Modifying Defining Issues Test (DIT) as a Tool for Assessing Secondary Students' Social-Emotional Competencies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ee, Jessie

2014-01-01

This paper discusses the use of an alternative instrument to assess the social-emotional competence (SEC) of secondary school students in Singapore. The instrument was used in a larger study to explore an approach to infuse social-emotional learning in the curriculum for children in school. The design of this research instrument is based on the…

An investigation of final year pharmacy students' moral reasoning ability, and their views on professionalism and fitness to practice panel determinations: A questionnaire study.

PubMed

Hanna, Lezley-Anne; Gillen, John; Hall, Maurice

2017-07-01

The aim was to establish pharmacy students' moral reasoning ability and obtain their views on professionalism and fitness to practice (FtP) determinations involving pharmacists. Following ethical approval and piloting, final year pharmacy students at Queen's University Belfast (QUB) (n=119) were invited to participate in a questionnaire study. Section A was a validated moral reasoning assessment tool [Defining Issues Test (DIT2); five moral dilemmas], Section B was FtP cases and professionalism. Distribution occurred at a compulsory class. DIT2 data were scored by the University of Alabama. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were used with significance level set at 0.05 a priori. The response rate was 94.1% (112/119) and the 'DIT2 P score mean' (postconventional schema) was 25.21±14.10. Almost all [(98.2% (110/112)] fully understood the term "professionalism" and 83.9% (94/112) considered it reasonable for a professional code to apply always (within university and out socializing). Differences in opinions existed depending on what the FtP case related to. Students were significantly more likely to consider a 12-month suspension 'very lenient' or 'lenient' for a pharmacist's personal use of illicit drugs compared with theft of money/cosmetics (42.0% versus 64.3%; p=0.031). There were no significant differences between male and female responses/scores and no strong correlations between DIT2 scores and FtP/professionalism responses. Pharmacy students appeared to understand professionalism and accepted being bound by a code. A level of discrimination between the FtP cases was evident. Moral reasoning ability was lower than expected for future healthcare professionals (see manuscript) requiring attention. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DICOM index tracker enterprise: advanced system for enterprise-wide quality assurance and patient safety monitoring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Min; Pavlicek, William; Panda, Anshuman; Langer, Steve G.; Morin, Richard; Fetterly, Kenneth A.; Paden, Robert; Hanson, James; Wu, Lin-Wei; Wu, Teresa

2015-03-01

DICOM Index Tracker (DIT) is an integrated platform to harvest rich information available from Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) to improve quality assurance in radiology practices. It is designed to capture and maintain longitudinal patient-specific exam indices of interests for all diagnostic and procedural uses of imaging modalities. Thus, it effectively serves as a quality assurance and patient safety monitoring tool. The foundation of DIT is an intelligent database system which stores the information accepted and parsed via a DICOM receiver and parser. The database system enables the basic dosimetry analysis. The success of DIT implementation at Mayo Clinic Arizona calls for the DIT deployment at the enterprise level which requires significant improvements. First, for geographically distributed multi-site implementation, the first bottleneck is the communication (network) delay; the second is the scalability of the DICOM parser to handle the large volume of exams from different sites. To address this issue, DICOM receiver and parser are separated and decentralized by site. To facilitate the enterprise wide Quality Assurance (QA), a notable challenge is the great diversities of manufacturers, modalities and software versions, as the solution DIT Enterprise provides the standardization tool for device naming, protocol naming, physician naming across sites. Thirdly, advanced analytic engines are implemented online which support the proactive QA in DIT Enterprise.

A Reliability and Validity Study of the Defining Issues Test: The Relationship of Age, Education, Gender and Parental Education with Moral Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cesur, Sevim; Topcu, Mustafa Sami

2010-01-01

The aim of the study is twofold: First and main aim was to develop a valid and reliable Turkish version of the DIT which is one of the most important instruments in the psychology and education research; second is to explore the relationships between moral development and age, gender, education, and parental education. The study group consists of…

A Mixed-Methods Analysis in Assessing Students' Professional Development by Applying an Assessment for Learning Approach.

PubMed

Peeters, Michael J; Vaidya, Varun A

2016-06-25

Objective. To describe an approach for assessing the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education's (ACPE) doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) Standard 4.4, which focuses on students' professional development. Methods. This investigation used mixed methods with triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data to assess professional development. Qualitative data came from an electronic developmental portfolio of professionalism and ethics, completed by PharmD students during their didactic studies. Quantitative confirmation came from the Defining Issues Test (DIT)-an assessment of pharmacists' professional development. Results. Qualitatively, students' development reflections described growth through this course series. Quantitatively, the 2015 PharmD class's DIT N2-scores illustrated positive development overall; the lower 50% had a large initial improvement compared to the upper 50%. Subsequently, the 2016 PharmD class confirmed these average initial improvements of students and also showed further substantial development among students thereafter. Conclusion. Applying an assessment for learning approach, triangulation of qualitative and quantitative assessments confirmed that PharmD students developed professionally during this course series.

Developmental immunotoxicity (DIT): assays for evaluating effects of exogenous agents on development of the immune system.

PubMed

DeWitt, Jamie C; Peden-Adams, Margie M; Keil, Deborah E; Dietert, Rodney R

2012-02-01

Developmental immunotoxicity (DIT) occurs when exposure to environmental risk factors prior to adulthood, including chemical, biological, physical, or physiological factors, alters immune system development. DIT may elicit suppression, hyperactivation, or misregulation of immune responses and may present clinically as decreased resistance to pathogens, allergic and autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory diseases. Immunotoxicity testing guidelines established by the Environmental Protection Agency for adult animals (OPPTS 8703.7800) require functional tests and immunophenotyping that are suitable for detecting immunomodulation, especially immunosuppression. However, evaluating immune function in offspring that are not fully immunocompetent yields results that are challenging to interpret. Therefore, this unit will describe an optimum exposure scenario, reference two assays (immunophenotyping and histopathology) appropriate for detecting immunomodulation in weaning-age offspring, and reference four assays (immunophenotyping, histopathology, T cell-dependent antibody responses, and delayed-type hypersensitivity) appropriate for detecting immunomodulation in immunocompetent offspring. The protocol also will reference other assays (natural killer cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte) with potential utility for assessing DIT. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Validity and reproducibility of a novel method for time-course evaluation of diet-induced thermogenesis in a respiratory chamber.

PubMed

Usui, Chiyoko; Ando, Takafumi; Ohkawara, Kazunori; Miyake, Rieko; Oshima, Yoshitake; Hibi, Masanobu; Oishi, Sachiko; Tokuyama, Kumpei; Tanaka, Shigeho

2015-05-01

We developed a novel method for computing diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) in a respiratory chamber and evaluated the validity and reproducibility of the method. We hypothesized that DIT may be calculated as the difference between postprandial energy expenditure (EE) and estimated EE (sum of basal metabolic rate and physical activity (PA)-related EE). The estimated EE was derived from the regression equation between EE from respiration and PA intensity in the fasting state. It may be possible to evaluate the time course of DIT using this novel technique. In a validity study, we examined whether DIT became zero (theoretical value) for 6 h of fasting in 11 subjects. The mean value of DIT calculated by the novel and traditional methods was 22.4 ± 13.4 and 3.4 ± 31.8 kcal/6 h, respectively. In the reproducibility study, 15 adult subjects lived in the respiratory chamber for over 24 h on two occasions. The DIT over 15 h of postprandial wake time was calculated. There were no significant differences in the mean values of DIT between the two test days. The within-subject day-to-day coefficient of variation for calculated DIT with the novel and traditional methods was approximately 35% and 25%, respectively. The novel method did not have superior reproducibility compared with that of the traditional method. However when comparing the smaller variation in the fasting state than the theoretical value (zero), the novel method may be better for evaluating interindividual differences in DIT than the traditional method and also has the ability to evaluate the time-course. © 2015 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society.

Value systems among adolescents: Novel method for assessing level of ego-development.

PubMed

Kjellström, Sofia; Sjölander, Per; Almers, Ellen; Mccall, Mary E

2017-04-01

Children's value systems develop through youth and influence attitudes and actions. But there is a lack of appropriate measures for children and adolescents. The objective of this study was to construct and validate a questionnaire that reveals distinct value systems among adolescents, and to evaluate the identified value systems' relationship to degree of ego-development and moral development. A quantitative study in a Swedish School with ages 12 through 16 (grades 6 to 9) was performed (N = 204). A set of pattern recognition statistical analyses has been used to identify different profiles of values systems and demonstrate that these systems can be arranged in a hierarchical order similar to other development. Results revealed three value systems in this sample. The identified value systems reflect different degrees of moral and ego-development among children in the study. Three distinct value systems were identified: the first (n = 9) and the second value systems (n = 35) correspond to pre-conventional stages, and the third value system (n = 155) corresponds to early conventional stages of ego development. Ego development scoring of test statements to assess stages. The value system was significantly related to moral development in the personal interest and the maintaining norms schemas of the Defining Issues Test (DIT). However, many students did not complete the entire DIT, so those results should be looked at with caution. It appears that this new test (Test for Adolescent Value Systems - TAVS) does relate to an established ego development rating scale. © 2017 Scandinavian Psychological Associations and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

The Relationship between Intuitive Action Choices and Moral Reasoning on Animal Ethics Issues in Students of Veterinary Medicine and Other Relevant Professions.

PubMed

Verrinder, Joy M; Phillips, Clive J C

2018-01-01

With growing understanding of animals' capabilities, and public and organizational pressures to improve animal welfare, moral action by veterinarians and other relevant professionals to address animal issues is increasingly important. Little is known about how their action choices relate to their moral reasoning on animal ethics issues. A moral judgment measure, the VetDIT, with three animal and three non-animal scenarios, was used to investigate the action choices of 619 students in five animal- and two non-animal-related professional programs in one Australian university, and how these related to their moral reasoning based on Personal Interest (PI), Maintaining Norms (MN), or Universal Principles (UP) schemas. Action choices showed significant relationships to PI, MN, and UP questions, and these varied across program groups. Having a previous degree or more experience with farm animals had a negative relationship, and experience with horses or companion animals a positive relationship, with intuitive action choices favoring life and bodily integrity of animals. This study helps to explain the complex relationship between intuitive moral action choices and moral reasoning on animal ethics issues. As a useful research and educational tool for understanding this relationship, the VetDIT can enhance ethical decision making.

Diet-induced thermogenesis and substrate oxidation are not different between lean and obese women after two different isocaloric meals, one rich in protein and one rich in fat.

PubMed

Tentolouris, Nicholas; Pavlatos, Spyridon; Kokkinos, Alexander; Perrea, Despoina; Pagoni, Stamata; Katsilambros, Nicholas

2008-03-01

Reduction in diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) may promote weight gain and maintenance. Data on differences in DIT and macronutrient oxidation between lean and obese subjects are conflicting. In this study, we sought for differences in DIT and macronutrient oxidation between lean and obese women after consumption of 2 different isocaloric meals, one rich in protein and one rich in fat. Fifteen lean and 15 obese women were studied on 2 occasions, 1 week apart. In one visit, they consumed a protein-rich meal; in the other visit, a fat-rich meal. The 2 meals were isocaloric ( approximately 2026 kJ each), of equal volume, and given in random order. Resting energy expenditure and macronutrient oxidation rates were measured and calculated in the fasting state and every 1 hour for 3 hours after meal consumption. Diet-induced thermogenesis was not significantly different between lean and obese subjects after consumption of either the protein-rich (P = .59) or the fat-rich meal (P = .68). Diet-induced thermogenesis was significantly higher (by almost 3-fold) after consumption of the protein-rich meal in comparison with the fat-rich meal in both study groups. In addition, no significant differences in macronutrient oxidation rates were found between lean and obese women after the test meals. The results indicate that DIT is higher after protein intake than after fat intake in both lean and obese participants; however, DIT and macronutrient oxidation rate are not different between lean and obese subjects after consumption of either a protein-rich or a fat-rich meal. Over the long term, a low DIT after regular or frequent fat intake may contribute to the development and maintenance of obesity.

Mechanism of non-appearance of hiatus in Tibetan Plateau.

PubMed

Ma, Jieru; Guan, Xiaodan; Guo, Ruixia; Gan, Zewen; Xie, Yongkun

2017-06-30

In the recent decade, hiatus is the hottest issue in the community of climate change. As the area of great importance, the Tibetan Plateau (TP), however, did not appear to have any warming stoppage in the hiatus period. In fact, the TP showed a continuous warming in the recent decade. To explore why the TP did not show hiatus, we divide the surface air temperature into dynamically-induced temperature (DIT) and radiatively-forced temperature (RFT) by applying the dynamical adjustment method. Our results show that DIT displayed a relatively uniform warming background in the TP, with no obvious correlations with dynamic factors. Meanwhile, as the major contribution to warming, the RFT effect over the TP played the dominant role. The warming role is illustrated using the temperature change between perturbed and control simulation responses to CO 2 or black carbon (BC) forcing via Community Earth System Model (CESM). It shows that an obvious warming in the TP is induced by the CO 2 warming effect, and BC exhibits an amplifying effect on the warming. Therefore, the continuous warming in the TP was a result of uniform DIT warming over a large scale and enhanced RFT warming at a regional scale.

The effect of agar jelly on energy expenditure, appetite, gastric emptying and glycaemic response.

PubMed

Clegg, Miriam E; Shafat, Amir

2014-01-01

Agar contains a high amount of soluble fibre and has been shown to delay gastric emptying (GE) without impacting on glycaemic response (GR). The current study aimed to further the limited data on the effect of agar on metabolism by assessing the effects on GE and GR as well as appetite- and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). In this randomized control trial, eleven healthy volunteers were tested on two occasions following an overnight fast. Following baseline and resting measurements, volunteers were either fed a fruit-flavoured drink (liquid) or consumed a fruit-flavoured jelly (jelly). The two were exactly the same in composition except the jelly contained 4 g of agar crystals. Both contained 50 g of available carbohydrate. DIT was measured using indirect calorimetry, GE using the (13)C sodium acetate breath test, appetite using visual analogue scale and GR using finger prick blood samples. The jelly significantly delayed GE across all time points-latency phase (p = 0.07), lag phase (p = 0.04), half-time (p < 0.0001), ascension time (p = 0.025). The jelly also increased all appetite parameters-hunger (p = 0.006), fullness (p = 0.035), desire to eat (p = 0.03) and prospective consumption (p = 0.011). However, there were no significant differences in either GR or postprandial DIT between the liquid and jelly. Agar delays GE and increases appetite but does not change GR or DIT most probably due to the increase in viscosity caused by the agar jelly.

Active Learning in a Neuroethics Course Positively Impacts Moral Judgment Development in Undergraduates

PubMed Central

Abu-Odeh, Desiree; Dziobek, Derek; Jimenez, Nathalia Torres; Barbey, Christopher; Dubinsky, Janet M

2015-01-01

The growing neuroscientific understanding of the biological basis of behaviors has profound social and ethical implications. To address the need for public awareness of the consequences of these advances, we developed an undergraduate neuroethics course, Neuroscience and Society, at the University of Minnesota. Course evolution, objectives, content, and impact are described here. To engage all students and facilitate undergraduate ethics education, this course employed daily reading, writing, and student discussion, case analysis, and team presentations with goals of fostering development of moral reasoning and judgment and introducing application of bioethical frameworks to topics raised by neuroscience. Pre- and post-course Defining Issues Test (DIT) scores and student end-of-course reflections demonstrated that course objectives for student application of bioethical frameworks to neuroethical issues were met. The active-learning, student-centered pedagogical approaches used to achieve these goals serve as a model for how to effectively teach neuroethics at the undergraduate level. PMID:25838802

The Energy Content and Composition of Meals Consumed after an Overnight Fast and Their Effects on Diet Induced Thermogenesis: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analyses and Meta-Regressions

PubMed Central

Quatela, Angelica; Callister, Robin; Patterson, Amanda; MacDonald-Wicks, Lesley

2016-01-01

This systematic review investigated the effects of differing energy intakes, macronutrient compositions, and eating patterns of meals consumed after an overnight fast on Diet Induced Thermogenesis (DIT). The initial search identified 2482 records; 26 papers remained once duplicates were removed and inclusion criteria were applied. Studies (n = 27) in the analyses were randomized crossover designs comparing the effects of two or more eating events on DIT. Higher energy intake increased DIT; in a mixed model meta-regression, for every 100 kJ increase in energy intake, DIT increased by 1.1 kJ/h (p < 0.001). Meals with a high protein or carbohydrate content had a higher DIT than high fat, although this effect was not always significant. Meals with medium chain triglycerides had a significantly higher DIT than long chain triglycerides (meta-analysis, p = 0.002). Consuming the same meal as a single bolus eating event compared to multiple small meals or snacks was associated with a significantly higher DIT (meta-analysis, p = 0.02). Unclear or inconsistent findings were found by comparing the consumption of meals quickly or slowly, and palatability was not significantly associated with DIT. These findings indicate that the magnitude of the increase in DIT is influenced by the energy intake, macronutrient composition, and eating pattern of the meal. PMID:27792142

Time to brain imaging in acute stroke is improving: secondary analysis of the INSTINCT trial.

PubMed

Sauser, Kori; Burke, James F; Levine, Deborah A; Scott, Phillip A; Meurer, William J

2014-01-01

Patients with acute ischemic stroke benefit from rapid evaluation and treatment, and timely brain imaging is a necessary component. We determined the effect of a targeted behavioral intervention on door-to-imaging time (DIT) among patients with ischemic stroke treated with tissue-type plasminogen activator. Second, we examined the variation in DIT accounted for by patient-level and hospital-level factors. The Increasing Stroke Treatment through Interventional behavioral Change Tactics (INSTINCT) trial was a cluster-randomized, controlled trial involving 24 Michigan hospitals. The intervention aimed to increase tissue-type plasminogen activator utilization. Detailed chart abstractions collected data for 557 patients with ischemic stroke. We used a series of hierarchical linear mixed-effects models to evaluate the effect of the intervention on DIT (difference-in-differences analysis) and used patient-level and hospital-level explanatory variables to decompose variation in DIT. DIT improved over time, without a difference between intervention and control hospitals (intervention: 23.7-19.3 minutes, control: 28.9-19.2 minutes; P=0.56). Adjusted DIT was faster in patients who arrived by ambulance (7.2 minutes; 95% confidence interval, 4.1-10.2), had severe strokes (1.0 minute per +5-point National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-2.0), and presented in the postintervention period (4.9 minutes; 95% confidence interval, 2.3-7.4). After accounting for these factors, 13.8% of variation in DIT was attributable to hospital. Neither hospital stroke volume nor stroke center status was associated with DIT. Performance on DIT improved similarly in intervention and control hospitals, suggesting that nonintervention factors explain the improvement. Hospital-level factors explain a modest proportion of variation in DIT, but further research is needed to identify the hospital-level factors responsible.

Time to Brain Imaging in Acute Stroke is Improving: Secondary analysis of the INSTINCT Trial

PubMed Central

Sauser, Kori; Burke, James F.; Levine, Deborah A.; Scott, Phillip A.; Meurer, William J.

2014-01-01

Background and Purpose Acute ischemic stroke (IS) patients benefit from rapid evaluation and treatment, and timely brain imaging is a necessary component. We determined the effect of a targeted behavioral intervention on door-to-imaging-time (DIT) among IS patients treated with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Secondarily, we examined the variation in DIT accounted for by patient- and hospital-level factors. Methods The INSTINCT trial was a cluster-randomized, controlled trial involving 24 Michigan hospitals. The intervention aimed to increase tPA utilization. Detailed chart abstractions collected data for 557 IS patients. We used a series of hierarchical linear mixed-effects models to evaluate the effect of the intervention on DIT (difference-in-differences analysis) and used patient and hospital-level explanatory variables to decompose variation in DIT. Results DIT improved over time, without a difference between intervention and control hospitals (intervention: 23.7 to 19.3 minutes, control: 28.9 to 19.2 minutes, p=0.56). Adjusted DIT was faster in patients who arrived by ambulance (7.2 minutes; 95%CI 4.1–10.2), had severe strokes (1.0 minute per +5 point NIHSS; 95%CI 0.1–2.0), and presented in the post-intervention period (4.9 minutes; 95%CI 2.3–7.4). After accounting for these factors, 13.8% of variation in DIT was attributable to hospital. Neither hospital stroke volume nor stroke center status was associated with DIT. Conclusions Performance on DIT improved similarly in intervention and control hospitals suggesting that non-intervention factors explain the improvement. Hospital-level factors explain a modest proportion of variation in DIT but further research is needed to identify the hospital-level factors responsible. PMID:24232449

Mixed copper-platinum complex formation could explain synergistic antiproliferative effect exhibited by binary mixtures of cisplatin and copper-1,10-phenanthroline compounds: An ESI-MS study.

PubMed

Pivetta, Tiziana; Lallai, Viola; Valletta, Elisa; Trudu, Federica; Isaia, Francesco; Perra, Daniela; Pinna, Elisabetta; Pani, Alessandra

2015-10-01

Cisplatin, cis-diammineplatinum(II) dichloride, is a metal complex used in clinical practice for the treatment of cancer. Despite its great efficacy, it causes adverse reactions and most patients develop a resistance to cisplatin. To overcome these issues, a multi-drug therapy was introduced as a modern approach to exploit the drug synergy. A synergistic effect had been previously found when testing binary combinations of cisplatin and three copper complexes in vitro, namely, Cu(phen)(OH2)2(OClO3)2, [Cu(phen)2(OH2)](ClO4)2 and [Cu(phen)2(H2dit)](ClO4)2,(phen=1,10-phenanthroline, H2dit=imidazolidine-2-thione), against the human acute T-lymphoblastic leukaemia cell line (CCRF-CEM). In this work [Cu(phen)2(OH2)](ClO4)2 was also tested in combination with cisplatin against cisplatin-resistant sublines of CCRF-CEM (CCRF-CEM-res) and ovarian (A2780-res) cancer cell lines. The tested combinations show a synergistic effect against both the types of resistant cells. The possibility that this effect was caused by the formation of new adducts was considered and mass spectra of solutions containing cisplatin and one of the three copper complexes at a time were measured using electrospray ionisation at atmospheric-pressure mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). A mixed complex was detected and its stoichiometry was assessed on the basis of the isotopic pattern and the results of tandem mass spectrometry experiments. The formed complex was found to be [Cu(phen)(OH)μ-(Cl)2Pt(NH3)(H2O)](+). Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Replacement of digestible by resistant starch lowers diet-induced thermogenesis in healthy men.

PubMed

Heijnen, M L; Deurenberg, P; van Amelsvoort, J M; Beynen, A C

1995-03-01

The present study describes the effect of replacement of digestible starch by resistant starch (RS) on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), postprandial glucose and insulin responses, and colonic fermentation. Ten healthy males consumed three test meals, consisting of diluted, artificially-sweetened fruit syrup and either 50 g raw potato starch (550 g RS/kg), or 50 g pregelatinized potato starch (0 g RS/kg) or 30 g pregelatinized potato starch plus 20 g lactulose (670 g indigestible disaccharide/kg). The meals were served in the morning after an overnight fast. Each volunteer consumed each meal twice on six separate days in random order. Metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry in the fasting state for 15 min and postprandially for 5 h. Shortly before and hourly up to 7 h after consumption of the test meal, end-expiratory breath samples were obtained for H2 and CH4 analysis. Shortly before the meal and 30, 60, 180, and 300 min postprandially, blood samples were taken for glucose and insulin analyses. Postprandial increases in glucose and insulin levels were proportional to the amount of digestible carbohydrate in the meal. Breath H2 and CH4 concentrations indicated that the pregelatinized starch was not fermented and that lactulose was fermented rapidly. Fermentation of the raw starch started only 6 to 7 h after consumption, resulting in a rise in breath H2 but not in CH4. The replacement of 27 g digestible starch by RS in a single meal lowered DIT by on average 90 kJ/5 h, as could also be calculated by assuming that RS does not contribute to DIT. The ingestion of lactulose resulted in a substantial rise in DIT which was most probably caused by its fermentation.

Occupational exposure decisions: can limited data interpretation training help improve accuracy?

PubMed

Logan, Perry; Ramachandran, Gurumurthy; Mulhausen, John; Hewett, Paul

2009-06-01

Accurate exposure assessments are critical for ensuring that potentially hazardous exposures are properly identified and controlled. The availability and accuracy of exposure assessments can determine whether resources are appropriately allocated to engineering and administrative controls, medical surveillance, personal protective equipment and other programs designed to protect workers. A desktop study was performed using videos, task information and sampling data to evaluate the accuracy and potential bias of participants' exposure judgments. Desktop exposure judgments were obtained from occupational hygienists for material handling jobs with small air sampling data sets (0-8 samples) and without the aid of computers. In addition, data interpretation tests (DITs) were administered to participants where they were asked to estimate the 95th percentile of an underlying log-normal exposure distribution from small data sets. Participants were presented with an exposure data interpretation or rule of thumb training which included a simple set of rules for estimating 95th percentiles for small data sets from a log-normal population. DIT was given to each participant before and after the rule of thumb training. Results of each DIT and qualitative and quantitative exposure judgments were compared with a reference judgment obtained through a Bayesian probabilistic analysis of the sampling data to investigate overall judgment accuracy and bias. There were a total of 4386 participant-task-chemical judgments for all data collections: 552 qualitative judgments made without sampling data and 3834 quantitative judgments with sampling data. The DITs and quantitative judgments were significantly better than random chance and much improved by the rule of thumb training. In addition, the rule of thumb training reduced the amount of bias in the DITs and quantitative judgments. The mean DIT % correct scores increased from 47 to 64% after the rule of thumb training (P < 0.001). The accuracy for quantitative desktop judgments increased from 43 to 63% correct after the rule of thumb training (P < 0.001). The rule of thumb training did not significantly impact accuracy for qualitative desktop judgments. The finding that even some simple statistical rules of thumb improve judgment accuracy significantly suggests that hygienists need to routinely use statistical tools while making exposure judgments using monitoring data.

Origanum dictamnus oil vapour suppresses the development of grey mould in eggplant fruit in vitro.

PubMed

Stavropoulou, Andriana; Loulakakis, Kostas; Magan, Naresh; Tzortzakis, Nikos

2014-01-01

Grey mould rot (Botrytis cinerea) development in vitro or in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) fruit was evaluated after treatment with dittany (Origanum dictamnus L.) oil (DIT) and storage at 12°C and 95% relative humidity during or following exposure to the volatiles. DIT volatiles used in different concentration (0-50-100-250 μL/L) and times of exposure (up to 120 h) examined the effects on pathogen development as well as fruit quality parameters. In vitro, fungal colony growth was inhibited with the application of DIT oil (during or after exposure) and/or time of application. Continuous exposure to oils reduced conidial germination and production with fungistatic effects observed in 250 μL/L. In vivo, fungal lesion growth and conidial production reduced in DIT-treated fruits. Interesting, in fruits preexposed to volatiles before fungal inoculation, DIT application induced fruit resistance against the pathogen, by reduced lesion growth and conidial production. Conidial viability reduced in >100 μL/L DIT oil. Fruits exposed to essential oil did not affect fruit quality related attributes in general, while skin lightness (L value) increased in 50 and 100 μL/L DIT oil. The results of the current study indicated that dittany volatiles may be considered as an alternative food preservative, eliminating disease spread in the storage/transit atmospheres.

Origanum dictamnus Oil Vapour Suppresses the Development of Grey Mould in Eggplant Fruit In Vitro

PubMed Central

Loulakakis, Kostas; Magan, Naresh; Tzortzakis, Nikos

2014-01-01

Grey mould rot (Botrytis cinerea) development in vitro or in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) fruit was evaluated after treatment with dittany (Origanum dictamnus L.) oil (DIT) and storage at 12°C and 95% relative humidity during or following exposure to the volatiles. DIT volatiles used in different concentration (0-50-100-250 μL/L) and times of exposure (up to 120 h) examined the effects on pathogen development as well as fruit quality parameters. In vitro, fungal colony growth was inhibited with the application of DIT oil (during or after exposure) and/or time of application. Continuous exposure to oils reduced conidial germination and production with fungistatic effects observed in 250 μL/L. In vivo, fungal lesion growth and conidial production reduced in DIT-treated fruits. Interesting, in fruits preexposed to volatiles before fungal inoculation, DIT application induced fruit resistance against the pathogen, by reduced lesion growth and conidial production. Conidial viability reduced in >100 μL/L DIT oil. Fruits exposed to essential oil did not affect fruit quality related attributes in general, while skin lightness (L value) increased in 50 and 100 μL/L DIT oil. The results of the current study indicated that dittany volatiles may be considered as an alternative food preservative, eliminating disease spread in the storage/transit atmospheres. PMID:25254209

Crystal Structure of Bacteriophage SPP1 Distal Tail Protein (gp19.1)

PubMed Central

Veesler, David; Robin, Gautier; Lichière, Julie; Auzat, Isabelle; Tavares, Paulo; Bron, Patrick; Campanacci, Valérie; Cambillau, Christian

2010-01-01

Siphophage SPP1 infects the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis using its long non-contractile tail and tail-tip. Electron microscopy (EM) previously allowed a low resolution assignment of most orf products belonging to these regions. We report here the structure of the SPP1 distal tail protein (Dit, gp19.1). The combination of x-ray crystallography, EM, and light scattering established that Dit is a back-to-back dimer of hexamers. However, Dit fitting in the virion EM maps was only possible with a hexamer located between the tail-tube and the tail-tip. Structure comparison revealed high similarity between Dit and a central component of lactophage baseplates. Sequence similarity search expanded its relatedness to several phage proteins, suggesting that Dit is a docking platform for the tail adsorption apparatus in Siphoviridae infecting Gram-positive bacteria and that its architecture is a paradigm for these hub proteins. Dit structural similarity extends also to non-contractile and contractile phage tail proteins (gpVN and XkdM) as well as to components of the bacterial type 6 secretion system, supporting an evolutionary connection between all these devices. PMID:20843802

Safe working hours--doctors in training a best practice issue.

PubMed

Lewis, Andrew

2002-01-01

In 1995, the Australian Medical Association launched its Safe Working Hours campaign. By 1998, this had been developed into a National Code of Conduct that continues to resonate in the Australian public health system. However, and particularly in respect of Doctors in Training (DITs) who continue to work long hours, there are levels of resistance to proposals that seek to re-organise work or change prevailing professional and cultural expectations. Long working hours have substantial impacts on a DIT's capacity to consistently deliver high quality patient care, dilute the effectiveness of their training regime and have negative consequences on their health, social life and family responsibilities. While public hospitals often maintain the view that minimal budget flexibility restricts their capacity to affect change in a positive way, in fact devisable productivity and efficiency gains can be achieved by reducing working hours. Further, the medical profession needs to consider whether long hours provide an optimal environment for quality learning and performance.

THE ETHICAL EDUCATION OF OPHTHALMOLOGY RESIDENTS: AN EXPERIMENT

PubMed Central

Packer, Samuel

2005-01-01

Purpose To demonstrate the effect of ethics education on a resident’s ability to answer questions that relate to moral dilemmas and on the clinical evaluations of residents by faculty. Methods The curriculum for the ethics education that was used for this study was designed by the author and consisted of 10 lectures of 1.5 hours each. Five residencies were included in the project. One residency received one lecture, two residencies received three lectures, and two residencies received 10 lectures. To evaluate the moral skills of the residents at the beginning of the course and at the end, the residents were given the Defining Issues Test (DIT-2) developed by James Rest, which involves answering standardized questions about four moral dilemmas. Faculty evaluations were completed before and after the ethics lectures were given. At the beginning of the ethics course, each resident was given a social survey that was designed to assess participation in community, religious, political, and societal activities as well as attitudes about these activities. All residents were also asked demographic information, including their age, gender, and year of residency. Results The results of the DIT-2 taken before and after the ethics lectures were compared. No correlations were found in faculty evaluations of clinical performance of the residents before and after the course (P = .052). Associations between DIT-2 scores and questions on community and religion in the social survey were noted. Conclusion The finding that the effect of an ethics course on residents’ ability to answer moral dilemmas did not achieve statistical significance should be accepted with the understanding that this was a first attempt at standardization of many variables, especially the format of the curriculum and materials used. The use of faculty evaluations to assess clinical performance needs to be standardized, and the faculty members need additional training to ensure validity of the results. The social survey was also the first attempt to assess an association between a resident’s response to moral dilemmas, attending evaluations, and residents’ opinions that relate to community, society, politics, and religion. PMID:17057806

The ethical education of ophthalmology residents: an experiment.

PubMed

Packer, Samuel

2005-01-01

To demonstrate the effect of ethics education on a resident's ability to answer questions that relate to moral dilemmas and on the clinical evaluations of residents by faculty. The curriculum for the ethics education that was used for this study was designed by the author and consisted of 10 lectures of 1.5 hours each. Five residencies were included in the project. One residency received one lecture, two residencies received three lectures, and two residencies received 10 lectures. To evaluate the moral skills of the residents at the beginning of the course and at the end, the residents were given the Defining Issues Test (DIT-2) developed by James Rest, which involves answering standardized questions about four moral dilemmas. Faculty evaluations were completed before and after the ethics lectures were given. At the beginning of the ethics course, each resident was given a social survey that was designed to assess participation in community, religious, political, and societal activities as well as attitudes about these activities. All residents were also asked demographic information, including their age, gender, and year of residency. The results of the DIT-2 taken before and after the ethics lectures were compared. No correlations were found in faculty evaluations of clinical performance of the residents before and after the course (P = .052). Associations between DIT-2 scores and questions on community and religion in the social survey were noted. The finding that the effect of an ethics course on residents' ability to answer moral dilemmas did not achieve statistical significance should be accepted with the understanding that this was a first attempt at standardization of many variables, especially the format of the curriculum and materials used. The use of faculty evaluations to assess clinical performance needs to be standardized, and the faculty members need additional training to ensure validity of the results. The social survey was also the first attempt to assess an association between a resident's response to moral dilemmas, attending evaluations, and residents' opinions that relate to community, society, politics, and religion.

Neural correlates of post-conventional moral reasoning: a voxel-based morphometry study.

PubMed

Prehn, Kristin; Korczykowski, Marc; Rao, Hengyi; Fang, Zhuo; Detre, John A; Robertson, Diana C

2015-01-01

Going back to Kohlberg, moral development research affirms that people progress through different stages of moral reasoning as cognitive abilities mature. Individuals at a lower level of moral reasoning judge moral issues mainly based on self-interest (personal interests schema) or based on adherence to laws and rules (maintaining norms schema), whereas individuals at the post-conventional level judge moral issues based on deeper principles and shared ideals. However, the extent to which moral development is reflected in structural brain architecture remains unknown. To investigate this question, we used voxel-based morphometry and examined the brain structure in a sample of 67 Master of Business Administration (MBA) students. Subjects completed the Defining Issues Test (DIT-2) which measures moral development in terms of cognitive schema preference. Results demonstrate that subjects at the post-conventional level of moral reasoning were characterized by increased gray matter volume in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, compared with subjects at a lower level of moral reasoning. Our findings support an important role for both cognitive and emotional processes in moral reasoning and provide first evidence for individual differences in brain structure according to the stages of moral reasoning first proposed by Kohlberg decades ago.

Combined Arterial Infusion and Stent Implantation Compared with Metal Stent Alone in Treatment of Malignant Gastroduodenal Obstruction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang Zhongmin, E-mail: wzm0722@hotmail.co; Chen Kemin, E-mail: ckm0722@hotmail.co; Gong Ju

Many patients with malignant gastroduodenal obstruction have an unresectable primary lesion and distant metastases, which may prompt palliative management to allow the patient to eat and to improve the quality of life. Intraluminal metallic stent implantation (MSI) under fluoroscopic guidance has been reported to be an effective option for symptomatic relief in these patients, with a good safety record. An alternative, dual interventional therapy (DIT), has been used during the last decade, in which prosthesis insertion is followed by intra-arterial chemotherapy via the tumor-feeding arteries. The aim of this study was to compare success rates, complication rates, and survival timemore » between MSI and DIT in patients who presented with gastroduodenal obstruction from advanced upper gastrointestinal tract cancer. All consecutive patients with malignant gastroduodenal obstruction seen at our center between October 2002 and August 2007 were retrospectively studied. Patients were treated palliatively by either MSI or DIT by the patient's or the next of kin's decision. Outcomes included technical and clinical success, complication rates, and survival. Of the 164 patients with malignant gastric and duodenal outlet obstructions, 80 (49%) underwent stent insertion as the primary therapy, while the remaining 84 (51%) received DIT. Clinical characteristics were similar between the two groups. In the MSI cohort initial stent implantation was successful in 73 patients (91%), two stents were used in 5 patients, and delayed additional stent insertion for stent obstruction related to tumor overgrowth was required in 3 patients during follow-up. In the DIT cohort the technical success rate was 94%, 3 patients required two stents, and stent obstruction occurred in 2 patients after initial stent placement. Early postprocedural clinical success, indicated by average dysphagia score, improved significantly in both groups: MSI group, from 4.56 to 1.51 (P < 0.01); and DIT group, from 4.38 to 1.48 (p < 0.01). There were no short-term complications. Late complications including hematemesis (n = 3), migration (n = 12), and stent occlusion due to tumor overgrowth (n = 5) were evenly distributed between the groups. In the DIT group chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and transient renal dysfunction were detected in six patients, which improved after symptomatic management. Mean survival time after the procedure was 5.9 and 11.1 months for MSI and DIT, respectively (P < 0.001). In conclusion, both MSI and DIT offer effective palliation for malignant gastroduodenal obstruction, but DIT appears to offer superior survival over MSI alone. Ideally, a prospective randomized trial comparing these two techniques should be carried out to validate this result.« less

Characterization of a yeast sporulation-specific P450 family protein, Dit2, using an in vitro assay to crosslink formyl tyrosine.

PubMed

Bemena, Leo D; Mukama, Omar; Wang, Ning; Gao, Xiao-Dong; Nakanishi, Hideki

2018-02-01

The outermost layer of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae spore, termed the dityrosine layer, is primarily composed of bisformyl dityrosine. Bisformyl dityrosine is produced in the spore cytosol by crosslinking of two formyl tyrosine molecules, after which it is transported to the nascent spore wall and assembled into the dityrosine layer by an unknown mechanism. A P450 family protein, Dit2, is believed to mediate the crosslinking of bisformyl dityrosine molecules. To characterize Dit2 and gain insight into the biological process of dityrosine layer formation, we performed an in vitro assay to crosslink formyl tyrosine with using permeabilized cells. For an unknown reason, the production of bisformyl dityrosine could not be confirmed under our experimental conditions, but dityrosine was detected in acid hydrolysates of the reaction mixtures in a Dit2 dependent manner. Thus, Dit2 mediated the crosslinking of formyl tyrosine in vitro. Dityrosine was detected when formyl tyrosine, but not tyrosine, was used as a substrate and the reaction required NADPH as a cofactor. Intriguingly, apart from Dit2, we found that the spore wall, but not the vegetative cell wall, contains bisformyl dityrosine crosslinking activity. This activity may be involved in the assembly of the dityrosine layer. © The Authors 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Japanese Biochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Approaches and considerations for the assessment of immunotoxicity for environmental chemicals: a workshop summary.

PubMed

Boverhof, Darrell R; Ladics, Greg; Luebke, Bob; Botham, Jane; Corsini, Emanuela; Evans, Ellen; Germolec, Dori; Holsapple, Michael; Loveless, Scott E; Lu, Haitian; van der Laan, Jan Willem; White, Kimber L; Yang, Yung

2014-02-01

As experience is gained with toxicology testing and as new assays and technologies are developed, it is critical for stakeholders to discuss opportunities to advance our overall testing strategies. To facilitate these discussions, a workshop on practices for assessing immunotoxicity for environmental chemicals was held with the goal of sharing perspectives on immunotoxicity testing strategies and experiences, developmental immunotoxicity (DIT), and integrated and alternative approaches to immunotoxicity testing. Experiences across the chemical and pharmaceutical industries suggested that standard toxicity studies, combined with triggered-based testing approaches, represent an effective and efficient approach to evaluate immunotoxic potential. Additionally, discussions on study design, critical windows, and new guideline approaches and experiences identified important factors to consider before initiating DIT evaluations including assay choice and timing and the impact of existing adult data. Participants agreed that integrating endpoints into standard repeat-dose studies should be considered for fulfilling any immunotoxicity testing requirements, while also maximizing information and reducing animal use. Participants also acknowledged that in vitro evaluation of immunosuppression is complex and may require the use of multiple assays that are still being developed. These workshop discussions should contribute to developing an effective but more resource and animal efficient approach for evaluating chemical immunotoxicity. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Evaluating moral reasoning in nursing education.

PubMed

McLeod-Sordjan, Renee

2014-06-01

Evidence-based practice suggests the best approach to improving professionalism in practice is ethics curricula. However, recent research has demonstrated that millennium graduates do not advocate for patients or assert themselves during moral conflicts. The aim of this article is the exploration of evaluation techniques to evaluate one measurable outcome of ethics curricula: moral reasoning. A review of literature, published between 1995 and 2013, demonstrated that the moral orientations of care and justice as conceptualized by Gilligan and Kohlberg are utilized by nursing students to solve ethical dilemmas. Data obtained by means of reflective journaling, Ethics of Care Interview (ECI) and Defining Issues Test (DIT), would objectively measure the interrelated pathways of care-based and justice-based moral reasoning. In conclusion, educators have an ethical responsibility to foster students' ability to exercise sound clinical judgment, and support their professional development. It is recommended that educators design authentic assessments to demonstrate student's improvement of moral reasoning. © The Author(s) 2013.

Temperature dependent quasi-static capacitance-voltage characterization of SiO2/β-Ga2O3 interface on different crystal orientations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zeng, Ke; Singisetti, Uttam

2017-09-01

The interface trap density (Dit) of the SiO2/β-Ga2O3 interface in ( 2 ¯ 01), (010), and (001) orientations is obtained by the Hi-Lo method with the low frequency capacitance measured using the Quasi-Static Capacitance-Voltage (QSCV) technique. QSCV measurements are carried out at higher temperatures to increase the measured energy range of Dit in the bandgap. At room temperature, higher Dit is observed near the band edge for all three orientations. The measurement at higher temperatures led to an annealing effect that reduced the Dit value for all samples. Comparison with the conductance method and frequency dispersion of the capacitance suggests that the traps at the band edge are slow traps which respond to low frequency signals.

Differences in Moral Judgment on Animal and Human Ethics Issues between University Students in Animal-Related, Human Medical and Arts Programs.

PubMed

Verrinder, Joy M; Ostini, Remo; Phillips, Clive J C

2016-01-01

Moral judgment in relation to animal ethics issues has rarely been investigated. Among the research that has been conducted, studies of veterinary students have shown greater use of reasoning based on universal principles for animal than human ethics issues. This study aimed to identify if this was unique to students of veterinary and other animal-related professions. The moral reasoning of first year students of veterinary medicine, veterinary technology, and production animal science was compared with that of students in non-animal related disciplines of human medicine and arts. All students (n = 531) completed a moral reasoning test, the VetDIT, with animal and human scenarios. When compared with reasoning on human ethics issues, the combined group of students evaluating animal ethics issues showed higher levels of Universal Principles reasoning, lower levels of Personal Interest reasoning and similar levels of Maintaining Norms reasoning. Arts students showed more personal interest reasoning than students in most animal-related programs on both animal and human ethics issues, and less norms-based reasoning on animal ethics issues. Medical students showed more norms-based reasoning on animal ethics issues than all of the animal-related groups. There were no differences in principled reasoning on animal ethics issues between program groups. This has implications for animal-related professions and education programs showing that students' preference for principled reasoning on animal ethics issues is not unique to animal-related disciplines, and highlighting the need to develop student (and professional) capacity to apply principled reasoning to address ethics issues in animal industries to reduce the risk of moral distress.

Differences in Moral Judgment on Animal and Human Ethics Issues between University Students in Animal-Related, Human Medical and Arts Programs

PubMed Central

Verrinder, Joy M.; Ostini, Remo; Phillips, Clive J. C.

2016-01-01

Moral judgment in relation to animal ethics issues has rarely been investigated. Among the research that has been conducted, studies of veterinary students have shown greater use of reasoning based on universal principles for animal than human ethics issues. This study aimed to identify if this was unique to students of veterinary and other animal-related professions. The moral reasoning of first year students of veterinary medicine, veterinary technology, and production animal science was compared with that of students in non-animal related disciplines of human medicine and arts. All students (n = 531) completed a moral reasoning test, the VetDIT, with animal and human scenarios. When compared with reasoning on human ethics issues, the combined group of students evaluating animal ethics issues showed higher levels of Universal Principles reasoning, lower levels of Personal Interest reasoning and similar levels of Maintaining Norms reasoning. Arts students showed more personal interest reasoning than students in most animal-related programs on both animal and human ethics issues, and less norms-based reasoning on animal ethics issues. Medical students showed more norms-based reasoning on animal ethics issues than all of the animal-related groups. There were no differences in principled reasoning on animal ethics issues between program groups. This has implications for animal-related professions and education programs showing that students’ preference for principled reasoning on animal ethics issues is not unique to animal-related disciplines, and highlighting the need to develop student (and professional) capacity to apply principled reasoning to address ethics issues in animal industries to reduce the risk of moral distress. PMID:26934582

Neural Correlates of Post-Conventional Moral Reasoning: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study

PubMed Central

Prehn, Kristin; Korczykowski, Marc; Rao, Hengyi; Fang, Zhuo; Detre, John A.; Robertson, Diana C.

2015-01-01

Going back to Kohlberg, moral development research affirms that people progress through different stages of moral reasoning as cognitive abilities mature. Individuals at a lower level of moral reasoning judge moral issues mainly based on self-interest (personal interests schema) or based on adherence to laws and rules (maintaining norms schema), whereas individuals at the post-conventional level judge moral issues based on deeper principles and shared ideals. However, the extent to which moral development is reflected in structural brain architecture remains unknown. To investigate this question, we used voxel-based morphometry and examined the brain structure in a sample of 67 Master of Business Administration (MBA) students. Subjects completed the Defining Issues Test (DIT-2) which measures moral development in terms of cognitive schema preference. Results demonstrate that subjects at the post-conventional level of moral reasoning were characterized by increased gray matter volume in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, compared with subjects at a lower level of moral reasoning. Our findings support an important role for both cognitive and emotional processes in moral reasoning and provide first evidence for individual differences in brain structure according to the stages of moral reasoning first proposed by Kohlberg decades ago. PMID:26039547

Exploring the impact of mindfulness meditation training in pre-licensure and post graduate nurses.

PubMed

Sanko, Jill; Mckay, Mary; Rogers, Scott

2016-10-01

The complex, high stress, technologically laden healthcare environment compromises providers' ability to be fully present in the moment; especially during patient interactions. This "pulling away" of attention (mindlessness) from the present moment creates an environment where decision making can take place in the absence of thoughtful, deliberate engagement in the task at hand. Mindfulness, can be cultivated through a variety of mindfulness practices. Few schools of nursing or hospitals offer mindfulness training, despite study findings supporting its effectiveness in improving levels of mindfulness, and perceived connections with patients and families. A mindfulness program developed for this study and tailored to nursing was used to provide the mindfulness training. Pre and post training assessments were completed and included administration of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI) and the Defining Issues Test (DIT) of moral judgment version 2. A statistically significant improvement in the FMI scores p=0.003 was found. The pre-licensure group did not show a statistically significant improvement in their FMI scores pre to post training (p=0.281), however the post graduate group did (p=0.004). Statistically significant pre - post scores were found in two schemas of the DIT-2 (P [Post conventional] score, p=0.039 and N2 [Maintaining norms] score, p=0.032). Mindfulness training improves mindfulness and some aspects of ethical decision making in the groups studied as part of this project. The findings of this study are promising and further demonstrate the merits of a mindfulness practice, however aspects of mindfulness training would need to be addressed prior to launching a full scale attempt to incorporate this into a work life or some other quality improvement program. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Immediate versus Delayed Treatment in the Anterior Maxilla Using Single Implants with a Laser-Microtextured Collar: 3-Year Results of a Case Series on Hard- and Soft-Tissue Response and Esthetics.

PubMed

Guarnieri, Renzo; Belleggia, Fabrizio; Grande, Maurizio

2016-02-01

To compare peri-implant marginal bone loss, soft tissue response, and esthetics following single immediate implant treatment (IIT) and delayed implant treatment (DIT) in the esthetic zone of the maxilla in well-selected patients. Adequate bone volume and ideal soft tissue level/contour were considered requirements for implant therapy, with additional prerequisites for IIT of residual alveolar bone wall integrity and a thick gingival biotype. IIT included immediate placement and provisionalization, while DIT included extraction socket preservation followed by implant placement and provisionalization 4 months later. Cortical bone levels and peri-implant mucosal conditions were evaluated at regular intervals. The esthetic outcome was objectively rated after 3 years using the pink esthetic score (PES) and white esthetic score (WES). Twelve patients received an immediate Laser-Lok® implant, and 13 patients received a delayed Laser-Lok® implant. No significant differences were found between the study groups regarding survival rate (100%). The mean bone level from the implant/abutment interface was 0.35 ± 0.18 mm for IIT and 0.42 ± 0.21 mm for DIT after 3 years (p > 0.05). Mesial and distal papillae remained stable over time in DIT. A tendency for regrowth of mesial and distal papillae was found following IIT (p < 0.05). Midfacial soft tissues remained stable over time following DIT and IIT. Within the limitations of this study (e.g., small sample size, short follow-up duration), the results suggest that regarding success rate, hard/soft tissue responses, and esthetics, DIT and IIT with single Laser-Lok® implants in the anterior maxilla are comparable and predictable options for well-selected patients. © 2015 by the American College of Prosthodontists.

Characterization of five terminator regions that increase the protein yield of a transgene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PubMed

Ito, Yoichiro; Yamanishi, Mamoru; Ikeuchi, Akinori; Imamura, Chie; Tokuhiro, Kenro; Kitagawa, Takao; Matsuyama, Takashi

2013-12-01

Strong terminator regions could be used to improve metabolically engineered yeasts by increasing the target enzyme protein yields above those achieved with traditional terminator regions. We recently identified five strong terminator regions (RPL41Bt, RPL15At, DIT1t, RPL3t, and IDP1t) in a comprehensive analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The effect of the terminator regions was analyzed by measuring the protein production of a linked transgene, and was shown to be twice that of a traditional terminator region (PGK1t). Here, we investigated whether the activity of the terminator regions is affected by exchange of a strong promoter or reporter in the linked transgene, carbon source for cell growth, stress factors, host yeast strain, or stage of the growth phase. Our results indicate that the activities of all five terminator regions were twice that of PGK1t in all conditions tested. In addition, we demonstrated that the strong activity of these terminator regions could be used to improve secretory production of endoglucanase II derived from Tricoderma ressei, and that the DIT1t strain was the best of the five strains for this purpose. We therefore propose that DIT1t, and the four other terminator regions, could be applied to the development of improved metabolically engineered yeasts. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Inhomogeneous screening of gate electric field by interface states in graphene FETs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singh, Anil Kumar; Gupta, Anjan Kumar

2017-09-01

The electronic states at graphene-SiO2 interface and their inhomogeneity is investigated using the back-gate-voltage dependence of local tunnel spectra acquired with a scanning tunneling microscope. The conductance spectra show two, or occasionally three, minima that evolve along the bias-voltage axis with the back gate voltage. This evolution is modeled using tip-gating and interface states. The energy dependent interface states’ density, Dit(E) , required to model the back-gate evolution of the minima, is found to have significant inhomogeneity in its energy-width. A broad Dit(E) leads to an effect similar to a reduction in the Fermi velocity while the narrow Dit(E) leads to the pinning of the Fermi energy close to the Dirac point, as observed in some places, due to enhanced screening of the gate electric field by the narrow Dit(E) . Finally, this also demonstrates STM as a tool to probe the density of interface states in various 2D Dirac materials.

Report of the Hydrographic Service Royal Australian Navy for the Year ended 30th June 1985, Issue Number 21.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-01-01

Mapping Council which will be held in October 1985. IJS. COMPTONAPTAIN RAN HYDROGRAPHER RAN Accesion For NTIS -CRAMI LDrIC TAB U,.annournced 0 J ...itifcation By .-........ . Di.. t ibution Availability Codes Dit Avail ar-.I or A-1 QUALITYSSPECTED - 2 L. 2. GENERAL The RAN Hydrographic Service, the...FLINDERS used Side Scan Sonar and her diving team to find, and determine the least depths over, the wrecks SAFARI and ERICA J lying on the sea-bed in the

SU-E-P-45: An Analytical Formula for Deriving Mechanical Iso-Center of Rotational Gantry Treatment Unit Rotational Gantry Treatment Unit

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ding, X; Bues, M

2015-06-15

Purpose: To present an analytical formula for deriving mechanical isocenter (MIC) of a rotational gantry treatment unit. The input data to the formula is obtained by a custom-made device. The formula has been implemented and used in an operational proton therapy facility since 2005. Methods: The custom made device consisted of 3 mutually perpendicular dial indicators and 5 clinometers, to obtain displacement data and gantry angle data simultaneously. During measurement, a steel sphere was affixed to the patient couch, and the device was attached to the snout rotating with the gantry. The displacement data and angle data were obtained simultaneouslymore » at angular increments of less than 1 degree. The analytical formula took the displacement and angle as input and derived the positions of dial indicator tips (DIT) position in room-fixed coordinate system. The formula derivation presupposes trigonometry and 3-dimentional coordinate transformations. Due to the symmetry properties of the defining equations, the DIT position can be solved for analytically without using mathematical approximations. We define the mean of all points in the DIT trajectory as the MIC. The formula was implemented in computer code, which has been employed during acceptance test, commissioning, as well as routine QA practice in an operational proton facility since 2005. Results: It took one minute for the custom-made device to acquire the measurement data for a full gantry rotation. The DIT trajectory and MIS are instantaneously available after the measurement. The MIC Result agrees well with vendor’s Result, which came from a different measurement setup, as well as different data analysis algorithm. Conclusion: An analytical formula for deriving mechanical isocenter was developed and validated. The formula is considered to be absolutely accurate mathematically. Be analyzing measured data of radial displacements as function of gantry angle, the formula calculates the MI position in room coordinate.« less

Diagnostic value of brain chronic black holes on T1-weighted MR images in clinically isolated syndromes.

PubMed

Mitjana, Raquel; Tintoré, Mar; Rocca, Maria A; Auger, Cristina; Barkhof, Frederik; Filippi, Massimo; Polman, Chris; Fazekas, Franz; Huerga, Elena; Montalban, Xavier; Rovira, Alex

2014-10-01

Non-enhancing black holes (neBHs) are more common in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with longer disease durations and progressive disease subtypes. Our aim was to analyse the added value of neBHs in patients with clinically isolated syndromes (CISs) for predicting conversion to clinically definite MS (CDMS). Patients were classified based on the presence or absence of neBHs and on the number of Barkhof-Tintoré (B-T) criteria fulfilled. Dissemination in space (DIS) was defined as the presence of at least three of the four B-T criteria. Dissemination in time (DIT)1 was defined by simultaneous presence of enhancing and non-enhancing lesions. DIT2 was defined by simultaneous presence of neBHs and T2 lesions not apparent on T1-weighted images. Focal T2-hyperintense brain lesions were identified in 87.7% of the 520 CIS patients, and 41.4% of them presented at least one neBH. Patients meeting DIS, DIT1, and DIT2 had a significantly higher rate of conversion to CDMS. After adjusting for DIS, only patients who fulfilled DIT1 preserved a significant increase in CDMS conversion. Non-enhancing black holes in CIS patients are associated with a higher risk of conversion to CDMS. However, the predictive value of this finding is lost when added to the DIS criteria. © The Author(s) 2014.

Experimental quantum information processing with the Talbot effect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sawada, K.; Walborn, S. P.

2018-07-01

We report a proof of concept experiment illustrating the implementation of several simple quantum logic gates on D-level quantum systems (quDits) using the Talbot effect. A number of QuDit states are encoded into the transverse profile of a paraxial laser beam using a spatial light modulator. These states are transformed through a diagonal phase element and then free-propagation via the fractional Talbot effect, demonstrating the realization of some well-known single quDit gates in quantum computation. Our classical optics experiment allows us to identify several important technical details, and serves as a first experimental step in performing D-dimensional quantum operations with single photons or other quantum systems using this scheme.

Enhancement of protein production via the strong DIT1 terminator and two RNA-binding proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

PubMed Central

Ito, Yoichiro; Kitagawa, Takao; Yamanishi, Mamoru; Katahira, Satoshi; Izawa, Shingo; Irie, Kenji; Furutani-Seiki, Makoto; Matsuyama, Takashi

2016-01-01

Post-transcriptional upregulation is an effective way to increase the expression of transgenes and thus maximize the yields of target chemicals from metabolically engineered organisms. Refractory elements in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) that increase mRNA half-life might be available. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, several terminator regions have shown activity in increasing the production of proteins by upstream coding genes; among these terminators the DIT1 terminator has the highest activity. Here, we found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that two resident trans-acting RNA-binding proteins (Nab6p and Pap1p) enhance the activity of the DIT1 terminator through the cis element GUUCG/U within the 3′-UTR. These two RNA-binding proteins could upregulate a battery of cell-wall–related genes. Mutagenesis of the DIT1 terminator improved its activity by a maximum of 500% of that of the standard PGK1 terminator. Further understanding and improvement of this system will facilitate inexpensive and stable production of complicated organism-derived drugs worldwide. PMID:27845367

Enhancement of protein production via the strong DIT1 terminator and two RNA-binding proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PubMed

Ito, Yoichiro; Kitagawa, Takao; Yamanishi, Mamoru; Katahira, Satoshi; Izawa, Shingo; Irie, Kenji; Furutani-Seiki, Makoto; Matsuyama, Takashi

2016-11-15

Post-transcriptional upregulation is an effective way to increase the expression of transgenes and thus maximize the yields of target chemicals from metabolically engineered organisms. Refractory elements in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) that increase mRNA half-life might be available. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, several terminator regions have shown activity in increasing the production of proteins by upstream coding genes; among these terminators the DIT1 terminator has the highest activity. Here, we found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that two resident trans-acting RNA-binding proteins (Nab6p and Pap1p) enhance the activity of the DIT1 terminator through the cis element GUUCG/U within the 3'-UTR. These two RNA-binding proteins could upregulate a battery of cell-wall-related genes. Mutagenesis of the DIT1 terminator improved its activity by a maximum of 500% of that of the standard PGK1 terminator. Further understanding and improvement of this system will facilitate inexpensive and stable production of complicated organism-derived drugs worldwide.

Quantum information processing by weaving quantum Talbot carpets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Farías, Osvaldo Jiménez; de Melo, Fernando; Milman, Pérola; Walborn, Stephen P.

2015-06-01

Single-photon interference due to passage through a periodic grating is considered in a novel proposal for processing D -dimensional quantum systems (quDits) encoded in the spatial degrees of freedom of light. We show that free-space propagation naturally implements basic single-quDit gates by means of the Talbot effect: an intricate time-space carpet of light in the near-field diffraction regime. By adding a diagonal phase gate, we show that a complete set of single-quDit gates can be implemented. We then introduce a spatially dependent beam splitter that allows for projective measurements in the computational basis and can be used for the implementation of controlled operations between two quDits. Universal quantum information processing can then be implemented with linear optics and ancilla photons via postselection and feed-forward following the original proposal of Knill-Laflamme and Milburn. Although we consider photons, our scheme should be directly applicable to a number of other physical systems. Interpretation of the Talbot effect as a quantum logic operation provides a beautiful and interesting way to visualize quantum computation through wave propagation and interference.

Investigating the Engagement of Mature Students with Mathematics Learning Support

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Breen, Cormac; Prendergast, Mark; Carr, Michael

2015-01-01

The Maths Learning Support Centre (MLSC) in the Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) provides free mathematical support to all DIT students. This support is primarily delivered through a drop-in service, where students can receive one-to-one tuition, without an appointment, in any area of mathematics. In the first semester of the 2013/14 academic…

The Effects of a Hypocaloric Diet on Diet-Induced Thermogenesis and Blood Hormone Response in Healthy Male Adults: A Pilot Study.

PubMed

Ishii, Shunsuke; Osaki, Noriko; Shimotoyodome, Akira

2016-01-01

Calorie restriction is a common strategy for weight loss and management. Consumption of food and nutrients stimulates diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), as well as pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormone secretion that may regulate energy metabolism. Yet, little is known about the impact of hypocaloric diets on energy metabolism-related parameters. In this study, we assessed the effects of hypocaloric diets on hormonal variance in relation to DIT in healthy adults. Ten healthy male adults were enrolled in a randomized crossover study comprising three meal trials. Each subject was given a meal of 200 (extremely hypocaloric), 400 (moderately hypocaloric), or 800 kcal (normocaloric). Postprandial blood variables and energy expenditure were measured for 4 h (after the 200- and 400-kcal meals) or 6 h (after the 800-kcal meal). DIT and postprandial changes in blood pancreatic peptide and ghrelin were significantly smaller after the extremely or moderately hypocaloric diet than after the normocaloric diet but were similar between the hypocaloric diets. Postprandial blood insulin, amylin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide type-1 (GLP-1) increased in a calorie-dependent manner. Thermogenic efficiency (DIT per energy intake) was negatively correlated with the maximum blood level (Cmax) (p=0.01) and incremental area under the curve (p=0.01) of the blood GIP response. Calorie restriction thus leads to hormonal responses and lower DIT in healthy adults. Extreme calorie restriction, however, led to greater thermogenic efficiency compared with moderate calorie restriction. The postprandial GIP response may be a good predictor of postprandial thermogenic efficiency.

Brown adipose tissue is involved in diet-induced thermogenesis and whole-body fat utilization in healthy humans

PubMed Central

Hibi, M; Oishi, S; Matsushita, M; Yoneshiro, T; Yamaguchi, T; Usui, C; Yasunaga, K; Katsuragi, Y; Kubota, K; Tanaka, S; Saito, M

2016-01-01

Background/Objectives: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a potential therapeutic target against obesity and diabetes through thermogenesis and substrate disposal with cold exposure. The role of BAT in energy metabolism under thermoneutral conditions, however, remains controversial. We assessed the contribution of BAT to energy expenditure (EE), particularly diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), and substrate utilization in human adults. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, BAT activity was evaluated in 21 men using 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) after cold exposure (19 °C). The subjects were divided into BAT-positive (n=13) and BAT-negative (n=8) groups according to the 18F-FDG-PET/CT findings. Twenty-four hour EE, DIT and respiratory quotient were measured using a whole-room indirect calorimeter at 27 °C. Results: Body composition, blood metabolites and 24-h EE did not differ between groups. DIT (%), calculated as DIT divided by total energy intake, however, was significantly higher in the BAT-positive group (BAT-positive: 9.7±2.5%, BAT-negative: 6.5±4.0%, P=0.03). The 24-h respiratory quotient was significantly lower (P=0.03) in the BAT-positive group (0.861±0.027) than in the BAT-negative group (0.889±0.024). Conclusion: DIT and fat utilization were higher in BAT-positive subjects compared to BAT-negative subjects, suggesting that BAT has a physiologic role in energy metabolism. PMID:27430878

Diet-Induced Thermogenesis in Insects: A Developing Concept in Nutritional Ecology

Treesearch

Terry M. Trier; William J. Mattson

2003-01-01

Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) is a concept that has been well known in one form or another for more than a century in vertebrate nutrition and physiological ecology. Yet, it is practically unknown in the physiology and nutritional ecology of insects. We suggest that DIT is a ubiquitous mechanism occurring in most if not all organisms and functions to maintain...

Consumption of milk-protein combined with green tea modulates diet-induced thermogenesis.

PubMed

Hursel, Rick; Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S

2011-08-01

Green tea and protein separately are able to increase diet-induced thermogenesis. Although their effects on long-term weight-maintenance were present separately, they were not additive. Therefore, the effect of milk-protein (MP) in combination with green tea on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) was examined in 18 subjects (aged 18-60 years; BMI: 23.0 ± 2.1 kg/m(2)). They participated in an experiment with a randomized, 6 arms, crossover design, where energy expenditure and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured. Green tea (GT)vs. placebo (PL) capsules were either given in combination with water or with breakfasts containing milk protein in two different dosages: 15 g (15 MP) (energy% P/C/F: 15/47/38; 1.7 MJ/500 mL), and 3.5 g (3.5 MP) (energy% P/C/F: 41/59/0; 146.4 kJ/100 mL). After measuring resting energy expenditure (REE) for 30 min, diet-induced energy expenditure was measured for another 3.5 h after the intervention. There was an overall significant difference observed between conditions (p < 0.001). Post-hoc, areas under the curve (AUCs) for diet-induced energy expenditure were significantly different (P ≤ 0.001) for GT + water (41.11 [91.72] kJ·3.5 h) vs. PL + water (10.86 [28.13] kJ·3.5 h), GT + 3.5 MP (10.14 [54.59] kJ·3.5 h) and PL + 3.5 MP (12.03 [34.09] kJ·3.5 h), but not between GT + 3.5 MP, PL + 3.5 MP and PL + water, indicating that MP inhibited DIT following GT. DIT after GT + 15 MP (167.69 [141.56] kJ·3.5 h) and PL + 15 MP (168.99 [186.56] kJ·3.5 h) was significantly increased vs. PL + water (P < 0.001), but these were not different from each other indicating that 15 g MP stimulated DIT, but inhibited the GT effect on DIT. No significant differences in RQ were seen between conditions for baseline and post-treatment. In conclusion, consumption of milk-protein inhibits the effect of green tea on DIT.

Data Integration Tool: Permafrost Data Debugging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilcox, H.; Schaefer, K. M.; Jafarov, E. E.; Pulsifer, P. L.; Strawhacker, C.; Yarmey, L.; Basak, R.

2017-12-01

We developed a Data Integration Tool (DIT) to significantly speed up the time of manual processing needed to translate inconsistent, scattered historical permafrost data into files ready to ingest directly into the Global Terrestrial Network-Permafrost (GTN-P). The United States National Science Foundation funded this project through the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) with the GTN-P to improve permafrost data access and discovery. We leverage this data to support science research and policy decisions. DIT is a workflow manager that divides data preparation and analysis into a series of steps or operations called widgets (https://github.com/PermaData/DIT). Each widget does a specific operation, such as read, multiply by a constant, sort, plot, and write data. DIT allows the user to select and order the widgets as desired to meet their specific needs, incrementally interact with and evolve the widget workflows, and save those workflows for reproducibility. Taking ideas from visual programming found in the art and design domain, debugging and iterative design principles from software engineering, and the scientific data processing and analysis power of Fortran and Python it was written for interactive, iterative data manipulation, quality control, processing, and analysis of inconsistent data in an easily installable application. DIT was used to completely translate one dataset (133 sites) that was successfully added to GTN-P, nearly translate three datasets (270 sites), and is scheduled to translate 10 more datasets ( 1000 sites) from the legacy inactive site data holdings of the Frozen Ground Data Center (FGDC). Iterative development has provided the permafrost and wider scientific community with an extendable tool designed specifically for the iterative process of translating unruly data.

"Let's get down to business: a validation study of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory among a sample of MBA students.".

PubMed

Heinze, Peter; Allen, Rhianon; Magai, Carol; Ritzler, Barry

2010-08-01

While the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI) has gained increasing attention as a measure of noncriminal psychopathy, absent has been research involving samples including business people. This study investigated the validity of the PPI with such a population by examining the association between psychopathic traits and moral decision-making among MBA students. Sixty-six MBA students were assessed using the PPI, the MACH-IV (a measure of Machiavellianism), the Ethical Position Questionnaire (EPQ), and the Defining Issues Test (DIT-2). Only PPI Machiavellian Egocentricity was associated with level of post-conventional moral reasoning. MACH-IV Machiavellianism was a stronger predictor of the Subjectivist ethical position than were PPI subscales. However, a combination of MACH-IV Machiavellianism and four PPI scales accounted for 46% of the variance in Subjectivism. Results suggested that Machiavellian Egocentricity and Machiavellianism are distinct constructs. Benning, Patrick, Hicks, Blonigen, & Krueger (2003)'s two factor model of the PPI was also supported. In general, the findings provided further validation for the PPI as a tool for assessing psychopathic traits among "mainstream" individuals, including business people.

Interface properties of SiOxNy layer on Si prepared by atmospheric-pressure plasma oxidation-nitridation

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

SiOxNy films with a low nitrogen concentration (< 4%) have been prepared on Si substrates at 400°C by atmospheric-pressure plasma oxidation-nitridation process using O2 and N2 as gaseous precursors diluted in He. Interface properties of SiOxNy films have been investigated by analyzing high-frequency and quasistatic capacitance-voltage characteristics of metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors. It is found that addition of N into the oxide increases both interface state density (Dit) and positive fixed charge density (Qf). After forming gas anneal, Dit decreases largely with decreasing N2/O2 flow ratio from 1 to 0.01 while the change of Qf is insignificant. These results suggest that low N2/O2 flow ratio is a key parameter to achieve a low Dit and relatively high Qf, which is effective for field effect passivation of n-type Si surfaces. PMID:23634872

Nitride passivation reduces interfacial traps in atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3/GaAs (001) metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors using atmospheric metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aoki, T.; Fukuhara, N.; Osada, T.; Sazawa, H.; Hata, M.; Inoue, T.

2014-07-01

Using an atmospheric metal-organic chemical vapor deposition system, we passivated GaAs with AlN prior to atomic layer deposition of Al2O3. This AlN passivation incorporated nitrogen at the Al2O3/GaAs interface, improving the capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of the resultant metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors (MOSCAPs). The C-V curves of these devices showed a remarkable reduction in the frequency dispersion of the accumulation capacitance. Using the conductance method at various temperatures, we extracted the interfacial density of states (Dit). The Dit was reduced over the entire GaAs band gap. In particular, these devices exhibited Dit around the midgap of less than 4 × 1012 cm-2eV-1, showing that AlN passivation effectively reduced interfacial traps in the MOS structure.

Computer Program Development Specification for IDAMST Operational Flight Programs. Addendum 1. Executive Software.

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-11-01

system. b. Read different program configurations to reconfigure the software during flight. c. Write Digital Integrated Test System (DITS) results...associated witn > inor C):l.e Event must be Unlatched. The sole difference between a Latched ana an lnratcrec Condition is that upon the Scheduling...Table. Furthermore, the block of pointers for one Minor Cycle may be wholly contained witnir the Diock of ocinters for a different Minor Cycle. For

In vitro screening of 50 highly prescribed drugs for thiol adduct formation--comparison of potential for drug-induced toxicity and extent of adduct formation.

PubMed

Gan, Jinping; Ruan, Qian; He, Bing; Zhu, Mingshe; Shyu, Wen C; Humphreys, W Griffith

2009-04-01

Reactive metabolite formation has been associated with drug-induced liver, skin, and hematopoietic toxicity of many drugs that has resulted in serious clinical toxicity, leading to clinical development failure, black box warnings, or, in some cases, withdrawal from the market. In vitro and in vivo screening for reactive metabolite formation has been proposed and widely adopted in the pharmaceutical industry with the aim of minimizing the property and thus the risk of drug-induced toxicity (DIT). One of the most common screening methods is in vitro thiol trapping of reactive metabolites. Although it is well-documented that many hepatotoxins form thiol adducts, there is no literature describing the adduct formation potential of safer drugs that are widely used. The objective of this study was to quantitatively assess the thiol adduct formation potential of 50 drugs (10 associated with DIT and 40 not associated) and document apparent differences in adduct formation between toxic and safer drugs. Dansyl glutathione was used as a trapping agent to aid the quantitation of adducts following in vitro incubation of drugs with human liver microsomes in the presence and absence of NADPH. Metabolic turnover of these drugs was also monitored by LC/UV. Overall, 15 out of the 50 drugs screened formed detectable levels of thiol adducts. There were general trends toward more positive findings in the DIT group vs the non-DIT group. These trends became more marked when the relative amount of thiol adducts was taken into account and improved further when dose and total daily reactive metabolite burdens were considered. In conclusion, there appears to be a general trend between the extent of thiol adduct formation and the potential for DIT, which would support the preclinical measurement and minimization of the property through screening of thiol adduct formation as part of an overall discovery optimization paradigm.

Postprandial metabolism in resistance-trained versus sedentary males.

PubMed

Thyfault, John P; Richmond, Scott R; Carper, Michael J; Potteiger, Jeffrey A; Hulver, Matthew W

2004-04-01

This investigation examined if postprandial metabolism differed between resistance-trained [(RT), N = 12] and sedentary [(SED), N = 12] males. A secondary objective was to determine whether different resistance-training programs [bodybuilding (BB), N = 8 and power/weight-lifting (PL), N = 8] resulted in disparate effects on postprandial energy metabolism. Moderate fat [(MF), 37% carbohydrate, 18% protein, and 45% fat] and high carbohydrate [(HC), 79% carbohydrate, 20% protein, and 1% fat] meals were randomly administered, and postprandial metabolism was measured for 240 min. Carbohydrate oxidation, fat oxidation, diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), and glucose and insulin areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated. Fat oxidization/lean body mass (LBM) was significantly greater in SED after the HC (RT, 0.27 +/- 0.02 g vs SED, 0.33 +/- 0.02 g, P = 0.017) and MF (RT, 0.34 +/- 0.02 g vs SED, 0.39 +/- 0.02 g, P = 0.036) meals. Carbohydrate oxidation/LBM was significantly greater in RT after the HC meal (RT, 0.87 +/- 0.03 g vs SED, 0.74 +/- 0.04 g, P = 0.017) only. DIT and DIT/LBM were significantly greater in RT compared with SED after the HC meal (DIT: RT, 351 +/- 21 kJ vs SED, 231 +/- 23 kJ, P = 0.001; DIT/LBM: RT, 5.25 +/- 0.028 kJ vs SED, 3.92 +/- 0.37 kJ, P = 0.009). The AUC for both glucose and insulin were significantly greater in SED compared with RT in response to the HC meal but not the MF meal. There were no differences in the BB and PL groups for any measured variables in response to either the HC or MF meals. These data indicate that postprandial metabolism is different between resistance-trained and sedentary males but that no such differences exist with different resistance training styles.

Testbed Environment for Distributed Observation (testbed omgeving voor gedistribueerde waarneming)

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-05-01

het IP-adres en portnumnmer van de MID halen . Ook de naamn van de XML-file om de NID te beschrijven staat hierin vermeld (in dit geval ’CSD.xmId’) in...DeviceML beschrijving van de NID op te halen . Dit wordt gedaan door een TCP/IP verbinding op te zetten tussen de LUS en de NID (via de DeviceML port...vernisenigvuidigd! enlof openbaar gensaaki door middel van druk, fotokopie, microftinm of op welke andere wijze dan ook, zonder voorafgaande schrifielijke

MRI CRITERIA FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: MAGNIMS CONSENSUS GUIDELINES

PubMed Central

Filippi, M.; Rocca, M.A.; Ciccarelli, O.; De Stefano, N.; Evangelou, N.; Kappos, L.; Rovira, A.; Sastre-Garriga, J.; Tintorè, M.; Frederiksen, J.L.; Gasperini, C.; Palace, J.; Reich, D.S.; Banwell, B.; Montalban, X.; Barkhof, F.

2016-01-01

Summary In patients presenting with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can support and substitute clinical information for multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis demonstrating disease dissemination in space (DIS) and time (DIT) and helping to rule out other conditions that can mimic MS. From their inclusion in the diagnostic work-up for MS in 2001, several modifications of MRI diagnostic criteria have been proposed, in the attempt to simplify lesion-count models for demonstrating DIS, change the timing of MRI scanning for demonstrating DIT, and increase the value of spinal cord imaging. Since the last update of these criteria, new data regarding the application of MRI for demonstrating DIS and DIT have become available and improvement in MRI technology has occurred. State-of-the-art MRI findings in these patients were discussed in a MAGNIMS workshop, the goal of which was to provide an evidence-based and expert-opinion consensus on diagnostic MRI criteria modifications. PMID:26822746

Effect of PECVD SiNx/SiOyNx-Si interface property on surface passivation of silicon wafer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jia, Xiao-Jie; Zhou, Chun-Lan; Zhu, Jun-Jie; Zhou, Su; Wang, Wen-Jing

2016-12-01

It is studied in this paper that the electrical characteristics of the interface between SiOyNx/SiNx stack and silicon wafer affect silicon surface passivation. The effects of precursor flow ratio and deposition temperature of the SiOyNx layer on interface parameters, such as interface state density Dit and fixed charge Qf, and the surface passivation quality of silicon are observed. Capacitance-voltage measurements reveal that inserting a thin SiOyNx layer between the SiNx and the silicon wafer can suppress Qf in the film and Dit at the interface. The positive Qf and Dit and a high surface recombination velocity in stacks are observed to increase with the introduced oxygen and minimal hydrogen in the SiOyNx film increasing. Prepared by deposition at a low temperature and a low ratio of N2O/SiH4 flow rate, the SiOyNx/SiNx stacks result in a low effective surface recombination velocity (Seff) of 6 cm/s on a p-type 1 Ω·cm-5 Ω·cm FZ silicon wafer. The positive relationship between Seff and Dit suggests that the saturation of the interface defect is the main passivation mechanism although the field-effect passivation provided by the fixed charges also make a contribution to it. Project supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2015AA050302) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61306076).

Consequences of the Introduction of Insensitive Munitions on Safety, Collateral Damage and Operations (consequenties van de invoering van mkm-munitie op veiligheid, gevolgschade en (internationaal) opereren

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-01

van de werkzaamheden In dit rapport worden de gevolgen van initiatie van munitie door een ongewilde externe stimulus beschouwd aan de hand van reele...operationele scenario’s. Dit wordt vergeleken met de gevolgen in dezelfde scenario’s, waarin gebruik is gemaakt van Minder Kwetsbare Munitie (MKM). Naast...de historie van MKM wordt uitgelegd wat Inleiding of terroristische activiteiten, maar ook door MKM is. Vervolgens worden de gevolgen Munitie en de

Data Integration Tool: From Permafrost Data Translation Research Tool to A Robust Research Application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilcox, H.; Schaefer, K. M.; Jafarov, E. E.; Strawhacker, C.; Pulsifer, P. L.; Thurmes, N.

2016-12-01

The United States National Science Foundation funded PermaData project led by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) with a team from the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) aimed to improve permafrost data access and discovery. We developed a Data Integration Tool (DIT) to significantly speed up the time of manual processing needed to translate inconsistent, scattered historical permafrost data into files ready to ingest directly into the GTN-P. We leverage this data to support science research and policy decisions. DIT is a workflow manager that divides data preparation and analysis into a series of steps or operations called widgets. Each widget does a specific operation, such as read, multiply by a constant, sort, plot, and write data. DIT allows the user to select and order the widgets as desired to meet their specific needs. Originally it was written to capture a scientist's personal, iterative, data manipulation and quality control process of visually and programmatically iterating through inconsistent input data, examining it to find problems, adding operations to address the problems, and rerunning until the data could be translated into the GTN-P standard format. Iterative development of this tool led to a Fortran/Python hybrid then, with consideration of users, licensing, version control, packaging, and workflow, to a publically available, robust, usable application. Transitioning to Python allowed the use of open source frameworks for the workflow core and integration with a javascript graphical workflow interface. DIT is targeted to automatically handle 90% of the data processing for field scientists, modelers, and non-discipline scientists. It is available as an open source tool in GitHub packaged for a subset of Mac, Windows, and UNIX systems as a desktop application with a graphical workflow manager. DIT was used to completely translate one dataset (133 sites) that was successfully added to GTN-P, nearly translate three datasets (270 sites), and is scheduled to translate 10 more datasets ( 1000 sites) from the legacy inactive site data holdings of the Frozen Ground Data Center (FGDC). Iterative development has provided the permafrost and wider scientific community with an extendable tool designed specifically for the iterative process of translating unruly data.

Role of thyroidal and testicular hormones in regulation of tissue respiration in male air-breathing fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.).

PubMed

Lynshiang, D S; Gupta, B B

2000-07-01

In vivo and in vitro effects of thyroidal hormones (MIT, DIT, T3, T4), propyl thiouracil (PTU), testosterone and cyproterone acetate were studied on the rate of tissue (liver, muscle, kidney and brain) respiration of adult male C. batrachus during winter and summer/rainy seasons. Monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodothyrosine (DIT) increased the respiratory rate in a dose-dependent and temperature-independent manner. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) stimulated tissue respiration during summer/rainy months but not during winter. PTU decreased tissue respiration during summer/rainy season and also at simulated low temperature. Testosterone invariably stimulated the rate of respiration of the tissues, while in vivo treatment with cyproterone acetate significantly decreased the metabolic rate of all the tissues. The findings suggest that in C. batrachus MIT and DIT may be more important than T3 and T4 at low temperature, endogenous thyroid hormones are involved indirectly in energy metabolism even during winter/at low temperature and testicular hormones are actively involved in the respiration.

Developmental immunotoxicity of chemicals in rodents and its possible regulatory impact.

PubMed

Hessel, Ellen V S; Tonk, Elisa C M; Bos, Peter M J; van Loveren, Henk; Piersma, Aldert H

2015-01-01

Around 25% of the children in developed countries are affected with immune-based diseases. Juvenile onset diseases such as allergic, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases have shown increasing prevalences in the last decades. The role of chemical exposures in these phenomena is unclear. It is thought that the developmental immune system is more susceptible to toxicants than the mature situation. Developmental immunotoxicity (DIT) testing is nowadays not or minimally included in regulatory toxicology requirements. We reviewed whether developmental immune parameters in rodents would provide relatively sensitive endpoints of toxicity, whose inclusion in regulatory toxicity testing might improve hazard identification and risk assessment of chemicals. For each of the nine reviewed toxicants, the developing immune system was found to be at least as sensitive or more sensitive than the general (developmental) toxicity parameters. Functional immune (antigen-challenged) parameters appear more affected than structural (non-challenged) immune parameters. Especially, antibody responses to immune challenges with keyhole limpet hemocyanine or sheep red blood cells and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses appear to provide sensitive parameters of developmental immune toxicity. Comparison with current tolerable daily intakes (TDI) and their underlying overall no observed adverse effect levels showed that for some of the compounds reviewed, the TDI may need reconsideration based on developmental immune parameters. From these data, it can be concluded that the developing immune system is very sensitive to the disruption of toxicants independent of study design. Consideration of including functional DIT parameters in current hazard identification guidelines and wider application of relevant study protocols is warranted.

An F1-extended one-generation reproductive toxicity study in Crl:CD(SD) rats with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.

PubMed

Marty, Mary Sue; Neal, Barbara H; Zablotny, Carol L; Yano, Barry L; Andrus, Amanda K; Woolhiser, Michael R; Boverhof, Darrell R; Saghir, Shakil A; Perala, Adam W; Passage, Julie K; Lawson, Marie A; Bus, James S; Lamb, James C; Hammond, Larry

2013-12-01

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was assessed for systemic toxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental neurotoxicity (DNT), developmental immunotoxicity (DIT), and endocrine toxicity. CD rats (27/sex/dose) were exposed to 0, 100, 300, 600 (female), or 800 (male) ppm 2,4-D in diet. Nonlinear toxicokinetic behavior was shown at high doses; the renal clearance saturation threshold for 2,4-D was exceeded markedly in females and slightly exceeded in males. Exposure was 4 weeks premating, 7 weeks postmating for P1 males and through lactation for P1 females. F1 offspring were examined for survival and development, and at weaning, pups were divided in cohorts, by sex and dose, and by systemic toxicity (10), DNT (10), DIT (20), and reproductive toxicity (≥ 23). Remaining weanlings were evaluated for systemic toxicity and neuropathology (10-12). Body weight decreased during lactation in high-dose P1 females and in F1 pups. Kidney was the primary target organ, with slight degeneration of proximal convoluted tubules observed in high-dose P1 males and in high-dose F1 males and females. A slight intergenerational difference in kidney toxicity was attributed to increased intake of 2,4-D in F1 offspring. Decreased weanling testes weights and delayed preputial separation in F1 males were attributed to decreased body weights. Endocrine-related effects were limited to slight thyroid hormone changes and adaptive histopathology in high-dose GD 17 dams seen only at a nonlinear toxicokinetic dose. 2,4-D did not cause reproductive toxicity, DNT, or DIT. The "No Observed Adverse Effect Level" for systemic toxicity was 300 ppm in both males (16.6 mg/kg/day) and females (20.6 mg/kg/day), which is approximately 6700- to 93 000-fold higher than that reported for 2,4-D exposures in human biomonitoring studies.

An F1-Extended One-Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study in Crl:CD(SD) Rats With 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

PubMed Central

Marty, Mary Sue

2013-01-01

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was assessed for systemic toxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental neurotoxicity (DNT), developmental immunotoxicity (DIT), and endocrine toxicity. CD rats (27/sex/dose) were exposed to 0, 100, 300, 600 (female), or 800 (male) ppm 2,4-D in diet. Nonlinear toxicokinetic behavior was shown at high doses; the renal clearance saturation threshold for 2,4-D was exceeded markedly in females and slightly exceeded in males. Exposure was 4 weeks premating, 7 weeks postmating for P1 males and through lactation for P1 females. F1 offspring were examined for survival and development, and at weaning, pups were divided in cohorts, by sex and dose, and by systemic toxicity (10), DNT (10), DIT (20), and reproductive toxicity (≥ 23). Remaining weanlings were evaluated for systemic toxicity and neuropathology (10–12). Body weight decreased during lactation in high-dose P1 females and in F1 pups. Kidney was the primary target organ, with slight degeneration of proximal convoluted tubules observed in high-dose P1 males and in high-dose F1 males and females. A slight intergenerational difference in kidney toxicity was attributed to increased intake of 2,4-D in F1 offspring. Decreased weanling testes weights and delayed preputial separation in F1 males were attributed to decreased body weights. Endocrine-related effects were limited to slight thyroid hormone changes and adaptive histopathology in high-dose GD 17 dams seen only at a nonlinear toxicokinetic dose. 2,4-D did not cause reproductive toxicity, DNT, or DIT. The “No Observed Adverse Effect Level” for systemic toxicity was 300 ppm in both males (16.6mg/kg/day) and females (20.6mg/kg/day), which is approximately 6700- to 93 000-fold higher than that reported for 2,4-D exposures in human biomonitoring studies. PMID:24072463

Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis for iodinated amino acid extraction from edible seaweed before reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Romarís-Hortas, Vanessa; Bermejo-Barrera, Pilar; Moreda-Piñeiro, Antonio

2013-09-27

The combination of reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for the determination of monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT) in edible seaweed. A sample pre-treatment based on ultrasound assisted enzymatic hydrolysis was optimized for the extraction of these iodinated amino acids. Pancreatin was selected as the most adequate type of enzyme, and parameters affecting the extraction efficiency (pH, temperature, mass of enzyme and extraction time) were evaluated by univariate approaches. In addition, extractable inorganic iodine (iodide) was also quantified by anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography (AE-HPLC) coupled with ICP-MS. The proposed procedure offered limits of detection of 1.1 and 4.3ngg(-1) for MIT and DIT, respectively. Total iodine contents in seaweed, as well as total iodine in enzymatic digests were measured by ICP-MS after microwave assisted alkaline digestion with tetramethylamonium hydroxide (TMAH) for total iodine assessment, and also by treating the pancreatin extracts (extractable total iodine assessment). The optimized procedure was successfully applied to five different types of edible seaweed. The highest total iodine content, and also the highest iodide levels, was found in the brown seaweed Kombu (6646±45μgg(-1)). Regarding iodinated amino acids, Nori (a red seaweed) was by far the one with the highest amount of both species (42±3 and 0.41±0.024μgg(-1) for MIT and DIT, respectively). In general, MIT concentrations were much higher than the amounts of DIT, which suggests that iodine from iodinated proteins in seaweed is most likely bound in the form of MIT residues. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Proceedings Papers of the AFSC (Air Force Systems Command) Avionics Standardization Conference (2nd) Held at Dayton, Ohio on 30 November-2 December 1982. Volume 3. Embedded Computer Resources Governing Documents.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-11-01

ment, S,(1rct se’lection, design reviews, au- forwarded to HQ USAF/RDM. dits. valiatin.verification (of computer prgrams s), testinr, ani acceptance...Development phases of the system acquisition in order to prevent duplication. (7) Test planning during the production and post deployment phase will be designed...response to AIRTASKS will be idcntificd in the SLCL to prevent duplication and permit disseninacion of the total information available, concerning the

Glutathione-mediated biodegradable polyurethanes derived from L-arabinitol.

PubMed

de Paz, M Violante; Zamora, Francisca; Begines, Belén; Ferris, Cristina; Galbis, Juan A

2010-01-11

The synthesis, characterization, and some properties of new glutathione-mediated biodegradable sugar-based copolyurethanes are described. These copolyurethanes were obtained by polyaddition reaction of mixtures of 2,2'-dithiodiethanol (DiT) and 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-L-arabinitol (ArBn) or 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-L-arabinitol (ArMe) to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI). The copolymer compositions were studied by elemental microanalyses and (1)H NMR, revealing that the content of the copolymer units is in all cases very similar to that of their corresponding feed. The PU(DiT-HMDI) homopolymer exhibited a high crystallinity, but the introduction of the arabinitol-based diols led to a reduction in the crystallinity of the copolymers. In their TG curves, the copolymers exhibited a mixed trend of the related homopolymers, and all of them were thermally stable, with degradation temperatures above 220 degrees C. The degradation properties of the macromolecules under physiological conditions in the presence of glutathione were tested. All the copolyurethanes proved to be biodegradable under the experimental conditions (pH = 7.02 and 37 degrees C). The degradation pattern of the copolymers depended not only on the dithiodiethanol (DiT) reactive units ratio in the polymer backbone, but also on the crystallinity of the macromolecule.

Diet-induced thermogenesis in postoperatve Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients with weight regain.

PubMed

Cardeal, Mariane de Almeida; Faria, Silvia Leite; Faria, Orlando Pereira; Facundes, Marcela; Ito, Marina Kiyomi

2016-06-01

Bariatric surgery has been shown to be an effective treatment for obesity. Changes in energy expenditure, especially through diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), have been identified as one of the mechanisms to explain this success. However, not all patients are able to maintain healthy postoperative weight loss. Therefore, a question arises: In the weight regain after bariatric surgery, are these changes in energy metabolism still active? To investigate if weight regain after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is associated with a lower diet-induced thermogenesis in the late postoperative period. A cross-sectional study with the participants chosen from among the patients from a private practice. This was a cross-sectional study where 3 groups of female patients were evaluated: (1) 20 patients with a RYGB postoperative time period of at least 2 years, who kept a healthy weight after surgery (loss of at least 50% of excess weight; Healthy group); (2) 19 patients with clinically severe obesity (BMI>40 kg/m(2), without co-morbidities and>35 kg/m(2), with co-morbidities; Pre group); (3) 18 patients who experienced weight regain after RYGB (Regain group). The 3 groups were submitted to indirect calorimetry to measure resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory quotient (RQ), and DIT. Immediately after the RMR measurement, a mixed meal of regular consistency was offered. Ten minutes after the food intake began, energy expenditure measurements were initiated continuing throughout the following 3 postprandial hours. Body composition was evaluated using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance. In subgroups of the studied population, glucose and insulin levels were measured at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after feeding. The mean area under the curve (AUC) between the 3 groups and measurements at baseline were compared using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The Healthy group had the highest weight adjusted RMR value compared with both the Pre and Regain group (23.03±3.02 kcal/kg; 16.18±2.94 kcal/kg; 17.11±3.28 kcal/kg, respectively; P<.0001). The Regain and Pre groups showed no difference for this variable. The weight-adjusted DIT (AUC 0-180 min) was about 42% and 34% higher in the Healthy group compared with the Pre and Regain groups, respectively (P<.0001). Lean body mass (kg) showed a positive correlation with the AUC of weight-adjusted DIT in the 3 groups. Multiple regression revealed that lean body mass was the only variable related to weight adjusted DIT, independent of group and other selected variables. Weight-adjusted DIT in the Regain group was smaller compared with the Healthy group, and with no difference compared with the Pre group. The lean body mass seems to have a positive association with diet-induced thermogenesis. Copyright © 2016 American Society for Bariatric Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Energetic distributions of interface states Dit(phi sub s) of MOS transistors in extension of Kuhn's quasistatic C(V)-method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krautschneider, W.; Wagemann, H. G.

1983-10-01

Kuhn's quasi-static C(V)-method has been extended to MOS transistors by considering the capacitances of the source and drain p-n junctions additionally to the MOS varactor circuit model. The width of the space charge layers w(phi sub s) is calculated as a function of the surface potential phi sub s and applied to the MOS capacitance as a function of the gate voltage. Capacitance behavior for different channel length is presented as a model and compared to measurement results and evaluations of energetic distributions of interface states Dit(phi sub s) for MOS transistor and MOS varactor on the same chip.

Interval training attenuates the metabolic disturbances in type 1 diabetes rat model.

PubMed

Rocha, Ricelli Endrigo Ruppel; Coelho, Isabela; Pequito, Daniela Cristina T; Yamagushi, Adriana; Borghetti, Gina; Yamazaki, Ricardo Key; Brito, Gleisson Alisson Pereira de; Machado, Juliano; Kryczyk, Marcelo; Nunes, Everson Araújo; Venera, Graciela; Fernandes, Luiz Claudio

2013-11-01

This study investigated the effect of interval training on blood biochemistry and immune parameters in type 1 diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary (SE, n = 15), interval training (IT, n = 17), diabetic sedentary (DSE, n = 17), diabetic interval training (DIT, n = 17). Diabetes was induced by i.v. injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Swimming Interval Training consisted of 30-s exercise with 30-s rest, for 30 minutes, during 6 weeks, four times a week, with an overload of 15% of body mass. Plasma glucose, lactate, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol concentrations, phagocytic capacity, cationic vesicle content, and superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide production by blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages were evaluated. Proliferation of mesenteric lymphocytes was also estimated. Interval training resulted in attenuation of the resting hyperglycemic state and decreased blood lipids in the DIT group. Diabetes increased the functionality of blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages in the DSE group. Interval training increased all functionality parameters of peritoneal macrophages in the IT group. Interval training also led to a twofold increase in the proliferation of mesenteric lymphocytes after 6 weeks of exercise in the DIT group. Low-volume high-intensity physical exercise attenuates hyperglycemia and dislipidemia induced by type 1 diabetes, and induces changes in the functionality of innate and acquired immunity.

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Simulator Experiment (Testing of Some Switches/Relays for Application to an ESD Simulation Circuit)

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-10-01

will be: V(t) = 4,100 et/RC = 4,100 e 5/100 3,900 Volts Note that failure of a device during such test will classify the device as being Class 3 of DOD...Volts) 50 mV/small div., 50 nsec 0.1 mV/small div., 50 nsec (Inverted) NU-N E U Figure 12: (Charging Voltage: +1000 Volts) Figure 13: (Charging Voltage...Ij stchari I-,, i-1)401)0 1 It (uIrllis wi th vovy rt’~dIt- e l b (’i a, Ch .11it(! 11 1~ lit u t’ ~ 0 KV vult*.ge, I’Zinge anld at hw nFgrs 3~s. it

Energy Metabolism Profile in Individuals with Prader-Willi Syndrome and Implications for Clinical Management: A Systematic Review.

PubMed

Alsaif, Maha; Elliot, Sarah A; MacKenzie, Michelle L; Prado, Carla M; Field, Catherine J; Haqq, Andrea M

2017-11-01

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder associated with excessive weight gain. Hyperphagia associated with PWS may result in higher energy intake, but alterations in energy expenditure may also contribute to energy imbalance. The purpose of this critical literature review is to determine the presence of alterations in energy expenditure in individuals with PWS. Ten studies that measured total energy expenditure (TEE), resting energy expenditure (REE), sleep energy expenditure (SEE), activity energy expenditure (AEE), and diet induced thermogenesis (DIT) were included in this review. The studies provided evidence that absolute TEE, REE, SEE, and AEE are lower in individuals with PWS than in age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched individuals without the syndrome. Alterations in lean body mass and lower physical activity amounts appear to be responsible for the lower energy expenditure in PWS rather than metabolic differences. Regardless of the underlying mechanism for lower TEE, the estimation of energy requirements with the use of equations derived for the general population would result in weight gain in individuals with PWS. The determination of energy requirements for weight management in individuals with PWS requires a more comprehensive understanding of energy metabolism. Future studies should aim to comprehensively profile all specific components of energy expenditure in individuals with PWS with the use of appropriately matched controls and gold standard methods to measure energy metabolism and body composition. One component of energy expenditure that is yet to be explored in detail in PWS is DIT. A reduced DIT (despite differences in fat free mass), secondary to hormonal dysregulation, may be present in PWS individuals, leading to a reduced overall energy expenditure. Further research exploring DIT in PWS needs to be conducted. Dietary energy recommendations for weight management in PWS have not yet been clearly established. © 2017 American Society for Nutrition.

Doubling diet fat on sugar ratio in children with mitochondrial OXPHOS disorders: Effects of a randomized trial on resting energy expenditure, diet induced thermogenesis and body composition.

PubMed

Béghin, Laurent; Coopman, Stéphanie; Schiff, Manuel; Vamecq, Joseph; Mention-Mulliez, Karine; Hankard, Régis; Cuisset, Jean-Marie; Ogier, Hélène; Gottrand, Frédéric; Dobbelaere, Dries

2016-12-01

Mitochondrial OXPHOS disorders (MODs) affect one or several complexes of respiratory chain oxidative phosphorylation. An increased fat/low-carbohydrate ratio of the diet was recommended for treating MODs without, however, evaluating its potential benefits through changes in the respective contributions of cell pathways (glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation) initiating energy production. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to compare Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) under basal diet (BD) and challenging diet (CD) in which fat on sugar content ratio was doubled. Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and body compositions were also compared. Energetic vs regulatory aspects of increasing fat contribution to total nutritional energy input were essentially addressed through measures primarily aiming at modifying total fat amounts and not the types of fats in designed diets. In this randomized cross-over study, BD contained 10% proteins/30% lipids/60% carbohydrates (fat on sugar ratio = 0.5) and was the imposed diet at baseline. CD contained 10% proteins/45% lipids/45% carbohydrates (fat on sugar ratio = 1). Main and second evaluation criteria measured by indirect calorimetry (QUARK RMR ® , Cosmed, Pavona; Italy) were REE and DIT, respectively. Thirty four MOD patients were included; 22 (mean age 13.2 ± 4.7 years, 50% female; BMI 16.9 ± 4.2 kg/m 2 ) were evaluated for REE, and 12 (mean age 13.8 ± 4.8 years, 60% female; BMI 17.4 ± 4.6 kg/m 2 ) also for DIT. OXPHOS complex deficiency repartition in 22 analysed patients was 55% for complex I, 9% for complex III, 27% for complex IV and 9% for other proteins. Neither carry-over nor period effects were detected (p = 0.878; ANOVA for repeated measures). REE was similar between BD vs CD (1148.8 ± 301.7 vs 1156.1 ± 278.8 kcal/day; p = 0.942) as well as DIT (peak DIT 260 vs 265 kcal/day; p = 0.842) and body composition (21.9 ± 13.0 vs 21.6 ± 13.3% of fat mass; p = 0.810). Doubling diet fat on sugar ratio does not appear to improve, per se, energetic status and body composition of patients with MODs. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.

Deterministic joint remote preparation of an equatorial hybrid state via high-dimensional Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs: active versus passive receiver

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bich, Cao Thi; Dat, Le Thanh; Van Hop, Nguyen; An, Nguyen Ba

2018-04-01

Entanglement plays a vital and in many cases non-replaceable role in the quantum network communication. Here, we propose two new protocols to jointly and remotely prepare a special so-called bipartite equatorial state which is hybrid in the sense that it entangles two Hilbert spaces with arbitrary different dimensions D and N (i.e., a type of entanglement between a quDit and a quNit). The quantum channels required to do that are however not necessarily hybrid. In fact, we utilize four high-dimensional Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs, two of which are quDit-quDit entanglements, while the other two are quNit-quNit ones. In the first protocol the receiver has to be involved actively in the process of remote state preparation, while in the second protocol the receiver is passive as he/she needs to participate only in the final step for reconstructing the target hybrid state. Each protocol meets a specific circumstance that may be encountered in practice and both can be performed with unit success probability. Moreover, the concerned equatorial hybrid entangled state can also be jointly prepared for two receivers at two separated locations by slightly modifying the initial particles' distribution, thereby establishing between them an entangled channel ready for a later use.

Improvement of the GaSb/Al2O3 interface using a thin InAs surface layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Greene, Andrew; Madisetti, Shailesh; Nagaiah, Padmaja; Yakimov, Michael; Tokranov, Vadim; Moore, Richard; Oktyabrsky, Serge

2012-12-01

The highly reactive GaSb surface was passivated with a thin InAs layer to limit interface trap state density (Dit) at the III-V/high-k oxide interface. This InAs surface was subjected to various cleaning processes to effectively reduce native oxides before atomic layer deposition (ALD). Ammonium sulfide pre-cleaning and trimethylaluminum/water ALD were used in conjunction to provide a clean interface and annealing in forming gas (FG) at 350 °C resulted in an optimized fabrication for n-GaSb/InAs/high-k gate stacks. Interface trap density, Dit ≈ 2-3 × 1012 cm-2eV-1 resided near the n-GaSb conductance band which was extracted and compared with three different methods. Conductance-voltage-frequency plots showed efficient Fermi level movement and a sub-threshold slope of 200 mV/dec. A composite high-k oxide process was also developed using ALD of Al2O3 and HfO2 resulting in a Dit ≈ 6-7 × 1012 cm-2eV-1. Subjecting these samples to a higher (450 °C) processing temperature results in increased oxidation and a thermally unstable interface. p-GaSb displayed very fast minority carrier generation/recombination likely due to a high density of bulk traps in GaSb.

Extraction of carrier mobility and interface trap density in InGaAs metal oxide semiconductor structures using gated Hall method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chidambaram, Thenappan

III-V semiconductors are potential candidates to replace Si as a channel material in next generation CMOS integrated circuits owing to their superior carrier mobilities. Low density of states (DOS) and typically high interface and border trap densities (Dit) in high mobility group III-V semiconductors provide difficulties in quantification of Dit near the conduction band edge. The trap response above the threshold voltage of a MOSFET can be very fast, and conventional Dit extraction methods, based on capacitance/conductance response (CV methods) of MOS capacitors at frequencies <1MHz, cannot distinguish conducting and trapped carriers. In addition, the CV methods have to deal with high dispersion in the accumulation region that makes it a difficult task to measure the true oxide capacitance, Cox value. Another implication of these properties of III-V interfaces is an ambiguity of determination of electron density in the MOSFET channel. Traditional evaluation of carrier density by integration of the C-V curve, gives incorrect values for D it and mobility. Here we employ gated Hall method to quantify the D it spectrum at the high-K oxide/III-V semiconductor interface for buried and surface channel devices using Hall measurement and capacitance-voltage data. Determination of electron density directly from Hall measurements allows for obtaining true mobility values.

Trap density of GeNx/Ge interface fabricated by electron-cyclotron-resonance plasma nitridation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fukuda, Yukio; Otani, Yohei; Toyota, Hiroshi; Ono, Toshiro

2011-07-01

We have investigated GeNx/Ge interface properties using Si3N4(7 nm)/GeNx(2 nm)/Ge metal-insulator-semiconductor structures fabricated by the plasma nitridation of Ge substrates using an electron-cyclotron-resonance-generated nitrogen plasma. The interface trap density (Dit) measured by the conductance method is found to be distributed symmetrically in the Ge band gap with a minimum Dit value lower than 3 × 1011 cm-2eV-1 near the midgap. This result may lead to the development of processes for the fabrication of p- and n-Ge Schottky-barrier (SB) source/drain metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistors using chemically and thermally robust GeNx dielectrics as interlayers for SB source/drain contacts and high-κ gate dielectrics.

Temperature-Dependent Electrical Characteristics of Au/Si3N4/4H n-SiC MIS Diode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yigiterol, F.; Güllü, H. H.; Bayraklı, Ö.; Yıldız, D. E.

2018-03-01

Electrical characteristics of the Au/Si3N4/4H n-SiC metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) diode were investigated under the temperature, T , interval of 160-400 K using current-voltage (I-V), capacitance-voltage ( C {-} V ) and conductance-voltage ( G/ω {-} V ) measurements. Firstly, the Schottky diode parameters as zero-bias barrier height ( Φ_{B0} ) and ideality factor ( n ) were calculated according to the thermionic emission (TE) from forward bias I-V analysis in the whole working T . Experimental results showed that the values of Φ_{B0} were in increasing behavior with increasing T while n values decreased with inverse proportionality in n versus Φ_{{{{B}}0}} plot. Therefore, the non-ideal I-V behavior with inhomogeneous barrier height (BH) formation has been discussed under the assumption of Gaussian distribution (GD). From the GD of BHs, the mean BH was found to be about 1.40 eV with 0.1697 standard deviation and the modified Richardson constant A^{*} of this diode was obtained as 141.65 A/cm2 K2 in good agreement with the literature (the theoretical value of A^{*} is 137.21 A/cm2 K2). The relationship between Φ_{B0} and n showed an abnormal I-V behavior depending on T , and it was modeled by TE theory with GD of BH due to the effect in inhomogeneous BH at the interface. Secondly, according to Cheung's model, series resistance, R_{{S}} values were calculated in the T range of 160-400 K and these values were found to decrease with increasing T . Finally, the density of interface states, D_{{it}} was calculated and the T dependence of energy distribution of D_{{it}} profiles determined the forward I {-} V measurements by taking into account the bias dependence of the effective BH, Φ_{{e}} and n . D_{{it}} were also calculated according to the Hill-Coleman method from C {-} V and G/ω {-} V analysis. Furthermore, the variation of D_{{it}} as a function of frequency, f and T were determined.

Dietary induction of renal mineralization in dogs.

PubMed Central

Schmidt, R E; Hubbard, G B; Booker, J L; Gleiser, C A

1980-01-01

Ten dogs were fed diets high in phosphorus and low in calcium to induce secondary hyperparathyroidism, with ten dogs fed a standard diet as controls. At the end of the feeding period, all dogs were necropsied. Because of an apparent increase in mineral deposits in the kidneys of hyperparathyroid dogs, the amount and characteristics of these mineral deposits were compared. The dogs in the test groups had larger and more widely disseminated deposits. Five additional dogs were nephrectomized unilaterally, fed the test diet and euthanized at three-month intervals. In these dogs, the amount of renal mineral increased until six months after the start of the test diet, but dit not appreciably change between six and 15 months postdiet. When compared to controls, the test dog kidneys in this second experiment had a greater amount and wider distribution of renal mineralization and tubular dilatation. Images Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. PMID:7448631

Vous avez dit "immersion?" (You Said "Immersion?").

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gajo, Laurent, Ed.

1998-01-01

Articles on immersion and bilingual education include these: "Terminological Considerations Regarding Content and Language Integrated Learning" (Tarja Nikula, David Marsh); "Educazione bilingue e multiculturale, istruzione bilingue, immersione totale: quattro nozioni da definire" ("Bilingual and Multicultural Education,…

GraDit: graph-based data repair algorithm for multiple data edits rule violations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ode Zuhayeni Madjida, Wa; Gusti Bagus Baskara Nugraha, I.

2018-03-01

Constraint-based data cleaning captures data violation to a set of rule called data quality rules. The rules consist of integrity constraint and data edits. Structurally, they are similar, where the rule contain left hand side and right hand side. Previous research proposed a data repair algorithm for integrity constraint violation. The algorithm uses undirected hypergraph as rule violation representation. Nevertheless, this algorithm can not be applied for data edits because of different rule characteristics. This study proposed GraDit, a repair algorithm for data edits rule. First, we use bipartite-directed hypergraph as model representation of overall defined rules. These representation is used for getting interaction between violation rules and clean rules. On the other hand, we proposed undirected graph as violation representation. Our experimental study showed that algorithm with undirected graph as violation representation model gave better data quality than algorithm with undirected hypergraph as representation model.

Thermal Improvement and Stability of Si3N4/GeNx/p- and n-Ge Structures Prepared by Electron-Cyclotron-Resonance Plasma Nitridation and Sputtering at Room Temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fukuda, Yukio; Okamoto, Hiroshi; Iwasaki, Takuro; Izumi, Kohei; Otani, Yohei; Ishizaki, Hiroki; Ono, Toshiro

2012-09-01

This paper reports on the thermal improvement of Si3N4/GeNx/Ge structures. After the Si3N4 (5 nm)/GeNx (2 nm) stacks were prepared on Ge substrates by electron-cyclotron-resonance plasma nitridation and sputtering at room temperature, they were thermally annealed in atmospheric N2 + 10% H2 ambient at temperatures from 400 to 600 °C. It was demonstrated that the electronic properties of the GeNx/Ge interfaces were thermally improved at temperatures of up to 500 °C with a minimum interface trap density (Dit) of ˜1×1011 cm-2 eV-1 near the Ge midgap, whereas the interface properties were slightly degraded after annealing at 600 °C with a minimum Dit value of ˜4×1011 cm-2 eV-1.

The effect of psychological stress on diet-induced thermogenesis and resting metabolic rate.

PubMed

Weststrate, J A; Van der Kooy, K; Deurenberg, P; Hautvast, J G

1990-04-01

The effect of psychological stress on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) was assessed in 12 healthy young non-obese men of body weight 70.2 +/- 1.2 kg (mean +/- s.e.m.) and age 25 +/- 0.6 years. Two types of commercially available motion pictures (video films) were shown to the subjects during the measurements, ie stress-inducing horror films and as a control, romantic family films. The study was conducted according to a cross-over design. RMR and respiratory quotients were not significantly influenced by the type of film shown to the subjects. DIT, assessed over 4 h, was significantly increased by the stress-inducing treatment, 0.95 +/- 0.05 kJ/min (mean +/- s.e.m.) versus 0.76 +/- 0.06 kJ/min (control). No significant effect was observed of psychological stress on postprandial substrate oxidation rates, nutrient balances, and urinary catecholamine excretion.

Automated detection of inaccurate and imprecise transitions in peptide quantification by multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Abbatiello, Susan E; Mani, D R; Keshishian, Hasmik; Carr, Steven A

2010-02-01

Multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) of peptides with stable isotope-labeled internal standards (SISs) is increasingly being used to develop quantitative assays for proteins in complex biological matrices. These assays can be highly precise and quantitative, but the frequent occurrence of interferences requires that MRM-MS data be manually reviewed, a time-intensive process subject to human error. We developed an algorithm that identifies inaccurate transition data based on the presence of interfering signal or inconsistent recovery among replicate samples. The algorithm objectively evaluates MRM-MS data with 2 orthogonal approaches. First, it compares the relative product ion intensities of the analyte peptide to those of the SIS peptide and uses a t-test to determine if they are significantly different. A CV is then calculated from the ratio of the analyte peak area to the SIS peak area from the sample replicates. The algorithm identified problematic transitions and achieved accuracies of 94%-100%, with a sensitivity and specificity of 83%-100% for correct identification of errant transitions. The algorithm was robust when challenged with multiple types of interferences and problematic transitions. This algorithm for automated detection of inaccurate and imprecise transitions (AuDIT) in MRM-MS data reduces the time required for manual and subjective inspection of data, improves the overall accuracy of data analysis, and is easily implemented into the standard data-analysis work flow. AuDIT currently works with results exported from MRM-MS data-processing software packages and may be implemented as an analysis tool within such software.

Automated Detection of Inaccurate and Imprecise Transitions in Peptide Quantification by Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry

PubMed Central

Abbatiello, Susan E.; Mani, D. R.; Keshishian, Hasmik; Carr, Steven A.

2010-01-01

BACKGROUND Multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) of peptides with stable isotope–labeled internal standards (SISs) is increasingly being used to develop quantitative assays for proteins in complex biological matrices. These assays can be highly precise and quantitative, but the frequent occurrence of interferences requires that MRM-MS data be manually reviewed, a time-intensive process subject to human error. We developed an algorithm that identifies inaccurate transition data based on the presence of interfering signal or inconsistent recovery among replicate samples. METHODS The algorithm objectively evaluates MRM-MS data with 2 orthogonal approaches. First, it compares the relative product ion intensities of the analyte peptide to those of the SIS peptide and uses a t-test to determine if they are significantly different. A CV is then calculated from the ratio of the analyte peak area to the SIS peak area from the sample replicates. RESULTS The algorithm identified problematic transitions and achieved accuracies of 94%–100%, with a sensitivity and specificity of 83%–100% for correct identification of errant transitions. The algorithm was robust when challenged with multiple types of interferences and problematic transitions. CONCLUSIONS This algorithm for automated detection of inaccurate and imprecise transitions (AuDIT) in MRM-MS data reduces the time required for manual and subjective inspection of data, improves the overall accuracy of data analysis, and is easily implemented into the standard data-analysis work flow. AuDIT currently works with results exported from MRM-MS data-processing software packages and may be implemented as an analysis tool within such software. PMID:20022980

An automated DICOM database capable of arbitrary data mining (including radiation dose indicators) for quality monitoring.

PubMed

Wang, Shanshan; Pavlicek, William; Roberts, Catherine C; Langer, Steve G; Zhang, Muhong; Hu, Mengqi; Morin, Richard L; Schueler, Beth A; Wellnitz, Clinton V; Wu, Teresa

2011-04-01

The U.S. National Press has brought to full public discussion concerns regarding the use of medical radiation, specifically x-ray computed tomography (CT), in diagnosis. A need exists for developing methods whereby assurance is given that all diagnostic medical radiation use is properly prescribed, and all patients' radiation exposure is monitored. The "DICOM Index Tracker©" (DIT) transparently captures desired digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) tags from CT, nuclear imaging equipment, and other DICOM devices across an enterprise. Its initial use is recording, monitoring, and providing automatic alerts to medical professionals of excursions beyond internally determined trigger action levels of radiation. A flexible knowledge base, aware of equipment in use, enables automatic alerts to system administrators of newly identified equipment models or software versions so that DIT can be adapted to the new equipment or software. A dosimetry module accepts mammography breast organ dose, skin air kerma values from XA modalities, exposure indices from computed radiography, etc. upon receipt. The American Association of Physicists in Medicine recommended a methodology for effective dose calculations which are performed with CT units having DICOM structured dose reports. Web interface reporting is provided for accessing the database in real-time. DIT is DICOM-compliant and, thus, is standardized for international comparisons. Automatic alerts currently in use include: email, cell phone text message, and internal pager text messaging. This system extends the utility of DICOM for standardizing the capturing and computing of radiation dose as well as other quality measures.

Sensitivity and specificity of the Distress Impact Thermometer for the detection of psychological distress among CRC survivors.

PubMed

Craike, Melinda J; Livingston, Patricia M; Warne, Charles

2011-01-01

This study assessed the relative screening performance of the Distress Impact Thermometer (DIT) and cutoff levels with the established clinical case threshold of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) among a sample of colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors. Fifty-nine CRC survivors completed the DIT, HADS, and provided demographic information at baseline, and 45 of these patients completed the same measures at follow-up, giving a total of 104 participant data. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine the accuracy of the DIT compared to the HADS, with a cutoff score ≥8 on each HADS subscale (depression and anxiety) and ≥15 on the HADS total scale used to identify patients with psychological distress. The sample comprised slightly more males (63%) than females, with an average age of 59 years (SD = 9.53) and ranging from 33 to 77 years. The optimum DT cutoff score of ≥5 yielded a sensitivity of 60% and specificity of 86.1%; the area under the curve was 0.771 (95% confidence interval [CI] [0.646, 0.896]). For the depression subscale, the DT performed better on specificity than sensitivity, however the opposite was true for the anxiety subscale. The addition of an impact thermometer did not enhance screening performance. The results of this study provide support for a DT score of ≥5 for detecting psychological distress among CRC survivors and do not support the addition of an impact thermometer. The use of the DT might underestimate depression but overestimate anxiety.

Estimation of Free-Living Energy Expenditure by Heart Rate and Movement Sensing: A Doubly-Labelled Water Study.

PubMed

Brage, Søren; Westgate, Kate; Franks, Paul W; Stegle, Oliver; Wright, Antony; Ekelund, Ulf; Wareham, Nicholas J

2015-01-01

Accurate assessment of energy expenditure (EE) is important for the study of energy balance and metabolic disorders. Combined heart rate (HR) and acceleration (ACC) sensing may increase precision of physical activity EE (PAEE) which is the most variable component of total EE (TEE). To evaluate estimates of EE using ACC and HR data with or without individual calibration against doubly-labelled water (DLW) estimates of EE. 23 women and 23 men (22-55 yrs, 48-104 kg, 8-46%body fat) underwent 45-min resting EE (REE) measurement and completed a 20-min treadmill test, an 8-min step test, and a 3-min walk test for individual calibration. ACC and HR were monitored and TEE measured over 14 days using DLW. Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) was calculated from food-frequency questionnaire. PAEE (TEE ÷ REE ÷ DIT) and TEE were compared to estimates from ACC and HR using bias, root mean square error (RMSE), and correlation statistics. Mean(SD) measured PAEE and TEE were 66(25) kJ·day(-1)·kg(-1), and 12(2.6) MJ·day(-1), respectively. Estimated PAEE from ACC was 54(15) kJ·day(-1)·kg(-1) (p<0.001), with RMSE 24 kJ·day(-1)·kg(-1) and correlation r = 0.52. PAEE estimated from HR and ACC+HR with treadmill calibration were 67(42) and 69(25) kJ·day(-1)·kg(-1) (bias non-significant), with RMSE 34 and 20 kJ·day(-1)·kg(-1) and correlations r = 0.58 and r = 0.67, respectively. Similar results were obtained with step-calibrated and walk-calibrated models, whereas non-calibrated models were less precise (RMSE: 37 and 24 kJ·day(-1)·kg(-1), r = 0.40 and r = 0.55). TEE models also had high validity, with biases <5%, and correlations r = 0.71 (ACC), r = 0.66-0.76 (HR), and r = 0.76-0.83 (ACC+HR). Both accelerometry and heart rate may be used to estimate EE in adult European men and women, with improved precision if combined and if heart rate is individually calibrated.

Adaptive DIT-Based Fringe Tracking and Prediction at IOTA

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilson, Edward; Pedretti, Ettore; Bregman, Jesse; Mah, Robert W.; Traub, Wesley A.

2004-01-01

An automatic fringe tracking system has been developed and implemented at the Infrared Optical Telescope Array (IOTA). In testing during May 2002, the system successfully minimized the optical path differences (OPDs) for all three baselines at IOTA. Based on sliding window discrete Fourier transform (DFT) calculations that were optimized for computational efficiency and robustness to atmospheric disturbances, the algorithm has also been tested extensively on off-line data. Implemented in ANSI C on the 266 MHZ PowerPC processor running the VxWorks real-time operating system, the algorithm runs in approximately 2.0 milliseconds per scan (including all three interferograms), using the science camera and piezo scanners to measure and correct the OPDs. Preliminary analysis on an extension of this algorithm indicates a potential for predictive tracking, although at present, real-time implementation of this extension would require significantly more computational capacity.

Inelastic processes in atomic collisions involving ground state and laser-prepared atoms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Planje, Willem Gilles

1999-11-01

In dit proefschrift worden experimenten beschreven waarbij ionen of atomen met een bepaalde snelheid op een ensemble van doelwitatomen worden gericht. Wanneer twee deeltjes elkaar voldoende genaderd hebben, vindt er wissel- werking plaats waarbij allerlei processen kunnen optreden. Deze processen resulteren in specieke eindproducten. Kennis over de interactie tussen twee botsingspartners wordt verkregen door te bekijken welke eindproducten ontstaan, en in welke mate. Een belangrijke grootheid die van invloed is op mogelijke processen is de onderlinge snelheid van de twee kernen, oftewel de botsingssnelheid. Wanneer de botsingssnelheid voldoende klein is dan kunnen de verschillende reactiemechanismen zowel kwalitatief als kwanti- tatief vaak goed voorspeld worden door het systeem te beschouwen als een kort-stondig molecuul, opgebouwd uit de twee botsende deeltjes. De ver- schillende processen die kunnen optreden worden gekwaliceerd afhankelijk van de vorming van bepaalde eindproducten. Ruwweg de volgende indeling kan gemaakt worden: 1. de interne structuur van de eindproducten zijn identiek aan die van de beginproducten. We spreken dan van een elastische botsing. 2. e en van de deeltjes of beiden worden in een aangeslagen toestand ge- bracht (of ge¨oniseerd). Dit zijn processen waarbij de herschikte elek- tronen zich bij de oorspronkelijke kern bevinden. We spreken dan van excitatie of ionisatie. 3. e en of meerdere elektronen bevinden zich bij de andere kern na de botsing (eventueel in aangeslagen toestand). We spreken dan van elek- tronenoverdracht. In het eerste deel van deze dissertatie worden botsingsexperimenten tussen heliumionen en natriumatomen beschreven waarbij het proces van elek- tronenoverdracht wordt onderzocht. Bij dit mechanisme is het buitenste 117?Samenvatting natriumelektron betrokken. Deze kan relatief gemakkelijk `overspringen' naar het heliumion wanneer deze zich dicht in de buurt van het natrium- atoom bevindt. Het elektron kan hierbij een bepaalde (aangeslagen) toe- stand bezetten. Wij meten de bezetting van de heliumtoestanden die onder uitzending van XUV licht ( ? 58 nm) vervallen naar de heliumgrondtoe- stand. Door de lichtintensiteit te meten onderzoeken we de mate van elek- tronenoverdracht naar een selecte groep van singlet helium`eind'toestanden, namelijk He(1s2p), He(1s3s), He(1s3p) en He(1s3d). In een reactie- vergelijking ziet het mechanisme er als volgt uit: He + (1s) + ( Na(3s) Na(3p) e- -! He + Na + -! He(1s 2 ) +h(58 nm) + Na + Het experiment kent een extra dimensie door het feit dat het, in beginsel bol- symmetrische, natriumatoom een bepaalde ruimtelijk uitlijning kan worden meegegeven. Met behulp van laserlicht van een specieke frequentie en po- larisatie, wordt het buitenste natriumelektron in een aangeslagen p toestand gebracht. Het aanslaan naar deze toestand heeft als gevolg dat het valentie- elektron zich op grotere afstand van zijn kern bevindt dan voorheen. Daar- naast kan, afhankelijk van de gebruikte laserpolarisatie, het buitenste elek- tron zich nu rond de natriumkern bewegen volgens een bepaalde anisotrope verdeling, de bolsymmetrie is doorbroken. De eecten van de excitatie en ruimtelijk verdeling van dit natriumelektron op het proces van elektronen- overdracht zijn onderzocht voor botsingsenergie¨en vari¨erend van 0.5 keV tot 6.0 keV. De metingen laten zien dat het eect van laserexcitatie een bezettingstoe- name van de beschouwde singlet heliumtoestanden betekent, ongeacht de uitlijning van het natrium 3p elektron. Dit is simpelweg te begrijpen uit het feit dat het 3p natrium elektron minder sterk gebonden is en elektro- nenoverdracht makkelijker gaat. Daarnaast is de uitlijning van het aanges- lagen elektron van invloed op de elektronenoverdracht. De resultaten zijn vergeleken met berekeningen van S.E. Nielsen en T.H. Rod [13], die de elek- tronoverdracht beschrijven in een model waarbij het betrokken elektron zich beweegt in bepaalde eectieve potentiaalvelden. De goede overeenkomsten van onze metingen met de berekeningen rechtvaardigen de theoretische be- nadering van Nielsen en Rod. 118?Samenvatting In het tweede gedeelte van het proefschrift worden botsingen beschouwd tussen helium- en neonatomen. Hierbij wordt nu niet gekeken naar bots- ingsproducten die zich manifesteren door bepaald licht uit te zenden, maar een elektron emitteren met een bepaalde energie. Verschillende soorten `eind'producten kunnen elektronen uitzenden, waaronder de negatieve ion- toestanden. Het elektronenspectrum, gemeten voor dit botsingssysteem, vertoont twee pieken die het spectrum domineren bij 16.2 eV en 19.4 eV voor verschillende botsingsenergie¨en tussen de 0.35 keV en 6.0 keV. Deze piekstructuren wijzen op de vorming van de kort-levende, negatieve iontoe- standen Ne-(2p 5 3s 2 ) en He-(1s2s 2 ) ten gevolge van de overdracht van e en elektron: He 0 + Ne 0 -! He-(1s2s 2 ) +Ne + (2p 5 ) 3 10- 14 s -! He 0 (1s 2 ) +Ne + + e- (19.37 eV) He 0 + Ne 0 -! He + (1s) +Ne-(2p 5 3s 2 ) 2:5 10- 13 s -! He + (1s) +Ne 0 (2p 6 ) +e- (16.15 eV) De meetresultaten vertonen een fenomeen waarbij de bezettingen van de negatieve iontoestanden een oscillerend gedrag vertonen als functie van de botsingssnelheid. Dit duidt op interferentie tussen de twee bijna-ontaarde moleculaire toestanden [He- + Ne + ] en[He + + Ne-]. Het is echter zeer op- merkelijk dat deze oscillatie wordt waargenomen in een experiment als deze, waarin de uitgezonden elektronen worden gemeten ongeacht de afbuighoek van het heliumatoom. Dit impliceert een speciek aanslagmechanisme van de moleculaire negatieve iontoestanden. Nader beschouwing van het bots- ingssysteem laat zien dat het instantane molecuul twee overgangen moet ondergaan voordat de negatieve iontoestanden gevormd worden. Als gevolg hiervan is de snelheid waarmee het negatieve en positieve ion uit elkaar be- wegen nagenoeg onafhankelijk van de afbuighoek van het helium projectiel en is oscillatie mogelijk waarneembaar. De wisselwerking tussen de twee beschouwde moleculaire toestanden impliceert gecorreleerde overdracht van twee elektronen: He- + Ne + 2e- ! He + + Ne- Door het quasi-resonante systeem als resonant te beschouwen kan het fenomeen kwalitatief goed verklaard worden. 119?Samenvatting Inhet laatstedeelwordt de bevolkingvanauto¨oniserende natriumtoestanden bekeken in He +=0 + Na botsingen. In tegenstelling tot de voorgaande exper- imenten waarin elektronenoverdracht beschouwd werd, betreft het hier een excitatiemechanisme. De beschouwde `eind'producten, i.e. de auto¨oniserende natriumtoestanden, bestaan in het algemeen kort en gaan over naar een stabiele iontoestand onder uitzending van een elektron met een toestands- karakteristieke kinetische energie. Door de elektronenspectra te meten bij verschillende botsingsenergie¨en, wordt de bezetting van de auto¨oniserende toestanden onderzocht. Ook hier wordt het eect van laserexcitatie en laser- polarisatie van het natriumatoom op de vorming van deze toestanden, en de mate waarin, bekeken. De metingen laten zien dat zowel in He + -Na als in He 0 -Na botsingen de invloed van de ruimtelijk uitlijning van het buitenste natriumelektron op de elektronenspectra nihil is. Dit impliceert dat het betrokken 3p elektron hoofdzakelijk een passieve rol speelt in de vorming van auto¨oniserende toe- standen: het blijft hoofdzakelijk de 3p toestand bezetten als een `toeschouwer' zonder een overgang te maken naar een andere toestand. Dit wordt boven- dien bevestigd door het feit dat wanneer een fractie natriumatomen aange- slagen wordt naar de p toestand dit een even grote reductie betekent van onder meer de populatie van de auto¨oniserende toestand Na(2p 5 3s 2 ). De verwachte grote toename van Na(2p 5 3p 2 ) toestanden, in geval van Na(3p) doelwitten, is niet waargenomen. 120?121?122

Eating carbohydrate mostly at lunch and protein mostly at dinner within a covert hypocaloric diet influences morning glucose homeostasis in overweight/obese men.

PubMed

Alves, Raquel Duarte Moreira; de Oliveira, Fernanda Cristina Esteves; Hermsdorff, Helen Hermana Miranda; Abete, Itziar; Zulet, María Angeles; Martínez, José Alfredo; Bressan, Josefina

2014-02-01

To evaluate the effects of two dietary patterns in which carbohydrates and proteins were eaten mostly at lunch or dinner on body weight and composition, energy metabolism, and biochemical markers in overweight/obese men. Fifty-eight men (30.0 ± 7.4 years; 30.8 ± 2.4 kg/m(2)) followed a covert hypocaloric balanced diet (-10 % of daily energy requirements) during 8 weeks. Subjects were randomly assigned to three groups: control diet (CT); diurnal carbohydrate/nocturnal protein (DCNP); and nocturnal carbohydrate/diurnal protein (NCDP). Main analyzed outcomes were weight loss, body composition, diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), and glucose/lipid profile. In all groups, a significant decrease in body weight, BMI, and fat mass (kg and %) was verified, without differences between groups. Interestingly, within group analyses showed that the fat-free mass (kg) significantly decreased in NCDP and in CT after 8-week intervention, but not in DCNP. A detrimental increase in fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAIR) was verified only in DCNP, while NCDP and CT groups presented a non-significant reduction. Moreover, significant differences between DCNP and the other groups were detected for fasting insulin and HOMAIR. After the adjustments, NCDP presented a significantly higher DIT and energy expenditure after lunch, compared with DCNP, but after dinner, there were no differences among groups. Eating carbohydrates mostly at dinner and protein mostly at lunch within a hypocaloric balanced diet had similar effect on body composition and biochemical markers, but higher effect on DIT compared with control diet. Moreover, eating carbohydrates mostly at lunch and protein mostly at dinner had a deleterious impact on glucose homeostasis.

Investigating the electronic properties of Al2O3/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 interface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kotipalli, R.; Vermang, B.; Joel, J.; Rajkumar, R.; Edoff, M.; Flandre, D.

2015-10-01

Atomic layer deposited (ALD) Al2O3 films on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) surfaces have been demonstrated to exhibit excellent surface passivation properties, which is advantageous in reducing recombination losses at the rear metal contact of CIGS thin-film solar cells. Here, we report, for the first time, experimentally extracted electronic parameters, i.e. fixed charge density (Qf) and interface-trap charge density (Dit), for as-deposited (AD) and post-deposition annealed (PDA) ALD Al2O3 films on CIGS surfaces using capacitance-voltage (C-V) and conductance-frequency (G-f) measurements. These results indicate that the AD films exhibit positive fixed charges Qf (approximately 1012 cm-2), whereas the PDA films exhibit a very high density of negative fixed charges Qf (approximately 1013 cm-2). The extracted Dit values, which reflect the extent of chemical passivation, were found to be in a similar range of order (approximately 1012 cm-2 eV-1) for both AD and PDA samples. The high density of negative Qf in the bulk of the PDA Al2O3 film exerts a strong Coulomb repulsive force on the underlying CIGS minority carriers (ns), preventing them to recombine at the CIGS/Al2O3 interface. Using experimentally extracted Qf and Dit values, SCAPS simulation results showed that the surface concentration of minority carriers (ns) in the PDA films was approximately eight-orders of magnitude lower than in the AD films. The electrical characterization and estimations presented in this letter construct a comprehensive picture of the interfacial physics involved at the Al2O3/CIGS interface.

WHAT'S SO SPECIAL ABOUT THE DEVELOPING IMMUNE SYSTEM? (Journal Article)

EPA Science Inventory

The evolution of the subdiscipline of developmental immunotoxicology (DIT) as it exists today has been shaped by significant regulatory pressures as well as key scientific advances. This review considers the role played by legislation to protect children’s health, and on the eme...

Pyridinium ionic liquid-based liquid-solid extraction of inorganic and organic iodine from Laminaria.

PubMed

Peng, Li-Qing; Yu, Wen-Yan; Xu, Jing-Jing; Cao, Jun

2018-01-15

A simple, green and effective extraction method, namely, pyridinium ionic liquid- (IL) based liquid-solid extraction (LSE), was first designed to extract the main inorganic and organic iodine compounds (I - , monoiodo-tyrosine (MIT) and diiodo-tyrosine (DIT)). The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: ultrasonic intensity 100W, IL ([EPy]Br) concentration 200mM, extraction time 30min, liquid/solid ratio 10mL/g, and pH value 6.5. The morphologies of Laminaria were studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The recovery values of I - , MIT and DIT from Laminaria were in the range of 88% to 94%, and limits of detection were in the range of 59.40 to 283.6ng/g. The proposed method was applied to the extraction and determination of iodine compounds in three Laminaria. The results showed that IL-based LSE could be a promising method for rapid extraction of bioactive iodine from complex food matrices. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparison of interfaces for (Ba,Sr)TiO3 films deposited on Si and SiO2/Si substrates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suvorova, N. A.; Lopez, C. M.; Irene, E. A.; Suvorova, A. A.; Saunders, M.

2004-03-01

(Ba,Sr)TiO3(BST) thin films were deposited by ion sputtering on both bare and oxidized Si. Spectroscopic ellipsometry results have shown that a SiO2 underlayer of nearly the same thickness (2.6 nm in average) is found at the Si interface for BST sputter depositions onto nominally bare Si, 1 nm SiO2 on Si or 3.5 nm SiO2 on Si. This result was confirmed by high-resolution electron microscopy analysis of the films, and it is believed to be due to simultaneous subcutaneous oxidation of Si and reaction of the BST layer with SiO2. Using the conductance method, capacitance-voltage measurements show a decrease in the interface trap density Dit of an order of magnitude for oxidized Si substrates with a thicker SiO2 underlayer. Further reduction of Dit was achieved for the capacitors grown on oxidized Si and annealed in forming gas after metallization.

Estimation of Free-Living Energy Expenditure by Heart Rate and Movement Sensing: A Doubly-Labelled Water Study

PubMed Central

Brage, Søren; Westgate, Kate; Franks, Paul W.; Stegle, Oliver; Wright, Antony; Ekelund, Ulf; Wareham, Nicholas J.

2015-01-01

Background Accurate assessment of energy expenditure (EE) is important for the study of energy balance and metabolic disorders. Combined heart rate (HR) and acceleration (ACC) sensing may increase precision of physical activity EE (PAEE) which is the most variable component of total EE (TEE). Objective To evaluate estimates of EE using ACC and HR data with or without individual calibration against doubly-labelled water (DLW) estimates of EE. Design 23 women and 23 men (22–55 yrs, 48–104 kg, 8–46%body fat) underwent 45-min resting EE (REE) measurement and completed a 20-min treadmill test, an 8-min step test, and a 3-min walk test for individual calibration. ACC and HR were monitored and TEE measured over 14 days using DLW. Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) was calculated from food-frequency questionnaire. PAEE (TEE ÷ REE ÷ DIT) and TEE were compared to estimates from ACC and HR using bias, root mean square error (RMSE), and correlation statistics. Results Mean(SD) measured PAEE and TEE were 66(25) kJ·day-1·kg-1, and 12(2.6) MJ·day-1, respectively. Estimated PAEE from ACC was 54(15) kJ·day-1·kg-1 (p<0.001), with RMSE 24 kJ·day-1·kg-1 and correlation r = 0.52. PAEE estimated from HR and ACC+HR with treadmill calibration were 67(42) and 69(25) kJ·day-1·kg-1 (bias non-significant), with RMSE 34 and 20 kJ·day-1·kg-1 and correlations r = 0.58 and r = 0.67, respectively. Similar results were obtained with step-calibrated and walk-calibrated models, whereas non-calibrated models were less precise (RMSE: 37 and 24 kJ·day-1·kg-1, r = 0.40 and r = 0.55). TEE models also had high validity, with biases <5%, and correlations r = 0.71 (ACC), r = 0.66–0.76 (HR), and r = 0.76–0.83 (ACC+HR). Conclusions Both accelerometry and heart rate may be used to estimate EE in adult European men and women, with improved precision if combined and if heart rate is individually calibrated. PMID:26349056

Prediction of a multiple sclerosis diagnosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome using the 2016 MAGNIMS and 2010 McDonald criteria: a retrospective study.

PubMed

Filippi, Massimo; Preziosa, Paolo; Meani, Alessandro; Ciccarelli, Olga; Mesaros, Sarlota; Rovira, Alex; Frederiksen, Jette; Enzinger, Christian; Barkhof, Frederik; Gasperini, Claudio; Brownlee, Wallace; Drulovic, Jelena; Montalban, Xavier; Cramer, Stig P; Pichler, Alexander; Hagens, Marloes; Ruggieri, Serena; Martinelli, Vittorio; Miszkiel, Katherine; Tintorè, Mar; Comi, Giancarlo; Dekker, Iris; Uitdehaag, Bernard; Dujmovic-Basuroski, Irena; Rocca, Maria A

2018-02-01

In 2016, the Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis (MAGNIMS) network proposed modifications to the MRI criteria to define dissemination in space (DIS) and time (DIT) for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). Changes to the DIS definition included removal of the distinction between symptomatic and asymptomatic lesions, increasing the number of lesions needed to define periventricular involvement to three, combining cortical and juxtacortical lesions, and inclusion of optic nerve evaluation. For DIT, removal of the distinction between symptomatic and asymptomatic lesions was suggested. We compared the performance of the 2010 McDonald and 2016 MAGNIMS criteria for multiple sclerosis diagnosis in a large multicentre cohort of patients with CIS to provide evidence to guide revisions of multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria. Brain and spinal cord MRI and optic nerve assessments from patients with typical CIS suggestive of multiple sclerosis done less than 3 months from clinical onset in eight European multiple sclerosis centres were included in this retrospective study. Eligible patients were 16-60 years, and had a first CIS suggestive of CNS demyelination and typical of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, a complete neurological examination, a baseline brain and spinal cord MRI scan obtained less than 3 months from clinical onset, and a follow-up brain scan obtained less than 12 months from CIS onset. We recorded occurrence of a second clinical attack (clinically definite multiple sclerosis) at months 36 and 60. We evaluated MRI criteria performance for DIS, DIT, and DIS plus DIT with a time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Between June 16, 1995, and Jan 27, 2017, 571 patients with CIS were screened, of whom 368 met all study inclusion criteria. At the last evaluation (median 50·0 months [IQR 27·0-78·4]), 189 (51%) of 368 patients developed clinically definite multiple sclerosis. At 36 months, the two DIS criteria showed high sensitivity (2010 McDonald 0·91 [95% CI 0·85-0·94] and 2016 MAGNIMS 0·93 [0·88-0·96]), similar specificity (0·33 [0·25-0·42] and 0·32 [0·24-0·41]), and similar area under the curve values (AUC; 0·62 [0·57-0·67] and 0·63 [0·58-0·67]). Performance was not affected by inclusion of symptomatic lesions (sensitivity 0·92 [0·87-0·96], specificity 0·31 [0·23-0·40], AUC 0·62 [0·57-0·66]) or cortical lesions (sensitivity 0·92 [0·87-0·95], specificity 0·32 [0·24-0·41], AUC 0·62 [0·57-0·67]). Requirement of three periventricular lesions resulted in slightly lower sensitivity (0·85 [0·78-0·90], slightly higher specificity (0·40 [0·32-0·50], and similar AUC (0·63 [0·57-0·68]). Inclusion of optic nerve evaluation resulted in similar sensitivity (0·92 [0·87-0·96]), and slightly lower specificity (0·26 [0·18-0·34]) and AUC (0·59 [0·55-0·64]). AUC values were also similar for DIT (2010 McDonald 0·61 [0·55-0·67] and 2016 MAGNIMS 0·61 [0·55-0·66]) and DIS plus DIT (0·62 [0·56-0·67] and 0·64 [0·58-0·69]). The 2016 MAGNIMS criteria showed similar accuracy to the 2010 McDonald criteria in predicting the development of clinically definite multiple sclerosis. Inclusion of symptomatic lesions is expected to simplify the clinical use of MRI criteria without reducing accuracy, and our findings suggest that needing three lesions to define periventricular involvement might slightly increase specificity, suggesting that these two factors could be considered during further revisions of multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria. UK MS Society, National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Dutch MS Research Foundation. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Devising and Implementing a Suitable Graduate Education Platform for Dublin's Institute of Technology (DIT)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carton, Janet; Jerrams, Steve

2008-01-01

Graduate education platforms have received general acclaim as key components in the future structural development of third-level and fourth-level education in Europe. In Ireland the Higher Education Authority (HEA) has endorsed the restructuring of postgraduate education to incorporate the training of research students in key generic and…

WitnessMan: The Software Tool to Design, Analyse and Assess a Witness Pack with Respect to Military and Medical Effects on an (un)Protected (dis)Mounted Soldier

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-03-01

assessmentmodule stelt de gebruiker in staat een experimenteel hulpmiddel om tijdens vrij lastig is. Dit kan nadelige gevolgen ter plaatse de militaire en...design .................................................................................................................. 9 2.1 Step 1: design a... 11 3.1 Introductnion

VizieR Online Data Catalog: NGC 1893 optical and NIR photometry (Prisinzano+, 2011)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prisinzano, L.; Sanz-Forcada, J.; Micela, G.; Caramazza, M.; Guarcello, M. G.; Sciortino, S.; Testi, L.

2010-10-01

We present new optical and NIR photometric data in the VRIJHK and H-α bands for the cluster NGC 1893. The optical photometry was obtained by using images acquired in service mode using two different telescopes: the Device Optimized for the LOw RESolution (DOLORES) mounted on the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG), used in service mode during three nights in 2007, and the Calar Alto Faint Object Spectrograph (CAFOS), mounted on the 2.2m telescope in Calar Alto German-Spanish Observatory (Spain), during three nights in 2007 and 2008. NIR observations were acquired in service mode at the TNG, using the large field Near Infrared Camera Spectrometer (NICS) with the Js(1.25um), H(1.63um) and K'(2.12um) filters during eight nights in 2007 and 2008. We observed a field around NGC 1893 with a raster of 4x4 pointings, at each pointing we obtained a series of NINT dithered exposures. Each exposure is a repetition of a DIT (Detector Integration Time) times NDIT (number of DIT), to avoid saturation of the background. (4 data files).

Folie à Trois à Lubumbashi: à propos d’un cas

PubMed Central

Bugeme, Marcellin; Mukuku, Olivier; Mobambo, Pitchou; Koba, Bora; Muyumba, Emmanuel

2013-01-01

Le trouble psychotique partagé est une entité psychiatrique rare caractérisée par la transmission des idées délirantes d’un patient dit “inducteur”, à un autre dit “induit”, tous vivant en association proche, dans un milieu clos et isolé, partageant des idées délirantes sur le même thème. Nous vous rapportons un cas clinique de “folie à trois” mettant en jeu un délire de persécution à mécanisme hallucinatoire et interprétatif par trois soeurs de même famille biologique, orphelines de père, vivant ensemble, ayant un niveau socio-économique bas après la mort de leur père. Elles ont des relations étroitement liéeset font leurs activités ensemble. L’aînée étant parvenue à partager ses idées délirantes avec ses soeurs et toutes troisse sont retrouvées dans un état d’excitation psychomotrice. PMID:23560130

A systematic study of (NH4)2S passivation (22%, 10%, 5%, or 1%) on the interface properties of the Al2O3/In0.53Ga0.47As/InP system for n-type and p-type In0.53Ga0.47As epitaxial layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Connor, É.; Brennan, B.; Djara, V.; Cherkaoui, K.; Monaghan, S.; Newcomb, S. B.; Contreras, R.; Milojevic, M.; Hughes, G.; Pemble, M. E.; Wallace, R. M.; Hurley, P. K.

2011-01-01

In this work, we present the results of an investigation into the effectiveness of varying ammonium sulphide (NH4)2S concentrations in the passivation of n-type and p-type In0.53Ga0.47As. Samples were degreased and immersed in aqueous (NH4)2S solutions of concentrations 22%, 10%, 5%, or 1% for 20 min at 295 K, immediately prior to atomic layer deposition of Al2O3. Multi-frequency capacitance-voltage (C-V) results on capacitor structures indicate that the lowest frequency dispersion over the bias range examined occurs for n-type and p-type devices treated with the 10%(NH4)2S solution. The deleterious effect on device behavior of increased ambient exposure time after removal from 10%(NH4)2S solution is also presented. Estimations of the interface state defect density (Dit) for the optimum 10%(NH4)2S passivated In0.53Ga0.47As devices extracted using an approximation to the conductance method, and also extracted using the temperature-modified high-low frequency C-V method, indicate that the same defect is present over n-type and p-type devices having an integrated Dit of ˜2.5×1012 cm-2 (±1×1012 cm-2) with the peak density positioned in the middle of the In0.53Ga0.47As band gap at approximately 0.37 eV (±0.03 eV) from the valence band edge. Both methods used for extracting Dit show very good agreement, providing evidence to support that the conductance method can be applied to devices incorporating high-k oxides on In0.53Ga0.47As.

Development of anion-exchange/reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry methods for the speciation of bio-available iodine and bromine from edible seaweed.

PubMed

Romarís-Hortas, Vanessa; Bermejo-Barrera, Pilar; Moreda-Piñeiro, Antonio

2012-05-04

Anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography hyphenated with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry has been novelly applied to assess inorganic (iodide and iodate) and organic (3-iodotyrosine - MIT, and 3,5-diiodotyrosine - DIT) iodine species in a single chromatographic run. The optimized operating conditions (Dionex IonPac AS7, gradient elution with 175 mM ammonium nitrate plus 15% (v/v) methanol, pH 3.8, as a mobile phase and flow rates within the 0.5-1.5 mL min(-1) range) have also been used to perform inorganic bromine speciation analysis (bromide and bromate). The developed method has been applied for determining the bio-available contents of iodine and bromine species in dialyzates from edible seaweed. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C8, gradient elution with 0.2% (m/m) acetic acid, and 0.2% (m/m) acetic acid in methanol, as mobile phases, and a constant flow rate of 0.75 mL min(-1)) also hyphenated with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was used to confirm the presence of organic iodine species (MIT and DIT) in the dialyzates. The verification of the presence of iodinated amino acids (MIT and DIT) in the extracts was also performed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LTQ Orbitrap). The developed methods have provided good repeatability (RSD values lower than 10% for both anion exchange and reverse phase separations) and analytical recoveries within the 90-105% range for all cases. The in vitro bio-availability method consisted of a simulated gastric and an intestinal digestion/dialysis (10 kDa molecular weight cut-off - MWCO) two-stage procedure. Iodide and MIT were the main bio-available species quantified, whereas bromide was the major bromine species found in the extracts. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Martingale Characterization of Mixed Poisson Processes.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-10-01

03LA A 11. TITLE (Inciuae Security Clanafication, ",A martingale characterization of mixed Poisson processes " ________________ 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR... POISSON PROCESSES Jostification .......... . ... . . Di.;t ib,,jtion by Availability Codes Dietmar Pfeifer* Technical University Aachen Dist Special and...Mixed Poisson processes play an important role in many branches of applied probability, for instance in insurance mathematics and physics (see Albrecht

"Better a Live Sparrow than a Stuffed Eagle": Towards a Translation of Guillaume de Machaut's "Dit de l'Alerion."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thaon, Brenda

1978-01-01

A discussion of some special problems in translating medieval poetry into a modern language while conveying the original meaning, emotional tone and word play. The discussion centers on the poetry of Machaut, a medieval poet of interest to English scholars because of his influence on Chaucer. (AMH)

Detection of T-2 Toxin by an Improved Radioimmunoassay

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-02-01

M. A. Mehlman led.). Mycotoxins in human and animal health . of the extraction steps, the shorter incubation Pathotox Publishers Inc., Park Forest...and animal health . Pathotox 742. Publishers Inc.. Park Forest South. Ill. Accession For NTIS GRA&I DTIC TAB 0 Unannounced 5 DTIC Justification ELECTE 117_ _ Distribution/ OC Availability Codes B DIt special ,41 - .

The Cultural Phenomenon of Identity Theft and the Domestication of the World Wide Web

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Caeton, Daniel A.

2007-01-01

Through a critique of the rhetorical configurations of identity theft, this article contributes to the emerging body of theory contending with the social effects of digital information technologies (DIT). It demonstrates how the politics of fear manipulate technosocial matrices in order to derive consent for radical changes such as the…

Dublin Institute of Technology's Programme for Students Learning with Communities: A Critical Account of Practice

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gamble, Elena; Bates, Catherine

2011-01-01

Purpose: This paper aims to focus on the process of critically evaluating Dublin Institute of Technology's Programme for Students Learning With Communities after its first year of operation. The programme supports and promotes community-based learning/service-learning across DIT. Design/methodology/approach: The paper is presented in the form of a…

A Corpus-Based Discourse Information Analysis of Chinese EFL Learners' Autonomy in Legal Case Brief Writing

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chen, Jinshi

2017-01-01

Legal case brief writing is pedagogically important yet insufficiently discussed for Chinese EFL learners majoring in law. Based on process genre approach and discourse information theory (DIT), the present study designs a corpus-based analytical model for Chinese EFL learners' autonomy in legal case brief writing and explores the process of case…

Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-01

Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields , 300 KiloHertz to 100 GigaHertz." 6. ARINC 429-8, "Digital Information Transfer System (DITS...142 V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Aircraft Electromagnetic Compatibility guidelines document deals with electromagnetic compatibility in a... electromagnetic interference paths (figure EI. TYPE PATH 400 Hz Electrostatic MagneticCharge Electric Field Transients 5 R d t Coupling 150/i 300o Wire

Language Learning in Virtual Worlds: Designing for Languaging, the Role of Affordances

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nocchi, Susanna

2014-01-01

This article will utilise data collected during SLItaliano, an Italian language course run in the Virtual World (VW) of Second Life® (SL®) in 2012. The course was offered to third level students of Italian as a Foreign Language (FL) in an Irish college, the Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT). It was designed and coordinated by the researcher and…

Performance of some nucleation theories with a nonsharp droplet-vapor interface.

PubMed

Napari, Ismo; Julin, Jan; Vehkamäki, Hanna

2010-10-21

Nucleation theories involving the concept of nonsharp boundary between the droplet and vapor are compared to recent molecular dynamics (MD) simulation data of Lennard-Jones vapors at temperatures above the triple point. The theories are diffuse interface theory (DIT), extended modified liquid drop-dynamical nucleation theory (EMLD-DNT), square gradient theory (SGT), and density functional theory (DFT). Particular attention is paid to thermodynamic consistency in the comparison: the applied theories either use or, with a proper parameter adjustment, result in the same values of equilibrium vapor pressure, bulk liquid density, and surface tension as the MD simulations. Realistic pressure-density correlations are also used. The best agreement between the simulated nucleation rates and calculations is obtained from DFT, SGT, and EMLD-DNT, all of which, in the studied temperature range, show deviations of less than one order of magnitude in the nucleation rate. DIT underestimates the nucleation rate by up to two orders of magnitude. DFT and SGT give the best estimate of the molecular content of the critical nuclei. Overall, at the vapor conditions of this study, all the investigated theories perform better than classical nucleation theory in predicting nucleation rates.

Interface Engineering for Atomic Layer Deposited Alumina Gate Dielectric on SiGe Substrates.

PubMed

Zhang, Liangliang; Guo, Yuzheng; Hassan, Vinayak Vishwanath; Tang, Kechao; Foad, Majeed A; Woicik, Joseph C; Pianetta, Piero; Robertson, John; McIntyre, Paul C

2016-07-27

Optimization of the interface between high-k dielectrics and SiGe substrates is a challenging topic due to the complexity arising from the coexistence of Si and Ge interfacial oxides. Defective high-k/SiGe interfaces limit future applications of SiGe as a channel material for electronic devices. In this paper, we identify the surface layer structure of as-received SiGe and Al2O3/SiGe structures based on soft and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. As-received SiGe substrates have native SiOx/GeOx surface layers, where the GeOx-rich layer is beneath a SiOx-rich surface. Silicon oxide regrows on the SiGe surface during Al2O3 atomic layer deposition, and both SiOx and GeOx regrow during forming gas anneal in the presence of a Pt gate metal. The resulting mixed SiOx-GeOx interface layer causes large interface trap densities (Dit) due to distorted Ge-O bonds across the interface. In contrast, we observe that oxygen-scavenging Al top gates decompose the underlying SiOx/GeOx, in a selective fashion, leaving an ultrathin SiOx interfacial layer that exhibits dramatically reduced Dit.

Atomistic modeling trap-assisted tunneling in hole tunnel field effect transistors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Long, Pengyu; Huang, Jun Z.; Povolotskyi, Michael; Sarangapani, Prasad; Valencia-Zapata, Gustavo A.; Kubis, Tillmann; Rodwell, Mark J. W.; Klimeck, Gerhard

2018-05-01

Tunnel Field Effect Transistors (FETs) have the potential to achieve steep Subthreshold Swing (S.S.) below 60 mV/dec, but their S.S. could be limited by trap-assisted tunneling (TAT) due to interface traps. In this paper, the effect of trap energy and location on OFF-current (IOFF) of tunnel FETs is evaluated systematically using an atomistic trap level representation in a full quantum transport simulation. Trap energy levels close to band edges cause the highest leakage. Wave function penetration into the surrounding oxide increases the TAT current. To estimate the effects of multiple traps, we assume that the traps themselves do not interact with each other and as a whole do not modify the electrostatic potential dramatically. Within that model limitation, this numerical metrology study points to the critical importance of TAT in the IOFF in tunnel FETs. The model shows that for Dit higher than 1012/(cm2 eV) IO F F is critically increased with a degraded IO N/IO F F ratio of the tunnel FET. In order to have an IO N/IO F F ratio higher than 104, the acceptable Dit near Ev should be controlled to no larger than 1012/(cm2 eV) .

High Quality of Liquid Phase-Deposited SiON on GaAs MOS Capacitor with Multiple Treatments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Ming-Kwei; Yen, Chih-Feng; Yeh, Min-Yen

2016-08-01

Silicon oxynitride (SiON) film on a p-type (100) GaAs substrate by liquid phase deposition has been characterized. Aqueous solutions of hydrofluosilicic acid, ammonia and boric acid were used as growth precursors. The electrical characteristics of SiON film are much improved on GaAs with (NH4)2S treatment. With post-metallization annealing (PMA), hydrogen ions further passivate traps in the SiON/GaAs film and interface. Both PMA and (NH4)2S treatments on a SiON/GaAs MOS capacitor produce better interface quality and lower interface state density (Dit) compared with ones without hydrogen and sulfur passivations. The leakage current densities are improved to 7.1 × 10-8 A/cm2 and 1.8 × 10-7 A/cm2 at ±2 V. The dielectric constant of 5.6 and the effective oxide charges of -5.3 × 1010 C/cm2 are obtained. The hysteresis offset of the hysteresis loop is only 0.09 V. The lowest Dit is 2.7 × 1011 cm-2/eV at an energy of about 0.66 eV from the edge of the valence band.

Scatterometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stoffelen, Adrianus Cornelis Maria

1996-10-01

Een veelheid aan meteorologische metingen is dagelijks beschikbaar. De meeste van deze waarnemingen bevinden zich echter boven land, en met name windwaarnemingen boven de (Noord Atlantische) oceaan zijn schaars. Bij een westelijke luchtstroming is dit een duidelijke beperking voor de weers- en golfverwachtingen ten behoeve van Nederland. Juist dan is het gevaar voor bijvoorbeeld storm of overstroming het grootst. Ook in het aardse klimaatsysteem speelt de wind aan het oppervlak een grote rol en is de belangrijkste factor voor de aandrijving van de oceaancirculatie. De oceaancirculatie op zijn beurt is cruciaal voor de verschijnselen die samenhangen met bijvoorbeeld El Niño. Dit proefschift gaat over het scatterometer instrument dat vanuit de ruimte, zelfs onder een wolkendek, nauwkeurige en betrouwbare informatie geeft over de wind aan het oceaanoppervlak met een hoge mate van ruimtelijke consistentie. Tijdens de tweede wereldoorlog werden radars aan boord van schepen veelvuldig gebruikt voor de opsporing van vijandige vaartuigen. Hierbij werd vastgesteld dat de detectie slechter werd naarmate de wind aan het zeeoppervlak groter was. Proefondervindelijk was hiermee het principe van een wind scatterometer aangetoond. Al snel ontwikkelde zich dan ook de idee de wind aan het zeeoppervlak te meten met behulp van radar. Vanuit een vliegtuig of een satelliet word dan een microgolfbundel onder een schuine hoek naar het zeeoppervlak gestuurd. De microgolfstraling, met gewoonlijk een golflengte van enkele centimeters, wordt verstrooid aan het ruwe oppervlak, en een klein gedeelte van de uitgezonden puls keert terug naar het detectorgedeelte van de scatterometer. Het fysische fenomeen van belang voor de werking van de scatterometer is de aanwezigheid van zogeheten capillaire gavitatiegolven op het zeeoppervlak. Deze golven hebben een golflengte van enkele centimeters en reageren vrijwel instantaan op de sterkte van de wind. De verstrooiing van microgolven is op zijn beurt weer sterk afhankelijk van de amplitude van de capillaire golven. Bovendien blijken de capillaire golfjes over het algemeen gericht in lijn met de windrichting. Aldus bestaat er een verband tussen de hoeveelheid teruggestrooide energie en de windsterkte en -richting op enige hoogte. Een scatterometer instrument wordt zo ontworpen dat uit diverse metingen van het teruggestrooide vermogen, windsterkte en -richting afgeleid kunnen worden. Deze metingen kunnen dan eenvoudig vergeleken worden met bestaande windgegevens van boeien, schepen en weermodellen ter calibratie en validatie.?SAMENVATTING viii Overzicht In de loop der jaren zijn scatterometer instrumenten aan boord van verscheidene satellieten gelanceerd. De scatterometers op de ERS-1 en ERS-2 ("European Remote-sensing Satellite") hebben de langste staat van dienst en zijn sinds 1991 operationeel. Deze scatterometers (die identiek zijn) hebben ieder drie antennes, waarmee het oceaanoppervlak in drie verschillende richtingen bemeten wordt. Een punt op het aardoppervlak wordt eerst door de naar voren gerichte bundel belicht, dan door de naar opzij gerichte bundel, en als laatste door de naar achteren gerichte bundel. De drie metingen, verder kortweg aangeduid als trits, kunnen tegen elkaar worden uitgezet, hetgeen resulteert in een ruimtelijk (3D) plaatje. Door uitgekiende doorsneden te maken van deze ruimte kan de samenhang van de drie metingen kwalitatief worden bestudeerd. De drie metingen blijken dan inderdaad een sterke samenhang te vertonen die verklaard kan worden uit twee geofysische parameters. De drie metingen liggen namelijk in het algemeen dichtbij een hoornvormig (2D) oppervlak. De lengterichting van de hoorn blijkt voornamelijk te corresponderen met een variërende windsterkte (of ruwheid van de zee), en de kortste omtrek van de hoorn met een variërende windrichting (ofwel oriëntatie van de capillaire golfjes). De karakterisatie en modellering van dit oppervlak heeft geleid tot een aanzienlijke verbetering in de interpretatie van de scatterometer, zoals beschreven is in dit proefschrift. Hierboven is een uiterst simplistisch beeld gegeven van de fysica die van belang is bij de interpretatie van de scatterometer. Het eerste hoofdstuk van dit proefschrift beschrijft in meer detail de fysische modellering van belang bij de interpretatie van de scatterometer metingen. Ten eerste, de topografie van het zeeoppervlak is uitermate gecompliceerd en niet nauwkeurig te beschrijven met eenvoudige mathematische vergelijkingen. De capillaire golven hebben een andere fasesnelheid dan de langere golven en beide hebben hiermee een ingewikkelde dynamische interactie. Bij hogere windsnelheid breken de golven en ontstaan er schuimkoppen, hetgeen de fysische beschrijving verder compliceert. Ten tweede, de interactie van een schuin invallende microgolfbundel met dit gecompliceerde oppervlak is evenmin nauwkeurig te beschrijven. Zowel verstrooiing als reflectie kunnen een rol spelen. Ten derde, over de relatie tussen de amplitude van de capillaire golven en de wind op enige hoogte, laten we veronderstellen 10 m, is in de literatuur niet de overeenstemming tot in het gewenste detail. Bij lage windsnelheid zouden de oppervlaktespanning of variaties in de wind variabiliteit een rol kunnen spelen. Gezien de fysische complexiteit, is het niet verwonderlijk dat voor de interpretatie van scatterometer metingen statistische methoden hun opgang gevonden hebben. Dit proefschrift gaat met name in op deze methoden, en geeft, aan de hand van vijf wetenschappelijke publicaties, een tamelijk volledig beeld van de "state-of-the-art", zoals die bereikt is met de?SAMENVATTING ix ERS scatterometers (ERS-1 vanaf 17 juli 1991 en later ERS-2 vanaf 22 november 1995). Het derde hoofdstuk behandelt de visualisatie van de gemeten tritsen in de 3D meetruimte, de bepaling van de spreiding van de metingen rond het hoornvormige oppervlak, en de schatting van de meest waarschijnlijke "werkelijke" (of ruisvrije) trits bij het hoornvormige oppervlak gegeven de metingen en hun nauwkeurigheid (inversie). De perceptie dat de metingen met grote waarschijnlijkheid dichtbij een hoornvormig oppervlak liggen, vormt essentiële a priori informatie van belang voor de inversie. Een inversieprocedure gestoeld op waarschijnlijkheidstheorie is afgeleid. Verder worden aan de hand van de structuur van het hoornvormige oppervlak indicatoren bepaald, van belang voor de kwaliteitscontrole, instrumentbewaking, en de verdere verwerking van de gegevens. In de appendix wordt een methode besproken die beschrijft hoe, aan de hand van geselecteerde windgegevens en een goed wind-microgolf verband, ofwel transfer functie, de scatterometer verstrooiingsmetingen gecalibreerd kunnen worden boven de oceaan. Het blijkt dat deze calibratie, die per antenne wordt uitgevoerd, uiterst nauwkeurig is, en, wanneer toegepast, in de 3D meetruimte de verdeling van gemeten tritsen gemiddeld dichterbij de door de transfer functie gemodelleerde hoorn brengt. Dit levert een verbetert scatterometer wind product op. De methode was met name van groot belang voor de validatie en calibratie van de ERS-2 scatterometer, voordat de instrumentele calibratie was voltooid. Met behulp van een set windgegevens uit een weermodel en hun geschatte nauwkeurigheden, passend in locatie en tijd bij een set van scatterometer metingen en hun geschatte nauwkeurigheden, kan met quasi-lineaire schattingstheorie ("Maximum Likelihood Estimation") de meest waarschijnlijke wind-microgolf transfer functie worden afgeleid. De niet-lineariteit en onnauwkeurige formulering van de transfer functie, een niet-uniforme verdeling van invoergegevens, en een inaccurate formulering van de geschatte nauwkeurigheid kunnen hier een goed resultaat in de weg staan. Een nieuwe functie, genoemd CMOD4, wordt afgeleid in hoofdstuk IV. Een eerste eis die gesteld wordt aan een transfer functie, is dat het in de 3D meetruimte nauwkeurig bij de gemeten tritsen past. Wanneer de "fit" optimaal is zal het gecombineerde effect van meetonnauwkeurigheid en inversiefout kleiner zijn dan 0.5 m s -1 in de wind vector. CMOD4 blijkt binnen deze fout bij de metingen te passen. Een tweede eis is, dat voor een onafhankelijke gegevensset, het verschil tussen de geïnverteerde scatterometer wind en de bijpassende wind van bijvoorbeeld een weermodel zo klein mogelijk is. In de praktijk blijkt dat deze tweede eis impliciet volgt uit de eerste, maar ook dat de onnauwkeurigheid van de scatterometer wind met name wordt bepaald door de associatie van een locatie op de hoorn met een wind vector. De onnauwkeurigheid in de scatterometer wind kan dan ook goed beschreven worden in het wind domein.?SAMENVATTING x In hoofdstuk V wordt dit laatste verder uitgewerkt, en wordt gestreefd naar een gedetailleerde wind calibratie met behulp van in situ gegevens. Windgegevens bevatten doorgaans een relatief grote onnauwkeurigheid. Het wordt aangetoond dat ijking of regressie van zulke gegevens niet mogelijk is in een vergelijking van twee meetsystemen, tenzij de nauwkeurigheid van één van de twee meetsystemen bekend is. In de praktijk is dit meestal niet zo. Voor deze gevallen wordt een methode voorgesteld die uitgaat van de simultane vergelijking van drie meetsystemen. In dit geval kan zowel de ijking als een foutenmodel voor de drie meetsystemen worden opgelost. Toepassing van de methode laat zien dat de scatterometer wind afgeleid met behulp van CMOD4 ruwweg 5 % te laag is, en de oppervlaktewind van het gebruikte weermodel ongeveer 5 % te hoog. Het hoornvormige oppervlak blijkt te bestaan uit twee nauw samenvallende laagjes. Wanneer de wind een component heeft in de kijkrichting van de middelste microgolfbundel wordt de ene hoorn beschreven, en wanneer de wind een component heeft tegengesteld hieraan, de andere. Uit een trits metingen (met ruis) kan dus in het algemeen niet een unieke windvector worden bepaald. Twee ongeveer tegengestelde oplossingen resulteren. Deze dubbelzinnigheid in de windrichting kan in de praktijk worden opgelost door die oplossing te kiezen die het dichtst bij een korte termijn weervoorspelling ligt. Daarna kunnen eisen worden gesteld aan de ruimtelijke consistentie van het gevonden windvector veld. Zoals beschreven in hoofdstuk V levert zo'n methode de goede oplossing in meer dan 99 % van de gevallen. Zo kan een in het algemeen kwalitatief goed windproduct worden afgeleid uit de ERS scatterometermetingen. In het tweede gedeelte van hoofdstuk V wordt ingegaan op de assimilatie van scatterometergegevens in weermodellen. Voor variationele gegevensassimilatie wordt een methode voorgesteld, waarbij de dubbelzinnige scatterometerwinden worden geassimileerd, en niet direct de terugstrooiingsmetingen. Dit vanwege het feit dat de onzekerheid in de interpretatie van de scatterometer, het best is uit te drukken als een fout in de wind. De projectie van deze fout op de microgolfmetingen is niet-lineair, en daarmee tamelijk moeilijk te verwerken binnen de context van meteorologische variationele gegevensassimilatie. Assimilatie van de dubbelzinnige wind daarentegen is tamelijk recht toe recht aan. De scatterometermetingen leiden tot een duidelijk betere analyse en korte-termijn voorspelling van het windveld boven zee. De bedekking is echter zodanig dat andere windwaarnemingen nog lang een zeer welkome aanvulling zullen zijn. Nieuwe Amerikaanse scatterometers met een grotere bedekking zijn in ontwikkeling (met name QuikSCAT en SeaWinds). Vanwege hun andere geometrie en golflengte is echter eerst ontwikkelwerk nodig om tot een gedegen interpretatie te komen. De in dit proefschrift beschreven methodologie kan een belangrijke rol spelen in de interpretatie van de gegevens van deze scatterometers. De volgende generatie Europese scatterometers (ASCAT genoemd) heeft een?SAMENVATTING xi grote bedekking en de microgolflengte en meetgeometrie van de ERS scatterometers. Hiermee zijn we op termijn verzekerd van een goed scatterometer wind product.?SAMENVATTING xii

100 Companies Receiving the Largest Dollar Volume of Prime Contract Awards, fiscal Year 1989

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-01-01

Fiscal Year 1989 Accession For NTIS GRA&I DTIC TAB0 Unannounced ju3t if iat ion Distribution/ AvailabilitY Codes Dit special. TABLE OF CONTENTS Invir...CORPORATION 9,625 TOTAL 118,089 0.09 66.11 98 CONTINENTAL MARITIME INDS 33,818 CONTINNTAL MRTIME OF SAN DIEGO 82,791 TOTAL 116,609 0 09 66.20 99

Feasibility Study of TRISCAN Landing System.

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-10-01

as inclinometers, tiltmeters , vertical sensors , level sensors , pendulums, and gravity sensing electrolytic transducers. Of course, the common...5.0 NAVTOLAND SENSOR REQUIREMENTS 5.1 TRISCAN PERFORMANCE _ --* L 5.2 SHIPS MOTION SENSING 5.3 DATA LINK Dit.S.ia 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...involved in enabling the pilot to fly V/STOL Aircraft onto Navy Ships and Marine Corps tactical sites. Guidance sensors have been identified as being

Physical Protection: the State of the Art

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-02-01

fundamentele mechanisme van adsorptie van water beschrijft; dit is ingewikkeld en kost veel tijd ; een tweede benadering is het opstellen van een eenvoudig...gasscheidingsmethoden, bij voorkeur regeneratief, zijn zeer wenselijk vanwege de logistieke voordelen en de gegarandeerde langere operatie tijd . P(T)SA is meer...in de loop van de tijd ) met vrij simpele middelen en technieken sterk worden verbeterd. Deze technieken, zoals micro-encapsulatie en toevoeging van

Teens in the Twenty-First Century Still Prefer People over Machines: Importance of Intervention Delivery Style in Adolescent HIV/STD Prevention

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pendleton, Sara M.; Stanton, Bonita; Cottrell, Lesley A.; Marshall, Sharon; Pack, Robert; Burns, James; Gibson, Catherine; Wu, Ying; Li, Xiaoming; Cole, Matthew

2007-01-01

Purpose: To assess and compare youth satisfaction with two delivery approaches to a HIV/STD risk reduction intervention targeting adolescents: an on-site, face-to-face (FTF) approach versus a long distance interactive televised (DIT) approach. Methods: A convenience sample of 571 rural adolescents ages 12-16 years who participated in an HIV/STD…

Survival of Microorganisms in Nature.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-04-07

number) Survival of bacteria; Death of bacteria; Cysts; Dormancy; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Azotobacter; Chemotaxis; Micrococcus luteus; Predation...attracted to and rapidly destroys (lyses) added Micrococcus luteus cells. There is also attack of predator on predator in this system. DO 1 DIT1 473 Oor I OV...and on laboratory media. 4 1 SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT RESULTS Micrococcus luteus was shown to survive only poorly in soil (Casida, 1980a). This was

Using Structural Equation Modeling to Validate the Theory of Planned Behavior as a Model for Predicting Student Cheating

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mayhew, Matthew J.; Hubbard, Steven M.; Finelli, Cynthia J.; Harding, Trevor S.; Carpenter, Donald D.

2009-01-01

The purpose of this paper is to validate the use of a modified Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) for predicting undergraduate student cheating. Specifically, we administered a survey assessing how the TPB relates to cheating along with a measure of moral reasoning (DIT- 2) to 527 undergraduate students across three institutions; and analyzed the…

Public Reporting and a More Sustainable Army

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-04-01

information, and corporate governance . Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review April 2003: 65-87. Available at http... Volkswagen Yes Sinopec No Crédit Agricole Yes Allianz No Fortis Yes Source of corporate names only is http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune...organizations. Few, if any, corporate sustainability re- ports follow the GRI protocol at the level of detail present in the Army report. From this standpoint

Electronic Messaging for the 90s (Les Messageries Electroniques des Annees 90)

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-05-01

des autres unitds (un programme peut par exemple inclure un algorithme de 2. L CICULAIONDE ’INFRMAION recherche dans des donn~es...dit quc le rdseau, en particulier le r.dseau distant, cette coopdration homme /macbine. aifre des performances bien infirieures A celles des ordinateurs...dans ce sens, entre constructeurs d’ordinateurs, des opdrations traitementltransport. constructeurs didquipements de t~ l ~communications et exploitants de

The Bauschinger and Hardening Effects on Residual Stresses in an Autofrettaged Thick-Walled Cylinder

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-06-01

8217Large Caliber Weapon3 Systems Labrra-ory 1ý’ NUBE OF PAGES Dover, 1.7)70 14 "NITOING AGENCY N XME: A ADDRF!SS(Ir -ditI.. fromI Controlling Office. IS...US ARMY AMCCOM COMMANDER ATTN: DRSMC-LC(D) 1 US ARMY TANK-AUTMV COMD DRSMC-LCE(D) I ATTN: DRSTA-RC DRSMC-LCM(D) ( BLDC 321) 1 WARREN, MI 48090 DRSMC-LCS

A Model of an Integrated Air Defense System (IADS) for the TACOPS program

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-09-01

SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse If necessary and Identify by block number) FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP Integrated Air Defense System, iADS, TACOPS...needed. Selection criteria for picking a Measurement Of Effectiveness (MOE) are presented. Acceslon For I NTIS CRA&I DTIC TAB 0 Unannouticed 1 ...Justification B y ............................................... Di.,t ibiation Av.iabilily Codes Avai i:.djor Dist A- 1 THESIS DISCLAIMER The reader is cautioned

The Journal of Public Inquiry. Fall/Winter 2009-2010

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

this exception permits an agency to retain that portion of the recovery that represents its “direct loss,” or what is often referred to as “single...twenty years old, and what im- pact medical ailments have on handwrit- ing. this research may provide insight into examinations supporting criminal... what to say.”21 this type of e-mail correspondence could be indicative of a problem. terms: “au- dit,” “auditor

Target Patterns in Reaction-Diffusion Systems,

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

Riol. 37 (1974), 225-235. 8. M. H. COHEN AND S. A. ROBERTSON, Wave propagation in the early stages of aggregation of cellular slime molds . J. Theoret...the Zaikin-Zhabotinskii-Winfree reagent, Chem. Educ. 56 (1979), 574. 5. F. ALCANTARA AND M. MONK, Signal propagation during aggregation in the slime ... mold Dit’resteltu n discoideum. J. Gen. Microbiol. 85 (1974). 321-334. 6. M. S. COHEN AND P. S. HAGAN, Diffusion induced morphogenesis in the

Quality of Expert Systems: Methods and Techniques (Kwaliteit van Expertsystemen: Methoden en Technieken)

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-01

en Elektroniscb Laboratorium TNO (FEL-TNO), de Rijksuniversiteit Limburg (RL) en bet Research Instituut voor Kennis-Systemen (RIKS). In dit rapport...kwaliteitsbeheersing van kennissystemen. TNO rapport Pagina 2 report no : FEL-89-A267 bee Quality of Expert Systems: Methods and Techniques author(s) J.H.J. Lenting MA...Defence Research and Development. Participants in the project are TNO Physics and Electronics Laboratory (FEL-TNO), University of Limburg (RL) and

Storings analyse Ten Behoeve van het Materieelverzorgingsplan (Failure Analysis for the Maintenance Plan)

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-01

oporachtnemer verwezen naar de ’Algemone Voorwaarden voor Onderzoeks- opdrachten TNO’. dan wet de betreflende terzake fijasen partlijen gesloten * 11 ...ixvulling van het onderhoudsschema 9 2.4 Invulling van het onderhoudsschema in de praktijk 14 2.5 Gonclusies 16 3 STORINGSANALYSES 18 3.1 ’Failure mode...nnfd- en subgroep (dit is een opdeling van bet systeem naar functioneel sanienhangende delen). Pa gina 9 - Het onderhoudsniveau waar jedere

Al203 thin films on Silicon and Germanium substrates for CMOS and flash memory applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gopalan, Sundararaman; Dutta, Shibesh; Ramesh, Sivaramakrishnan; Prathapan, Ragesh; Sreehari G., S.

2017-07-01

As scaling of device dimensions has continued, it has become necessary to replace traditional SiO2 with high dielectric constant materials in the conventional CMOS devices. In addition, use of metal gate electrodes and Germanium substrates may have to be used in order to address leakage and mobility issues. Al2O3 is one of the potential candidates both for CMOS and as a blocking dielectric for Flash memory applications owing to its low leakage. In this study, the effects of sputtering conditions and post-deposition annealing conditions on the electrical and reliability characteristics of MOS capacitors using Al2O3 films on Si and Ge substrates with Aluminium gate electrodes have been presented. It was observed that higher sputtering power resulted in larger flat-band voltage (Vfb) shifts, more hysteresis, higher interface state density (Dit) and a poorer reliability. Wit was also found that while a short duration high temperature annealing improves film characteristics, a long duration anneal even at 800C was found to be detrimental to MOS characteristics. Finally, the electronic conduction mechanism in Al2O3 films was also studied. It was observed that the conduction mechanism varied depending on the annealing condition, thickness of film and electric field.

Protein supplements after weight loss do not improve weight maintenance compared with recommended dietary protein intake despite beneficial effects on appetite sensation and energy expenditure: a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial.

PubMed

Kjølbæk, Louise; Sørensen, Lone Brinkmann; Søndertoft, Nadja Buus; Rasmussen, Carrie Klestrup; Lorenzen, Janne Kunchel; Serena, Anja; Astrup, Arne; Larsen, Lesli Hingstrup

2017-08-01

Background : High-protein diets increase weight loss (WL) during energy restriction; therefore, it has been suggested that additional protein intake may improve weight maintenance (WM) after WL. Objective: We investigated the effect of protein supplements from either whey with or without calcium or soy on WM success after WL compared with that of a control. Design: In a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial, 220 participants aged 18-60 y with body mass index (in kg/m 2 ) from 27.6 to 40.4 were included. The study was initiated with an 8-wk WL period followed by a 24-wk WM period. During WM, participants consumed the following isocaloric supplements (45-48 g/d): whey and calcium (whey+), whey, soy, or maltodextrin (control). Data were collected at baseline, before WM, and after WM (weeks 0, 8, and 32, respectively) and included body composition, blood biochemistry, and blood pressure. Meal tests were performed to investigate diet-induced-thermogenesis (DIT) and appetite sensation. Compliance was tested by 24-h urinary nitrogen excretion. Results: A total of 151 participants completed the WM period. The control and 3 protein supplements did not result in different mean ± SD weight regains (whey+: 2.19 ± 4.6 kg; whey: 2.01 ± 4.6 kg; soy: 1.76 ± 4.7 kg; and control: 2.23 ± 3.8 kg; P = 0.96), fat mass regains (whey+: 0.46 ± 4.5 kg; whey: 0.11 ± 4.1 kg; soy: 0.15 ± 4.1 kg; and control: 0.54 ± 3.3 kg; P = 0.96), or improvements in lean body mass (whey+: 1.87 ± 1.7 kg; whey: 1.94 ± 1.3 kg; soy: 1.58 ± 1.4 kg; and control: 1.74 ± 1.4 kg; P = 0.50) during WM. Changes in blood pressure and blood biochemistry were not different between groups. Compared with the control, protein supplementation resulted in higher DIT (∼30 kJ/2.5 h) and resting energy expenditure (243 kJ/d) and an anorexigenic appetite-sensation profile. Conclusion: Protein supplementation does not result in improved WM success, or blood biochemistry after WL compared with the effects of normal dietary protein intake (0.8-1.0 g · kg -1 · d -1 ). This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01561131. © 2017 American Society for Nutrition.

Mercury Cadmium Telluride Sputtering Research.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-08-28

originally designed for 5.7cm rather than 12.7cu diameter targets. A similar target made from poly- crystalline (Hg.8 Cd.2)Te material, which is difficult to...required 3 stainless steel pieces per dit, but provded a loM thamrl idauce for the diemspated taret power. The details of the design re given in...analyzed: 2) WDX detects and measures only one element at a time thereby ensuring better accuracy; 3) Since WDX electron microprobe is especially designed

Job Oriented Training: Handleiding Serious Gaming (Job Oriented Training: Handleiding (Handbook) Serious Gaming)

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-01

bijvoorbeeld de toekomstige uitzendgebieden in zich heeft. De praktijk gaat hierbij vooraf aan de theorie , de benodigde theoretische kennis wordt niet vooraf...rapportnummer TNO-DV 2008 A340 Opdrachtnummer Datum September 2008 Auteur (s) dr. A.H. van der Hulst ir. T.J. Muller maj C.L. Roos Rubricering rapport...Oriented Training toegepast. Dit betekent in essentie dat de leerlingen vanaf dag een, integrale missies uitvoeren en niet eerst de theorie wordt

Militaire Toepassingen Van Adaptieve Optiek (Military Applications of Adaptive Optics)

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-09-01

dat op dit moment met de beschikbare theorie mogelijk is. Een ander interessant aspect is de mate waarin de turbulentie effecten het jam patroon...systemen In WEAG studie JP8. 11 is aangetoond dat in theorie adaptieve technieken een verbetering van de prestaties van een DIRCM systeem kunnen...Molenaar; Theorie van de laserscintillometer; TNO repot PHL 1978-16 (1978). TNO-rapport I TNO-DV 2006 A336 35/35 6 Ondertekening Den Haag, september 2006

Statement on the Science and Technology Program and the Role of Department of Defense Laboratories FY 1979,

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-05-16

Di~t Scci ~_STATEMENT ON THE SCIENCI AND TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM AND THE ROLE OF DEPARTMENT OF ’DEFENSE LABORATORIES DR. RUTH M. /DAVIS DEPUTY UNDER...guidance and control 2 and electronics through materials , mathematics and physics, through oceanographic and environmental sciences to chemical and...warfare 23 19 21 Weaponry Landmines, Landmine Countermeasures 13 18 18 and Barriers Ocean Vehicles 114 118 138 Land Mobility 26 26 47 Materials and

The Regional Special Operations Headquarters: Franchising the NATO Model as a Hedge in Lean Times

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-01

1 AIR FORCE FELLOWS AIR UNIVERSITY THE REGIONAL SPECIAL OPERATIONS HEADQUARTERS: FRANCHISING THE NATO MODEL AS A HEDGE IN LEAN...Headquarters: Franchising The NATO Model As A Hedge In Lean Times 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d...it is not copyrighted, but is the property of the United States government. 3 The Regional Special Operations Headquarters: Franchising the

Detection of gas hydrate with downhole logs and assessment of gas hydrate concentrations (saturations) and gas volumes on the Blake Ridge with electrical resistivity log data

USGS Publications Warehouse

Collett, T.S.; Ladd, J.

2000-01-01

Let 164 of the Ocean Drilling Program was designed to investigate the occurrence of gas hydrate in the sedimentary section beneath the Blake Ridge on the southeastern continental margin of North America. Site 994, and 997 were drilled on the Blake Ridge to refine our understanding of the in situ characteristics of natural gas hydrate. Because gas hydrate is unstable at surface pressure and temperature conditions, a major emphasis was placed on the downhole logging program to determine the in situ physical properties of the gas hydrate-bearing sediments. Downhole logging tool strings deployed on Leg 164 included the Schlumberger quad-combination tool (NGT, LSS/SDT, DIT, CNT-G, HLDT), the Formation MicroScanner (FMS), and the Geochemical Combination Tool (GST). Electrical resistivity (DIT) and acoustic transit-time (LSS/SDT) downhole logs from Sites 994, 995, and 997 indicate the presence of gas hydrate in the depth interval between 185 and 450 mbsf on the Blake Ridge. Electrical resistivity log calculations suggest that the gas hydrate-bearing sedimentary section on the Blake Ridge may contain between 2 and 11 percent bulk volume (vol%) gas hydrate. We have determined that the log-inferred gas hydrates and underlying free-gas accumulations on the Blake Ridge may contain as much as 57 trillion m3 of gas.

Is Obesity Associated with Altered Energy Expenditure?12

PubMed Central

Carneiro, Isabella P; Elliott, Sarah A; Siervo, Mario; Padwal, Raj; Bertoli, Simona; Battezzati, Alberto; Prado, Carla M

2016-01-01

Historically, obese individuals were believed to have lower energy expenditure (EE) rates than nonobese individuals (normal and overweight), which, in the long term, would contribute to a positive energy balance and subsequent weight gain. The aim of this review was to critically appraise studies that compared measures of EE and its components, resting EE (REE), activity EE (AEE), and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), in obese and nonobese adults to elucidate whether obesity is associated with altered EE. Contrary to popular belief, research has shown that obese individuals have higher absolute REE and total EE. When body composition (namely the metabolically active component, fat-free mass) is taken into account, these differences between obese and nonobese individuals disappear, suggesting that EE in obese individuals is not altered. However, an important question is whether AEE is lower in obese individuals because of a decrease in overall physical activity or because of less energy expended while performing physical activity. AEE and DIT could be reduced in obese individuals, mostly because of unhealthy behavior (low physical activity, higher intake of fat). However, the current evidence does not support the hypothesis that obesity is sustained by lower daily EE or REE. Future studies, comparing EE between obese and nonobese and assessing potential physiologic abnormalities in obese individuals, should be able to better answer the question of whether these individuals have altered energy metabolism. PMID:27184275

chs-4, a class IV chitin synthase gene from Neurospora crassa.

PubMed

Din, A B; Specht, C A; Robbins, P W; Yarden, O

1996-02-05

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, most of the cellular chitin is produced by chitin synthase III, which requires the product encoded by the CSD2/CAL1/DIT101/KT12 gene. We have identified, isolated and structurally characterized as CSD2/CAL1/DIT101/KT12 homologue in the filamentous ascomycete Neurospora crassa and have used a "reverse genetics" approach to determine its role in vivo. The yeast gene was used as a heterologous probe for the isolation of a N. crassa gene(designated chs-4) encoding a polypeptide belonging to a class of chitin synthases which we have designated class IV. The predicted polypeptide encoded by this gene is highly similar to those of S. cerevisiae and Candida albicans. N. crassa strains in which chs-4 had been inactivated by the Repeat-Induced point mutation (RIP) process grew and developed in a normal manner under standard growth conditions. However, when grown in the presence of sorbose (a carbon source which induces morphological changes accompanied by elevated chitin content), chitin levels in the chs-4RIP strain were significantly lower than those observed in the wild type. We suggest that CHS4 may serve as an auxiliary enzyme in N. crassa and that, in contrast to yeasts, it is possible that filamentous fungi may have more than one class IV chitin synthase.

AIRWAR II User’s Manual.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-04-17

3 asS -gag a coo 4; ; liJ J j jj; 0000 4.3 0 C, coo ac 0 cc 00 0j0i0 000 000; 0004- -’a -- fta LL. 000 00s 0 ~ m 0e00@0000 ccPo 000 coo oo J ~ 000 1...maintenance variables are set up in subroutine lE DIT from input values. For primary bases: DD -DMD MTTR(ij,id) FMD " MT ¥fg(ij, id ) F - F A(ij,id) where

The Diversity ECCM Performance of Frequency-Hopping CPFSK in Partial- Band Noise Jamming

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-05-25

TELEPHONE (Inc€ude Art Code) 22c. OFFICE SYMBOL 1 ar .anoer (919) 549-0641 ARO: EL-S D FORM 1473.6 4 MAR 83 APR edition may be used until exhausted...ASSOCIATES, INC. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... .... ......................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ...... ......................... I 1.2...andJ/or Dit Special t -. V 1 atI J. S. LEE ASSOCIATES, INC. -S TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.) . - Page 2.2 ERROR PROBA3ILITY FORMULATION .5

Graphical Tools for Situational Awareness Assistance for Large Battle Spaces

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-12-01

By Brian B. Soltz Di:t ibJt.on I Captain, USAF Ava;iabitIty Gc Avail P., dior Dist Sp~ c al December 1993 A ___ =vrC irALs...that made integrating my system simple and straight forward. There are also a number of other people who I would like to thank for their support and...32 2.4.3 Use of Weights as Applied to Fuzzy Rules .................... 34 2.4.4 Implementation of a Feedback Controller ...................... 35

Intelligence and Electronic Warfare (IEW) Streamlining Project. Volume 1. Sustainment Analysis Report. Revision

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-10-30

I Sustainment Analysis Report Accesion For NTIS CRA&I DTIC 1 AP- U. an-;o u,ced [] jj ~~~Y INSPECTED 5 Js~~~o By.......... ............ Dit Ib ’tiot...ELECTRONIC WARFARE (1EW) STREAMUNING PROJECT Vohune I Sustainment Analysis Report Revised October 30, 1992 93-29047 The views, opinions, and findings...Streamlining Project, C OPM-91-2964 Volume I, Sustainment Analysis Report PR 02TO2K 6. AUTHORIS) David P. Nicholas, Robert E. Klebo. Wolodymyr J. Mokey

Efficient Optical Logic, Interconnections and Processing Using Quantum Confined Structures

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-05-20

mnounced D ELECTE j LL.,iicEtion ......... -..................- JUN 14 1993 B y .. . ........ . . . . . .. Di~t ibution l Availability Codes Avail...coefficient of rt( b ) and power reflectivity of RT( B )=lrt( b )12 , viewed from the cavity. RB>RT is used in the design. Written in terms of the power...reflectivities, the total power reflectivity from the Fabry-Perot is given by: p lf-RT. R-f-• B exp(-.al)1 2 I ~ ~l .•RTRBeXp(._C.)j2 Assuming RB=0.97, Figure

Advances on Propulsion Technology for High-Speed Aircraft. Volume 1

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-03-01

sprayed Cu -3% Ag alloys , ITSC 2001 - Singapour - 6dit6e par C.C. Berndt - K.A. Khor et E.F. Lugscheider - ASM-TSS - Materials park - OH-USA, p.633... spraying of CuCrNb powder and a more advanced approach which combines the advantages of a high temperature, low density and porous carbon-fibre...physical vapour deposition (EB-PVD), vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) and solution plasma spraying (SPS) [38-41]. A segmented sub-scale model combustor with

X-Ray Attenuation Coefficients from 10 Kev to 100 Mev,

DTIC Science & Technology

1957-04-30

is u&Ung"w APR n 4 1994 94-10025 0 Z1UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 94 .4 1 096 Data on Radiation Physics Graphs...OF COMMERCE • Sinclair Weeks, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS , A. V. Astin, Dirvcew X-ray Attenuation Coefficients From 10 key to 100 Mev...Dit. ibtion I Availabiilty Codes Avai# and/or Dist Special National Bureau of Standards Circular 583 Issuw1 April 30, 1957 Fo e teSpr dt

The Software Engineering Prototype.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-06-01

34. sThis cnly means that the ’claim’, i.e., "accepted wisdcu" in systems design, was set up as the aiternative to the hypcthesis, in accord with tra dit ion...conflict and its resolution are m~~lyto occur when users can exercise their influence 4n the levelc2- inert prcezss. Ccnflict 4itsslY os snotr lead...the traditional method of software de- velopment often has poor results. Recently, a new approach to software development, the prototype approach

Ronald McDonald dit: "Tout le monde connait: 'Deuxsteakshachessaucespecialesaladefromageoignons dansuntriplepainrondrecouvertdegrainsdesesames'" (Ronald McDonald Says: "Everyone Knows: 'Two-All-Beef-Patties-Special-Sauce-Lettuce-Cheese-Pickles- Onions-on-a-Sesame-Seed Bun'").

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Headrick, Robert J., Jr.

This booklet is intended for classroom use in first-year high school French to acquaint students with the McDonald's fast food restaurants in Paris. The specific objectives are for the student to: (1) discuss the similarities and differences between the American and Parisian McDonald's, (2) set up a miniature McDonald's in the classroom, (3) order…

Selection of a Method for the Measurement of the Protection Factor in the Field (Selectie van een methode voor de meting van de gasmaskerprotectiefactor te velde)

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-06-01

deeltjes in het masker, de luclitwegen of de detector worden protectiefactoren gevonden die in het algemneen te optimistisch zijn [11, 12]. De gevonden...zijn wel te relateren aan bepaalde activiteiten. 4.2.2 Natuurlijk atmosferisch stof Door de firma TSI is een apparaat ontwikkeld (Portacount) dat...onderdruk afnemen [5]. Door de firma Dynatech Nevada (USA) wordt een apparaat geproduceerd dat van dit principe gebruikmaakt. Het apparaat is voorzien

Conference Proceedings of the Guidance and Control of Unmanned Air Vehicles

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-08-01

FRANCE - RESUME Pour l’attaque adrienne d’objectifs terrestres de valeur (piste d’arodrome, pont, concentration de blindds ... ), le concept d’un...le systdme de localisation GPS/NAVSTAR, - les systdmes dits " terrestres " * Altimntre. * Senseur cartographique (radar ou optique). 2.3 Solution pr...55-4 Figunre 3: Miuirtarized Configuration of (;round Station MIain C omputer LOCALWJM .UA TWC-MELG"^ALN VDE h AAM APPL$CA1ONI 42 "’RA E SItIAL

Inventory of Simulation and Modeling for the Analysis of Ground Manoeuvre Performance (inventarisatie van vragen en modellen voor de analyse van het grondgebonden optreden)

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-04-01

uitvoeren, en hoe lang men deze operaties wit kunnen voortzetten. Deze vragen zijn niet binnen AGO te beantwoorden, mawr de antwoorden op deze vragen...Bovenstaande modellen zijn allen in gebruik bij DSTL. Daarnaast beschikt de DGD&D over een eigen wargame (MINERVA) waarmee men seminars ten beboeve van...gemnodelleerd. Zo zijn er voor de afzonderlijke tanks geen vuursectoren gemodelleerd waarbinnen men terugvuurt. Dit kan in de toekomnst wel verder

VLSI Design, Parallel Computation and Distributed Computing

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-09-30

I U1 TA 3 Daniel Mleitman U. : C ..( -_. .. .s .. . . . . Tom Leighton David Shmoys . ........A ,~i ;.t , 77 Michael Sipser , Di.,t a-., Eva Tardos...Leighton and Plaxton on the construction of a sim- ple c log .- depth circuit (where c < 7.5) that sorts a random permutation with very high probability...puting iPOD( ). Aug-ust 1992. Vancouver. British Columbia (to appear). 20. B 1Xti~ c .. U(.ii. 1. Gopal. M. [Kaplan and S. Kutten, "Distributed Control for

Generiek Materieellogistiek Ketenmodel Defensie (Generic Value Chain Model for Defense Material Organization)

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-04-01

Fe:~& 2/121 Generiek Materieellogistiek Ketenmodel Defensie In het kader van het programma DEM (V4 11 ) is in dit project het Generiek...de osrneljewadKete vanefPorter odnasmlti emgn e vroe mmltiemdee nt TNO-rapport ITNO-DV 2007 A449 9 /21 Als laatste valt bet ontbreken van een eenduidig...DV 2007 A449 11 /21 Zoals in de Defensie waardeketen valt te zien, is de uiteindelijke waarde die de Matlog keten oplevert, Materidle Gereedheid

Problems of Air Defense - and - Appedicies. Volumes I-III

DTIC Science & Technology

1951-08-01

have tee3.essarily involved sctiutiny of isuch areas as Fleet problems ancd air defense of forward bases, the major emphasisuof the study has been on ...identification procedures, in the period until the first attack, is that taey be pePrf ect to anout one : case in .100,000 in dits ’not_- friend fromn...t oniust dietto its alternaite ai-rporlt. Mn any case , "’ilthin. a sotinterva1 ^4 C t týuv I (a pendimt on the speed of data Process~ig - erh-ns

IEEE Workshop on Real-Time Operating Systems (8th) Held in Atlanta, Georgia on 15-17 May 1991

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-01

and sug- posiur, pages 259-169. !988. gestions in earlier drafts of this paper. [12] L. Sha. J. Lehoczky, and R. Rajkumar. Solutions for some...Telecomunicacion, * j Ciudad Universitaria , E-28040 Madrid, Spain, jpuente@dit.upm.es, Tel:(34-1)3367342, Fax: (34-1)5432077. I Donner, Marc, IBM Research, P.O...Telecomunicacion Ciudad Universitaria E-28040 Madrid SPANJE Dear Juan, Enclosed please find the Final Report on the 17th IFAC/IFIP Workshop on Real Time Programming

Synthesis of N-formyl-3,4-di-t-butoxycarbonyloxy-6(trimethylstannyl)-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester and its regioselective radiofluorodestannylation to 6-[{sup 18}F]fluoro-1-dopa

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Satyamurthy, N.; Barrio, J.R.; Bishop, A.J.

A process is revealed for forming a 6-fluoro derivative of compounds in the L-Dopa family comprising the steps of protecting the groups attached to the benzene ring in the compound followed by serially reacting the protected compound with (a) iodine and silver trifluoroacetic acid; (b) Bb{sub 3}; (c) dit-butyldicarbonate; (d) hexamethyltin; (e) a fluoro compound; (f) hydrobromic acid; and (g) raising the pH to {<=}7. 1 fig.

Nonequilibrium Superconductivity in Optically Illuminated Tunnel Junctions.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-08-01

SMITH 0 OI77C-0085 UNCLASSIFIED TR-17 MLN1., rnunnununu Cnrs 661 1 -- OSLEV Iff lee of Naval Research Contract 100014-75-C-0848 NR -372-012 National...Thermoelectric Current SQUID Circuit Fiber Optics 20. ABSTRACT (Continue an reverse sde Ii nec.*eary wid Identify by block number ) Results of a series of ...experiments. AC~~31flFor tA _C N~D 1 .8. Un Dit- vcial Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF TmIS PAGEthsan Data £nred II Ofie of Naval Research ContracT

Synthesis of N-formyl-3,4-di-t-butoxycarbonyloxy-6(trimethylstannyl)-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester and its regioselective radiofluorodestannylation to 6-[{sup 18}F]fluoro-1-dopa

DOEpatents

Satyamurthy, N.; Barrio, J.R.; Bishop, A.J.; Namavari, M.; Bida, G.T.

1996-04-23

A process is revealed for forming a 6-fluoro derivative of compounds in the L-Dopa family comprising the steps of protecting the groups attached to the benzene ring in the compound followed by serially reacting the protected compound with (a) iodine and silver trifluoroacetic acid; (b) Bb{sub 3}; (c) dit-butyldicarbonate; (d) hexamethyltin; (e) a fluoro compound; (f) hydrobromic acid; and (g) raising the pH to {<=}7. 1 fig.

Synthesis of N-formyl-3,4-di-t-butoxycarbonyloxy-6-(trimethylstannyl)-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester and its regioselective radiofluorodestannylation to 6- .sup.18 F!fluoro-1-dopa

DOEpatents

Satyamurthy, Nagichettiar; Barrio, Jorge R.; Bishop, Allyson J.; Namavari, Mohammad; Bida, Gerald T.

1996-01-01

A process for forming a 6-fluoro derivative of compounds in the L-Dopa family comprising the steps of protecting the groups attached to the benzene ring in the compound followed by serially reacting the protected compound with (a) iodine and silver trifluoroacetic acid; (b) Bb.sub.3 ; (c) dit-butyldicarbonate; (d) hexamethyltin; (e) a fluoro compound; (f) hydrobromic acid; and (g) raising the pH to .ltoreq.7.

Acquisition Research Topics Catalog.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

AD-AG98 929 AIR FORCE BUSINESS RESEARCH MANAGEMENT CENTER WRIGHT--ETC F/S 5/1 1981ACQUISITION RESEARCH TOPICS CATALOG.(U) I UNCLASSIFIED NL I EEL...kELECTE MAY 14 1981 uoAIR FORCE BUSINESS RESEARCH MANAGEMENT CENTERI Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433- ’ ’jCH MA G’ A rs l "-DIT.’u7 I ST AMEN’T...A /, App --vA fc, piibli release; I. . . ’li iLl :i ’.n: ix~lited *1,.: THE AIR FORCE BUSINESS RESEARCH MANAGEMENT CENTER WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE

Evaluatie Kennistechnologische Ondersteuning bij Diagnose van SEWACO systemen (Projectmanagementplan) (Evaluation of Knowledge Technological Support for Diagnosis of SEWACO Systems (Project Management Plan)

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-08-01

diagnos van SE WACO systmnen/ AD-A245 424111 1fl1,l Niets uit deze uitgave mag warden vermenigvuldligd en/of oPenbaar gemaakt door middel van druk...fotakopie. microfilm of op welks andere whlze dan ook, zonder voorafgaande toeslemming van TNO. Hot ter inzage geven van het TNO-rapport aan direct...belanghebbenden is tegestaan. HYP. vanl OC dt Indian dit rapport in opdracht ward uitgebracht, wordt voor de, rechten en verpiichtingen van opdrachtgever en

Expeditionair Geneeskundige Uitrustingen. De Conceptmethode Toegepast op de Mercedes Benz Ziekenauto (Expeditionary Medical Kits. The Concept Method Applied to the Mercedes Benz Ambulance)

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-02-01

Wtar D.S. Gerretse 6/8 Projectbegeleider Defensie Centraal Militair Hospitaal t.a.v. kol. M.L. Vervelde 9 / 11 Bibliotheek KMA 12/13 Programmaleider TNO...Research Kampweg 5 Postbus 23 3769 ZG Soesterberg TNO-rapport wwton T 034 635 62 11 TNO-DV 2006 A487 F 034 635 39 77 info-DenV@tnonI Expeditionair...verschillende gebruikerssessies met AMV’ers en Probleernstelfing Dit heefi gevolgen voor de medische chauffeur/gewondenverzorgers is de nicuwe Het inzetprofiel

Integrated generation of complex optical quantum states and their coherent control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roztocki, Piotr; Kues, Michael; Reimer, Christian; Romero Cortés, Luis; Sciara, Stefania; Wetzel, Benjamin; Zhang, Yanbing; Cino, Alfonso; Chu, Sai T.; Little, Brent E.; Moss, David J.; Caspani, Lucia; Azaña, José; Morandotti, Roberto

2018-01-01

Complex optical quantum states based on entangled photons are essential for investigations of fundamental physics and are the heart of applications in quantum information science. Recently, integrated photonics has become a leading platform for the compact, cost-efficient, and stable generation and processing of optical quantum states. However, onchip sources are currently limited to basic two-dimensional (qubit) two-photon states, whereas scaling the state complexity requires access to states composed of several (<2) photons and/or exhibiting high photon dimensionality. Here we show that the use of integrated frequency combs (on-chip light sources with a broad spectrum of evenly-spaced frequency modes) based on high-Q nonlinear microring resonators can provide solutions for such scalable complex quantum state sources. In particular, by using spontaneous four-wave mixing within the resonators, we demonstrate the generation of bi- and multi-photon entangled qubit states over a broad comb of channels spanning the S, C, and L telecommunications bands, and control these states coherently to perform quantum interference measurements and state tomography. Furthermore, we demonstrate the on-chip generation of entangled high-dimensional (quDit) states, where the photons are created in a coherent superposition of multiple pure frequency modes. Specifically, we confirm the realization of a quantum system with at least one hundred dimensions. Moreover, using off-the-shelf telecommunications components, we introduce a platform for the coherent manipulation and control of frequencyentangled quDit states. Our results suggest that microcavity-based entangled photon state generation and the coherent control of states using accessible telecommunications infrastructure introduce a powerful and scalable platform for quantum information science.

Impact of post metal annealing on gate work function engineering for advanced MOS applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kumar, S. Sachin, E-mail: ssachikl995@yahoo.in; Prasad, Amitesh; Sinha, Amrita

2016-05-06

Ultra thin HfO{sub 2} high-k gate dielectric has been deposited directly on strained Si{sub 0.81}Ge{sub 0.19} by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) technique. The influence of different types of metal gate electrodes (Al, Au, Pt) on electrical characteristics of Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor capacitors has been studied. Our results show that the electrical characteristics of MOS device are highly dependent on the gate electrodes used. The dependency of electrical characteristics on post metal annealing was studied in detail. The measured flat band (V{sub fb}) and hysteresis (ΔV{sub fb}) from high frequency C-V characteristics were used to study the pre-existing traps in the dielectric. Impactmore » of PMA on interface state density (D{sub it}), border trap density (N{sub bt}) and oxide trap density (Q{sub f/q}) of high-k gate stack were also examined for all the devices. The N{sub bt} and frequency dispersion significantly reduces to ~2.77x1010 cm{sup −2} and ~11.34 % respectively in case of Al electrode with a Dit value of ~4x10{sup 12} eV{sup −1}cm{sup −2} after PMA (350°C) in N{sub 2}, suggesting an improvement in device performance while Pt electrode shows a much less value of ΔVfb (~0.02 V) and Dit (~3.44x10{sup 12} eV{sup −1}cm{sup −2}) after PMA.« less

Effects of coconut oil consumption on energy metabolism, cardiometabolic risk markers, and appetitive responses in women with excess body fat.

PubMed

Valente, Flávia Xavier; Cândido, Flávia Galvão; Lopes, Lílian Lelis; Dias, Desirrê Morais; Carvalho, Samantha Dalbosco Lins; Pereira, Patrícia Feliciano; Bressan, Josefina

2018-06-01

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a medium-chain fatty acid source with popularly attributed benefits on obesity management. However, its role on obesity requires elucidation due to its saturated nature. In the study herein, we investigated acute effects of VCO consumption on energy metabolism, cardiometabolic risk markers, and appetitive responses in women with excess body fat. Fifteen adult women with excess body fat (37.43 ± 0.83%) participated in this randomized, crossover, controlled study. Two isocaloric mixed breakfasts containing 25 mL of VCO or control (extra-virgin olive oil-C) were evaluated. Resting energy expenditure (REE), fat oxidation rate (FOR), diet induced thermogenesis (DIT) and appetitive subjective responses were assessed at fasting and postprandial periods (up to 240 min). Cardiometabolic risk markers were assessed at fasting and up to 180 min postprandially. VCO did not affect REE, FOR, and DIT compared to C. In addition, VCO did not cause deleterious change in triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides/HDL-c ratio, uric acid, glucose and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance Index (HOMA-IR) (P time×treatment  > 0.05). However, VCO suppressed less hunger (P time×treatment  = 0.003), total satiety (P iAUC  = 0.021) and total fullness (P iAUC  = 0.035) responses than C. VCO consumption did not acutely change energy metabolism and cardiometabolic risk markers when added to a mixed breakfast but promoted less appetitive responses.

Growth and interface properties of Au Schottky contact on ZnO grown by molecular beam epitaxy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Asghar, M.; Mahmood, K.; Malik, Faisal; Hasan, M. A.

2013-06-01

In this paper, we have discussed the growth of ZnO by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and interface properties of Au Schottky contacts on grown sample. After the verification of structure and surface properties by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), respectively, Au metal contact was fabricated by e-beam evaporation to study contact properties. The high value of ideality factor (2.15) and barrier height (0.61 eV) at room temperature obtained by current-voltage (I-V) characteristics suggested the presence of interface states between metal and semiconductor. To confirm this observation we carried out frequency dependent capacitance-voltage (C-V) and conductance-voltage (G-V) demonstrated that the capacitance of diode decreased with increasing frequency. The reason of this behavior is related with density of interface states, series resistance and image force lowering. The C-2-V plot drawn to calculate the carrier concentration and barrier height with values 1.4×1016 cm-3 and 0.92 eV respectively. Again, high value of barrier height obtained from C-V as compared to the value obtained from I-V measurements revealed the presence of interface states. The density of these interface states (Dit) was calculated by well known Hill-Coleman method. The calculated value of Dit at 1 MHz frequency was 2×1012 eV-1 cm-2. The plot between interface states and frequency was also drawn which demonstrated that density of interface states had inverse proportion with measuring frequency.

The cardioprotective effect of salidroside against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats by inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation.

PubMed

Zhu, Lingpeng; Wei, Tingting; Gao, Jin; Chang, Xiayun; He, He; Luo, Fen; Zhou, Rui; Ma, Chunhua; Liu, Yu; Yan, Tianhua

2015-11-01

The main purpose of this study was to investigate effect of salidroside (Sal) on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats and the underlying mechanism. Myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MI/RI) model was treated with 30 min of left anterior descending (LAD) occlusion followed by 24 h of reperfusion. The male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 7 groups: (1) Sham; (2) Sham + diltiazem (Dit, 10 mg/kg); (3) Sham + Sal (40 mg/kg); (4) I/R; (5) I/R + diltiazem (Dit, 10 mg/kg); (6) I/R + Sal (20 mg/kg); (7) I/R + Sal (40 mg/kg). Sal could ameliorate myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury as evidenced by Histopathological examination and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Moreover, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nickend labeling (TUNEL) assay demonstrated that Sal suppressed myocardial apoptosis, which may be related to up-regulation of Bcl-2/Bax ratio and inhibition of caspase-3, caspase-9 activation. Pretreatment with Sal affected serum biochemical parameters and cardiac dysfunction compared with I/R group. Sal also attenuated the pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in serum by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Sal exerts strong favorable cardioprotective function on myocardial I/R injury which may relate to the down-regulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and the inhibition of cell apoptosis.

Ejection of Coulomb Crystals from a Linear Paul Ion Trap for Ion-Molecule Reaction Studies.

PubMed

Meyer, K A E; Pollum, L L; Petralia, L S; Tauschinsky, A; Rennick, C J; Softley, T P; Heazlewood, B R

2015-12-17

Coulomb crystals are being increasingly employed as a highly localized source of cold ions for the study of ion-molecule chemical reactions. To extend the scope of reactions that can be studied in Coulomb crystals-from simple reactions involving laser-cooled atomic ions, to more complex systems where molecular reactants give rise to multiple product channels-sensitive product detection methodologies are required. The use of a digital ion trap (DIT) and a new damped cosine trap (DCT) are described, which facilitate the ejection of Coulomb-crystallized ions onto an external detector for the recording of time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectra. This enables the examination of reaction dynamics and kinetics between Coulomb-crystallized ions and neutral molecules: ionic products are typically cotrapped, thus ejecting the crystal onto an external detector reveals the masses, identities, and quantities of all ionic species at a selected point in the reaction. Two reaction systems are examined: the reaction of Ca(+) with deuterated isotopologues of water, and the charge exchange between cotrapped Xe(+) with deuterated isotopologues of ammonia. These reactions are examples of two distinct types of experiment, the first involving direct reaction of the laser-cooled ions, and the second involving reaction of sympathetically-cooled heavy ions to form a mixture of light product ions. Extensive simulations are conducted to interpret experimental results and calculate optimal operating parameters, facilitating a comparison between the DIT and DCT approaches. The simulations also demonstrate a correlation between crystal shape and image shape on the detector, suggesting a possible means for determining crystal geometry for nonfluorescing ions.

Preparation and characterisation of crystalline tris(acetylacetonato)Fe(III) films grown on p-Si substrate for dielectric applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dakhel, A. A.; Ali-Mohamed, A. Y.

2007-02-01

Thin tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III) films were prepared by sublimation in vacuum on glass and p-Si substrates. Then comprehensive studies of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical absorption spectroscopy, AC-conductivity, and dielectric permittivity as a function of frequency and temperature have been performed. The prepared films show a polycrystalline of orthorhombic structure. The optical absorption spectrum of the film was identical with that of the bulk powder layer. For electrical measurements of the complex as insulator, sample in form of metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) structure was prepared and characterised by the measurement of the capacitance and AC-conductance as a function of gate voltage. From those measurements, the state density Dit at insulator/semiconductor interface and the density of the fixed charges in the complex film were determined. It was found that Dit was of order 1010 eV-1/cm2 and the surface charge density in the insulator film was of order 1010 cm-2. The frequency dependence of the electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of MIS structures were studied at room temperature. It was observed that the experimental data follow the correlated barrier-hopping (CBH) model, from which the fundamental absorption edge, the cut off hopping distance, and other parameters of the model were determined. It was found that the capacitance of the complex increases as temperature increases. Generally, the present study shows that the tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III) films grown on p-Si is a promising candidate for low-k dielectric applications, it displays low-k value around 2.0.

A concise way to estimate the average density of interface states in an ITO-SiOx/n-Si heterojunction solar cell

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Y.; Han, B. C.; Gao, M.; Wan, Y. Z.; Yang, J.; Du, H. W.; Ma, Z. Q.

2017-09-01

On the basis of a photon-assisted high frequency capacitance-voltage (C-V) method (1 MHz C-V), an effective approach is developed to evaluate the average interface state density (Dit) of an ITO-SiOx/n-Si heterojunction structure. Tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) films with different thicknesses were directly deposited on (100) n-type crystalline silicon by magnetron sputtering to fabricate semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor (SIS) hetero-interface regions where an ultra-thin SiOx passivation layer was naturally created. The morphology of the SiOx layer was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiling and transmission electron microscope analysis. The thinness of this SiOx layer was the main reason for the SIS interface state density being more difficult to detect than that of a typical metal-oxide-semiconductor structure. A light was used for photon injection while measuring the C-V of the device, thus enabling the photon-assisted C-V measurement of the Dit. By quantifying decreases of the light-induced-voltage as a variation of the capacitance caused by parasitic charge at interface states the passivation quality within the interface of ITO-SiOx/n-Si could be reasonably evaluated. The average interface state density of these SIS devices was measured as 1.2-1.7 × 1011 eV-1 cm-2 and declined as the passivation layer was made thicker. The lifetime of the minority carriers, dark leakage current, and the other photovoltaic parameters of the devices were also used to determine the passivation.

N-MOSFETs Formed on Solid Phase Epitaxially Grown GeSn Film with Passivation by Oxygen Plasma Featuring High Mobility.

PubMed

Fang, Yung-Chin; Chen, Kuen-Yi; Hsieh, Ching-Heng; Su, Chang-Chia; Wu, Yung-Hsien

2015-12-09

Solid phase epitaxially grown GeSn was employed as the platform to assess the eligibility of direct O2 plasma treatment on GeSn surface for passivation of GeSn N-MOSFETs. It has been confirmed that O2 plasma treatment forms a GeSnO(x) film on the surface and the GeSnO(x) topped by in situ Al2O3 constitutes the gate stack of GeSn MOS devices. The capability of the surface passivation was evidenced by the low interface trap density (D(it)) of 1.62 × 10(11) cm(-2) eV(-1), which is primarily due to the formation of Ge-O and Sn-O bonds at the surface by high density/reactivity oxygen radicals that effectively suppress dangling bonds and decrease gap states. The good D(it) not only makes tiny frequency dispersion in the characterization of GeSn MOS capacitors, but results in GeSn N-MOSFETs with outstanding peak electron mobility as high as 518 cm(2)/(V s) which outperforms other devices reported in the literature due to reduced undesirable carrier scattering. In addition, the GeSn N-MOSFETs also exhibit promising characteristics in terms of acceptable subthreshold swing of 156 mV/dec and relatively large I(ON)/I(OFF) ratio more than 4 orders. Moreover, the robust reliability in terms small V(t) variation against high field stress attests the feasibility of using the O2 plasma-treated passivation to advanced GeSn technology.

National Program for Inspection of Non-Federal Dams. Monsanto Company Upper Dam (MA 00573), Connecticut River Basin, Springfield, Massachusetts. Phase I Inspection Report.

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-10-01

DAM . * MA 00573 PHASE 1 INSPECTION REPORT NATIONAL DAM INSPECTION PROGRAM 0 V DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY_ NEW ENGLAND DIVISION, CORPS OF ENGINEERS WALTHAM...ArIhtEN T (c- the 6b4trectenrto I lck 20, It dit.,.et i am Report) !6 5IPPLEMENTARY NOTES (,o ,er program reads: Phase I Inspection Report, National Darn...Inspection Program ; hov.ever, the official title of the program is: National Program for Inspection of lon-Federal Dans:. LISP cover date for date of

Geotechnical Containment Alternatives for Industrial Waste Basin F, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Denver, Colorado. A quantitative Evaluation

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-09-01

RMA have included the production of GB nerve gas, lewisite, mustard gas, arsenic chloride, anticrop agents , and chlorine - gas, as well as the...fabrication if munitions containing white phosphorus and chemical warfare agents . The demilitarization of GB munitions and mustard-filled munitions and the...i , i iSndy S BLUE of .4 I i i lly G BLOE -GRE ii 0 ir i Grntl C - -- - I WHITE Sh__ O ickeft dit SL ML B~d~ 0 20 40 60 80 too Ovd’ted o LL IOU,O

High Latitude Electron Detectors on Satellite P78-1: Preliminary Data Results.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-05-04

AOAl04 518 AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LAB HANSCOM AFB MA F/6 4/1 HIGH LATITUDE ELECTRON DETECTORS ON SATELLITE P76-1: PRELIMINAR-’ETC CU) MAY al R P...Differential lecitro-n Sportvta 1-tom Bioth1)trt- Taken at (etortcd Geonmiet it latitude 94. 8!’. Southern Ni -htsidv Aut- oral rival. Rev 499 27 17. D...It Mareh 1979 ligure f; shems the trajectory for Rt’v 220, 11 March 197’. "lh s iht ,. enterrs the davside oval neaar (’GM local time 0900 at 10, 9 0.8

The Pattern of Soviet Conduct in the Third World, Review and Preview. Part 2

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-03-07

be quoted or copied without approval from OSD/Net Assessment. Aooession For DTIC TAB El Dit I-’I t Y " c•doi ;Avi.- ± end/or L i :itst I pc l 4•al IA...successcors have stooc, y that cecision. (Moscow odes riot recconioze tnis action.) Alth•cuph revolutionary Iran has i nioroved or estaolisned relations...far nesw tne world rar.et ievel and oepat, repotiaiions for a orice increase of roucniv t0w oercenz. ? y marc- I5d. witm the Soviets’ best otfer stiil

Optimization of the Al2O3/GaSb Interface and a High-Mobility GaSb pMOSFET

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-10-01

explored the use of in situ deposition of Al2O3 on GaSb grown on InP using molecular beam epitaxy and reported Dit values in the low 1012/cm2eV range near...M. Heyns, M. Caymax, and J. Dekoster, “GaSb mole- cular beam epitaxial growth on p-InP(001) and passivation with in situ deposited Al2O3 gate oxide...transmission electron microscopy. Capacitors were made on these films using platinum (Pt) electrode deposited in an e- beam evaporator through a shadow

The Deer Creek Site, Oklahoma: A Wichita Village Sometimes Called Ferdinandina: An Ethnohistorian’s View. Series in Anthropology Number 5

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

pour le Roi au dit pays et Sur les the Kansas Gateway to the American West, decouvertes et recherches de M. Be’nard de La 1540-1854. Topeka: Kansas...1831 Journal Historique de l’Establissement [1746-471 "Memoires sur la Louisiane," desFrantwii.a la Louisiane. Ed. A.-L. Boimare, BN, Joly de Fleur...Guillaume Boeckmann-Jones Company. 1700 Map titled: L’Am~rique//Septen- trionale//Dressee sur les Observations de Mrs. Cavelier de La Salle, Robert de

Energy Sources for Soldier Modernisation Programme Systems (Overzicht van Ontwikkelingen op het Gebied van Draagbare Energieopslag en Energieopwekking)

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-12-01

9 . http://home.earthlink.net/-fradella/homepage.htm 10. http ://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/www/labs/GTL/research/micro/micro.html 11 . http://www.ecr.co.il...Meijer 7 LAS/DB&P/BO/OB&T taxv. aooi Jansen 8 LAS/DB&PIBO/OB 9 LAS/DB&P/BO/CIV 10 OGMAN/Externe plannen Infanterie 11 DM/C31 12 DM/COM 13 KPU-bedrijf 14...detailed specifications mentioned before. TNO-rapport TNO-MEP - R 99/490 9 van 51 Samenvatting In dit rapport wordt een eerste globale selectie gemaakt: van

Infants Encode Phonetic Detail during Cross-Situational Word Learning

PubMed Central

Escudero, Paola; Mulak, Karen E.; Vlach, Haley A.

2016-01-01

Infants often hear new words in the context of more than one candidate referent. In cross-situational word learning (XSWL), word-object mappings are determined by tracking co-occurrences of words and candidate referents across multiple learning events. Research demonstrates that infants can learn words in XSWL paradigms, suggesting that it is a viable model of real-world word learning. However, these studies have all presented infants with words that have no or minimal phonological overlap (e.g., BLICKET and GAX). Words often contain some degree of phonological overlap, and it is unknown whether infants can simultaneously encode fine phonological detail while learning words via XSWL. We tested 12-, 15-, 17-, and 20-month-olds’ XSWL of eight words that, when paired, formed non-minimal pairs (MPs; e.g., BON–DEET) or MPs (e.g., BON–TON, DEET–DIT). The results demonstrated that infants are able to learn word-object mappings and encode them with sufficient phonetic detail as to identify words in both non-minimal and MP contexts. Thus, this work suggests that infants are able to simultaneously discriminate phonetic differences between words and map words to referents in an implicit learning paradigm such as XSWL. PMID:27708605

Openly Published Environmental Sensing (OPEnS) | Advancing Open-Source Research, Instrumentation, and Dissemination

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Udell, C.; Selker, J. S.

2017-12-01

The increasing availability and functionality of Open-Source software and hardware along with 3D printing, low-cost electronics, and proliferation of open-access resources for learning rapid prototyping are contributing to fundamental transformations and new technologies in environmental sensing. These tools invite reevaluation of time-tested methodologies and devices toward more efficient, reusable, and inexpensive alternatives. Building upon Open-Source design facilitates community engagement and invites a Do-It-Together (DIT) collaborative framework for research where solutions to complex problems may be crowd-sourced. However, barriers persist that prevent researchers from taking advantage of the capabilities afforded by open-source software, hardware, and rapid prototyping. Some of these include: requisite technical skillsets, knowledge of equipment capabilities, identifying inexpensive sources for materials, money, space, and time. A university MAKER space staffed by engineering students to assist researchers is one proposed solution to overcome many of these obstacles. This presentation investigates the unique capabilities the USDA-funded Openly Published Environmental Sensing (OPEnS) Lab affords researchers, within Oregon State and internationally, and the unique functions these types of initiatives support at the intersection of MAKER spaces, Open-Source academic research, and open-access dissemination.

Off-line wafer level reliability control: unique measurement method to monitor the lifetime indicator of gate oxide validated within bipolar/CMOS/DMOS technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gagnard, Xavier; Bonnaud, Olivier

2000-08-01

We have recently published a paper on a new rapid method for the determination of the lifetime of the gate oxide involved in a Bipolar/CMOS/DMOS technology (BCD). Because this previous method was based on a current measurement with gate voltage as a parameter needing several stress voltages, it was applied only by lot sampling. Thus, we tried to find an indicator in order to monitor the gate oxide lifetime during the wafer level parametric test and involving only one measurement of the device on each wafer test cell. Using the Weibull law and Crook model, combined with our recent model, we have developed a new test method needing only one electrical measurement of MOS capacitor to monitor the quality of the gate oxide. Based also on a current measurement, the parameter is the lifetime indicator of the gate oxide. From the analysis of several wafers, we gave evidence of the possibility to detect a low performance wafer, which corresponds to the infantile failure on the Weibull plot. In order to insert this new method in the BCD parametric program, a parametric flowchart was established. This type of measurement is an important challenges, because the actual measurements, breakdown charge, Qbd, and breakdown electric field, Ebd, at parametric level and Ebd and interface states density, Dit during the process cannot guarantee the gate oxide lifetime all along fabrication process. This indicator measurement is the only one, which predicts the lifetime decrease.

Three-Tesla MRI does not improve the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: A multicenter study.

PubMed

Hagens, Marloes H J; Burggraaff, Jessica; Kilsdonk, Iris D; de Vos, Marlieke L; Cawley, Niamh; Sbardella, Emilia; Andelova, Michaela; Amann, Michael; Lieb, Johanna M; Pantano, Patrizia; Lissenberg-Witte, Birgit I; Killestein, Joep; Oreja-Guevara, Celia; Ciccarelli, Olga; Gasperini, Claudio; Lukas, Carsten; Wattjes, Mike P; Barkhof, Frederik

2018-06-20

In the work-up of patients presenting with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), 3T MRI might offer a higher lesion detection than 1.5T, but it remains unclear whether this affects the fulfilment of the diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS). We recruited 66 patients with CIS within 6 months from symptom onset and 26 healthy controls in 6 MS centers. All participants underwent 1.5T and 3T brain and spinal cord MRI at baseline according to local optimized protocols and the MAGNIMS guidelines. Patients who had not converted to MS during follow-up received repeat brain MRI at 3-6 months and 12-15 months. The number of lesions per anatomical region was scored by 3 raters in consensus. Criteria for dissemination in space (DIS) and dissemination in time (DIT) were determined according to the 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Three-Tesla MRI detected 15% more T2 brain lesions compared to 1.5T ( p < 0.001), which was driven by an increase in baseline detection of periventricular (12%, p = 0.015), (juxta)cortical (21%, p = 0.005), and deep white matter lesions (21%, p < 0.001). The detection rate of spinal cord lesions and gadolinium-enhancing lesions did not differ between field strengths. Three-Tesla MRI did not lead to a higher number of patients fulfilling the criteria for DIS or DIT, or subsequent diagnosis of MS, at any of the 3 time points. Scanning at 3T does not influence the diagnosis of MS according to McDonald diagnostic criteria. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.

Impact and Origin of Interface States in MOS Capacitor with Monolayer MoS2 and HfO2 High-k Dielectric

PubMed Central

Xia, Pengkun; Feng, Xuewei; Ng, Rui Jie; Wang, Shijie; Chi, Dongzhi; Li, Cequn; He, Zhubing; Liu, Xinke; Ang, Kah-Wee

2017-01-01

Two-dimensional layered semiconductors such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) at the quantum limit are promising material for nanoelectronics and optoelectronics applications. Understanding the interface properties between the atomically thin MoS2 channel and gate dielectric is fundamentally important for enhancing the carrier transport properties. Here, we investigate the frequency dispersion mechanism in a metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor (MOSCAP) with a monolayer MoS2 and an ultra-thin HfO2 high-k gate dielectric. We show that the existence of sulfur vacancies at the MoS2-HfO2 interface is responsible for the generation of interface states with a density (Dit) reaching ~7.03 × 1011 cm−2 eV−1. This is evidenced by a deficit S:Mo ratio of ~1.96 using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, which deviates from its ideal stoichiometric value. First-principles calculations within the density-functional theory framework further confirms the presence of trap states due to sulfur deficiency, which exist within the MoS2 bandgap. This corroborates to a voltage-dependent frequency dispersion of ~11.5% at weak accumulation which decreases monotonically to ~9.0% at strong accumulation as the Fermi level moves away from the mid-gap trap states. Further reduction in Dit could be achieved by thermally diffusing S atoms to the MoS2-HfO2 interface to annihilate the vacancies. This work provides an insight into the interface properties for enabling the development of MoS2 devices with carrier transport enhancement. PMID:28084434

Improved hybrid solar cells via in situ UV-polymerization.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tepavcevic, S.; Darling, S. B.; Dimitrijevic, N. M.

One approach for making inexpensive inorganic-organic hybrid photovoltaic (PV) cells is to fill highly ordered TiO{sub 2} nanotube (NT) arrays with solid organic hole conductors such as conjugated polymers. Here, a new in situ UV polymerization method for growing polythiophene (UV-PT) inside TiO{sub 2} NTs is presented and compared to the conventional approach of infiltrating NTs with pre-synthesized polymer. A nanotubular TiO{sub 2} substrate is immersed in a 2,5-diiodothiophene (DIT) monomer precursor solution and then irradiated with UV light. The selective UV photodissociation of the C-I bond produces monomer radicals with intact {pi}-ring structure that further produce longer oligothiophene/PT molecules.more » Complete photoluminescence quenching upon UV irradiation suggests coupling between radicals created from DIT and at the TiO{sub 2} surface via a charge transfer complex. Coupling with the TiO{sub 2} surface improves UV-PT crystallinity and {pi}-{pi} stacking; flat photocurrent values show that charge recombination during hole transport through the polymer is negligible. A non-ideal, backside-illuminated setup under illumination of 620-nm light yields a photocurrent density of {approx} 5 {micro}A cm{sup -2} - surprisingly much stronger than with comparable devices fabricated with polymer synthesized ex situ. Since in this backside architecture setup we illuminate the cell through the Ag top electrode, there is a possibility for Ag plasmon-enhanced solar energy conversion. By using this simple in situ UV polymerization method that couples the conjugated polymer to the TiO{sub 2} surface, the absorption of sunlight can be improved and the charge carrier mobility of the photoactive layer can be enhanced.« less

Guideline on Scenario Development for (Distributed) Simulation Environments (Guide en vue du developpement de scenario dans le cadre de simulation distribuee)

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-01

des lacunes de M&S du MORS du NMSG a déterminé que le manque d’interopérabilité de la simulation constituait la lacune prioritaire à combler en...matière de capacité, une équipe exploratoire (ET-027) a été constituée au sein du NMSG pour étudier l’interopérabilité de la simulation. L’ET-027 a...élevés (autrement dit, aux niveaux pratique, dynamique et conceptuel) de même que l’automatisation relative du développement, de

Counterinsurgency: Strategy and the Phoenix of American Capability

DTIC Science & Technology

1995-02-28

NQ AD-A286 802 c NTER ’UK(---,E’N.CY.... S I rflk-’*ý y I’l-1d le I A Ale r i c a n Cki i I t y: S c vv I I Nk"I/ - MATEMMY Ir Appo" d im pubma raoý...Distribution I Availability Codes February 28, 1995 Dist Avail and /or Dit Special f-1 D UTION STATEN[FNT A ApFroved for publUc r olease; AIstribution...Small Wars Manual of 1940.10 During President Dwight D . Eisenhower’s tenure, American national secui’ity strategy had been based on "massive

Influence of trap-assisted tunneling on trap-assisted tunneling current in double gate tunnel field-effect transistor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhi, Jiang; Yi-Qi, Zhuang; Cong, Li; Ping, Wang; Yu-Qi, Liu

2016-02-01

Trap-assisted tunneling (TAT) has attracted more and more attention, because it seriously affects the sub-threshold characteristic of tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET). In this paper, we assess subthreshold performance of double gate TFET (DG-TFET) through a band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) model, including phonon-assisted scattering and acoustic surface phonons scattering. Interface state density profile (Dit) and the trap level are included in the simulation to analyze their effects on TAT current and the mechanism of gate leakage current. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61574109 and 61204092).

More Limitations to Monolingualism: Bilinguals Outperform Monolinguals in Implicit Word Learning.

PubMed

Escudero, Paola; Mulak, Karen E; Fu, Charlene S L; Singh, Leher

2016-01-01

To succeed at cross-situational word learning, learners must infer word-object mappings by attending to the statistical co-occurrences of novel objects and labels across multiple encounters. While past studies have investigated this as a learning mechanism for infants and monolingual adults, bilinguals' cross-situational word learning abilities have yet to be tested. Here, we compared monolinguals' and bilinguals' performance on a cross-situational word learning paradigm that featured phonologically distinct word pairs (e.g., BON-DEET) and phonologically similar word pairs that varied by a single consonant or vowel segment (e.g., BON-TON, DEET-DIT, respectively). Both groups learned the novel word-referent mappings, providing evidence that cross-situational word learning is a learning strategy also available to bilingual adults. Furthermore, bilinguals were overall more accurate than monolinguals. This supports that bilingualism fosters a wide range of cognitive advantages that may benefit implicit word learning. Additionally, response patterns to the different trial types revealed a relative difficulty for vowel minimal pairs than consonant minimal pairs, replicating the pattern found in monolinguals by Escudero et al. (2016) in a different English accent. Specifically, all participants failed to learn vowel contrasts differentiated by vowel height. We discuss evidence for this bilingual advantage as a language-specific or general advantage.

A tiered approach to evaluate an iodine recycling inhibition ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The enzyme iodotyrosine deiodinase (dehalogenase, IYD) catalyzes iodide recycling and promotes iodide retention in thyroid follicular cells. Loss of function or chemical inhibition of IYD reduces thyroid hormone synthesis, which leads to insufficiency in tissues and subsequent negative developmental consequences. Iodide recycling by IYD is especially critical for low iodine diets and low iodine environments, including most freshwater ecosystems. We developed a putative adverse outcome pathway for IYD inhibition in amphibians and evaluated IYD inhibition with a tiered approach: 1) development of an in vitro IYD enzyme inhibition assay for chemical screening of compounds of interest to the US EPA, 2) ex vivo thyroid culture to establish thyroglobulin iodination as a biomarker of IYD inhibition, and 3) in vivo bioassays to characterize an organismal adverse outcome and test essentiality of IYD activity. An in vitro colorimetric assay was developed to measure activity of recombinant human IYD enzyme in a 96-well format, establishing the feasibility of medium to high throughput screening of chemicals for IYD inhibition. In ex vivo thyroid culture studies, thyroxine (T4), monoiodotyrosine (MIT), and diiodotyrosine (DIT) were quantified in individual thyroid glands and the media using a ultrahigh performance LC-MS/MS. In vivo exposure of developing Xenopus laevis to a suspected IYD inhibitor (3-L-nitro-tyrosine) resulted in markedly delayed metamorphosis and glandular

More Limitations to Monolingualism: Bilinguals Outperform Monolinguals in Implicit Word Learning

PubMed Central

Escudero, Paola; Mulak, Karen E.; Fu, Charlene S. L.; Singh, Leher

2016-01-01

To succeed at cross-situational word learning, learners must infer word-object mappings by attending to the statistical co-occurrences of novel objects and labels across multiple encounters. While past studies have investigated this as a learning mechanism for infants and monolingual adults, bilinguals’ cross-situational word learning abilities have yet to be tested. Here, we compared monolinguals’ and bilinguals’ performance on a cross-situational word learning paradigm that featured phonologically distinct word pairs (e.g., BON-DEET) and phonologically similar word pairs that varied by a single consonant or vowel segment (e.g., BON-TON, DEET-DIT, respectively). Both groups learned the novel word-referent mappings, providing evidence that cross-situational word learning is a learning strategy also available to bilingual adults. Furthermore, bilinguals were overall more accurate than monolinguals. This supports that bilingualism fosters a wide range of cognitive advantages that may benefit implicit word learning. Additionally, response patterns to the different trial types revealed a relative difficulty for vowel minimal pairs than consonant minimal pairs, replicating the pattern found in monolinguals by Escudero et al. (2016) in a different English accent. Specifically, all participants failed to learn vowel contrasts differentiated by vowel height. We discuss evidence for this bilingual advantage as a language-specific or general advantage. PMID:27574513

Comprendre. La diffusion Raman exaltée de surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boubekeur-Lecaque, Leïla; Felidj, Nordin; Lamy de la Chapelle, Marc

2018-02-01

La spectroscopie Raman est une spectroscopie vibrationnelle très peu sensible qui limite l'analyse d'espèces chimiques aux fortes concentrations. Néanmoins, lorsque des molécules sont placées au voisinage d'une surface métallique nanostructurée, il est possible d'exalter considérablement leur signature Raman. On parle alors de diffusion Raman exaltée de surface. Les remarquables potentialités de cette technique ont nourri de nombreux champs d'étude tant pour le design de substrats dits SERS-actifs, que pour l'exploration d'applications en médecine, pharmacologie, défense ou le monde de l'art.

Chemoselective Amination of Propargylic C(sp3)–H Bonds via Co(II)-Based Metalloradical Catalysis**

PubMed Central

Li, Chaoqun; Jiang, Huiling; Lizardi, Christopher L.

2014-01-01

Highly chemoselective intramolecular amination of propargylic C(sp3)–H bonds has been demonstrated for N-bishomopropargylic sulfamoyl azides via Co(II)-based metalloradical catalysis. Supported by D2h-symmetric amidoporphyrin ligand 3,5-DitBu-IbuPhyrin, the Co(II)-catalyzed C–H amination process can proceed effectively under neutral and nonoxidative conditions without the need of any additives, generating N2 as the only byproduct. The metalloradical amination is suitable to both secondary and tertiary propargylic C–H substrates with an unusually high degree of functional group tolerance, providing a direct method for high-yielding synthesis of functionalized propargylamine derivatives. PMID:24840605

MIS capacitor studies on silicon carbide single crystals

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kopanski, J. J.

1990-01-01

Cubic SIC metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitors with thermally grown or chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) insulators were characterized by capacitance-voltage (C-V), conductance-voltage (G-V), and current-voltage (I-V) measurements. The purpose of these measurements was to determine the four charge densities commonly present in an MIS capacitor (oxide fixed charge, N(f); interface trap level density, D(it); oxide trapped charge, N(ot); and mobile ionic charge, N(m)) and to determine the stability of the device properties with electric-field stress and temperature. The section headings in the report include the following: Capacitance-voltage and conductance-voltage measurements; Current-voltage measurements; Deep-level transient spectroscopy; and Conclusions (Electrical characteristics of SiC MIS capacitors).

Origins and early development of the concept that brown adipose tissue thermogenesis is linked to energy balance and obesity.

PubMed

Trayhurn, Paul

2017-03-01

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) was identified as a thermogenic organ in 1961, and in 1978 shown to be the major site of thermoregulatory non-shivering thermogenesis in rats acclimated to the cold. Investigations in the mid-late 1970s established the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation through a proton conductance pathway across the mitochondrial inner membrane as the mechanism for heat production in BAT, this being regulated by UCP1 which was first discovered as a 32,000 M r cold-inducible protein. These developments came when those concerned with nutritional energetics were proposing that thermogenesis is a significant factor in energy balance and the aetiology of obesity. A link with BAT was first demonstrated in obese ob/ob mice, which were shown to have decreased thermogenic activity in the tissue, and in rats exhibiting diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) during overfeeding on a cafeteria diet where an activation of brown fat was evident. These pioneering observations led to extensive studies on BAT in different animal models of obesity, both genetic (particularly ob/ob and db/db mice, fa/fa rats) and experimentally-induced. In each case, indices of BAT activity and capacity (mitochondrial content, GDP binding, amount of UCP1) indicated that the tissue plays a role in DIT and that obesity is characterised by reduced thermogenesis. Links between BAT and whole-body energetics were also made in physiological situations such as lactation and fasting. Studies in the 1980s also provided clear evidence for the presence of BAT in adult humans, particularly through the detection of UCP1, and its activation in patients with phaeochromocytoma. Interest in BAT in energetics and obesity waned by the 1990s; the current major renewal of interest has undoubtedly been contingent on the pioneering developments that emerged some 40 years ago. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. and Société Française de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire (SFBBM). All rights reserved.

Use of ion-pairing reagent for improving iodine speciation analysis in seaweed by pressure-driven capillary electrophoresis and ultraviolet detection.

PubMed

Sun, Jiannan; Wang, Dan; Cheng, Heyong; Liu, Jinhua; Wang, Yuanchao; Xu, Zigang

2015-01-30

This study achieved resolution improvement for iodine speciation in the presence of an ion-pairing reagent by a pressure-driven capillary electrophoresis (CE) system. Addition of 0.01mM tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide (TBAH) as the ion-pairing reagent into the electrophoretic buffer resulted in the complete separation of four iodine species (I(-), IO3(-), mono-iodothyrosine-MIT and di-iodothyrosine-DIT), because of the electrostatic interaction between TBAH and the negatively charged analytes. A +16kV separation voltage was applied along the separation capillary (50μm i.d., 80cm total and 60cm effective) with the inlet grounded. The detection wavelength was fixed at 210nm, and the pressure-driven flow rate was set at 0.12mLmin(-1) with an injected volume of 2μL. The optimal electrolyte consisted of 2mM borate, 2mM TBAH and 80% methanol with pH adjusted to 8.5. Baseline separation of iodine species was achieved within 7min. The detection limits for I(-), IO3(-), MIT and DIT were 0.052, 0.040, 0.032 and 0.025mgL(-1), respectively. The relative standard deviations of peak heights and areas were all below 3% for 5mgL(-1) and 5% for 1mgL(-1). Application of the proposed method was demonstrated by speciation analysis of iodine in two seaweed samples. The developed method offered satisfactory recoveries in the 91-99% range and good precisions (<5%). Good agreement between the determined values by the proposed CE method and the HPLC-ICP-MS method was also obtained. All results proved its great potential in routine analysis of iodine speciation in environmental, food and biological samples. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Significant issues in proof testing: A critical appraisal

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chell, G. G.; Mcclung, R. C.; Russell, D. A.; Chang, K. J.; Donnelly, B.

1994-01-01

Issues which impact on the interpretation and quantification of proof test benefits are reviewed. The importance of each issue in contributing to the extra quality assurance conferred by proof testing components is discussed, particularly with respect to the application of advanced fracture mechanics concepts to enhance the flaw screening capability of a proof test analysis. Items covered include the role in proof testing of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, ductile instability analysis, deterministic versus probabilistic analysis, single versus multiple cycle proof testing, and non-destructive examination (NDE). The effects of proof testing on subsequent service life are reviewed, particularly with regard to stress redistribution and changes in fracture behavior resulting from the overload. The importance of proof test conditions are also addressed, covering aspects related to test temperature, simulation of service environments, test media and the application of real-time NDE. The role of each issue in a proof test methodology is assessed with respect to its ability to: promote proof test practice to a state-of-the-art; aid optimization of proof test design; and increase awareness and understanding of outstanding issues.

Workplace Issues: Testing, Training and Policy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Feuer, Dale

1987-01-01

Presents information on organizations with over 50 employees concerning such workplace issues as drug testing, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome testing, and policies on these issues and on smoking, sexual harassment, and affirmative action. Results are broken down by company size and by industry. (CH)

Genetic testing: medico-legal issues.

PubMed

Bird, Sara

2014-07-01

The availability and frequency of genetic testing is increasing. Genetic testing poses some unique ethical and legal issues for medical practitioners because of the potential to identify genetic variants that carry implications for the risk of disease in the future for the patient and their relatives. The regulatory framework within which genetic testing is provided in Australia is also changing. This article examines some medico-legal issues associated with genetic testing that general practitioners (GPs) are likely encounter in their practices. There is inevitable involvement of the GP in the long term care of a patient (and possibly their family) following genetic testing, regardless of whether or not the GP has ordered the testing. Cases are presented to illustrate some of the medico-legal issues that may arise from direct-to-consumer genetic testing, information disclosure to genetic relatives and requests for parentage testing.

Intelligence Testing and Minority Students: Foundations, Performance Factors, and Assessment Issues. Racial and Ethnic Minority Psychology Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Valencia, Richard R.; Suzuki, Lisa A.

This book examines intelligence assessment among ethnic minority children. Part 1, "Foundations," includes: (1) "Historical Issues" (e.g., emergence of intelligence testing in Europe and ideology of the intelligence testing movement); and (2) "Multicultural Perspective of Intelligence: Theory and Measurement Issues"…

Ethical Issues in Neurogenetics

PubMed Central

Uhlmann, Wendy R.; Roberts, J. Scott

2018-01-01

Many neurogenetic conditions are inherited and therefore diagnosis of a patient will have implications for their relatives and can raise ethical issues. Predictive genetic testing offers asymptomatic relatives the opportunity to determine their risk status for a neurogenetic condition, and professional guidelines emphasize patients’ autonomy and informed, voluntary decision-making. Beneficence and non-maleficence both need to be considered when making decisions about disclosure and nondisclosure of genetic information and test results. There can be disclosure concerns and issues of determining whose autonomy to prioritize when a patient makes a genetic testing decision that can reveal the genetic status of a relative (e.g. testing an adult child when the at-risk parent has not been tested). Ethical issues are prominent when genetic testing for neurogenetic conditions is requested prenatally, on minors, adoptees, adult children at 25% risk, and for individuals with psychiatric issues or cognitive impairment. Neurogenetic conditions can result in cognitive decline which can affect decisional capacity and lead to ethical challenges with decision-making, informed consent and determining the patient’s ability to comprehend test results. The ethical implications of genetic testing and emerging issues, including direct-to-consumer genetic testing, disclosure of secondary findings from genomic sequencing, and use of APOE testing in clinical and research settings, are also discussed. Resources for information about genetic testing practice guidelines, insurance laws and directories of genetics clinics are included. PMID:29325614

Electrical Characterization of Semiconductor and Dielectric Materials with a Non-Damaging FastGateTM Probe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Robert, Hillard; William, Howland; Bryan, Snyder

2002-03-01

Determination of the electrical properties of semiconductor materials and dielectrics is highly desirable since these correlate best to final device performance. The properties of SiO2 and high k dielectrics such as Equivalent Oxide Thickness(EOT), Interface Trap Density(Dit), Oxide Effective Charge(Neff), Flatband Voltage Hysteresis(Delta Vfb), Threshold Voltage(VT) and, bulk properties such as carrier density profile and channel dose are all important parameters that require monitoring during front end processing. Conventional methods for determining these parameters involve the manufacturing of polysilicon or metal gate MOS capacitors and subsequent measurements of capacitance-voltage(CV) and/or current-voltage(IV). These conventional techniques are time consuming and can introduce changes to the materials being monitored. Also, equivalent circuit effects resulting from excessive leakage current, series resistance and stray inductance can introduce large errors in the measured results. In this paper, a new method is discussed that provides rapid determination of these critical parameters and is robust against equivalent circuit errors. This technique uses a small diameter(30 micron), elastically deformed probe to form a gate for MOSCAP CV and IV and can be used to measure either monitor wafers or test areas within scribe lines on product wafers. It allows for measurements of dielectrics thinner than 10 Angstroms. A detailed description and applications such as high k dielectrics, will be presented.

Communicative Language Testing: Current Issues and Future Research

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harding, Luke

2014-01-01

This article discusses a range of current issues and future research possibilities in Communicative Language Testing (CLT) using, as its departure point, the key questions which emerged during the CLT symposium at the 2010 Language Testing Forum. The article begins with a summary of the 2010 symposium discussion in which three main issues related…

Validity, Vaudeville, and Values: A Short History of Social Concerns over Standardized Testing.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haney, Walt

1981-01-01

Discusses the meaning of intelligence, the social functions that tests serve, the appropriate use of personality tests, controversies regarding IQ measurement, minimum competency testing, test disclosure, test bias, and "truth in testing." Stresses that testing is as much a social and political issue as it is an issue of scientific measurement.…

Direct, Operational Field Test Evaluation, Institutional Issues

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-08-01

INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES HAVE BEEN DEFINED AS NON-TECHNICAL ISSUES OR CONCERNS THAT INFLUENCE THE COURSE AND OUTCOME OF AN OPERATIONAL TEST. OFTEN THEY ARE EVENTS AND/OR CIRCUMSTANCES THAT AFFECT ADMINISTRATION, DESIGN, DEPLOYMENT AND EVALUATION OF THE O...

[Cynocephali and Blemmyae. Congenital anomalies and medieval exotic races].

PubMed

Bos, C A; Baljet, B

1999-12-18

In the mediaeval Dutch manuscript Der naturen bloeme ('On the flowers of nature') by Jacob van Maerlant (circa 1230-circa 1296), an encyclopaedia of descriptions of people, animals, plants and minerals dating from about 1270, many illustrations refer to the text. An intriguing part of the book is called 'Vreemde volkeren' ('Exotic people'). In another manuscript of Van Maerlant, Dit is die istory van Troyen ('The history of Troyes') in the chapter 'De wonderen van het Verre Oosten' ('The miracles of the Far East') the exotic people are also described. These exotic people have many features similar to congenital malformations. 'Hippopodes' are probably based on the lobster claw syndrome, 'Cynocephali' on anencephaly, 'Arimaspi' on cyclopia, 'Blemmyae' on acardiacus, the double-faced on diprosopus, 'Sciopods' on polydactyly and 'Antipodes' on the sirenomelia sequence.

International Symposium on Surface Interactions Held in Neve Ilan, (Jerusalem Hills), and Rehovot, Israel on March 13-18, 1988

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-01

LfEL Lfl EN tl.KTRI IO\\ SOT Ax F\\NT \\" M L L C T ’dl’L DEC 13 13 89m \\\\1 1 RIB TAWl IDiSIRMlLT 1;(\\ ST 1,l1’ 89 12 12 G- 0 \\ I FI RFUFI\\ ElD IN DI)T... M ,I,, I R 11:1) IFL W PIIOTO(,RAI’H TH[IS Sill. I I M ) I:N I I RN FO 1)1 h. FI)AC 0 T C71 O I%1\\ R (I-4I( H L LD) International Symposium N on...Ben-Shaul (Hebrew University, Jeruisalem) M . liahav (Weizmanu Instituite, Relovot) A. Marmur (Teclinion, Haifa) Z. Priel (Ben-Gurion University, Beer

Test Anxiety, Computer-Adaptive Testing and the Common Core

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Colwell, Nicole Makas

2013-01-01

This paper highlights the current findings and issues regarding the role of computer-adaptive testing in test anxiety. The computer-adaptive test (CAT) proposed by one of the Common Core consortia brings these issues to the forefront. Research has long indicated that test anxiety impairs student performance. More recent research indicates that…

Multiple Testing in the Context of Gene Discovery in Sickle Cell Disease Using Genome-Wide Association Studies.

PubMed

Kuo, Kevin H M

2017-01-01

The issue of multiple testing, also termed multiplicity, is ubiquitous in studies where multiple hypotheses are tested simultaneously. Genome-wide association study (GWAS), a type of genetic association study that has gained popularity in the past decade, is most susceptible to the issue of multiple testing. Different methodologies have been employed to address the issue of multiple testing in GWAS. The purpose of the review is to examine the methodologies employed in dealing with multiple testing in the context of gene discovery using GWAS in sickle cell disease complications.

Truth in Testing: Arguments Examined.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Burns, Daniel J.

1981-01-01

Costs and benefits of New York's Truth-in-Testing law are reviewed and related to constitutional issues and fairness to test-makers as well as test-takers. Besides matters of cost and test question availability, challenges to the legislation also involve issues of due process, equal protection, and infringement of existing copyright laws. (MSE)

Safety Issues at the DOE Test and Research Reactors. A Report to the U.S. Department of Energy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, Washington, DC. Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources.

This report provides an assessment of safety issues at the Department of Energy (DOE) test and research reactors. Part A identifies six safety issues of the reactors. These issues include the safety design philosophy, the conduct of safety reviews, the performance of probabilistic risk assessments, the reliance on reactor operators, the fragmented…

Genetic Testing for Rare Cancer: The Wider Issues.

PubMed

Jacobs, Chris; Pichert, Gabriella

2016-01-01

Identification of a potential genetic susceptibility to cancer and confirmation of a pathogenic gene mutation raises a number of challenging issues for the patient with cancer, their relatives and the health professionals caring for them. The specific risks and management issues associated with rare cancer types have been addressed in the earlier chapters. This chapter considers the wider issues involved in genetic counselling and genetic testing for a genetic susceptibility to cancer for patients, families and health professionals. The first part of the chapter will present the issues raised by the current practice in genetic counselling and genetic testing for cancer susceptibility. The second part of the chapter will address some of the issues raised by the advances in genetic testing technology and the future opportunities provided by personalised medicine and targeted cancer therapy. Facilitating these developments requires closer integration of genomics into mainstream cancer care, challenging the existing paradigm of genetic medicine, adding additional layers of complexity to the risk assessment and management of cancer and presenting wider issues for patients, families, health professionals and clinical services.

Ethical Issues and Questions about Testing for Test Publishers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fitzgibbon, Thomas J.

The test publisher's responsibility is discussed. "Right and good conduct" of the publisher in relation to the desires of the test user is related to the actual age of the test--old versus new materials. Other issues confronting the test publisher are the conflict between the needs for personal privacy and the claims of the community in relation…

Ethical issues in neurogenetics.

PubMed

Uhlmann, Wendy R; Roberts, J Scott

2018-01-01

Many neurogenetic conditions are inherited and therefore diagnosis of a patient will have implications for the patient's relatives and can raise ethical issues. Predictive genetic testing offers asymptomatic relatives the opportunity to determine their risk status for a neurogenetic condition, and professional guidelines emphasize patients' autonomy and informed, voluntary decision making. Beneficence and nonmaleficence both need to be considered when making decisions about disclosure and nondisclosure of genetic information and test results. There can be disclosure concerns and challenges in determining whose autonomy to prioritize when a patient makes a genetic testing decision that can reveal the genetic status of a relative (e.g., testing an adult child when the at-risk parent has not been tested). Ethical issues are prominent when genetic testing for neurogenetic conditions is requested prenatally, on minors, adoptees, adult children at 25% risk, and for individuals with psychiatric issues or cognitive impairment. Neurogenetic conditions can result in cognitive decline which can affect decisional capacity and lead to ethical challenges with decision making, informed consent, and determining the patient's ability to comprehend test results. The ethical implications of genetic testing and emerging issues, including direct-to-consumer genetic testing, disclosure of secondary findings from genomic sequencing, and use of apolipoprotein E testing in clinical and research settings, are also discussed. Resources for information about genetic testing practice guidelines, insurance laws, and directories of genetics clinics are included. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Acute Effects of Capsaicin on Energy Expenditure and Fat Oxidation in Negative Energy Balance

PubMed Central

Janssens, Pilou L. H. R.; Hursel, Rick; Martens, Eveline A. P.; Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S.

2013-01-01

Background Addition of capsaicin (CAPS) to the diet has been shown to increase energy expenditure; therefore capsaicin is an interesting target for anti-obesity therapy. Aim We investigated the 24 h effects of CAPS on energy expenditure, substrate oxidation and blood pressure during 25% negative energy balance. Methods Subjects underwent four 36 h sessions in a respiration chamber for measurements of energy expenditure, substrate oxidation and blood pressure. They received 100% or 75% of their daily energy requirements in the conditions ‘100%CAPS’, ‘100%Control’, ‘75%CAPS’ and ‘75%Control’. CAPS was given at a dose of 2.56 mg (1.03 g of red chili pepper, 39,050 Scoville heat units (SHU)) with every meal. Results An induced negative energy balance of 25% was effectively a 20.5% negative energy balance due to adapting mechanisms. Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and resting energy expenditure (REE) at 75%CAPS did not differ from DIT and REE at 100%Control, while at 75%Control these tended to be or were lower than at 100%Control (p = 0.05 and p = 0.02 respectively). Sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) at 75%CAPS did not differ from SMR at 100%CAPS, while SMR at 75%Control was lower than at 100%CAPS (p = 0.04). Fat oxidation at 75%CAPS was higher than at 100%Control (p = 0.03), while with 75%Control it did not differ from 100%Control. Respiratory quotient (RQ) was more decreased at 75%CAPS (p = 0.04) than at 75%Control (p = 0.05) when compared with 100%Control. Blood pressure did not differ between the four conditions. Conclusion In an effectively 20.5% negative energy balance, consumption of 2.56 mg capsaicin per meal supports negative energy balance by counteracting the unfavorable negative energy balance effect of decrease in components of energy expenditure. Moreover, consumption of 2.56 mg capsaicin per meal promotes fat oxidation in negative energy balance and does not increase blood pressure significantly. Trial Registration Nederlands Trial Register; registration number NTR2944 PMID:23844093

Characterization, modeling and physical mechanisms of different surface treatment methods at room temperature on the oxide and interfacial quality of the SiO2 film using the spectroscopic scanning capacitance microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wong, Kin Mun

In this article, a simple, low cost and combined surface treatment method [pre-oxidation immersion of the p-type silicon (Si) substrate in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and post oxidation ultra-violet (UV) irradiation of the silicon-dioxide (SiO2) film] at room temperature is investigated. The interface trap density at midgap [Dit(mg)] of the resulting SiO2 film (denoted as sample 1A) is quantified from the full width at half-maximum of the scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) differential capacitance (dC/dV) characteristics by utilizing a previously validated theoretical model. The Dit(mg) of sample 1A is significantly lower than the sample without any surface treatments which indicates that it is a viable technique for improving the interfacial quality of the thicker SiO2 films prepared by wet oxidation. Moreover, the proposed combined surface treatment method may possibly complement the commonly used forming gas anneal process to further improve the interfacial quality of the SiO2 films. The positive shift of the flatband voltage due to the overall oxide charges (estimated from the probe tip dc bias at the peak dC/dV spectra) of sample 1A suggests the presence of negative oxide fixed charge density (Nf) in the oxide. In addition, an analytical formula is derived to approximate the difference of the Nf values between the oxide samples that are immersed in H2O2 and UV irradiated from their measured SCM dC/dV spectra. Conversely, some physical mechanisms are proposed that result in the ionization of the SiO- species (which are converted from the neutral SiOH groups that originate from the pre-oxidation immersion in H2O2 and ensuing wet oxidation) during the UV irradiation as well as the UV photo-injected electrons from the Si substrate (which did not interact with the SiOH groups). They constitute the source of mobile electrons which partially passivate the positively charged empty donor-like interface traps at the Si-SiO2 interface.

Le bégaiement

PubMed Central

Perez, Hector R.; Stoeckle, James H.

2016-01-01

Résumé Objectif Fournir une mise à jour sur l’épidémiologie, l’hérédité, la physiopathologie, le diagnostic et le traitement du bégaiement développemental. Qualité des données Une recherche d’études récentes ou non portant sur l’épidémiologie, l’hérédité, la physiopathologie, le diagnostic et le traitement du bégaiement développemental a été effectuée dans les bases de données MEDLINE et Cochrane. La plupart des recommandations s’appuient sur des études de petite envergure, des données probantes de qualité limitée ou des consensus. Message principal Le bégaiement est un trouble d’élocution fréquent chez les personnes de tous âges, il altère la fluidité verbale normale et l’enchaînement du discours. Le bégaiement a été lié à des différences de l’anatomie, du fonctionnement et de la régulation dopaminergique du cerveau qui seraient de source génétique. Il importe de poser le diagnostic avec attention et de faire les recommandations qui conviennent chez les enfants, car de plus en plus, le consensus veut que l’intervention précoce par un traitement d’orthophonie soit cruciale chez les enfants bègues. Chez les adultes, le bégaiement est lié à une morbidité psychosociale substantielle, dont l’anxiété sociale et une piètre qualité de vie. Les traitements pharmacologiques ont soulevé l’intérêt depuis quelques années, mais les données cliniques sont limitées. Le traitement des enfants et des adultes repose sur l’orthophonie. Conclusion De plus en plus de recherches ont tenté de lever le voile sur la physiopathologie du bégaiement. La meilleure solution pour les enfants et les adultes bègues demeure la recommandation à un traitement d’orthophonie.

Consequences of C4 differentiation for chloroplast membrane proteomes in maize mesophyll and bundle sheath cells.

PubMed

Majeran, Wojciech; Zybailov, Boris; Ytterberg, A Jimmy; Dunsmore, Jason; Sun, Qi; van Wijk, Klaas J

2008-09-01

Chloroplasts of maize leaves differentiate into specific bundle sheath (BS) and mesophyll (M) types to accommodate C(4) photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain thylakoid and envelope membranes that contain the photosynthetic machineries and transporters but also proteins involved in e.g. protein homeostasis. These chloroplast membranes must be specialized within each cell type to accommodate C(4) photosynthesis and regulate metabolic fluxes and activities. This quantitative study determined the differentiated state of BS and M chloroplast thylakoid and envelope membrane proteomes and their oligomeric states using innovative gel-based and mass spectrometry-based protein quantifications. This included native gels, iTRAQ, and label-free quantification using an LTQ-Orbitrap. Subunits of Photosystems I and II, the cytochrome b(6)f, and ATP synthase complexes showed average BS/M accumulation ratios of 1.6, 0.45, 1.0, and 1.33, respectively, whereas ratios for the light-harvesting complex I and II families were 1.72 and 0.68, respectively. A 1000-kDa BS-specific NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex with associated proteins of unknown function containing more than 15 proteins was observed; we speculate that this novel complex possibly functions in inorganic carbon concentration when carboxylation rates by ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase are lower than decarboxylation rates by malic enzyme. Differential accumulation of thylakoid proteases (Egy and DegP), state transition kinases (STN7,8), and Photosystem I and II assembly factors was observed, suggesting that cell-specific photosynthetic electron transport depends on post-translational regulatory mechanisms. BS/M ratios for inner envelope transporters phosphoenolpyruvate/P(i) translocator, Dit1, Dit2, and Mex1 were determined and reflect metabolic fluxes in carbon metabolism. A wide variety of hundreds of other proteins showed differential BS/M accumulation. Mass spectral information and functional annotations are available through the Plant Proteome Database. These data are integrated with previous data, resulting in a model for C(4) photosynthesis, thereby providing new rationales for metabolic engineering of C(4) pathways and targeted analysis of genetic networks that coordinate C(4) differentiation.

On the Revealing Firsthand Probing of Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interactions off Sabrina Coast During NBP1402

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huber, B. A.; Orsi, A. H.; Zielinski, N. J.; Durkin, W. J., IV; Clark, P.; Wiederwohl, C. L.; Rosenberg, M. A.; Gwyther, D.; Greenbaum, J. S.; Lavoie, C.; Shevenell, A.; Leventer, A.; Blankenship, D. D.; Gulick, S. P. S.; Domack, E. W.

2014-12-01

Diverse interactions of winds, currents and ice around Antarctica dictate how, where and when the world's densest waters form and massive floating ice shelves and glaciers melt, as well as control sea surface gas exchange and primary productivity. Compelled by recent rate estimates of East Antarctic Ice Sheet mass loss, we contrast the paths and mixing histories of oceanic waters reaching the continental ice edge off the Sabrina and Adelie coasts relying on the unique set of synoptic shipboard measurements from NBP1402 (swath bathymetry, ADCP, underway CTD). Analysis of historical hydrography and sea ice concentration fields within the Mertz Polynya indicates the apparent effect of evolving ocean-ice-atmosphere interactions on the characteristics of local Shelf Water (SW) sources to current outflow of newly formed Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). A polynya dominated water mass structure similar to that observed off the Adelie Coast before the removal of the Mertz Ice Tongue was expected to the west of the Dalton Ice Tongue (DIT). However, we found no evidence of dense SW off Sabrina Coast, which may lessen the region's preconceived influence to global meridional overturning. Present sea ice production within the eastern Dalton Polynya is overshadowed by freshwater input to relatively stable interior upper waters. The Antarctic Coastal Current (ACoC) picks up distinct meltwater contributions along the DIT western flank and in front of the Moscow University Ice Shelf (MUIS) and Totten Glacier (TG). Unlike over other highly influential margins to global sea level rise, there is no evidence of local cross-shelf inflow and mixing of warm Circumpolar Deep Water. Relatively cold thermocline waters from the continental slope enter the eastern trough off Sabrina Coast, and they are swiftly steered poleward by complex underlying topography. Meltwater export from beneath the MUIS and TG is observed at newly discovered trenches that effectively constrain sub-cavity inflow to low salinity near-freezing waters drawn from intermediate levels of the adjacent westward flowing ACoC. Winds, currents and ice interactions observed off Sabrina Coast during NBP1402 are most likely widespread, in view of reported decadal freshening of upper waters over the Antarctic continental shelf and their localized AABW outflows.

Ethical considerations in genomic testing for hematologic disorders.

PubMed

Marron, Jonathan M; Joffe, Steven

2017-07-27

As our technological capacities improve, genomic testing is increasingly integrating into patient care. The field of clinical hematology is no exception. Genomic testing carries great promise, but several ethical issues must be considered whenever such testing is performed. This review addresses these ethical considerations, including issues surrounding informed consent and the uncertainty of the results of genomic testing; the challenge of incidental findings; and possible inequities in access to and benefit from such testing. Genomic testing is likely to transform the practice of both benign and malignant hematology, but clinicians must carefully consider these core ethical issues in order to make the most of this exciting and evolving technology. © 2017 by The American Society of Hematology.

Ethics, policy, and educational issues in genetic testing.

PubMed

Williams, Janet K; Skirton, Heather; Masny, Agnes

2006-01-01

Analyze ethics, public policy, and education issues that arise in the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) when genomic information acquired as a result of genetic testing is introduced into healthcare services. Priorities in the Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues Research Program include privacy, integration of genetic services into clinical health care, and educational preparation of the nursing workforce. These constructs are used to examine health policies in the US and UK, and professional interactions of individuals and families with healthcare providers. Individual, family, and societal goals may conflict with current healthcare practices and policies when genetic testing is done. Current health policies do not fully address these concerns. Unresolved issues include protection of privacy of individuals while considering genetic information needs of family members, determination of appropriate monitoring of genetic tests, addressing genetic healthcare discrepancies, and assuring appropriate nursing workforce preparation. Introduction of genetic testing into health care requires that providers are knowledgeable regarding ethical, policy, and practice issues in order to minimize risk for harm, protect the rights of individuals and families, and consider societal context in the management of genetic test results. Understanding of these issues is a component of genetic nursing competency that must be addressed at all levels of nursing education.

77 FR 24684 - Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; 2013-2015 American Community Survey Methods...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-25

... program that is designed to address and respond to survey issues and needs. During the 2013-2015 period... Design Test, a 2015 ACS Content Test, and a series of Internet tests. Since the ACS Methods Panel is designed to address emerging issues, we may conduct additional testing as needed. Testing would focus on...

Taking Ownership of the ITC's Guidelines for Computer-Based and Internet-Delivered Testing: A South African Application

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Foxcroft, Cheryl D.; Davies, Caroline

2006-01-01

The increased use of computer-based and Internet-delivered testing has raised a number of ethical and legal issues. The International Test Commission's (this issue) Guidelines for Computer-Based and Internet-Delivered Testing represent the most recent attempt to provide test users, publishers, and developers with guidance regarding the appropriate…

Finance issue brief: genetic testing.

PubMed

Herstek, J

1999-06-25

States have enacted genetic testing laws to address the contentious privacy, consent, research, discrimination, insurance and employment issues surrounding genetic information. These genetic testing laws attempt to strike a balance between the concerns of the consumer, research, insurance and business communities.

Teaching Psychological Assessment: Training Issues and Teaching Approaches.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Russ, Sandra W.

1978-01-01

Graduate psychology students are not as well prepared as many internship supervisors would like. Students need help in dealing with issues of categorizing individuals, using tests, taking responsibility, and developing a balance between critical evaluation of tests and appreciation of their usefulness. Approaches for dealing with these issues are…

Factorized Runge-Kutta-Chebyshev Methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Sullivan, Stephen

2017-05-01

The second-order extended stability Factorized Runge-Kutta-Chebyshev (FRKC2) explicit schemes for the integration of large systems of PDEs with diffusive terms are presented. The schemes are simple to implement through ordered sequences of forward Euler steps with complex stepsizes, and easily parallelised for large scale problems on distributed architectures. Preserving 7 digits for accuracy at 16 digit precision, the schemes are theoretically capable of maintaining internal stability for acceleration factors in excess of 6000 with respect to standard explicit Runge-Kutta methods. The extent of the stability domain is approximately the same as that of RKC schemes, and a third longer than in the case of RKL2 schemes. Extension of FRKC methods to fourth-order, by both complex splitting and Butcher composition techniques, is also discussed. A publicly available implementation of FRKC2 schemes may be obtained from maths.dit.ie/frkc

Selective Radical Amination of Aldehydic C(sp2)–H Bonds with Fluoroaryl Azides via Co(II)-Based Metalloradical Catalysis: Synthesis of N-Fluoroaryl Amides from Aldehydes under Neutral and Nonoxidative Conditions

PubMed Central

Jin, Li-Mei; Lu, Hongjian; Cui, Yuan; Lizardi, Christopher L.; Arzua, Thiago N.; Wojtas, Lukasz; Cui, Xin

2014-01-01

The Co(II) complex of the D2h-symmetric amidoporphyrin 3,5-DitBu-IbuPhyrin, [Co(P1)], has proven to be an effective metalloradical catalyst for intermolecular amination of C(sp2)–H bonds of aldehydes with fluoroaryl azides. The [Co(P1)]-catalyzed process can employ aldehydes as the limiting reagents and operate under neutral and non-oxidative conditions, generating nitrogen gas as the only byproduct. The metalloradical aldehydic C–H amination is suitable for different combinations of aldehydes and fluoroaryl azides, producing the corresponding N-fluoroaryl amides in good to excellent yields. A series of mechanistic studies support a stepwise radical mechanism for the Co(II)-catalyzed intermolecular C–H amination. PMID:25071929

Nitric acid and ammonia emissions from a mid-latitude prescribed wetlands fire

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lebel, P. J.; Cofer, W. R., III; Levine, J. S.; Vay, S. A.; Roberts, P. D.

1988-01-01

The first simultaneous measurements of gaseous nitric acid and ammonia in the smoke plume of a wetlands biomass burn were obtained. The measurements were made using tungsten oxide-coated diffusion denuder tubes from a helicopter during a prescribed burn on November 9, 1987, at the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, located at the NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The mean NH3 and HNO3 mixing ratios measured in the smoke plume were 19 ppbv and 14 ppbv, respectively, both significantly higher than background mixing ratios. Nitric acid correlated well with carbon dioxide produced by the combustion. The mean CO2-normalized emission ratio for HNO3 was found to be 0.00012. Ammonia, however, dit not correlate well with CO2, suggesting a more complex relationship between combustion and production/release of NH3.

Overview of sports vision

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moore, Linda A.; Ferreira, Jannie T.

2003-03-01

Sports vision encompasses the visual assessment and provision of sports-specific visual performance enhancement and ocular protection for athletes of all ages, genders and levels of participation. In recent years, sports vision has been identified as one of the key performance indicators in sport. It is built on four main cornerstones: corrective eyewear, protective eyewear, visual skills enhancement and performance enhancement. Although clinically well established in the US, it is still a relatively new area of optometric specialisation elsewhere in the world and is gaining increasing popularity with eyecare practitioners and researchers. This research is often multi-disciplinary and involves input from a variety of subject disciplines, mainly those of optometry, medicine, physiology, psychology, physics, chemistry, computer science and engineering. Collaborative research projects are currently underway between staff of the Schools of Physics and Computing (DIT) and the Academy of Sports Vision (RAU).

46 CFR 162.060-24 - Test Plan requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... (including the test facility's standard operating procedures for achieving such conditions). (9) Sampling.... Test Plans must include an examination of all the manufacturer's stated requirements and procedures for... potential environmental, health, and safety issues; unusual operating requirements; and any issues related...

46 CFR 162.060-24 - Test Plan requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... (including the test facility's standard operating procedures for achieving such conditions). (9) Sampling.... Test Plans must include an examination of all the manufacturer's stated requirements and procedures for... potential environmental, health, and safety issues; unusual operating requirements; and any issues related...

46 CFR 162.060-24 - Test Plan requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... (including the test facility's standard operating procedures for achieving such conditions). (9) Sampling.... Test Plans must include an examination of all the manufacturer's stated requirements and procedures for... potential environmental, health, and safety issues; unusual operating requirements; and any issues related...

77 FR 53171 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-31

... increase data quality. At this time, plans are in place to propose several tests: a 2013 Questionnaire Design Test, a 2015 ACS Content Test, and a series of Internet tests. Because we cannot anticipate issues... designed to address and respond to emerging issues and survey needs. During the 2013-2015 period, the...

Issues Associated with a Hypersonic Maglev Sled

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haney, Joseph W.; Lenzo, J.

1996-01-01

Magnetic levitation has been explored for application from motors to transportation. All of these applications have been at velocities where the physics of the air or operating fluids are fairly well known. Application of Maglev to hypersonic velocities (Mach greater than 5) presents many opportunities, but also issues that require understanding and resolution. Use of Maglev to upgrade the High Speed Test Track at Holloman Air Force Base in Alamogordo New Mexico is an actual hypersonic application that provides the opportunity to improve test capabilities. However, there are several design issues that require investigation. This paper presents an overview of the application of Maglev to the test track and the issues associated with developing a hypersonic Maglev sled. The focus of this paper is to address the issues with the Maglev sled design, rather than the issues with the development of superconducting magnets of the sled system.

NIE's Study of Minimum Competency Testing: A Process for the Clarification of Issues.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Herndon, Enid

The National Institute of Education's (NIE) process of studying minimum competency testing (MCT) includes: (1) a clarification hearing to provide a public forum to discuss divergent views on salient issues related to MCT programs; (2) two investigative teams to explore the different perspectives on the issues, build comprehensive cases which…

Wyoming/NAFSA Institute on Foreign TA Training. Working Papers. Volume II.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Constantinides, Janet C., Ed.

This document presents some 20 papers on projects conducted by Foreign Teaching Assistant (FTA) participants in the areas of academic/pedagogical issues, cross-cultural issues, and testing issues. Papers are as follows: "The Testing and Evaluation of Foreign Teaching Assistants: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?" (Ralph Pat Barrett); "Screening…

GED Items. The Newsletter of the GED Testing Service, 1998.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Council on Education, Washington, DC. General Educational Development Testing Service.

This document consists of the five issues of the newsletter of the General Educational Development (GED) Testing Service: January/February, March/April, May/June, September/October, and November/December. Each issue contains information of interest to users of the GED examinations. The feature article for the January/February issue is "Next…

First International Conference on Ada (R) Programming Language Applications for the NASA Space Station, volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bown, Rodney L. (Editor)

1986-01-01

Topics discussed include: test and verification; environment issues; distributed Ada issues; life cycle issues; Ada in Europe; management/training issues; common Ada interface set; and run time issues.

Regulatory issues with multiplicity in drug approval: Principles and controversies in a changing landscape.

PubMed

Benda, Norbert; Brandt, Andreas

2018-01-01

Recently, new draft guidelines on multiplicity issues in clinical trials have been issued by European Medicine Agency (EMA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA), respectively. Multiplicity is an issue in clinical trials, if the probability of a false-positive decision is increased by insufficiently accounting for testing multiple hypotheses. We outline the regulatory principles related to multiplicity issues in confirmatory clinical trials intended to support a marketing authorization application in the EU, describe the reasons for an increasing complexity regarding multiple hypotheses testing and discuss the specific multiplicity issues emerging within the regulatory context and being relevant for drug approval.

The weaker points of fish acute toxicity tests and how tests on embryos can solve some issues.

PubMed

Wedekind, Claus; von Siebenthal, Beat; Gingold, Ruth

2007-07-01

Fish acute toxicity tests play an important role in environmental risk assessment and hazard classification because they allow for first estimates of the relative toxicity of various chemicals in various species. However, such tests need to be carefully interpreted. Here we shortly summarize the main issues which are linked to the genetics and the condition of the test animals, the standardized test situations, the uncertainty about whether a given test species can be seen as representative to a given fish fauna, the often missing knowledge about possible interaction effects, especially with micropathogens, and statistical problems like small sample sizes and, in some cases, pseudoreplication. We suggest that multi-factorial embryo tests on ecologically relevant species solve many of these issues, and we shortly explain how such tests could be done to avoid the weaker points of fish acute toxicity tests.

Future of Psychometrics: Ask What Psychometrics Can Do for Psychology

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sijtsma, Klaas

2012-01-01

I address two issues that were inspired by my work on the Dutch Committee on Tests and Testing (COTAN). The first issue is the understanding of problems test constructors and researchers using tests have of psychometric knowledge. I argue that this understanding is important for a field, like psychometrics, for which the dissemination of…

High-Stakes Testing: Too Much? Too Soon?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Walker, Sherry Freeland, Ed.

2000-01-01

This theme issue focuses on the use and consequences of high stakes tests. The lead article, "High-Stakes Testing: Too Much? Too Soon?" by Sherry Freeland Walker, introduces the topic and related issues, outlining the pros and cons of high stakes testing by the states. The problem, some experts say, is that states have tried to do too much too…

Policy issues facing the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and prospects for the future

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sweeney, J.

1999-04-01

This report is divided into the following 5 sections: (1) Background; (2) Major Issues Facing Ratification of CTBT; (3) Current Status on CTBT Ratification; (4) Status of CTBT Signatories and Ratifiers; and (5) CTBT Activities Not Prohibited. The major issues facing ratification of CTBT discussed here are: impact on CTBT of START II and ABM ratification; impact of India and Pakistan nuclear tests; CTBT entry into force; and establishment of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Organization.

DIRECT operational field test evaluation : natural use study : part 2 : driver satisfaction in DIRECT controlling for reliability

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-08-01

This report describes the DIRECT field test which was designed to evaluate the user benefits, institutional issues, and technical issues of en-route driver advisory and traveler information services. Focus was on testing and evaluating the voice-base...

Drug Testing.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Legal Memorandum, 1987

1987-01-01

A number of legal issues are involved in conducting a drug testing program to determine whether students--and occasionally teachers--are using illegal drugs. Two legal issues have been raised concerning the accuracy of the urinalysis test: whether it is chemically accurate and whether appropriate procedures have been followed to make certain that…

Psychological Testing and Psychological Assessment: A Review of Evidence and Issues.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meyer, Gregory J.; Finn, Stephen E.; Eyde, Lorraine D.; Kay, Gary G.; Moreland, Kevin L.; Dies, Robert R.; Eisman, Elena J.; Kubiszyn, Tom W.; Reed, Geoffrey M.

2001-01-01

Summarizes issues associated with psychological assessment, concluding that: psychological test validity is strong and is comparable to medical test validity; distinct assessment methods provide unique sources of information; and clinicians who rely solely on interviews are prone to incomplete understandings. Suggests that multimethod assessment…

Non-Nuclear Testing of Space Nuclear Systems at NASA MSFC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Houts, Michael G.; Pearson, Boise J.; Aschenbrenner, Kenneth C.; Bradley, David E.; Dickens, Ricky; Emrich, William J.; Garber, Anne; Godfroy, Thomas J.; Harper, Roger T.; Martin, Jim J.;

Genetic Issues in Mental Retardation, 1996-1997.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Genetic Issues in Mental Retardation, 1996

1996-01-01

This document consists of the first six issues of a newsletter, which discusses current knowledge about and concerns related to genetics and mental retardation. The second issue addresses the problem of genetic discrimination. The third issue considers genetic testing, screening, and counseling. The fourth issue addresses genetic privacy issues.…

Testing Programs in Schools: What's New? A Special Issue.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Walter, L. James; And Others

1981-01-01

This special issue of "Catalyst", entitled Testing Programs in Schools: What's New?, was published jointly by the Nebraska Council of School Administrators and the Nebraska Association for Supervision and Curriculum. The articles emphasize desirability of designing testing programs to meet the information needs of educators and the…

Assessing Foreign Language Proficiency of Undergraduates. Issues in Language Program Direction: A Series of Annual Volumes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Teschner, Richard V., Ed.

This collection of papers includes: "Foreign Language Testing Today: Issues in Language Program Direction" (Frank Nuessel); "Assessing the Problems of Assessment" (M. Peter Hagiwara); "Testing in Foreign Language Programs and Testing Programs in Foreign Language Departments: Reflections and Recommendations" (Elizabeth…

Current Issues in the Use of Tests in Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ebel, Robert L.

Six current issues in the use of tests are examined in this paper. Are the tests used in education valid? In general and to a reasonably satisfactory extent they are. Is the emphasis these tests place on cognitive achievements a serious limitation? Because of the basic and pervasive role of cognition in human affairs, and in the absence of any…

Non-Nuclear Testing of Fission Technologies at NASA MSFC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Houts, Robert G.; Pearson, J. Boise; Aschenbrenner, Kenneth C.; Bradley, David E.; Dickens, Ricky E.; Emrich, William J.; Garber, Anne E.; Godfroy, Thomas J.; Harper, Roger T.; Martin, Jim J.;

Current ethical and legal issues in health-related direct-to-consumer genetic testing.

PubMed

Niemiec, Emilia; Kalokairinou, Louiza; Howard, Heidi Carmen

2017-09-01

A variety of health-related genetic testing is currently advertized directly to consumers. This article provides a timely overview of direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC GT) and salient ethical issues, as well as an analysis of the impact of the recently adopted regulation on in vitro diagnostic medical devices on DTC GT. DTC GT companies currently employ new testing approaches, report on a wide spectrum of conditions and target new groups of consumers. Such activities raise ethical issues including the questionable analytic and clinical validity of tests, the adequacy of informed consent, potentially misleading advertizing, testing in children, research uses and commercialization of genomic data. The recently adopted regulation on in vitro diagnostic medical devices may limit the offers of predisposition DTC GT in the EU market.

Analysis of selected critical experiments using ENDF/B-IV and ENDF/B-V data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singh, U. N.; Rec, J. R.; Jonsson, A.

1981-10-01

Selected critical experiments - TRX 1 & 2 (U metal; BNL 1, 2, 3 (ThO2/U-233); and B & W TUPE 15B (ThO2/U-235) - were analyzed using ENDF/B-V data, and the results were compared to the measured parameters and to values obtained using ENDF/B-IV. Calculations were performed with DIT, an integral transport assembly design code. A heterogeneous cell calculation in 85 energy groups was performed for each configuration. Leakage was accounted for through B-1 calculation using the measured bucklings. Overall, ENDF/B-V data have been found to improve the agreement with experimental results with the exception of the TUPE 15B core. However, the changes in the capture cross sections of U-238 (epithermal) and Th-232 do not fully resolve the long-standing differences with the measurements.

Electrical properties of MOS devices fabricated on the 4H-SiC C-face.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Zengjun; Ahyi, A. C.; Williams, J. R.

2007-11-01

The electrical characteristics of MOS devices fabricated on the carbon face of 4H-SiC will be described. The C-face has a higher oxidation rate and a higher interface trap density compared to the Si-face. The thermal oxidation rate and the distribution of interface traps under different oxidation conditions will be discussed in this presentation. Sequential post-oxidation anneals in nitric oxide and hydrogen effectively reduces the interface density (Dit) near the conduction band edge. However, deeper in the band gap, the trap density remains higher compared to the Si-face. Time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) studies have also been performed to investigate oxide reliability on the C-face, and current-voltage measurements show that a low barrier height against carrier injection likely contributes to oxide degradation. Nevertheless, the effective channel mobility and threshold voltage for n-channel C-face lateral MOSFETs compare favorably with similar Si-face devices.

Experimental evidence for the correlation between the weak inversion hump and near midgap states in dielectric/InGaAs interfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krylov, Igor; Kornblum, Lior; Gavrilov, Arkady; Ritter, Dan; Eizenberg, Moshe

2012-04-01

Temperature dependent capacitance-voltage (C-V) and conductance-voltage (G-V) measurements were performed to obtain activation energies (EA) for weak inversion C-V humps and parallel conductance peaks in Al2O3/InGaAs and Si3N4/InGaAs gate stacks. Values of 0.48 eV (slightly more than half of the band gap of the studied In0.53Ga0.47As) were obtained for EA of both phenomena for both gate dielectrics studied. This indicates an universal InGaAs behavior and shows that both phenomena are due to generation-recombination of minority carriers through near midgap located interface states. The C-V hump correlates with the interface states density (Dit) and can be used as a characterization tool for dielectric/InGaAs systems.

Annealing effects on capacitance-voltage characteristics of a-Si/SiN(x) multilayer prepared using hot-wire chemical vapour deposition.

PubMed

Panchal, A K; Rai, D K; Solanki, C S

2011-04-01

Post-deposition annealing of a-Si/SiN(x) multilayer films at different temperature shows varying shift in high frequency (1 MHz) capacitance-voltage (HFCV) characteristics. Various a-Si/SiN(x) multilayer films were deposited using hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) and annealed in the temperature range of 800 to 900 degrees C to precipitate Si quantum dots (Si-QD) in a-Si layers. HFCV measurements of the as-deposited and annealed films in metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structures show hysterisis in C-V curves. The hysteresis in the as-deposited films and annealed films is attributed to charge trapping in Si-dangling bonds in a-Si layer and in Si-QD respectively. The charge trapping density in Si-QD increases with temperature while the interface defects density (D(it)) remains constant.

Impact of process temperature on GaSb metal-oxide-semiconductor interface properties fabricated by ex-situ process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yokoyama, Masafumi; Asakura, Yuji; Yokoyama, Haruki; Takenaka, Mitsuru; Takagi, Shinichi

2014-06-01

We have studied the impact of process temperature on interface properties of GaSb metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures fabricated by an ex-situ atomic-layer-deposition (ALD) process. We have found that the ALD temperature strongly affects the Al2O3/GaSb MOS interface properties. The Al2O3/GaSb MOS interfaces fabricated at the low ALD temperature of 150 °C have the minimum interface-trap density (Dit) of ˜4.5 × 1013 cm-2 eV-1. We have also found that the post-metalization annealing at temperature higher than 200 °C degrades the Al2O3/GaSb MOS interface properties. The low-temperature process is preferable in fabricating GaSb MOS interfaces in the ex-situ ALD process to avoid the high-temperature-induced degradations.

JPL Test Effectiveness Analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shreck, Stephanie; Sharratt, Stephen; Smith, Joseph F.; Strong, Edward

2008-01-01

1) The pilot study provided meaningful conclusions that are generally consistent with the earlier Test Effectiveness work done between 1992 and 1994: a) Analysis of pre-launch problem/failure reports is consistent with earlier work. b) Analysis of post-launch early mission anomaly reports indicates that there are more software issues in newer missions, and the no-test category for identification of post-launch failures is more significant than in the earlier analysis. 2) Future work includes understanding how differences in Missions effect these analyses: a) There are large variations in the number of problem reports and issues that are documented by the different Projects/Missions. b) Some missions do not have any reported environmental test anomalies, even though environmental tests were performed. 3) Each project/mission has different standards and conventions for filling out the PFR forms, the industry may wish to address this issue: a) Existing problem reporting forms are to document and track problems, failures, and issues (etc.) for the projects, to ensure high quality. b) Existing problem reporting forms are not intended for data mining.

The Role of Psychological Tests in Education in South Africa: Issues, Controversies and Benefits.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Owen, K.

This volume examines historic, cross-cultural, and psychometric issues with regard to the use of psychological testing in South Africa. After an introduction in Chapter 1, the following chapters are: "Measurement and Evaluation in Psychology and Education"; "History of the Development of Psychological Tests," which includes…

GED Items. The Newsletter of the GED Testing Service, 1997.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hone, Lisa Richards, Ed.

1997-01-01

This document consists of the six issues of the newsletter of the General Educational Development Testing (GED) Service published during 1997. The lead articles of the six issues are, respectively: (1) "Task Force Considers Improvements to Test Center Security Rules," by Cathy Allin discusses the implementation of a monitoring team and…

Problems and Issues in Translating International Educational Achievement Tests

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arffman, Inga

2013-01-01

The article reviews research and findings on problems and issues faced when translating international academic achievement tests. The purpose is to draw attention to the problems, to help to develop the procedures followed when translating the tests, and to provide suggestions for further research. The problems concentrate on the following: the…

Experimentation and evaluation of advanced integrated system concepts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ross, M.; Garrigus, K.; Gottschalck, J.; Rinearson, L.; Longee, E.

1980-09-01

This final report examines the implementation of a time-phased test bed for experimentation and evaluation of advanced system concepts relative to the future Defense Switched Network (DSN). After identifying issues pertinent to the DSN, a set of experiments which address these issues are developed. Experiments are ordered based on their immediacy and relative importance to DSN development. The set of experiments thus defined allows requirements for a time phased implementation of a test bed to be identified, and several generic test bed architectures which meet these requirements are examined. Specific architecture implementations are costed and cost/schedule profiles are generated as a function of experimental capability. The final recommended system consists of two separate test beds: a circuit switch test bed, configured around an off-the-shelf commercial switch, and directed toward the examination of nearer term and transitional issues raised by the evolving DSN; and a packet/hybrid test bed, featuring a discrete buildup of new hardware and software modules, and directed toward examination of the more advanced integrated voice and data telecommunications issues and concepts.

Drug Testing in Schools: Policies, Practices, and Association with Student Drug Use. YES Occasional Papers. Paper 2

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yamaguchi, Ryoko; Johnston, Lloyd D.; O'Malley, Patrick M.

2003-01-01

Despite considerable recent public and judicial attention to the issue of drug testing, little empirical research has focused on the relationship between drug testing in schools and the actual use of illicit drugs by students. To explore this issue, we use school-level survey data about drug testing from the Youth, Education, and Society study and…

Post-analytical Issues in Hemostasis and Thrombosis Testing.

PubMed

Favaloro, Emmanuel J; Lippi, Giuseppe

2017-01-01

Analytical concerns within hemostasis and thrombosis testing are continuously decreasing. This is essentially attributable to modern instrumentation, improvements in test performance and reliability, as well as the application of appropriate internal quality control and external quality assurance measures. Pre-analytical issues are also being dealt with in some newer instrumentation, which are able to detect hemolysis, icteria and lipemia, and, in some cases, other issues related to sample collection such as tube under-filling. Post-analytical issues are generally related to appropriate reporting and interpretation of test results, and these are the focus of the current overview, which provides a brief description of these events, as well as guidance for their prevention or minimization. In particular, we propose several strategies for improved post-analytical reporting of hemostasis assays and advise that this may provide the final opportunity to prevent serious clinical errors in diagnosis.

Measuring Involvement with Social Issues.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nowak, Glen J.; Salmon, Charles T.

A study applied research concepts from consumer product involvement to test a model for research on involvement with social issues. Issue involvement was defined as the state or level of perceived importance and/or interest evoked by a stimulus (issue) within a specific situation. Attitudes on four social issues--abortion, pornography, the…

The Need for a Principled Approach for Examining Indirect Effects of Test Use

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lane, Suzanne

2013-01-01

In Shepard's (1997) discussion on the importance of test use and consequences in a validity argument for educational assessments, she reflected on Cronbach and Meehl's (1955) perspective on the role of test developers in providing consequential evidence. In the following year, a special issue in "Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice"…

The SIQ-III Test: Gender Issues in Literacy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cassidy, Jack; Garcia, Roberto; Boggs, Merry

2005-01-01

The authors address concern in the field today about the literacy needs of boys. In a 1977 precursor to this article, it was literacy issues related to girls that appeared to command attention. As in that article and another preceding one, information is presented here as a true-false test. After taking the test, readers are provided with answers…

Science or Reading: What Is Being Measured by Standardized Tests?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Visone, Jeremy D.

2010-01-01

This study examined reading issues associated with a standardized science test. Grade 11 students in Connecticut were shown released science test items and asked about the reading issues associated with the items. Findings suggested that students varied in their understanding of the nature of the items and in their ability to read for detail. The…

Preconceptional genetic carrier testing and the commercial offer directly-to-consumers

PubMed Central

Borry, Pascal; Henneman, Lidewij; Lakeman, Phillis; ten Kate, Leo P.; Cornel, Martina C.; Howard, Heidi C.

2011-01-01

Recently, a number of commercial companies are offering preconceptional carrier tests directly-to-consumers. This offer raises a number of concerns and issues above and beyond those encountered with preconceptional tests offered within the traditional health care setting. In order to bring some of these issues to light and to initiate dialogue on this topic, this article discusses the following issues: the current offer of preconceptional carrier tests (until the end of 2010) through online commercial companies; the implications for the informed consent procedure and the need for good information; the need for medical supervision and follow-up; and the appropriate use of existing resources. The article concludes with some reflections about the potential sustainability of the offer of preconceptional carrier tests directly-to-consumers. PMID:21362685

Demonstration of Iodide Transport Defect but Normal Iodide Organification in Nonfunctioning Nodules of Human Thyroid Glands

PubMed Central

Field, James B.; Larsen, P. Reed; Yamashita, Kamejiro; Mashiter, Keith; Dekker, Andrew

1973-01-01

Benign and malignant nodules in human thyroid glands, which did not concentrate iodide in vivo, were also unable to accumulate iodide in vitro. The mean thyroid-to-medium ratio (T/M) in seven benign nodules was 0.8±0.2 compared with 7±2 in adjacent normal thyroid tissue. In four malignant thyroid nodules, the mean T/M was 0.5±0.1 compared with 11±4 in adjacent normal thyroid. Despite the inability of such nodules to concentrate iodide, iodide organification was present but was only one-half to one-third as active as in surrounding normal thyroid. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) increased iodide organification equally in both benign nodules and normal thyroid although it had no effect in three of the four malignant lesions. The reduction in organification is probably related to the absence of iodide transport, since incubation of normal thyroid slices with perchlorate caused similar diminution in iodide incorporation but no change in the response to TSH. Monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and di-iodotyrosine (DIT) accounted for most of the organic iodide in both the nodules and normal tissue. The MIT/DIT ratio was similar in normal and nodule tissue. The normal tissue contained much more inorganic iodide than the nodules, consistent with the absence of the iodide trap in the latter tissue. The thyroxine content of normal thyroid was 149±17 μg/g wet wt and 18±4 μg/g wet wt in the nodules. The transport defect in the nodules was not associated with any reduction in total, Na+-K+- or Mg++-activated ATPase activities or the concentration of ATP. Basal adenylate cyclase was higher in nodules than normal tissue. Although there was no difference between benign and malignant nodules, the response of adenylate cyclase to TSH was greater in the benign lesions. These studies demonstrate that nonfunctioning thyroid nodules, both benign and malignant, have a specific defect in iodide transport that accounts for their failure to accumulate radioactive iodide in vivo. In benign nodules, iodide organification was increased by TSH while no such effect was found in three of four malignant lesions, suggesting additional biochemical defects in thyroid carcinomas. PMID:4353998

Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interactions off Sabrina and Adelie Coasts During NBP1402 and AU1402

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Orsi, A. H.; Zielinski, N. J.; Webb, C.; Huber, B. A.

2015-12-01

Diverse interactions of winds, currents and ice around Antarctica dictate how, where and when the world's densest waters form, massive floating ice shelves and glaciers melt, gases are exchanged at the sea surface, and primary productivity. Compelled by recent rate estimates of East Antarctic Ice Sheet mass loss, we contrast the paths and mixing histories of oceanic waters reaching the continental ice edge off the Sabrina and Adelie coasts relying on a the first synoptic shipboard measurements made by U.S. (NBP1402) and Australian (AU1402) scientists. Analysis of historical hydrography and sea ice concentration fields within the Mertz Polynya indicates the apparent effect of evolving ocean-ice- atmosphere interactions on the characteristics of local Shelf Water (SW) sources. A polynya dominated water mass structure similar to that observed off the Adelie Coast before the removal of the Mertz Ice Tongue was expected to the west of the Dalton Ice Tongue (DIT). However, there was no evidence of dense SW off Sabrina Coast during both summer cruises of 2014 and 2015, thus lessening the region's preconceived influence to global meridional overturning. Present sea ice production within the eastern Dalton Polynya is overshadowed by freshwater input to relatively stable interior upper waters. The Antarctic Coastal Current (ACoC) picks up distinct meltwater contributions along the DIT western flank and in front of the Moscow University Ice Shelf (MUIS) and Totten Glacier (TG). Unlike over other highly influential margins to global sea level rise, the main evidence of inflow and mixing of relatively warm oceanic waters is reduced to relatively cold thermocline water (< 0.3°C) from the continental slope. This source water enters the eastern trough off Sabrina Coast and is swiftly steered poleward by complex underlying topography. Meltwater export from beneath the MUIS and TG is observed at newly discovered trenches that effectively constrain sub-cavity inflow to low salinity near-freezing waters drawn from intermediate levels of the adjacent westward flowing ACoC.
Winds, currents and ice interactions observed off Sabrina Coast during NBP1402 and AU1402 are most likely widespread, in view of reported decadal freshening of upper waters over the Antarctic continental shelf and their localized AABW outflows.

Understanding Cost-Effectiveness of Energy Efficiency Programs: Best Practices, Technical Methods, and Emerging Issues for Policy-Makers

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Reviews the issues and approaches involved in considering and adopting cost-effectiveness tests for energy efficiency, including discussing each perspective represented by the five standard cost-effectiveness tests and clarifying key terms.

Guidelines for Electromagnetic Interference Testing of Power Plant Equipment: Revision 3 to TR-102323

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

J. Cunningham and J. Shank

2004-11-01

To continue meeting safety and reliability requirements while controlling costs, operators of nuclear power plants must be able to replace and upgrade equipment in a cost-effective manner. One issue that has been problematic for new plant equipment and especially for digital instrumentation and control (I&C) systems in recent years is electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). The EMC issue usually involves testing to show that critical equipment will not be adversely affected by electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the plant environment. This guide will help nuclear plant engineers address EMC issues and qualification testing in a consistent, comprehensive manner.

Living Together in Space: The International Space Station Internal Active Thermal Control System Issues and Solutions-Sustaining Engineering Activities at the Marshall Space Flight Center From 1998 to 2005

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wieland, P. O.; Roman, M. C.; Miller, L.

2007-01-01

On board the International Space Station, heat generated by the crew and equipment is removed by the internal active thermal control system to maintain a comfortable working environment and prevent equipment overheating. Test facilities simulating the internal active thermal control system (IATCS) were constructed at the Marshall Space Flight Center as part of the sustaining engineering activities to address concerns related to operational issues, equipment capability, and reliability. A full-scale functional simulator of the Destiny lab module IATCS was constructed and activated prior to launch of Destiny in 2001. This facility simulates the flow and thermal characteristics of the flight system and has a similar control interface. A subscale simulator was built, and activated in 2000, with special attention to materials and proportions of wetted surfaces to address issues related to changes in fluid chemistry, material corrosion, and microbial activity. The flight issues that have arisen and the tests performed using the simulator facilities are discussed in detail. In addition, other test facilities at the MSFC have been used to perform specific tests related to IATCS issues. Future testing is discussed as well as potential modifications to the simulators to enhance their utility.

In-situ medical simulation for pre-implementation testing of clinical service in a regional hospital in Hong Kong.

PubMed

Chen, P P; Tsui, N Tk; Fung, A Sw; Chiu, A Hf; Wong, W Cw; Leong, H T; Lee, P Sf; Lau, J Yw

2017-08-01

The implementation of a new clinical service is associated with anxiety and challenges that may prevent smooth and safe execution of the service. Unexpected issues may not be apparent until the actual clinical service commences. We present a novel approach to test the new clinical setting before actual implementation of our endovascular aortic repair service. In-situ simulation at the new clinical location would enable identification of potential process and system issues prior to implementation of the service. After preliminary planning, a simulation test utilising a case scenario with actual simulation of the entire care process was carried out to identify any logistic, equipment, settings or clinical workflow issues, and to trial a contingency plan for a surgical complication. All patient care including anaesthetic, surgical, and nursing procedures and processes were simulated and tested. Overall, 17 vital process and system issues were identified during the simulation as potential clinical concerns. They included difficult patient positioning, draping pattern, unsatisfactory equipment setup, inadequate critical surgical instruments, blood products logistics, and inadequate nursing support during crisis. In-situ simulation provides an innovative method to identify critical deficiencies and unexpected issues before implementation of a new clinical service. Life-threatening and serious practical issues can be identified and corrected before formal service commences. This article describes our experience with the use of simulation in pre-implementation testing of a clinical process or service. We found the method useful and would recommend it to others.

VLBI Digital-Backend Intercomparison Test Report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Whitney, Alan; Beaudoin, Christopher; Cappallo, Roger; Niell, Arthur; Petrachenko, Bill; Ruszczyk, Chester A.; Titus, Mike

2013-01-01

Issues related to digital-backend (DBE) systems can be difficult to evaluate in either local tests or actual VLBI experiments. The 2nd DBE intercomparison workshop at Haystack Observatory on 25-26 October 2012 provided a forum to explicitly address validation and interoperability issues among independent global developers of DBE equipment. This special report discusses the workshop. It identifies DBE systems that were tested at the workshop, describes the test objectives and procedures, and reports and discusses the results of the testing.

Educational Financing in Developing Countries: Research Findings and Contemporary Issues.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schiefelbein, Ernesto

This study focuses on contemporary issues of educational financing in developing countries and on available research findings as these relate, or can be related, to these issues. The first two chapters are analytical, examining common educational finance issues and testing the conventional wisdom of certain usual proposals. Chapter 1, "Issues in…

Ethical issues in ocular genetics.

PubMed

Mezer, Eedy; Wygnanski-Jaffe, Tamara

2009-09-01

To review some of the major issues in ophthalmic genetics ethics: predictive testing, prenatal testing and abortion, gene therapy, confidentiality, payment for genetic testing, the duty to recontact patients and convey new information. Patients and families may perceive benefits even though genetic testing may be associated with adverse psychosocial outcomes. Most patients were in favor of prenatal diagnosis but opposed abortion. Patient selection as candidates for gene therapy should be based on the different clinical characteristics of each hereditary disease. The balance between the right of the patient for confidentiality and the best interest of family members or society is an ethical challenge. Most insurance companies will pay for genetic testing if the condition is hereditary. The duty to recontact patients when new medical information becomes available is still ethically controversial. The field of ocular genetics is ever growing involving complex medical, technical, financial and social issues. As a result, ethical issues are expected to become more common. Properly prepared medical professionals as well as unique counseling for participants and families may enable improved decision-making taking into consideration the needs of each individual.

ITS institutional and legal issues program : review of the Travelaid operational test

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-01-01

The TravelAid operational test was chosen by the Federal Highway Administration to be the subject of a case study. Several case studies were performed under the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Institutional and Legal Issues Program, which wa...

ITS institutional and legal issues program : review of the SmartTraveler operational test

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1994-12-01

The SmarTraveler operational test was chosen by the Federal Highway Administration to be the subject of a case study. Several case studies were performed under the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Institutional and Legal Issues Program, which...

Advanced On-the-Job Training System: Master Test Plan

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-01

synonymous with program evaluation and consists of a plan to evaluate AOTS with regard to assessment of the four crit’cal issues of system compliance...acceptance, performance and suitability. Within the MTP, these critical issues are assessed at subcomponent, component, and subsystem levels. 14. SUBJECT...Master Test Plan is synonymous with program evaluation and consists of a plan to evaluate AOTS with regard to assessment of the four critical issues

77 FR 12089 - Proposed Generic Communication; Regulatory Issue Summary 2012-XX: Developing Inservice Testing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-28

... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION [NRC-2012-0048] Proposed Generic Communication; Regulatory Issue... CFR) Part 52, ``Licenses, Certifications, and Approvals for Nuclear Power Plants,'' to satisfy the... inservice testing programs during the initial 120-month program interval following nuclear power plant...

Evaluation of the Anaheim Advanced Traffic Control System Field Operational Test : Task B : assessment of institutional issues

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1999-07-01

This report provides an overview of the technical and institutional issues associated with the : evaluation of the federally-sponsored Anaheim Advanced Traffic Control System Field Operations Test. The primary FOT objective was the implementation and...

Headaches and Migraines: Migraine 101 Quiz

MedlinePlus

... Bar Home Current Issue Past Issues Headaches and Migraines Migraine 101 Quiz Past Issues / Spring 2009 Table of ... the facts when it comes to headaches and migraines? Test your knowledge with this quick quiz. True/ ...

Effects of socioscientific issues-based instruction on argumentation ability and biology concepts of upper secondary school students

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Faelt, Surasak; Samiphak, Sara; Pattaradilokrat, Sittiporn

2018-01-01

Argumentation skill is an essential skill needed in students, and one of the competencies in scientific literacy. Through arguing on socioscientific issues, students may gain deeper conceptual understanding. The purpose of this research is to examine the efficacy of a socioscientific issues-based instruction compared with an inquirybased instruction. This is to determine which one is better in promoting 10th grade students' argumentation ability and biology concepts of digestive system and cellular respiration. The forty 10th grade students included in this study were from two mathematics-science program classes in a medium-sized secondary school located in a suburb of Buriram province, Thailand. The research utilizes a quasi-experimental design; pre-test post-test control group design. We developed and implemented 4 lesson plans for both socioscientific issues-based instruction and inquiry-based instruction. Ten weeks were used to collect the data. A paper-based questionnaire and informal interviews were designed to test students' argumentation ability, and the two-tier multiple-choice test was designed to test their biology concepts. This research explore qualitatively and quantitatively students' argumentation abilities and biology concepts, using arithmetic mean, mean of percentage, standard deviation and t-test. Results show that there is no significant difference between the two group regarding mean scores of the argumentation ability. However, there is significant difference between the two groups regarding mean scores of the biology concepts. This suggests that socioscientific issues-based instruction could be used to improve students' biology concepts.

Cross-cultural development of a quality-of-life measure for patients with melanoma: phase 3 testing of an EORTC Melanoma Module.

PubMed

Winstanley, Julie B; Young, Teresa E; Boyle, Frances M; Bergenmar, Mia; Bottomley, Andrew; Burmeister, Bryan; Campana, Luca G; Garioch, Jennifer J; King, Madeleine; Nikolic, Dejan V; van de Poll-Franse, Lonneke V; Saw, Robyn; Thompson, John F; White, Edward G

2015-02-01

Melanoma is an increasingly common skin cancer worldwide. Recent treatment advances have provided patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs) with choices where quality of life (QoL) and toxicity are important considerations. A melanoma-specific QoL questionnaire is being developed in a cross-cultural setting using a four phase process developed by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Group. In phase 1, a literature search identified a list of pertinent QoL issues; this was shown to HCPs and patients in eight countries and rated for importance and relevance. Questions were constructed for the highest-rated issues (phase 2) and piloted in another patient sample (phase 3). Using EORTC Quality of Life Group criteria and sequential use of factor and Rasch analysis, scales were hypothesized for field testing (phase 4). Seven QoL domains (disease symptoms, treatment issues, financial issues, access/quality of information, satisfaction with care, psychosocial issues and support), comprising 73 QoL issues, were rated by 46 HCPs and 78 patients. Fifty-six issues were rephrased as questions and piloted with 132 patients. A 38-item questionnaire (QLQ-MEL38) is available for field testing in conjunction with the EORTC QLQ-C30. This study has shown that melanoma patients have important QoL issues that have been incorporated into a new cross-culturally validated instrument. Future testing of this EORTC module is planned and will be an important step forward in providing reliable QoL data to aid future decision-making in the management and clinical trials of this complex group of patients.

Community noise sources and noise control issues

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nihart, Gene L.

1992-01-01

The topics covered include the following: community noise sources and noise control issues; noise components for turbine bypass turbojet engine (TBE) turbojet; engine cycle selection and noise; nozzle development schedule; NACA nozzle design; NACA nozzle test results; nearly fully mixed (NFM) nozzle design; noise versus aspiration rate; peak noise test results; nozzle test in the Low Speed Aeroacoustic Facility (LSAF); and Schlieren pictures of NACA nozzle.

Alignment between the Physics Content Standard and the Standardized Test: A Comparison among the United States-New York State, Singapore, and China-Jiangsu

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Liu, Xiufeng; Zhang, Baohui; Liang, Ling L.; Fulmer, Gavin; Kim, Beaumie; Yuan, Haiquan

2009-01-01

Alignment between content standards and standardized tests is a significant issue to society, science pedagogy, and test validation. To better understand the issues related to alignment, this study compares the alignment in physics among three education systems: Jiangsu (China), New York State (United States), and Singapore. The same coding…

Key statistical and analytical issues for evaluating treatment effects in periodontal research.

PubMed

Tu, Yu-Kang; Gilthorpe, Mark S

2012-06-01

Statistics is an indispensible tool for evaluating treatment effects in clinical research. Due to the complexities of periodontal disease progression and data collection, statistical analyses for periodontal research have been a great challenge for both clinicians and statisticians. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of several basic, but important, statistical issues related to the evaluation of treatment effects and to clarify some common statistical misconceptions. Some of these issues are general, concerning many disciplines, and some are unique to periodontal research. We first discuss several statistical concepts that have sometimes been overlooked or misunderstood by periodontal researchers. For instance, decisions about whether to use the t-test or analysis of covariance, or whether to use parametric tests such as the t-test or its non-parametric counterpart, the Mann-Whitney U-test, have perplexed many periodontal researchers. We also describe more advanced methodological issues that have sometimes been overlooked by researchers. For instance, the phenomenon of regression to the mean is a fundamental issue to be considered when evaluating treatment effects, and collinearity amongst covariates is a conundrum that must be resolved when explaining and predicting treatment effects. Quick and easy solutions to these methodological and analytical issues are not always available in the literature, and careful statistical thinking is paramount when conducting useful and meaningful research. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

ITS Institutional and Legal Issues Program : Review of the SaFIRES Operational Test

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-06-30

The SaFIRES operational test was chosen by the FHWA to be the subject of a case study. Several case studies were performed under the Intelligent Transportation Systems ITS Institutional and Legal Issues Program, which was developed in response to the...

Attitudes to Educational Issues: Development of an Instrument.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lemke, Jay L.; And Others

To obtain a test which could be used for the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data on teachers' attitudes toward contemporary educational issues, the Attitudes to Educational Issues instrument (AEI) was developed. Statements were written in five-choice Likert format to express attitudes toward these six educational issues: (1)…

Feature Hepatitis: Hepatitis Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

MedlinePlus

... Navigation Bar Home Current Issue Past Issues Feature Hepatitis Hepatitis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention Past Issues / Spring 2009 ... No appetite Fever Headaches Diagnosis To check for hepatitis viruses, your doctor will test your blood. You ...

Single Event Effects (SEE) Testing: Practical Approach to Test Plans

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

LaBel, Kenneth A.; Pellish, Jonathan Allen; Berg, Melanie D.

2014-01-01

While standards and guidelines for performing SEE testing have existed for several decades, guidance for developing SEE test plans has not been as easy to find. In this presentation, the variety of areas that need to be considered ranging from resource issues (funds, personnel, schedule) to extremely technical challenges (particle interaction and circuit application), shall be discussed. Note: we consider the approach outlined here as a "living" document: Mission-specific constraints and new technology related issues always need to be taken into account.

Student Testing: Issues Related to Voluntary National Mathematics and Reading Tests. Report to the Honorable William F. Goodling, Chairman, Committee on Education and the Workforce, House of Representatives, and the Honorable John Ashcroft, U.S. Senate.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

General Accounting Office, Washington, DC. Health, Education, and Human Services Div.

Information was sought about three main issues related to voluntary national tests for fourth-grade reading and eighth-grade mathematics: (1) the relationship between the National Assessment Governing Board and the U.S. Department of Education; (2) costs of developing the national voluntary tests and procedures for hiring contractors; and (3)…

Automatic item generation implemented for measuring artistic judgment aptitude.

PubMed

Bezruczko, Nikolaus

2014-01-01

Automatic item generation (AIG) is a broad class of methods that are being developed to address psychometric issues arising from internet and computer-based testing. In general, issues emphasize efficiency, validity, and diagnostic usefulness of large scale mental testing. Rapid prominence of AIG methods and their implicit perspective on mental testing is bringing painful scrutiny to many sacred psychometric assumptions. This report reviews basic AIG ideas, then presents conceptual foundations, image model development, and operational application to artistic judgment aptitude testing.

A Method for and Issues Associated with the Determination of Space Suit Joint Requirements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Matty, Jennifer E.; Aitchison, Lindsay

2010-01-01

This joint mobility KC lecture included information from two papers, "A Method for and Issues Associated with the Determination of Space Suit Joint Requirements" and "Results and Analysis from Space Suit Joint Torque Testing," as presented for the International Conference on Environmental Systems in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The first paper discusses historical joint torque testing methodologies and approaches that were tested in 2008 and 2009. The second paper discusses the testing that was completed in 2009 and 2010.

Issue a Boil-Water Advisory or Wait for Definitive Information? A Decision Analysis

PubMed Central

Wagner, Michael M.; Wallstrom, Garrick L.; Onisko, Agnieszka

2005-01-01

Objective Study the decision to issue a boil-water advisory in response to a spike in sales of diarrhea remedies or wait 72 hours for the results of definitive testing of water and people. Methods Decision analysis. Results In the base-case analysis, the optimal decision is test-and-wait. If the cost of issuing a boil-water advisory is less than 13.92 cents per person per day, the optimal decision is to issue the boil-water advisory immediately. Conclusions Decisions based on surveillance data that are suggestive but not conclusive about the existence of a disease outbreak can be modeled. PMID:16779145

Selecting the most appropriate inferential statistical test for your quantitative research study.

PubMed

Bettany-Saltikov, Josette; Whittaker, Victoria Jane

2014-06-01

To discuss the issues and processes relating to the selection of the most appropriate statistical test. A review of the basic research concepts together with a number of clinical scenarios is used to illustrate this. Quantitative nursing research generally features the use of empirical data which necessitates the selection of both descriptive and statistical tests. Different types of research questions can be answered by different types of research designs, which in turn need to be matched to a specific statistical test(s). Discursive paper. This paper discusses the issues relating to the selection of the most appropriate statistical test and makes some recommendations as to how these might be dealt with. When conducting empirical quantitative studies, a number of key issues need to be considered. Considerations for selecting the most appropriate statistical tests are discussed and flow charts provided to facilitate this process. When nursing clinicians and researchers conduct quantitative research studies, it is crucial that the most appropriate statistical test is selected to enable valid conclusions to be made. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Radiation Testing and Evaluation Issues for Modern Integrated Circuits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

LaBel, Kenneth A.; Cohn, Lew M.

2005-01-01

Abstract. Changes in modern integrated circuit (IC) technologies have modified the way we approach and conduct radiation tolerance and testing of electronics. These changes include scaling of geometries, new materials, new packaging technologies, and overall speed and device complexity challenges. In this short course section, we will identify and discuss these issues as they impact radiation testing, modeling, and effects mitigation of modern integrated circuits. The focus will be on CMOS-based technologies, however, other high performance technologies will be discussed where appropriate. The effects of concern will be: Single-Event Effects (SEE) and steady state total ionizing dose (TID) IC response. However, due to the growing use of opto-electronics in space systems issues concerning displacement damage testing will also be considered. This short course section is not intended to provide detailed "how-to-test" information, but simply provide a snapshot of current challenges and some of the approaches being considered.

How Professionally Relevant Can Language Tests Be?: The Author Responds

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wette, Rosemary

2012-01-01

In this article, the author clarifies and comments further on some of the issues raised in John Pill's response to her commentary on "English Proficiency Tests and Communication Skills Training for Overseas-Qualifies Health Professionals in Australia and New Zealand" in the recent special issue of "Language Assessment…

Methodological Issues in Achieving School Accountability

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Linn, Robert L.

2008-01-01

Test-based educational accountability is widely used in many countries, but is pervasive in the US. Key features of test-based accountability required by the US No Child Left Behind Act are discussed. Particular attention is given to methodological issues such as the distinction between status and growth approaches, the setting of performance…

The Testing of Black Students: A Symposium.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, LaMar P., Ed.

The controversial and complex issues regarding the effects of educational and psychological testing on the education of minority group children in America are discussed. Although the focus is primarily on black students, the issues discussed are equally valid for all minority populations in the American public schools. The articles in the book…

Polarization, Definition, and Selective Media Learning.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tichenor, P. J.; And Others

The traditional hypothesis that extreme attitudinal positions on controversial issues are likely to produce low understanding of messages on these issues--especially when the messages represent opposing views--is tested. Data for test of the hypothesis are from two field studies, each dealing with reader attitudes and decoding of one news article…

75 FR 82407 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Testing Successful Health Communications Surrounding...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-30

... surrounding aging-related issues from the National Institute on Aging (NIA). Type of Information Collection... information technology. Direct Comments to OMB: Written comments and/or suggestions regarding the item(s...; Comment Request; Testing Successful Health Communications Surrounding Aging-Related Issues From the...

The role of disease characteristics in the ethical debate on personal genome testing.

PubMed

Bunnik, Eline M; Schermer, Maartje Hn; Janssens, A Cecile J W

2012-01-19

Companies are currently marketing personal genome tests directly-to-consumer that provide genetic susceptibility testing for a range of multifactorial diseases simultaneously. As these tests comprise multiple risk analyses for multiple diseases, they may be difficult to evaluate. Insight into morally relevant differences between diseases will assist researchers, healthcare professionals, policy-makers and other stakeholders in the ethical evaluation of personal genome tests. In this paper, we identify and discuss four disease characteristics--severity, actionability, age of onset, and the somatic/psychiatric nature of disease--and show how these lead to specific ethical issues. By way of illustration, we apply this framework to genetic susceptibility testing for three diseases: type 2 diabetes, age-related macular degeneration and clinical depression. For these three diseases, we point out the ethical issues that are relevant to the question whether it is morally justifiable to offer genetic susceptibility testing to adults or to children or minors, and on what conditions. We conclude that the ethical evaluation of personal genome tests is challenging, for the ethical issues differ with the diseases tested for. An understanding of the ethical significance of disease characteristics will improve the ethical, legal and societal debate on personal genome testing.

26 CFR 1.149(d)-1A - Limitations on advance refundings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... savings test. If any separate issue in a multipurpose issue increases the aggregate present value debt service savings on the entire multipurpose issue or reduces the present value debt service losses on that...

Executive Functioning in Three Groups of Pupils in D-KEFSs: Selected Issues in Adapting the Test Battery for Slovakia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ferjencík, Ján; Slavkovská, Miriam; Kresila, Juraj

2015-01-01

The paper reports on the adaptation of a D-KEFS test battery for Slovakia. Drawing on concrete examples, it describes and illustrates the key issues relating to the transfer of test items from one socio-cultural environment to another. The standardisation sample of the population of Slovak pupils in the fourth year of primary school included 250…

NASA Presentation to TechAmerica G12 Committee

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

LaBel, Kenneth A.; Sampson, Michael J.

2011-01-01

This slide presentation reviews some of the actions that NASA is taking to address the issue of counterfeit electronic parts. While the emphasis is on electronic parts, the vision is broad enough to include materials and software. The effort includes coordination with other agencies, to identify and with the Government-Industry Data Exchange Program (GIDEP). An interim GIDEP Policy for suspected counterfeits was instituted. NASA's recommendation to the policy was for identification of the supplier and suggests allowing access to that information by government only. The issues with the General MIL specification, the testing requirements for radiation issues, the continuing development of Class Y standards for electronic equipment, status of package case isolation tests needed for 750 and 883,enhancement of 750 Internal Visual Inspection are reviewed. Further issues with consistent ESD control conditions across commodities, test methods, humidity limits, etc are briefly reviewed. The cost benefit analysis of film versus Real time radiography are also reviewed.

The Socio-Scientific Reasoning Model: Instruments for Evaluation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cheu, Janey; And Others

The Environmental Issues Test (EIT) is an instrument designed to assess moral and ethical reasoning within a scientific or technological context. It is comprised of five dilemma stories each of which highlights an environmental issue and the moral conflicts inherent in that issue. Following each dilemma story is a series of 12 issues statements,…

The Effect of Using Socio-Scientific Issues Approach in Teaching Environmental Issues on Improving the Students' Ability of Making Appropriate Decisions towards These Issues

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zo'bi, Abdallah Salim

2014-01-01

This study aimed to identify nature of students' decisions patterns towards environmental issues and the possibility to improve these decisions during teaching process using Socio-Scientific Issues Approach. And to achieve this, the researcher prepared and developed tools of the study represented by a test of open questions focused on…

PECASE - First Principles Modeling of Mechanics and Chemistry of Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-18

graphene and carbon nanotube anodes and LiFePO4 nanowire cathode have been tested so far. Lithium embrittlement is found to be a persistent issue...graphene and carbon nanotube anodes and LiFePO4 nanowire cathode have been tested so far. Lithium embrittlement is found to be a persistent issue

Opt-Outs: What Is Lost When Students Do Not Test. Issue Brief

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Croft, Michelle

2015-01-01

Scores on annual statewide achievement tests can provide parents, students, educators, and policymakers with valuable information--but only if students participate. This issue brief provides the background about recent increases in (and efforts to expand) the number of students opting out of statewide assessments, describes the information and…

Issues and Procedures in the Development of Criterion Referenced Tests.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Klein, Stephen P.; Kosecoff, Jacqueline

The basic steps and procedures in the development of criterion referenced tests (CRT), as well as the issues and problems associated with these activities are discussed. In the first section of the paper, the discussions focus upon the purpose and defining characteristics of CRTs, item construction and selection, improving item quality, content…

Quality of Education Outcomes: The Role of the Graduate Management Admission Test

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wamala, Robert; Buyinza, Mukadasi

2013-01-01

Although the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) is considered by leading business institutions worldwide as a predictor of success in graduate programs, an issue of contention is whether the introduction of the examination enhances the quality of education outcomes. This study sought to obtain an understanding of this issue, focusing on…

10 CFR Appendix C to Part 30 - Criteria Relating to Use of Financial Tests and Self Guarantees for Providing Reasonable...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... thereof. (3) A current rating for its most recent bond issuance of AAA, AA, or A as issued by Standard and Poors (S&P), or Aaa, Aa, or A as issued by Moodys. B. To pass the financial test, a company must meet...

Validity Evidence in Accommodations for English Language Learners and Students with Disabilities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Camara, Wayne

2009-01-01

The five papers in this special issue of the "Journal of Applied Testing Technology" address fundamental issues of validity when tests are modified or accommodations are provided to English Language Learners (ELL) or students with disabilities. Three papers employed differential item functioning (DIF) and factor analysis and found the…

The Legal Past, Present and Future of Prenatal Genetic Testing: Professional Liability and Other Legal Challenges Affecting Patient Access to Services.

PubMed

Pergament, Deborah; Ilijic, Katie

2014-12-15

This chapter is an overview of the current status of the law in the United States regarding prenatal genetic testing with an emphasis on issues related to professional liability and other challenges affecting patient access to prenatal genetic testing. The chapter discusses the roles that federal regulations, promulgated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), play in the regulation of prenatal genetic tests. The chapter discusses tort litigation based on allegations of malpractice in the provision of prenatal genetic testing and how courts have analyzed issues related to causation, damages and mitigation of damages. The chapter provides reference information regarding how individual states address causes of action under the tort theories of wrongful birth and wrongful life. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future legal issues that may affect clinical prenatal genetic testing services arising from the continued expansion of prenatal genetic testing, legal restrictions on access to abortion and the potential development of embryonic treatments.

The Legal Past, Present and Future of Prenatal Genetic Testing: Professional Liability and Other Legal Challenges Affecting Patient Access to Services

PubMed Central

Pergament, Deborah; Ilijic, Katie

2014-01-01

This chapter is an overview of the current status of the law in the United States regarding prenatal genetic testing with an emphasis on issues related to professional liability and other challenges affecting patient access to prenatal genetic testing. The chapter discusses the roles that federal regulations, promulgated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), play in the regulation of prenatal genetic tests. The chapter discusses tort litigation based on allegations of malpractice in the provision of prenatal genetic testing and how courts have analyzed issues related to causation, damages and mitigation of damages. The chapter provides reference information regarding how individual states address causes of action under the tort theories of wrongful birth and wrongful life. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future legal issues that may affect clinical prenatal genetic testing services arising from the continued expansion of prenatal genetic testing, legal restrictions on access to abortion and the potential development of embryonic treatments. PMID:26237611

The Engineering and Science Issues Test (ESIT): a discipline-specific approach to assessing moral judgment.

PubMed

Borenstein, Jason; Drake, Matthew J; Kirkman, Robert; Swann, Julie L

2010-06-01

To assess ethics pedagogy in science and engineering, we developed a new tool called the Engineering and Science Issues Test (ESIT). ESIT measures moral judgment in a manner similar to the Defining Issues Test, second edition, but is built around technical dilemmas in science and engineering. We used a quasi-experimental approach with pre- and post-tests, and we compared the results to those of a control group with no overt ethics instruction. Our findings are that several (but not all) stand-alone classes showed a significant improvement compared to the control group when the metric includes multiple stages of moral development. We also found that the written test had a higher response rate and sensitivity to pedagogy than the electronic version. We do not find significant differences on pre-test scores with respect to age, education level, gender or political leanings, but we do on whether subjects were native English speakers. We did not find significant differences on pre-test scores based on whether subjects had previous ethics instruction; this could suggest a lack of a long-term effect from the instruction.

Model-based testing with UML applied to a roaming algorithm for bluetooth devices.

PubMed

Dai, Zhen Ru; Grabowski, Jens; Neukirchen, Helmut; Pals, Holger

2004-11-01

In late 2001, the Object Management Group issued a Request for Proposal to develop a testing profile for UML 2.0. In June 2003, the work on the UML 2.0 Testing Profile was finally adopted by the OMG. Since March 2004, it has become an official standard of the OMG. The UML 2.0 Testing Profile provides support for UML based model-driven testing. This paper introduces a methodology on how to use the testing profile in order to modify and extend an existing UML design model for test issues. The application of the methodology will be explained by applying it to an existing UML Model for a Bluetooth device.

Patterns of cannabis use and prospective associations with health issues among young males.

PubMed

Baggio, Stéphanie; N'Goran, Alexandra A; Deline, Stéphane; Studer, Joseph; Dupuis, Marc; Henchoz, Yves; Mohler-Kuo, Meichun; Daeppen, Jean-Bernard; Gmel, Gerhard

2014-06-01

To test prospective associations between cannabis disorder symptoms/frequency of cannabis use and health issues and to investigate stability versus transience in cannabis use trajectories. Two waves of data collection from the longitudinal Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF). A representative sample of young Swiss men in their early 20s from the general population. A total of 5084 young men (mean age 19.98 ± 1.19 years at time 1). Cannabis use (life-time use, frequency of use, cannabis disorder symptoms) and self-reported measures of health issues (depression, mental/physical health, health consequences) were assessed. Significant changes in cannabis use were tested using t-test/Wilcoxon's rank test for paired data. Cross-lagged panel models provided evidence regarding longitudinal associations between cannabis use and health issues. Most of the participants (84.5%) remained in the same use category and cannabis use kept to similar levels at times 1 and 2 (P = 0.114 and P = 0.755; average of 15 ± 2.8 months between times 1 and 2). Cross-lagged panel models showed that cannabis disorder symptoms predicted later health issues (e.g. depression, β = 0.087, P < 0.001; health consequences, β = 0.045, P < 0.05). The reverse paths from health issues to cannabis disorder symptoms and the cross-lagged panel model between frequency of cannabis use and health issues were non-significant. Patterns of cannabis use showed substantial continuity among young Swiss men in their early 20s. The number of symptoms of cannabis use disorder, rather than the frequency of cannabis use, is a clinically important measure of cannabis use among young Swiss men. © 2014 Society for the Study of Addiction.

Technology and characterization of Thin-Film Transistors (TFTs) with a-IGZO semiconductor and high-k dielectric layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mroczyński, R.; Wachnicki, Ł.; Gierałtowska, S.

2016-12-01

In this work, we present the design of the technology and fabrication of TFTs with amorphous IGZO semiconductor and high-k gate dielectric layer in the form of hafnium oxide (HfOx). In the course of this work, the IGZO fabrication was optimized by means of Taguchi orthogonal tables approach in order to obtain an active semiconductor with reasonable high concentration of charge carriers, low roughness and relatively high mobility. The obtained Thin-Film Transistors can be characterized by very good electrical parameters, i.e., the effective mobility (μeff ≍ 12.8 cm2V-1s-1) significantly higher than that for a-Si TFTs (μeff ≍ 1 cm2V-1s-1). However, the value of sub-threshold swing (i.e., 640 mV/dec) points that the interfacial properties of IGZO/HfOx stack is characterized by high value of interface states density (Dit) which, in turn, demands further optimization for future applications of the demonstrated TFT structures.

Simplified generation of biomedical 3D surface model data for embedding into 3D portable document format (PDF) files for publication and education.

PubMed

Newe, Axel; Ganslandt, Thomas

2013-01-01

The usefulness of the 3D Portable Document Format (PDF) for clinical, educational, and research purposes has recently been shown. However, the lack of a simple tool for converting biomedical data into the model data in the necessary Universal 3D (U3D) file format is a drawback for the broad acceptance of this new technology. A new module for the image processing and rapid prototyping framework MeVisLab does not only provide a platform-independent possibility to create surface meshes out of biomedical/DICOM and other data and to export them into U3D--it also lets the user add meta data to these meshes to predefine colors and names that can be processed by a PDF authoring software while generating 3D PDF files. Furthermore, the source code of the respective module is available and well documented so that it can easily be modified for own purposes.

The electrical and interfacial properties of metal-high-k oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors with CeO2/HfO2 laminated gate dielectrics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chang, Ingram Yin-ku; Chen, Chun-Heng; Chiu, Fu-Chien; Lee, Joseph Ya-min

2007-11-01

Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors with CeO2/HfO2 laminated gate dielectrics were fabricated. The transistors have a subthreshold slope of 74.9mV/decade. The interfacial properties were measured using gated diodes. The surface state density Dit was 9.78×1011cm-2eV-1. The surface-recombination velocity (s0) and the minority carrier lifetime in the field-induced depletion region (τ0,FIJ) measured from the gated diode were about 6.11×103cm /s and 1.8×10-8s, respectively. The effective capture cross section of surface state (σs) extracted using the subthreshold-swing measurement and the gated diode was about 7.69×10-15cm2. The effective electron mobility of CeO2/HfO2 laminated gated transistors was determined to be 212cm2/Vs.

Microfluidic Dynamic Interfacial Tensiometry (μDIT).

PubMed

Brosseau, Quentin; Vrignon, Jérémy; Baret, Jean-Christophe

2014-05-07

We designed, developed and characterized a microfluidic method for the measurement of surfactant adsorption kinetics via interfacial tensiometry on a microfluidic chip. The principle of the measurement is based on the deformability of droplets as a response to hydrodynamic forcing through a series of microfluidic expansions. We focus our analysis on one perfluoro surfactant molecule of practical interest for droplet-based microfluidic applications. We show that although the adsorption kinetics is much faster than the kinetics of the corresponding pendant drop experiment, our droplet-based microfluidic system has a sufficient time resolution to obtain quantitative measurement at the sub-second time-scale on nanoliter droplet volumes, leading to both a gain by a factor of ∼10 in time resolution and a downscaling of the measurement volumes by a factor of ∼1000 compared to standard techniques. Our approach provides new insight into the adsorption of surfactant molecules at liquid-liquid interfaces in a confined environment, relevant to emulsification, encapsulation and foaming, and the ability to measure adsorption and desorption rate constants.

An evaluation method of computer usability based on human-to-computer information transmission model.

PubMed

Ogawa, K

1992-01-01

This paper proposes a new evaluation and prediction method for computer usability. This method is based on our two previously proposed information transmission measures created from a human-to-computer information transmission model. The model has three information transmission levels: the device, software, and task content levels. Two measures, called the device independent information measure (DI) and the computer independent information measure (CI), defined on the software and task content levels respectively, are given as the amount of information transmitted. Two information transmission rates are defined as DI/T and CI/T, where T is the task completion time: the device independent information transmission rate (RDI), and the computer independent information transmission rate (RCI). The method utilizes the RDI and RCI rates to evaluate relatively the usability of software and device operations on different computer systems. Experiments using three different systems, in this case a graphical information input task, confirm that the method offers an efficient way of determining computer usability.

Neutral beam and ICP etching of HKMG MOS capacitors: Observations and a plasma-induced damage model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuo, Tai-Chen; Shih, Tzu-Lang; Su, Yin-Hsien; Lee, Wen-Hsi; Current, Michael Ira; Samukawa, Seiji

2018-04-01

In this study, TiN/HfO2/Si metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors were etched by a neutral beam etching technique under two contrasting conditions. The configurations of neutral beam etching technique were specially designed to demonstrate a "damage-free" condition or to approximate "reactive-ion-etching-like" conditions to verify the effect of plasma-induced damage on electrical characteristics of MOS capacitors. The results show that by neutral beam etching (NBE), the interface state density (Dit) and the oxide trapped charge (Qot) were lower than routine plasma etching. Furthermore, the decrease in capacitor size does not lead to an increase in leakage current density, indicating less plasma induced side-wall damage. We present a plasma-induced gate stack damage model which we demonstrate by using these two different etching configurations. These results show that NBE is effective in preventing plasma-induced damage at the high-k/Si interface and on the high-k oxide sidewall and thus improve the electrical performance of the gate structure.

"I miss the care even though I know it's just a machine": an explorative study of the relationship between an Internet-based smoking cessation intervention and its participants.

PubMed

Brandt, Caroline L; Dalum, Peter; Thomsen, Tine T

2013-09-01

This study aimed to investigate how users perceive the different elements of an internet based smoking cessation intervention and to see if the program meet needs and expectations of people in a smoking cessation process. Nine semi-structured interviews were conducted in February 2010. Participants were recruited via the homepage of the smoking cessation program Dit Digitale Stopprogram (Your Digital Quit Program) operated by the Danish Cancer Society. The main result was that participants established a relationship to the program which influenced their smoking cessation process. Participants perceived the program as caring and found it supportive. However, the program also created feelings of frustration, disappointment and anger. Some participants in the last phase of cessation experienced text messages from the program as smoking cues. The study concluded that individual interpretations of the different elements in an Internet-based smoking cessation intervention can have both positive and negative impact on the smoking cessation process of participants.

Statistical grand rounds: a review of analysis and sample size calculation considerations for Wilcoxon tests.

PubMed

Divine, George; Norton, H James; Hunt, Ronald; Dienemann, Jacqueline

2013-09-01

When a study uses an ordinal outcome measure with unknown differences in the anchors and a small range such as 4 or 7, use of the Wilcoxon rank sum test or the Wilcoxon signed rank test may be most appropriate. However, because nonparametric methods are at best indirect functions of standard measures of location such as means or medians, the choice of the most appropriate summary measure can be difficult. The issues underlying use of these tests are discussed. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney odds directly reflects the quantity that the rank sum procedure actually tests, and thus it can be a superior summary measure. Unlike the means and medians, its value will have a one-to-one correspondence with the Wilcoxon rank sum test result. The companion article appearing in this issue of Anesthesia & Analgesia ("Aromatherapy as Treatment for Postoperative Nausea: A Randomized Trial") illustrates these issues and provides an example of a situation for which the medians imply no difference between 2 groups, even though the groups are, in fact, quite different. The trial cited also provides an example of a single sample that has a median of zero, yet there is a substantial shift for much of the nonzero data, and the Wilcoxon signed rank test is quite significant. These examples highlight the potential discordance between medians and Wilcoxon test results. Along with the issues surrounding the choice of a summary measure, there are considerations for the computation of sample size and power, confidence intervals, and multiple comparison adjustment. In addition, despite the increased robustness of the Wilcoxon procedures relative to parametric tests, some circumstances in which the Wilcoxon tests may perform poorly are noted, along with alternative versions of the procedures that correct for such limitations. 

The 2012 Brown Center Report on American Education: How Well Are American Students Learning? With Sections on Predicting the Effect of the Common Core State Standards, Achievement Gaps on the Two NAEP Tests, and Misinterpreting International Test Scores. Volume III, Number 1

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Loveless, Tom

2012-01-01

This edition of the Brown Center Report on American Education marks the first issue of volume three--and eleventh issue over all. The first installment was published in 2000, just as the Presidential campaigns of George W. Bush and Al Gore were winding down. Education was an important issue in that campaign. It has not been thus far in the current…

Assessing Navajo Psychological and Educational Needs in New Mexico.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jordan, Elaine; French, Laurence; Tempest, Phyllis

1997-01-01

Examines issues impacting identification and evaluation of Navajo children at risk: acculturation variables creating culture conflict; mental health issues for Navajo communities; environmental, emotional, and physical health factors contributing to underachievement; testing bias issues resulting in inappropriate educational placement decisions;…

Lay perceptions of predictive testing for diabetes based on DNA test results versus family history assessment: a focus group study.

PubMed

Wijdenes-Pijl, Miranda; Dondorp, Wybo J; Timmermans, Danielle Rm; Cornel, Martina C; Henneman, Lidewij

2011-07-05

This study assessed lay perceptions of issues related to predictive genetic testing for multifactorial diseases. These perceived issues may differ from the "classic" issues, e.g. autonomy, discrimination, and psychological harm that are considered important in predictive testing for monogenic disorders. In this study, type 2 diabetes was used as an example, and perceptions with regard to predictive testing based on DNA test results and family history assessment were compared. Eight focus group interviews were held with 45 individuals aged 35-70 years with (n = 3) and without (n = 1) a family history of diabetes, mixed groups of these two (n = 2), and diabetes patients (n = 2). All interviews were transcribed and analysed using Atlas-ti. Most participants believed in the ability of a predictive test to identify people at risk for diabetes and to motivate preventive behaviour. Different reasons underlying motivation were considered when comparing DNA test results and a family history risk assessment. A perceived drawback of DNA testing was that diabetes was considered not severe enough for this type of risk assessment. In addition, diabetes family history assessment was not considered useful by some participants, since there are also other risk factors involved, not everyone has a diabetes family history or knows their family history, and it might have a negative influence on family relations. Respect for autonomy of individuals was emphasized more with regard to DNA testing than family history assessment. Other issues such as psychological harm, discrimination, and privacy were only briefly mentioned for both tests. The results suggest that most participants believe a predictive genetic test could be used in the prevention of multifactorial disorders, such as diabetes, but indicate points to consider before both these tests are applied. These considerations differ with regard to the method of assessment (DNA test or obtaining family history) and also differ from monogenic disorders.

Ethical issues in pediatric genetic testing and screening.

PubMed

Botkin, Jeffrey R

2016-12-01

Developments in genetic test technologies enable a detailed analysis of the genomes of individuals across the range of human development from embryos to adults with increased precision and lower cost. These powerful technologies raise a number of ethical issues in pediatrics, primarily because of the frequent lack of clinical utility of genetic information, the generation of secondary results and questions over the proper scope of parental authority for testing. Several professional organizations in the fields of genetics and pediatrics have published new guidance on the ethical, legal, and policy issues relevant to genetic testing in children. The roles of predictive testing for adult-onset conditions, the management of secondary findings and the role of informed consent for newborn screening remain controversial. However, research and experience are not demonstrating serious adverse psychosocial impacts from genetic testing and screening in children. The use of these technologies is expanding with the notion that the personal utility of test results, rather than clinical utility, may be sufficient to justify testing. The use of microarray and genome sequencing technologies is expanding in the care of children. More deference to parental decision-making is evolving in contexts wherein information and counseling can be made readily available.

Improved E-ELT subsystem and component specifications, thanks to M1 test facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dimmler, M.; Marrero, J.; Leveque, S.; Barriga, Pablo; Sedghi, B.; Kornweibel, N.

2014-07-01

During the last 2 years ESO has operated the "M1 Test Facility", a test stand consisting of a representative section of the E-ELT primary mirror equipped with 4 complete prototype segment subunits including sensors, actuators and control system. The purpose of the test facility is twofold: it serves to study and get familiar with component and system aspects like calibration, alignment and handling procedures and suitable control strategies on real hardware long before the primary mirror (hereafter M1) components are commissioned. Secondly, and of major benefit to the project, it offered the possibility to evaluate component and subsystem performance and interface issues in a system context in such detail, that issues could be identified early enough to feed back into the subsystem and component specifications. This considerably reduces risk and cost of the production units and allows refocusing the project team on important issues for the follow-up of the production contracts. Experiences are presented in which areas the results of the M1 Test Facility particularly helped to improve subsystem specifications and areas, where additional tests were adopted independent of the main test facility. Presented are the key experiences of the M1 Test Facility which lead to improved specifications or identified the need for additional testing outside of the M1 Test Facility.

The role of disease characteristics in the ethical debate on personal genome testing

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Companies are currently marketing personal genome tests directly-to-consumer that provide genetic susceptibility testing for a range of multifactorial diseases simultaneously. As these tests comprise multiple risk analyses for multiple diseases, they may be difficult to evaluate. Insight into morally relevant differences between diseases will assist researchers, healthcare professionals, policy-makers and other stakeholders in the ethical evaluation of personal genome tests. Discussion In this paper, we identify and discuss four disease characteristics - severity, actionability, age of onset, and the somatic/psychiatric nature of disease - and show how these lead to specific ethical issues. By way of illustration, we apply this framework to genetic susceptibility testing for three diseases: type 2 diabetes, age-related macular degeneration and clinical depression. For these three diseases, we point out the ethical issues that are relevant to the question whether it is morally justifiable to offer genetic susceptibility testing to adults or to children or minors, and on what conditions. Summary We conclude that the ethical evaluation of personal genome tests is challenging, for the ethical issues differ with the diseases tested for. An understanding of the ethical significance of disease characteristics will improve the ethical, legal and societal debate on personal genome testing. PMID:22260407

Palestinian pharmacists' knowledge of issues related to using psychotropic medications in older people: a cross-sectional study.

PubMed

Shawahna, Ramzi; Khaskiyyi, Mais; Abdo, Hadeel; Msarwe, Yasmen; Odeh, Rania; Salame, Souad

2017-01-01

The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of pharmacists practicing in Palestine of issues related to using psychotropic medications in older people. The study was conducted with a cross-sectional observational design using a questionnaire. A total of 400 pharmacists responded to a 19-statement knowledge test related to the use of psychotropic medications in older people. The study was conducted from July 2016 to February 2017. The reliability and internal consistency of the study tool was assessed using the test-retest method and the Cronbach alpha. Categorical groups were compared using the chi-square test and the Spearman rank correlation. On the 19-statement knowledge test, the median score was 55.3% with an interquartile range of 21.9%. In a comparison of the demographic and practice-related variables of the pharmacists who scored ≥ 50% on the 19-statement knowledge test with those who scored < 50%, age, gender, and having taken a course on psychotropic medications were found to be significantly associated with performance, as shown by the chi-square test and Spearman correlation. Pharmacists practicing in Palestine possess less than optimal knowledge of issues related to the use of psychotropic medications in older people. Continuing educational interventions and/or training might be helpful in improving pharmacists' knowledge of issues related to using psychotropic medications in older people.

Palestinian pharmacists’ knowledge of issues related to using psychotropic medications in older people: a cross-sectional study

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of pharmacists practicing in Palestine of issues related to using psychotropic medications in older people. Methods The study was conducted with a cross-sectional observational design using a questionnaire. A total of 400 pharmacists responded to a 19-statement knowledge test related to the use of psychotropic medications in older people. The study was conducted from July 2016 to February 2017. The reliability and internal consistency of the study tool was assessed using the test-retest method and the Cronbach alpha. Categorical groups were compared using the chi-square test and the Spearman rank correlation. Results On the 19-statement knowledge test, the median score was 55.3% with an interquartile range of 21.9%. In a comparison of the demographic and practice-related variables of the pharmacists who scored ≥ 50% on the 19-statement knowledge test with those who scored < 50%, age, gender, and having taken a course on psychotropic medications were found to be significantly associated with performance, as shown by the chi-square test and Spearman correlation. Conclusion Pharmacists practicing in Palestine possess less than optimal knowledge of issues related to the use of psychotropic medications in older people. Continuing educational interventions and/or training might be helpful in improving pharmacists’ knowledge of issues related to using psychotropic medications in older people. PMID:28835016

A Combined Ethical and Scientific Analysis of Large-scale Tests of Solar Climate Engineering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ackerman, T. P.

2017-12-01

Our research group recently published an analysis of the combined ethical and scientific issues surrounding large-scale testing of stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI; Lenferna et al., 2017, Earth's Future). We are expanding this study in two directions. The first is extending this same analysis to other geoengineering techniques, particularly marine cloud brightening (MCB). MCB has substantial differences to SAI in this context because MCB can be tested over significantly smaller areas of the planet and, following injection, has a much shorter lifetime of weeks as opposed to years for SAI. We examine issues such as the role of intent, the lesser of two evils, and the nature of consent. In addition, several groups are currently considering climate engineering governance tools such as a code of ethics and a registry. We examine how these tools might influence climate engineering research programs and, specifically, large-scale testing. The second direction of expansion is asking whether ethical and scientific issues associated with large-scale testing are so significant that they effectively preclude moving ahead with climate engineering research and testing. Some previous authors have suggested that no research should take place until these issues are resolved. We think this position is too draconian and consider a more nuanced version of this argument. We note, however, that there are serious questions regarding the ability of the scientific research community to move to the point of carrying out large-scale tests.

26 CFR 1.103-8 - Interest on bonds to finance certain exempt facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... proceeds of such issue is to be used to provide one or more of the exempt facilities listed in... proceeds are so used. For purposes of this “substantially all” test, two rules apply. First, proceeds are... becomes applicable where the bond issue meets both the trade or business and the security interest tests...

26 CFR 1.103-8 - Interest on bonds to finance certain exempt facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... proceeds of such issue is to be used to provide one or more of the exempt facilities listed in... proceeds are so used. For purposes of this “substantially all” test, two rules apply. First, proceeds are... becomes applicable where the bond issue meets both the trade or business and the security interest tests...

26 CFR 1.103-8 - Interest on bonds to finance certain exempt facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... proceeds of such issue is to be used to provide one or more of the exempt facilities listed in... proceeds are so used. For purposes of this “substantially all” test, two rules apply. First, proceeds are... becomes applicable where the bond issue meets both the trade or business and the security interest tests...

26 CFR 1.103-8 - Interest on bonds to finance certain exempt facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... proceeds of such issue is to be used to provide one or more of the exempt facilities listed in... proceeds are so used. For purposes of this “substantially all” test, two rules apply. First, proceeds are... becomes applicable where the bond issue meets both the trade or business and the security interest tests...

26 CFR 1.103-8 - Interest on bonds to finance certain exempt facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... proceeds of such issue is to be used to provide one or more of the exempt facilities listed in... proceeds are so used. For purposes of this “substantially all” test, two rules apply. First, proceeds are... becomes applicable where the bond issue meets both the trade or business and the security interest tests...

Expanding Horizons and Unresolved Conundrums: Language Testing and Assessment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leung, Constant; Lewkowicz, Jo

2006-01-01

Since the last "TESOL Quarterly" commemorative issue 15 years ago, there have been too many important developments in language testing and assessment for all of them to be discussed in a single article. Therefore, this article focuses on issues that we believe are integrally linked to pedagogic and curriculum concerns of English language teaching.…

Genetic Algorithm Based Multi-Agent System Applied to Test Generation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meng, Anbo; Ye, Luqing; Roy, Daniel; Padilla, Pierre

2007-01-01

Automatic test generating system in distributed computing context is one of the most important links in on-line evaluation system. Although the issue has been argued long since, there is not a perfect solution to it so far. This paper proposed an innovative approach to successfully addressing such issue by the seamless integration of genetic…

Test Methods for Telemetry Systems and Subsystems. Volume 5: Test Methods for Digital Recorder/Reproducer Systems and Recorder Memory Modules

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-26

serial communications program ( Hyper terminal) Configure METS for PCM 1 Mbps and MIL-STD-1553 10-Hz rate 4 Configure the host software to...Verify recorder stopped 44 Issue . LOOP . Verify recorder goes into record and play in read after write mode 45 Issue .STOP, Verify recorder

Stakeholder views on pharmacogenomic testing.

PubMed

Patel, Haridarshan N; Ursan, Iulia D; Zueger, Patrick M; Cavallari, Larisa H; Pickard, A Simon

2014-02-01

Pharmacogenomics has an important role in the evolution of personalized medicine, and its widespread uptake may ultimately depend on the interests and perspectives of key players in health care. Our aim was to summarize studies on stakeholder perspectives and attitudes toward pharmacogenomic testing. Thus, we conducted a review of original research studies that reported stakeholder views on pharmacogenomic testing using a structured approach in PubMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and EMBASE. A standardized data abstraction form was developed that included stakeholder group of interest-patients, general public, providers, and payers. Stakeholder views regarding barriers to pharmacogenetic implementation were organized into the following themes: ancillary information-related, clinical, economic, educational, ethical or legal, medical mistrust, and practicality. Of 34 studies that met our inclusion criteria, 37 perspectives were reported (15 on providers, 9 on the general public, 9 on patients, and 4 on payers). The most common topics that arose in studies of providers related to clinical usefulness of genetic data (n=11) and educational needs (n=11). Among the general public, the most common concerns were medical mistrust (n=5), insufficient education (n=5), and practicality (n=5). The most prevalent issues from the patient perspective were ethical or legal (n=6) and economic (n=5) issues. Among payers, leading issues were practicality (n=4) and clinical usefulness (n=3). There was overlap in the topics and concerns across stakeholder perspectives, including lack of knowledge about pharmacogenomic testing. Views on issues related to privacy, cost, and test result dissemination varied by stakeholder perspective. Limited research had been conducted in underrepresented groups. Efforts to address the issues raised by stakeholders may facilitate the implementation of pharmacogenomic testing into clinical practice. © 2013 American College of Clinical Pharmacy.

Clinical application of pharmacogenetics: focusing on practical issues.

PubMed

Chang, Matthew T; McCarthy, Jeanette J; Shin, Jaekyu

2015-01-01

Recent large-scale genetic-based studies have transformed the field of pharmacogenetics to identify, characterize and leverage genetic information to inform patient care. Genetic testing can be used to alter drug selection, optimize drug dosing and prevent unnecessary adverse events. As precision medicine becomes the mainstay in the clinic, it becomes critical for clinicians to utilize pharmacogenetics to guide patient care. One primary challenge is identifying patients where genetic tests that can potentially impact patient care. To address this challenge, our review highlights many practical issues clinicians may encounter: identifying candidate patients and clinical laboratories for pharmacogenetic testing, selecting highly curated resources to help asses test validity, reimbursing costs of pharmacogenetic tests, and interpreting of pharmacogenetic test results.

The role of the basolateral amygdala in punishment.

PubMed

Jean-Richard-Dit-Bressel, Philip; McNally, Gavan P

2015-02-01

Aversive stimuli not only support fear conditioning to their environmental antecedents, they also punish behaviors that cause their occurrence. The amygdala, especially the basolateral nucleus (BLA), has been critically implicated in Pavlovian fear learning but its role in punishment remains poorly understood. Here, we used a within-subjects punishment task to assess the role of the BLA in the acquisition and expression of punishment as well as aversive choice. Rats that pressed two individually presented levers for pellet rewards rapidly suppressed responding to one lever if it also caused footshock deliveries (punished lever) but continued pressing a second lever that did not cause footshock (unpunished lever). Infusions of GABA agonists baclofen and muscimol (BM) into the BLA significantly impaired the acquisition of this suppression. BLA inactivations using BM also reduced the expression of well-trained punishment. There was anatomical segregation within the BLA so that caudal, not rostral, BLA was implicated in punishment. However, when presented with punished and unpunished levers simultaneously in a choice test without deliveries of shock punisher, rats expressed a preference for unpunished over the punished lever and BLA inactivations had no effect on this preference. Taken together, these findings indicate that the BLA is important for both the acquisition and expression of punishment but not for aversive choice. This role appears to be linked to neurons in the caudal BLA, rather than rostral BLA, although the circuitry that contributes to this functional segregation is currently unknown, and is most parsimoniously interpreted as a role for caudal BLA in determining the aversive value of the shock punisher. © 2015 Jean-Richard-Dit-Bressel and McNally; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

49 CFR 40.363 - On what basis may the Department issue a PIE?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false On what basis may the Department issue a PIE? 40... TRANSPORTATION WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Public Interest Exclusions § 40.363 On what basis may the Department issue a PIE? (a) If you are a service agent, the Department may issue a PIE concerning...

49 CFR 40.377 - Who decides whether to issue a PIE?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... WORKPLACE DRUG AND ALCOHOL TESTING PROGRAMS Public Interest Exclusions § 40.377 Who decides whether to issue a PIE? (a) The ODAPC Director, or his or her designee, decides whether to issue a PIE. If a designee... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Who decides whether to issue a PIE? 40.377 Section...

Should we genetically test everyone for haemochromatosis?

PubMed

Allen, K; Williamson, R

1999-04-01

The increasing availability of DNA-based diagnostic tests has raised issues about whether these should be applied to the population at large in order to identify, treat or prevent a range of diseases. DNA tests raise concerns in the community for several reasons. There is the possibility of stigmatisation and discrimination between those who test positive and those who don't. High-risk individuals may be identified for whom no proven effective intervention is possible, or conversely may test "positive" for a disease that does not eventuate. Controversy concerning prenatal diagnosis and termination of affected pregnancies may arise. Haemochromatosis, however, is a disease that is not only treatable but also preventable if those at high risk are identified presymptomatically. This paper will identify and discuss key issues regarding DNA-based population screening for haemochromatosis, and argue that population-based genetic screening for haemochromatosis should be supported when a number of contentious issues are addressed. In the context of a health system with limited resources haemochromatosis is the paradigm of a disorder where there is an ethical and clinical imperative to encourage presymptomatic DNA testing for all in ethnically relevant communities.

Prenatal Testing for Adult-Onset Conditions: the Position of the National Society of Genetic Counselors.

PubMed

Hercher, Laura; Uhlmann, Wendy R; Hoffman, Erin P; Gustafson, Shanna; Chen, Kelly M

2016-12-01

Advances in genetic testing and the availability of such testing in pregnancy allows prospective parents to test their future child for adult-onset conditions. This ability raises several complex ethical issues. Prospective parents have reproductive rights to obtain information about their fetus. This information may or may not alter pregnancy management. These rights can be in conflict with the rights of the future individual, who will be denied the right to elect or decline testing. This paper highlights the complexity of these issues, details discussions that went into the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) Public Policy Task Force's development of the Prenatal testing for Adult-Onset Conditions position statement adopted in November 2014, and cites relevant literature on this topic through December 2015. Issues addressed include parental rights and autonomy, rights of the future child, the right not to know, possible adverse effects on childhood and the need for genetic counseling. This paper will serve as a reference to genetic counselors and healthcare professionals when faced with this situation in clinical practice.

Stability indicating validated HPLC method for quantification of levothyroxine with eight degradation peaks in the presence of excipients.

PubMed

Shah, R B; Bryant, A; Collier, J; Habib, M J; Khan, M A

2008-08-06

A simple, sensitive, accurate, and robust stability indicating analytical method is presented for identification, separation, and quantitation of l-thyroxine and eight degradation impurities with an internal standard. The method was used in the presence of commonly used formulation excipients such as butylated hydroxyanisole, povidone, crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, mannitol, sucrose, acacia, lactose monohydrate, confectionary sugar, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium laurel sulfate, magnesium stearate, talc, and silicon dioxide. The two active thyroid hormones: 3,3',5,5'-tetra-iodo-l-thyronine (l-thyroxine-T4) and 3,3',5-tri-iodo-l-thyronine (T3) and degradation products including di-iodothyronine (T2), thyronine (T0), tyrosine (Tyr), di-iodotyrosine (DIT), mono-iodotyrosine (MIT), 3,3',5,5'-tetra-iodothyroacetic acid (T4AA) and 3,3',5-tri-iodothyroacetic acid (T3AA) were assayed by the current method. The separation of l-thyroxine and eight metabolites along with theophylline (internal standard) was achieved using a C18 column (25 degrees C) with a mobile phase of trifluoroacetic acid (0.1%, v/v, pH 3)-acetonitrile in gradient elution at 0.8 ml/min at 223 nm. The sample diluent was 0.01 M methanolic NaOH. Method was validated according to FDA, USP, and ICH guidelines for inter-day accuracy, precision, and robustness after checking performance with system suitability. Tyr (4.97 min), theophylline (9.09 min), MIT (9.55 min), DIT (11.37 min), T0 (11.63 min), T2 (14.47 min), T3 (16.29 min), T4 (17.60 min), T3AA (22.71 min), and T4AA (24.83 min) separated in a single chromatographic run. Linear relationship (r2>0.99) was observed between the peak area ratio and the concentrations for all of the compounds within the range of 2-20 microg/ml. The total time for analysis, equilibration and recovery was 40 min. The method was shown to separate well from commonly employed formulation excipients. Accuracy ranged from 95 to 105% for T4 and 90 to 110% for all other compounds. Precision was <2% for all the compounds. The method was found to be robust with minor changes in injection volume, flow rate, column temperature, and gradient ratio. Validation results indicated that the method shows satisfactory linearity, precision, accuracy, and ruggedness and also stress degradation studies indicated that the method can be used as stability indicating method for l-thyroxine in the presence of excipients.

The Development of III-V Semiconductor MOSFETs for Future CMOS Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Greene, Andrew M.

Alternative channel materials with superior transport properties over conventional strained silicon are required for supply voltage scaling in low power complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuits. Group III-V compound semiconductor systems offer a potential solution due to their high carrier mobility, low carrier effective mass and large injection velocity. The enhancement in transistor drive current at a lower overdrive voltage allows for the scaling of supply voltage while maintaining high switching performance. This thesis focuses on overcoming several material and processing challenges associated with III-V semiconductor development including a low thermal processing budget, high interface trap state density (Dit), low resistance source/drain contacts and growth on lattice mismatched substrates. Non-planar In0.53Ga0.47As FinFETs were developed using both "gate-first" and "gate-last" fabrication methods for n-channel MOSFETs. Electron beam lithography and anisotropic plasma etching processes were optimized to create highly scaled fins with near vertical sidewalls. Plasma damage was removed using a wet etch process and improvements in gate efficiency were characterized on MOS capacitor structures. A two-step, selective removal of the pre-grown n+ contact layer was developed for "gate-last" recess etching. The final In0.53Ga 0.47As FinFET devices demonstrated an ION = 70 mA/mm, I ON/IOFF ratio = 15,700 and sub-threshold swing = 210 mV/dec. Bulk GaSb and strained In0.36Ga0.64Sb quantum well (QW) heterostructures were developed for p-channel MOSFETs. Dit was reduced to 2 - 3 x 1012 cm-2eV-1 using an InAs surface layer, (NH4)2S passivation and atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3. A self-aligned "gate-first" In0.36Ga0.64Sb MOSFET fabrication process was invented using a "T-shaped" electron beam resist patterning stack and intermetallic source/drain contacts. Ni contacts annealed at 300°C demonstrated an ION = 166 mA/mm, ION/IOFF ratio = 1,500 and sub-threshold swing = 340 mV/dec. Split C-V measurements were used to extract an effective channel mobility of muh* = 300 cm2/Vs at Ns = 2 x 1012 cm -2. "Gate-last" MOSFETs grown with an epitaxial p + contact layer were fabricated using selective gate-recess etching techniques. A parasitic "n-channel" limited ION/I OFF ratio and sub-threshold swing, most likely due to effects from the InAs surface layer.

Design issues for LISA inertial sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vitale, Stefano; Speake, Clive

1998-12-01

In this paper we discuss a few design issues of the inertial sensor for LISA. These issues include the role of the stiffness and the losses that are introduced by the readout and by other parasitic sources. A possible plan for testing those effects on ground is also discussed.

Testing for Giftedness: The Pros, Cons and Concerns.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shaughnessy, Michael F.; Fickling, Kris L.

1993-01-01

This paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of testing for giftedness, the repercussions of testing and not testing, issues concerning intelligence quotients, and the effects of labeling children. (JDD)

Strategies for Success: New Pathways to Drug Abuse Prevention. Volume 1, Issue 1, Fall/Winter 2006

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2006

2006-01-01

Published twice a year and distributed nationwide, "Strategies for Success" keeps readers informed about events and developments in the field of drug testing. It reports the latest research findings on the effectiveness of drug testing as a tool for reducing substance abuse. Each issue also provides a wealth of guidance and resources on…

Development and Implementation of an Instructional Design for Effective Teaching of Ecosystem, Biodiversity, and Environmental Issues

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yucel, Elif Ozata; Ozkan, Muhlis

2015-01-01

This study aims to develop an instructional design whereby ecosystem, biodiversity, and environmental issues are addressed with a holistic approach that provides more efficient teaching as well as to test the effectiveness of this design. A literature review was carried out and need-assessment was firstly made using the Readiness Test. This review…

Trialing a Tablet PC Based Language Test

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Litzler, Mary Frances; Garcia Laborda, Jesus

2015-01-01

Designing tests is a sophisticated task due to issues such as rubrics, validation and impact. Delivery has become another key issue in recent years. Recent research projects in Spain (García Laborda et al.s, 2010, García Laborda, 2012; García Laborda et al., 2014; Bueno Alastuey et al., 2014) have been working mainly with technological devices as…

What Curriculum for the 21st Century?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New Things Considered, 1990

1990-01-01

"New Things Considered" reports on emerging trends and issues in education to policymakers and participants in SEDL-SCAN, an emerging issues tracking system being pilot tested by the Southwest Educational Development Laboratory's Policy Information Service and the State of New Mexico. This issue presents brief summaries of the thinking of…

30 CFR 18.4 - Electrical equipment for which approval is issued.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... TESTING, EVALUATION, AND APPROVAL OF MINING PRODUCTS ELECTRIC MOTOR-DRIVEN MINE EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES General Provisions § 18.4 Electrical equipment for which approval is issued. An approval will be issued... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Electrical equipment for which approval is...

Controversial Issues in United States History Classrooms: Teachers' Perspectives

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nichols-Cocke, Cathy

2014-01-01

The purpose of this study was to understand how secondary level United States History teachers approached controversial issues in their standards-based, high-stakes testing classrooms. Controversial issues consisted of multiple points of view, were socially constructed, and had the potential to challenge belief systems. The audience and their…

Gun Testing Ballistics Issues for Insensitive Munitions Fragment Impact Testing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baker, Ernest; Schultz, Emmanuel; NATO Munitions Safety Information Analysis Centre Team

2017-06-01

The STANAG 4496 Ed. 1 Fragment Impact, Munitions Test Procedure is normally conducted by gun launching a projectile for attack against a munition. The purpose of this test is to assess the reaction of a munition impacted by a fragment. The test specifies a standardized projectile (fragment) with a standard test velocity of 2530+/-90 m/s, or an alternate test velocity of 1830+/-60 m/s. The standard test velocity can be challenging to achieve and has several loosely defined and undefined characteristics that can affect the test item response. This publication documents the results of an international review of the STANAG 4496 related to the fragment impact test. To perform the review, MSIAC created a questionnaire in conjunction with the custodian of this STANAG and sent it to test centers. Fragment velocity variation, projectile tilt upon impact and aim point variation were identified as observed gun testing issues. Achieving 2530 m/s consistently and cost effectively can be challenging. The aim point of impact of the fragment is chosen with the objective of obtaining the most violent reaction. No tolerance for aim point is specified, although aim point variation can be a source for IM response variation. Fragment tilt on impact is also unspecified. The standard fragment fabricated from a variety of different steels which have a significant margin for mechanical properties. These, as well as other gun testing issues, have significant implications to resulting IM response.

New EPA Guidance for Testing Pesticides Will Reduce Animal Testing

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA is issuing guidance for requesting waivers of acute dermal toxicity testing requirements for pesticide formulations, which will lead to fewer animal tests for acute dermal toxicity for pesticides.

Direct-to-consumer online genetic testing and the four principles: an analysis of the ethical issues.

PubMed

Wasson, Katherine; Cook, E David; Helzlsouer, Kathy

2006-01-01

The development of genetic tests marketed and sold direct-to-consumers (DTC) via the internet raises moral concerns and debate about their appropriateness and ethical and clinical significance. These tests are offered for a wide range of diseases and conditions, and the mutations have variable penetrance and associated risk. A number of these tests lack data on their accuracy and reliability, making interpretation of results difficult. DTC genetic testing is undertaken outside the context of the physician-patient relationship and may lack appropriate individual and family genetic counseling, leaving the consumer vulnerable to potential harms, such as misinterpretation of results, including false positive or false reassurance, with limited or no benefits. Beauchamp and Childress's four principles of biomedical ethics provide a framework for analyzing the ethical issues raised by DTC genetic testing. We argue that the potential harms outweigh the potential benefits of such tests, that respect for autonomy should be limited in light of potential harm from DTC testing, and that the availability of genetic testing over the internet may be considered unfair and unjust and affect resource allocation by placing an unfair burden on primary care physicians. In light of the moral issues posed by these tests, practical responses are suggested in the areas of consumer education, medical education, and interaction with commercial companies.

Psychological testing and psychological assessment. A review of evidence and issues.

PubMed

Meyer, G J; Finn, S E; Eyde, L D; Kay, G G; Moreland, K L; Dies, R R; Eisman, E J; Kubiszyn, T W; Reed, G M

2001-02-01

This article summarizes evidence and issues associated with psychological assessment. Data from more than 125 meta-analyses on test validity and 800 samples examining multimethod assessment suggest 4 general conclusions: (a) Psychological test validity is strong and compelling, (b) psychological test validity is comparable to medical test validity, (c) distinct assessment methods provide unique sources of information, and (d) clinicians who rely exclusively on interviews are prone to incomplete understandings. Following principles for optimal nomothetic research, the authors suggest that a multimethod assessment battery provides a structured means for skilled clinicians to maximize the validity of individualized assessments. Future investigations should move beyond an examination of test scales to focus more on the role of psychologists who use tests as helpful tools to furnish patients and referral sources with professional consultation.

Ethical Issues of Predictive Genetic Testing for Diabetes

PubMed Central

Haga, Susanne B.

2009-01-01

With the rising number of individuals affected with diabetes and the significant health care costs of treatment, the emphasis on prevention is key to controlling the health burden of this disease. Several genetic and genomic studies have identified genetic variants associated with increased risk to diabetes. As a result, commercial testing is available to predict an individual's genetic risk. Although the clinical benefits of testing have not yet been demonstrated, it is worth considering some of the ethical implications of testing for this common chronic disease. In this article, I discuss several issues that should be considered during the translation of predictive testing for diabetes, including familial implications, improvement of risk communication, implications for behavioral change and health outcomes, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, direct-to-consumer testing, and appropriate age of testing. PMID:20144329

To be or not to be: the patient's view of thrombophilia testing.

PubMed

Vegni, Elena; Leone, Daniela; Graffigna, Guendalina; Faioni, Elena M; Moja, Egidio A

2013-03-01

The literature on the psychological effects of thrombophilia testing is unclear. Little is known about the complex world of significance subjects construct around the test. The study explored the peculiar network of implicit meanings that may be linked to the experience of being tested. The research was designed according to Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). 19 patients were interviewed. Integral verbatim reports of the interviews were analyzed through an inductive process aimed at gaining a holistic understanding of the narratives. Two main issues were identified, each with sub-issues: (1) the clinical problem: (1.1) unhealthy blood and (1.2) the family issue; (2) the test: (2.1) knowing for the sake of knowing; (2.2) knowing for the sake of doing; (2.3) not knowing. The thrombophilia test is part of a larger network of meanings, where information about the test and its results seem to be lost. The study suggests the importance of paying greater attention to the process of doctor-patient communication at the time of the test. The theme of being informed is important for patients, yet often they are not able to understand or retain the information they receive, increasing the risk of misunderstandings. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ethical issues in dementia

PubMed Central

Whitehouse, Peter J.

2000-01-01

The growing number of individuals affected by dementia will intensify the ethical issues that emerge in clinical practice and research, issues early in disease relate to genetic testing, use of medications in mildly affected persons, and diagnostic disclosure. Research issues relate to appropriate informed consent processes, conflict of interests, and research design issues, such as the use of placebos and the use of biological tissues, in the later stages of disease concern about appropriate therapeutic goals and end-of-life care is appropriate. PMID:22033828

Comprehensive capacitance-voltage analysis including quantum effects for high-k interfaces on germanium and other alternative channel materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anwar, Sarkar R. M.

High mobility alternative channel materials to silicon are critical to the continued scaling of metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices. However, before they can be incorporated into advanced devices, some major issues need to be solved. The high mobility materials suffer from lower allowable thermal budgets compared to Si (before desorption and defect formation becomes an issue) and the absence of a good quality native oxide has further increased the interest in the use of high-k dielectrics. However, the high interface state density and high electric fields at these semiconductor/high-k interfaces can significantly impact the capacitance-voltage (C-V) profile, and current C-V modeling software cannot account for these effects. This in turn affects the parameters extracted from the C-V data of the high mobility semiconductor/high-k interface, which are crucial to fully understand the interface properties and expedite process development. To address this issue, we developed a model which takes into account quantum corrections which can be applied to a number of these alternative channel materials including SixGe1-x, Ge, InGaAs, and GaAs. The C-V simulation using this QM correction model is orders of magnitude faster compared to a full band Schrodinger-Poisson solver. The simulated C-V is directly benchmarked to a self consistent Schrodinger-Poisson solution for each bulk semiconductor material, and from the benchmarking process the QM correction parameters are extracted. The full program, C-V Alternative Channel Extraction (CV ACE), incorporates a quantum mechanical correction model, along with the interface state density model, and can extract device parameters such as equivalent oxide thickness (EOT), doping density and flat band voltage (Vfb) as well as the interface state density profile using multiple measurements performed at different frequencies and temperatures, simultaneously. The program was used to analyze experimentally measured C-V profiles and the extracted device parameters show excellent agreement with the known device structure and previously published results. CV ACE has been applied in the development of a process flow for germanium interface passivation in Ge based MOS devices using a GeOx interlayer. A post atomic layer deposition (ALD) plasma oxidation (PPO) process was developed using radio frequency (RF) plasma in a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) chamber and demonstrated significant surface passivation. Various gases were investigated and 1% O2/Ar was found to reduce the growth rate and provide excellent control over the degradation of EOT. A 100 W plasma with 1% O2/Ar was found to provide the best combination of EOT and low Dit and is concluded to be the optimum process for PPO of germanium surfaces. CV ACE and PPO were also utilized to investigate other process development challenges. A study of the impact of low temperature anneals on Ge-based MOS devices was found to result in a degradation of the electrical thickness and a change in fixed charge, indicating that the process window is very narrow and at much lower temperatures than for Si.

Application of modified profile analysis to function testing of the motion/no-motion issue in an aircraft ground-handling simulation. [statistical analysis procedure for man machine systems flight simulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parrish, R. V.; Mckissick, B. T.; Steinmetz, G. G.

1979-01-01

A recent modification of the methodology of profile analysis, which allows the testing for differences between two functions as a whole with a single test, rather than point by point with multiple tests is discussed. The modification is applied to the examination of the issue of motion/no motion conditions as shown by the lateral deviation curve as a function of engine cut speed of a piloted 737-100 simulator. The results of this application are presented along with those of more conventional statistical test procedures on the same simulator data.

How Not to Evaluate a Psychological Measure: Rebuttal to Criticism of the Defining Issues Test of Moral Judgment Development by Curzer and Colleagues

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thoma, Stephen J.; Bebeau, Muriel J.; Narvaez, Darcia

2016-01-01

In a 2014 paper in "Theory and Research in Education," Howard Curzer and colleagues critique the Defining Issues Test of moral judgment development according to eight criteria that are described as difficulties any measure of educational outcomes must address. This article highlights how Curzer et al. do not consult existing empirical…

Legal Issues in the Use of Student Test Scores and Value-Added Models (VAM) to Determine Educational Quality

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pullin, Diana

2013-01-01

A growing number of states and local schools across the country have adopted educator evaluation and accountability programs based on the use of student test scores and value-added models (VAM). A wide array of potential legal issues could arise from the implementation of these programs. This article uses legal analysis and social science evidence…

Personal genome testing: Test characteristics to clarify the discourse on ethical, legal and societal issues

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background As genetics technology proceeds, practices of genetic testing have become more heterogeneous: many different types of tests are finding their way to the public in different settings and for a variety of purposes. This diversification is relevant to the discourse on ethical, legal and societal issues (ELSI) surrounding genetic testing, which must evolve to encompass these differences. One important development is the rise of personal genome testing on the basis of genetic profiling: the testing of multiple genetic variants simultaneously for the prediction of common multifactorial diseases. Currently, an increasing number of companies are offering personal genome tests directly to consumers and are spurring ELSI-discussions, which stand in need of clarification. This paper presents a systematic approach to the ELSI-evaluation of personal genome testing for multifactorial diseases along the lines of its test characteristics. Discussion This paper addresses four test characteristics of personal genome testing: its being a non-targeted type of testing, its high analytical validity, low clinical validity and problematic clinical utility. These characteristics raise their own specific ELSI, for example: non-targeted genetic profiling poses serious problems for information provision and informed consent. Questions about the quantity and quality of the necessary information, as well as about moral responsibilities with regard to the provision of information are therefore becoming central themes within ELSI-discussions of personal genome testing. Further, the current low level of clinical validity of genetic profiles raises questions concerning societal risks and regulatory requirements, whereas simultaneously it causes traditional ELSI-issues of clinical genetics, such as psychological and health risks, discrimination, and stigmatization, to lose part of their relevance. Also, classic notions of clinical utility are challenged by the newer notion of 'personal utility.' Summary Consideration of test characteristics is essential to any valuable discourse on the ELSI of personal genome testing for multifactorial diseases. Four key characteristics of the test - targeted/non-targeted testing, analytical validity, clinical validity and clinical utility - together determine the applicability and the relevance of ELSI to specific tests. The paper identifies and discusses four areas of interest for the ELSI-debate on personal genome testing: informational problems, risks, regulatory issues, and the notion of personal utility. PMID:21672210

42 CFR 493.1423 - Standard; Testing personnel qualifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Standard; Testing personnel qualifications. 493... Testing Laboratories Performing Moderate Complexity Testing § 493.1423 Standard; Testing personnel qualifications. Each individual performing moderate complexity testing must— (a) Possess a current license issued...

42 CFR 493.1423 - Standard; Testing personnel qualifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standard; Testing personnel qualifications. 493... Testing Laboratories Performing Moderate Complexity Testing § 493.1423 Standard; Testing personnel qualifications. Each individual performing moderate complexity testing must— (a) Possess a current license issued...

42 CFR 493.1423 - Standard; Testing personnel qualifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Standard; Testing personnel qualifications. 493... Testing Laboratories Performing Moderate Complexity Testing § 493.1423 Standard; Testing personnel qualifications. Each individual performing moderate complexity testing must— (a) Possess a current license issued...

42 CFR 493.1423 - Standard; Testing personnel qualifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Standard; Testing personnel qualifications. 493... Testing Laboratories Performing Moderate Complexity Testing § 493.1423 Standard; Testing personnel qualifications. Each individual performing moderate complexity testing must— (a) Possess a current license issued...

More Issues in Observed-Score Equating

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

van der Linden, Wim J.

2013-01-01

This article is a response to the commentaries on the position paper on observed-score equating by van der Linden (this issue). The response focuses on the more general issues in these commentaries, such as the nature of the observed scores that are equated, the importance of test-theory assumptions in equating, the necessity to use multiple…

Bridging the Divide: The Role of Perceived Control in Mediating Reasoning and Activism.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Laird, Philip G.

2003-01-01

Reviews the Defining Issues Test and Spheres of Control results of students involved in the pro-choice or pro-life movements. Rates participation of student involvement in on-campus activities. Reveals abortion activists more frequently endorsed moral issues and scored higher on sociopolitical issues. Discusses results based on relationships among…

Measuring Up: Assessment Issues for Teachers, Counselors, and Administrators.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wall, Janet E., Ed.; Walz, Garry R., Ed.

This book attempts to promote improved understanding of assessment concepts by addressing the broad expanse of issues facing educators as they go about their duties and fulfill their responsibilities in schools and classrooms. The chapters in the book address some of the "hot button" issues related to testing and assessment in our nation's…

Assessing, Packaging, and Delivery: Tests, Testing, and Race

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mackler, Bernard; Holman, Dana

1976-01-01

The issues of culture-free and culture-fair tests for elementary school children are explored by examining specific tests and the testing situation. Investigators examined the problem of group intelligence testing vs. individual testing and conclude that tests still reflect White American middle socioeconomic class values and experiences. (HS)

Computer-Based Testing: Test Site Security.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rosen, Gerald A.

Computer-based testing places great burdens on all involved parties to ensure test security. A task analysis of test site security might identify the areas of protecting the test, protecting the data, and protecting the environment as essential issues in test security. Protecting the test involves transmission of the examinations, identifying the…

Optical Issues in Measuring Strabismus

PubMed Central

Irsch, Kristina

2015-01-01

Potential errors and complications during examination and treatment of strabismic patients can be reduced by recognition of certain optical issues. This articles reviews basic as well as guiding principles of prism optics and optics of the eye to equip the reader with the necessary know-how to avoid pitfalls that are commonly encountered when using prisms to measure ocular deviations (e.g., during cover testing), and when observing the corneal light reflex to estimate ocular deviations (e.g., during Hirschberg or Krimsky testing in patients who do not allow for cover testing using prisms). PMID:26180462

Optical Issues in Measuring Strabismus.

PubMed

Irsch, Kristina

2015-01-01

Potential errors and complications during examination and treatment of strabismic patients can be reduced by recognition of certain optical issues. This articles reviews basic as well as guiding principles of prism optics and optics of the eye to equip the reader with the necessary know-how to avoid pitfalls that are commonly encountered when using prisms to measure ocular deviations (e.g., during cover testing), and when observing the corneal light reflex to estimate ocular deviations (e.g., during Hirschberg or Krimsky testing in patients who do not allow for cover testing using prisms).

Launching a Laboratory Testing Process Quality Improvement Toolkit: From the Shared Networks of Colorado Ambulatory Practices and Partners (SNOCAP).

PubMed

Fernald, Douglas; Hamer, Mika; James, Kathy; Tutt, Brandon; West, David

2015-01-01

Family medicine and internal medicine physicians order diagnostic laboratory tests for nearly one-third of patient encounters in an average week, yet among medical errors in primary care, an estimated 15% to 54% are attributed to laboratory testing processes. From a practice improvement perspective, we (1) describe the need for laboratory testing process quality improvements from the perspective of primary care practices, and (2) describe the approaches and resources needed to implement laboratory testing process quality improvements in practice. We applied practice observations, process mapping, and interviews with primary care practices in the Shared Networks of Colorado Ambulatory Practices and Partners (SNOCAP)-affiliated practice-based research networks that field-tested in 2013 a laboratory testing process improvement toolkit. From the data collected in each of the 22 participating practices, common testing quality issues included, but were not limited to, 3 main testing process steps: laboratory test preparation, test tracking, and patient notification. Three overarching qualitative themes emerged: practices readily acknowledge multiple laboratory testing process problems; practices know that they need help addressing the issues; and practices face challenges with finding patient-centered solutions compatible with practice priorities and available resources. While practices were able to get started with guidance and a toolkit to improve laboratory testing processes, most did not seem able to achieve their quality improvement aims unassisted. Providing specific guidance tools with practice facilitation or other rapid-cycle quality improvement support may be an effective approach to improve common laboratory testing issues in primary care. © Copyright 2015 by the American Board of Family Medicine.

Safety Communication Tools and Healthcare Professionals' Awareness of Specific Drug Safety Issues in Europe: A Survey Study.

PubMed

de Vries, Sieta T; van der Sar, Maartje J M; Coleman, Anna Marie; Escudero, Yvette; Rodríguez Pascual, Alfonso; Maciá Martínez, Miguel-Ángel; Cupelli, Amelia; Baldelli, Ilaria; Šipić, Ivana; Andrić, Adriana; Michan, Line; Denig, Petra; Mol, Peter G M

2018-07-01

National competent authorities (NCAs) use Direct Healthcare Professional Communications (DHPCs) to communicate new drug safety issues to healthcare professionals (HCPs). More knowledge is needed about the effectiveness of DHPCs and the extent to which they raise awareness of new safety issues among HCPs. The objective was to assess and compare general practitioners' (GPs'), cardiologists', and pharmacists' familiarity with DHPCs as communication tools, their awareness of specific drug safety issues, and the sources through which they had become aware of the specific issues. GPs, cardiologists, and pharmacists from nine European countries (Croatia, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the UK) completed a web-based survey. The survey was conducted in the context of the Strengthening Collaboration for Operating Pharmacovigilance in Europe (SCOPE) Joint Action. Respondents were asked about their familiarity with DHPCs in general and their awareness of safety issues that had recently been communicated and involved the following drugs: combined hormonal contraceptives, diclofenac, valproate, and ivabradine. Those HCPs who were aware of the specific safety issues were subsequently asked to indicate the source through which they had become aware of them. Differences between professions in familiarity with DHPCs and awareness were tested using a Pearson χ 2  test per country and post hoc Pearson χ 2  tests in the case of statistically significant differences. Of the 3288 included respondents, 54% were GPs, 40% were pharmacists, and 7% were cardiologists. The number of respondents ranged from 67 in Denmark to 916 in Spain. Most respondents (92%) were familiar with DHPCs, with one significant difference between the professions: pharmacists were more familiar than GPs in Italy (99 vs 90%, P = 0.004). GPs' awareness ranged from 96% for the diclofenac issue to 70% for the ivabradine issue. A similar pattern was shown for pharmacists (91% aware of the diclofenac issue to 66% of the ivabradine issue). Cardiologists' awareness ranged from 91% for the ivabradine issue to 34% for the valproate issue. Overall, DHPCs were a common source through which GPs (range: 45% of those aware of the contraceptives issue to 60% of those aware of the valproate issue), cardiologists (range: 33% for the contraceptives issue to 61% for the valproate issue), and pharmacists (range: 41% for the contraceptives issue to 51% for the ivabradine issue) had become aware of the specific safety issues, followed by information on websites or in newsletters. GPs, cardiologists, and pharmacists were to a similar extent (highly) familiar with DHPCs, but they differed in awareness levels of specific safety issues. Cardiologists were less aware of safety issues associated with non-cardiology drugs even if these had cardiovascular safety concerns. This implies that additional strategies may be needed to reach specialists when communicating safety issues regarding drugs outside their therapeutic area but with risks related to their field of specialisation. DHPCs were an important source for the different professions to become aware of specific safety issues, but other sources were also often used. NCAs should consider the use of a range of sources when communicating important safety issues to HCPs.

49 CFR 238.603 - Safety planning requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... or potential safety hazards over the life cycle of the equipment; (3) Identify safety issues during... issues, reducing hazards, and meeting safety requirements; (6) Develop a program of testing or analysis...

49 CFR 238.603 - Safety planning requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... or potential safety hazards over the life cycle of the equipment; (3) Identify safety issues during... issues, reducing hazards, and meeting safety requirements; (6) Develop a program of testing or analysis...

Closure of population biobanks and direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies.

PubMed

Zawati, Ma'n H; Borry, Pascal; Howard, Heidi Carmen

2011-09-01

Genetic research gained new momentum with the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003. Formerly centered on the investigation of single-gene disorders, genetic research is increasingly targeting common complex diseases and in doing so is studying the whole genome, the environment and its impact on genomic variation. Consequently, biobanking initiatives have emerged around the world as a tool to sustain such progress. Whether they are small scale or longitudinal, public or private, commercial or non-commercial, biobanks should consider the possibility of closure. Interestingly, while raising important ethical issues, this topic has hardly been explored in the literature. Indeed, ethical issues associated with sale, insolvency, end of funding, or transfer of materials to other entities (which are all issues either related to or possible consequences of closure) are seldom the subject of discussion. In an attempt to fill this gap, this paper will discuss-using population and direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing companies' biobanks as case studies-(1) international and national normative documents addressing the issue of closure and (2) the internal policies of population biobanks and DTC genetic testing companies. The analysis will inform the debate on biobank closure and elucidate the underlying ethical issues, which include, but are not limited to informed consent, storage and privacy.

Privacy-preserving Kruskal-Wallis test.

PubMed

Guo, Suxin; Zhong, Sheng; Zhang, Aidong

2013-10-01

Statistical tests are powerful tools for data analysis. Kruskal-Wallis test is a non-parametric statistical test that evaluates whether two or more samples are drawn from the same distribution. It is commonly used in various areas. But sometimes, the use of the method is impeded by privacy issues raised in fields such as biomedical research and clinical data analysis because of the confidential information contained in the data. In this work, we give a privacy-preserving solution for the Kruskal-Wallis test which enables two or more parties to coordinately perform the test on the union of their data without compromising their data privacy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that solves the privacy issues in the use of the Kruskal-Wallis test on distributed data. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

76 FR 35619 - Labeling and Effectiveness Testing; Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-17

...The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing this document to address labeling and effectiveness testing for certain over-the counter (OTC) sunscreen products containing specified active ingredients and marketed without approved applications. This document addresses labeling and effectiveness testing issues raised by the nearly 2,900 submissions that we received in response to the sunscreen proposed rule of August 27, 2007 (2007 proposed rule). The document also identifies specific claims that render a product that is subject to this rule misbranded or would not be allowed on any OTC sunscreen product marketed without an approved application. The document does not address issues related to sunscreen active ingredients or certain other issues regarding the GRASE determination for sunscreen products. The document requires OTC sunscreen products to comply with the content and format requirements for OTC drug labeling contained in the 1999 Drug Facts final rule (published in the Federal Register of March 17, 1999, by lifting the delay of implementation date for that rule that we published on September 3, 2004).

Neuropsychometric Test in Royal Netherlands Navy Mine-Clearance Divers

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-06-01

Issues in Hypo-and Hyperbaric Conditions [les Questions medicales a caractere oprationel liees aux conditions hypobares ou hyperbares ] To order the...Digit Memo Sjan Test (F/B DMST-F/B Learnin /memoie Paper presented at the RTO HFM Symposium on "Operational Medical Issues in Hypo- and Hyperbaric ... Hyperbaric Medicine Annual Meeting 1995, Florida, USA. Abstract 46: 35. 6. Baker EL, R Letz, A Fidler. A computer-administered Neurobehavioural Evaluation

State-Mandated Student Assessment Programs: An Examination of the Issues. Proceedings of a Teleconference (October 3, 1985) and a Conference of National and State Educators (Stillwater, Oklahoma, October 4, 1985).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perry, Katye M., Ed.; And Others

These combined proceedings summarize presentations of two conference programs designed to address state-mandated student achievement issues. Dr. Terrel Bell delivered the keynote speech at a teleconference focusing on a broad perspective of competency testing. He discussed testing problems, as well as positive aspects such as comparison, diagnosis…

Structures and Materials Working Group report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Torczyner, Robert; Hanks, Brantley R.

1986-01-01

The appropriateness of the selection of four issues (advanced materials development, analysis/design methods, tests of large flexible structures, and structural concepts) was evaluated. A cross-check of the issues and their relationship to the technology drivers is presented. Although all of the issues addressed numerous drivers, the advanced materials development issue impacts six out of the seven drivers and is considered to be the most crucial. The advanced materials technology development and the advanced design/analysis methods development were determined to be enabling technologies with the testing issues and development of structural concepts considered to be of great importance, although not enabling technologies. In addition, and of more general interest and criticality, the need for a Government/Industry commitment which does not now exist, was established. This commitment would call for the establishment of the required infrastructure to facilitate the development of the capabilities highlighted through the availability of resources and testbed facilities, including a national testbed in space to be in place in ten years.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gauglitz, Phillip A.; Bontha, Jagannadha R.; Daniel, Richard C.

The Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) is currently being designed and constructed to pretreat and vitrify a large portion of the waste in the 177 underground waste storage tanks at the Hanford Site. A number of technical issues related to the design of the pretreatment facility (PTF) of the WTP have been identified. These issues must be resolved prior to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of River Protection (ORP) reaching a decision to proceed with engineering, procurement, and construction activities for the PTF. One of the issues is Technical Issue T1 - Hydrogen Gas Release frommore » Vessels (hereafter referred to as T1). The focus of T1 is identifying controls for hydrogen release and completing any testing required to close the technical issue. In advance of selecting specific controls for hydrogen gas safety, a number of preliminary technical studies were initiated to support anticipated future testing and to improve the understanding of hydrogen gas generation, retention, and release within PTF vessels. These activities supported the development of a plan defining an overall strategy and approach for addressing T1 and achieving technical endpoints identified for T1. Preliminary studies also supported the development of a test plan for conducting testing and analysis to support closing T1. Both of these plans were developed in advance of selecting specific controls, and in the course of working on T1 it was decided that the testing and analysis identified in the test plan were not immediately needed. However, planning activities and preliminary studies led to significant technical progress in a number of areas. This report summarizes the progress to date from the preliminary technical studies. The technical results in this report should not be used for WTP design or safety and hazards analyses and technical results are marked with the following statement: “Preliminary Technical Results for Planning – Not to be used for WTP Design or Safety Analyses.”« less

Assessment and Evaluation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bachman, Lyle F.

1989-01-01

Applied linguistics and psychometrics have influenced language testing, providing additional tools for investigating factors affecting language test performance and assuring measurement reliability. An examination is presented of language testing, including the theoretical issues involved, the methodological advances, language test development,…

Laboratory Information Systems in Molecular Diagnostics: Why Molecular Diagnostics Data are Different.

PubMed

Lee, Roy E; Henricks, Walter H; Sirintrapun, Sahussapont J

2016-03-01

Molecular diagnostic testing presents new challenges to information management that are yet to be sufficiently addressed by currently available information systems for the molecular laboratory. These challenges relate to unique aspects of molecular genetic testing: molecular test ordering, informed consent issues, diverse specimen types that encompass the full breadth of specimens handled by traditional anatomic and clinical pathology information systems, data structures and data elements specific to molecular testing, varied testing workflows and protocols, diverse instrument outputs, unique needs and requirements of molecular test reporting, and nuances related to the dissemination of molecular pathology test reports. By satisfactorily addressing these needs in molecular test data management, a laboratory information system designed for the unique needs of molecular diagnostics presents a compelling reason to migrate away from the current paper and spreadsheet information management that many molecular laboratories currently use. This paper reviews the issues and challenges of information management in the molecular diagnostics laboratory.

Barcelona 2002: law, ethics, and human rights. HIV testing for peacekeeping forces: legal and human rights issues.

PubMed

Jürgens, Ralf

2002-12-01

In 2001, the United Nations Security Council established an Expert Panel to study the issue of whether the UN should institute HIV testing of peacekeeping personnel. This article, based on a 9 July 2002 presentation to the XIV International AIDS Conference (abstract TuOrG1173), reports on the findings of a paper prepared for the Expert Panel by the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network. The paper examined whether it is permissible for the UN to implement mandatory HIV testing of its peacekeeping personnel, and whether HIV-positive UN peacekeeping personnel should be excluded or restricted from service on the basis of their HIV status or HIV disease progression. The article describes some of the court cases in which these issues have been considered; discusses the importance of analyzing such issues in the context of a human rights-based approach to the pandemic; and formulates a series of key principles for guiding UN decision-making. The article concludes that a policy of mandatory HIV testing for all UN peacekeeping personnel cannot be justified on the basis that it is required in order to assess their physical and mental capacity for service; that HIV-positive peacekeeping personnel cannot be excluded from service based on their HIV status alone, but only on their ability to perform their duties; and that the UN cannot resort to mandatory HIV testing for all UN peacekeeping personnel to protect the health and safety of HIV-negative personnel unless it can demonstrate that alternatives to such a policy would not reduce the risk sufficiently. In the end, the Expert Panel unanimously rejected mandatory testing and instead endorsed voluntary HIV counselling and testing for UN peacekeeping personnel.

When courts intervene: public health, legal and ethical issues surrounding HIV, pregnant women, and newborn infants.

PubMed

Tessmer-Tuck, Jennifer A; Poku, Joseph K; Burkle, Christopher M

2014-11-01

Ninety-three percent of pediatric AIDS cases are the result of perinatal HIV transmission, a disease that is almost entirely preventable with early intervention, which reduces the risk of perinatal HIV infection from 25% to <2%. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Academy of Pediatrics both recommend routine HIV testing of all pregnant women and at-risk newborn infants. When pregnant women decline HIV testing and/or treatment, public health, legal, and ethical dilemmas can result. Federal courts consistently uphold a woman's right to refuse medical testing and treatment, even though it may benefit her fetus/newborn infant. Federal courts also reliably respect the rights of parents to make health care decisions for their newborn infants, which may include declining medical testing and treatment. Confusing the issue of HIV testing and treatment, however, is the fact that there is no definitive United States Supreme Court ruling on the issue. State laws and standards vary widely and serve as guiding principles for practicing clinicians, who must be vigilant of ongoing legal challenges and changes in the states in which they practice. We present a case of an HIV-positive pregnant woman who declined treatment and then testing or treatment of her newborn infant. Ultimately, the legal system intervened. Given the rarity of such cases, we use this as a primer for the practicing clinician to highlight the public health, legal, and ethical issues surrounding prenatal and newborn infant HIV testing and treatment in the United States, including summarizing key state-to-state regulatory differences. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Development and use of active clinical decision support for preemptive pharmacogenomics

PubMed Central

Bell, Gillian C; Crews, Kristine R; Wilkinson, Mark R; Haidar, Cyrine E; Hicks, J Kevin; Baker, Donald K; Kornegay, Nancy M; Yang, Wenjian; Cross, Shane J; Howard, Scott C; Freimuth, Robert R; Evans, William E; Broeckel, Ulrich; Relling, Mary V; Hoffman, James M

2014-01-01

Background Active clinical decision support (CDS) delivered through an electronic health record (EHR) facilitates gene-based drug prescribing and other applications of genomics to patient care. Objective We describe the development, implementation, and evaluation of active CDS for multiple pharmacogenetic test results reported preemptively. Materials and methods Clinical pharmacogenetic test results accompanied by clinical interpretations are placed into the patient's EHR, typically before a relevant drug is prescribed. Problem list entries created for high-risk phenotypes provide an unambiguous trigger for delivery of post-test alerts to clinicians when high-risk drugs are prescribed. In addition, pre-test alerts are issued if a very-high risk medication is prescribed (eg, a thiopurine), prior to the appropriate pharmacogenetic test result being entered into the EHR. Our CDS can be readily modified to incorporate new genes or high-risk drugs as they emerge. Results Through November 2012, 35 customized pharmacogenetic rules have been implemented, including rules for TPMT with azathioprine, thioguanine, and mercaptopurine, and for CYP2D6 with codeine, tramadol, amitriptyline, fluoxetine, and paroxetine. Between May 2011 and November 2012, the pre-test alerts were electronically issued 1106 times (76 for thiopurines and 1030 for drugs metabolized by CYP2D6), and the post-test alerts were issued 1552 times (1521 for TPMT and 31 for CYP2D6). Analysis of alert outcomes revealed that the interruptive CDS appropriately guided prescribing in 95% of patients for whom they were issued. Conclusions Our experience illustrates the feasibility of developing computational systems that provide clinicians with actionable alerts for gene-based drug prescribing at the point of care. PMID:23978487

Issues in Language Testing Research.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Oller, John W., Jr., Ed.

Practical and technical aspects of language testing research are considered in 23 articles. Topical areas include: testing of general proficiency; the hypothesis of a single unitary factor accounting for reliable variance in tests; the structure of language proficiency; pros and cons of cloze testing; a new functional testing approach; and…

Prenatal screening: current practice, new developments, ethical challenges.

PubMed

de Jong, Antina; Maya, Idit; van Lith, Jan M M

2015-01-01

Prenatal screening pathways, as nowadays offered in most Western countries consist of similar tests. First, a risk-assessment test for major aneuploides is offered to pregnant women. In case of an increased risk, invasive diagnostic tests, entailing a miscarriage risk, are offered. For decades, only conventional karyotyping was used for final diagnosis. Moreover, several foetal ultrasound scans are offered to detect major congenital anomalies, but the same scans also provide relevant information for optimal support of the pregnancy and the delivery. Recent developments in prenatal screening include the application of microarrays that allow for identifying a much broader range of abnomalities than karyotyping, and non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) that enables reducing the number of invasive tests for aneuploidies considerably. In the future, broad NIPT may become possible and affordable. This article will briefly address the ethical issues raised by these technological developments. First, a safe NIPT may lead to routinisation and as such challenge the central issue of informed consent and the aim of prenatal screening: to offer opportunity for autonomous reproductive choice. Widening the scope of prenatal screening also raises the question to what extent 'reproductive autonomy' is meant to expand. Finally, if the same test is used for two different aims, namely detection of foetal anomalies and pregnancy-related problems, non-directive counselling can no longer be taken as a standard. Our broad outline of the ethical issues is meant as an introduction into the more detailed ethical discussions about prenatal screening in the other articles of this special issue. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Preservice Science Teachers' Informal Reasoning about Socioscientific Issues: The Influence of Issue Context

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Topcu, Mustafa Sami; Sadler, Troy D.; Yilmaz-Tuzun, Ozgul

2010-01-01

The purpose of the current study is to explicitly test the extent to which issue contexts affect the informal reasoning processes engaged in by individuals. In order to address the research question framing this study, we engaged 39 Turkish preservice science teachers (PSTs) in interviews designed to elicit argumentation related to multiple…

Survival analysis for a large scale forest health issue: Missouri oak decline

Treesearch

C.W. Woodall; P.L. Grambsch; W. Thomas; W.K. Moser

2005-01-01

Survival analysis methodologies provide novel approaches for forest mortality analysis that may aid in detecting, monitoring, and mitigating of large-scale forest health issues. This study examined survivor analysis for evaluating a regional forest health issue - Missouri oak decline. With a statewide Missouri forest inventory, log-rank tests of the effects of...

Ethical Issues and the Life Sciences. Test Edition. AAAS Study Guides on Contemporary Problems.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kieffer, George H.

This is one of several study guides on contemporary problems produced by the American Association for the Advancement of Science with support of the National Science Foundation. This study guide on Ethical Issues and the Life Sciences includes the following sections: (1) Introduction; (2) The Search for an Ethic; (3) Biomedical Issues including…

Journal of the Society of Accelerative Learning and Teaching, 1993.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Portes, Pedro R., Ed.

1993-01-01

Issue 1 and 2 is a special issue devoted to the cultural-historical school of thought about mental development based on the work of Lev Vygotsky. The four articles that discuss a cross section of issues from the Vygotskyan Paradigm are as follows: "Mind as a Cultural Achievement: Implications for IQ Testing" (Michael Cole); "Children's Social…

Regulation of Genetic Tests

MedlinePlus

... Informed Consent for Genomics Research Intellectual Property Online Bioethics Resources Privacy in Genomics Regulation of Genetic Tests ... Research Intellectual Property Issues in Genetics Archive Online Bioethics Resources Privacy in Genomics Regulation of Genetic Tests ...

Ten Issues in Criterion-Referenced Testing: A Response to Commonly Heard Criticisms.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Curlette, William L.; Stallings, William M.

1979-01-01

The 10 criticisms of criterion-referenced tests addressed in this paper are: the domains tested; pedagogical influence; difficulty of items; cumbersome reports; reliability; arbitrary criteria; local objectives; labeling; predictive validity; and repeated testing. (SJL)

An assessment of behavioral tests to detect impaired drivers

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1981-12-01

This study was conducted to assess the feasibility and practicality of roadside behavioral tests for driving impairment. Such tests are seen as complementary to chemical tests of blood drug concentration. Methodological issues in the use of behaviora...

Test vs. simulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wood, Charles C.

1991-01-01

The following topics are presented in tabular form: (1) simulation capability assessments (no propulsion system test); (2) advanced vehicle simulation capability assessment; (3) systems tests identified events; (4) main propulsion test article (MPTA) testing evaluation; (5) Saturn 5, 1B, and 1 testing evaluation. Special vehicle simulation issues that are propulsion related are briefly addressed.

Computerized Neuropsychological Assessment Devices: Joint Position Paper of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology and the National Academy of Neuropsychology†

PubMed Central

Bauer, Russell M.; Iverson, Grant L.; Cernich, Alison N.; Binder, Laurence M.; Ruff, Ronald M.; Naugle, Richard I.

2012-01-01

This joint position paper of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology and the National Academy of Neuropsychology sets forth our position on appropriate standards and conventions for computerized neuropsychological assessment devices (CNADs). In this paper, we first define CNADs and distinguish them from examiner-administered neuropsychological instruments. We then set forth position statements on eight key issues relevant to the development and use of CNADs in the healthcare setting. These statements address (a) device marketing and performance claims made by developers of CNADs; (b) issues involved in appropriate end-users for administration and interpretation of CNADs; (c) technical (hardware/software/firmware) issues; (d) privacy, data security, identity verification, and testing environment; (e) psychometric development issues, especially reliability, and validity; (f) cultural, experiential, and disability factors affecting examinee interaction with CNADs; (g) use of computerized testing and reporting services; and (h) the need for checks on response validity and effort in the CNAD environment. This paper is intended to provide guidance for test developers and users of CNADs that will promote accurate and appropriate use of computerized tests in a way that maximizes clinical utility and minimizes risks of misuse. The positions taken in this paper are put forth with an eye toward balancing the need to make validated CNADs accessible to otherwise underserved patients with the need to ensure that such tests are developed and utilized competently, appropriately, and with due concern for patient welfare and quality of care. PMID:22382386

Computerized Neuropsychological Assessment Devices: Joint Position Paper of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology and the National Academy of Neuropsychology†

PubMed Central

Bauer, Russell M.; Iverson, Grant L.; Cernich, Alison N.; Binder, Laurence M.; Ruff, Ronald M.; Naugle, Richard I.

2013-01-01

This joint position paper of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology and the National Academy of Neuropsychology sets forth our position on appropriate standards and conventions for computerized neuropsychological assessment devices (CNADs). In this paper, we first define CNADs and distinguish them from examiner-administered neuropsychological instruments. We then set forth position statements on eight key issues relevant to the development and use of CNADs in the healthcare setting. These statements address (a) device marketing and performance claims made by developers of CNADs; (b) issues involved in appropriate end-users for administration and interpretation of CNADs; (c) technical (hardware/software/firmware) issues; (d) privacy, data security, identity verification, and testing environment; (e) psychometric development issues, especially reliability and validity; (f) cultural, experiential, and disability factors affecting examinee interaction with CNADs; (g) use of computerized testing and reporting services; and (h) the need for checks on response validity and effort in the CNAD environment. This paper is intended to provide guidance for test developers and users of CNADs that will promote accurate and appropriate use of computerized tests in a way that maximizes clinical utility and minimizes risks of misuse. The positions taken in this paper are put forth with an eye toward balancing the need to make validated CNADs accessible to otherwise underserved patients with the need to ensure that such tests are developed and utilized competently, appropriately, and with due concern for patient welfare and quality of care. PMID:22394228

Ethics and Neuropsychiatric Genetics: A Review of Major Issues

PubMed Central

Hoge, Steven K.; Appelbaum, Paul S.

2012-01-01

Advances in neuropsychiatric genetics hold great hopes for improved prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. However, the power of genetic testing to identify individuals at increased risk for disorders and to convey information about relatives creates a set of complex ethical issues. Public attitudes are inevitably affected by the shadow of eugenics, with its history of distorting scientific findings to serve socio-political ends. Nonetheless, the growing availability of genetic tests means that more patients will seek genetic information, and physicians must manage the process of informed consent to allow meaningful decisions. Patients should be helped to understand the often-limited predictive power of current knowledge, potential psychological impact, risks of stigma and discrimination, and possible implications for family members. Decisions for predictive testing of children raise additional concerns, including distortions of family dynamics and negative effects on children’s self-image; testing is best deferred until adulthood unless preventive interventions exist. Pharmacogenomic testing, part of personalized medicine, may bring collateral susceptibility information for which patients should be prepared. The implications of genetic findings for families raise the question of whether physicians have duties to inform family members of implications for their health. Finally, participation in research in neuropsychiatric genetics evokes a broad range of ethical concerns, including the contentious issue of the extent to which results should be returned to individual subjects. As genetic science becomes more widely applied, the public will become more sophisticated and will be likely to demand a greater role in determining social policy on these issues. PMID:22272758

IVHS institutional issues and case studies : ADVANCE case study

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1994-04-01

This operational test case study is one of six performed in response to a Volpe National Transportation Systems Center technical task directive (TTD) to Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) entitled, IVHS Institutional Issues and ...

2-Mercaptobenzothiazole; Final Test Rule

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA is issuing a final test rule, under section 4 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) requiring manufacturers and processors of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT, CAS No. 149—30-4) to perform testing.

Challenge of COPD: Getting Tested

MedlinePlus

... please turn JavaScript on. Feature: The Challenge of COPD Getting Tested Past Issues / Fall 2014 Table of Contents Getting Tested Everyone at risk for COPD who has cough, sputum production, or shortness of ...

An evaluation of patients' experienced usability of a diabetes mHealth system using a multi-method approach.

PubMed

Georgsson, Mattias; Staggers, Nancy

2016-02-01

mHealth systems are becoming more common to aid patients in their diabetes self-management, but recent studies indicate a need for thorough evaluation of patients' experienced usability. Current evaluations lack a multi-method design for data collection and structured methods for data analyses. The purpose of this study was to provide a feasibility test of a multi-method approach for both data collection and data analyses for patients' experienced usability of a mHealth system for diabetes type 2 self-management. A random sample of 10 users was selected from a larger clinical trial. Data collection methods included user testing with eight representative tasks and Think Aloud protocol, a semi-structured interview and a questionnaire on patients' experiences using the system. The Framework Analysis (FA) method and Usability Problem Taxonomy (UPT) were used to structure, code and analyze the results. A usability severity rating was assigned after classification. The combined methods resulted in a total of 117 problems condensed into 19 usability issues with an average severity rating of 2.47 or serious. The usability test detected 50% of the initial usability problems, followed by the post-interview at 29%. The usability test found 18 of 19 consolidated usability problems while the questionnaire uncovered one unique issue. Patients experienced most usability problems (8) in the Glucose Readings View when performing complex tasks such as adding, deleting, and exporting glucose measurements. The severity ratings were the highest for the Glucose Diary View, Glucose Readings View, and Blood Pressure View with an average severity rating of 3 (serious). Most of the issues were classified under the artifact component of the UPT and primary categories of Visualness (7) and Manipulation (6). In the UPT task component, most issues were in the primary category Task-mapping (12). Multiple data collection methods yielded a more comprehensive set of usability issues. Usability testing uncovered the largest volume of usability issues, followed by interviewing and then the questionnaire. The interview did not surface any unique consolidated usability issues while the questionnaire surfaced one. The FA and UPT were valuable in structuring and classifying problems. The resulting descriptions serve as a communication tool in problem solving and programming. We recommend the usage of multiple methods in data collection and employing the FA and UPT in data analyses for future usability testing. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

BRCA1 genetic mutation and its link to ovarian cancer: implications for advanced practice nurses.

PubMed

Brunsvold, Amy N; Wung, Shu-Fen; Merkle, Carrie J

2005-12-01

The purpose of this paper is to review (a) the linkage between the BRCA1 gene and ovarian cancer and (b) BRCA1 testing and its related issues. This review is aimed for nurse practitioners (NPs), who may be in positions to identify those at risk for BRCA1-associated ovarian cancer and to assist patients with related issues. Data sources include reviews and original research from scholarly journals and Internet sites. Ovarian cancer is a deadly disease. Identification of those at risk because of BRCA1 mutation is possible through genetic testing. Testing for BRCA1 gene mutations has many implications whether results are positive or negative. Those with positive results will be faced with decisions regarding the best management strategies. Negative results do not completely eliminate ovarian cancer risk. Current management options for carriers of the BRCA1 mutation include taking no action, increasing surveillance for ovarian cancer, and chemoprevention with oral contraceptives or prophylactic oophorectomy for those who have completed childbearing. It is essential that NPs have knowledge underlying the issues and concerns of patients and their families at risk for BRCA1-associated ovarian cancer. NPs are in a unique position to help identify BRCA1 mutation carriers and to assist them and their families with the complex issues involving genetic testing and management options. Understanding these issues will allow NPs to give appropriate care that may include making appropriate referrals to certified genetic counselors and having balanced discussions on treatment options. Such measurements may improve early diagnosis of ovarian cancer and increase survival from this disease.

Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Japan on the Determination of Blood Relationship via DNA Testing.

PubMed

Toya, Waki

2017-01-01

DNA paternity testing has recently become more widely available in Japan. The aim of this paper is to examine the issues surrounding (1) the implementing agency, whether the testing is conducted in a commercial direct-to-consumer (DTC) setting or a judicial non-DTC setting, and (2) the implementation conditions and more specifically the legal capacity of the proband (test subject). Literature research in Japanese and English was conducted. Some countries prohibit commercial DNA testing without the consent of the proband or her or his legally authorized representative. But as in some cases, the results of DTC paternity testing have proven to be unreliable. I propose a complete prohibition of DTC DNA paternity testing in Japan. In many cases of paternity testing, the proband is a minor. This has led to debate about whether proxy consent is sufficient for paternity testing or whether additional safeguards (such as a court order) are required. In cases where commercial DNA testing has been conducted and the test results are produced in court as evidence, the court must judge whether or not to admit these results as evidence. Another important issue is whether or not paternity testing should be legally mandated in certain cases. If we come to the conclusion that DNA test results are the only way to conclusively establish a parent-child relationship, then our society may prioritize even more genetic relatedness over other conceptions of a parent-child relationship. This prioritization could adversely affect families created through assisted reproductive technology (ART), especially in situations where children are not aware of their biological parentage. This paper argues for a complete prohibition of DTC DNA paternity testing in Japan, and highlights that broader ethical and legal deliberation on such genetic services is required.

Client-Focused Security Assessment of mHealth Apps and Recommended Practices to Prevent or Mitigate Transport Security Issues

PubMed Central

Müthing, Jannis; Jäschke, Thomas

2017-01-01

Background Mobile health (mHealth) apps show a growing importance for patients and health care professionals. Apps in this category are diverse. Some display important information (ie, drug interactions), whereas others help patients to keep track of their health. However, insufficient transport security can lead to confidentiality issues for patients and medical professionals, as well as safety issues regarding data integrity. mHealth apps should therefore deploy intensified vigilance to protect their data and integrity. This paper analyzes the state of security in mHealth apps. Objective The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) identification of relevant transport issues in mHealth apps, (2) development of a platform for test purposes, and (3) recommendation of practices to mitigate them. Methods Security characteristics relevant to the transport security of mHealth apps were assessed, presented, and discussed. These characteristics were used in the development of a prototypical platform facilitating streamlined tests of apps. For the tests, six lists of the 10 most downloaded free apps from three countries and two stores were selected. As some apps were part of these top 10 lists in more than one country, 53 unique apps were tested. Results Out of the 53 apps tested from three European App Stores for Android and iOS, 21/53 (40%) showed critical results. All 21 apps failed to guarantee the integrity of data displayed. A total of 18 apps leaked private data or were observable in a way that compromised confidentiality between apps and their servers; 17 apps used unprotected connections; and two apps failed to validate certificates correctly. None of the apps tested utilized certificate pinning. Many apps employed analytics or ad providers, undermining user privacy. Conclusions The tests show that many mHealth apps do not apply sufficient transport security measures. The most common security issue was the use of any kind of unprotected connection. Some apps used secure connections only for selected tasks, leaving all other traffic vulnerable. PMID:29046271

Client-Focused Security Assessment of mHealth Apps and Recommended Practices to Prevent or Mitigate Transport Security Issues.

PubMed

Müthing, Jannis; Jäschke, Thomas; Friedrich, Christoph M

2017-10-18

Mobile health (mHealth) apps show a growing importance for patients and health care professionals. Apps in this category are diverse. Some display important information (ie, drug interactions), whereas others help patients to keep track of their health. However, insufficient transport security can lead to confidentiality issues for patients and medical professionals, as well as safety issues regarding data integrity. mHealth apps should therefore deploy intensified vigilance to protect their data and integrity. This paper analyzes the state of security in mHealth apps. The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) identification of relevant transport issues in mHealth apps, (2) development of a platform for test purposes, and (3) recommendation of practices to mitigate them. Security characteristics relevant to the transport security of mHealth apps were assessed, presented, and discussed. These characteristics were used in the development of a prototypical platform facilitating streamlined tests of apps. For the tests, six lists of the 10 most downloaded free apps from three countries and two stores were selected. As some apps were part of these top 10 lists in more than one country, 53 unique apps were tested. Out of the 53 apps tested from three European App Stores for Android and iOS, 21/53 (40%) showed critical results. All 21 apps failed to guarantee the integrity of data displayed. A total of 18 apps leaked private data or were observable in a way that compromised confidentiality between apps and their servers; 17 apps used unprotected connections; and two apps failed to validate certificates correctly. None of the apps tested utilized certificate pinning. Many apps employed analytics or ad providers, undermining user privacy. The tests show that many mHealth apps do not apply sufficient transport security measures. The most common security issue was the use of any kind of unprotected connection. Some apps used secure connections only for selected tasks, leaving all other traffic vulnerable. ©Jannis Müthing, Thomas Jäschke, Christoph M Friedrich. Originally published in JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth (http://mhealth.jmir.org), 18.10.2017.

Chemical Carcinogenesis Testing and Related Issues - Subchronic Studies and Related Issues

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-05-01

example, necrosis of i degree to be associated with a significant amount of regeneraW-In may ccmplicate the interpre- tation of a neoplastic rosponse...and not a formal mandate for the described procedure. Evidence of moderate to marked necrosis , (3+ to 4+), degen- eration, irritation, inflammation, or...test animals at a given dose to judge that dose to yield positive toxicity. If the degree of necrosis , degeneration, irritation, inflammation, or atrophy

Navy Littoral Combat Ship (LCS)/Frigate Program: Background and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-23

Defense Daily, June 2, 1014 : 4-5; Michael Fabey, “Robust Air Defense Not Needed In New Frigates, Studies Show,” Aerospace Daily & Defense Report...the frigate, according to an Aug. 7 notice posted to the Federal Business Opportunities website.48 Technical Risk and Issues Relating to Program...the Pentagon’s top test and evaluation officer. “Recent developmental testing provides no statistical evidence that the system is demonstrating

[New image of home nursing created by point of care testing (POCT) - examination of issues in the introduction of POCT].

PubMed

Hata, Kiyomi

2014-12-01

With the rising number of patients who rely on medical care, it is necessary to use evolving health care technology appropriately, to control health care costs, and to enhance the well-being of patients in the home care setting. Point of care testing (POCT)is instrumental system for such demands for home care; however, this term remains relatively unknown in Japan. For this research, I conducted a qualitative analysis of factors based on stories obtained through group interviews of 11 experienced home visiting nurses who work at three home-visit nursing stations for the purpose of clarifying issues in the introduction of POCT. The results of the research identified five categories and 16 subcategories for issues in the introduction of POCT. The identified categories are expected to be useful for the spread of POCT in the future. Key words: Point of care testing, Home care nursing.

Tests of Theories of Crime in Female Prisoners.

PubMed

Lindberg, Marc A; Fugett, April; Adkins, Ashtin; Cook, Kelsey

2017-02-01

Several general theories of crime were tested with path models on 293 female prisoners in a U.S. State prison. The theories tested included Social Bond and Control, Thrill/Risk Seeking, and a new attachment-based Developmental Dynamic Systems model. A large battery of different instruments ranging from measures of risk taking, to a crime addiction scale, to Childhood Adverse Events, to attachments and clinical issues were used. The older general theories of crime did not hold up well under the rigor of path modeling. The new dynamic systems model was supported that incorporated adverse childhood events leading to (a) peer crime, (b) crime addiction, and (c) a measure derived from the Attachment and Clinical Issues Questionnaire (ACIQ) that takes individual differences in attachments and clinical issues into account. The results were discussed in terms of new approaches to Research Defined Criteria of Diagnosis (RDoC) and new approaches to intervention.

A Technological and Historical Consideration of Equity Issues Associated with Proposals to Change the Nation's Testing Policy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Madaus, George F.

1994-01-01

Historically, such testing programs as intelligence tests and Chapter I minimum competency testing have inadvertently perpetuated inequalities. An equitable national testing program must look beyond the mystique of testing technologies, clearly define purposes of assessment, recruit minorities into the testing field, and establish an independent…

Viability of NLCD Products From IRS-P6, And From Landsat 7 Scan-gap Data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Coan, Michael

2007-01-01

Landcover test on Salt Lake test site illustrates potential issues with AWiFS/LISS-III for classification of certain land cover classes (evergreen, shrub/scrub, woody wetlands, emergent wetlands). Canopy and impervious graphs of product differences from source indicate slightly lower overall accuracies (shorter peaks, wider bases) for AWiFS/LISS-III, compared to L5/L7. Inspection of individual products from canopy and impervious estimate tests revealed issues with combining AWifs quadrants, and similar but less severe effects with combining multiple dates of L7 scan gap data.

Thermal Control Working Group report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haslett, Robert; Mahefkey, E. Thomas

1986-01-01

The Thermal Control Working Group limited its evaluation to issues associated with Earth orbiting and planetary spacecraft with power levels up to 50 kW. It was concluded that the space station technology is a necessary precursor but does not meet S/C 2000 needs (life, high heat flux, long term cryogenics, and survivability). Additional basic and applied research are required (fluid/materials compatibility and two phase system modeling). Scaling, the key issue, must define accelerated life test criteria. The two phase systems require 0g to 1 g correlation. Additional ground test beds are required and combined space environment tests of materials.

Fuels irradiation testing for the SP-100 program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Makenas, Bruce J.; Hales, Janell W.; Ward, Alva L.

1991-01-01

An SP-100 fuel pin irradiation testing program is well on the way to providing data for performance correlations and demonstrating the lifetime and safety of the fuel system of the compact lithium-cooled reactor. Key SP-100 fuel performance issues addressed are the need for low fuel swelling and low fission gas release to minimize cladding strain, and the need for barrier integrity to prevent fuel/cladding chemical interaction. This paper provides a description of the irradiation test program that addresses these key issues and summarizes recent results of posttest examinations including data obtained at 6 atom percent goal burnup.

Research Issues in Genetic Testing of Adolescents for Obesity

PubMed Central

Segal, Mary E.; Sankar, Pamela; Reed, Danielle R.

2006-01-01

Obesity is often established in adolescence, and advances are being made in identifying its genetic underpinnings. We examine issues related to the eventual likelihood of genetic tests for obesity targeted to adolescents: family involvement; comprehension of the test’s meaning; how knowledge of genetic status may affect psychological adaptation; minors’ ability to control events; parental/child autonomy; ability to make informed medical decisions; self-esteem; unclear distinctions between early/late onset for this condition; and social stigmatization. The public health arena will be important in educating families about possible future genetic tests for obesity. PMID:15478685

Federal Register notice: Isopropanol; Final Test Rule

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA is issuing a final test rule, under section 4 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), requiring manufacturers and processors of isopropanol (CAS No. 87-83-0) to perform testing for health effects.

2-Ethylhexanoic Acid; Final Test Rule

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA is issuing a final test rule, under section 4 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), requiring manufacturers and processors of 2-ethylhexanoic acid (EHA, CAS No. 149-57-5) to conduct testing.

Toxic Substances; Mesityl Oxide; Final Test Rule

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA is issuing a final test rule establishing testing requirements under section 4(a) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) for manufacturers and processors of mesityl oxide (MO; CAS No. 141-97-7).

Pretreatment Engineering Platform Phase 1 Final Test Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kurath, Dean E.; Hanson, Brady D.; Minette, Michael J.

2009-12-23

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) was tasked by Bechtel National Inc. (BNI) on the River Protection Project, Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (RPP-WTP) project to conduct testing to demonstrate the performance of the WTP Pretreatment Facility (PTF) leaching and ultrafiltration processes at an engineering-scale. In addition to the demonstration, the testing was to address specific technical issues identified in Issue Response Plan for Implementation of External Flowsheet Review Team (EFRT) Recommendations - M12, Undemonstrated Leaching Processes.( ) Testing was conducted in a 1/4.5-scale mock-up of the PTF ultrafiltration system, the Pretreatment Engineering Platform (PEP). Parallel laboratory testing wasmore » conducted in various PNNL laboratories to allow direct comparison of process performance at an engineering-scale and a laboratory-scale. This report presents and discusses the results of those tests.« less

Ethical considerations in the implementation of nutrigenetics/nutrigenomics.

PubMed

Hurlimann, Thierry; Robitaille, Julie; Vohl, Marie-Claude; Godard, Béatrice

2017-01-01

Awareness of ethical issues that may be raised by the implementation of nutrigenetic/nutrigenomic (NGx) testing and personalized nutrition, at an individual or a public health level, is crucial to ensure the latter's sound and effective implementation. NGx tests that are currently offered or developed have different natures and scopes. We provide an example of NGx testing on the MTHFR gene to illustrate the current challenges when it comes to grasp the meaning of the results of such testing. In addition, NGx testing is developed within an evolving landscape of new genomic technologies and occurs at a time when public health policies mainly focus on preventive and predictive healthcare, with an emphasis on increased individual responsibility. The ethical issues raised by such a context and the genetic nature of NGx testing both should be carefully evaluated.

Genetic testing for the BRCA1 gene and the need for protection from discrimination: an evolving legislative and social issue.

PubMed

Dressler, L

1998-04-01

Genetic testing for the BRCA1 gene is available commercially and clinically. The information gained from this test impacts not only on the individual tested, but on family members as well. The test can offer an individual and their family the opportunity to gain valuable information about their risks of developing certain forms of inherited breast cancer and other inherited cancers. In addition to its emotional and psychological impact, this information is associated with significant social and economic issues. This includes the potential for denial, loss, or increased rates for health insurance as well as denial and loss of employment based on genetic test information. The risk for such discrimination can lead to fear of seeking testing and can discourage participation in and potential benefit from prevention, screening, and treatment programs. Therefore, misuse of this information carries significant risk for the individual being tested and for their family members. It is imperative that the potential benefits of genetic testing and genetic information be afforded to all without this risk and fear. In addition to protecting all individuals from genetic discrimination, there is a need to protect the confidentiality of genetic information and an individual's right to privacy. This article discusses protection currently available through legislation at the federal and state level, focusing on the experience in North Carolina in developing and passing a genetic antidiscrimination bill. Although progress has been made, troublesome issues still remain.

Smoking and Health: Role of Magazines in the Development of an Issue.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Paine, Fred K.

To outline the development of smoking as a health issue as it was covered by magazines, a study tested the hypotheses that (1) the pattern of media attention to the issue would begin in professional and scientific journals, expand into books and government publications, and then appear in consumer magazines; and (2) the distribution of subtopics…

Neutron-rich rare-isotope production from projectile fission of heavy nuclei near 20 MeV/nucleon beam energy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vonta, N.; Souliotis, G. A.; Loveland, W.; Kwon, Y. K.; Tshoo, K.; Jeong, S. C.; Veselsky, M.; Bonasera, A.; Botvina, A.

2016-12-01

We investigate the possibilities of producing neutron-rich nuclides in projectile fission of heavy beams in the energy range of 20 MeV/nucleon expected from low-energy facilities. We report our efforts to theoretically describe the reaction mechanism of projectile fission following a multinucleon transfer collision at this energy range. Our calculations are mainly based on a two-step approach: The dynamical stage of the collision is described with either the phenomenological deep-inelastic transfer model (DIT) or with the microscopic constrained molecular dynamics model (CoMD). The de-excitation or fission of the hot heavy projectile fragments is performed with the statistical multifragmentation model (SMM). We compared our model calculations with our previous experimental projectile-fission data of 238U (20 MeV/nucleon) + 208Pb and 197Au (20 MeV/nucleon) + 197Au and found an overall reasonable agreement. Our study suggests that projectile fission following peripheral heavy-ion collisions at this energy range offers an effective route to access very neutron-rich rare isotopes toward and beyond the astrophysical r-process path.

The Exercise of Power: Developing Reasonable School Policies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sprang, Kenneth A.

1987-01-01

Offers a lesson in which students examine the issue of mandatory drug and alcohol testing in public schools. Students develop a policy for their own school after considering a hypothetical policy statement and attendant legal issues. (JDH)

Virtual Shaker Testing: Simulation Technology Improves Vibration Test Performance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ricci, Stefano; Peeters, Bart; Fetter, Rebecca; Boland, Doug; Debille, Jan

2008-01-01

In the field of vibration testing, the interaction between the structure being tested and the instrumentation hardware used to perform the test is a critical issue. This is particularly true when testing massive structures (e.g. satellites), because due to physical design and manufacturing limits, the dynamics of the testing facility often couples with the test specimen one in the frequency range of interest. A further issue in this field is the standard use of a closed loop real-time vibration control scheme, which could potentially shift poles and change damping of the aforementioned coupled system. Virtual shaker testing is a novel approach to deal with these issues. It means performing a simulation which closely represents the real vibration test on the specific facility by taking into account all parameters which might impact the dynamic behavior of the specimen. In this paper, such a virtual shaker testing approach is developed. It consists of the following components: (1) Either a physical-based or an equation-based coupled electro-mechanical lumped parameter shaker model is created. The model parameters are obtained from manufacturer's specifications or by carrying out some dedicated experiments; (2) Existing real-time vibration control algorithm are ported to the virtual simulation environment; and (3) A structural model of the test object is created and after defining proper interface conditions structural modes are computed by means of the well-established Craig-Bampton CMS technique. At this stage, a virtual shaker test has been run, by coupling the three described models (shaker, control loop, structure) in a co-simulation routine. Numerical results have eventually been correlated with experimental ones in order to assess the robustness of the proposed methodology.

Development of a Semi-Span Test Capability at the National Transonic Facility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gatlin, G. M.; Parker, P. A.; Owens, L. R., Jr.

2001-01-01

A need for low-speed, high Reynolds number test capabilities has been identified for the design and development of advanced subsonic transport high-lift systems. In support of this need, multiple investigations have been conducted in the National Transonic Facility (NTF) at the NASA Langley Research Center to develop a semi-span testing capability that will provide the low-speed, flight Reynolds number data currently unattainable using conventional sting-mounted, full-span models. Although a semi-span testing capability will effectively double the Reynolds number capability over full-span models, it does come at the expense of contending with the issue of the interaction of the flow over the model with the windtunnel wall boundary layer. To address this issue the size and shape of the semi-span model mounting geometry have been investigated, and the results are presented herein. The cryogenic operating environment of the NTF produced another semi-span test technique issue in that varying thermal gradients have developed on the large semi-span balance. The suspected cause of these thermal gradients and methods to eliminate them are presented. Data are also presented that demonstrate the successful elimination of these varying thermal gradients during cryogenic operations.

Performance testing of supercapacitors: Important issues and uncertainties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Jingyuan; Gao, Yinghan; Burke, Andrew F.

2017-09-01

Supercapacitors are a promising technology for high power energy storage, which have been used in some industrial and vehicles applications. Hence, it is important that information concerning the performance of supercapacitors be detailed and reliable so system designers can make rational decisions regarding the selection of the energy storage components. This paper is concerned with important issues and uncertainties regarding the performance testing of supercapacitors. The effect of different test procedures on the measured characteristics of both commercial and prototype supercapacitors including hybrid supercapacitors have been studied. It was found that the test procedure has a relatively minor effect on the capacitance of carbon/carbon devices and a more significant effect on the capacitance of hybrid supercapacitors. The device characteristic with the greatest uncertainty is the resistance and subsequently the claimed power capability of the device. The energy density should be measured by performing constant power discharges between appropriate voltage limits. This is particularly important in the case of hybrid supercapacitors for which the energy density is rate dependent and the simple relationship E = ½CV2 does not yield accurate estimates of the energy stored. In general, most of the important issues for testing carbon/carbon devices become more serious for hybrid supercapacitors.

Beyond research: a primer for considerations on using viral metagenomics in the field and clinic.

PubMed

Hall, Richard J; Draper, Jenny L; Nielsen, Fiona G G; Dutilh, Bas E

2015-01-01

Powered by recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies, metagenomics has already unveiled vast microbial biodiversity in a range of environments, and is increasingly being applied in clinics for difficult-to-diagnose cases. It can be tempting to suggest that metagenomics could be used as a "universal test" for all pathogens without the need to conduct lengthy serial testing using specific assays. While this is an exciting prospect, there are issues that need to be addressed before metagenomic methods can be applied with rigor as a diagnostic tool, including the potential for incidental findings, unforeseen consequences for trade and regulatory authorities, privacy and cultural issues, data sharing, and appropriate reporting of results to end-users. These issues will require consideration and discussion across a range of disciplines, with inclusion of scientists, ethicists, clinicians, diagnosticians, health practitioners, and ultimately the public. Here, we provide a primer for consideration on some of these issues.

An analysis of patient-provider secure messaging at two Veterans Health Administration medical centers: message content and resolution through secure messaging.

PubMed

Shimada, Stephanie L; Petrakis, Beth Ann; Rothendler, James A; Zirkle, Maryan; Zhao, Shibei; Feng, Hua; Fix, Gemmae M; Ozkaynak, Mustafa; Martin, Tracey; Johnson, Sharon A; Tulu, Bengisu; Gordon, Howard S; Simon, Steven R; Woods, Susan S

2017-09-01

We sought to understand how patients and primary care teams use secure messaging (SM) to communicate with one another by analyzing secure message threads from 2 Department of Veterans Affairs facilities. We coded 1000 threads of SM communication sampled from 40 primary care teams. Most threads (94.5%) were initiated by patients (90.4%) or caregivers (4.1%); only 5.5% were initiated by primary care team members proactively reaching out to patients. Medication renewals and refills (47.2%), scheduling requests (17.6%), medication issues (12.9%), and health issues (12.7%) were the most common patient-initiated requests, followed by referrals (7.0%), administrative issues (6.5%), test results (5.4%), test issues (5.2%), informing messages (4.9%), comments about the patient portal or SM (4.1%), appreciation (3.9%), self-reported data (2.8%), life issues (1.5%), and complaints (1.5%). Very few messages were clinically urgent (0.7%) or contained other potentially challenging content. Message threads were mostly short (2.7 messages), comprising an average of 1.35 discrete content types. A substantial proportion of issues (24.2%) did not show any evidence of being resolved through SM. Time to response and extent of resolution via SM varied by message content. Proactive SM use by teams varied, but was most often for test results (32.7%), medication-related issues (21.8%), medication renewals (16.4%), or scheduling issues (18.2%). The majority of messages were transactional and initiated by patients or caregivers. Not all content categories were fully addressed over SM. Further education and training for both patients and clinical teams could improve the quality and efficiency of SM communication. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Medical Informatics Association 2017. This work is written by US Government employees and is in the public domain in the United States.

An introduction to multiplicity issues in clinical trials: the what, why, when and how.

PubMed

Li, Guowei; Taljaard, Monica; Van den Heuvel, Edwin R; Levine, Mitchell Ah; Cook, Deborah J; Wells, George A; Devereaux, Philip J; Thabane, Lehana

2017-04-01

In clinical trials it is not uncommon to face a multiple testing problem which can have an impact on both type I and type II error rates, leading to inappropriate interpretation of trial results. Multiplicity issues may need to be considered at the design, analysis and interpretation stages of a trial. The proportion of trial reports not adequately correcting for multiple testing remains substantial. The purpose of this article is to provide an introduction to multiple testing issues in clinical trials, and to reduce confusion around the need for multiplicity adjustments. We use a tutorial, question-and-answer approach to address the key issues of why, when and how to consider multiplicity adjustments in trials. We summarize the relevant circumstances under which multiplicity adjustments ought to be considered, as well as options for carrying out multiplicity adjustments in terms of trial design factors including Population, Intervention/Comparison, Outcome, Time frame and Analysis (PICOTA). Results are presented in an easy-to-use table and flow diagrams. Confusion about multiplicity issues can be reduced or avoided by considering the potential impact of multiplicity on type I and II errors and, if necessary pre-specifying statistical approaches to either avoid or adjust for multiplicity in the trial protocol or analysis plan. © The Author 2016; all rights reserved. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association.

Methyl Ethyl Ketoxime; Final Test Rule

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA is issuing this final test rule under section 4 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), requiring manufacturers and processors of methyl ethyl ketoxime (MEKO, CAS No. 96-29-7) to perform testing for health effects.

Storming the Molecular Diagnostic IP Fortress

PubMed Central

TERRY, MARK

2006-01-01

How genes are patented, and how companies control those patents through licensing, raises issues of patient access to medical tests, monopolistic business practices, ethics, lab-test quality, and the future of genetic test development. PMID:23424336

Drug Testing: A National Controversy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stone, Karen; Thompson, Judith R.

1989-01-01

Addresses some of the controversies and illustrates the historical background of drug testing and what the different drug tests are. Also outlines some national statistics and opinions on drug testing and the results of a survey taken of a Louisiana population dealing with this issue. (NB)

Tests of Measurement Invariance without Subgroups: A Generalization of Classical Methods

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Merkle, Edgar C.; Zeileis, Achim

2013-01-01

The issue of measurement invariance commonly arises in factor-analytic contexts, with methods for assessment including likelihood ratio tests, Lagrange multiplier tests, and Wald tests. These tests all require advance definition of the number of groups, group membership, and offending model parameters. In this paper, we study tests of measurement…

Bias in Mental Testing.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jensen, Arthur R.

The first eight chapters of this book introduce the topic of test bias. The basic issues involved in criticisms of mental tests and arguments about test bias include: (1) variety of tests and test items; (2) scaling of scores and the form of the distribution of abilities in the population; (3) quantification of subpopulation differences; (4)…

78 FR 66700 - Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Testing; Receipt of Test Data

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-06

... Chemical Testing; Receipt of Test Data AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: This notice announces EPA's receipt of test data on 21 chemicals. These data were submitted pursuant to 3 test rules issued by EPA under section 4 of the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA). The...

78 FR 69414 - Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Testing; Receipt of Test Data

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-19

... Chemical Testing; Receipt of Test Data AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: This notice announces EPA's receipt of test data on 1- propanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-(2-propen-1-yloxy)-, sodium salt (1:1). These data were submitted pursuant to a test rule issued by EPA...

49 CFR 391.31 - Road test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Road test. 391.31 Section 391.31 Transportation... COMBINATION VEHICLE (LCV) DRIVER INSTRUCTORS Tests § 391.31 Road test. (a) Except as provided in subpart G, a... test and has been issued a certificate of driver's road test in accordance with this section. (b) The...

Developments in LSP Testing 30 Years On? The Case of Aviation English

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Emery, Henry John

2014-01-01

The proceedings of the first Language Testing Forum in 1980 were published in "ELT Documents 111: Issues in Language Testing" (Alderson & Hughes, 1981). Discussants at the 1980 Forum raised a number questions on Language for Specific Purposes (LSP) testing relating, notably, to test specificity, test content, the relationship between…

78 FR 63823 - Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Television Sets

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-25

... Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Television Sets AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable... Energy (DOE) issued a notice of proposed rulemaking (NOPR) to establish a new test procedure for... additional testing and proposed amendments to the TV test procedure in its March 12, 2013 supplemental notice...

76 FR 50145 - Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Residential Clothes Dryers

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-12

... EERE-2011-BT-TP-0054] RIN 1904-AC63 Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Residential...: Request for information. SUMMARY: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has initiated a test procedure... clothes dryer test procedure. DOE will address the issues surrounding testing of automatic cycle...

Optimal Assembly of Psychological and Educational Tests.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

van der Linden, Wim J.

1998-01-01

Reviews optimal test-assembly literature and introduces the contributions to this special issue. Discusses four approaches to computerized test assembly: (1) heuristic-based test assembly; (2) 0-1 linear programming; (3) network-flow programming; and (4) an optimal design approach. Contains a bibliography of 90 sources on test assembly.…

The Drug Testing of College Athletes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leeson, Todd A.

1989-01-01

The paper examines the state of drug testing of college athletes and the challenges faced by the National Collegiate Athletic Association and university testing programs. State and federal litigation on drug testing is reviewed along with other issues in the drug-testing debate. Practical recommendations are offered to educational institutions.…

International Guidelines on Computer-Based and Internet-Delivered Testing

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

International Journal of Testing, 2006

2006-01-01

Developed by the International Test Commission, the International Guidelines on Computer-Based and Internet-Delivered Testing are a set of guidelines specifically developed to highlight good practice issues in relation to computer/Internet tests and testing. These guidelines have been developed from an international perspective and are directed at…

Testing the Sexually Abused Child for the HIV Antibody: Issues for the Social Worker.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gellert, George A.; And Others

1993-01-01

Discusses identifying children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through sexual abuse. Reviews testing guidelines. Sees social workers contributing to test decision making when perinatal HIV transmissions is possibility, when assailant may be tested, and when parents/legal guardians insist on testing child. Discusses family…

Factors Affecting Item Difficulty in English Listening Comprehension Tests

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sung, Pei-Ju; Lin, Su-Wei; Hung, Pi-Hsia

2015-01-01

Task difficulty is a critical issue affecting test developers. Controlling or balancing the item difficulty of an assessment improves its validity and discrimination. Test developers construct tests from the cognitive perspective, by making the test constructing process more scientific and efficient; thus, the scores obtained more precisely…

Methodological issues with adaptation of clinical trial design.

PubMed

Hung, H M James; Wang, Sue-Jane; O'Neill, Robert T

2006-01-01

Adaptation of clinical trial design generates many issues that have not been resolved for practical applications, though statistical methodology has advanced greatly. This paper focuses on some methodological issues. In one type of adaptation such as sample size re-estimation, only the postulated value of a parameter for planning the trial size may be altered. In another type, the originally intended hypothesis for testing may be modified using the internal data accumulated at an interim time of the trial, such as changing the primary endpoint and dropping a treatment arm. For sample size re-estimation, we make a contrast between an adaptive test weighting the two-stage test statistics with the statistical information given by the original design and the original sample mean test with a properly corrected critical value. We point out the difficulty in planning a confirmatory trial based on the crude information generated by exploratory trials. In regards to selecting a primary endpoint, we argue that the selection process that allows switching from one endpoint to the other with the internal data of the trial is not very likely to gain a power advantage over the simple process of selecting one from the two endpoints by testing them with an equal split of alpha (Bonferroni adjustment). For dropping a treatment arm, distributing the remaining sample size of the discontinued arm to other treatment arms can substantially improve the statistical power of identifying a superior treatment arm in the design. A common difficult methodological issue is that of how to select an adaptation rule in the trial planning stage. Pre-specification of the adaptation rule is important for the practicality consideration. Changing the originally intended hypothesis for testing with the internal data generates great concerns to clinical trial researchers.

New Frameworks for Detecting and Minimizing Information Leakage in Anonymized Network Data

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-10-01

researcher the exact extent to which a particular utility is affected by the anonymization. For instance, Karr et al.’s use of the Kullback - Leibler ...technical, legal, policy, and privacy issues limit the ability of operators to produce data sets for information security testing . In an effort to...technical, legal, policy, and privacy issues limit the ability of operators to produce datasets for information security testing . In an effort to help

Global gene mining and the pharmaceutical industry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Knudsen, Lisbeth E.

2005-09-01

Worldwide efforts are ongoing in optimizing medical treatment by searching for the right medicine at the right dose for the individual. Metabolism is regulated by polymorphisms, which may be tested by relatively simple SNP analysis, however requiring DNA from the test individuals. Target genes for the efficiency of a given medicine or predisposition of a given disease are also subject to population studies, e.g., in Iceland, Estonia, Sweden, etc. For hypothesis testing and generation, several bio-banks with samples from patients and healthy persons within the pharmaceutical industry have been established during the past 10 years. Thus, more than 100,000 samplesmore » are stored in the freezers of either the pharmaceutical companies or their contractual partners at universities and test institutions. Ethical issues related to data protection of the individuals providing samples to bio-banks are several: nature and extent of information prior to consent, coverage of the consent given by the study person, labeling and storage of the sample and data (coded or anonymized). In general, genetic test data, once obtained, are permanent and cannot be changed. The test data may imply information that is not beneficial to the patient and his/her family (e.g., employment opportunities, insurance, etc.). Furthermore, there may be a long latency between the analysis of the genetic test and the clinical expression of the disease and wide differences in the disease patterns. Consequently, information about some genetic test data may stigmatize patients leading to poor quality of life. This has raised the issue of 'genetic exceptionalism' justifying specific regulation of use of genetic information. Discussions on how to handle sampling and data are ongoing within the industry and the regulatory sphere, the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA) having issued a position paper, the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) having a working group on this issue, and the European Society of Human Genetics preparing background paper on 'Polymorphic sequence variants in medicine: Technical, social, legal and ethical issues. Pharmacogenetics as an example'. Within the European project Privacy in Research Ethics and Law (PRIVIREAL), recommendations for common European guidelines for membership in research ethical committees have been discussed, balancing the interests and assuring independence and legal competence. Good decision making, assuring legality of protocols and assessment of data protection is suggested to be part of any evaluation of protocols.« less

Issues and Trends in Language Testing and Assessment in Thailand

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Prapphal, Kanchana

2008-01-01

This paper aims to present an overview of language testing in Thailand. Language testing practices in the past are also reviewed. Attention is paid to the washback effects of language tests, the use of language tests in school admissions, questions of test validity, the emergence of standardized tests, the influence of societal values on testing…

Three controversies over item disclosure in medical licensure examinations.

PubMed

Park, Yoon Soo; Yang, Eunbae B

2015-01-01

In response to views on public's right to know, there is growing attention to item disclosure - release of items, answer keys, and performance data to the public - in medical licensure examinations and their potential impact on the test's ability to measure competence and select qualified candidates. Recent debates on this issue have sparked legislative action internationally, including South Korea, with prior discussions among North American countries dating over three decades. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze three issues associated with item disclosure in medical licensure examinations - 1) fairness and validity, 2) impact on passing levels, and 3) utility of item disclosure - by synthesizing existing literature in relation to standards in testing. Historically, the controversy over item disclosure has centered on fairness and validity. Proponents of item disclosure stress test takers' right to know, while opponents argue from a validity perspective. Item disclosure may bias item characteristics, such as difficulty and discrimination, and has consequences on setting passing levels. To date, there has been limited research on the utility of item disclosure for large scale testing. These issues requires ongoing and careful consideration.

Lessons Learned (3 Years of H2O2 Propulsion System Testing Efforts at NASA's John C. Stennis Space Center)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Taylor, Gary O.

2001-01-01

John C. Stennis Space Center continues to support the Propulsion community in an effort to validate High-Test Peroxide as an alternative to existing/future oxidizers. This continued volume of peroxide test/handling activity at Stennis Space Center (SSC) provides numerous opportunities for the SSC team to build upon previously documented 'lessons learned'. SSC shall continue to strive to document their experience and findings as H2O2 issues surface. This paper is intended to capture all significant peroxide issues that we have learned over the last three years. This data (lessons learned) has been formulated from practical handling, usage, storage, operations, and initial development/design of our systems/facility viewpoint. The paper is intended to be an information type tool and limited in technical rational; therefore, presenting the peroxide community with some issues to think about as the continued interest in peroxide evolves and more facilities/hardware are built. These lessons learned are intended to assist industry in mitigating problems and identifying potential pitfalls when dealing with the requirements for handling high-test peroxide.

Altair

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rucker, Michelle a.

2009-01-01

This slide presentation explores some of the issues that concern the engineers and planners of the Altair Lunar landing module. Particular attention is paid to the issues concerning Lunar dust, and attempts that will be made to test the Altair systems using Lunar dust simulants.

Cybernetics and Education (Special Issue)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kopstein, Felix F., Ed.

1977-01-01

This is a special issue examining the potential of cybernetics in educational technology. Articles discuss: cybernetic methods, algorithms, feedback learning theory, a structural approach to behavioral objectives and criterion-referenced testing, task specifications and diagnosis, teacher-child interaction, educational development, teaching…

Impacts on non-human biota from a generic geological disposal facility for radioactive waste: some key assessment issues.

PubMed

Robinson, C A; Smith, K L; Norris, S

2010-06-01

This paper provides an overview of key issues associated with the application of currently available biota dose assessment methods to consideration of potential environmental impacts from geological disposal facilities. It explores philosophical, methodological and practical assessment issues and reviews the implications of test assessment results in the context of recent and on-going challenges and debates.

Are the kids really all right? Direct-to-consumer genetic testing in children: are company policies clashing with professional norms?

PubMed

Howard, Heidi Carmen; Avard, Denise; Borry, Pascal

2011-11-01

The genetic testing of minors within the direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing (GT) context has been given relatively little attention. The issue of testing healthy children for diseases that would only develop in adulthood raises many important ethical, legal and social issues. As genetic testing is now available outside of the traditional health care system, often without even the intermediate of a health care professional, we surveyed 37 DTC GT companies regarding their policies for testing in children. Although the response rate is relatively low (35%, 13/37), our findings reveal that a clear majority of companies do perform genetic testing in minors. As such, companies testing for adult onset diseases are acting in contradiction of established professional guidelines, which state, among others, that, for predictive genetic testing, the availability of therapeutic or preventive measures is necessary for testing to be performed in asymptomatic minors. The community of stakeholders in children's health care and genetic testing should, therefore, decide which standards need to be upheld by DTC GT companies and ensure that these are met.

[Assessment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boylan, Hunter R., Ed.; Kerstiens, Gene, Ed.

1989-01-01

These four serial issues examine the effectiveness and appropriateness of a variety of assessment tests as well as their relationship to developmental education. Included are reviews of the following tests: (1) the Comparative Guidance and Placement Program, a self-scoring test of English and mathematics; (2) the Stanford Achievement Test, an…

Stirling Space Engine Program. Volume 2; Appendixes A, B, C and D

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dhar, Manmohan

1999-01-01

The objective of this program was to develop the technology necessary for operating Stirling power converters in a space environment and to demonstrate this technology in full-scale engine tests. Volume 2 of the report includes the following appendices: Appendix A: Heater Head Development (Starfish Heater Head Program, 1/10th Segment and Full-Scale Heat Pipes, and Sodium Filling and Processing); Appendix B: Component Test Power Converter (CTPC) Component Development (High-temperature Organic Materials, Heat Exchanger Fabrication, Beryllium Issues, Sodium Issues, Wear Couple Tests, Pressure Boundary Penetrations, Heating System Heaters, and Cooler Flow Test); Appendix C: Udimet Testing (Selection of the Reference Material for the Space Stirling Engine Heater Head, Udimet 720LI Creep Test Result Update, Final Summary of Space Stirling Endurance Engine Udimet 720L1 Fatigue Testing Results, Udimet 720l1 Weld Development Summary, and Udimet 720L1 Creep Test Final Results Summary), and Appendix D: CTPC Component Development Photos.

TRAN-STAT: statistics for environmental transuranic studies, July 1978, Number 5

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

This issue is concerned with nonparametric procedures for (1) estimating the central tendency of a population, (2) describing data sets through estimating percentiles, (3) estimating confidence limits for the median and other percentiles, (4) estimating tolerance limits and associated numbers of samples, and (5) tests of significance and associated procedures for a variety of testing situations (counterparts to t-tests and analysis of variance). Some characteristics of several nonparametric tests are illustrated using the NAEG /sup 241/Am aliquot data presented and discussed in the April issue of TRAN-STAT. Some of the statistical terms used here are defined in a glossary. Themore » reference list also includes short descriptions of nonparametric books. 31 references, 3 figures, 1 table.« less

Genetic Testing for Minors: Comparison between Italian and British Guidelines

PubMed Central

Tozzo, Pamela; Caenazzo, Luciana; Rodriguez, Daniele

2012-01-01

Genetic testing in children raises many important ethical, legal, and social issues. One of the main concerns is the ethically inappropriate genetic testing of minors. Various European countries established professional guidelines which reflect the different countries perspectives regarding the main ethical issues involved. In this paper, we analyze the Italian and the British guidelines by highlighting differences and similarities. We discuss presymptomatic, predictive, and carrier testing because we consider them to be the more ethically problematic types of genetic testing in minors. In our opinion, national guidelines should take into account the different needs in clinical practice. At the same time, in the case of genetic testing the national and supranational protection of minors could be strengthened by approving guidelines based on a common framework of principles and values. We suggest that the Oviedo Convention could represent an example of such a common framework or, at least, it could lead to articulate it. PMID:22567400