Six calendar systems in the European history from 18^{th} to 20^{th} Century

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Theodossiou, Efstratios; Manimanis, Vassilios N.; Dimitrijević, Milan S.

The following calendar systems, introduced in Europe from 18^{th} to 20^{th} century, which were in use for a shorter or longer period by a larger or smaller community, were reviewed and discussed: The French Revolutionary Calendar, the Theosebic calendar invented by Theophilos Kairis, the Revolutionary Calendar of the Soviet Union (or 'Bolshevik calendar'), the Fascist calendar in Italy and the calendar of the Metaxas dictatorship in Greece before World War II. Also the unique of them, which is still in use, the New Rectified Julian calendar of the Orthodox Church, adopted according to proposition of Milutin Milanković on the Congress of Orthodox Churches in 1923 in Constantinople, is presented and discussed. At the end, difficulties to introduce a new calendar are discussed as well.

Transcription of a recombinant bunyavirus RNA template by transiently expressed bunyavirus proteins.

PubMed

Dunn, E F; Pritlove, D C; Jin, H; Elliott, R M

1995-08-01

We describe a convenient system for analyzing bunyavirus transcription using a recombinant RNA template derived from the plasmid pBUNSCAT, which comprises a negative-sense reporter gene (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase or CAT) flanked by the exact 5' and 3' untranslated regions of the Bunyamwera virus (BUN) S RNA segment. When cells which expressed bunyavirus proteins (either by recombinant vaccinia viruses or by the vaccinia virus-T7 system) were transfected with BUNSCAT RNA, CAT activity could be measured, indicating transcription of the negative-sense reporter RNA into mRNA. The system permits investigation of both the protein and RNA sequence requirements for transcription. Extensions of 2 bases at the 5' end or 11 or 35 bases at the 3' end of BUNSCAT RNA allowed transcription but a lower level than the wild-type template. Deletion of the 5 nucleotides at the 3' end of BUNSCAT RNA reduced CAT activity by > 99%. Investigation of the viral protein requirements of the system showed that only the bunyavirus L and N proteins were needed for CAT activity. The BUN L protein was also able to transcribe the reporter RNA in concert with the N proteins of closely related bunyaviruses such as Batai, Cache Valley, Maguari, Main Drain, and Northway, but only inefficiently with those of Kairi, Guaroa, or Lumbo viruses. When BUN L proteins containing specific mutations were expressed CAT activity was only observed using those mutated L proteins previously reported to be active in a nucleocapsid transfection assay (H. Jin and R. M. Elliott, 1992, J. Gen. Virol. 73, 2235-2244). These results illustrate the utility of this system for a detailed genetic analysis of the factors involved in bunyavirus transcription.

A Telerehabilitation Approach to Enhance Quality of Life Through Exercise Among Adults With Paraplegia: Study Protocol.

PubMed

Sweet, Shane Norman; Rocchi, Meredith; Arbour-Nicitopoulos, Kelly; Kairy, Dahlia; Fillion, Brigitte

2017-10-19

assessment, participants will be randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. Participants in the intervention group will participate in 8 weekly, 1-hour video-based telerehabilitation sessions with a trained physical activity counselor, while participants in the control group will be asked to continue with their regular routine. We expect higher ratings of the basic psychological needs and autonomous motivation and lower scores for controlled motivation for the intervention group compared to the control group (Objective 1). We also expect that our video-based intervention will have moderate effects on exercise participation, as well as small-to-moderate positive effects on the quality of life‒related variables (Objective 2). Finally, we expect the intervention to have a small positive effect on psychosocial predictors of physical activity and well-being (Objective 3). We anticipate that the results will show that the intervention is appropriate for adults with paraplegia and feasible to test in a full-scale RCT. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02833935; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02833935 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6u8U9x2yt). ©Shane Norman Sweet, Meredith Rocchi, Kelly Arbour-Nicitopoulos, Dahlia Kairy, Brigitte Fillion. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (http://www.researchprotocols.org), 19.10.2017.