Large-scale displacement following the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, T.; Peng, D.; Barbot, S.; Wei, S.; Shi, X.

2017-12-01

The 2016 Mw 7.9 Kaikōura earthquake occurred near the southern termination of the Hikurangi subduction system, where a transition from subduction to strike-slip motion dominates the pre-seismic strain accumulation. Dense spatial coverage of the GPS measurements and large amount of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) images provide valuable constraints, from the near field to the far field, to study how the slip is distributed among the subduction interface and the overlying fault system before, during and after the earthquake. We extract time-series deformation from the New Zealand continuous GPS network, and SAR images acquired from Japanese ALOS-2 and European Sentinel-1A/B satellites to image the surface deformation related to the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake. Both GPS and InSAR data, which cover the entire New Zealand region, show that the co-seismic and post-seismic deformations are distributed in an extraordinary large area, as far as to the north tip of the North Island. Based on a coseismic slip model derived from seismic and geodetic observations, we calculate the stress perturbation incurred by the earthquake. We explore a range of possibilities of friction laws and rheology via a linear combination of strain rate in finite volumes and slip velocity on ruptured faults. We obtain the slip distribution that can best explain our geodetic measurements using outlier-insensitive hierarchical Bayesian model, to better understand different mechanisms behind the localized shallow after slip and distributed deformation. Our results indicate that complex interactions between the subduction interface and the overlying fault system play an important role in causing such large-scale deformation during and after the earthquake event.

Diverse foraging strategies by a marine top predator: Sperm whales exploit pelagic and demersal habitats in the Kaikōura submarine canyon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guerra, M.; Hickmott, L.; van der Hoop, J.; Rayment, W.; Leunissen, E.; Slooten, E.; Moore, M.

2017-10-01

The submarine canyon off Kaikōura (New Zealand) is an extremely productive deep-sea habitat, and an important foraging ground for male sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). We used high-resolution archival tags to study the diving behaviour of sperm whales, and used the echoes from their echolocation sounds to estimate their distance from the seafloor. Diving depths and distance above the seafloor were obtained for 28 dives from six individuals. Whales foraged at depths between 284 and 1433 m, targeting mesopelagic and demersal prey layers. The majority of foraging buzzes occurred within one of three vertical strata: within 50 m of the seafloor, mid-water at depths of 700-900 m, and mid-water at depths of 400-600 m. Sperm whales sampled during this study performed more demersal foraging than that reported in any previous studies - including at Kaikōura in further inshore waters. This suggests that the extreme benthic productivity of the Kaikōura Canyon is reflected in the trophic preferences of these massive top predators. We found some evidence for circadian patterns in the foraging behaviour of sperm whales, which might be related to vertical movements of their prey following the deep scattering layer. We explored the ecological implications of the whales' foraging preferences on their habitat use, highlighting the need for further research on how submarine canyons facilitate top predator hotspots.

Effects of Inundation by the 14th November, 2016 Kaikōura Tsunami on Banks Peninsula, Canterbury, New Zealand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lane, Emily M.; Borrero, Jose; Whittaker, Colin N.; Bind, Jo; Chagué-Goff, Catherine; Goff, James; Goring, Derek; Hoyle, Jo; Mueller, Christof; Power, William L.; Reid, Catherine M.; Williams, James H.; Williams, Shaun P.

2017-05-01

At 12:02:56 a.m. Monday, November 14 2016 NZDT (11:02:56 a.m., November 13 2016 UTC) a magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck near Kaikōura on the north-eastern coast of the South Island of New Zealand. This earthquake caused a tsunami along New Zealand's east coast that was recorded on a number of sea level gauges. Outside of the Kaikōura region, north facing bays along Banks Peninsula were most affected by the tsunami. Of these, Little Pigeon Bay experienced extensive inundation and an unoccupied cottage was destroyed by the wave run-up. We report on the inundation extent and (inferred) flow directions at Little Pigeon Bay, including a study on temporal changes in the field evidence of this inundation. Preliminary modelling results indicate that the waves may have excited resonance in the bay. We also present results from inundation surveys of nearby, north-facing bays on Banks Peninsula. The excitation of resonance in Little Pigeon Bay provides an explanation for the more severe inundation and damage there in comparison to these nearby bays.

Tsunami runup and tide-gauge observations from the 14 November 2016 M7.8 Kaikōura earthquake, New Zealand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Power, William; Clark, Kate; King, Darren N.; Borrero, Jose; Howarth, Jamie; Lane, Emily M.; Goring, Derek; Goff, James; Chagué-Goff, Catherine; Williams, James; Reid, Catherine; Whittaker, Colin; Mueller, Christof; Williams, Shaun; Hughes, Matthew W.; Hoyle, Jo; Bind, Jochen; Strong, Delia; Litchfield, Nicola; Benson, Adrian

2017-07-01

The 2016 M w 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake was one of the largest earthquakes in New Zealand's historical record, and it generated the most significant local source tsunami to affect New Zealand since 1947. There are many unusual features of this earthquake from a tsunami perspective: the epicentre was well inland of the coast, multiple faults were involved in the rupture, and the greatest tsunami damage to residential property was far from the source. In this paper, we summarise the tectonic setting and the historical and geological evidence for past tsunamis on this coast, then present tsunami tide gauge and runup field observations of the tsunami that followed the Kaikōura earthquake. For the size of the tsunami, as inferred from the measured heights, the impact of this event was relatively modest, and we discuss the reasons for this which include: the state of the tide at the time of the earthquake, the degree of co-seismic uplift, and the nature of the coastal environment in the tsunami source region.

Landslides triggered by the 14 November 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake, New Zealand

USGS Publications Warehouse

Massey, C.; Townsend, D.; Rathje, Ellen M.; Allstadt, Kate E.; Lukovic, B.; Kaneko, Yoshihiro; Bradley, Brendon A.; Wartman, J.; Jibson, Randall W.; Petley, D. N.; Horspool, Nick; Hamling, I.; Carey, J.; Cox, S.; Davidson, John; Dellow, S.; Godt, Jonathan W.; Holden, Christopher; Jones, Katherine D.; Kaiser, Anna E.; Little, M.; Lyndsell, B.; McColl, S.; Morgenstern, R.; Rengers, Francis K.; Rhoades, D.; Rosser, B.; Strong, D.; Singeisen, C.; Villeneuve, M.

2018-01-01

The 14 November 2016 Mw">MwMw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake generated more than 10,000 landslides over a total area of about 10,000  km2">10,000  km210,000  km2, with the majority concentrated in a smaller area of about 3600  km2">3600  km23600  km2. The largest landslide triggered by the earthquake had an approximate volume of 20(±2)  M m3">20(±2)  M m320(±2)  M m3, with a runout distance of about 2.7 km, forming a dam on the Hapuku River. In this article, we present version 1.0 of the landslide inventory we have created for this event. We use the inventory presented in this article to identify and discuss some of the controls on the spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the Kaikōura earthquake. Our main findings are (1) the number of medium to large landslides (source area ≥10,000  m2">≥10,000  m2≥10,000  m2) triggered by the Kaikōura earthquake is smaller than for similar‐sized landslides triggered by similar magnitude earthquakes in New Zealand; (2) seven of the largest eight landslides (from 5 to 20  M m3">20  M m320  M m3) occurred on faults that ruptured to the surface during the earthquake; (3) the average landslide density within 200 m of a mapped surface fault rupture is three times that at a distance of 2500 m or more from a mapped surface fault rupture; (4) the “distance to fault” predictor variable, when used as a proxy for ground‐motion intensity, and when combined with slope angle, geology, and elevation variables, has more power in predicting landslide probability than the modeled peak ground acceleration or peak ground velocity; and (5) for the same slope angles, the coastal slopes have landslide point densities that are an order of magnitude greater than those in similar materials on the inland slopes, but their source areas are significantly smaller.

The 2016 M7.8 Kaikōura earthquake revealed by multiple seismic wavefield simulations: slow rupture propagation on a geometrically complex fault network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaneko, Y.; Francois-Holden, C.; Hamling, I. J.; D'Anastasio, E.; Fry, B.

2017-12-01

The 2016 M7.8 Kaikōura (New Zealand) earthquake generated ground motions over 1g across a 200-km long region, resulted in multiple onshore and offshore fault ruptures, a profusion of triggered landslides, and a regional tsunami. Here we examine the rupture evolution during the Kaikōura earthquake multiple kinematic modelling methods based on local strong-motion and high-rate GPS data. Our kinematic models constrained by near-source data capture, in detail, a complex pattern of slowly (Vr < 2km/s) propagating rupture from the south to north, with over half of the moment release occurring in the northern source region, mostly on the Kekerengu fault, 60 seconds after the origin time. Interestingly, both models indicate rupture re-activation on the Kekerengu fault with the time separation of 11 seconds. We further conclude that most near-source waveforms can be explained by slip on the crustal faults, with little (<8%) or no contribution from the subduction interface.

The 2016 Kaikōura earthquake: Simultaneous rupture of the subduction interface and overlying faults

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Teng; Wei, Shengji; Shi, Xuhua; Qiu, Qiang; Li, Linlin; Peng, Dongju; Weldon, Ray J.; Barbot, Sylvain

2018-01-01

The distribution of slip during an earthquake and how it propagates among faults in the subduction system play a major role in seismic and tsunami hazards, yet they are poorly understood because offshore observations are often lacking. Here we derive the slip distribution and rupture evolution during the 2016 Mw 7.9 Kaikōura (New Zealand) earthquake that reconcile the surface rupture, space geodetic measurements, seismological and tsunami waveform records. We use twelve fault segments, with eleven in the crust and one on the megathrust interface, to model the geodetic data and match the major features of the complex surface ruptures. Our modeling result indicates that a large portion of the moment is distributed on the subduction interface, making a significant contribution to the far field surface deformation and teleseismic body waves. The inclusion of local strong motion and teleseismic waveform data in the joint inversion reveals a unilateral rupture towards northeast with a relatively low averaged rupture speed of ∼1.5 km/s. The first 30 s of the rupture took place on the crustal faults with oblique slip motion and jumped between fault segments that have large differences in strike and dip. The peak moment release occurred at ∼65 s, corresponding to simultaneous rupture of both plate interface and the overlying splay faults with rake angle changes progressively from thrust to strike-slip. The slip on the Papatea fault produced more than 2 m of offshore uplift, making a major contribution to the tsunami at the Kaikōura station, while the northeastern end of the rupture can explain the main features at the Wellington station. Our inversions and simulations illuminate complex up-dip rupture behavior that should be taken into consideration in both seismic and tsunami hazard assessment. The extreme complex rupture behavior also brings new challenges to the earthquake dynamic simulations and understanding the physics of earthquakes.

Dynamic rupture simulations of the 2016 Mw7.8 Kaikōura earthquake: a cascading multi-fault event

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ulrich, T.; Gabriel, A. A.; Ampuero, J. P.; Xu, W.; Feng, G.

2017-12-01

The Mw7.8 Kaikōura earthquake struck the Northern part of New Zealand's South Island roughly one year ago. It ruptured multiple segments of the contractional North Canterbury fault zone and of the Marlborough fault system. Field observations combined with satellite data suggest a rupture path involving partly unmapped faults separated by large stepover distances larger than 5 km, the maximum distance usually considered by the latest seismic hazard assessment methods. This might imply distant rupture transfer mechanisms generally not considered in seismic hazard assessment. We present high-resolution 3D dynamic rupture simulations of the Kaikōura earthquake under physically self-consistent initial stress and strength conditions. Our simulations are based on recent finite-fault slip inversions that constrain fault system geometry and final slip distribution from remote sensing, surface rupture and geodetic data (Xu et al., 2017). We assume a uniform background stress field, without lateral fault stress or strength heterogeneity. We use the open-source software SeisSol (www.seissol.org) which is based on an arbitrary high-order accurate DERivative Discontinuous Galerkin method (ADER-DG). Our method can account for complex fault geometries, high resolution topography and bathymetry, 3D subsurface structure, off-fault plasticity and modern friction laws. It enables the simulation of seismic wave propagation with high-order accuracy in space and time in complex media. We show that a cascading rupture driven by dynamic triggering can break all fault segments that were involved in this earthquake without mechanically requiring an underlying thrust fault. Our prefered fault geometry connects most fault segments: it does not features stepover larger than 2 km. The best scenario matches the main macroscopic characteristics of the earthquake, including its apparently slow rupture propagation caused by zigzag cascading, the moment magnitude and the overall inferred slip

Sedimentary and geochemical signature of the 2016 Kaikōura Tsunami at Little Pigeon Bay: A depositional benchmark for the Banks Peninsula region, New Zealand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Williams, Shaun; Zhang, Tianran; Chagué, Catherine; Williams, James; Goff, James; Lane, Emily M.; Bind, Jochen; Qasim, Ilyas; Thomas, Kristie-Lee; Mueller, Christof; Hampton, Sam; Borella, Josh

2018-07-01

The 14 November 2016 Kaikōura Tsunami inundated Little Pigeon Bay in Banks Peninsula, New Zealand, and left a distinct sedimentary deposit, on the ground and within the cottage near the shore. Sedimentary (grain size) and geochemical (electrical conductivity and X-Ray Fluorescence) analyses on samples collected over successive field campaigns are used to characterize the deposits. Sediment distribution observed in the cottage in combination with flow direction indicators suggests that sediment and debris laid down within the building were predominantly the result of a single wave that had been channeled up the stream bed rather than from offshore. Salinity data indicated that the maximum tsunami-wetted and/or seawater-sprayed area extended 12.5 m farther inland than the maximum inundation distance inferred from the debris line observed a few days after the event. In addition, the salinity signature was short-lived. An overall inland waning of tsunami energy was indicated by the mean grain size and portable X-Ray Fluorescence elemental results. ITRAX data collected from three cores along an inland transect indicated a distinct elevated elemental signature at the surfaces of the cores, with an associated increase in magnetic susceptibility. Comparable signatures were also identified within subsurface stratigraphic sequences, and likely represent older tsunamis known to have inundated this bay as well as adjacent bays in Banks Peninsula. The sedimentary and geochemical signatures of the 2016 Kaikōura Tsunami at Little Pigeon Bay provide a modern benchmark that can be used to identify older tsunami deposits in the Banks Peninsula region.

Triggered Slow Slip and Afterslip on the Southern Hikurangi Subduction Zone Following the Kaikōura Earthquake

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wallace, Laura M.; Hreinsdóttir, Sigrún; Ellis, Susan; Hamling, Ian; D'Anastasio, Elisabetta; Denys, Paul

2018-05-01

The 2016 MW7.8 Kaikōura earthquake ruptured a complex sequence of strike-slip and reverse faults in New Zealand's northeastern South Island. In the months following the earthquake, time-dependent inversions of Global Positioning System and interferometric synthetic aperture radar data reveal up to 0.5 m of afterslip on the subduction interface beneath the northern South Island underlying the crustal faults that ruptured in the earthquake. This is clear evidence that the far southern end of the Hikurangi subduction zone accommodates plate motion. The MW7.8 earthquake also triggered widespread slow slip over much of the subduction zone beneath the North Island. The triggered slow slip included immediate triggering of shallow (<15 km), short (2-3 weeks) slow slip events along much of the east coast, and deep (>30 km), long-term (>1 year) slow slip beneath the southern North Island. The southern Hikurangi slow slip was likely triggered by large (0.5-1.0 MPa) static Coulomb stress increases.

Foreshocks and delayed triggering of the 2016 MW7.1 Te Araroa earthquake and dynamic reinvigoration of its aftershock sequence by the MW7.8 Kaikōura earthquake, New Zealand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Warren-Smith, Emily; Fry, Bill; Kaneko, Yoshihiro; Chamberlain, Calum J.

2018-01-01

We analyze the preparatory period of the September 2016 MW7.1 Te Araroa foreshock-mainshock sequence in the Northern Hikurangi margin, New Zealand, and subsequent reinvigoration of Te Araroa aftershocks driven by a large distant earthquake (the November 2016 MW7.8 Kaikōura earthquake). By adopting a matched-filter detection workflow using 582 well-defined template events, we generate an improved foreshock and aftershock catalog for the Te Araroa sequence (>8,000 earthquakes over 66 d). Templates characteristic of the MW7.1 sequence (including the mainshock template) detect several highly correlating events (ML2.5-3.5) starting 12 min after a MW5.7 foreshock. These pre-cursory events occurred within ∼1 km of the mainshock and migrate bilaterally, suggesting precursory slip was triggered by the foreshock on the MW7.1 fault patch prior to mainshock failure. We extend our matched-filter routine to examine the interactions between high dynamic stresses resulting from passing surface waves of the November 2016 MW7.8 Kaikōura earthquake, and the evolution of the Te Araroa aftershock sequence. We observe a sudden spike in moment release of the aftershock sequence immediately following peak dynamic Coulomb stresses of 50-150 kPa on the MW7.1 fault plane. The triggered increase in moment release culminated in a MW5.1 event, immediately followed by a ∼3 h temporal stress shadow. Our observations document the preparatory period of a major subduction margin earthquake following a significant foreshock, and quantify dynamic reinvigoration of a distant on-going major aftershock sequence amid a period of temporal clustering of seismic activity in New Zealand.

The role of complex site and basin response in Wellington city, New Zealand, during the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake and other recent earthquake sequences.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaiser, A. E.; McVerry, G.; Wotherspoon, L.; Bradley, B.; Gerstenberger, M.; Benites, R. A.; Bruce, Z.; Bourguignon, S.; Giallini, S.; Hill, M.

2017-12-01

We present analysis of ground motion and complex amplification characteristics in Wellington during recent earthquake sequences and an overview of the 3D basin characterization and ongoing work to update site parameters for seismic design. Significant damage was observed in central Wellington, New Zealand's capital city, following the 2016 Mw7.8 Kaikōura earthquake. Damage was concentrated in mid-rise structures (5 - 15 storeys) and was clearly exacerbated by the particular characteristics of ground motion and the presence of basin effects. Due to the distance of the source (50 - 60km) from the central city, peak ground accelerations were moderate (up to 0.28g) and well within ultimate limit state (ULS) design levels. However, spectral accelerations within the 1 -2 s period range, exceeded 1 in 500 year design level spectra (ULS) in deeper parts of the basin. Amplification with respect to rock at these locations reached factors of up to 7, and was also observed with factors up to at least three across all central city soil recording sites. The ground motions in Wellington were the strongest recorded in the modern era of instrumentation. While similar amplification was observed during the 2013 Mw 6.6 Cook Strait and Grassmere earthquakes, which struck close to the termination of the Kaikōura earthquake rupture, these sources were not sufficiently large to excite significant long-period motions. However, other M7.2+ sources in the region that dominate the seismic hazard, e.g. Wellington Fault, Hikurangi subduction interface and other large proximal crustal faults, are also potentially capable of exciting significant long-period basin response in Wellington. These observations and the expectation of ongoing heightened seismicity have prompted re-evaluation of the current seismic demand levels. Additional field campaigns have also been undertaken to update geotechnical properties and the 3D basin model, in order to inform ongoing research and seismic design practice.

The 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake Revealed by Kinematic Source Inversion and Seismic Wavefield Simulations: Slow Rupture Propagation on a Geometrically Complex Crustal Fault Network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Holden, C.; Kaneko, Y.; D'Anastasio, E.; Benites, R.; Fry, B.; Hamling, I. J.

2017-11-01

The 2016 Kaikōura (New Zealand) earthquake generated large ground motions and resulted in multiple onshore and offshore fault ruptures, a profusion of triggered landslides, and a regional tsunami. Here we examine the rupture evolution using two kinematic modeling techniques based on analysis of local strong-motion and high-rate GPS data. Our kinematic models capture a complex pattern of slowly (Vr < 2 km/s) propagating rupture from south to north, with over half of the moment release occurring in the northern source region, mostly on the Kekerengu fault, 60 s after the origin time. Both models indicate rupture reactivation on the Kekerengu fault with the time separation of 11 s between the start of the original failure and start of the subsequent one. We further conclude that most near-source waveforms can be explained by slip on the crustal faults, with little (<8%) or no contribution from the subduction interface.

Improved Model Fitting for the Empirical Green's Function Approach Using Hierarchical Models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Van Houtte, Chris; Denolle, Marine

2018-04-01

Stress drops calculated from source spectral studies currently show larger variability than what is implied by empirical ground motion models. One of the potential origins of the inflated variability is the simplified model-fitting techniques used in most source spectral studies. This study examines a variety of model-fitting methods and shows that the choice of method can explain some of the discrepancy. The preferred method is Bayesian hierarchical modeling, which can reduce bias, better quantify uncertainties, and allow additional effects to be resolved. Two case study earthquakes are examined, the 2016 MW7.1 Kumamoto, Japan earthquake and a MW5.3 aftershock of the 2016 MW7.8 Kaikōura earthquake. By using hierarchical models, the variation of the corner frequency, fc, and the falloff rate, n, across the focal sphere can be retrieved without overfitting the data. Other methods commonly used to calculate corner frequencies may give substantial biases. In particular, if fc was calculated for the Kumamoto earthquake using an ω-square model, the obtained fc could be twice as large as a realistic value.

Complex multifault rupture during the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake, New Zealand.

PubMed

Hamling, Ian J; Hreinsdóttir, Sigrún; Clark, Kate; Elliott, John; Liang, Cunren; Fielding, Eric; Litchfield, Nicola; Villamor, Pilar; Wallace, Laura; Wright, Tim J; D'Anastasio, Elisabetta; Bannister, Stephen; Burbidge, David; Denys, Paul; Gentle, Paula; Howarth, Jamie; Mueller, Christof; Palmer, Neville; Pearson, Chris; Power, William; Barnes, Philip; Barrell, David J A; Van Dissen, Russ; Langridge, Robert; Little, Tim; Nicol, Andrew; Pettinga, Jarg; Rowland, Julie; Stirling, Mark

2017-04-14

On 14 November 2016, northeastern South Island of New Zealand was struck by a major moment magnitude ( M w ) 7.8 earthquake. Field observations, in conjunction with interferometric synthetic aperture radar, Global Positioning System, and seismology data, reveal this to be one of the most complex earthquakes ever recorded. The rupture propagated northward for more than 170 kilometers along both mapped and unmapped faults before continuing offshore at the island's northeastern extent. Geodetic and field observations reveal surface ruptures along at least 12 major faults, including possible slip along the southern Hikurangi subduction interface; extensive uplift along much of the coastline; and widespread anelastic deformation, including the ~8-meter uplift of a fault-bounded block. This complex earthquake defies many conventional assumptions about the degree to which earthquake ruptures are controlled by fault segmentation and should motivate reevaluation of these issues in seismic hazard models. Copyright © 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Earthquakes drive large-scale submarine canyon development and sediment supply to deep-ocean basins.

PubMed

Mountjoy, Joshu J; Howarth, Jamie D; Orpin, Alan R; Barnes, Philip M; Bowden, David A; Rowden, Ashley A; Schimel, Alexandre C G; Holden, Caroline; Horgan, Huw J; Nodder, Scott D; Patton, Jason R; Lamarche, Geoffroy; Gerstenberger, Matthew; Micallef, Aaron; Pallentin, Arne; Kane, Tim

2018-03-01

Although the global flux of sediment and carbon from land to the coastal ocean is well known, the volume of material that reaches the deep ocean-the ultimate sink-and the mechanisms by which it is transferred are poorly documented. Using a globally unique data set of repeat seafloor measurements and samples, we show that the moment magnitude ( M w ) 7.8 November 2016 Kaikōura earthquake (New Zealand) triggered widespread landslides in a submarine canyon, causing a powerful "canyon flushing" event and turbidity current that traveled >680 km along one of the world's longest deep-sea channels. These observations provide the first quantification of seafloor landscape change and large-scale sediment transport associated with an earthquake-triggered full canyon flushing event. The calculated interevent time of ~140 years indicates a canyon incision rate of 40 mm year -1 , substantially higher than that of most terrestrial rivers, while synchronously transferring large volumes of sediment [850 metric megatons (Mt)] and organic carbon (7 Mt) to the deep ocean. These observations demonstrate that earthquake-triggered canyon flushing is a primary driver of submarine canyon development and material transfer from active continental margins to the deep ocean.

Earthquakes drive large-scale submarine canyon development and sediment supply to deep-ocean basins

PubMed Central

Mountjoy, Joshu J.; Howarth, Jamie D.; Orpin, Alan R.; Barnes, Philip M.; Bowden, David A.; Rowden, Ashley A.; Schimel, Alexandre C. G.; Holden, Caroline; Horgan, Huw J.; Nodder, Scott D.; Patton, Jason R.; Lamarche, Geoffroy; Gerstenberger, Matthew; Micallef, Aaron; Pallentin, Arne; Kane, Tim

2018-01-01

Although the global flux of sediment and carbon from land to the coastal ocean is well known, the volume of material that reaches the deep ocean—the ultimate sink—and the mechanisms by which it is transferred are poorly documented. Using a globally unique data set of repeat seafloor measurements and samples, we show that the moment magnitude (Mw) 7.8 November 2016 Kaikōura earthquake (New Zealand) triggered widespread landslides in a submarine canyon, causing a powerful “canyon flushing” event and turbidity current that traveled >680 km along one of the world’s longest deep-sea channels. These observations provide the first quantification of seafloor landscape change and large-scale sediment transport associated with an earthquake-triggered full canyon flushing event. The calculated interevent time of ~140 years indicates a canyon incision rate of 40 mm year−1, substantially higher than that of most terrestrial rivers, while synchronously transferring large volumes of sediment [850 metric megatons (Mt)] and organic carbon (7 Mt) to the deep ocean. These observations demonstrate that earthquake-triggered canyon flushing is a primary driver of submarine canyon development and material transfer from active continental margins to the deep ocean. PMID:29546245

The impact of western science and technology on 'ukiyo-e' prints and book illustrations in late eighteenth and nineteenth century Japan.

PubMed

Low, Morris

2011-01-01

In the Edo period (c. 1600-1868), exposure to Western art, science and technology encouraged Japanese 'ukiyo-e' (pictures of the floating world) artists to experiment with Western perspective in woodblock prints and book illustrations. We can see its early influence in the work of Utagawa Hiroshige (1787-1858), as well as Utagawa Kuniyoshi (1797-1861). Unlike Hiroshige, Kuniyoshi lived to see the opening of the port of Yokohama to trade with the West in 1859. A whole genre of Yokohama prints emerged and one of the key artists was Utagawa Sadahide (1807-1873). In his illustrated books entitled 'Yokohama kaikō kenbunshi' (A Record of Things Seen and Heard in the Open Port of Yokohama) (1862), Sadahide plays with perspective in an effort to represent the dynamic changes that Japan was undergoing in its encounter with the West at the time. In the work of later artists such as Hiroshige III (1843-1894), Kobayashi Kiyochika (1847-1915) and Inoue Yasuji (1864-1889), we can see growing efforts to depict light, shadow and depth, and a continuing fascination with the steam locomotive and the changes occurring in the Tokyo-Yokohama region as Japan entered the Meiji period (1868-1912).