here indicate that ND biocompatibility serves as a promising foundation for continued preclinical investigation.

Applications of nanodiamonds in drug delivery and catalysis.

PubMed

Moosa, Basem; Fhayli, Karim; Li, Song; Julfakyan, Khatchatur; Ezzeddine, Alaa; Khashab, Niveen M

2014-01-01

The interest of researchers in utilizing nanomaterials as carriers for a wide spectrum of molecules has exploded in the last two decades. Nanodiamonds are one class of carbon-based nanomaterials that have emerged as promising drug delivery vehicles and imaging probes. Their ease of functionalization also led to the generation of stimuli-responsive nanodiamonds that deliver drugs on demand in a controlled manner. The ample surface area of NDs allowed for a higher loading of not only small molecules but also macromolecules like genes and proteins. Recently, the unique surface of NDs has attracted more attention as catalyst support in a huge range of organic modification and C-C bond formation reactions. Herein, recent advances in the utilization of nanodiamonds as a drug delivery vehicle and catalytical support are highlighted and summarized to illustrate the potential and versatility of this cheap and commercially available nanomaterial.

Comprehensive interrogation of the cellular response to fluorescent, detonation and functionalized nanodiamonds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moore, Laura; Grobárová, Valéria; Shen, Helen; Man, Han Bin; Míčová, Júlia; Ledvina, Miroslav; Štursa, Jan; Nesladek, Milos; Fišerová, Anna; Ho, Dean

2014-09-01

Nanodiamonds (NDs) are versatile nanoparticles that are currently being investigated for a variety of applications in drug delivery, biomedical imaging and nanoscale sensing. Although initial studies indicate that these small gems are biocompatible, there is a great deal of variability in synthesis methods and surface functionalization that has yet to be evaluated. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of the cellular compatibility of an array of nanodiamond subtypes and surface functionalization strategies. These results demonstrate that NDs are well tolerated by multiple cell types at both functional and gene expression levels. In addition, ND-mediated delivery of daunorubicin is less toxic to multiple cell types than treatment with daunorubicin alone, thus demonstrating the ability of the ND agent to improve drug tolerance and decrease therapeutic toxicity. Overall, the results here indicate that ND biocompatibility serves as a promising foundation for continued preclinical investigation.

Optical imaging of localized chemical events using programmable diamond quantum nanosensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rendler, Torsten; Neburkova, Jitka; Zemek, Ondrej; Kotek, Jan; Zappe, Andrea; Chu, Zhiqin; Cigler, Petr; Wrachtrup, Jörg

2017-03-01

Development of multifunctional nanoscale sensors working under physiological conditions enables monitoring of intracellular processes that are important for various biological and medical applications. By attaching paramagnetic gadolinium complexes to nanodiamonds (NDs) with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres through surface engineering, we developed a hybrid nanoscale sensor that can be adjusted to directly monitor physiological species through a proposed sensing scheme based on NV spin relaxometry. We adopt a single-step method to measure spin relaxation rates enabling time-dependent measurements on changes in pH or redox potential at a submicrometre-length scale in a microfluidic channel that mimics cellular environments. Our experimental data are reproduced by numerical simulations of the NV spin interaction with gadolinium complexes covering the NDs. Considering the versatile engineering options provided by polymer chemistry, the underlying mechanism can be expanded to detect a variety of physiologically relevant species and variables.

IAEA Nuclear Data Section: provision of atomic and nuclear databases for user applications.

PubMed

Humbert, Denis P; Nichols, Alan L; Schwerer, Otto

2004-01-01

The Nuclear Data Section (NDS) of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) provides a wide range of atomic and nuclear data services to scientists worldwide, with particular emphasis placed on the needs of developing countries. Highly focused Co-ordinated Research Projects and multinational data networks are sponsored under the auspices of the IAEA for the development and assembly of databases through the organised participation of specialists from Member States. More than 100 data libraries are readily available cost-free through the Internet, CD-ROM and other media. These databases are used in a wide range of applications, including fission- and fusion-energy, non-energy applications and basic research studies. Further information concerning the various services can be found through the web address of the IAEA Nuclear Data Section: and a mirror site at IPEN, Brazil that is maintained by NDS staff:.

Explanations for the increase in mental health problems in UK reserve forces who have served in Iraq.

PubMed

Browne, Tess; Hull, Lisa; Horn, Oded; Jones, Margaret; Murphy, Dominic; Fear, Nicola T; Greenberg, Neil; French, Claire; Rona, Roberto J; Wessely, Simon; Hotopf, Matthew

2007-06-01

Deployment to the 2003 Iraq War was associated with ill health in reserve armed forces personnel. To investigate reasons for the excess of ill health in reservists. UK personnel who were deployed to the 2003 Iraq War completed a health survey about experiences on deployment to Iraq. Health status was measured using self-report of common mental disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), fatigue, physical symptoms and well-being. Reservists were older and of higher rank than the regular forces. They reported higher exposure to traumatic experiences, lower unit cohesion, more problems adjusting to homecoming and lower marital satisfaction. Most health outcomes could be explained by role, experience of traumatic events or unit cohesion in theatre. PTSD symptoms were the one exception and were paradoxically most powerfully affected by differences in problems at home rather than events in Iraq. The increased ill-health of reservists appears to be due to experiences on deployment and difficulties with homecoming.

Driver behavior analysis for right-turn drivers at signalized intersections using SHRP 2 naturalistic driving study data.

PubMed

Wu, Jianqing; Xu, Hao

2017-12-01

Understanding driver behavior is important for traffic safety and operation, especially at intersections where different traffic movements conflict. While most driver-behavior studies are based on simulation, this paper documents the analysis of driver-behavior at signalized intersections with the SHRP 2 Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) data. This study analyzes the different influencing factors on the operation (speed control) and observation of right-turn drivers. A total of 300 NDS trips at six signalized intersections were used, including the NDS time-series sensor data, the forward videos and driver face videos. Different factors of drivers, vehicles, roads and environments were studied for their influence on driver behavior. An influencing index function was developed and the index was calculated for each influencing factor to quantitatively describe its influencing level. The influencing index was applied to prioritize the factors, which facilitates development and selection of safety countermeasures to improve intersection safety. Drivers' speed control was analyzed under different conditions with consideration of the prioritized influencing factors. Vehicle type, traffic signal status, conflicting traffic, conflicting pedestrian and driver age group were identified as the five major influencing factors on driver observation. This research revealed that drivers have high acceleration and low observation frequency under Right-Turn-On-Red (RTOR), which constituted potential danger for other roadway users, especially for pedestrians. As speed has a direct influence on crash rates and severities, the revealed speed patterns of the different situations also benefit selection of safety countermeasures at signalized intersections. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Match running performance and fitness in youth soccer.

PubMed

Buchheit, M; Mendez-Villanueva, A; Simpson, B M; Bourdon, P C

2010-11-01

The activity profiles of highly trained young soccer players were examined in relation to age, playing position and physical capacity. Time-motion analyses (global positioning system) were performed on 77 (U13-U18; fullbacks [FB], centre-backs [CB], midfielders [MD], wide midfielders [W], second strikers [2 (nd)S] and strikers [S]) during 42 international club games. Total distance covered (TD) and very high-intensity activities (VHIA; >16.1 km·h (-1)) were computed during 186 entire player-matches. Physical capacity was assessed via field test measures (e. g., peak running speed during an incremental field test, VVam-eval). Match running performance showed an increasing trend with age ( P<0.001, partial eta-squared (η (2)): 0.20-0.45). When adjusted for age and individual playing time, match running performance was position-dependent ( P<0.001, η (2): 0.13-0.40). MD covered the greater TD; CB the lowest ( P<0.05). Distance for VHIA was lower for CB compared with all other positions ( P<0.05); W and S displayed the highest VHIA ( P<0.05). Relationships between match running performance and physical capacities were position-dependent, with poor or non-significant correlations within FB, CB, MD and W (e. g., VHIA vs. VVam-eval: R=0.06 in FB) but large associations within 2 (nd)S and S positions (e. g., VHIA vs. VVam-eval: R=0.70 in 2 (nd)S). In highly trained young soccer players, the importance of fitness level as a determinant of match running performance should be regarded as a function of playing position.

Harnessing Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Clinical Trials for Treating Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases: Potential and Challenges

PubMed Central

Kim, Dana; Kim, Young-Sam; Shin, Dong Wun; Park, Chang-Shin

2016-01-01

No disease-modifying therapies (DMT) for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have been established, particularly for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). It is unclear why candidate drugs that successfully demonstrate therapeutic effects in animal models fail to show disease-modifying effects in clinical trials. To overcome this hurdle, patients with homogeneous pathologies should be detected as early as possible. The early detection of AD patients using sufficiently tested biomarkers could demonstrate the potential usefulness of combining biomarkers with clinical measures as a diagnostic tool. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for NDs are being incorporated in clinical trials designed with the aim of detecting patients earlier, evaluating target engagement, collecting homogeneous patients, facilitating prevention trials, and testing the potential of surrogate markers relative to clinical measures. In this review we summarize the latest information on CSF biomarkers in NDs, particularly AD and PD, and their use in clinical trials. The large number of issues related to CSF biomarker measurements and applications has resulted in relatively few clinical trials on CSF biomarkers being conducted. However, the available CSF biomarker data obtained in clinical trials support the advantages of incorporating CSF biomarkers in clinical trials, even though the data have mostly been obtained in AD trials. We describe the current issues with and ongoing efforts for the use of CSF biomarkers in clinical trials and the plans to harness CSF biomarkers for the development of DMT and clinical routines. This effort requires nationwide, global, and multidisciplinary efforts in academia, industry, and regulatory agencies to facilitate a new era. PMID:27819412

Harnessing Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Clinical Trials for Treating Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases: Potential and Challenges.

PubMed

Kim, Dana; Kim, Young Sam; Shin, Dong Wun; Park, Chang Shin; Kang, Ju Hee

2016-10-01

No disease-modifying therapies (DMT) for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have been established, particularly for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). It is unclear why candidate drugs that successfully demonstrate therapeutic effects in animal models fail to show disease-modifying effects in clinical trials. To overcome this hurdle, patients with homogeneous pathologies should be detected as early as possible. The early detection of AD patients using sufficiently tested biomarkers could demonstrate the potential usefulness of combining biomarkers with clinical measures as a diagnostic tool. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for NDs are being incorporated in clinical trials designed with the aim of detecting patients earlier, evaluating target engagement, collecting homogeneous patients, facilitating prevention trials, and testing the potential of surrogate markers relative to clinical measures. In this review we summarize the latest information on CSF biomarkers in NDs, particularly AD and PD, and their use in clinical trials. The large number of issues related to CSF biomarker measurements and applications has resulted in relatively few clinical trials on CSF biomarkers being conducted. However, the available CSF biomarker data obtained in clinical trials support the advantages of incorporating CSF biomarkers in clinical trials, even though the data have mostly been obtained in AD trials. We describe the current issues with and ongoing efforts for the use of CSF biomarkers in clinical trials and the plans to harness CSF biomarkers for the development of DMT and clinical routines. This effort requires nationwide, global, and multidisciplinary efforts in academia, industry, and regulatory agencies to facilitate a new era.

Rux largely restores lungs in Iraq PM-exposed mice, Up-regulating regulatory T-cells (Tregs).

PubMed

Lin, David; Li, Jonathan; Razi, Rabail; Qamar, Niha; Levine, Laurie; Zimmerman, Thomas; Hamidi, Sayyed A; Schmidt, Millicent; Golightly, Marc G; Rueb, Todd; Harrington, Andrea; Garnett, Merrill; Antonawich, Frank; McClain, Steven; Miller, Edmund; Cox, Courtney; Huang, Po Hsuan; Szema, Anthony M

2018-05-08

Background Military personnel post-deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan have noted new-onset respiratory illness. This study's primary objective was to further develop an animal model of Iraq Afghanistan War Lung Injury (IAW-LI) and to test a novel class of anti-injury drug called RuX. Methods Particulate Matter (PM) samples were obtained in Iraq then characterized by spectromicroscopy. C57BL/6 mice underwent orotracheal instillation with PM, followed by drinkable treatment with RuX. Lung histology, inspiratory capacity (FlexiVent), thymic/splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) number, and whole-lung genomics were analyzed. Results Tracheal instillation of Iraq PM led to lung septate thickening and lymphocytic inflammation. PM-exposed mice had suppression of thymic/splenic regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Drinking RuX after PM exposure attenuated the histologic lung injury response, improved lung inspiratory capacity, and increased Tregs. Pooled whole lung genomics suggest differences among gene expression of IL-15 among control, PM, and PM + RuX groups. Conclusions RuX, a ruthenium and alpha-lipoic acid complex, attenuates lung injury by improving histology and inspiratory capacity via upregulation of Tregs in Iraq PM-exposed C57BL/6. Plausible genomic effects may involve IL-15 whole lung gene expression.

Spotlight: Iraq.

PubMed

De Sherbinin, A

1990-10-01

Largely due to government-sponsored pronatalist measures, Iraq possesses the highest natural increase rate of any country, 3.9% a situation that could lead to serous problems in the future. Iraq's population currently stand at 19 million (75-80% are Iraqi Arabs, 15-20% Kurds, and 5% other minorities), but at the present rate of growth, it could double in less than 20 years. Prior to its recent invasion of Kuwait, Iraq was also host to about 1 million foreign workers. About 95% of the country's revenues come from oil export; agriculture accounts for only 10% of its Gross National Product. With Saddam Hussein's rise to power in 1979, Iraq embarked on a plan of rapid population growth, seen as necessary step to better exploit the country's agricultural and mineral resources. Among the pronatalist measures, the government grants women 100% paid maternity leave during the first 10 weeks and restricts access to contraceptives. The aim is for married women to have at least 4 children. Besides increasing fertility, the government has also succeeded in lowering mortality levels by improving maternal and child health care. The dramatic rise in population growth could have serious consequences. Iraq could face serious water shortages in the near future, once Turkey completes its Ataturk dam in the Euphrates river. A greater population will only place a greater demand on the availability of water.

Trends and Risk Factors for Mental Health Diagnoses Among Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Using Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care, 2002–2008

PubMed Central

Metzler, Thomas J.; Gima, Kristian S.; Bertenthal, Daniel; Maguen, Shira; Marmar, Charles R.

2009-01-01

Objectives. We sought to investigate longitudinal trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Methods. We determined the prevalence and predictors of mental health diagnoses among 289 328 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans entering Veterans Affairs (VA) health care from 2002 to 2008 using national VA data. Results. Of 289 328 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans, 106 726 (36.9%) received mental health diagnoses; 62 929 (21.8%) were diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 50 432 (17.4%) with depression. Adjusted 2-year prevalence rates of PTSD increased 4 to 7 times after the invasion of Iraq. Active duty veterans younger than 25 years had higher rates of PTSD and alcohol and drug use disorder diagnoses compared with active duty veterans older than 40 years (adjusted relative risk = 2.0 and 4.9, respectively). Women were at higher risk for depression than were men, but men had over twice the risk for drug use disorders. Greater combat exposure was associated with higher risk for PTSD. Conclusions. Mental health diagnoses increased substantially after the start of the Iraq War among specific subgroups of returned veterans entering VA health care. Early targeted interventions may prevent chronic mental illness. PMID:19608954

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Security Studies Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-01-01

that will compel the other rich nations Mixed Iraqi and American operation in western Iraq. Photo Courtesy of U.S. Army/Staff Sgt. Russell L. Klika...Business of the Japanese State: Energy Markets in Comparative and Historical Perspective, won the Ohira Prize. His 1994 book, “Rich Nation, Strong...Initiative, where he oversees research in the design and diffusion of market mechanisms in networks. His ongoing work focuses on the economics and

Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) Acquisition: Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-16

scientists and engineers that launched the satellite program.7 5 Ibid., p. 21. 6 Ibid., p. 22. It is...major role in supporting combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, although the E-8s are scheduled to have new engines to extend their service life...that the Army is even considering the development of intelligence- gathering airships .43 In comparison to the complex acquisition history of UAS, the

Esmeraldas-Class Corvettes,

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-04-25

The series of ships, named after all the provinces of Ecuador , include: --CA 11 ESMERALDAS, laid down 27 September 1979, launched 11 October 1980... LOJA , laid down 25 March 1981, launched 27 February 1982; fitting out at CNR Ancona. The building program, on schedule so far, calls for the entire class...built and are still building in 16 units for foreign navies (Libya, Ecuador , Iraq) with four possible armament alternatives. In particular, they

Transfer of Department of Defense Managed Sustainment Programs in Iraq to Department of State Control

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-22

responsible for conducting Reception , Staging, Onward movement, and Integration of personnel and equipment, the distribution management of supplies...temperature refrigerated containers or leased refrigerated containers on semi- trailers . Class III Distribution As the DoD executive agent, DLA is...quantitative approach involves the investigation of a human or social problem, and tests the theory based on the collection of variables, numerically

Animal and Rabies Control in Joint Operations Areas (Working Paper)

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-08-13

vaccination program (Meslin 2007). Mixed populations of free-ranging dogs, cats, foxes, jackals , or other wildlife species makes U.S. FOBs in JOAs a...prime venue for oral rabies vaccination. Species that are difficult to trap, such as jackals , can be specifically targeted for oral rabies...vaccination. Anecdotal reports from various vector control and preventive medicine groups in Iraq indicate that packs of jackals exist in particular

A Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Deployed Military Personnel After the Implementation of the Leishmaniasis Control Program at Tallil Air Base, Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

used ADE FE (SAfemale/ SAmale ), [4] where ADE is the adjusted dermal exposure (mg/lb [AI]), FE is the ßagger exposure, SAfemale is the sur- face...area of an adult woman as estimated by equation 3, and SAmale is the surface area of an adult man as estimated by equation 3. We assumed a triangular

Military Review. July-August 2011

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-08-01

IGHTING THE SO-CALLED “information war” against terrorists andinsurgents has cost the U.S. military nearly $1 billion in the past three years.1 But that...may not be the highest cost . Congressional questions about the spending for communication programs and news reports about questionable use of...strategic communications during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. In the end, these well-intended schemes might cost the United States its credibil­

Determining the Appropriate Size of the Contracting Workforce: Yes We Can!

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-30

visiting seminars at American University in Cairo and Instituto de Empresas in Madrid. His Air Force contracting experience includes F-22 Fighter, C...17 Cargo Transport , and serving as director of Joint Contracting Command-North, Kirkuk, Iraq. At the Pentagon, Dr. Reed was responsible for...Department of Transportation –Federal Aviation Administration. The model uses historical program data to derive recommended staffing levels for major

Building Capacity in the Public Utility Sectors of Basra, Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-10-01

has a broad range of academic and personal interests in fields that use the creative application of quantitative analysis and systems thinking to solve ... comprehensive study by Tokyo Engineering Consultants Co., Ltd. [5] references a joint United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Iraqi Central Organization...creative solutions to solve this problem. We then develop a means to evaluate and rank these potential solutions using the stakeholder values as the

EVALUATION OF THE PULMONARY TOXICITY OF AMBIENT PARTICULATE MATTER FROM CAMP VICTORY, IRAQ

PubMed Central

Porter, K. L.; Green, F. H. Y.; Harley, R. A.; Vallyathan, V.; Castranova, V.; Waldron, N. R.; Leonard, S. S.; Nelson, D. E.; Lewis, J. A.; Jackson, D. A.

2016-01-01

Anecdotal reports in the press and epidemiological studies suggest that deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan may be associated with respiratory diseases and symptoms in U.S. military personnel and veterans. Exposures during military operations were complex, but virtually all service members were exposed to high levels of respirable, geogenic dust. Inhalation of other dusts has been shown to be associated with adverse health effects, but the pulmonary toxicity of ambient dust from Iraq has not been previously studied. The relative toxicity of Camp Victory dust was evaluated by comparing it to particulate matter from northern Kuwait, a standard U.S. urban dust, and crystalline silica using a single intratracheal instillation in rats. Lung histology, protein levels, and cell counts were evaluated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 1–150 d later. The Iraq dust provoked an early significant, acute inflammatory response. However, the level of inflammation in response to the Iraq dust, U.S. urban dust, and Kuwait dust rapidly declined and was nearly at control levels by the end of the study At later times, animals exposed to the Iraq, U.S. urban, or Kuwait dusts showed increased small airway remodeling and emphysema compared to silica-exposed and control animals without evidence of fibrosis or premalignant changes. The severity and persistence of pulmonary toxicity of these three dusts from the Middle East resemble those of a U.S. urban dust and are less than those of silica. Therefore, Iraq dust exposure is not highly toxic, but similar to other poorly soluble low-toxicity dusts. PMID:26594896

Dilemmas and controversies within civilian and military organizations in the execution of humanitarian aid in Iraq: a review.

PubMed

Morton, Melinda J; Burnham, Gilbert M

2010-01-01

Civilian humanitarian assistance organizations and military forces are working in a similar direction in many humanitarian operations around the world. However, tensions exist over the role of the military in such operations. The purpose of this article is to review cultural perspectives of civilian and military actors and to discuss recent developments in civil-military humanitarian collaboration in the provision of health services in Iraq for guiding such collaborative efforts in postconflict and other settings in future. Optimal collaborative efforts are most likely to be achieved through the following tenets: defining appropriate roles for military forces at the beginning of humanitarian operations (optimally the provision of transportation, logistical coordination, and security), promoting development of ongoing relationships between civilian and military agencies, establishment of humanitarian aid training programs for Department of Defense personnel, and the need for the military to develop and use quantitative aid impact indicators for assuring quality and effectiveness of humanitarian aid.

Perceptions, experiences and expectations of Iraqi medical students.

PubMed

Lafta, Riyadh; Al-Ani, Waleed; Dhiaa, Saba; Cherewick, Megan; Hagopian, Amy; Burnham, Gilbert

2018-03-27

The environment for medical education in Iraq has been difficult for many years. The 2003 invasion of Iraq accelerated a steady emigration of faculty and graduates. Kidnappings and deaths of doctors became commonplace. To understand current career plans, expectations and perceptions of medical students, three Baghdad medical schools were surveyed. Written questionnaires were completed by 418 medical students variously in their 4th, 5th and 6th (final)years of training. We asked about perceptions of the quality of their medical education, the quality of health services in Iraq generally, and about deaths, injuries and migration of faculty, classmates and family. The average age of students was 22 years, with 59% women. Most students (90%) were originally from Baghdad. Although there were some positive responses, many students (59%) rated the overall quality of their medical education as fair or poor. Three-fourths of students believed the quality of hospital care in Iraq to be only fair or poor. A majority of students (57%) stated they were thinking frequently or all the time about leaving Iraq after graduation. Reasons given for leaving included the desire for further education, seeking a better lifestyle and fleeing conflict. Leading reasons for staying included the pull of friends and family, familiarity with the health system, and a sense of responsibility to the country. Nearly one in five (18%) students reported the death of a family member attributable to intentional violence, and 15% reported the violent death of a medical school classmate or faculty member since the 2003 invasion. Half the students reported at least one school faculty members had left Iraq because of the war. Medical students hold a mediocre view of the quality of their medical education and of Iraq's health system. Many of their faculty members have left the country. The majority of students may leave Iraq after graduation, afforded the opportunity. This poses a significant problem for staffing an already demoralized and stressed health system. Current circumstances suggest the situation will continue to deteriorate.

Dust transport over Iraq and northwest Iran associated with winter Shamal: A case study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abdi Vishkaee, Farhad; Flamant, Cyrille; Cuesta, Juan; Oolman, Larry; Flamant, Pierre; Khalesifard, Hamid R.

2012-02-01

Dynamical processes leading to dust emission over Syria and Iraq, in response to a strong winter Shamal event as well as the subsequent transport of dust over Iraq and northwest Iran, are analyzed on the basis of a case study (22-23 February 2010) using a suite of ground-based and spaceborne remote sensing platforms together with modeling tools. Surface measurements on 22 February show a sharp reduction in horizontal visibility over Iraq occurring shortly after the passage of a cold front (behind which the northwesterly Shamal winds were blowing) and that visibilities could be as low as 1 km on average for 1-2 days in the wake of the front. The impact of the southwesterly Kaus winds blowing ahead (east) of the Shamal winds on dust emission over Iraq is also highlighted. Unlike what is observed over Iraq, low near-surface horizontal visibilities (<1 km) over northwest Iran are observed well after the passage of the cold front on 23 February, generally in the hours following sunrise. Ground-based lidar measurements acquired in Zanjan show that, in the wake of the front, dust from Syria/Iraq was transported in an elevated 1 to 1.5 km thick plume separated from the surface during the night/morning of 23 February. After sunrise, strong turbulence in the developing convective boundary layer led to mixing of the dust into the boundary layer and in turn to a sharp reduction of the horizontal visibility in Zanjan. The timing of the reduction of surface horizontal visibility in other stations over northwest Iran (Tabriz, Qom, and Tehran) is consistent with the downward mixing of dust in the planetary boundary layer just after sunset, as evidenced in Zanjan. This study sheds new light on the processes responsible for dust emission and transport over Iraq and northwest Iran in connection with winter Shamal events. Enhanced knowledge of these processes is key for improving dust forecasts in this region.

Observation of dust emission and transport over Iraq and northwest Iran associated with winter Shamal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Flamant, C.; Abdi Vishkaee, F.; Cuesta, J.; Khalesifard, H.; Oolman, L.; Flamant, P.

2012-04-01

Dynamical processes leading to dust emission over Syria and Iraq, in response to a strong winter Shamal event as well as the subsequent transport of dust over Iraq and northwest Iran, are analyzed on the basis of a case study (22-23 February 2010) using a suite of ground-based and space-borne remote sensing platforms together with modeling tools. Surface measurements on 22 February show a sharp reduction in horizontal visibility over Iraq occurring shortly after the passage of a cold front (behind which the northwesterly Shamal winds were blowing) and that visibilities could be as low as 1 km on average for one to two days in the wake of the front. The impact of the southwesterly Kaus winds blowing ahead (east) of the Shamal winds on dust emission over Iraq is also highlighted. Unlike what is observed over Iraq, low near-surface horizontal visibilities (less than 1 km) over northwest Iran are observed well after the passage of the cold front on 23 February, generally in the hours following sunrise. Ground-based lidar measurements acquired in Zanjan show that, in the wake of the front, dust from Syria/Iraq was transported in an elevated 1 to 1.5 km thick plume separated from the surface during the night/morning of February. After sunrise, strong turbulence in the developing convective boundary layer led to mixing of the dust into the boundary layer and in turn to a sharp reduction of the horizontal visibility in Zanjan. The timing of the reduction of surface horizontal visibility in other stations over northwest Iran (Tabriz, Qom and Tehran) is consistent with the downward mixing of dust in the PBL just after sunset, as evidenced in Zanjan. This study shades new light on the processes responsible for dust emission and transport over Iraq and northwest Iran in connection with winter Shamal events. Enhanced knowledge of these processes is key for improving dust forecasts in this region.

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment for Iraq Using Complete Earthquake Catalogue Files

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ameer, A. S.; Sharma, M. L.; Wason, H. R.; Alsinawi, S. A.

2005-05-01

Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) has been carried out for Iraq. The earthquake catalogue used in the present study covers an area between latitude 29° 38.5° N and longitude 39° 50° E containing more than a thousand events for the period 1905 2000. The entire Iraq region has been divided into thirteen seismogenic sources based on their seismic characteristics, geological setting and tectonic framework. The completeness of the seismicity catalogue has been checked using the method proposed by Stepp (1972). The analysis of completeness shows that the earthquake catalogue is not complete below Ms=4.8 for all of Iraq and seismic source zones S1, S4, S5, and S8, while it varies for the other seismic zones. A statistical treatment of completeness of the data file was carried out in each of the magnitude classes. The Frequency Magnitude Distributions (FMD) for the study area including all seismic source zones were established and the minimum magnitude of complete reporting (Mc) were then estimated. For the entire Iraq the Mc was estimated to be about Ms=4.0 while S11 shows the lowest Mc to be about Ms=3.5 and the highest Mc of about Ms=4.2 was observed for S4. The earthquake activity parameters (activity rate λ, b value, maximum regional magnitude mmax) as well as the mean return period (R) with a certain lower magnitude mmin ≥ m along with their probability of occurrence have been determined for all thirteen seismic source zones of Iraq. The maximum regional magnitude mmax was estimated as 7.87 ± 0.86 for entire Iraq. The return period for magnitude 6.0 is largest for source zone S3 which is estimated to be 705 years while the smallest value is estimated as 9.9 years for all of Iraq.

Redox-induced mobilization of copper, selenium, and zinc in deltaic soils originating from Mississippi (U.S.A.) and Nile (Egypt) River Deltas: A better understanding of biogeochemical processes for safe environmental management.

PubMed

Shaheen, Sabry M; Frohne, Tina; White, John R; DeLaune, Ron D; Rinklebe, Jörg

2017-01-15

Studies about the mobilization of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in deltaic soils can be challenging, provide critical information on assessing the potential risk and fate of these elements and for sustainable management of these soils. The impact of redox potential (E H ), pH, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), sulfate (SO 4 2- ), chloride (Cl - ), aliphatic dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and aromatic dissolved organic carbon (DAC) on the mobilization of copper (Cu), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) was studied in two soils collected from the Nile and Mississippi Rivers deltaic plains focused on increasing our understanding of the fate of these toxic elements. Soils were exposed to a range of redox conditions stepwise from reducing to oxidizing soil conditions using an automated biogeochemical microcosm apparatus. Concentrations of DOC and Fe were high under reducing conditions as compared to oxidizing conditions in both soils. The proportion of DAC in relation to DOC in solution (aromaticity) was high in the Nile Delta soil (NDS) and low in the Mississippi Delta soil (MDS) under oxidizing conditions. Mobilization of Cu was low under reducing conditions in both soils which was likely caused by sulfide precipitation and as a result of reduction of Cu 2+ to Cu 1+ . Mobilization of Se was high under low E H in both soils. Release of Se was positively correlated with DOC, Fe, Mn, and SO 4 2- in the NDS, and with Fe in the MDS. Mobilization of Zn showed negative correlations with E H and pH in the NDS while these correlations were non-significant in the MDS. The release dynamics of dissolved Zn could be governed mainly by the chemistry of Fe and Mn in the NDS and by the chemistry of Mn in the MDS. Our findings suggest that a release of Se and Zn occurs under anaerobic conditions, while aerobic conditions favor the release of Cu in both soils. In conclusion, the release of Cu, Se, and Zn under different reducing and oxidizing conditions in deltaic wetland soils should be taken into account due to increased mobilization and the potential environmental risks associated with food security in utilizing these soils for flooded agricultural and fisheries systems. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

US policy and the Iranian threat. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kerstanski, P.

1995-02-01

Topics include `dual containment` as it affects Iran, international community thoughts; external pressures being applied on Clinton administration; conventional arms buildup from threat it poses to GCC. Israel and U.S.; external threat poised against a weakened Iran; dangers Iran`s unconventional weapons program pose to GCC, Israel. Iraq and West; why Iran believes such a program is essential to its existence; capability of Iran to export its terrorist and revolutionary zeal. Iran overcoming odds on its domestic front; U.S. - GCC relationship and GCC - Iranian relationship and questioned policy of excluding Iran from regional security agreements.

Iraq: U.S. Regime Change Efforts and Post-Saddam Governance

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-12-22

23 the Islamic Accord of Iraq, a Damascus-based Shiite Islamic Party; and the Assyrian Democratic Movement, which is headed by Yonadam Yousif Kanna ...integrating into the broader opposition front in September 2002. (In post-Saddam Iraq, Kanna served on the IGC.) On December 9, 2002, the Administration...independents, one of which was an Islamist. The other IGC minorities were Yonadam Kanna (discussed above) and Ms. Songul Chapuk, a Turkoman women’s

Iraq: U.S. Regime Change Efforts and Post-Saddam Governance

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-04-05

the group began integrating into the broader opposition front in September 2002. In post-Saddam Iraq, Kanna served on the IGC. 22 On December 9, 2002...Iraq, a Damascus-based Shiite Islamic Party; and the Assyrian Democratic Movement, which is headed by Yonadam Yousif Kanna .2122 The Administration...member of the Shammar tribe and president of Saudi-based Hicap Technology. ! Assyrian leader Yonadam Kanna ! Iraqi Communist Party head Hamid al

After Saddam: Prewar Planning and the Occupation of Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

or capitulated” and “regime leaders dead, apprehended, or marginalized .” Finally, Franks briefed his overarching concept for Phase IV, “post...State Depart- ment officials believed that they were marginalized because State was seen as not supporting the possible war with Iraq.41 Whatever the...Future of Iraq project continued its work throughout 2002 and early 2003, the State Department as a whole remained on the margins of the postwar

Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-02-09

forces defeated the Ottomans in World War I and took control of the territory in 1918 . Britain had tried to take Iraq from the Ottomans earlier in World...generally opposes a direct role for clerics in government, but he believes in clerical supervision of political leaders. He wants Iraq to maintain its...parliament. Party’s power base is southern marsh areas around Amara (Maysan Province), north of Basra. Party militiamen play major role in policing areas

Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-05-10

forces defeated the Ottomans in World War I and took control of the territory in 1918 . Britain had tried to take Iraq from the Ottomans earlier in...Sistani generally opposes a direct role for clerics in government, but he believes in clerical supervision of political leaders. He wants Iraq to maintain...Party’s power base is southern marsh areas around Amara (Maysan Province), north of Basra. Party militiamen play role in policing areas of the

Cost-to-Complete Estimates and Financial Reporting for the Management of the Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-07-26

Audit Report Cost-to-Complete Estimates and Financial Reporting for the Management of the Iraq Relief and Reconstruction...Complete Estimates and Financial Reporting for the Management of the Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c...RECONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT OFFICE DIRECTOR, PROJECT AND CONTRACTING OFFICE SUBJECT: Cost-to-Complete Estimates and Financial Reporting for the Management of

Iraq: Politics, Governance, and Human Rights

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-08-12

plan. On April 30, 2012, the COR enacted a law to facilitate elimination of trafficking in persons, both sexual and labor-related. Media and Free...instances of harassment and intimidation of journalists who write about corruption and the lack of government services. Much of the private media...or extradite him to the United States, but Iraq released him in November 2012 and he returned to Lebanon , despite U.S. efforts to persuade Iraq to

Iranian Influence in Iraqi Shi’a Groups

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

Movement in Iraq, 254. 60 Jabar, The Shīʻite Movement in Iraq, 254. 61 Robert Fisk, The Great War For Civilisation : the Conquest of the Middle East...by Iran in 62 Fisk, The Great War For Civilisation : the Conquest of the Middle East, 647. 63 John...U.S. soldier missing in Iraq. AAH sources indicated that the group was not behind the killing but rather just mediators in the process of returning

posttraumatic stress and its relationship to physical health functioning in a sample of Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans seeking postdeployment VA health care.

PubMed

Jakupcak, Matthew; Luterek, Jane; Hunt, Stephen; Conybeare, Daniel; McFall, Miles

2008-05-01

The relationship between posttraumatic stress and physical health functioning was examined in a sample of Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans seeking postdeployment VA care. Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans (N = 108) who presented for treatment to a specialty postdeployment care clinic completed self-report questionnaires that assessed symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), chemical exposure, combat exposure, and physical health functioning. As predicted, PTSD symptom severity was significantly associated with poorer health functioning, even after accounting for demographic factors, combat and chemical exposure, and health risk behaviors. These results highlight the unique influence of PTSD on the physical health in treatment seeking Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans.

Sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary study on Mishrif formation of Fauqi Oilfield of Missan in south east Iraq

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sang, Hua; Lin, Changsong; Jiang, Yiming

2017-05-01

The reservoir of Mishrif formation has a large scale distribution of marine facies carbonate sediments in great thickness in central and south east Iraq. Rudist reef and shoal facies limestones of the Mishrif Formation (Late Cenomanian - Middle Turonian) form a great potential reservoir rocks at oilfields and structures of Iraq. Facies modelling was applied to predict the relationship between facies distribution and reservoir characteristics to construct a predictive geologic model which will assist future exploration and development in south east Iraq. Microfacies analysis and electrofacies identification and correlations indicate that the limestone of the Mishrif Formation were mainly deposited in open platform setting. Sequence stratigraphic analyses of the Mishrif Formation indicate 3 third order depositional sequences.

First Coast Guard district traffic model report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-11-01

The purpose of this report was to describe the methodology used in developing the First Coast Guard District (CGD1) Traffic Model and to document the potential National Distress System (NDS) voice and data traffic forecasted for the year 2001. The ND...

Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-06-01

1 1.1. Political Stability .....................................................................................................1...Section 1—Stability and Security 1.1 Political Stability With recent improvements in security, the current political environment in Iraq is

Pediatric inpatient humanitarian care in combat: Iraq and Afghanistan 2002 to 2012.

PubMed

Edwards, Mary J; Lustik, Michael; Burnett, Mark W; Eichelberger, Martin

2014-05-01

The purpose of this study was to define the scope of combat- and noncombat-related inpatient pediatric humanitarian care provided from 2002 to 2012 by the United States (US) Military in Iraq and Afghanistan. A review of the Patient Administration Systems and Biostatistics Activity (PASBA) database for all admissions from 2002 to 2012 by US military hospitals in Afghanistan and Iraq for children 14 years of age and younger provided data to analyze the use of medical care. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Standardization Agreement (STANAG) injury codes provided injury cause and the ICD-codes provided diagnosis. In-hospital mortality, blood usage, number of invasive procedures, and hospital stay were analyzed by country and injury category. There were 6,273 admissions that met inclusion criteria. In Afghanistan, there were more than twice as many pediatric noncombat-related admissions (2,197) as pediatric combat-related admissions (1,095). In Iraq, the difference was minimal (1,391 noncombat vs 1,590 combat). The most common cause of noncombat-related admission in both countries was injury: primarily motor vehicle related and burns, which varied significantly by age. Older patients (older than 8 years in Afghanistan and older than 4 years in Iraq) were more likely combat victims. Mortality was highest for combat trauma in Iraq (11%) and noncombat trauma in Afghanistan (8%). The in-hospital mortality in both countries was 5% for admissions unrelated to trauma. Resource use was highest for combat trauma in both countries. Noncombat-related medical care was the primary reason for pediatric humanitarian admissions to United States military combat hospitals in Iraq and Afghanistan from 2002 to 2012. Combat-related injuries have a higher mortality than noncombat injuries or other admissions. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Iraq: U.S. Regime Change Efforts and Post-Saddam Governance

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-28

Islamic Accord of Iraq, a Damascus-based Shiite Islamic Party; and the Assyrian Democratic Movement, which is headed by Yonadam Yousif Kanna . Iraq’s...the broader opposition front in September 2002. (In post-Saddam Iraq, Kanna served on the IGC.) On December 9, 2002, the Administration made six of...an Islamist). The other IGC minorities were Yonadam Kanna (discussed above) and Ms. Songul Chapuk, a Turkoman women’s activist. CRS-21 24 The text of

Elements of the Iraqi Insurgency and the Role of Security for Achieving Victory in Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-07-15

context, it is important to note that Iraq is still a very young nation, particularly when viewed thru the prism of ancient Mesopotamian cultures ...ethnic groups, two major languages, two competitive sects of Islam; and with a communal culture numbering hundreds of tribes.5 With the collective force...a better understanding of the Iraqi culture , see William R. Polk, Understanding Iraq, (New York, Harper Collins, 2005) 3 stabilize the security

77 FR 73732 - In the Matter of the Amendment of the Designation of al-Qa'ida in Iraq, aka Jam'at al Tawhid wa...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-11

...-Qa'ida in Iraq, aka Jam'at al Tawhid wa'al-Jihad, aka The Monotheism and Jihad Group, aka The al-Zarqawi Network, aka al-Tawhid, aka Tanzim Qa`idat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn, aka The Organization of... Group of Jihad in Iraq, aka al-Qaida Group of Jihad in the Land of the Two Rivers, aka The Organization...

Iraq: Oil and Gas Legislation, Revenue Sharing, and U.S. Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-07-17

Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq - June 2007, pp. 9, 11-12. 23 Some of the presumptive contracts for oil exploration in Iraq, signed with the...production,” Annex 3 listed 27 fields not near production and open to international oil companies or the INOC , and Annex 4 delineated 65 exploration...legislative package are proposed laws that will reorganize Iraq’s Ministry of Oil and establish an Iraqi National Oil Company ( INOC ). Under the hydrocarbon

Operation Iraqi Freedom: Strategies, Approaches, Results, and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-22

Tavernise, “Turkish Troops Enter Iraq in Pursuit of Kurdish Militants,” The New York Times, February 23, 2008; Lolita Baldor, “Gates: Turkey Raid Won’t...unofficial release of graphic photos of apparent detainee abuse at Abu Ghraib generated shock and horror among people inside and outside Iraq. Some...were mutilated and hung from a bridge. Photos of that grisly aftermath were rapidly CRS-66 232 The Iraq Governing Council (IGC) was a critical part of

Iraq’s Debt Relief: Procedure and Potential Implications for International Debt Relief

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-10-02

Order Code RL33376 Iraq’s Debt Relief: Procedure and Potential Implications for International Debt Relief Updated October 2, 2008 Martin A. Weiss...4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Iraq?s Debt Relief: Procedure and Potential Implications for International Debt Relief 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER...b. ABSTRACT unclassified c. THIS PAGE unclassified Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 Iraq’s Debt Relief: Procedure

An Iraq C-130 Aviation Advisor Mission and Lessons for the Future

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-01

Government ( IIG ) assumed authority for the governance of Iraq from the Coalition Provincial Authority and Ambassador Paul Bremer. In the near-term...the US C-130s with American flags prominently displayed on the tail hindered IIG legitimacy efforts and stood in stark contrast to Allawi’s...proclamations of an independent Iraq. Recognizing the contradiction, the IIG sent a request to United States leaders in mid-October 2004 for C-130 aircraft

Preparing General Purpose Forces in the United States and British Armies for Counterinsurgent Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-10

Operations In Iraq: Planning, Combat, And Occupation,” Thomas Ricks’ Fiasco, and reports by Army historian Major Isaiah Wilson, and former CENCTOM J-4...established Multi-National Forces-Iraq, and Lieutenant General Thomas Metz, commander of the Army’s III Corps, assumed the mantle of Multi-National Corps...Donald P. Wright and Colonel Timothy R. Reese or Thomas Ricks’ Fiasco among other books. 18Dr. Carter Malkasian, “Counterinsurgency in Iraq: May 2003

Private Security Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Legal Issues

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-07

involving Blackwater Worldwide private security guards on contract with the State Department, who reportedly opened fire in the crowded traffic circle in the...Background and Analysis, by Moshe Schwartz. 2 See James Risen and Mark Mazzetti, Blackwater Guards Tied to Secret C.I.A. Raids, NY TIMES, December 10...0360 (RMU), slip op. (D.D.C, .Dec. 31, 2009). 6 See Iraq: U.S. Blackwater Case Dismissal “Unacceptable,” REUTERS, Jan. 1, 2010. 7 See Iraq to

Oversight of Aegis’s Performance on Security Services Contracts in Iraq with the Department of Defense

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-14

ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction,400 Army Navy Drive,Arlington,VA,22202-4704 8...Congressional concerns about the adequacy of oversight given to private security contractors (PSCs) in Iraq increased after an incident involving Blackwater ...that resulted in the deaths of 17 Iraqi civilians. Blackwater is under contract with the Department of State. Responding to a congressional mandate

Surveillance of Disease and Nonbattle Injuries During US Army Operations in Afghanistan and Iraq.

PubMed

Hauret, Keith G; Pacha, Laura; Taylor, Bonnie J; Jones, Bruce H

2016-01-01

Disease and nonbattle injury (DNBI) are the leading causes of morbidity during wars and military operations. However, adequate medical data were never before available to service public health centers to conduct DNBI surveillance during deployments. This article describes the process, results and lessons learned from centralized DNBI surveillance by the US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, predecessor of the US Army Public Health Command, during operations in Afghanistan and Iraq (2001-2013).The surveillance relied primarily on medical evacuation records and in-theater hospitalization records. Medical evacuation rates (per 1,000 person-years) for DNBI were higher (Afghanistan: 56.7; Iraq: 40.2) than battle injury rates (Afghanistan: 12.0; Iraq: 7.7). In Afghanistan and Iraq, respectively, the leading diagnostic categories for medical evacuations were nonbattle injury (31% and 34%), battle injury (20% and 16%), and behavioral health (12% and 10%). Leading causes of medically evacuated nonbattle injuries were sports/physical training (22% and 24%), falls (23% and 26%) and military vehicle accidents (8% and 11%). This surveillance demonstrated the feasibility, utility, and benefits of centralized DNBI surveillance during military operations.

Establishing a Lessons Learned Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-01

effectively. In the future, social networking sites similar to Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn may provide additional capability to share lessons if they...will know if you mean it or not. Give weekly updates and use the power of social media to communicate to consumers about the progress your company...our Soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan today. With that said, the intent of this handbook is not to explain how CALL does business . Rather, it takes a

Soldiers of Misfortune?

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-01

Iraq established procedures for convoys approaching checkpoints and made sure PMSC personnel had the correct phone numbers to contact military...collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number . 1. REPORT DATE MAY 2014 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2014...to 00-00-2014 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Soldiers of Misfortune? 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in a Military Deployed Setting: The Impact of an Aggressive Infection Control Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-02-01

methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; patient and staff cohorting whenever possible; elevating the head of the bed to at least 30 degrees unless... resistant bacterial infections among combat casualties. We describe the rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) before and after the implementation...seen within these hospitals in Iraq,2 but the sources remain to be definitively described. Recent publications along with other circumstantial data

A Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy Application for Iraq War Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-01-01

denial of social problems. Prior to the availability of VR therapy applications, the existing standard of care for PTSD was imaginal exposure...The application is built on ICT’s FlatWorld Simulation Control Architecture (FSCA) [13]. The FSCA enables a network -centric system of client displays...client-side interaction despite potential network delays. FCSA scripting is based on the Lua programming language [14] and provides facilities for real

Operation Iraqi Freedom 06-08

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-02-14

Managemen 15.6.6 Results Related t 15.6.7 NCOs and Multiple-Deployments 15.6.8 Validated Trainin 15.6.9 Theater Suicide Prevention Program and Suicide...include mental health providers who have deployed to the IT0 and are experienced using AHLTA- T . As noted above, as the operational theater matures in...Mental Health Advisory Team (MHAT) V Operation Iraqi Freedom 06-08 14 February 2008 Office of the Surgeon Multi-National Force-Iraq and Office

2007 Combat Vehicles Conference - Today’s Challenges: Fighting, Sustaining, Modernizing and Transforming

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-10-24

Programs) 1 . FCS MULE .wmv format 2. FCS NLOS Crate Of Fire .wmv format 3. FCS Robotic Convoy .wmv format 4. FCS...included in these sessions will be two “back by popular demand” highlights from previous conferences: 1 ) an update on combat operations in iraq from...15 am - 11:30 am general session general sessiOn - sessiOn 1 : “today’s challenges: fighting, sustaining, modernizing and transforming

Haditha General Hospital Under the Economic Support Fund Program, Haditha, Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-23

kilometers west of Baghdad, Haditha is a river-side community with an estimated population of 150,000. The hospital, located in the heart of the...medical equipment requiring electricity; specifically, several heart monitors and defibrillator machines (Site Photo 10). This equipment appeared to be...repair of the lavatory, under the re-scoped portion of the contract. However, there is a significant potential for germs and the spread of disease

Fiscal Year 2011 Comprehensive Oversight Plan for Southwest Asia and Surrounding Areas

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-31

NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND...ADDRESS(ES) Department of Defense Inspector General,400 Army Navy Drive,Arlington,VA,22202-4704 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9...Southwest Asia in Appendix B. The FY 2011 edition is organized by primary oversight countries: Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Kuwait, Qatar, and all

Adapting Short of Doctrine: US Military Counterinsurgency in Iraq March 2004-December 2006

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-05-25

by MAJ Darrell E. Fawley US Army School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas...AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Advanced Military Studies Program 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION...AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT This study argues that officers