46 CFR 128.420 - Keel cooler installations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ENGINEERING: EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS Design Requirements for Specific Systems § 128.420 Keel cooler...-metallic hose-clamps may be used at machinery connections if— (1) The clamps are of a corrosion-resistant...

Effect of Afterbody Length and Keel Angle on Minimum Depth of Step for Landing Stability and on Take-Off Stability of a Flying Boat

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Olson, Roland E; Land, Norman S

1949-01-01

Tests were made to fill partly the need for information on the effect of afterbody dimensions on the hydrodynamic stability of a flying boat in smooth water. The dimensions investigated were depth of step, angle of afterbody keel, and length of afterbody. An analysis of the data showed that as either the afterbody length or keel angle was increased an accompanying increase in depth of step was required in order to maintain adequate landing stability. The landing-tests results have been reduced to an empirical formula giving the minimum depth of step in terms of afterbody length and keel angle. This formula is compared with results from other tank tests, and the correlation is fairly good. The formula thus becomes of use in preliminary design.

Behavioral Differences of Laying Hens with Fractured Keel Bones within Furnished Cages

PubMed Central

Casey-Trott, Teresa M.; Widowski, Tina M.

2016-01-01

High prevalence of keel bone fractures in laying hens is reported in all housing systems. Keel fractures have been associated with pain and restricted mobility in hens in loose housing. The objective was to determine whether keel fractures were associated with activity of hens in furnished cages. Thirty-six pairs of LSL-Lite hens (72 weeks) were enrolled in the study. One hen with a fractured keel and one hen without were identified by palpation in each of 36 groups of hens housed in either 30- or 60-bird cages stocked at 750 cm2/hen. Behavioral activity of each hen was recorded by four observers blind to keel status using focal animal sampling for 10 min within a 2-h period in the morning (08:00–10:00), afternoon (12:00–14:00), and evening (17:00–19:00). All hens were observed during each of the three sample periods for 3 days totaling 90 min, and individual hen data were summed for analysis. Hens were euthanized 48 h after final observations, dissected, and classified by keel status: F0 (no fracture, N = 24), F1 (single fracture, N = 17), and F2 (multiple fractures, N = 31). The percentages of time hens performed each behavior were analyzed using a mixed procedure in SAS with fracture severity, body weight, cage size, rearing environment, and tier in the model. Fracture severity affected the duration of perching (P = 0.04) and standing (P = 0.001), bout length of standing (P < 0.0001), and location (floor vs. perch) of resting behaviors (P = 0.01). F2 hens perched longer than F0 hens, 20.0 ± 2.9 and 11.6 ± 3.2%. F2 hens spent less time standing, 15.2 ± 1.5%, than F0 and F1 hens, 20.7 ± 1.6 and 21.6 ± 1.8%. F2 hens had shorter standing bouts (22.0 ± 4.2 s) than both F0 and F1 hens, 33.1 ± 4.3 and 27.4 ± 4.4 s. Non-fractured hens spent 80.0 ± 6.9% of total resting time on the floor, whereas F1 and F2 hens spent 56.9 ± 12.4 and 51.5 ± 7.7% resting on the floor. Behavioral differences reported here provide insight into possible causes of keel damage, or alternatively, indicate a coping strategy used to offset pain or restricted mobility caused by keel fractures. PMID:27303674

Global cost and weight evaluation of fuselage keel design concepts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Flynn, B. W.; Morris, M. R.; Metschan, S. L.; Swanson, G. D.; Smith, P. J.; Griess, K. H.; Schramm, M. R.; Humphrey, R. J.

1993-01-01

The Boeing program entitled Advanced Technology Composite Aircraft Structure (ATCAS) is focused on the application of affordable composite technology to pressurized fuselage structure of future aircraft. As part of this effort, a design study was conducted on the keel section of the aft fuselage. A design build team (DBT) approach was used to identify and evaluate several design concepts which incorporated different material systems, fabrication processes, structural configurations, and subassembly details. The design concepts were developed in sufficient detail to accurately assess their potential for cost and weight savings as compared with a metal baseline representing current wide body technology. The cost and weight results, along with an appraisal of performance and producibility risks, are used to identify a globally optimized keel design; one which offers the most promising cost and weight advantages over metal construction. Lastly, an assessment is given of the potential for further cost and weight reductions of the selected keel design during local optimization.

Implementing the Keele stratified care model for patients with low back pain: an observational impact study.

PubMed

Bamford, Adrian; Nation, Andy; Durrell, Susie; Andronis, Lazaros; Rule, Ellen; McLeod, Hugh

2017-02-03

The Keele stratified care model for management of low back pain comprises use of the prognostic STarT Back Screening Tool to allocate patients into one of three risk-defined categories leading to associated risk-specific treatment pathways, such that high-risk patients receive enhanced treatment and more sessions than medium- and low-risk patients. The Keele model is associated with economic benefits and is being widely implemented. The objective was to assess the use of the stratified model following its introduction in an acute hospital physiotherapy department setting in Gloucestershire, England. Physiotherapists recorded data on 201 patients treated using the Keele model in two audits in 2013 and 2014. To assess whether implementation of the stratified model was associated with the anticipated range of treatment sessions, regression analysis of the audit data was used to determine whether high- or medium-risk patients received significantly more treatment sessions than low-risk patients. The analysis controlled for patient characteristics, year, physiotherapists' seniority and physiotherapist. To assess the physiotherapists' views on the usefulness of the stratified model, audit data on this were analysed using framework methods. To assess the potential economic consequences of introducing the stratified care model in Gloucestershire, published economic evaluation findings on back-related National Health Service (NHS) costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and societal productivity losses were applied to audit data on the proportion of patients by risk classification and estimates of local incidence. When the Keele model was implemented, patients received significantly more treatment sessions as the risk-rating increased, in line with the anticipated impact of targeted treatment pathways. Physiotherapists were largely positive about using the model. The potential annual impact of rolling out the model across Gloucestershire is a gain in approximately 30 QALYs, a reduction in productivity losses valued at £1.4 million and almost no change to NHS costs. The Keele model was implemented and risk-specific treatment pathways successfully used for patients presenting with low back pain. Applying published economic evidence to the Gloucestershire locality suggests that substantial health and productivity outcomes would be associated with rollout of the Keele model while being cost-neutral for the NHS.

Genetic selection to increase bone strength affects prevalence of keel bone damage and egg parameters in commercially housed laying hens.

PubMed

Stratmann, A; Fröhlich, E K F; Gebhardt-Henrich, S G; Harlander-Matauschek, A; Würbel, H; Toscano, M J

2016-05-01

The prevalence of keel bone damage as well as external egg parameters of 2 pure lines divergently selected for high (H) and low (L) bone strength were investigated in 2 aviary systems under commercial conditions. A standard LSL hybrid was used as a reference group. Birds were kept mixed per genetic line (77 hens of the H and L line and 201 or 206 hens of the LSL line, respectively, per pen) in 8 pens of 2 aviary systems differing in design. Keel bone status and body mass of 20 focal hens per line and pen were assessed at 17, 18, 23, 30, 36, 43, 52, and 63 wk of age. External egg parameters (i.e., egg mass, eggshell breaking strength, thickness, and mass) were measured using 10 eggs per line at both 38 and 57 wk of age. Body parameters (i.e. tarsus and third primary wing feather length to calculate index of wing loading) were recorded at 38 wk of age and mortality per genetic line throughout the laying cycle. Bone mineral density (BMD) of 15 keel bones per genetic line was measured after slaughter to confirm assignment of the experimental lines. We found a greater BMD in the H compared with the L and LSL lines. Fewer keel bone fractures and deviations, a poorer external egg quality, as well as a lower index of wing loading were found in the H compared with the L line. Mortality was lower and production parameters (e.g., laying performance) were higher in the LSL line compared with the 2 experimental lines. Aviary design affected prevalence of keel bone damage, body mass, and mortality. We conclude that selection of specific bone traits associated with bone strength as well as the related differences in body morphology (i.e., lower index of wing loading) have potential to reduce keel bone damage in commercial settings. Also, the housing environment (i.e., aviary design) may have additive effects. © 2016 Poultry Science Association Inc.

Web thickness determines the therapeutic effect of endoscopic keel placement on anterior glottic web.

PubMed

Chen, Jian; Shi, Fang; Chen, Min; Yang, Yue; Cheng, Lei; Wu, Haitao

2017-10-01

This work is a retrospective analysis to investigate the critical risk factor for the therapeutic effect of endoscopic keel placement on anterior glottic web. Altogether, 36 patients with anterior glottic web undergoing endoscopic lysis and silicone keel placement were enrolled. Their voice qualities were evaluated using the voice handicap index-10 (VHI-10) questionnaire, and improved significantly 3 months after surgery (21.53 ± 3.89 vs 9.81 ± 6.68, P < 0.0001). However, 10 (27.8%) cases had web recurrence during the at least 1-year follow-up. Therefore, patients were classified according to the Cohen classification or web thickness, and the recurrence rates were compared. The distribution of recurrence rates for Cohen type 1 ~ 4 were 28.6, 16.7, 33.3, and 40%, respectively. The difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.461). When classified by web thickness, only 2 of 27 (7.41%) thin type cases relapsed whereas 8 of 9 (88.9%) cases in the thick group reformed webs (P < 0.001). These results suggest that the therapeutic outcome of endoscopic keel placement mostly depends on the web thickness rather than the Cohen grades. Endoscopic lysis and keel placement is only effective for cases with thin glottic webs. Patients with thick webs should be treated by other means.

46 CFR 169.607 - Keel cooler installations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Machinery and Electrical Internal Combustion Engine Installations § 169.607 Keel cooler installations. (a... vessel. (d) Short lengths of approved nonmetallic flexible hose may be used at machinery connections... do not depend on spring tension for their holding power; and (3) Two clamps are used on each end of...

46 CFR 169.607 - Keel cooler installations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Machinery and Electrical Internal Combustion Engine Installations § 169.607 Keel cooler installations. (a... vessel. (d) Short lengths of approved nonmetallic flexible hose may be used at machinery connections... do not depend on spring tension for their holding power; and (3) Two clamps are used on each end of...

46 CFR 169.607 - Keel cooler installations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Machinery and Electrical Internal Combustion Engine Installations § 169.607 Keel cooler installations. (a... vessel. (d) Short lengths of approved nonmetallic flexible hose may be used at machinery connections... do not depend on spring tension for their holding power; and (3) Two clamps are used on each end of...

46 CFR 169.607 - Keel cooler installations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Machinery and Electrical Internal Combustion Engine Installations § 169.607 Keel cooler installations. (a... vessel. (d) Short lengths of approved nonmetallic flexible hose may be used at machinery connections... do not depend on spring tension for their holding power; and (3) Two clamps are used on each end of...

46 CFR 169.607 - Keel cooler installations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Machinery and Electrical Internal Combustion Engine Installations § 169.607 Keel cooler installations. (a... vessel. (d) Short lengths of approved nonmetallic flexible hose may be used at machinery connections... do not depend on spring tension for their holding power; and (3) Two clamps are used on each end of...

Monthly Atmospheric 13C/12C Isotopic Ratios for 11 SIO Stations (1977-2008)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Keeling, R. F.; Piper, S. C.; Bollenbacher, A. F.

Stable isotopic measurements for atmospheric 13C/12C and 18O/16O at global sampling sites were initiated by Dr. C.D. Keeling and co-workers at Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) in 1977. These isotopic measurements complement the continuing global atmospheric and oceanic CO2 measurements initiated by Keeling in 1957. This work is currently being continued under the direction of R.F. Keeling, who also runs a parallel program at SIO to measure changes in atmospheric O2 and Ar abundances (Scripps O2 Program). A more complete set of 13CO2 data is found online at http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/data/atmospheric_co2.html

Bias and uncertainty of δ13CO2 isotopic mixing models

Treesearch

Zachary E. Kayler; Lisa Ganio; Mark Hauck; Thomas G. Pypker; Elizabeth W. Sulzman; Alan C. Mix; Barbara J. Bond

2009-01-01

The goal of this study was to evaluate how factorial combinations of two mixing models and two regression approaches (Keeling-OLS, Miller—Tans-OLS, Keeling-GMR, Miller—Tans-GMR) compare in small [CO2] range versus large[CO2] range regimes, with different combinations of...

28. Historic drawing, Marine Railway. Section showing bilge and keel ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

28. Historic drawing, Marine Railway. Section showing bilge and keel blocks, 1919. Photographic copy of original. Boston National Historical Park Archives, Charlestown Navy Yard. BOSTS 13439, #551-20 - Charlestown Navy Yard, Marine Railway, Between Piers 2 & 3, on Charlestown Waterfront at west end of Navy Yard, Boston, Suffolk County, MA

Iceberg and ice-keel ploughmarks on the Gdansk-Gotland Sill (south-eastern Baltic Sea)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dorokhov, D. V.; Dorokhova, E. V.; Sivkov, V. V.

2018-02-01

New interpretation of the undulating moraine relief of the Gdansk-Gotland Sill, Baltic Sea is proposed. Relict iceberg and ice-keel ploughmarks were observed based on the integration of recently acquired side-scan sonar, multi-beam, single-beam and lithological data. The most likely time of their formation is the period of fast Scandinavian sheet retreat occurring from approximately 13.2 to 11.7 ka. Weak erosional-accumulative processes on the sill from 11.7 ka until the present favoured preservation of the iceberg ploughmarks. The predominant directions of the ploughmarks (north-south and northwest-southeast) coincide with the major iceberg (ice) drift direction from the Scandinavian ice sheet. Furrow width varies from 1 to 300 m with a main width of 20-60 m in a depth range of 1 to 10 m (mostly 2-4 m depth). The ploughmarks are flanked by side ridges 0.5-2 m high, and there is a push mound at the end of some furrows. Three types of cross-sectional furrow profiles have been distinguished: V-shaped cross-section profiles would have been formed by a peaked iceberg keel, U-shaped profiles by a flat keel, and W-shaped profiles by double-keel icebergs (ice ridges). The wide local depressions at the end of ploughmarks could have been formed during periods of fast falling of the Baltic Ice Lake water level, when the ice ridges (stamukhi) or icebergs could ground into the seafloor.

Anisotropic tomography of the Indian continent and the geodynamic role of its keel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Montagner, J. P.; Maurya, S.; Sibrant, A.; Davaille, A.; Stutzmann, E.; Kumar, R.; Jean, B.

2017-12-01

The Indian moved at an exceptional high rate (18-20cm/year) after the birth of La Réunion hotspot, ≈65Ma ago and the Deccan volcanic province before the collision with the Asian continent. Other older plumes Marion, Kerguelen located in the Indian ocean are also associated with very fast plate motion. We present a high-resolution 3D anisotropic model of the Indian plate region down to 300 km depth, obtained by inverting a new massive database of surface-wave observations. The Rayleigh and Love wave dispersion measurements along 14,000 paths are made in a broad frequency range (16-250s). Our estimates of the depth to the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) derived from seismic velocity Vsv variations at depth reveal large variations (120-250 km) beneath the different cratonic blocks. A low velocity layer associated with the Mid-lithospheric discontinuity is present when the root of the lithosphere is deep. This extensive anisotropic tomographic investigation of the Indian continent displays an almost north-south keel, 600km long and 300km wide, down to 250km depth. The keel is characterized by fast velocities, smaller than average radial and azimuthal anisotropies. The distribution of azimuthal anisotropy defines the flow lines around the keel, and, at the LAB, coincides with the APM direction of the Indian plate. The fast axis azimuths at 250 km depth are also in accordance with the results from SK(K)S splitting. Such a keel could probably perturb plume-induced flow in the asthenosphere. To determine the influence of such a keel on the interaction of India with several mantle plumes (Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen, La Réunion), we used laboratory experiments. Some preliminary results will be presented on the comparison between the laboratory flowlines and the direction of seismic anisotropy.

Bulldozing of Basal Continental Mantle Lithosphere During Flat-Slab Subduction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Axen, G. J.; van Wijk, J.; Currie, C. A.

2017-12-01

Flat-slab subduction occurs along 10% of subduction margins, forming magmatic gaps and causing inland migration of upper-plate deformation. We suggest that basal continental mantle lithosphere (CML) can be bulldozed ahead of the flat portion of horizontally-subducted oceanic lithosphere, forming a growing and advancing keel of thickened CML. This process fills the asthenospheric mantle wedge with CML, precluding melting. The bulldozed CML keel may transmit tectonic stresses ahead of the flat slab itself, causing upper-plate deformation ahead of the slab hinge. We designed 2-D numerical models after the North American Laramide orogeny, with subduction of a thick, buoyant oceanic plateau (conjugate Shatsky Rise) and with the continent advancing trenchward over the initial slab hinge. This results in slab-flattening, and removal of CML material. In our models, the thickness of the CML layer removed by this process depends on overriding plate rheology and is up to 25 km. The removed material is bulldozed ahead of the hinge and may fill up the asthenospheric wedge. Low-density (depleted) CML favors formation of bulldozed keels, which increase in width as CML strength decreases. Regular-density and/or stronger CML forms smaller bulldozed keels that are more likely to sink with the slab as eclogitization and densification proceed. When the flat slab rolls back, it leaves a step in the CML at the farthest extent of the slab. Relics of this step may remain below North America or may have dripped off. We interpret an upper-mantle fast-velocity anomaly below SE New Mexico and W Texas as a drip/keel, and the step in lithosphere thickness in southwestern Colorado as a fossil step, caused by the removal of the CML layer. Our model predicts that the Laramide bulldozed CML keel may have aided in stress transmission that caused basement uplifts as far as NE Wyoming and subsurface folds even farther N and E. Modern examples may exist in South American flat slab segments.

KEEL for Mission Planning

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-10-06

Copyright 2016, Compsim, All Rights Reserved 1 KEEL® Technology in support of Mission Planning and Execution delivering Adaptive...Executing, and Auditing ) This paper focuses on the decision-making component (#2) with the use of Knowledge Enhanced Electronic logic (KEEL) Technology ...Copyright 2016, Compsim, All Rights Reserved 2 • Eliminate “coding errors” (auto-generated code) • 100% explainable and auditable

New species of Nuuanu (Amphipoda: Nuuanuidae) from Norfolk Island, Torres Strait and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.

PubMed

Hughes, L E; Bopiah, A

2013-01-01

Three new species of Nuuanu, N. quintalana sp. nov., N. stuckeyorun sp. nov. and N. titaseyi sp. nov. are described from Norfolk Island, Tasman Sea; Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean and the Torres Strait, Australia, respectively. There are currently 17 described species of Nuuanu with the genus distributed world-wide.

Morphofunctional Traits and Pollination Mechanisms of Coronilla emerus L. Flowers (Fabaceae)

PubMed Central

Aronne, Giovanna; Giovanetti, Manuela; De Micco, Veronica

2012-01-01

It is accepted that the papilionaceous corolla of the Fabaceae evolved under the selective pressure of bee pollinators. Morphology and function of different parts of Coronilla emerus L. flowers were related to their role in the pollination mechanism. The corolla has a vexillum with red nectar lines, a keel hiding stamens and pistil, and two wing petals fasten to the keel with two notched folds. Pollinators land on the complex of keel and wings, trigger the protrusion of pollen and finally of the stigma from the keel tip. Data on pollen viability and stigma receptivity prove that flowers are proterandrous. The results of hand-pollination experiments confirmed that insects are fundamental to set seed. Interaction with pollinators allows not only the transport of pollen but also the rupture of the stigmatic cuticle, necessary to achieve both allogamy and autogamy. Field observations showed that Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera visited the flowers. Only some of the Hymenoptera landed on the flowers from the front and elicited pollination mechanisms. Most of the insects sucked the nectar from the back without any pollen transfer. Finally, morphological and functional characteristics of C. emerus flowers are discussed in terms of floral larceny and reduction in pollination efficiency. PMID:22666114

Evidence of marine ice-cliff instability in Pine Island Bay from iceberg-keel plough marks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wise, Matthew G.; Dowdeswell, Julian A.; Jakobsson, Martin; Larter, Robert D.

2017-10-01

Marine ice-cliff instability (MICI) processes could accelerate future retreat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet if ice shelves that buttress grounding lines more than 800 metres below sea level are lost. The present-day grounding zones of the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers in West Antarctica need to retreat only short distances before they reach extensive retrograde slopes. When grounding zones of glaciers retreat onto such slopes, theoretical considerations and modelling results indicate that the retreat becomes unstable (marine ice-sheet instability) and thus accelerates. It is thought that MICI is triggered when this retreat produces ice cliffs above the water line with heights approaching about 90 metres. However, observational evidence confirming the action of MICI has not previously been reported. Here we present observational evidence that rapid deglacial ice-sheet retreat into Pine Island Bay proceeded in a similar manner to that simulated in a recent modelling study, driven by MICI. Iceberg-keel plough marks on the sea-floor provide geological evidence of past and present iceberg morphology, keel depth and drift direction. From the planform shape and cross-sectional morphologies of iceberg-keel plough marks, we find that iceberg calving during the most recent deglaciation was not characterized by small numbers of large, tabular icebergs as is observed today, which would produce wide, flat-based plough marks or toothcomb-like multi-keeled plough marks. Instead, it was characterized by large numbers of smaller icebergs with V-shaped keels. Geological evidence of the form and water-depth distribution of the plough marks indicates calving-margin thicknesses equivalent to the threshold that is predicted to trigger ice-cliff structural collapse as a result of MICI. We infer rapid and sustained ice-sheet retreat driven by MICI, commencing around 12,300 years ago and terminating before about 11,200 years ago, which produced large numbers of icebergs smaller than the typical tabular icebergs produced today. Our findings demonstrate the effective operation of MICI in the past, and highlight its potential contribution to accelerated future retreat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.

Isotopic Characterisation of Methane Emissions: use of Keeling-plot Methods to Identify Source Signatures in Boreal Wetlands and Other Settings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fisher, R. E.; Lowry, D.; France, J.; Lanoiselle, M.; Zazzeri, G.; Nisbet, E. G.

2012-12-01

Different methane sources have different δ13CCH4 and δDCH4 signatures, which potentially provides a powerful constraint on models of methane emission budgets. However source signatures remain poorly known and need to be studied in more detail if isotopic measurements of ambient air are to be used to constrain regional and global emissions. The Keeling plot method (plotting δ13CCH4 or δDCH4 against 1/CH4 concentration in samples of ambient air in the close vicinity of known sources) directly assesses the source signature of the methane that is actually emitted to the air. This contrasts with chamber studies, measuring air within a chamber, where local micro-meteorological and microbiological processes are occurring. Keeling plot methods have been applied to a wide variety of settings in this study. The selection of appropriate background measurements for Keeling plot analysis is also considered. The method has been used on a local scale to identify the source signature of summer emissions from subarctic wetlands in Fennoscandia. Samples are collected from low height (0.3-3m) over the wetlands during 24-hour periods, to collect daily emissions maxima (warm late afternoons), inversion maxima (at the coldest time of the 24hr daylight: usually earliest morning), and ambient minima when mixing occurs (often mid afternoon). Some results are comparable to parallel chamber studies, but in other cases there are small but significant shifts between CH4 in chamber air and CH4 that is dispersing in the above-ground air. On a regional to continental scale the isotopic signature of bulk sources of emissions can be identified using Keeling plots. The methodology is very applicable for use in urban and urban-rural settings. For example, the winter SE monsoon sweeps from inland central Asia over China to Hong Kong. Application of back trajectory analysis and Keeling plot methods implied coal emissions may be a significant Chinese source of methane in January, although in other months biological sources dominate. Similarly, in London the method has been used to test the London methane emission inventory.

The effect of perch availability during pullet rearing and egg laying on musculoskeletal health of caged White Leghorn hens.

PubMed

Hester, P Y; Enneking, S A; Haley, B K; Cheng, H W; Einstein, M E; Rubin, D A

2013-08-01

A major skeletal problem of conventionally caged hens is increased susceptibility to osteoporosis mainly due to lack of exercise. Osteoporosis is characterized by a progressive decrease in mineralized structural bone. Whereas considerable attention has been given to enriching laying cages, little research has been conducted on providing caged pullets with furnishments, in particular perches. The objective of the current study was to determine if metal perches during all or part of the life cycle of White Leghorns affected hen musculoskeletal health, especially at end of lay. Treatments during the pullet phase (hatch to 16.9 wk) entailed cages with and without perches. Four treatments were used during the laying phase (17 to 71 wk of age). Treatment 1 chickens never had access to perches at any point during their life cycle, typical of egg industry practices in the United States for conventional cages. Treatment 2 chickens had access to perches only during the egg-laying phase, which was from 17 to 71 wk of age. Treatment 3 chickens had access to perches only during the pullet phase (0 to 16.9 wk of age). Treatment 4 chickens had perch access throughout their entire life cycle (0 to 71 wk of age). Musculoskeletal health was assessed by measuring muscle weights, bone mineralization, bone fracture incidence, and keel bone deviations. Muscle deposition of 71-wk-old hens increased when given access to perches as pullets. Bone mineralization of 71-wk-old hens also increased if given perch access as adults. However, the disadvantage of the adult perch was the higher incidence of keel deviations and keel fractures at end of lay. The increase in bone mineralization of the keel bone as a result of perch access during the pullet and laying phases was not great enough to prevent a higher incidence of keel bone fractures at end of lay. Perch redesign and placement of perches within the cage to minimize keel fractures and deviations are possible solutions.

Subduction beneath Laurentia modified the eastern North American cratonic edge: Evidence from P wave and S wave tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boyce, A.; Bastow, I. D.; Darbyshire, F. A.; Ellwood, A. G.; Gilligan, A.; Levin, V.; Menke, W.

2016-07-01

The cratonic cores of the continents are remarkably stable and long-lived features. Their ability to resist destructive tectonic processes is associated with their thick (˜250 km), cold, chemically depleted, buoyant lithospheric keels that isolate the cratons from the convecting mantle. The formation mechanism and tectonic stability of cratonic keels remains under debate. To address this issue, we use P wave and S wave relative arrival-time tomography to constrain upper mantle structure beneath southeast Canada and the northeast USA, a region spanning three quarters of Earth's geological history. Our models show three distinct, broad zones: Seismic wave speeds increase systematically from the Phanerozoic coastal domains, through the Proterozoic Grenville Province, and to the Archean Superior craton in central Québec. We also recover the NW-SE trending track of the Great Meteor hot spot that crosscuts the major tectonic domains. The decrease in seismic wave speed from Archean to Proterozoic domains across the Grenville Front is consistent with predictions from models of two-stage keel formation, supporting the idea that keel growth may not have been restricted to Archean times. However, while crustal structure studies suggest that Archean Superior material underlies Grenvillian age rocks up to ˜300 km SE of the Grenville Front, our tomographic models show a near-vertical boundary in mantle wave speed directly beneath the Grenville Front. We interpret this as evidence for subduction-driven metasomatic enrichment of the Laurentian cratonic margin, prior to keel stabilization. Variable chemical depletion levels across Archean-Proterozoic boundaries worldwide may thus be better explained by metasomatic enrichment than inherently less depleted Proterozoic composition at formation.

Review of Knowledge Enhanced Electronic Logic (KEEL) Technology

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-01

compiled. Two KEEL Engine processing models are available for most languages : The “Normal Model” processes information as if it was processed on an... language also makes it easy to “see” the functional relationships and the dynamic (interactive) nature of the language , allows one to interact with...for the Accelerated Processing Model ( Patent number 7,512,581 (3/31/2009)). In June 2006, application US 11/446/801 was submitted to support

Deployment loads data from a free-flight investigation of all flexible parawings having 371.612 sq meters (4000 sq feet) of wing area

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Croom, D. R.

1971-01-01

A free-flight test program to determine the deployment characteristics of all-flexible parawings was conducted. Both single-keel and twin-keel parawings having a wing area of 4000 square feet with a five-stage reefing system were tested by use of a bomb-type instrumented test vehicle. Several twin-keel-parawing tests were also made by using an instrumented controllable sled-type test vehicle. The systems were launched from either a C-130 or a C-119 carrier airplane, and a programer parachute was used to bring the test vehicle to a proper dynamic pressure and near-vertical flight path prior to deployment of the parawing system. The free-flight deployment loads data are presented in the form of time histories of individual suspension-line loads and total loads.

The effects of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the mobility of laying hens with keel bone fractures.

PubMed

Nasr, Mohammed Af; Nicol, Christine J; Wilkins, Lindsay; Murrell, Joanna C

2015-03-01

Investigate the effects of administration of meloxicam and carprofen on the mobility of hens with and without keel fractures. Within each of two experiments a 'blinded' randomised cross over design whereby birds received either the test drug (carprofen or meloxicam) or saline. Two groups of Lohman Brown hens with and without keel bone fractures. The first group (n = 63) was treated with carprofen 25 mg kg(-1) and saline subcutaneously, twice. The second group (n = 40) was treated with meloxicam (5 mg kg(-1) ) and saline subcutaneously. The latency of birds to fly down from perches 50, 100 and 150 cm above the ground was measured after each treatment. Data from experiment 1 and 2 were analysed separately; the effects of drug treatment compared with saline on landing time for birds with and without keel bone fractures were evaluated using MLwiN. In both experiments latency to fly down from perches was longer in hens with keel fractures and there was a significant interaction between perch height and fracture status. For carprofen, at the 50 cm, 100 cm and 150 cm perch heights, birds with fractures took (mean ± SD) 2.5 ± 2.9, 6.8 ± 9.7 and 11.5 ± 13.2 seconds respectively to fly down compared with 1.3 ± 0.5, 2.3 ± 1.2 and 4.2 ± 3.1 seconds for birds without fractures. For meloxicam, at the 50 cm, 100 cm and 150 cm perch heights, birds with fractures took 2.9 ± 2.5, 49.8 ± 85.4 and 100.3 ± 123.6 seconds respectively compared with 0.7 ± 0.5, 2.5 ± 7.1 and 3.0 ± 4.6 seconds to fly down for birds without fractures. There was no significant effect of carprofen or meloxicam treatment. These data provide further confirmation that keel fractures reduce the willingness of birds to move from perches. © 2014 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia.

Characterization of Seismic Noise at Selected Non-Urban Sites

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-01

Field sites for seismic recordings: Scottish moor (upper left), Enfield, NH (upper right), and vicinity of Keele, England (bottom). ERDC...three sites. The sites are: a wind farm on a remote moor in Scotland, a ~13 acre field bounded by woods in a rural Enfield, NH neigh- borhood, and a site...in a rural Enfield, NH, neighborhood, and a site transitional from developed land to farmland within 1 km of the six-lane M6 motorway near Keele

The Evolution of Armed Forces Enlisted Personnel Management Policies: Executive Summary.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-07-01

Navy were equally severe with such added cruelties as keel-hauling, by which a man was dragged from one side of the ship to the other under the keel...cheeked sons of New England and the West, who are subjected to degradation and cruelty , compared with which the servitude of the South is freedom, and...the Algerine cruelty is Christian kindness. Another senator cited the case of the training ship Pennsylvania: As a receiving ship it was tied up at a

Pectus carinatum.

PubMed

Robicsek, Francis; Watts, Larry T

2010-11-01

Pectus carinatum or keel chest is a spectrum of progressive inborn anomalies of the anterior chest wall, named after the keel (carina) of ancient Roman ships. It defines a wide spectrum of inborn protrusion anomalies of the sternum and/or the adjacent costal cartilages. Pectus carinatum is often associated with various conditions, notably Marfan disease, homocystinuria, prune belly, Morquio syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, Noonan syndrome, and mitral valve prolapse. Treatment of pectus carinatum by nonsurgical methods such as exercise and casting has not been worthwhile, whereas surgical management is simple and successful.

Analysis and modification of theory for impact of seaplanes on water

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mayo, Wilbur L

1945-01-01

An analysis of available theory on seaplane impact and a proposed modification thereto are presented. In previous methods the overall momentum of the float and virtual mass has been assumed to remain constant during the impact but the present analysis shows that this assumption is rigorously correct only when the resultant velocity of the float is normal to the keel. The proposed modification chiefly involves consideration of the fact that forward velocity of the seaplane float causes momentum to be passed into the hydrodynamic downwash (an action that is the entire consideration in the case of the planing float) and consideration of the fact that, for an impact with trim, the rate of penetration is determined not only by the velocity component normal to the keel but also by the velocity component parallel to the keel, which tends to reduce the penetration. Experimental data for planing, oblique impact, and vertical drop are used to show that the accuracy of the proposed theory is good.

Determination of the Stresses Produced by the Landing Impact in the Bulkheads of a Seaplane Bottom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Darevsky, V. M.

1944-01-01

The present report deals with the determination of the impact stresses in the bulkhead floors of a seaplane bottom. The dynamic problem is solved on the assumption of a certain elastic system, the floor being assumed as a weightless elastic beam with concentrated masses at the ends (due to the mass of the float) and with a spring which replaces the elastic action of the keel in the center. The distributed load on the floor is that due to the hydrodynamic force acting over a certain portion of the bottom. The pressure distribution over the width of the float is assumed to follow the Wagner law. The formulas given for the maximum bending moment are derived on the assumption that the keel is relatively elastic, in which case it can be shown that at each instant of time the maximum bending moment is at the point of juncture of the floor with the keel. The bending moment at this point is a function of the half width of the wetted surface c and reaches its maximum value when c is approximately equal to b/2 where b is the half width of the float. In general, however, for computing the bending moment the values of the bending moment at the keel for certain values of c are determined and a curve is drawn. The illustrative sample computation gave for the stresses a result approximately equal to that obtained by the conventional factory computation.

Recompression Chamber Communication Systems Test and Evaluation.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-04-01

consisted of a selector switch and two banana jacks in order to use the same connecting cable on all of the systems tested. This modification would be...thin 6. din dic din dill 31. bark mark lark park 7. dun dud dung dug 32. gale pale bale male 8. f fig fin fizz fib 33. peel feel eel keel 9. leave...tale male bale S. fin fig fib fizz fill 33. heel keel feel peel eel 9. leash lead leave leach liege 34. till hill bill kill will 10. taj tog tong toss

KSC-02pp1759

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-11-10

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- During an administrator's briefing at the IMAX 2 theatre, Lt. Gov. Jefferson Keel of the Chickasaw Nation (far left) presents a blanket with the seal of the Chickasaw Nation to NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe (second from right). Next to O'Keefe is Chickasaw Gov. Bill Anoatubby. Next to Gov. Keel is Mrs. Laura O'Keefe. STS-113 Mission Specialist John Herrington is a tribally enrolled Chickasaw and the world's first Native American astronaut. Kennedy Space Center hosted more than 350 Native Americans in STS-113 prelaunch events surrounding the historic mission assignment of Herrington.

What Drives Carbon Isotope Fractionation by the Terrestrial Biosphere?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Still, Christopher; Rastogi, Bharat

2017-11-01

During photosynthesis, terrestrial plants preferentially assimilate the lighter and much more abundant form of carbon, 12C, which accounts for roughly 99% of naturally occurring forms of this element. This photosynthetic preference for lighter carbon is driven principally by differences in molecular diffusion of carbon dioxide with differing 13C/12C across stomatal pores on leaves, followed by differences in carboxylation rates by the Rubisco enzyme that is central to the process of photosynthesis. As a result of these slight preferences, which work out to about a 2% difference in the fixation rates of 12CO2 versus 13CO2 by C3 vegetation, plant tissues are depleted in the heavier form of carbon (13C) relative to atmospheric CO2. This difference has been exploited in a wide range of scientific applications, as the photosynthetic isotope signature is passed to ecosystem carbon pools and through ecological food webs. What is less appreciated is the signature that terrestrial carbon exchanges leave on atmospheric CO2, as the net uptake of carbon by land plants during their growing season not only draws down the local CO2 concentration, it also leaves behind relatively more CO2 molecules containing 13C. The converse happens outside the growing season, when autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration predominate. During these periods, atmospheric CO2 concentration increases and its corresponding carbon isotope composition becomes relatively depleted in 13C as the products of photosynthesis are respired, along with some small isotope fractionation that happen downstream of the initial photosynthetic assimilation. Similar phenomena were first observed at shorter time scales by the eminent carbon cycle scientist, Charles (Dave) Keeling. Keeling collected samples of air in glass flasks from sites along the Big Sur coast that he later measured for CO2 concentration and carbon isotope composition (δ13C) in his lab (Keeling, 1998). From these samples, Keeling observed increasing CO2 concentrations at night compared to the day, along with corresponding depletions in their δ13C. These phenomena were understood at the time to be driven by interactions between ecosystem carbon exchanges and vertical movements of the atmospheric boundary layer (Keeling, 1958).

Body-induced vortical flows: a common mechanism for self-corrective trimming control in boxfishes.

PubMed

Bartol, Ian K; Gharib, Morteza; Webb, Paul W; Weihs, Daniel; Gordon, Malcolm S

2005-01-01

Boxfishes (Teleostei: Ostraciidae) are marine fishes having rigid carapaces that vary significantly among taxa in their shapes and structural ornamentation. We showed previously that the keels of the carapace of one species of tropical boxfish, the smooth trunkfish, produce leading edge vortices (LEVs) capable of generating self-correcting trimming forces during swimming. In this paper we show that other tropical boxfishes with different carapace shapes have similar capabilities. We conducted a quantitative study of flows around the carapaces of three morphologically distinct boxfishes (spotted boxfish, scrawled cowfish and buffalo trunkfish) using stereolithographic models and three separate but interrelated analytical approaches: digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV), pressure distribution measurements, and force balance measurements. The ventral keels of all three forms produced LEVs that grew in circulation along the bodies, resembling the LEVs produced around delta-winged aircraft. These spiral vortices formed above the keels and increased in circulation as pitch angle became more positive, and formed below the keels and increased in circulation as pitch angle became more negative. Vortices also formed along the eye ridges of all boxfishes. In the spotted boxfish, which is largely trapezoidal in cross section, consistent dorsal vortex growth posterior to the eye ridge was also present. When all three boxfishes were positioned at various yaw angles, regions of strongest concentrated vorticity formed in far-field locations of the carapace compared with near-field areas, and vortex circulation was greatest posterior to the center of mass. In general, regions of localized low pressure correlated well with regions of attached, concentrated vorticity, especially around the ventral keels. Although other features of the carapace also affect flow patterns and pressure distributions in different ways, the integrated effects of the flows were consistent for all forms: they produce trimming self-correcting forces, which we measured directly using the force balance. These data together with previous work on smooth trunkfish indicate that body-induced vortical flows are a common mechanism that is probably significant for trim control in all species of tropical boxfishes.

Design, Fabrication, and Testing of Composite Energy-Absorbing Keel Beams for General Aviation Type Aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kellas, Sotiris; Knight, Norman F., Jr.

2002-01-01

A lightweight energy-absorbing keel-beam concept was developed and retrofitted in a general aviation type aircraft to improve crashworthiness performance. The energy-absorbing beam consisted of a foam-filled cellular structure with glass fiber and hybrid glass/kevlar cell walls. Design, analysis, fabrication and testing of the keel beams prior to installation and subsequent full-scale crash testing of the aircraft are described. Factors such as material and fabrication constraints, damage tolerance, crush stress/strain response, seat-rail loading, and post crush integrity, which influenced the course of the design process are also presented. A theory similar to the one often used for ductile metal box structures was employed with appropriate modifications to estimate the sustained crush loads for the beams. This, analytical tool, coupled with dynamic finite element simulation using MSC.Dytran were the prime design and analysis tools. The validity of the theory as a reliable design tool was examined against test data from static crush tests of beam sections while the overall performance of the energy-absorbing subfloor was assessed through dynamic testing of 24 in long subfloor assemblies.

The hydrodynamic model testing for closed loop DP assisted mooring

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aalbers, A.B.; Merchant, A.A.

1996-12-31

Far East Levingston Shipbuilding (FELS) is presently completing the construction of the Smedvig Production Unit SPU 380, which will be operated as FPSO for Esso Balder Field Offshore Norway. In good cooperation with FELS and ND and A Inc. of Houston an extensive model test program was carried out for approval and optimization of the DP assisted mooring system. The main aspects were: investigate the performance of the mooring in two water depths, i.e. 250 m and 70 m; optimization of DP control for the three azimuthing thrusters; measurement of motions and wave induced loads at e.g., the bilge keels,more » keel and deckhouse front; and determination of limit sea state for turning the vessel around against the weather. The tests were carried out in the Wave and Current Basin of MARIN, using a closed loop DP control system to steer the thrusters. The paper presents the findings with respect to the effect of DP control strategy on mooring loads and presents selected results of wave induced loads on bilge keels and deck house.« less

Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and two new species of lizards from Brazilian Amazonia, with nomenclatural comments on the taxonomy of Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata).

PubMed

Colli, Guarino R; Hoogmoed, Marinus S; Cannatella, David C; Cassimiro, José; Gomes, Jerriane Oliveira; Ghellere, José Mário; Gomes, Jerriane Oliveira; Ghellere, José Mário; Nunes, Pedro M Sales; Pellegrino, Kátia C M; Salerno, Patricia; Souza, Sergio Marques De; Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut

2015-08-18

We describe a new genus and two new species of gymnophthalmid lizards based on specimens collected from Brazilian Amazonia, mostly in the "arc of deforestation". The new genus is easily distinguished from other Gymnophthalmidae by having very wide, smooth, and imbricate nuchals, arranged in two longitudinal and 6-10 transverse rows from nape to brachium level, followed by much narrower, strongly keeled, lanceolate, and mucronate scales. It also differs from all other Gymnophthalmidae, except Iphisa, by the presence of two longitudinal rows of ventrals. The new genus differs from Iphisa by having two pairs of enlarged chinshields (one in Iphisa); posterior dorsal scales lanceolate, strongly keeled and not arranged in longitudinal rows (dorsals broad, smooth and forming two longitudinal rows), and lateral scales keeled (smooth). Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses based on morphological and molecular data indicate the new species form a clade that is most closely related to Iphisa. We also address several nomenclatural issues and present a revised classification of Gymnophthalmidae.

Truncorotalia crassaformis from its type locality: Comparison with Caribbean plankton and Pliocene relatives

USGS Publications Warehouse

Scott, George H.; Ingle, James C.; McCane, Brendan; Powell, Charles L.; Thunell, Robert C.

2015-01-01

Truncorotalia crassaformis has been identified in Pliocene-Holocene assemblages globally but there has been little analysis of specimens from its type locality at Lomita Quarry, California. This has led to confusion about some diagnostic criteria, particularly the presence of a peripheral keel. To better understand variation specimens are studied from the type locality (Pleistocene, c. 400–600 ka), supplemented by material from a plankton trap in Cariaco Basin and from ODP 925, Ceara Rise (Pliocene, c. 4.3 Ma). The damaged holotype has a weak topographic ridge (keel) at the periphery of early chambers of the outer whorl. Several well-preserved specimens have a keel on all chambers of the whorl. Encrustation obscures the periphery on some and masks shell shape. Several outliers in a morphometric analysis of axial shape have distinctive discoidal outlines but ventroconical (cone-like) forms are common. Lomita Marl was deposited on a sheltered, shallow shelf in Chron 1. Foraminifera reworked from the unconformably underlying Repetto Siltstone are present. Specimens resembling the holotype are very rare and often damaged. Morphological disparity is high. It is unlikely that an autochthonous population was sampled. The weak peripheral keel present on some living specimens from Cariaco Basin is built incrementally by a thin featureless calcitic veneer deposited between the morphogenesis of each chamber. The process progressively obscures pores in the primary wall. Its earliest stages have been misidentified as a poreless zone. Ventroconical form is weak in the Ceara Rise Pliocene specimens and is distinguishable from the Cariaco sample. There is only a veneer at the periphery. Although the study does not provide a population-based diagnosis of T. crassaformis it indicates that the name should not be applied to early Pliocene forms.

Increased risk of aseptic loosening for 43,525 rotating-platform vs. fixed-bearing total knee replacements

PubMed Central

Gothesen, Oystein; Lygre, Stein Hakon L; Lorimer, Michelle; Graves, Stephen; Furnes, Ove

2017-01-01

Background and purpose — Given similar functional outcomes with mobile and fixed bearings, a difference in survivorship may favor either. This study investigated the risk of aseptic loosening for the most used subtypes of mobile-bearing rotating-platform knees, in Norway and Australia. Patients and methods — Primary TKRs reported to the Norwegian and Australian joint registries, between 2003 and 2014, were analyzed with aseptic loosening as primary end-point and all revisions as secondary end-point. We hypothesized that no difference would be found in the rate of revision between rotating-platform and the most used fixed-bearing TKRs, or between keeled and non-keeled tibia. Kaplan–Meier estimates and curves, and Cox regression relative risk estimates adjusted for age, sex, and diagnosis were used for comparison. Results — The rotating-platform TKRs had an increased risk of revision for aseptic loosening compared with the most used fixed-bearing knees, in Norway (RR =6, 95% CI 4–8) and Australia (RR =2.1, 95% CI 1.8–2.5). The risk of aseptic loosening as a reason for revision was highest in Norway compared with Australia (RR =1.7, 95% CI 1.4–2.0). The keeled tibial component had the same risk of aseptic loosening as the non-keeled tibia (Australia). Fixation method and subtypes of the tibial components had no impact on the risk of aseptic loosening in these mobile-bearing knees. Interpretation — The rotating-platform TKRs in this study appeared to have a higher risk of revision for aseptic loosening than the most used fixed-bearing TKRs. PMID:28929828

Three-dimensional microarchitecture of the plates (primary, secondary, and carinar process) in the developing tooth of Lytechinus variegatus revealed by synchrotron X-ray absorption microtomography (microCT).

PubMed

Stock, S R; Ignatiev, K I; Dahl, T; Veis, A; De Carlo, F

2003-12-01

This paper reports the first noninvasive, volumetric study of entire cross-sections of a sea urchin tooth in which the individual calcite structural elements could be resolved. Two cross-sectionally intact fragments of a Lytechinus variegatus tooth were studied with synchrotron microCT (microcomputed tomography) with 1.66 microm voxels (volume elements). These fragments were from the plumula, that is the tooth zone with rapidly increasing levels of mineral; one fragment was from a position aboral of where the keel developed and the second was from the zone where the keel was developing. The primary plates, secondary plates, carinar process plates, prisms, and elements of the lamellar-needle complex were resolved. Comparison of the microCT data with optical micrographs of stained thin sections confirmed the identifications and measured dimensions of the characteristic microarchitectural features. The interplay of reinforcing structures (plates and prisms) was more clearly revealed in the volumetric numerical data sets than in single or sequential slices. While it is well known that the primary plates and prisms in camarodont teeth are situated to improve resistance to bending (which can be termed primary bending), the data presented provide a new understanding of the mechanical role of the carinar process plates, that is, a geometry consistent with that required in the keel to resist lateral or transverse bending of the tooth about a second axis. The increase in robustness of teeth incorporating lateral keel reinforcement suggests that the relative development of carinar processes (toward a geometry similar to that of L. variegatus) is a character which can be used to infer which sea urchins among the stirodonts are most primitive and among the camarodonts which are more primitive.

Concepts for diamond exploration in "on/off craton" areas—British Columbia, Canada

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simandl, George J.

2004-09-01

The tectonic setting of British Columbia (BC) differs from classic diamond-bearing intracratonic regions such as the Northwest Territories and South Africa. Nevertheless, several diamond occurrences have been reported in BC. It is also known that parts of the province are underlain by Proterozoic and possibly Archean basement. Because the continents of today are composites of fragments of ancient continents, it is possible that some of the regions underlain by old crystalline basement in eastern British Columbia were associated with a deep crustal keel. The keel may have predated the break-up of the early Neoproterozoic supercontinent called Rodinia and was preserved possibly until the Triassic. Some of these old continental fragments may have been displaced relative to their position of origin and dissociated from their keel, or the keel may have since been destroyed. Such fragments represent favourable exploration grounds in terms of the "Diamondiferous Mantle Root" model (DMR model) if they were intersected by kimberlites or lamproites prior to displacement or destruction of their underlying deep keel. Therefore, extrapolation of fragments of the diamond-bearing Precambrian basement from the Northwest Territories or Alberta to BC provides a sufficient reason for initiating reconnaissance indicator mineral surveys. The "Eclogite Subduction Zone" model (ES model) predicts formation of diamonds at lower pressure (i.e., depth) than required by the DMR model in convergent tectonic settings. Although not proven, this model is supported by thermal modeling of cold subduction zones and recent discoveries of diamonds in areas characterized by convergent tectonic settings. If the ES model is correct, then the parts of BC with a geological history similar to today's "cold" subduction zones, such as Honshu (Japan), or to continental collision zones, such as Kokchetav massif (Kazakhstan) and the Dabie-Sulu Terrane (east central China), may be diamondiferous. The terranes where geological evidences suggest an ultrahigh pressure (UHP) metamorphic event followed by rapid tectonic exhumation (which could have prevented complete resorption of diamonds on their journey to the surface) are worth investigating. If UHP rocks were intercepted at depth by syn- or post-subduction diamond elevators, such as kimberlites, lamproites, lamprophyres, nephelinites or other alkali volcanic rocks of deep-seated origin, the diamond potential of the area would be even higher.

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - United Space Alliance employees Jeremy Schwarz (left) and Chris Keeling install new tiles on the heat shield of main engine 1 for the orbiter Discovery. A heat shield is a protective layer on a spacecraft designed to protect it from the high temperatures, usually those that result from aerobraking during reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere.

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-09-23

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - United Space Alliance employees Jeremy Schwarz (left) and Chris Keeling install new tiles on the heat shield of main engine 1 for the orbiter Discovery. A heat shield is a protective layer on a spacecraft designed to protect it from the high temperatures, usually those that result from aerobraking during reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere.

Dual-keel electrodynamic maglev system

DOEpatents

He, Jianliang; Wang, Zian; Rote, Donald M.; Coffey, Howard T.; Hull, John R.; Mulcahy, Thomas M.; Cal, Yigang

1996-01-01

A propulsion and stabilization system with a plurality of superconducting magnetic devices affixed to the dual-keels of a vehicle, where the superconducting magnetic devices produce a magnetic field when energized. The system also includes a plurality of figure-eight shaped null-flux coils affixed to opposing vertical sides of slots in a guideway. The figure-eight shaped null-flux coils are vertically oriented, laterally cross-connected in parallel, longitudinally connected in series, and continue the length of the vertical slots providing levitation and guidance force. An external power source energizes the figure-eight shaped null-flux coils to create a magnetic traveling wave that interacts with the magnetic field produced by the superconducting magnets to impart motion to the vehicle.

Reptilia: Testudines: Emydidae Graptemys gibbonsi - Pascagoula Map Turtle

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lovich, Jeffrey E.; Ennen, Joshua R.

2014-01-01

The Pascagoula Map Turtle, Graptemys gibbonsi, is a large riverine species that exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism, where females attain a maximum carapace length (CL) of 295 mm and males a maximum of 141 mm (Lovich et al. 2009). Mean adult female CL (248 mm) can be well over twice the mean CL of adult males (104 mm; Gibbons and Lovich 1990, Lovich et al. 2009). In addition, females have conspicuously enlarged heads (37.9 mm, SD = 14.0 mm) with broad alveolar surfaces (12.1 mm, SD = 4.9) compared to males (head width – 16.4 mm, SD = 1.1 mm; alveolar width – 4.3 mm, SD = 0.40 mm; Lindeman, unpublished data). Males have longer tails with the vent posterior to the edge of the carapace. Both sexes have relatively flat plastrons. Similar to other species within the pulchra clade, Graptemys gibbonsi possess a high-domed shell with a median keel. The median carapace keel is composed of prominent spines on the posterior portions of the second and third vertebrals. A broken black stripe, most pronounced anteriorly, marks the median keel of the vertebrals, and pleural scutes 1– 3 have a network of intersecting yellow lines or circular yellow markings on the distal parts. The plastron is pale yellow with dark pigment on some seams. Ground color of the head and limbs is brown to olive with light yellow or yellowish-green stripes and blotches. The yellow pigment on the upper marginal scutes is wide in comparison to other members of the pulchra clade.Hatchling pigmentation patterns resemble those of adults, but with more conspicuous patterns on the pleural scutes. Similarly, the plastron of hatchlings commonly has more dark pigmentation along the seams than adults. The shell is highly serrated along the edge of the carapace and the vertebral keel is more pronounced than in adults.

On the importance of continental lithospheric roots in plume-continent interaction: implication for India motions over the last 130 Ma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sibrant, A.; Davaille, A.

2015-12-01

Over the last 130 Ma, the India plate migration varied in velocity and direction. The oceanic magnetic anomalies indicates that the India-Asia convergence rate increase at ~ 90 Ma and at ~ 67 Ma. These episodes of acceleration correspond to the emplacement of Morondava and Deccan large igneous provinces, respectively. They therefore may be generated by the arrival of a mantle plume in the vicinity of India. We carried out laboratory experiments to examine and quantify the possible links between plume head impact and the acceleration of a continental plate. The latter is modelled by a buoyant raft, floating on the surface of a plexiglas tank containing Sugar Syrup, a temperature-dependent viscosity fluid. Plumes are generated by heating from below. The initial distance between the plume impact and the raft, as well as the raft size and density were systematically varied. The latter allows to evaluate the influence of a cratonic keel on the plate migration. Experimental results suggest that: (1) a continent can migrate under the influence of a plume head only if the thickness ratio between the keel and the plume head impact is greater than a critical value; (2) the maximum velocity achieved by the raft depends on the distance between the raft and the plume centre and (3) the direction taken by the raft is directly related to the position of the plume impact compared to the keel's. Given the Deccan Traps plume characteristics, the scaling laws derived from the experiments suggest that India could migrate after the plume impact with a velocity ranging between 61 and 125 mm/yr. This estimated range is fully coherent with the India plate velocity calculated from the oceanic magnetic anomalies, but it put strong constraints on the existence and position of cratonic keels under India. Moreover, India migration during the last 130 Ma can be quantitavely related to the successive impacts of three mantle plumes.

Dual-keel electrodynamic maglev system

DOEpatents

He, J.L.; Wang, Z.; Rote, D.M.; Coffey, H.T.; Hull, J.R.; Mulcahy, T.M.; Cal, Y.

1996-12-24

A propulsion and stabilization system is disclosed with a plurality of superconducting magnetic devices affixed to the dual-keels of a vehicle, where the superconducting magnetic devices produce a magnetic field when energized. The system also includes a plurality of figure-eight shaped null-flux coils affixed to opposing vertical sides of slots in a guideway. The figure-eight shaped null-flux coils are vertically oriented, laterally cross-connected in parallel, longitudinally connected in series, and continue the length of the vertical slots providing levitation and guidance force. An external power source energizes the figure-eight shaped null-flux coils to create a magnetic traveling wave that interacts with the magnetic field produced by the superconducting magnets to impart motion to the vehicle. 6 figs.

Adaptive momentum management for the dual keel Space Station

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hopkins, M.; Hahn, E.

1987-01-01

The report discusses momentum management for a large space structure with the structure selected configuration being the Initial Orbital Configuration of the dual-keel Space Station. The external torques considered were gravity gradient and aerodynamic torques. The goal of the momentum management scheme developed is to remove the bias components of the external torques and center the cyclic components of the stored angular momentum. The scheme investigated is adaptive to uncertainties of the inertia tensor and requires only approximate knowledge of principal moments of inertia. Computational requirements are minimal and should present no implementation problem in a flight-type computer. The method proposed is shown to be effective in the presence of attitude control bandwidths as low as 0.01 radian/sec.

Generalized theory for seaplane impact

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Milwitzky, Benjamin

1952-01-01

The motions, hydrodynamic loads, and pitching moments experienced by v-bottom seaplanes during step-landing impacts are analyzed and the theoretical results are compared with experimental data. In the analysis, the primary flow about the immersed portion of a keeled hull or float is considered to occur in transverse flow planes and the concept of virtual mass is applied to determined the reaction of the water to the motions of the seaplane. The entire immersion process is analyzed from the instant of initial contact until the seaplane rebounds from the water surfaces. The analysis is applicable to the complete range of initial contact conditions between the case of impacts where the resultant velocity is normal to the keel and the limiting condition of planing.

Human factors evaluation of the HL-20 full-scale model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Willshire, Kelli F.; Simonsen, Lisa C.; Willshire, William L., Jr.

1993-09-01

The human factors testing of the HL-20 personnel launch system full-scale model was conducted in both the vertical and horizontal positions at NASA Langley Research Center. Three main areas of testing were considered: an anthropometric fit evaluation, the ingress and egress of a 10-person crew, and pilot viewing. The subjects, ranging from the 5th to 95th percentile size, had sufficient clearance in the model, with the exception of the last two rows of seats and the cockpit area. Adjustable seat heights and/or placement of the seats farther forward would provide more headroom. In the horizontal position, the model's seat placement and aisle width allowed a quick and orderly 10-person egress for the no-keel (a structural support running the length on the aisle), 6-in.-high keel, and 12-in.-high keel conditions. Egress times were less than 20 s. For the vertical position, the model's long cylindrical shape with the ladder in the ceiling allowed a quick and orderly egress with average times less than 30 s. Ingress and egress procedures were demonstrated using shuttle partial-pressure suits. The reduced mobility experienced while wearing the suits did increase egress times, although they still remained acceptable. The window arrangement for pilot viewing was found to be reasonably acceptable, although slight modifications, such as an increased downward view, is desirable.

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Observations of Hydraulic Roughness and Form Drag in the Wake of a Deep Ice Keel in the Arctic Ocean

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

1 3. Physical Processes ................................................................................3 a...AND DATA PROCESSING ...............................................9 A. DATA COLLECTION...17 B. DATA PROCESSING ...................................................................................17 1

The Formation of Laurentia: Evidence from Shear Wave Splitting and Seismic Tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liddell, M. V.; Bastow, I. D.; Gilligan, A.; Darbyshire, F. A.; Pugh, S.

2016-12-01

Earth conditions during the Precambrian, and their effect on plate tectonic processes during that era, are not fully understood; how the fast wave-speed cratonic roots, or keels, often found beneath these regions were formed is also debated. The geological record of northern Hudson Bay includes the 1.8Ga TransHudson Orogen (THO) terrane, a remnant of the Paleoproterozoic collision of the Archean Rae and Churchill domains that overlies one of Earth's largest cratonic keels. This region is thus an ideal natural laboratory for the study of Precambrian processes. We use broadband seismological data recorded at 65 stations in northern Hudson Bay to address questions regarding the manner and scale of plate deformation during Precambrian assembly of the region. To explore these questions, we conduct a study of mantle seismic anisotropy using SKS splitting. Our study constitutes the most complete shear wave splitting analysis of northern Canada to date utilising up to 11 years of data for some stations. Anisotropic fast directions (φ) and delay times (δt) are determined using a modified Silver and Chan (1991) method. In the Hudson Strait, φ directions parallel the THO, while the islands in northern Hudson Bay show changes in φ over length scales short enough to indicate lithospheric origin. Complex anisotropy patterns are observed in the central Rae craton and southern Baffin Island, suggesting multiple sources. Several possible sources of anisotropy are explored, including basal drag of the North American plate, mantle flow deflected by the Laurentian keel, and discontinuities associated with possible two-stage keel development P and S-wave relative arrival-time tomographic velocity models are also presented. Waveforms are aligned using the adaptive stacking routine of Rawlinson et al. (2004), and models are produced using the Fast Marching Tomography inversion code of Rawlinson et al. (2006). The THO is modeled as a low velocity feature relative to the neighbouring Archean cratons, corroborating previous studies that interpret Proterozoic under-thrusting of the Superior beneath southern Baffin Island (e.g. St. Onge et al., 2006). The interpretation of the mantle velocity structure and the SKS splitting results presented here contribute to a complex and ongoing story about the Precambrian assembly of Laurentia

Iceberg Ploughmarks Indicate Past Rapid Iceberg Calving and Retreat of Pine Island-Thwaites Ice Stream due to Marine Ice-Cliff Instability Processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wise, M.; Dowdeswell, J. A.; Larter, R. D.; Jakobsson, M.

2016-12-01

Seafloor ploughmarks provide evidence of past and present iceberg dimensions and drift direction. Today, Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, which account for 35% of mass loss from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS), calve mainly large, tabular icebergs, which, when grounded, produce `toothcomb-like' multi-keeled ploughmarks. High-resolution multi-beam swath bathymetry of the mid-shelf Pine Island Trough and adjacent banks, reveals many linear-curvilinear depressions interpreted as iceberg-keel ploughmarks, the majority of which are single-keeled in form. From measurements of ploughmark planform and cross-sections, we find iceberg calving from the palaeo-Pine Island-Thwaites Ice Stream was not characterised by small numbers of large, tabular icebergs, but instead, by a large number of `smaller' icebergs with v-shaped keels. Geological evidence of ploughmark form and water-depth distribution indicates calving-margin thicknesses ( 950 m) and subaerial ice-cliff elevations ( 100 m) equivalent to the theoretical threshold recently predicted to trigger ice-cliff structural collapse through Marine Ice Cliff Instability (MICI) processes. Significantly, our proposed period of iceberg ploughing predates the early Holocene climate optimum, and likely occurred in an absence of widespread surface melt. We therefore provide the first observational evidence of rapid retreat of the Palaeo-Pine Island-Thwaites ice stream from the crest of a large, mid-shelf sedimentary depocentre or grounding-zone wedge, to a restabilising position 112 km offshore of the December 2013 calving line, driven by MICI processes commencing 12.3 cal. ka BP. We emphasise the effective operation of MICI processes without extensive surface melt and induced hydrofracture, and conclude that such processes are unlikely to be confined to the past, given the steep, retrograde bed-slope which the modern grounding lines of Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers are approaching, and the absence of any discernible restabilising features upstream of the modern grounding-zone. We expect MICI to contribute significantly to future ice retreat and sea-level rise under a warming climate, and emphasise the importance of its inclusion in future modelling studies.

Viral Evolution Core | FNLCR Staging

Cancer.gov

Brandon F. Keele, Ph.D. PI/Senior Principal Investigator, Retroviral Evolution Section Head, Viral Evolution Core Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Frederick, MD 21702-1201 Tel: 301-846-173

33 CFR 173.57 - Contents of report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...”, “manual”, “propeller”, “sail”, “water jet”, or “other”; (ix) Fuel: authorized terms are “electric... transom to keel, horsepower, propulsion (outboard, inboard, inboard outdrive, sail, or other), fuel (gas...

33 CFR 173.57 - Contents of report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...”, “manual”, “propeller”, “sail”, “water jet”, or “other”; (ix) Fuel: authorized terms are “electric... transom to keel, horsepower, propulsion (outboard, inboard, inboard outdrive, sail, or other), fuel (gas...

33 CFR 173.57 - Contents of report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...”, “manual”, “propeller”, “sail”, “water jet”, or “other”; (ix) Fuel: authorized terms are “electric... transom to keel, horsepower, propulsion (outboard, inboard, inboard outdrive, sail, or other), fuel (gas...

Two sympatric new species of woodlizards (Hoplocercinae, Enyalioides) from Cordillera Azul National Park in northeastern Peru

PubMed Central

Venegas, Pablo J.; Torres-Carvajal, Omar; Duran, Vilma; de Queiroz, Kevin

2013-01-01

Abstract We report the discovery of two sympatric new species of Enyalioides from a montane rainforest of the Río Huallaga basin in northeastern Peru. Among other characters, the first new species is distinguishable from other Enyalioides by the combination of the following characters: strongly keeled ventral scales, more than 37 longitudinal rows of dorsals in a transverse line between the dorsolateral crests at midbody, low vertebral crest on the neck with vertebrals on neck similar in size to those between hind limbs, projecting scales on body or limbs absent, 96 mm maximum SVL in both sexes, and caudals increasing in size posteriorly within each autotomic segment. The second new species differs from other species of Enyalioides in having strongly keeled ventral scales, scales posterior to the superciliaries forming a longitudinal row of strongly projecting scales across the lateral edge of the skull roof in adults of both sexes, 31 or fewer longitudinal rows of strongly keeled dorsals in a transverse line between the dorsolateral crests at midbody, vertebrals on neck more than five times the size of vertebrals between hind limbs in adult males, projecting scales on body or limbs absent, and caudals increasing in size posteriorly within each autotomic segment. We also present an updated molecular phylogenetic tree of hoplocercines including new samples of Enyalioides rudolfarndti, Enyalioides rubrigularis, both species described in this paper, as well as an updated identification key for species of Hoplocercinae. PMID:23794824

Can We Monitor Ecosystem Function Using Keeling Plot Analyses of Nocturnal Cold-Air Drainage?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bond, B. J.; Ocheltree, T.; Pypker, T.; Unsworth, M. H.; Mix, A. C.; William, R.

2003-12-01

The carbon isotope signature of ecosystem respiration, δ 13CR, as measured by the Keeling Plot approach, has been related to short-term variations in weather and ecosystem function in several recent studies. In order to obtain an adequate range of [CO2] and to sample a consistent vegetation type, investigators typically select sampling locations in relatively flat terrain and uniform canopy cover, but these are unusual conditions for many forested ecosystems. In a pilot study, we are collecting samples for Keeling Plot analyses in cold-air drainage systems in small (60-100 ha), deeply-incised watersheds, one covered with old-growth (ca 450-years-old) Douglas-fir/hemlock forest and one covered with young (ca 45-years-old) Douglas-fir forest. We found that the nightly range of [CO2] was typically 380-460 ppm, sufficient to develop good estimates of δ 13CR. At any point in time there was little variation in [CO2] with height through the canopy (0.5-30m), so the required range was obtained by sampling over several hours. There was no indication that samples taken from different heights or at different times of night represented sources with different isotopic signatures. The isotopic signature of respired CO2 in the older watershed averaged about 1 per mil greater than that of the young watershed, and δ 13CR of both locations correlated with modeled stomatal conductance 6 days prior to flask sampling.

33 CFR 183.320 - Preconditioning for tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... percent of the result of the following calculation, but not less than zero: the maximum weight capacity... be sealed. (f) The boat must be keel down in the water. (g) The boat must be swamped, allowing water...

33 CFR 183.320 - Preconditioning for tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... percent of the result of the following calculation, but not less than zero: the maximum weight capacity... be sealed. (f) The boat must be keel down in the water. (g) The boat must be swamped, allowing water...

33 CFR 183.320 - Preconditioning for tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... percent of the result of the following calculation, but not less than zero: the maximum weight capacity... be sealed. (f) The boat must be keel down in the water. (g) The boat must be swamped, allowing water...

33 CFR 183.320 - Preconditioning for tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... percent of the result of the following calculation, but not less than zero: the maximum weight capacity... be sealed. (f) The boat must be keel down in the water. (g) The boat must be swamped, allowing water...

33 CFR 183.320 - Preconditioning for tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... percent of the result of the following calculation, but not less than zero: the maximum weight capacity... be sealed. (f) The boat must be keel down in the water. (g) The boat must be swamped, allowing water...

46 CFR 128.420 - Keel cooler installations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...-metallic hose-clamps may be used at machinery connections if— (1) The clamps are of a corrosion-resistant material; (2) The clamps do not depend on spring tension for their holding power; and (3) Two of the clamps...

A dedicated undergraduate gynaecology teaching clinic: The Keele experience.

PubMed

Katali, Hamza Mahamadu; Parry-Smith, William Rhys; Eliot, Rees L; O'Mahony, Fidelma

2016-01-01

Much discussion in the literature centres on how best to teach medical students the intricacies of gynaecological assessment and the subsequent formulation of a management plan. At Keele University skills are initially developed in a simulated setting and then transferred to the workplace where students continue to develop their skills. A dedicated undergraduate gynaecology teaching clinic has been developed and comprises of 2-3 students and a tutor. All 38 students rotating through the department between January and June 2013 were invited to complete an anonymous questionnaire to evaluate this clinic and 36 (95%) of them responded. Respondents felt significantly more comfortable taking a gynaecology history, ensuring privacy during examination and formulating a management plan post-clinic (all p < 0.001), with female students feeling significantly more comfortable than their male counterparts (p = 0.04). The use of this clinic shows great promise to help students learn an unfamiliar and challenging skill.

The influence of David Keeling on oceanic CO2 measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brewer, Peter G.

Dave Keeling—only Roger Revelle called him "Charles David" and always in a tone that could command Dave's attention—had a remarkable influence on the creation of modern understanding of the oceanic CO2 system. Although Dave resided at an oceanographic institution for almost his entire professional career, the great majority of his work concerned atmospheric measurements; his own account of his work [Keeling, 1998] makes scant reference to his ocean science papers. But those relatively few oceanic papers, and more importantly his intense personal interest and unimpeachable reputation for classic measurement, had enormous impact. It is possible to trace Dave's influence on oceanic measurement through the course of five decades, and over that time, our understanding has grown enormously. The following is a somewhat personal account, but Dave so influenced the careers of the small group of ocean CO2 scientists that have led the way that any one of them would write a similar account.

A new species of Rock Gecko of the genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Belitung Island, Indonesia.

PubMed

Riyanto, Awal; Hamidy, Amir; Sidik, Irvan; Gunalen, Danny

2017-11-30

A new species of rock gecko of the genus Cnemaspis Strauch is described from Belitung Island, Indonesia. The new species is differentiated from all other species in the Southern Sunda clade (sensu Grismer et al. 2014a) by having a unique combination of characters including: (1) a maximum SVL of 54.1 mm, (2) five or six postmental scales, (3) enlarged submetacarpal scales on the first finger, (4) enlarged submetatarsal scales on the first toe, (5) keeled ventral scales, (6) absence of precloacal pores, (7) absence of enlarged femoral scales, (8) absence of shield-like subtibial scales, (9) caudal tubercles encircling the tail, (10) an interrupted median row of enlarged keeled subcaudals, (11) presence of a distinct furrow on the lateral surface of the tail (12) 22-24 lamellae beneath fourth toe, and (13) two postcloacal tubercles on each side of the tail base.

Characterization of E. CHLOROTICUS Sea Urchin Tooth Using Nanoindentation and SEM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Laxminarayana, Radhika; Rodrigues, Samantha; Dickinson, Michelle

The teeth of Evenchinus chloroticus are not only vital tools for their survival but also have fascinating structures in the world of science and engineering. Despite being compositionally similar to rocks, these teeth are still able to scrape along the hard surfaces of rocks for food, while having the unique ability to self-sharpen. Yet these abilities arise from the properties of the teeth, which are in turn dependent on their design and composition. Nanoindentation was used in this study to characterise the hardness across the sea urchin tooth in detail. It focuses on the chewing tip since the main grinding function is performed by this region. In addition, SEM and EDS were used to explore any correlations between the mechanical properties of the tooth and its composition. It was found that there were two main relatively hard regions (stone part in the centre of the top flange part and another similar region in the centre of the bottom keel zone). These regions are similar in structure, consisting of thin needles and matrix and have a higher magnesium content compared to other areas of the tooth, which is attributed to the greater proportion of matrix present. Furthermore, the regions below the stone part and at the start of the keel zone appear to be weaker, which might be due to the significant amount of pores in these areas. The sharp tip is maintained by shedding of the primary plates surrounding the stone part and the keel fibres, leaving only the stone part at the chewing tip.

78 FR 51058 - Airworthiness Directives; Airbus Airplanes

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-20

... below the center wing box between frame (FR) 40 and FR 42, and in part of the area of the upper... NDT inspections for cracks in the affected areas of the keel beam side panel below the center wing box...

On the relations between cratonic lithosphere thickness, plate motions, and basal drag

USGS Publications Warehouse

Artemieva, I.M.; Mooney, W.D.

2002-01-01

An overview of seismic, thermal, and petrological evidence on the structure of Precambrian lithosphere suggests that its local maximum thickness is highly variable (140-350 km), with a bimodal distribution for Archean cratons (200-220 km and 300-350 km). We discuss the origin of such large differences in lithospheric thickness, and propose that the lithospheric base can have large depth variations over short distances. The topography of Bryce Canyon (western USA) is proposed as an inverted analog of the base of the lithosphere. The horizontal and vertical dimensions of Archean cratons are strongly correlated: larger cratons have thicker lithosphere. Analysis of the bimodal distribution of lithospheric thickness in Archean cratons shows that the "critical" surface area for cratons to have thick (>300 km) keels is >6-8 ?? 106 km2 . Extrapolation of the linear trend between Archean lithospheric thickness and cratonic area to zero area yields a thickness of 180 km. This implies that the reworking of Archean crust should be accompanied by thinning and reworking of the entire lithospheric column to a thickness of 180 km in accord with thickness estimates for Proterozoic lithosphere. Likewise, extrapolation of the same trend to the size equal to the total area of all Archean cratons implies that the lithospheric thickness of a hypothesized early Archean supercontinent could have been 350-450 km decreasing to 280-400 km for Gondwanaland. We evaluate the basal drag model as a possible mechanism that may thin the cratonic lithosphere. Inverse correlations are found between lithospheric thickness and (a) fractional subduction length and (b) the effective ridge length. In agreement with theoretical predictions, lithospheric thickness of Archean keels is proportional to the square root of the ratio of the craton length (along the direction of plate motion) to the plate velocity. Large cratons with thick keels and low plate velocities are less eroded by basal drag than small fast-moving cratons. Basal drag may have varied in magnitude over the past 4 Ga. Higher mantle temperatures in the Archean would have resulted in lower mantle viscosity. This in turn would have reduced basal drag and basal erosion, and promoted the preservation of thick (>300 km) Archean keels, even if plate velocities were high during the Archean. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

46 CFR 34.20-25 - Foam monitor capacity-T/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... keel laying date on or after January 1, 1975, must be at least 3 liters per minute per square meter (.073 gallons per minute per square foot) of cargo area protected by that monitor. [CGD 74-127, 41 FR...

46 CFR 34.20-25 - Foam monitor capacity-T/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... keel laying date on or after January 1, 1975, must be at least 3 liters per minute per square meter (.073 gallons per minute per square foot) of cargo area protected by that monitor. [CGD 74-127, 41 FR...

46 CFR 34.20-25 - Foam monitor capacity-T/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... keel laying date on or after January 1, 1975, must be at least 3 liters per minute per square meter (.073 gallons per minute per square foot) of cargo area protected by that monitor. [CGD 74-127, 41 FR...

46 CFR 34.20-25 - Foam monitor capacity-T/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... keel laying date on or after January 1, 1975, must be at least 3 liters per minute per square meter (.073 gallons per minute per square foot) of cargo area protected by that monitor. [CGD 74-127, 41 FR...

46 CFR 34.20-25 - Foam monitor capacity-T/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... keel laying date on or after January 1, 1975, must be at least 3 liters per minute per square meter (.073 gallons per minute per square foot) of cargo area protected by that monitor. [CGD 74-127, 41 FR...

Global Water Clarity: Continuing a Century-Long Monitoring

EPA Science Inventory

Aquatic systems worldwide are changing due to increasing climate variability and human activities, yet it is difficult to capture such temporal changes without standardized long-term observations [Boyce et al. 2015, Barton et al. 2016]. Unlike the well-established Keeling curve t...

Ecological speciation in an island snail: evidence for the parallel evolution of a novel ecotype and maintenance by ecologically dependent postzygotic isolation.

PubMed

Stankowski, Sean

2013-05-01

Speciation is the process by which reproductive isolation evolves between populations. Two general models of speciation have been proposed: ecological speciation, where reproductive barriers evolve due to ecologically based divergent selection, and mutation-order speciation, where populations fix different mutations as they adapt to similar selection pressures. I evaluate these alternative models and determine the progress of speciation in a diverse group of land snails, genus Rhagada, inhabiting Rosemary Island. A recently derived keeled-flat morphotype occupies two isolated rocky hills, while globose-shelled snails inhabit the surrounding plains. The study of one hill reveals that they are separated by a narrow hybrid zone. As predicted by ecological speciation theory, there are local and landscape level associations between shell shape and habitat, and the morphological transition coincides with a narrow ecotone between the two distinct environments. Microsatellite DNA revealed a cline of hybrid index scores much wider than the morphological cline, further supporting the ecological maintenance of the morphotypes. The hybrid zone does not run through an area of low population density, as is expected for mutation-order hybrid zones, and there is a unimodal distribution of phenotypes at the centre, suggesting that there is little or no prezygotic isolation. Instead, these data suggest that the ecotypes are maintained by ecologically dependent postzygotic isolation (i.e. ecological selection against hybrids). Mitochondrial and Microsatellite DNA indicate that the keeled-flat form evolved recently, and without major historical disruptions to gene flow. The data also suggest that the two keeled-flat populations, inhabiting similar rocky hills, have evolved in parallel. These snails provide a complex example of ecological speciation in its early stages. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Azimuthal Anisotropy beneath the Contiguous United States Revealed by Shear Wave Splitting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, K. H.; Yang, B.; Liu, Y.; Dahm, H. H.; Refayee, H. A.; Gao, S. S.

2017-12-01

We have produced a uniformly-measured XKS (including SKS, SKKS, and PKS) splitting database for the contiguous United States and adjacent areas. The database consists of about 30,000 pairs of splitting parameters from 3185 stations. Both the fast orientations and splitting times show systematic spatial variations. The vast majority of the fast orientations are in agreement with the absolute plate motion (APM) direction computed under a fixed hot-spot reference frame. Spatial coherency analysis of the splitting parameters indicates that for the majority of the study area, where a single layer of anisotropy with a horizontal axis of symmetry is inferred, the source of anisotropy is located in the rheologically transitional zone between the lithosphere and asthenosphere. Beneath the western U.S., the previously recognized semi-circular feature of the fast orientations has a much greater spatial coverage, extending to northern Mexico and the Rio Grande Rift. The fast orientations are parallel to the western, southern, and southeastern edges of the North American Craton and can be interpreted by simple shear strain associated with mantle flow around the cratonic keel. The combination of anisotropy induced by this around keel flow and the APM can effectively explain the E-W fast orientations beneath the southern margin of the North American Craton and NE U.S., as well as the nearly N-S fast orientations and small splitting times observed in the SE U.S. The splitting times show a systematic decrease from both the western and eastern U.S. toward the central U.S., where the thickness of the lithosphere is the largest in the study area. This trend can be explained by the reduced efficiency of anisotropy development at greater depth, as well as by the lack of around keel flow in the continental interior.

33 CFR 149.540 - What are the requirements for obstruction lights on a single point mooring?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... located at least 10 feet (3 meters) above mean high water. (b) A submerged turret loading (STL) deepwater... five-foot (1.5 meters) clearance beneath the net under keel clearance at the mean low water condition...

[The geometry of the keel determines the behaviour of the tibial tray against torsional forces in total knee replacement].

PubMed

García David, S; Cortijo Martínez, J A; Navarro Bermúdez, I; Maculé, F; Hinarejos, P; Puig-Verdié, L; Monllau, J C; Hernández Hermoso, J A

2014-01-01

The keel design of the tibial tray is essential for the transmission of the majority of the forces to the peripheral bone structures, which have better mechanical proprieties, thus reducing the risk of loosening. The aim of the present study was to compare the behaviour of different tibial tray designs submitted to torsional forces. Four different tibial components were modelled. The 3-D reconstruction was made using the Mimics software. The solid elements were generated by SolidWorks. The finite elements study was done by Unigraphics. A torsional force of 6 Nm. applied to the lateral aspects of each tibial tray was simulated. The GENUTECH® tibial tray, with peripheral trabecular bone support, showed a lower displacement and less transmitted tensions under torsional forces. The results suggest that a tibial tray with more peripheral support behaves mechanically better than the other studied designs. Copyright © 2013 SECOT. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

Seismic azimuthal anisotropy beneath the eastern United States and its geodynamic implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Bin B.; Liu, Yunhua; Dahm, Haider; Liu, Kelly H.; Gao, Stephen S.

2017-03-01

Systematic spatial variations of anisotropic characteristics are revealed beneath the eastern U.S. using seismic data recorded between 1988 and 2016 by 785 stations. The resulting fast polarization orientations of the 5613 measurements are generally subparallel to the absolute plate motion (APM) and are inconsistent with the strike of major tectonic features. This inconsistency, together with the results of depth estimation using the spatial coherency of the splitting parameters, suggests a mostly asthenospheric origin of the observed azimuthal anisotropy. The observations can be explained by a combined effect of APM-induced mantle fabric and a flow system deflected horizontally around the edges of the keel of the North American continent. Beneath the southern and northeastern portions of the study area, the E-W keel-deflected flow enhances APM-induced fabric and produces mostly E-W fast orientations with large splitting times, while beneath the southeastern U.S., anisotropy from the N-S oriented flow is weakened by the APM.

Rough-water Landings of a 0.1-Size Powered Dynamic Model of the XP5Y-1 Flying Boat with Two Types of Afterbody - Langley Tank Model 228 (TED No. NACA DE309)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Garrison, Charlie C.

1949-01-01

A 0.1-size powered dynamic model of a large, high-speed flying boat was landed in Langley tank no. 1 into oncoming waves 4 feet high (full size). The model was tested with two afterbodies of differing lengths (4.12 and 6.63 beams). The short afterbody had a constant angle of dead rise of 22.5deg and a keel angle of 6.5deg. The long afterbody had warped dead rise and a keel angle of 8.5deg. The vertical accelerations were slightly greater and the maximum angular accelerations and maxim= trims were slightly less for the model with the long afterbody than for the model with -the short afterbody. A wave length of 210 feet (full size) imposed the highest accelerations on the model with either the long or the short afterbody.

Epistemic lenses and virtues, beyond evidence-based medicine.

PubMed

Murphy, Mark E

2018-06-01

This editorial is based on the keynote by Dr Mark Murphy, Department of General Practice, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, at the Health Libraries Group conference, Keele University on 13-15 June 2018. https://bit.ly/2rubsIR#HLG2018. © 2018 Health Libraries Group.

A Response to Hartley

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Knapper, Christopher

2012-01-01

In his article, "Reflections on 50 years of teaching psychology", James Hartley concludes that the teaching of psychology has changed relatively little over the past several decades. Hartley begins his paper on a personal note with recollections of his first university teaching experience at Keele University. In his paper Hartley…

Cervical dermatome overlap: frequently forgotten in search of a clear answer.

PubMed

Bible, Jesse E

2016-01-01

Rainville J, Laxer E, Keel J, Pena E, Kim D, Milam RA, et al. Exploration of sensory impairments associated with C6 and C7 radiculopathies. Spine J 2016:16:49-54 (in this issue). Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

46 CFR 28.375 - Emergency source of electrical power.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... COMMERCIAL FISHING INDUSTRY VESSELS Requirements for Vessels Which Have Their Keel Laid or Are at a Similar... systems; (3) Bilge pumps; (4) Fire protection and detection systems, including fire pumps; (5... (11.0 meters) in length need only supply communication equipment by an emergency source of electrical...

46 CFR 28.375 - Emergency source of electrical power.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... COMMERCIAL FISHING INDUSTRY VESSELS Requirements for Vessels Which Have Their Keel Laid or Are at a Similar... systems; (3) Bilge pumps; (4) Fire protection and detection systems, including fire pumps; (5... (11.0 meters) in length need only supply communication equipment by an emergency source of electrical...

46 CFR 28.375 - Emergency source of electrical power.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... COMMERCIAL FISHING INDUSTRY VESSELS Requirements for Vessels Which Have Their Keel Laid or Are at a Similar... systems; (3) Bilge pumps; (4) Fire protection and detection systems, including fire pumps; (5... (11.0 meters) in length need only supply communication equipment by an emergency source of electrical...

46 CFR 28.375 - Emergency source of electrical power.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... COMMERCIAL FISHING INDUSTRY VESSELS Requirements for Vessels Which Have Their Keel Laid or Are at a Similar... systems; (3) Bilge pumps; (4) Fire protection and detection systems, including fire pumps; (5... (11.0 meters) in length need only supply communication equipment by an emergency source of electrical...

46 CFR 28.375 - Emergency source of electrical power.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... COMMERCIAL FISHING INDUSTRY VESSELS Requirements for Vessels Which Have Their Keel Laid or Are at a Similar... systems; (3) Bilge pumps; (4) Fire protection and detection systems, including fire pumps; (5... (11.0 meters) in length need only supply communication equipment by an emergency source of electrical...

46 CFR 160.035-2 - General requirements for lifeboats.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... lever, from the keel to the side bench, shall be painted or otherwise colored white, to provide a contrasting background for the lever. This band of white should be approximately 12 inches wide depending on the internal arrangements of the lifeboat. (d) For the purpose of calculations and conducting tests...

46 CFR 160.035-2 - General requirements for lifeboats.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... lever, from the keel to the side bench, shall be painted or otherwise colored white, to provide a contrasting background for the lever. This band of white should be approximately 12 inches wide depending on the internal arrangements of the lifeboat. (d) For the purpose of calculations and conducting tests...

46 CFR 50.10-35 - Constructed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Constructed. 50.10-35 Section 50.10-35 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) MARINE ENGINEERING GENERAL PROVISIONS Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 50.10-35 Constructed. The term constructed means the keel has been laid...

46 CFR 169.739 - Lifeboats.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., Miscellaneous Systems, and Equipment Markings § 169.739 Lifeboats. (a) The name and port of the vessel marked on... thwarts, side benches and footings of lifeboats must be painted or otherwise colored international orange. The area in way of the red mechanical disengaging gear control lever, from the keel to the side bench...

Formation and Evolution of the Continental Lithospheric Mantle: Perspectives From Radiogenic Isotopes of Silicate and Sulfide Inclusions in Macrodiamonds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shirey, S. B.; Richardson, S. H.

2007-12-01

Silicate and sulfide inclusions that occur in diamonds comprise the oldest (>3 Ga), deepest (>140 km) samples of mantle-derived minerals available for study. Their relevance to the evolution of the continental lithosphere is clear because terrestrial macrodiamonds are confined to regions of the Earth with continental lithospheric mantle keels. The goals of analytical work on inclusions in diamond are to obtain paragenesis constraints, radiogenic ages, and initial isotopic compositions. The purpose is to place diamond formation episodes into the broader framework of the geological processes that create and modify the continental lithosphere and to relate the source of the C and N in diamond-forming fluids to understanding the Earth's C and N cycles in the Archean. Although sulfide and silicate inclusions rarely occur in the same diamond, they both can be grouped according to their geochemical similarity with the chief rock types that comprise the mantle keel: peridotite and eclogite. Silicate inclusions are classified as harzburgitic (depleted; olivine > Fo91, garnet Cr2O3 > 3 wt% and CaO from 0 to 5 wt%), lherzolitic (fertile), or eclogitic (basaltic; garnet Cr2O3 < 2 wt% and CaO from 3 to 15 wt%, clinopyroxene with higher Na2O, Al2O3, and FeO); they are amenable for trace element study by SIMS and for Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr analysis by conventional P-TIMS after grouping by mineralogical similarity. Sulfide inclusions (chiefly FeS with lesser Ni, Cu, and Co) are classified as peridotitic (Ni > 14 wt%; Os > 2 ppm) versus eclogitic (Ni < 10 wt%; Os < 200 ppb); single sulfides are amenable for S isotopic study by SIMS or TIMS, and Re-Os analysis by N-TIMS. Work on inclusions in diamonds depends on the distribution of mined, diamond-bearing kimberlites, and the generosity of mining companies because of the extreme rarity of inclusions in suites of mostly gem-quality diamonds. Most isotopic work has been on the Kaapvaal-Zimbabwe craton with lesser work on the Slave, Siberian, and Australian cratons. Sm-Nd ages on silicate suites and Re-Os ages on sulfide suites confirm diamond formation from the Mesoarchean though the Neoproterozoic. Most important are the systematics across cratons in the context of crustal geology that lead to generalities about craton evolution. Inclusion suites date mantle keels as Mesoarchean and clearly point to subduction as the major process to form the earliest continental nuclei and to amalgamate the cratons in their present form. This is evident from the elevated initial Os isotopic compositions in 3.5 Ga Slave (Panda) and 2.9 Ga Kaapvaal (Kimberley) sulfides, the low Sm/Nd and elevated initial Sr isotopic compositions of 3.4 Ga Kaapvaal (Kimberley) harzburgitic garnets, the preponderance of 2.9 Ga eclogitic sulfides in every western Kaapvaal craton locality, and the occurrence of surficial, volcanogenic S in Kaapvaal (Orapa) sulfides. The continental lithosphere was accessible to melts and fluids from the asthenosphere throughout the Proterozoic as evident from silicate and sulfide inclusion suites of 0.9 to 2.0 Ga age in every locality studied in the Kaapvaal craton. The correspondence of silicate inclusion type with current seismic velocity structure of the Kaapvaal mantle keel shows that its structure is at least Bushveld age (2 Ga) and due to compositional differences. Seismic velocity structures of continental mantle keels may be more a function of their geologic history than current temperature distribution.

46 CFR 32.56-1 - Application-T/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Application-T/ALL. 32.56-1 Section 32.56-1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS SPECIAL EQUIPMENT, MACHINERY, AND HULL....56-1 Application—T/ALL. (a)This subpart applies to all tankships that have a keel laying date on or...

46 CFR 32.56-1 - Application-T/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Application-T/ALL. 32.56-1 Section 32.56-1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY TANK VESSELS SPECIAL EQUIPMENT, MACHINERY, AND HULL....56-1 Application—T/ALL. (a)This subpart applies to all tankships that have a keel laying date on or...

75 FR 77945 - Qualification of Drivers; Exemption Applications; Vision

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-14

... Randall S. Grauer Wesley A. Roberson Charles J. Dawber Darrell A. Harmon David M. Taylor Richard C. Dickinson Thomas W. Keel, Jr. David M. Wcisel Harold L. Elders Jay Rider The following 7 applicants had no... George Edward Mulherrin Alan D. Strain III John P. Chuda Mark Paugh Ronald R. Sumpter David L. Ellis...

33 CFR 183.220 - Preconditioning for tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... result of the following calculation, but not less than zero: The maximum weight capacity marked on the... be keel down in the water. (g) The boat must be swamped, allowing water to flow between the inside... flooded portion of the boat must be eliminated. (h) Water must flood the two largest air chambers and all...

33 CFR 183.220 - Preconditioning for tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... result of the following calculation, but not less than zero: The maximum weight capacity marked on the... be keel down in the water. (g) The boat must be swamped, allowing water to flow between the inside... flooded portion of the boat must be eliminated. (h) Water must flood the two largest air chambers and all...

33 CFR 183.220 - Preconditioning for tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... result of the following calculation, but not less than zero: The maximum weight capacity marked on the... be keel down in the water. (g) The boat must be swamped, allowing water to flow between the inside... flooded portion of the boat must be eliminated. (h) Water must flood the two largest air chambers and all...

46 CFR 170.055 - Definitions concerning a vessel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...) Barge means a vessel not equipped with a means of self-propulsion. (d) Beam or B means the maximum width... vessel's keel was laid; or (2) Construction identifiable with the vessel began and assembly of that... a vessel propelled only by sails. (q) Ship means a self-propelled vessel. (r) Tank vessel means a...

Graptemys gibbonsi Lovich and McCoy -- Pascagoula Map Turtle

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lovich, Jeffrey E.; Ennen, Joshua R.

2014-01-01

Hatchling pigmentation patterns resemble those of adults, but with more conspicuous patterns on the pleural scutes. Similarly, the plastron of hatchlings commonly has more dark pigmentation along the seams than adults. The shell is highly serrated along the edge of the carapace and the vertebral keel is more pronounced than in adults.

Principle of the Boerner airship

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kapteyn, A

1922-01-01

The Boerner airship is built on entirely different principles from ordinary airships, of which the Zeppelin is the best known type. Mr. Boerner has abandoned the rigid body of the Zeppelin and has adopted a body with a double keel forming a rigid platform for attaching the gas ballonets, which must support the whole in the air.

14 CFR 23.529 - Hull and main float landing conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Hull and main float landing conditions. 23... Water Loads § 23.529 Hull and main float landing conditions. (a) Symmetrical step, bow, and stern... directed perpendicularly to the keel line. (b) Unsymmetrical landing for hull and single float seaplanes...

Causal Mediation in Educational Research: An Illustration Using International Assessment Data

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Caro, Daniel H.

2015-01-01

This paper applies the causal mediation framework proposed by Kosuke Imai and colleagues (Imai, Keele, & Tingley, 2010) to educational research by examining the causal mediating role of early literacy activities in parental education influences on reading performance. The paper argues that the study of causal mediation is particularly relevant…

46 CFR 42.20-75 - Minimum freeboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Freeboards § 42.20-75 Minimum freeboards. (a) Summer freeboard. (1) The minimum freeboard in summer must be... the summer freeboard of one forty-eighth of the summer draft measured from the top of the keel to the... freeboard obtained by an addition to the summer freeboard of one forty-eighth of summer draft, measured from...

46 CFR 42.20-75 - Minimum freeboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Freeboards § 42.20-75 Minimum freeboards. (a) Summer freeboard. (1) The minimum freeboard in summer must be... the summer freeboard of one forty-eighth of the summer draft measured from the top of the keel to the... freeboard obtained by an addition to the summer freeboard of one forty-eighth of summer draft, measured from...

46 CFR 42.20-75 - Minimum freeboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Freeboards § 42.20-75 Minimum freeboards. (a) Summer freeboard. (1) The minimum freeboard in summer must be... the summer freeboard of one forty-eighth of the summer draft measured from the top of the keel to the... freeboard obtained by an addition to the summer freeboard of one forty-eighth of summer draft, measured from...

46 CFR 42.20-75 - Minimum freeboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Freeboards § 42.20-75 Minimum freeboards. (a) Summer freeboard. (1) The minimum freeboard in summer must be... the summer freeboard of one forty-eighth of the summer draft measured from the top of the keel to the... freeboard obtained by an addition to the summer freeboard of one forty-eighth of summer draft, measured from...

46 CFR 42.20-75 - Minimum freeboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Freeboards § 42.20-75 Minimum freeboards. (a) Summer freeboard. (1) The minimum freeboard in summer must be... the summer freeboard of one forty-eighth of the summer draft measured from the top of the keel to the... freeboard obtained by an addition to the summer freeboard of one forty-eighth of summer draft, measured from...

47 CFR 80.853 - Radiotelephone station.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... deck above the ship's main deck. (d) The principal operating position of the radiotelephone station must be in the room from which the ship is normally steered while at sea. In installations on cargo ships of 300 gross tons and upwards but less than 500 gross tons on which the keel was laid prior to...

47 CFR 80.853 - Radiotelephone station.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... deck above the ship's main deck. (d) The principal operating position of the radiotelephone station must be in the room from which the ship is normally steered while at sea. In installations on cargo ships of 300 gross tons and upwards but less than 500 gross tons on which the keel was laid prior to...

47 CFR 80.853 - Radiotelephone station.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... deck above the ship's main deck. (d) The principal operating position of the radiotelephone station must be in the room from which the ship is normally steered while at sea. In installations on cargo ships of 300 gross tons and upwards but less than 500 gross tons on which the keel was laid prior to...

47 CFR 80.853 - Radiotelephone station.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... deck above the ship's main deck. (d) The principal operating position of the radiotelephone station must be in the room from which the ship is normally steered while at sea. In installations on cargo ships of 300 gross tons and upwards but less than 500 gross tons on which the keel was laid prior to...

47 CFR 80.853 - Radiotelephone station.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... deck above the ship's main deck. (d) The principal operating position of the radiotelephone station must be in the room from which the ship is normally steered while at sea. In installations on cargo ships of 300 gross tons and upwards but less than 500 gross tons on which the keel was laid prior to...

46 CFR 45.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Definitions. 45.3 Section 45.3 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) LOAD LINES GREAT LAKES LOAD LINES General § 45.3 Definitions. As... the least moulded depth measured from the top of the keel or the length from the foreside of the stem...

46 CFR 45.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Definitions. 45.3 Section 45.3 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) LOAD LINES GREAT LAKES LOAD LINES General § 45.3 Definitions. As... the least moulded depth measured from the top of the keel or the length from the foreside of the stem...

Evaluation of RPM™ oak seedlings in afforesting floodplain crop fields along the Missouri River

Treesearch

Daniel C. Dey; John M. Kabrick; Michael A. Gold

2005-01-01

Regenerating oaks in agricultural floodplains is problematic because of their slow juvenile shoot growth, intense plant competition, seasonal flooding, and browsing by wildlife. Planting large nursery stock has been recommended to increase the competitiveness of oak seedlings. The Forrest Keeling Nursery in Missouri developed the Root Production Method (RPM™)...

33 CFR 183.205 - Passenger carrying area.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) BOATING SAFETY BOATS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT Flotation Requirements for Outboard Boats Rated for Engines... section a boat is level when it is supported on its keel at the two points shown in Figure 2. (b) As used in this subpart, the term “passenger carrying area” means each area in a boat in which persons can...

33 CFR 183.205 - Passenger carrying area.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) BOATING SAFETY BOATS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT Flotation Requirements for Outboard Boats Rated for Engines... section a boat is level when it is supported on its keel at the two points shown in Figure 2. (b) As used in this subpart, the term “passenger carrying area” means each area in a boat in which persons can...

46 CFR 69.105 - Application for measurement services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...) Type of vessel. (b) Vessel's name and official number (if assigned). (c) Builder's name and the vessel hull number assigned by the builder. (d) Place and year built. (e) Date keel was laid. (f) Overall length, breadth, and depth of vessel. (g) Lines plan. (h) Booklet of offsets. (i) Capacity plans for...

46 CFR 69.105 - Application for measurement services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...) Type of vessel. (b) Vessel's name and official number (if assigned). (c) Builder's name and the vessel hull number assigned by the builder. (d) Place and year built. (e) Date keel was laid. (f) Overall length, breadth, and depth of vessel. (g) Lines plan. (h) Booklet of offsets. (i) Capacity plans for...

46 CFR 69.105 - Application for measurement services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...) Type of vessel. (b) Vessel's name and official number (if assigned). (c) Builder's name and the vessel hull number assigned by the builder. (d) Place and year built. (e) Date keel was laid. (f) Overall length, breadth, and depth of vessel. (g) Lines plan. (h) Booklet of offsets. (i) Capacity plans for...

46 CFR 69.105 - Application for measurement services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...) Type of vessel. (b) Vessel's name and official number (if assigned). (c) Builder's name and the vessel hull number assigned by the builder. (d) Place and year built. (e) Date keel was laid. (f) Overall length, breadth, and depth of vessel. (g) Lines plan. (h) Booklet of offsets. (i) Capacity plans for...

46 CFR 69.105 - Application for measurement services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) Type of vessel. (b) Vessel's name and official number (if assigned). (c) Builder's name and the vessel hull number assigned by the builder. (d) Place and year built. (e) Date keel was laid. (f) Overall length, breadth, and depth of vessel. (g) Lines plan. (h) Booklet of offsets. (i) Capacity plans for...

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Record from Mauna Loa (1958-2008)

DOE Data Explorer

Keeling, R. F. [Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California; Piper, S. C. [Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California; Bollenbacher, A. F. [Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California; Walker, J. S. [Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California

2009-02-01

Air samples at Mauna Loa are collected continuously from air intakes at the top of four 7-m towers and one 27-m tower. Four air samples are collected each hour for the purpose of determining the CO2 concentration. Determinations of CO2 are made by using a Siemens Ultramat 3 nondispersive infrared gas analyzer with a water vapor freeze trap. This analyzer registers the concentration of CO2 in a stream of air flowing at ~0.5 L/min. Every 30 minutes, the flow is replaced by a stream of calibrating gas or "working reference gas". In December 1983, CO2-in-N2 calibration gases were replaced with the currently used CO2-in-air calibration gases. These calibration gases and other reference gases are compared periodically to determine the instrument sensitivity and to check for possible contamination in the air-handling system. These reference gases are themselves calibrated against specific standard gases whose CO2 concentrations are determined manometrically. Greater details about the sampling methods at Mauna Loa are given in Keeling et al. (1982) and Keeling et al. (2002).

Damage-Tolerance Characteristics of Composite Fuselage Sandwich Structures with Thick Facesheets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

McGowan, David M.; Ambur, Damodar R.

1997-01-01

Damage tolerance characteristics and results from experimental and analytical studies of a composite fuselage keel sandwich structure subjected to low-speed impact damage and discrete-source damage are presented. The test specimens are constructed from graphite-epoxy skins borided to a honeycomb core, and they are representative of a highly loaded fuselage keel structure. Results of compression-after-impact (CAI) and notch-length sensitivity studies of 5-in.-wide by 10-in.long specimens are presented. A correlation between low-speed-impact dent depth, the associated damage area, and residual strength for different impact-energy levels is described; and a comparison of the strength for undamaged and damaged specimens with different notch-length-to-specimen-width ratios is presented. Surface strains in the facesheets of the undamaged specimens as well as surface strains that illustrate the load redistribution around the notch sites in the notched specimens are presented and compared with results from finite element analyses. Reductions in strength of as much as 53.1 percent for the impacted specimens and 64.7 percent for the notched specimens are observed.

Parameterization of Keeling's network generation algorithm.

PubMed

Badham, Jennifer; Abbass, Hussein; Stocker, Rob

2008-09-01

Simulation is increasingly being used to examine epidemic behaviour and assess potential management options. The utility of the simulations rely on the ability to replicate those aspects of the social structure that are relevant to epidemic transmission. One approach is to generate networks with desired social properties. Recent research by Keeling and his colleagues has generated simulated networks with a range of properties, and examined the impact of these properties on epidemic processes occurring over the network. However, published work has included only limited analysis of the algorithm itself and the way in which the network properties are related to the algorithm parameters. This paper identifies some relationships between the algorithm parameters and selected network properties (mean degree, degree variation, clustering coefficient and assortativity). Our approach enables users of the algorithm to efficiently generate a network with given properties, thereby allowing realistic social networks to be used as the basis of epidemic simulations. Alternatively, the algorithm could be used to generate social networks with a range of property values, enabling analysis of the impact of these properties on epidemic behaviour.

Advanced Technology Composite Fuselage: Program Overview

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ilcewicz, L. B.; Smith, P. J.; Hanson, C. T.; Walker, T. H.; Metschan, S. L.; Mabson, G. E.; Wilden, K. S.; Flynn, B. W.; Scholz, D. B.; Polland, D. R.;

Methods for assessment of keel bone damage in poultry.

PubMed

Casey-Trott, T; Heerkens, J L T; Petrik, M; Regmi, P; Schrader, L; Toscano, M J; Widowski, T

2015-10-01

Keel bone damage (KBD) is a critical issue facing the laying hen industry today as a result of the likely pain leading to compromised welfare and the potential for reduced productivity. Recent reports suggest that damage, while highly variable and likely dependent on a host of factors, extends to all systems (including battery cages, furnished cages, and non-cage systems), genetic lines, and management styles. Despite the extent of the problem, the research community remains uncertain as to the causes and influencing factors of KBD. Although progress has been made investigating these factors, the overall effort is hindered by several issues related to the assessment of KBD, including quality and variation in the methods used between research groups. These issues prevent effective comparison of studies, as well as difficulties in identifying the presence of damage leading to poor accuracy and reliability. The current manuscript seeks to resolve these issues by offering precise definitions for types of KBD, reviewing methods for assessment, and providing recommendations that can improve the accuracy and reliability of those assessments. © 2015 Poultry Science Association Inc.

The Role of Water in the Stability of Cratonic Keels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peslier, Anne H.; Woodland, Alan B.; Bell, David R.; Lazarov, Marina

2011-01-01

Cratons are typically underlain by large, deep, and old lithospheric keels (to greater than 200 km depth, greater than 2.5 Ga old) projecting into the asthenosphere (e.g., Jordan, 1978; Richardson et al., 1984). This has mystified Earth scientists as the dynamic and relatively hot asthenosphere should have eroded away these keels over time (e.g., Sleep, 2003; O'Neill et al., 2008; Karato, 2010). Three key factors have been invoked to explain cratonic root survival: 1) Low density makes the cratonic mantle buoyant (e.g., Poudjom Djomani et al., 2001). 2) Low temperatures (e.g., Pollack, 1986; Boyd, 1987), and 3) low water contents (e.g., Pollack, 1986), would make cratonic roots mechanically strong. Here we address the mechanism of the longevity of continental mantle lithosphere by focusing on the water parameter. Although nominally anhydrous , olivine, pyroxene and garnet can accommodate trace amounts of water in the form of H bonded to structural O in mineral defects (e.g., Bell and Rossman, 1992). Olivine softens by orders of magnitude if water (1-1000 ppm H2O) is added to its structure (e.g., Mackwell et al., 1985). Our recent work has placed constraints on the distribution of water measured in peridotite minerals in the cratonic root beneath the Kaapvaal in southern Africa (Peslier et al., 2010). At P greater than 5 GPa, the water contents of pyroxene remain relatively constant while those of olivine systematically decrease from 50 to less than 10 ppm H2O at 6.4 GPa. We hypothesized that at P greater than 6.4 GPa, i.e. at the bottom of the cratonic lithosphere, olivines are essentially dry (greater than 10 ppm H2O). As olivine likely controls the rheology of the mantle, we calculated that the dry olivines could be responsible for a contrast in viscosity between cratonic lithosphere and surrounding asthenosphere large enough to explain the resistance of cratonic root to asthenospheric delamination.

Thickened cranial vault and parasagittal keeling: correlated traits and autapomorphies of Homo erectus?

PubMed

Balzeau, Antoine

2013-06-01

Homo erectus sensu lato (s.l.) is a key species in the hominin fossil record for the study of human evolution, being one of the first species discovered and perhaps the most documented, but also because of its long temporal range and having dispersed out of Africa earlier than any other human species. Here I test two proposed autapomorphic traits of H. erectus, namely the increased thickness of the upper cranial vault and parasagittal keeling. The definition of these two anatomical features and their expression and variation among hominids are discussed. The results of this study indicate that the upper vault in Asian H. erectus is not absolutely thicker compared with fossil anatomically modern Homo sapiens, whereas Broken Hill and Petralona have values above the range of variation of H. erectus. Moreover, this anatomical region in Asian H. erectus is not significantly thicker compared with Pan paniscus. In addition, these results demonstrate that cranial vault thickness should not be used to make hypotheses regarding sexual attribution of fossil hominin specimens. I also show that the relation between relief on the external surface of the upper vault, parasagittal keeling and bregmatic eminence, and bone thickness is complex. In this context, the autapomorphic status of the two analysed traits in H. erectus may be rejected. Nevertheless, different patterns in the distribution of bone thickness on the upper vault were identified. Some individual variations are visible, but specificities are observable in samples of different species. The pattern of bone thickness distribution observed in Asian H. erectus, P. paniscus, possibly australopiths, and early Homo or Homo ergaster/erectus appears to be shared by these different species and would be a plesiomorphic trait among hominids. In contrast, two apomorphic states for this feature were identified for Neandertals and H. sapiens. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Design, Development, and Integration of A Space Shuttle Orbiter Bay 13 Payload Carrier

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spencer, Susan H.; Phillips, Michael W.; Upton, Lanny (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

Bay 13 of the Space Shuttle Orbiter has been limited to small sidewall mounted payloads and ballast. In order to efficiently utilize this space, a concept was developed for a cross-bay cargo carrier to mount Orbital Replacement Units (ORU's) for delivery to the International Space Station and provide additional opportunities for science payloads, while meeting the Orbiter ballast requirements. The Lightweight Multi-Purpose Experiment Support Structure (MPESS) Carrie (LMC) was developed and tested by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and the Boeing Company. The Multi-Purpose Experiment Support Structure (MPESS), which was developed for the Spacelab program was modified, removing the keel structure and relocating the sill trunnions to fit in Bay 13. Without the keel fitting, the LMC required a new and innovative concept for transferring Y loads into the Orbiter structure. Since there is no keel fitting available in the Bay 13 location, the design had to utilize the longeron bridge T-rail to distribute the Y loads. This concept has not previously been used in designing Shuttle payloads. A concept was developed to protect for Launch-On-Need ORU's, while providing opportunities for science payloads. Categories of potential ORU's were defined, and Get-Away Special (GAS) payloads of similar mass properties were provided by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Four GAS payloads were manifest as the baseline configuration, preserving the capability to swap up to two ORU's for the corresponding science payloads, after installation into the Orbiter cargo bay at the pad, prior to closeout. Multiple configurations were considered for the analytical integration, to protect for all defined combinations of ORU's and GAS payloads. The first physical integration of the LMC war performed by Goddard Space Flight Center and Kennedy Space Center at an off-line facility at Kennedy Space Center. This paper will discuss the design challenges, structural testing, analytical and physical integration for the LMC's successful maiden flight on STS-108/ISS UF-1 mission in December 2001.

Space Station Freedom Central Thermal Control System Evolution

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bullock, Richard; Olsson, Eric

1990-01-01

The objective of the evolution study is to review the proposed growth scenarios for Space Station Freedom and identify the major CTCS hardware scars and software hooks required to facilitate planned growth and technology obsolescence. The Station's two leading evolutionary configurations are: (1) the Research and Development node, where the fundamental mission is scientific research and commercial endeavors, and (2) the Transportation node, where the emphasis is on supporting Lunar and Mars human exploration. These two nodes evolve from the from the assembly complete configuration by the addition of manned modules, pocket labs, resource nodes, attached payloads, customer servicing facility, and an upper and lower keel and boom truss structure. In the case of the R & D node, the role of the dual keel will be to support external payloads for scientific research. In the case of the Transportation node, the keel will support the Lunar (LTV) and Mars (MTV) transportation vehicle service facilities In addition to external payloads. The transverse boom is extended outboard of the alpha gimbal to accommodate the new solar dynamic arrays for power generation, which will supplement the photovoltaic system. The design, development, deployment, and operation of SSF will take place over a 30 year time period and new Innovations and maturation in technologies can be expected. Evolutionary planning must include the obsolescence and insertion of the new technologies over the life of the program, and the technology growth issues must be addressed in parallel with the development of the baseline thermal control system. Technologies that mature and are available within the next 10 years are best suited for evolutionary consideration as the growth phase begins in the year 2000. To increase TCS capability to accommodate growth using baseline technology would require some penalty in mass, volume, EVA time, manifesting, and operational support. To be cost effective the capabilities of the heat acquisition, transport, and rejection subsystems must be increased.

Flower power: its association with bee power and floral functional morphology in papilionate legumes

PubMed Central

Córdoba, Silvina A.; Cocucci, Andrea A.

2011-01-01

Background and Aims A test was made of the hypothesis that papilionate legume flowers filter pollinators according to their ability to exert strength to open flowers to access rewards. In addition, interactions with pollen vectors were expected to explain the structural complexity of the architecture of these flowers since operative flower strength may be determined by a combination of morphological traits which form part of an intrafloral functional module. Methods Six papilionate species were studied: Collaea argentina, Desmodium uncinatum, Galactia latisiliqua, Lathyrus odoratus, Spartium junceum and Tipuana tipu. Measurements were made of the strength needed to open keels and the strength that pollinators were capable of exerting. Morphological traits of all petals were also measured to determine which of them could be either mutually correlated or correlated with operative strength and moment of strength and participated in a functional module. Key Results It was observed that pollinators were capable in all cases of exerting forces higher and often several times higher than that needed to access floral rewards, and no association could be detected between floral operative strength and strength exerted by the corresponding pollinators. On the other hand, strong and significant correlations were found among morphometric traits and, of these, with operative strength and moment. This was particularly evident among traits of the keel and the wings, presumably involved in the functioning of the floral moveable mechanism. Conclusions Though visitors are often many times stronger than the operative strength of the flowers they pollinate, exceptionally weak bees such as Apis mellifera cannot open the strongest flowers. On the other hand, strong correlations among certain petal morphometric traits (particularly between the keel and wings) give support to the idea that an intrafloral module is associated with the functioning of the mechanism of these legume flowers. In addition, the highly significant correlations found across petals support the view of functional phenotypic integration transcending the ontogenetic organization of flower structure. PMID:21821623

Design strategies of sea urchin teeth: structure, composition and micromechanical relations to function.

PubMed

Wang, R Z; Addadi, L; Weiner, S

1997-04-29

The teeth of sea urchins comprise a variety of different structural entities, all of which are composed of magnesium-bearing calcite together with a small amount of organic material. The teeth are worn down continuously, but in such a way that they remain sharp and functional. Here we describe aspects of the structural, compositional and micromechanical properties of the teeth of Paracentrotus lividus using scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectrometry, atomic absorption. X-ray diffraction and microindentation. The S-shaped single crystalline calcitic fibres are one of the main structural elements of the tooth. They extend from the stone part to the keel. The diameter of the fibres increases gradually from less than 1 micron at the stone tip to about 20 microns at the keel end, while their MgCO3 contents decrease from about 13 mol% to about 4.5 mol%. Each fibre is coated by a thin organic sheath and surrounded by polycrystalline calcitic discs containing as much as 35 mol% MgCO3. This structure constitutes a unique kind of gradient fibre-reinforced ceramic matrix composite, whose microhardness and toughness decrease gradually from the stone part to the keel. Primary plates are also important structural elements of the tooth. Each primary plate has a very unusual sandwich-like structure with a calcitic envelope surrounding a thin apparently amorphous CaCO3 layer. This central layer, together with the primary plate/disc interface, improves the toughness of this zone by stopping and blunting cracks. The self-sharpening function of the teeth is believed to result from the combination of the geometrical shape of the main structural elements and their spatial arrangement, the interfacial strength between structural elements, and the hardness gradient extending from the working stone part to the surrounding zones. The sea urchin tooth structure possesses an array of interesting functional design features, some of which may possibly be applicable to materials science.

X-ray absorption microtomography (microCT) and small beam diffraction mapping of sea urchin teeth.

PubMed

Stock, S R; Barss, J; Dahl, T; Veis, A; Almer, J D

2002-07-01

Two noninvasive X-ray techniques, laboratory X-ray absorption microtomography (microCT) and X-ray diffraction mapping, were used to study teeth of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. MicroCT revealed low attenuation regions at near the tooth's stone part and along the carinar process-central prism boundary; this latter observation appears to be novel. The expected variation of Mg fraction x in the mineral phase (calcite, Ca(1-x)Mg(x)CO(3)) cannot account for all of the linear attenuation coefficient decrease in the two zones: this suggested that soft tissue is localized there. Transmission diffraction mapping (synchrotron X-radiation, 80.8 keV, 0.1 x 0.1mm(2) beam area, 0.1mm translation grid, image plate area detector) simultaneously probed variations in 3-D and showed that the crystal elements of the "T"-shaped tooth were very highly aligned. Diffraction patterns from the keel (adaxial web) and from the abaxial flange (containing primary plates and the stone part) differed markedly. The flange contained two populations of identically oriented crystal elements with lattice parameters corresponding to x=0.13 and x=0.32. The keel produced one set of diffraction spots corresponding to the lower x. The compositions were more or less equivalent to those determined by others for camarodont teeth, and the high Mg phase is expected to be disks of secondary mineral epitaxially related to the underlying primary mineral element. Lattice parameter gradients were not noted in the keel or flange. Taken together, the microCT and diffraction results indicated that there was a band of relatively high protein content, of up to approximately 0.25 volume fraction, in the central part of the flange and paralleling its adaxial and abaxial faces. X-ray microCT and microdiffraction data used in conjunction with protein distribution data will be crucial for understanding the properties of various biocomposites and their mechanical functions.

Evapotranspiration flux partitioning using an Iso-SPAC model in a temperate grassland ecosystem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, P.

2014-12-01

To partition evapotranspiration (ET) into soil evaporation and vegetation transpiration (T), a new numerical Iso-SPAC (coupled heat, water with isotopic tracer in Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Continuum) model was developed and applied to a temperate-grassland ecosystem in central Japan. Several models of varying complexity have been tested with the aim of obtaining the close to true value for the isotope composition of leaf water and transpiration flux. The agreement between the model predictions and observations demonstrates that the Iso-SPAC model with a steady-state assumption for transpiration flux can reproduce seasonal variations of all the surface energy balance components，leaf and ground surface temperature as well as isotope data (canopy foliage and ET flux). This good performance was confirmed not only at diurnal timescale but also at seasonal timescale. Thus, although the non-steady-state behavior of isotope budget in a leaf and isotopic diffusion between leaf and stem or root is exactly important, the steady-state assumption is practically acceptable for seasonal timescale as a first order approximation. Sensitivity analysis both in physical flux part and isotope part suggested that T/ET is relatively insensitive to uncertainties/errors in assigned model parameters and measured input variables, which illustrated the partitioning validity. Estimated transpiration fractions using isotope composition in ET flux by Iso-SPAC model and Keeling plot are generally in good agreement, further proving validity of the both approaches. However, Keeling plot approach tended to overestimate the fraction during an early stage of glowing season and a period just after clear cutting. This overestimation is probably due to insufficient fetch and influence of transpiration from upwind forest. Consequently, Iso-SPAC model is more reliable than Keeling plot approach in most cases.The T/ET increased with grass growth, and the sharp reduction caused by clear cutting was well reflected. The transpiration fraction ranges from 0.02 to 0.99 during growing seasons, and the mean value was 0.75 with a standard deviation of 0.24.

Soil-Profile Organic Carbon and Nitrogen during 12 Years of Pasture Management

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has been increasing steadily during the past century. This is well documented by measurements in Hawaii since 1958 (initiated by Dr. Charles Keeling). Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere is a concern, because of its potential to warm the planet. CO2 and other g...

Comparing soil carbon of short rotation poplar plantations with agricultural crops and woodlots in north central United States

Treesearch

Mark D. Coleman; J.G. Isebrands; David N. Tolsted; Virginia R. Tolbert

2004-01-01

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased dramatically since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution as a result of human activities (Keeling and others 1995, Houghton and others 2001). The primary cause of CO2 increases are worldwide fossil fuel burning, biomass burning, and cement manufacturing. These activities...

Earth Science: It's All about the Processes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

King, Chris

2013-01-01

Readers of the draft new English primary science curriculum (DfE, 2012) might be concerned to see that there is much more detail on the Earth science content than previously in the United Kingdom. In this article, Chris King, a professor of Earth Science Education at Keele University and Director of the Earth Science Education Unit (ESEU),…

46 CFR 32.53-1 - Application-T/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... system that uses crude oil washing. (4) An existing product carrier of 20,000 deadweight tons (metric) or... REQUIREMENTS Inert Gas System § 32.53-1 Application—T/ALL. (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of... tons (metric) or more or combination carrier of 50,000 DWT tons (metric) or more, that has a keel...

46 CFR 32.53-1 - Application-T/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... system that uses crude oil washing. (4) An existing product carrier of 20,000 deadweight tons (metric) or... REQUIREMENTS Inert Gas System § 32.53-1 Application—T/ALL. (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of... tons (metric) or more or combination carrier of 50,000 DWT tons (metric) or more, that has a keel...

46 CFR 32.53-1 - Application-T/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... system that uses crude oil washing. (4) An existing product carrier of 20,000 deadweight tons (metric) or... REQUIREMENTS Inert Gas System § 32.53-1 Application—T/ALL. (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of... tons (metric) or more or combination carrier of 50,000 DWT tons (metric) or more, that has a keel...

46 CFR 32.53-1 - Application-T/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... system that uses crude oil washing. (4) An existing product carrier of 20,000 deadweight tons (metric) or... REQUIREMENTS Inert Gas System § 32.53-1 Application—T/ALL. (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of... tons (metric) or more or combination carrier of 50,000 DWT tons (metric) or more, that has a keel...

46 CFR 32.53-1 - Application-T/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... system that uses crude oil washing. (4) An existing product carrier of 20,000 deadweight tons (metric) or... REQUIREMENTS Inert Gas System § 32.53-1 Application—T/ALL. (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of... tons (metric) or more or combination carrier of 50,000 DWT tons (metric) or more, that has a keel...

46 CFR 69.109 - Under-deck tonnage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...” means the tonnage of the space below the line of the tonnage deck, as that volume is calculated under... deck from the keel. Only decks without openings that permit space below to be exempt from inclusion in....) Spaces between the line of the tonnage deck and the higher portions of that deck are not included in...

46 CFR 69.109 - Under-deck tonnage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...” means the tonnage of the space below the line of the tonnage deck, as that volume is calculated under... deck from the keel. Only decks without openings that permit space below to be exempt from inclusion in....) Spaces between the line of the tonnage deck and the higher portions of that deck are not included in...

46 CFR 69.109 - Under-deck tonnage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...” means the tonnage of the space below the line of the tonnage deck, as that volume is calculated under... deck from the keel. Only decks without openings that permit space below to be exempt from inclusion in....) Spaces between the line of the tonnage deck and the higher portions of that deck are not included in...

46 CFR 69.109 - Under-deck tonnage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...” means the tonnage of the space below the line of the tonnage deck, as that volume is calculated under... deck from the keel. Only decks without openings that permit space below to be exempt from inclusion in....) Spaces between the line of the tonnage deck and the higher portions of that deck are not included in...

Educational and Nonprofit Institutions Receiving Prime Contract Awards for RDT&E (Research, Development, Test and Evaluation), Fiscal Year 1981.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

SCIENCE & TECH 162 - UNITED KINGDOM MINISTRY OF DEFENCE 2,670 - UN KINGDOM 162 UN KINGDOM 2,670 INSTITUT FUER ATMOSPHAERISCHE 25 - UNIVERSITE RENE ... DESCARTES 10 - GERMANY 25 FRANCE 10 INVERESK RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 106 - 8,602 UN KINGDOM 106 ISRAEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 55 - ISRAEL 55 KEELE UNIVERSITY

Taking a Broader View: Using Institutional Research's Natural Qualities for Transformation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leimer, Christina

2009-01-01

Many authors (Kezar, 2005; Duke, 2002; Keeling, Underhile, and Wall, 2007; Matier, Sidle, and Hurst, 1994) propose a new model of higher education organizations or a style of decision making whose central component is collaboration. This key characteristic helps make full use of all of the institution's resources to increase the likelihood that it…

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Idle Reduction Programs at Tennessee Schools

Science.gov Websites

quality and reduce oil consumption," Keel said. But the impact is being felt inside the classroom too program is drawing interest, in part because the area has air quality challenges. "We're in a valley Jake Tisinger said that Knoxville has made great strides in improving its air quality, and the Idle

46 CFR 69.183 - Figures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... fresh and tropical waters. EC01FE91.046 W=1/48 of the distance from the top of the flat keel to the... though the second deck were the freeboard deck. EC01FE91.047 k=a distance between 21 inches and six feet... inches and six feet six inches. a=the distance between the line of the second deck and the uppermost part...

46 CFR 69.183 - Figures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... fresh and tropical waters. EC01FE91.046 W=1/48 of the distance from the top of the flat keel to the... though the second deck were the freeboard deck. EC01FE91.047 k=a distance between 21 inches and six feet... inches and six feet six inches. a=the distance between the line of the second deck and the uppermost part...

Even Keeled: A Practical Approach to Living with Someone with Bipolar II Disorder

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Neal, Philip

2008-01-01

Bipolar II disorder can be better understood and addressed by applying appropriate psychological principles. One such principle is that, on a very basic level, emotion is neither good nor bad. It is however, the expressed reaction of the mind to its environment. From this perspective, emotion is very useful. Emotionality often gets a bad rap as…

The Fate of Ineffective Teachers; Will It Be Different in Indiana?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Olin, Harlod E.

2013-01-01

It has been widely publicized that approximately 98% of the teachers in the United States are rated as satisfactory (Weisberg, Sexton, Mulhern, & Keeling, 2009). This has led many Americans to think that there are very few ineffective teachers in the United States. But is this true? This study indicated that a majority of the principals in the…

Maritime Standards for Compliance Safety and Health Officers (Instructor Manual). Volume 3

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-03-01

and striking tools "o Hamers "o Sledge hsmers "o Riveting hamners. 7. Hazards and health effects associated with the use of hand tools o Loss of eyes...lettered starting at the keel, A-B-C, etc. Strakes are classified inner skin, outer or cover, clinker or in and out, forefoot , shoe, boss, sheer, and

The TRACE Model of Speech Perception.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-11-01

One approach is to try to find relatively invariant -- generally relational -- features (e.g., Stevens and Blumstein, 1981). Another approach has...t Dr. Anders Ericsson I Dr. Steven W. Keele Department oi Psychology Dept. of Psychology University of Colorado University of Oregon Boulder, CO...Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructue of cogni- tion. Vol. 1: Foundations. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books. Stevens , K

46 CFR 28.315 - Fire pumps, fire mains, fire hydrants, and fire hoses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL FISHING INDUSTRY VESSELS Requirements for Vessels Which Have Their Keel Laid or Are... siamese fitting, at a pitot tube pressure of at least 50 psi (0.345 Newtons per square millimeter) and a... material capable of providing a solid stream and a spray pattern. (4) A fire hose on a vessel 79 feet (24...

46 CFR 28.315 - Fire pumps, fire mains, fire hydrants, and fire hoses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL FISHING INDUSTRY VESSELS Requirements for Vessels Which Have Their Keel Laid or Are... siamese fitting, at a pitot tube pressure of at least 50 psi (0.345 Newtons per square millimeter) and a... material capable of providing a solid stream and a spray pattern. (4) A fire hose on a vessel 79 feet (24...

Argo Navis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murdin, P.

2000-11-01

(the Ship) a large southern constellation representing the ship Argo of Jason and the Argonauts in Greek mythology whose brightest stars were cataloged by Ptolemy (c. AD 100-175) in the Almagest. It was divided up by the French astronomer Nicolas L de Lacaille (1713-62), who charted the southern sky in 1751-2, into the constellations Carina (the Keel), Vela (the Sails), Puppis (the Poop or Stern)...

46 CFR 42.13-15 - Definitions of terms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Definitions of terms. 42.13-15 Section 42.13-15 Shipping... General Rules for Determining Load Lines § 42.13-15 Definitions of terms. (a) Length. The length (L) shall... measured from the top of the keel, or as the length from the foreside of the stem to the axis of the rudder...

Lycopene Supplementation in the Complementary Management of PSA Failure: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial for Prostate Cancer Survivors

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

Morris JC, Hulette C, Schmechel D, Reiman EM, Rogers J, Stephan DA. (2005). Gene expression correlates of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer’s...Walker DG, Lafleur BJ, Coon KD, Brown KM, Caselli R, Kukull W, Higdon R, McKeel D, Morris JC, Hulette C, Schmechel D, Reiman EM, Rogers J, Stephan

76 FR 18684 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-05

... shell spire, degree of carination (i.e., presence and size of a keel or ridge around the outside whorl of the shell), width of umbilicus (i.e., the ventral opening formed in the center of the whorls), and color (Pilsbry 1939, p. 415). Shell morphology is plastic (variable in response to environmental...

Review of External Examining Arrangements in Universities and Colleges in the UK: Final Report and Recommendations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Universities UK, 2011

2011-01-01

This report outlines the final recommendations of the review of external examining arrangements undertaken by UUK and GuildHE and chaired by Professor Dame Janet Finch, former Vice-Chancellor of Keele University. The review found that, on the whole, external examining arrangements in the UK are working well, but the report offers recommendations…

Genetic implications for forest trees of increasing levels of greenhouse gases and UV-B radiation

Treesearch

David F. Karnosky; Kevin E. Percy; Blanka Mankovska

2000-01-01

Globally, the environment is changing and deteriorating as greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and tropospheric ozone (03) continue to increase at a rate of about 1% per year (Keeling et al. 1995, Chameides et al. 1995). The increase in these gases is directly related to anthropogenic activities (Chameides et al...

Modelling sea ice dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murawski, Jens; Kleine, Eckhard

2017-04-01

Sea ice remains one of the frontiers of ocean modelling and is of vital importance for the correct forecasts of the northern oceans. At large scale, it is commonly considered a continuous medium whose dynamics is modelled in terms of continuum mechanics. Its specifics are a matter of constitutive behaviour which may be characterised as rigid-plastic. The new developed sea ice dynamic module bases on general principles and follows a systematic approach to the problem. Both drift field and stress field are modelled by a variational property. Rigidity is treated by Lagrangian relaxation. Thus one is led to a sensible numerical method. Modelling fast ice remains to be a challenge. It is understood that ridging and the formation of grounded ice keels plays a role in the process. The ice dynamic model includes a parameterisation of the stress associated with grounded ice keels. Shear against the grounded bottom contact might lead to plastic deformation and the loss of integrity. The numerical scheme involves a potentially large system of linear equations which is solved by pre-conditioned iteration. The entire algorithm consists of several components which result from decomposing the problem. The algorithm has been implemented and tested in practice.

The functional significance of the spinose keel structure of benthic foraminifera: inferences from Miliolina cristata Millett, 1898 (Miliolida) from northeast Romania

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dumitriţa Dumitriu, Simina; Dubicka, Zofia; Ionesi, Viorel

2018-01-01

The paper presents Miocene (lower Sarmatian) benthic foraminifera from the FH3P1 Rădăuţi Core section from the northwestern part of the Moldavian Platform, Romania. Based on foraminiferal assemblages we infer sediments were deposited in shallow-water, including marine-marginal environments, of varying salinities from brackish to normal marine with some short and rather small sea-level changes. Moreover, we describe for the first time in the Moldavian Platform a very rare species, Miliolina cristata Millett, which presents a characteristic spinose keel. Based on a detailed study of the test morphology and its variability, observed in picked material as well as in thin sections, we discuss some palaeoecological aspects of these foraminifera. M. cristata probably does not constitute a distinctive species, but it is more probable that some miliolid taxa developed such an exoskeletal feature in response to new environmental conditions, such as more turbulent water. Accordingly, our study would support the thesis that one of the functions of the benthic foraminiferal spines is to stabilize foraminiferal tests found in sandy substrates from high-energy environments.

Continuous field measurements of δD in water vapor by open-path Fourier transform infrared spectrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Wei; Liu, Wenqing; Zhang, Tianshu

2012-12-01

The stable isotopes in atmospheric water vapor contain rich information on the hydrologic cycles and gaseous exchange processes between biosphere and atmosphere. About one-week field experiment was conducted to continuously measure the isotope composition of water vapor in ambient air using an open-path FTIR system. Mixing ratios of H2 16O and HD16O were measured simultaneously. Analysis of water vapor isotopes revealed that the variations of H2 16O and HD16O were highly related. Mixing ratios of both isotopes varied considerably on a daily timescale or between days, with no obvious diurnal cycle, whereas the deuterium isotopic [delta]D showed clear diel cycle. The results illustrated that the correlation between [delta]D and H2O mixing ratio was relatively weak, which was also demonstrated by the Keeling plot analysis with the whole data. Yet the further Keeling analysis on a daily timescale displayed more obvious linear relationship between [delta]D and the total H2O concentration. All daily isotopic values of evapotranspiration source were obtained, with the range between -113.93±10.25‰ and -245.63±17.61‰ over the observation period.

The Use of Ground Penetrating Radar to extend the Results of Archaeological Excavation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Utsi, E.

2009-04-01

The condition of the Romano-British archaeological site in Wortley, Gloucestershire, UK is typical of sites of the period in that it has been heavily robbed out since it first fell into disuse. Building materials taken from the site have been re-used over the centuries to construct other local buildings. This makes both preservation of the extant remains and interpretation of the excavation problematic. Following the accidental discovery of the site in the 1980s, a programme of excavation was set in place. This excavation was run as a practical archaeological training school and, as a result, a wide range of archaeological and geophysical techniques were applied to the site. This included the introduction of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). The preliminary results of the first GPR used on site were not entirely satisfactory which led to the development of a new radar in the early 1990s, specifically developed for use on archaeological sites. The excavation and GPR results were published in a series of excavation reports [1] [2]. It was not possible to excavate fully for two reasons. Firstly the site crossed present day ownership boundaries and secondly the ownership of the excavation area changed. At this point the excavation was summarily terminated. In 2007, permission was given by the owner of an adjacent property to carry out a GPR survey over their land in order to derive additional information, if possible. An area survey was carried out in May 2007 with reduced transect spacing [3]. The radar data showed similar patterning to that of the original investigation i.e. substantial remains which had been subject to a high degree of post-occupational attrition. Time slices from the radar survey were matched to the principal excavation plans. It proved possible to deduce the full extent of certain partially excavated features, notably the courtyard and bath house. It was also possible to demonstrate that one part of the adjacent property did not contain similar archaeological material. The GPR survey has added significantly to the excavation results and hence to the potential interpretation of the site. Since it will not be possible either to continue the former excavation or to investigate the adjacent land, the information provided by the radar provides a unique insight. [1] Utsi, V (1988) "Ground Radar" in ‘Excavation of a Romano-British Villa at Wortley, Gloucs.' University of Keele Department of Adult & Continuing Education, Keele, 4th interim report. [2] Utsi, V & Utsi, E (1989) "Ground radar survey" in ‘Excavation of a Romano-British Villa at Wortley, Gloucs.' University of Keele, Department of Adult & Continuing Education, Keele, 5th interim report. [3] Utsi Electronics Ltd (2007) "Ground Penetrating Radar Survey of Part of Wortley Romano-British Villa" report to David Wilson, Director, Archaeological Excavation Training School, Cambridge UK.

78 FR 33208 - Certifications and Exemptions Under the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-04

... 32 CFR Part 706 Marine Safety, Navigation (Water), and Vessels. For the reasons set forth in the... dk masthead ship's keel in flight dk Rule in meters; Rule in meters; light in sides in meters; in meters; 30(a)(i) Rule 21(e), 30(a)(ii) Sec. 2 meters; meters; Rule 21(a) Sec. Rule (g), Annex Sec. Sec. 2...

Tank tests to determine the effect of varying design parameters of planing-tail hulls II : effect of varying depth of step, angle of after- body keel, length of afterbody chine, and gross load

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dawson, John R; Mckann, Robert; Hay, Elizabeth S

1946-01-01

The second part of a series of tests made in Langley tank no. 2 to determine the effect of varying design parameters of planing-tail hulls is presented. Results are given to show the effects on resistance characteristics of varying angle of afterbody keel, depth of step, and length of afterbody chine. The effect of varying the gross load is shown for one configuration. The resistance characteristics of planing-tail hulls are compared with those of a conventional flying-boat hull. The forces on the forebody and afterbody of one configuration are compared with the forces on a conventional hull. Increasing the angle of afterbody keel had small effect on hump resistance and no effect on high-speed resistance but increased free-to-trim resistance at intermediate speeds. Increasing the depth of step increased hump resistance, had little effect on high-speed resistance, and increased free-to-trim resistance at intermediate speeds. Omitting the chines on the forward 25 percent of the afterbody had no appreciable effect on resistance. Omitting 70 percent of the chine length had almost no effect on maximum resistance but broadened the hump and increased spray around the afterbody. Load-resistance ratio at the hump decreased more rapidly with increasing load coefficient for the planing-tail hull than for the representative conventional hull, although the load-resistance ratio at the hump was greater for the planing-tail hull than for the conventional hull throughout the range of loads tested. At speeds higher than hump speed, load-resistance ratio for the planing-tail hull was a maximum at a particular gross load and was slightly less at heavier and lighter gross loads. The planing-tail hull was found to have lower resistance than the conventional hull at both the hump and at high speeds, but at intermediate speeds there was little difference. The lower hump resistance of the planing-tail hull was attributed to the ability of the afterbody to carry a greater percentage of the total load while maintaining a higher value of load-resistance ratio.

Measurement and evolution of the thickness distribution and morphology of deformed features of Antarctic sea ice

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tin, Tina

Antarctic sea ice thickness data obtained from drilling on sea ice floes were examined with the goal of enhancing our capability to estimate ice thickness remotely, especially from air- or space-borne altimetry and shipboard visual observations. The state of hydrostatic equilibrium of deformed ice features and the statistical relationships between ice thickness and top surface roughness were examined. Results indicate that ice thickness may be estimated fairly reliably from surface measurements of snow elevation on length scales of ≥100 m. Examination of the morphology of deformed ice features show that Antarctic pressure ridges are flatter and less massive than Arctic pressure ridges and that not all surface features (ridge sails) are associated with features underwater (ridge keels). I propose that the differences in morphology are due to differences in sampling strategies, parent ice characteristics and the magnitude and duration of driving forces. As a result of these findings, the existing methodology used to estimate ice thickness from shipboard visual observations was modified to incorporate the probability that a sail is associated with a keel underwater, and the probability that keels may be found under level surfaces. Using the improved methodology, ice thickness was estimated from ship observations data obtained during two cruises in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. The dynamic and thermodynamic processes involved in the development of the ice prior to their observation were examined employing a regional sea ice-mixed layer-pycnocline model. Both our model results and previously published ice core data indicate that thermodynamic thickening is the dominant process that determines the thickness of first year ice in the central Ross Sea, although dynamic thickening also plays a significant role. Ice core data also indicate that snow ice forms a significant proportion of the total ice mass. For ice in the northeast Ross Sea in the summer, model results and evidence from ice core and oceanographic data indicate that dynamic thickening, snow ice formation and bottom melting compete to determine the ice thickness during mid and late winter.

Did clockwise rotation of Antarctica cause the break-up of Gondwanaland? An investigation in the 'deep-keeled cratons' frame for global dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Osmaston, M. F.

2012-04-01

Introduction. The 'deep-keeled cratons' frame for global dynamics is the result of seeking Earth-behaviour answers to the following outside-the-box proposition:- "If cratons have tectospheric keels that reach or approach the 660 km discontinuity, AND the 660 level is an effective barrier to mantle circulation, then obviously (i) when two cratons separate, the upper mantle to put under the nascent ocean must arrive by a circuitous route and, conversely, (ii) if they approach one another, the mantle volume that was in between them must get extruded sideways." Surprisingly it has turned out [1 - 4] that Earth dynamical behaviour for at least the past 150 Ma provides persuasive affirmation of both these expectations and that there is a rational petrological explanation for the otherwise-unexpected immobility of subcratonic material to such depths [5 - 7]. Clockwise rotation of Antarctica? This contribution greatly amplifies my original plate dynamical arguments for suggesting [8] that such rotation is ongoing. Convection is unsuited to causing rotation about a pole within the plate so, as noted then, a gearwheel-like linkage to Africa at the SWIR would provide its clearly CCW (Biscay-Caucasus) relationship to the Mediterranean belt for the past 100 Ma, also seen in its separation from South America. Gearwheel-like linkage of motion requires the presence of some kind of E-W restraint further north. In that case it was the N Africa/Arabia involvement in the Alpide belt, but the earlier opening of the central Atlantic by the eastward motion of Africa, suggests its rigid Gondwanan attachment to Antarctica rotation at that time, with little constraint in the north. Further east, the seafloor data show that Australia-Antarctica separation involved no such opposite rotational linkage, so, with no E-W mechanical constraint in the north by Indonesia, they must have rotated together, as is recorded by Australia's eastward motion to generate the Mesozoic seafloor at its western side. Moving east again, the sigmoidal fracture-zone pattern between W Antarctica and Tonga Trench seems consistent with a gearwheel-linked relative rotation of the Pacific plate by about 35o CCW since about 120 Ma, so about half that (clockwise) by Antarctica. The triangular Cocos plate is then in the position where the two gearwheels separate. Further north, the dextral slip on the San Andreas Fault and the opening of the Gorda Ridge are broadly consistent with such rotation. Note that with our two-layer mantle all reference to 'absolute', lower mantle-related, positions is inappropriate. Our sole concern now is with relative motions of plates. Driving torque on the cratonic keel of East Antarctica. I maintain here my suggestion [8] that this keel, in actual contact with the lower mantle at its boundary, is picking up an electromagnetically generated torque, transmitted up from the polar zone of the CMB through the higher viscosity lower mantle. The reality of the rotation now invites more attention to this mechanism. The involvement of the cratonic keel is supported, as noted [8], by the apparent absence of rotational effects in the Arctic, where there is no keel in the polar position, although a similar CMB coupling to the lower mantle seems likely. The involvement of geomagnetism is supported by the sharp changes in central Pacific fracture zone orientation and the onset of the Ontong Java magmatism, correlating with the start and end of the Cretaceous long normal geochron [8, 9]. Such a change is also seen at M0 time in the Weddell Sea. Presumably the speed of Antarctica rotation was affected. Gondwanaland break-up. In view of these abundant tectonic effects attributable to Antarctica rotation, I propose that this was what broke up Gondwanaland, not a plume, as no such things are recognized in this thick-plate, two-layer mantle, version of the Earth-function paradigm. In this version, magmas with apparently lower mantle chemical signatures can be sourced within the upper mantle [10] and flood basalts can be generated by splitting cratons [11]. So the ~176 Ma age of the Ferrar Dolerite in Antarctica is a record of one of those splits. Gaps in the PalaeoPacific rim. If we restore Australia both westward to before the spreading at its western side and southward to its position against Antarctica, the Pacific rim was a fair approximation to a great circle, so it covered a hemisphere. Spreading of the other oceans, initiated by Gondwanaland break-up, must have been at the expense of the size of the Pacific, so it must formerly have covered much more than a hemisphere, and had a periphery correspondingly rather shorter than a great circle. Thus we have the surprising result that reducing the area of the Pacific actually required that its rim be made longer, by making gaps between the previously defining cratonic keels. A further result was that now-excess upper mantle material from below the Pacific had to flow through those gaps to put beneath the widening 'new' oceans. For all four of the obvious gaps - Caribbean, Scotia, Australia-Antarctica, Bering - there is evidence to support the presence of that outflow, and in two of the cases there is evidence that motions to open the gaps began very soon after Gondwana began to break up. Subduction and a two-layer mantle? In another contribution at this meeting (GD5.1) I explain that, in the thick-plate frame adopted here, subduction is neither a motivating player (for break-up purposes) in plate dynamics nor does it breach significantly our 2-layer mantle picture. The underlying reason is that oceanic 'tectosphere' is actually thicker for the same reason [5 - 7] as that of cratons, giving it ex-LVZ heat content which transforms the subduction picture. Three Conclusions. (1) The thick-plate, 2-layer mantle version of the earth-function paradigm [1 - 7] is alive and well. (2) The break-up of Gondwanaland was caused by Antarctica's clockwise rotation. (3) Such rotation is now to be considered a major agent in plate motion dynamics for the period during which East Antarctica, or any other sufficiently deep-keeled craton previously, was located at one of the Earth's poles. [1] Osmaston M. F. (2006) Global tectonic actions emanating from Arctic opening in the circumstances of a two-layer mantle and a thick-plate paradigm involving deep cratonic tectospheres: the Eurekan (Eocene) compressive motion of Greenland and other examples. In Proc. ICAM IV, 2003 (ed. R. Scott & D. Thurston). OCS Study MMS 2006-003, p.105-124: Also at: http://www.mms.gov/alaska/icam. [2] Osmaston M. (2005) Interrelationships between large-scale plate motions as indicators of mantle structure: new constraints on mantle modelling and compositional layout. In 3rd Workshop on "Earth's mantle composition, structure and phase transitions" St Malo, France. http://deep.earth.free.fr/participants.php. [3] Osmaston M. F. (2007) Cratonic keels and a two-layer mantle tested: mantle expulsion during Arabia-Russia closure linked to westward enlargement of the Black Sea, formation of the Western Alps and subduction of the Tyrrhenian (not the Ionian) Sea. XXIV IUGG, Session JSS 011, Abstr #2105 http://www.iugg2007perugia.it/webbook/. [4] Osmaston M. F. (2009) Deep cratonic keels and a 2-layer mantle? Tectonic basis for some far-reaching new insights on the dynamical properties of the Earth's mantle: example motions from Mediterranean, Atlantic-Arctic and India. Geophys. Res. Abstr. 11, EGU2009-6359 (Solicited). [5] Karato S. (1986) Does partial melting reduce the creep strength of the upper mantle? Nature 319, 309-310. [6] Hirth G. & Kohlstedt D. L. (1996) Water in the oceanic upper mantle: implication for rheology, melt extraction, and the evolution of the lithosphere. EPSL 144, 93-108. [7] Osmaston M. F. (2010) On the actual variety of plate dynamical mechanisms and how mantle evolution affected them through time, from core formation to the Indian collision. Geophys. Res. Abstr. 12, EGU2010-6101. [8] Osmaston M. F. (2003) What drives plate tectonics? Slab pull, ridge push or geomagnetic torque from the CMB? A new look at the old players vis-a-vis an exciting new one. In XXIII IUGG 2003, B129, Abstr no 016795-2. [9] Atwater T., Sclater J., Sandwell D., Severinghaus J., & Marlow M. S. (1993) Fracture zone traces across the North Pacific Cretaceous quiet zone and their tectonic implications. In The Mesozoic Pacific: geology, tectonics and volcanism, (ed. Pringle, Sager, Sliter, & Stein) AGU Geophys. Monogr. 77, 137-154. [10] Osmaston M. F. (2000) An upper mantle source for plumes and Dupal; result of processes and history that have shaped the Earth's interior from core to crust. Goldschmidt 2000, J. Conf. Abstr. 5 (2), 763. [11] Osmaston M. F. (2008) Extra-thick plates: basis for a single model of mantle magmagenesis, all the way from MORB to kimberlite. Goldschmidt 2008. Geochim.Cosmochim. Acta 72(12S), A711.

77 FR 39629 - Certifications and Exemptions Under the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-05

... 32 CFR Part 706 Marine safety, Navigation (water), and Vessels. For the reasons set forth in the... stbd of keel dk in number of; dk in Rule meters; Sec. light in in meters; in meters; meters; Sec. Rule meters; Rule 30(a)(ii) 2(g), meters; Sec. Sec. 3(b), Rule 21(a) 2(K), 30(a)(i) 21(e), Rule Annex I 3(b...

76 FR 12859 - Certifications and Exemptions Under the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-09

..., Navigation (water), and Vessels. For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the Navy amends part 706 of title... masthead ship's keel in in number of; in meters; Rule 30(a) in light in sides in meters; meters; Rule 30(a) Rule (ii) meters; meters; meters; Rule 21(a) Sec. (i) 21(e), Sec. 2 Sec. Sec. 2(K), Rule (g), Annex 3(b...

SRMS maneuvers the ICC-VLD during STS-127 / Expedition 20 Joint Operations

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-07-19

S127-E-006934 (19 July 2009) --- Backdropped by a blue and white Earth, the remote manipulator system (RMS) arm of the Space Shuttle Endeavour, is about to hand off the Integrated Cargo Carrier (ICC) to the International Space Station (out of frame). The ICC is an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly that was carried into space in the shuttle's payload bay.

Trauma is Danger

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

self interactions and thereby neglect most traumatic injuries , the Danger model abandons this classical concept [ 2 ]. The Danger model theorizes that...June 2011 References 1. Keel M, Trentz O: Pathophysiology of polytrauma. Injury 2005, 36:691-709. 2 . Matzinger P: Tolerance, danger, and the extended... ischemia - reperfusion . J Exp Med 2005, 201:1135-1143. 27. Huang LF, Yao YM, Zhang LT, Dong N, Yu Y, Sheng ZY: The effect of high- mobility group box 1

Advanced Technology Composite Fuselage - Repair and Damage Assessment Supporting Maintenance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Flynn, B. W.; Bodine, J. B.; Dopker, B.; Finn, S. R.; Griess, K. H.; Hanson, C. T.; Harris, C. G.; Nelson, K. M.; Walker, T. H.; Kennedy, T. C.;

Radiographic measurement of internal organs in Spix's macaws (Cyanopsitta spixii).

PubMed

Rettmer, Helen; Deb, Amrita; Watson, Ryan; Hatt, Jean-Michel; Hammer, Sven

2011-12-01

Radiology is an important diagnostic instrument in avian medicine, but standard measurement ranges for the objective evaluation of radiographs of birds are rare. To establish radiographic reference ranges for the critically endangered Spix's macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii), we measured radiographic silhouettes of the heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, proventriculus, and keel of the sternum on 29 radiographs taken under standardized conditions in adult and juvenile, clinically healthy birds. Ratios were determined for the proventricular diameter-to-keel height, the width of the heart to the width of the thorax, and for the "hourglass shape" (ratio of the width of the heart to the width of the liver). No significant differences were found between the sexes among the adult birds. Compared with adult birds, juvenile females had a significantly larger heart width (19.8 +/- 1.4 mm versus 21.2 +/- 0.7 mm), ratio of the heart width to the thorax width (0.86 +/- 0.08 versus 0.94 +/- 0.09), and horizontal width of the spleen (7.7 +/- 0.6 mm versus 8.5 +/- 0.4 mm). Results of radiographic measurements in the Spix's macaws were comparable to those published from other psittacine species. These reference ranges will facilitate a more objective radiographic evaluation of captive Spix's macaws.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Socolow, R.H.; Anderson, D.; Harte, J.

Thirteen papers are included in this volume. The titles and authors are: From Physics to Development Strategies by Jose Goldemberg; Rewards and Penalties of Monitoring the Earth by Charles D. Keeling; Science and Nonscience Concerning Human-Caused Climate Warming by J. D. Mahlman; Consumption of Materials in the United States, 1990--1995 by Grecia Matos and Lorie Wagner; Future Technologies for Energy-Efficient Iron and Steel Making by Jeroen de Beer, Ernst Worrell, and Kornelis Blok; The O{sub 2} Balance of the Atmosphere: A Tool for Studying the Fate of Fossil Fuel CO{sub 2} by Michael L. Bender, Mark Battle, and Ralph F.more » Keeling; Mexican Electric End-Use Efficiency: Experiences to Date by Rafael Friedmann and Claudia Sheinbaum; Drinking Water in Developing Countries by Ashok Gadgil; Engineering-Economic Studies of Energy Technologies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Opportunities and Challenges by Marilyn A. Brown, Mark D. Levine, Joseph P. Romm, Arthur H. Rosenfeld, and Jonathan G. Koomey; Climate Change Mitigation in the Energy and Forestry Sectors of Developing Countries by Jayant A. Sathaye and N. H. Ravindranath; Toward a Productive Divorce: Separating DOE Cleanups from Transition Assistance by M. Russell; Recycling Metals for the Environment by Iddo K. Wernick and Nickolas J. Themelis; and Environmentally Conscious Chemical Process Design by J. A. Cano-Ruiz and G. J. McRae.« less

Spring Ankle with Regenerative Kinetics to Build a New Generation of Transtibial Prostheses

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-07-01

fiber keel. This feature can provide an alternative if the electronics fail in a field condition. We are focused on developing the most durable...step forward in design of new prosthesis 22 14. Discovery Channel, 2008, “Toad research could leapfrog to new muscle model”, show was called...turning on the proportional myoelectric control. The pneumatic muscles supplied 36% plantar flexor torque and 123% dorsi flexor torque. Challenges

Measures of Time-Sharing Skill and Gender as Predictors of Flight Simulator Performance.

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-01-01

well as overall e- quations including gender as a variable. Besides gender in the overall equations, measures of time-sharing skill were the best ...study indicated the best predictors of dual or whole-task performance were other dual-tasks. Furthermore, the particular components involved in a dual...switching between tasks, or the use of efficient response strategies " (Damos and Wickens, 1977, p.2). Attentional flexibility. According to Keele

Microbial Effects in Promoting the Smectite to Illite Reaction: Role of Organic Matter Intercalated in the Interlayer

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

organic matter in the smectite to illite reaction. For example, Small etal. (1994) demonstrated that potassium oxalate and potassium acetate in...potassium oxalate and potassium acetate on this reaction (Small 1994). This study supplements our previous study in that microbes play an...Keeling, J.L., Raven, M.D., and Gates, W.P, (2000) Geology and characterization of two hydrothermal nontronites from weathered metamorphic rocks at

Cross Body Thruster Control and Modeling of a Body of Revolution Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-01

Leonardo da Vinci envisioned submersible troop transports, assault craft, and diving rigs in the early sixteenth century. Figure 1. Da...BLOCK DIAGRAM 90 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 91 LIST OF REFERENCES [1] Museo Galileo, “ Leonardo da Vinci – Studies on Keels of...appl=LIR&xsl=paginamanoscritto&li ngua=ENG&chiave=101406. [Accessed: 10 October 2010]. [2] Museo Galileo, “ Leonardo da Vinci – Machine for Raising

Seismic imaging of the lithosphere beneath Hudson Bay: Episodic growth of the Laurentian mantle keel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Darbyshire, Fiona A.; Eaton, David W.; Bastow, Ian D.

2013-07-01

The Hudson Bay basin in northern Canada conceals one of the major collisional zones of the Canadian Shield, the Trans-Hudson Orogen (THO), which marks the Paleoproterozoic collision between the Archean Superior and Western Churchill cratons at ˜1.9-1.8Ga. Improved knowledge of upper mantle structure beneath the region is essential to establish the nature of the THO, specifically whether Himalayan-style plate tectonics operated in Paleoproterozoic times. Detailed seismological constraints on lithospheric architecture are also required to advance our understanding of the mechanism and timing of keel formation. We use surface wave tomography to illuminate new details of the lithospheric architecture of the Hudson Bay region, resolving both seismic wavespeed and azimuthal anisotropy. Phase velocity maps are calculated from fundamental-mode Rayleigh wave dispersion curves, then used to construct a 3D model exploring upper mantle structure to depths of ˜300km. Fast shear wavespeeds suggest a lithospheric thickness varying from ˜180km to almost 280 km beneath the Hudson Bay region. The new study confirms previous inferences that there is no correlation between crustal ages and lithospheric thickness. Patterns of shear wavespeed and azimuthal anisotropy indicate a layered lithosphere. In the uppermost mantle, both the highest velocities and the anisotropic fast directions wrap around the Bay. This structure is likely related to the formation processes of the Paleozoic intracratonic basin. At greater depth (˜70-150km) we resolve two high-wavespeed cores separated by a relatively narrow near-vertical lower-velocity curtain. This internal architecture is suggested to result from the terminal phase of a modern-style plate-tectonic collision between the Archean Superior and Churchill cratons during the Trans-Hudson orogeny, entrapping juvenile Proterozoic material. The lower lithosphere (≥160km depth) has a relatively homogeneous wavespeed structure across the region, with distinct patterns of anisotropy closely resembling the subsurface geometry of the THO. We interpret this basal layer as juvenile or reworked material accreted to the base of the existing cratonic lithosphere during or soon after the Trans-Hudson orogeny. The formation of the Laurentian keel thus likely occurred in multiple phases, with a basal layer developing in post-Archean times, during the THO.

The Keeling Curve and The Coral Reef Mosaic Project - Introducing the Realities of Climate Change to Educators and Scholars using Mosaic Arts.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lueker, T.; Chinn, P. W. U.

2014-12-01

In May 2013, The, record of atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa, popularly known as "The Keeling Curve" reached 400 ppm for the first time in human history. Among the most sobering consequences of rising CO2 is Ocean Acidification, caused when the excess CO2 emitted from the burning of fossil fuels is absorbed by the surface oceans. The resulting reduction in pH harms stony corals (Scleractinia), and many other calcareous organisms. If civilization continues along the current trajectory of fossil fuel emissions, most coral reef ecosystems are expected to suffer extreme stress or mortality within the lifetime of the next generation. "If we do not reverse current trends in carbon dioxide emissions soon, we will cause the biggest and most rapid change in ocean chemistry since the extinction of the dinosaurs." (www.seaweb.org/getinvolved/oceanvoices/KenCaldeira.php). This looming tragedy is topical among marine scientists, but less appreciated or unknown to the general public, particularly among communities in the tropics where impacts to coral reef ecosystems will be severe. The Coral Reef Mosaic Project grew from my experiences leading education outreach in local schools. Making mosaics is an engaging way to enlighten educators and scholars on the pressing issues of climate change. When taking part in a mural project, students find mosaic art is a fun and rewarding experience that results in a beautiful depiction of a coral reef. Students explore the ecosystem diversity of coral reef inhabitants as they design the mural and piece together a representative environment. They work together as a team to learn the mosaic techniques and then build their own chosen creatures to inhabit the reef. The result is a beautiful and lasting mural for their school or community that provides an important message for the future. In a cooperative project with Dr. Pauline Chin at UH Manoa we traveled to Hawaii to train teachers on the Big Island in the art of mosaic and to convey the consequences of climate change and ocean acidification through field trips to NOAA research stations where the Keeling Curve and other climate change studies are conducted. This combination of field trips and mosaic workshops was sponsored in part by Christopher Sloop and Earth Networks (www.earthnetworks.com/OurNetworks/GreenhouseGasNetwork.aspx) . Fig.1

Upper mantle beneath foothills of the western Himalaya: subducted lithospheric slab or a keel of the Indian shield?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vinnik, L.; Singh, A.; Kiselev, S.; Kumar, M. Ravi

2007-12-01

The fate of the mantle lithosphere of the Indian Plate in the India-Eurasia collision zone is not well understood. Tomographic studies reveal high P velocity in the uppermost mantle to the south of the western Himalaya, and these high velocities are sometimes interpreted as an image of subducting Indian lithosphere. We suggest that these high velocities are unrelated to the ongoing subduction but correspond to a near-horizontal mantle keel of the Indian shield. In the south of the Indian shield upper-mantle velocities are anomalously low, and relatively high velocities may signify a recovery of the normal shield structure in the north. Our analysis is based on the recordings of seismograph station NIL in the foothills of the western Himalaya. The T component of the P receiver functions is weak relative to the Q component, which is indicative of a subhorizontally layered structure. Joint inversion of the P and S receiver functions favours high uppermost mantle velocities, typical of the lithosphere of Archean cratons. The arrival of the Ps converted phase from 410 km discontinuity at NIL is 2.2 s earlier than in IASP91 global model. This can be an effect of remnants of Tethys subduction in the mantle transition zone and of high velocities in the keel of the Indian shield. Joint inversion of SKS particle motions and P receiver functions reveals a change in the fast direction of seismic azimuthal anisotropy from 60° at 80-160 km depths to 150° at 160-220 km. The fast direction in the lower layer is parallel to the trend of the Himalaya. The change of deformation regimes at a depth of 160 km suggests that this is the base of the lithosphere of the Indian shield. A similar boundary was found with similar techniques in central Europe and the Tien Shan region, but the base of the lithosphere in these regions is relatively shallow, in agreement with the higher upper-mantle temperatures. The ongoing continental collision is expressed in crustal structure: the crust beneath NIL is very thick (58 +/- 2 km), and the S velocity in the intermediate and lower crust is around 4.0 km s-1. This anomalously large velocity and thickness can be explained by scraping off the lower crust, when the Indian lithosphere underthrusts the Himalaya.

Space Shuttle Project

NASA Image and Video Library

1995-10-20

A Great Blue Heron seems oblivious to the tremendous spectacle of light and sound generated by a Shuttle liftoff, as the Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-73) soars skyward from Launch Pad 39B. Columbia's seven member crew's mission included continuing experimentation in the Marshall managed payloads including the United States Microgravity Laboratory 2 (USML-2) and the keel-mounted accelerometer that characterizes the very low frequency acceleration environment of the orbiter payload bay during space flight, known as the Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment (OARE).

Arctic Acoustic Workshop Proceedings, 14-15 February 1989.

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-06-01

measurements. The measurements reported by Levine et al. (1987) were taken from current and temperature sensors moored in two triangular grids . The internal...requires a resampling of the data series on a uniform depth-time grid . Statistics calculated from the resampled series will be used to test numerical...from an isolated keel. Figure 2: 2-D Modeling Geometry - The model is based on a 2-D Cartesian grid with an axis of symmetry on the left. A pulsed

Defense AT&L (Volume 35, Number 5, September-October 2006)

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-10-01

percent of production. The criti- Defense AT&L: September-October 2006 8 cal path elements driving the IOT &E schedule are not pro- duction hardware...reduced costs, and successful completion of work in the scheduled time. 30 The Commodity Approach to Aircraft Protection Systems Capt. Bill Chubb, USN The...piece of Littoral Combat Ship Two during the ship’s keel laying ceremony. The Navy’s second Littoral Combat Ship is scheduled for commissioning in

A new species of the Southeast Asian genus Opisthotropis (Serpentes: Colubridae: Natricinae) from western Hunan, China

PubMed Central

Ren, Jin-Long; Wang, Kai; Jiang, Ke; Guo, Peng; Li, Jia-Tang

2017-01-01

A new species of natricine snake of the Southeast Asian genus Opisthotropis Günther, 1872 is described from western Hunan Province of China based on both mitochondrial DNA and morphological data. The new species is morphologically most similar and genetically most closely related to O. cheni Zhao, 1999 and O. latouchii (Boulenger, 1899), but possesses considerable genetic divergence (p-distance 5.1%-16.7%) and can be differentiated from all other congeners by a combination of the following morphological characters: (1) body size large (total length 514-586 mm) and strongly built; (2) dorsal scale rows 17 throughout, feebly keeled anteriorly and moderately keeled posteriorly; (3) ventral scales 147-152, subcaudal scales 54-62; (4) preocular absent, loreal elongated and touching orbit; (5) supralabials 8-9, fifth and sixth entering obit; (6) anterior temporals short, length 1.74-2.04 times longer than width; (7) maxillary teeth subequal, 28-30; (8) dorsal surface of head with distinct irregular yellow stripes and markings edged with ochre; (9) body with clear black and yellow longitudinal streaks, partly fused to several lighter patches or thicker stripes anteriorly; and (10) venter pale yellow, with asymmetric blackish speckles along outer margin. We present an updated diagnostic key to all members of the genus Opisthotropis, and recommendations on the ecological study for the group are provided. PMID:29181900

Evolution of clog formation with time in columns permeated with synthetic landfill leachate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

VanGulck, Jamie F.; Rowe, R. Kerry

2004-11-01

Laboratory column tests conducted to gain insight regarding the biological and chemical clogging mechanisms in a porous medium are presented. To seed the porous medium with landfill bacteria, a mixture of Keele Valley Landfill and synthetic leachate permeated through the column under anaerobic conditions for the first 9 days of operation. After this, 100% synthetic leachate was used. The synthetic leachate approximated Keele Valley Landfill leachate in chemical composition but contained negligible suspended solids and bacteria compared with real leachate. The removal of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), primarily acetate, in leachate as it passed through the medium was highly correlated with the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3(s)) from solution. The columns experienced a decrease in drainable porosity from an initial value of about 0.38 to less than 0.1 after steady state chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, resulting in a five-order magnitude decrease in hydraulic conductivity. The decrease in drainable porosity prior to steady state COD removal was primarily due to the growth of a biofilm on the medium surface. After steady state COD removal, calcium precipitation was at least equally responsible for the decrease in drainable porosity as biofilm growth. Clog composition analyses showed that CaCO 3(s) was the dominant clog constituent and that 99% of the carbonate in the clog material was bound to calcium.

A basal stress parameterization for modeling landfast ice

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lemieux, Jean-François; Tremblay, L. Bruno; Dupont, Frédéric; Plante, Mathieu; Smith, Gregory C.; Dumont, Dany

2015-04-01

Current large-scale sea ice models represent very crudely or are unable to simulate the formation, maintenance and decay of coastal landfast ice. We present a simple landfast ice parameterization representing the effect of grounded ice keels. This parameterization is based on bathymetry data and the mean ice thickness in a grid cell. It is easy to implement and can be used for two-thickness and multithickness category models. Two free parameters are used to determine the critical thickness required for large ice keels to reach the bottom and to calculate the basal stress associated with the weight of the ridge above hydrostatic balance. A sensitivity study was conducted and demonstrates that the parameter associated with the critical thickness has the largest influence on the simulated landfast ice area. A 6 year (2001-2007) simulation with a 20 km resolution sea ice model was performed. The simulated landfast ice areas for regions off the coast of Siberia and for the Beaufort Sea were calculated and compared with data from the National Ice Center. With optimal parameters, the basal stress parameterization leads to a slightly shorter landfast ice season but overall provides a realistic seasonal cycle of the landfast ice area in the East Siberian, Laptev and Beaufort Seas. However, in the Kara Sea, where ice arches between islands are key to the stability of the landfast ice, the parameterization consistently leads to an underestimation of the landfast area.

Advanced technology commercial fuselage structure

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ilcewicz, L. B.; Smith, P. J.; Walker, T. H.; Johnson, R. W.

1991-01-01

Boeing's program for Advanced Technology Composite Aircraft Structure (ATCAS) has focused on the manufacturing and performance issues associated with a wide body commercial transport fuselage. The primary goal of ATCAS is to demonstrate cost and weight savings over a 1995 aluminum benchmark. A 31 foot section of fuselage directly behind the wing to body intersection was selected for study purposes. This paper summarizes ATCAS contract plans and review progress to date. The six year ATCAS program will study technical issues for crown, side, and keel areas of the fuselage. All structural details in these areas will be included in design studies that incorporate a design build team (DBT) approach. Manufacturing technologies will be developed for concepts deemed by the DBT to have the greatest potential for cost and weight savings. Assembly issues for large, stiff, quadrant panels will receive special attention. Supporting technologies and mechanical tests will concentrate on the major issues identified for fuselage. These include damage tolerance, pressure containment, splices, load redistribution, post-buckled structure, and durability/life. Progress to date includes DBT selection of baseline fuselage concepts; cost and weight comparisons for crown panel designs; initial panel fabrication for manufacturing and structural mechanics research; and toughened material studies related to keel panels. Initial ATCAS studies have shown that NASA's Advanced Composite Technology program goals for cost and weight savings are attainable for composite fuselage.

[Significance of bone mineral density and modern cementing technique for in vitro cement penetration in total shoulder arthroplasty].

PubMed

Pape, G; Raiss, P; Kleinschmidt, K; Schuld, C; Mohr, G; Loew, M; Rickert, M

2010-12-01

Loosening of the glenoid component is one of the major causes of failure in total shoulder arthroplasty. Possible risk factors for loosening of cemented components include an eccentric loading, poor bone quality, inadequate cementing technique and insufficient cement penetration. The application of a modern cementing technique has become an established procedure in total hip arthroplasty. The goal of modern cementing techniques in general is to improve the cement-penetration into the cancellous bone. Modern cementing techniques include the cement vacuum-mixing technique, retrograde filling of the cement under pressurisation and the use of a pulsatile lavage system. The main purpose of this study was to analyse cement penetration into the glenoid bone by using modern cement techniques and to investigate the relationship between the bone mineral density (BMD) and the cement penetration. Furthermore we measured the temperature at the glenoid surface before and after jet-lavage of different patients during total shoulder arthroplasty. It is known that the surrounding temperature of the bone has an effect on the polymerisation of the cement. Data from this experiment provide the temperature setting for the in-vitro study. The glenoid surface temperature was measured in 10 patients with a hand-held non-contact temperature measurement device. The bone mineral density was measured by DEXA. Eight paired cadaver scapulae were allocated (n = 16). Each pair comprised two scapulae from one donor (matched-pair design). Two different glenoid components were used, one with pegs and the other with a keel. The glenoids for the in-vitro study were prepared with the bone compaction technique by the same surgeon in all cases. Pulsatile lavage was used to clean the glenoid of blood and bone fragments. Low viscosity bone cement was applied retrogradely into the glenoid by using a syringe. A constant pressure was applied with a modified force sensor impactor. Micro-computed tomography scans were applied to analyse the cement penetration into the cancellous bone. The mean temperature during the in-vivo arthroplasty of the glenoid was 29.4 °C (27.2-31 °C) before and 26.2 °C (25-27.5 °C) after jet-lavage. The overall peak BMD was 0.59 (range 0.33-0.99) g/cm (2). Mean cement penetration was 107.9 (range 67.6-142.3) mm (2) in the peg group and 128.3 (range 102.6-170.8) mm (2) in the keel group. The thickness of the cement layer varied from 0 to 2.1 mm in the pegged group and from 0 to 2.4 mm in the keeled group. A strong negative correlation between BMD and mean cement penetration was found for the peg group (r (2) = -0.834; p < 0.01) and for the keel group (r (2) = -0.727; p < 0.041). Micro-CT shows an inhomogenous dispersion of the cement into the cancellous bone. Data from the in-vivo temperature measurement indicate that the temperature at the glenohumeral surface under operation differs from the body core temperature and should be considered in further in-vitro studies with human specimens. Bone mineral density is negatively correlated to cement penetration in the glenoid. The application of a modern cementing technique in the glenoid provides sufficient cementing penetration although there is an inhomogenous dispersion of the cement. The findings of this study should be considered in further discussions about cementing technique and cement penetration into the cancellous bone of the glenoid. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Know Yourself, Define Your Enemy: Presidential Rhetoric and American Strategic Culture

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-10

Commander Gareth Prendergast received his commission from the Queen in 2000. Upon qualification in role as a Navigator on the Tornado GR4 fighter...On returning to the Tornado , he successfully deployed the first UK combat air assets in support of the humanitarian crisis in Iraq and...subsequently commanded the RAF Tornado detachment. Wing Commander Prendergast read for a Masters in International Law at Lancaster University and holds a Bachelor degree with honors from Keele University in International Relations.

Identification (ID) Cards for Members of the Uniformed Services, Their Dependents, and Other Eligible Individuals

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-12-30

Encl 5) Cayman Islands CJ Central African Republic CT Chad CD Chile CI China CH Christmas Island KT Clipperton Islands IP Cocos (Keeling) Islands CK...PA Puerto Rico PR Rhode Island RI South Carolina SC South Dakota SD Tennessee TN Federated States of Marshall Islands , Palau TT Texas TX Utah UT...Vermont VT Virginia VA Virgin Islands VI Washington WA West Virginia WV Wisconsin WI Wyoming WY Block 17. ZIP Code. Enter the correct nine-digit ZIP Code

Components of High-Level Vision: A Cognitive Neuroscience Analysis and Accounts of Neurological Syndromes

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-02-28

evidence that only one region of space can be attended to at a time (K. Cave and Kosslyn, in press; Downing and Pinker, 1985; LaBerge , 1983; Larsen...97131 New York NY 10027 Dr Steven Grossberg Or Howard Hock 50 Hyde Street Department of Psychology Newton Highland MA 02161 Florida Atlantic University...hU.m Unterstty University r Georgia Pittsburg* l 71213 Athens GA,- AI2-? Dr Stuart 9lapp Dr Steven W. Keele Department of Psychology Psychology

The Coast Artillery Journal. Volume 60, Number 1, January 1924

DTIC Science & Technology

1924-01-01

mainmast toppled just befol’e the ship turned turtle . Of the total of twenty-four 600 lb. bombs which were dropped from 10.000 feet, seventeen functioned...eighteen minutes after being ,truck, the rirg;lIia turned turtle to port and began to settle. The (’onfined air burst the sealllS along her keel. At 12 :2...generally as- sumed, not stated, and is for that reason nebulous and uncertain. 2. Economy of force--concentration of effectives, avoidance of dissemination

Dual keel Space Station payload pointing system design and analysis feasibility study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smagala, Tom; Class, Brian F.; Bauer, Frank H.; Lebair, Deborah A.

1988-01-01

A Space Station attached Payload Pointing System (PPS) has been designed and analyzed. The PPS is responsible for maintaining fixed payload pointing in the presence of disturbance applied to the Space Station. The payload considered in this analysis is the Solar Optical Telescope. System performance is evaluated via digital time simulations by applying various disturbance forces to the Space Station. The PPS meets the Space Station articulated pointing requirement for all disturbances except Shuttle docking and some centrifuge cases.

Defense Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR). Volume 1. Army Abstracts of Phase 1 Awards from FY 1988 SBIR Solicitation

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-05-01

CONSTRUCTION). CONCEPT ANALYSIS CORP 14789 KEEL ST PLYMOUTH, MI 48170 CONTRACT NUMBER: DAHO -88-C-0942 DR’S WALDEN & GLANCE TITLE: MISSILE GEOMETRY PACKAGE TOPIC...COUNTING STUDY CAN BE UTILIZED TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN EXPLOSION MONITORING SYSTEM. E SMALL BUSINESS INNOVATION RESEARCH (SBIR) PROGRAM - PHASE... EXPLOSIVE OR GROUND PENETRATING MUNITIONS ARE TO BE EVALUATED. IN THAT CASE THE SYSTEM WILL BE ENHANCED WITH SEISMIC SENSORS. THE SEISMIC SIGNALS MAY

A Determination of Air-Sea Gas Exchange and Upper Ocean Biological Production From Five Noble Gases and Tritiugenic Helium-3

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-09-01

limitations due to so-called "bottle effects" produced by confining production to a single bottle, eliminating grazers, trace metal contamination from the...1, b - 2/3) (Levich, 1962 ) or can be determined by modeling studies of characteristic bubble populations (a = 0.7, b = 0.35) (Keeling, 1993). In this...artifacts associated with the early sampling method. In addition, some of the samples with large supersaturations may have been contaminated with

KSC-02pp1760

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-11-10

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Mr. and Mrs. Sean O'Keefe (center) pose with officials of the Chickasaw Nation. Second from left is Lt. Gov. Jefferson Keel with his wife, Carol (far left). Second from right is Gov. Bill Anoatubby with his wife, Janice (far right). STS-113 Mission Specialist John Herrington is a tribally enrolled Chickasaw and the world's first Native American astronaut. Kennedy Space Center hosted more than 350 Native Americans in STS-113 prelaunch events surrounding the historic mission assignment of Herrington.

A new species of the genus Bryodemella (s. str.) Yin, 1982 from China (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Oedipodidae).

PubMed

Zhang, Yu-Long; Zhi, Yong-Chao; Zhang, Dao-Chuan

2018-04-23

A new species (i.e. Bryodemella (s. str.) rufifemura sp. nov. from China is described in this paper. It is similar to Bryodemella (s. str.) diamesum (Bei-Bienko, 1930), but differs from the latter by red inner side of hind femur, median keel of pronotum indistinct in metazoan, and vertical diameter of eye shorter than subocular groove in female.  The type specimens are deposited in the Museum of Hebei University (MHU), China.

Sensory Sensitivities and Discriminations and Their Roles in Aviation

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-11-30

SO YORK U N IVE E RS IT Y FACULTY OF ARTS 4700 KEELE STREET * NORTH YORK 9 ONTARIO * CANADA @ M3J 1P3 macaque lateral geniculate nucleus severely...Brain 110, 1675-1698. 35. Merigan WH & Maunsell JHR (1990) Macaque vision after magnocellular lateral geniculate lesions. Visual Neuroscience 5, 347-352...order. In the first experiment, the subject’s task was to judge whether the stimulus would arrive sooner or later than the mean of the stimulus set (of 64

Analysing the floral elements of the lost tree of Easter Island: a morphometric comparison between the remaining ex-situ lines of the endemic extinct species Sophora toromiro.

PubMed

Püschel, Thomas A; Espejo, Jaime; Sanzana, María-José; Benítez, Hugo A

2014-01-01

Sophora toromiro (Phil) Skottsb. is a species that has been extinct in its natural habitat Easter Island (Rapa Nui) for over 50 years. However, seed collections carried out before its extinction have allowed its persistence ex-situ in different botanical gardens and private collections around the world. The progenies of these diverse collections have been classified in different lines, most of them exhibiting high similarity as corroborated by molecular markers. In spite of this resemblance observed between the different lines, one of them (Titze) has dissimilar floral elements, thus generating doubts regarding its species classification. The floral elements (wing, standard and keel) belonging to three different S. toromiro lines and two related species were analyzed using geometric morphometrics. This method was applied in order to quantify the floral shape variation of the standard, wing, and keel between the different lines and control species. Geometric morphometrics analyses were able to distinguish the floral elements at both intra (lines) and inter-specific levels. The present results are on line with the cumulative evidence that supports the Titze line as not being a proper member of the S. toromiro species, but probably a hybridization product or even another species of the Edwardsia section. The reintroduction programs of S. toromiro should consider this information when assessing the authenticity and origin of the lines that will be used to repopulate the island.

Optimization of papain hydrolysis conditions for release of glycosaminoglycans from the chicken keel cartilage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Le Vien, Nguyen Thi; Nguyen, Pham Bao; Cuong, Lam Duc; An, Trinh Thi Thua; Dao, Dong Thi Anh

2017-09-01

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are natural biocompounds which join to construct cartilage tissuses, it can be extracted from cartilage of sharks, pigs, cows, chickens, etc. GAGs contain a Chondroitin sulfate (CS) content which is a supplement of functional food used for preventing and supporting treatment of arthritis and eye diseases. Therefore, the GAGs extraction from byproducts of the industry of cattle and poultry slaughter to identify the CS content by papain enzyme is necessary. In this study, the optimal hydrolysis conditions were obtained by response surface methodology (RSM). The independent variables were coded as: pH (x1), enzyme concentration (x2), incubation temperature (x3) and hydrolysis time (x4). The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) shown that the variables actively affected GAGs content. The optimal conditions of hydrolysis were derived at pH of 7.1, ratio of enzyme per substances of 0.62% w/wpo, temperature of 65°C and hydrolysis time of 230 minutes, GAGs content reached 14.3% of the dry matter of raw material. Analyzes by HPLC revealed that 56.17% of the dry preparations of GAGs were CS compound, were equivalent to 8.11% of the dry matter of chicken keel cartilage. Molecular weight of the dry preparations GAGs was 259.6 kDa. The dry preparations included the contents of moisture 12.2%, protein 8.42%, lipid 0%, ash 10.03% and extracted GAGs 69.35%.

Bilateral custom-fit total knee arthroplasty in a patient with poliomyelitis.

PubMed

Tardy, Nicolas; Chambat, Pierre; Murphy, Colin G; Fayard, Jean-Marie

2014-09-01

In limbs affected by poliomyelitis, total knee arthroplasty results in satisfactory pain relief. However, the risk of failure is high, especially if the preoperative quadriceps power is low. Therefore, treating osteoarthritis in the current patient represented a challenging procedure. A 66-year-old man presented with tricompartmental osteoarthritis of both knees, with valgus deformity of 14° on the left knee and 11° on the right knee. He walked with a bilateral knee recurvatum of 30° and a grade 1 quadriceps power. The authors treated both knees with cemented custom-fit hinged total knee arthroplasty with 30° of recurvatum in the tibial keel. Clinical scores showed good results 1 year postoperatively, especially on the subjective data of quality of life and function. At follow-up, radiographs showed good total knee arthroplasty positioning on the right side and a small mechanical loosening at the end of the tibial keel on the left side. Only 5 studies (Patterson and Insall; Moran; Giori and Lewallen; Jordan et al; and Tigani et al) have reported total knee arthroplasty results in patients with poliomyelitis. This study reports an original case of bilateral custom-fit hinged total knee arthroplasty in a patient with poliomyelitis. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of this type of procedure in the literature. The key point is the degree of recurvatum that is needed to allow walking, avoiding excessive constraints on the implants that can lead to early mechanical failure. Copyright 2014, SLACK Incorporated.

Calculations of current-induced forces on moored tankers, using the theory of manoeuvring ships

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mirza, S.

1996-12-31

The knowledge of current induced loads on moored tankers is important in the design of mooring lines. Normally, these current loads are determined from controlled laboratory experiments and field tests or from the Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF) data (1977). Chakrabarti (1995) mentions that the validity of some of this data is doubtful, and he conducted some tank tests. To save time involved in preparation of elaborate tank tests, it will be useful to have some analytical tools to calculate the current induced loads. In this paper, an attempt has been made to calculate the lateral forces in currentmore » only conditions, using the theory of manoeuvring ships. The manoeuvring model was developed by Wellicome (1981). The sway forces on the hull are modelled by conformal transformation of the hull into a circle plane and applying the flow field. The forces on the bilge keel are modelled by vortex panel method. The results for the simulation are compared with the test results of Chakrabarti (1995). There is good correlation between the experimental and theoretical results for the case of hull with bilge keels. This is true for the streaming flow velocity up to an angle of 45 to the longitudinal direction of the hull. For the case of bare hull, the computational model grossly underpredicts the sway forces. This may be due to the dominance of viscous forces than the potential ones.« less

On the actual variety of plate dynamical mechanisms and how mantle evolution affected them through time, from core formation to the Indian collision

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Osmaston, Miles

2010-05-01

If horizontal plate motions were driven by thermal convection of the mantle, they would display the action of slow-to-change body forces. Yet rapid changes of spreading rate and direction, and ridge jumps, are well-documented for the past 130Ma. Also convection cannot readily cause rotations of a plate (e.g. Africa) about a pole within the plate or near it. And plate motions, especially that of India, scarcely fit a convective pattern. To address these problems we look first at mantle motivation at both ends of earth history, beginning with core formation. I then introduce 3 important properties of mantle materials, whose neglect by mantle modellers has surely impaired the value of their work, but whose recognition illuminates the present plate dynamical situation and provides the Earth with a heat engine that is not thermal convection. Finally I sketch the intervening changes in behaviour over time, the sharpest of which brought about the rise of atmospheric oxygen at ~2.25Ga. Core formation. As the very high specific angular momentum of mean planetary material (>105-fold relative to solar) can only be achieved if the planets were wholly accreted in presence of the nebula [1], the iron percolation model is ruled out, because it takes too long. This validates the A.E.Ringwood model (1960-1978) involving nebular H reaction with erupting FeO. The iron then loads the downgoing limb of what is then not a truly thermal convection system. Huge volumes of reaction water were produced, giving the early Earth a wet mantle, a (diminishing) feature that we'll see has constrained mantle behaviour ever since. Plate dynamics since 150Ma. Multiple plate dynamical evidence [2], which will be rapidly re-presented here, shows that currently (a) the Earth has a 2-layer mantle system with a boundary at ~660km and (b) that most cratons have tectospheric keels that reach right to that boundary, or nearly so. The argument is the simple and persuasive one (even to seismologists) of mantle volume disposal if two such cratons approach one another (e.g. Caucasus), and of the provision of mantle volume to put under the growing ocean if they separate, e.g. S Atlantic, Arctic opening. In the latter case, W Siberia offers a major gap between the Russian and Angara keels and it is through this gap that Arctic-bound upper mantle flow is seen to have acted on India's cratonic keel and caused its powerful collision with Asia, rejuvenating many intervening ranges. This has 'put Asia in a crusher' and is contrary to the plate tectonics dictum of plate boundary interaction. Manifesting this 'suction' upon the Indian keel there is around S India by far the deepest dent in the geoid. The 3 neglected mantle properties we need for understanding this behaviour are:- (1) The garnet-to-spinel peridotite phase change, typically occurring at 70-90km depth, converts one joule into ~50 times more volume increase than simple expansion and does so with the big force of solid-state recrystallization. The density drop across the phase change can approximate that of simply heating the rock through ~1000K so it should never have been neglected by modellers. (2) Interstitial melt has much lower thermal conductivity than its parent solid, so overall thermal conductivity is reduced by >10% per 1% of non-migrating melt, i.e. by ~30% for typical oceanic LVZ conditions. (3) If the water-weakening of the mantle mineral structure (in the form of dislocations by H atoms) is not too high, that weakening will be stripped out by partitioning into any interstitial melt that is present, stiffening the rock by up to 2 orders of magnitude [3]. This contradicts the precept of seismologists and mantle modellers that lowered seismic Vs automatically signifies asthenospheric mobility. Since Vp-Vs relationships in the oceanic LVZ and at >180km under cratons are closely similar, the recognition of (3) explains both the dynamically evident strength of cratonic deep keels and offers a new basis for modelling the MOR process. Instead of convectively driven divergent mantle flow, this has a deeply extending laterally accreting narrow (20cm?) mantle crack below the axis and the gt-sp peridotite phase change (1) is present in the walls at some level. Heat from an eruption up the crack causes a lot of extra volume increase in the walls at that level, which closes the crack and wedges the plates apart with great force. This push-apart is responsible both for MOR rift valleys above and for inducing more mantle into the crack from below. It is this 'suction' which appears responsible for the above-mentioned plate dynamical behaviour and for the geoid dent around India. This MOR mechanism is a powerful heat engine but it is not convection. That cratonic keels may 'rub' on the highly viscous lower mantle at the 660 offers a means of coupling polar core-to-mantle electromagnetic coupling torque to the plate system and thereby to provide rotations. Probable examples are the clockwise rotation of Antarctica since Tierra del Fuego was extracted (150Ma?) from the Weddell Sea, the linked CCW rotation of Africa, and other geomag-related changes of plate motion [4]. From an Earth history perspective, it appears that during the Archaean the mantle was wet enough for vigorous whole-mantle convection to remove the early radiogenic heating. But, as this waned and the evolution of ocean water reduced the water-weakening, the lock-up condition prescribed in (3) was reached soon after 2.5Ga, and plate tectonics halted for ~230Ma, before restarting in the present 2-layer mode. The collapse of MORs during this hiatus correlates with major geological and atmospheric changes including the primary rise in oxygen to which we owe our existence [2]. [1] Osmaston MF (2009) A two-stage scenario for forming the Sun's planetary system, with good links to exoplanet findings, arising from new physical insight on the gravitational process. EPSC Abstracts 4, EPSC2009-264, European Planetary Science Congress, Potsdam 2009. [2] Osmaston MF (2009) Deep cratonic keels and a 2-layer mantle? Tectonic basis for some far-reaching new insights on the dynamical properties of the Earth's mantle: example motions from Mediterranean, Atlantic-Arctic and India. Geophys.Res.Abstr. 11, EGU2009-6359-6, EGU Gen. Assy 2009. [3] Hirth, G & Kohlstedt, DL (1996) Water in the oceanic upper mantle: implication for rheology, melt extraction, and the evolution of the lithosphere, EPSL 144, 93-108. [4] Osmaston, M. F. (2003) What drives plate tectonics? Slab pull, ridge push or geomagnetic torque from the CMB? A new look at the old players vis-a-vis an exciting new one. XXIII IUGG 2003, Sapporo, Japan. Abstracts CD, p. B129, Abstr #016795-2.

A Review of the Growth Habits and Restoration Issues for Clitoria fragrans and Polygonella basiramia

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

ERDC/CRREL TR-07-6 2 Figure 1. Alpha impact area on Avon Park Air Force Range, showing the locations of Clitoria fragrans ( pigeon wing • ) and...herb belonging to the pea family (Fig. 3–5). One of about 35 species in the Clitoria genus (USDA 2007), C. fragrans is limited mainly to the rapidly...chasmogamous flowers have a typical zygomorphic pea family arrangement, with a large 3.5- to 5-cm-long wing petal and a small white keel petal forming a boat

DEBCat: A Catalog of Detached Eclipsing Binary Stars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Southworth, J.

2015-07-01

Detached eclipsing binary star systems are our primary source of measured physical properties of normal stars. I introduce DEBCat: a catalog of detached eclipsing binaries with mass and radius measurements to the 2% precision necessary to put useful constraints on theoretical models of stellar evolution. The catalog was begun in 2006, as an update of the compilation by Andersen (1991). It now contains over 170 systems, and new results are added on appearance in the refereed literature. DEBCat is available at: http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/jkt/debcat/.

A new species of Oileus Kaup (Coleoptera, Passalidae) from Guatemala, with a key to the species of the genus

PubMed Central

Cano, Enio B.; Schuster, Jack C.

2012-01-01

Abstract Oileus gasparilomi sp. n. is described from nine specimens from the mountains of Quiché in Guatemala, from cloud forest at 1795 m elevation. This represents the second species of the genus for Guatemala, differing from the closely related Mexican species Oileus rimator (Truqui) in having a straight anterior clypeal border, the postocular sulcus divided by a keel and the pronotum almost straight (not clearly bilobed). A key to the species of Oileus is given. PMID:22679385

A new species of Vargapupa Páll-Gergely, 2015 and a new synonym of Pseudopomatias Möllendorff, 1885 (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Pupinidae).

PubMed

Páll-Gergely, Barna

2016-07-21

Revision of the genus Pseudopomatias Möllendorff, 1885 and its relatives (Páll-Gergely et al. 2015) resulted in the recognition of four genera, which agree in the (usually slender) turriform, spindle-shaped or almost cylindrical shell and the regularly ribbed teleoconch, except sometimes for the last half whorl. The genus Vargapupa Páll-Gergely, 2015, which differs from Pseudopomatias by possessing a basal keel, includes two species, one from Vietnam, and another from Laos.

A History of the Rock Island District Corps of Engineers, 1866-1975

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-06-01

to St. Paul because the Rock Island location was " unhealthy."fi Rock Island was in the middle of a major flood at the time; cholera and typhoid...that he invested in , and laid out. a town site a long the sh ore near the present cit :--· of Daven- port, Iowa. The basis for this rumor can be found...Lake Pepin by adding a false keel and installing a sail he bought from a fisherman for $2.5049 These were the first examples of Meigs’ tinkering

Survey of Technology with Possible Applications to United States Coast Guard Buoy Tenders. Volume 2. Literature Abstracts.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-09-01

WORK VESSELS TECHNICAL AND OVERVIEW ARTICLES Arendt, John W., "A Specialty Item (The anchor-handling tug on the marine pipeline)", Fourth International...yard. Marier, John B. "What’s Ahead in Shallow Water Seismic Vessel Design", Ocean Industry, June 1983, (’Digicon Definition’) "Marine Fabricators...paper indicated that such a system would out-perform bilge keels by a substantial margin, while costing 20% less. A-32 Lewison , G.R.G., "Optimum Design of

Disseminated lymphoma of presumptive T-cell origin in a great horned owl (Bubo virginianus).

PubMed

Malka, Shachar; Crabbs, Torrie; Mitchell, Elizabeth B; Zehnder, Ashley; Kent, Michael S; Lowenstine, Linda J; Hawkins, Michelle G

2008-09-01

A geriatric male great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) that was a resident at a raptor center was presented for examination because of stridor and weight loss. Results of physical examination, diagnostic imaging, and biopsy were consistent with disseminated lymphoma involving the oropharynx, neck region (including thyroid and parathyroid glands), keel, spleen, and liver. Attempts to treat the owl with chlorambucil failed, and the owl was euthanatized 5 months later. Neoplastic cells from this owl were immunoreactive to CD-3 antibody, suggesting the lymphoma was of T-cell origin.

High resolution sea ice modeling for the region of Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zakharov, I.; Prasad, S.; McGuire, P.

2016-12-01

A multi-category numerical sea ice model (CICE) with a data assimilation module was implemented to derive sea ice parameters in the region of Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea with resolution higher than 10 km. The model derived ice parameters include concentration, ridge keel measurement, thickness and freeboard. The module for assimilation of ice concentration uses data from the Advance Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) and OSI SAF data. The sea surface temperature (SST) data from AMSRE-AVHRR and Operational SST and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA) system were used to correct the SST computed by a mixed layer slab ocean model that is used to determine the growth and melt of sea ice. The ice thickness parameter from the model was compared with the measurements from Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity - Microwave Imaging Radiometer using Aperture Synthesis (SMOS-MIRAS). The freeboard measures where compared with the Cryosat-2 measurements. A spatial root mean square error computed for freeboard measures was found to be within the uncertainty limits of the observation. The model was also used to estimate the correlation parameter between the ridge and the ridge keel measurements in the region of Makkovik Bank. Also, the level ice draft estimated from the model was in good agreement with the ice draft derived from the upward looking sonar (ULS) instrument deployed in the Makkovik bank. The model corrected with ice concentration and SST from remote sensing data demonstrated significant improvements in accuracy of the estimated ice parameters. The model can be used for operational forecast and climate research.

Why arboreal snakes should not be cylindrical: body shape, incline and surface roughness have interactive effects on locomotion.

PubMed

Jayne, Bruce C; Newman, Steven J; Zentkovich, Michele M; Berns, H Matthew

2015-12-01

Depending on animal size, shape, body plan and behaviour, variation in surface structure can affect the speed and ease of locomotion. The slope of branches and the roughness of bark both vary considerably, but their combined effects on the locomotion of arboreal animals are poorly understood. We used artificial branches with five inclines and five peg heights (≤40 mm) to test for interactive effects on the locomotion of three snake species with different body shapes. Unlike boa constrictors (Boa constrictor), corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) and brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) can both form ventrolateral keels, which are most pronounced in B. irregularis. Increasing peg height up to 10 mm elicited more of the lateral undulatory behaviour (sliding contact without gripping) rather than the concertina behaviour (periodic static gripping) and increased the speed of lateral undulation. Increased incline: (1) elicited more concertina locomotion, (2) decreased speed and (3) increased the threshold peg height that elicited lateral undulation. Boiga irregularis was the fastest species, and it used lateral undulation on the most surfaces, including a vertical cylinder with pegs only 1 mm high. Overall, B. constrictor was the slowest and used the most concertina locomotion, but this species climbed steep, smooth surfaces faster than P. guttatus. Our results illustrate how morphology and two different aspects of habitat structure can have interactive effects on organismal performance and behaviour. Notably, a sharper keel facilitated exploiting shorter protrusions to prevent slipping and provide propulsion, which became increasingly important as surface steepness increased. © 2015. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

Water-the Nation's Fundamental Climate Issue A White Paper on the U.S. Geological Survey Role and Capabilities

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lins, Harry F.; Hirsch, Robert M.; Kiang, Julie

2010-01-01

Of all the potential threats posed by climatic variability and change, those associated with water resources are arguably the most consequential for both society and the environment (Waggoner, 1990). Climatic effects on agriculture, aquatic ecosystems, energy, and industry are strongly influenced by climatic effects on water. Thus, understanding changes in the distribution, quantity and quality of, and demand for water in response to climate variability and change is essential to planning for and adapting to future climatic conditions. A central role of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) with respect to climate is to document environmental changes currently underway and to develop improved capabilities to predict future changes. Indeed, a centerpiece of the USGS role is a new Climate Effects Network of monitoring sites. Measuring the climatic effects on water is an essential component of such a network (along with corresponding effects on terrestrial ecosystems). The USGS needs to be unambiguous in communicating with its customers and stakeholders, and with officials at the Department of the Interior, that although modeling future impacts of climate change is important, there is no more critical role for the USGS in climate change science than that of measuring and describing the changes that are currently underway. One of the best statements of that mission comes from a short paper by Ralph Keeling (2008) that describes the inspiration and the challenges faced by David Keeling in operating the all-important Mauna Loa Observatory over a period of more than four decades. Ralph Keeling stated: 'The only way to figure out what is happening to our planet is to measure it, and this means tracking changes decade after decade and poring over the records.' There are three key ideas that are important to the USGS in the above-mentioned sentence. First, to understand what is happening requires measurement. While models are a tool for learning and testing our understanding, they are not a substitute for observations. The second key idea is that measurement needs to be done over a period of many decades. When viewing hydrologic records over time scales of a few years to a few decades, trends commonly appear. However, when viewed in the context of many decades to centuries, these short-term trends are recognized as being part of much longer term oscillations. Thus, while we might want to initiate monitoring of important aspects of our natural resources, the data that will prove to be most useful in the next few years are those records that already have long-term continuity. USGS streamflow and groundwater level data are excellent examples of such long-term records. These measured data span many decades, follow standard protocols for collection and quality assurance, and are stored in a database that provides access to the full period of record. The third point from the Keeling quote relates to the notion of ?poring over the records.? Important trends will not generally jump off the computer screen at us. Thoughtful analyses are required to get past a number of important but confounding influences in the record, such as the role of seasonal variation, changes in water management, or influences of quasi-periodic phenomena, such as El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). No organization is better situated to pore over the records than the USGS because USGS scientists know the data, quality-assure the data, understand the factors that influence the data, and have the ancillary information on the watersheds within which the data are collected. To fulfill the USGS role in understanding climatic variability and change, we need to continually improve and strengthen two of our key capabilities: (1) preserving continuity of long-term water data collection and (2) analyzing and interpreting water data to determine how the Nation's water resources are changing. Understanding change in water resources

Southern Ocean Seasonal Net Production from Satellite, Atmosphere, and Ocean Data Sets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Keeling, Ralph F.; Campbell, J. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

A new climatology of monthly air-sea O2 flux was developed using the net air-sea heat flux as a template for spatial and temporal interpolation of sparse hydrographic data. The climatology improves upon the previous climatology of Najjar and Keeling in the Southern Hemisphere, where the heat-based approach helps to overcome limitations due to sparse data coverage. The climatology is used to make comparisons with productivity derived from CZCS images. The climatology is also used in support of an investigation of the plausible impact of recent global warming an oceanic O2 inventories.

A new species of the genus Opisthotropis Gunther, 1872 (Squamata: Colubridae: Natricinae) from Guangdong Province, China.

PubMed

Yang, Jian-huan; Sung, Yik-hei; Chan, Bosco Pui-Lok

2013-01-01

A new natricid snake of the genus Opisthotropis Gunther, 1872, Opisthotropis laui sp. nov., is described from Mt. Gudou, Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province, China. The new species can be distinguished from other congeners by the combination of the following characters: dorsal scales weakly keeled throughout, in 25:23:23 rows; 10 supralabials; 11 infralabials; two internasals, longer than wide, not touching the loreal; one loreal, not touching the eye; one preocular; two postoculars; one anterior temporal scale; 152 ventrals; 53 subcaudals; body and tail dark olive above, with light yellow crossbars.

The transportation depot: An orbiting vehicle support facility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaszubowski, Martin J.; Ayers, J. Kirk

1992-01-01

This paper describes the details of an effort to produce conceptual designs for an orbiting platform, called a transportation depot, to handle assembly and processing of lunar, Martian, and related vehicles. High-level requirements for such a facility were established, and several concepts were developed to meet those requirements. By showing that the critical rigid-body momentum characteristics of each concept are similar to those of the dual-keel space station, some insight was gained about the controllability and utility of this type of facility. Finally, several general observations were made that highlight the advantages and disadvantages of particular design features.

Climate Change and Sustainability Open Educational Resources: Lessons learned and challenges to tackle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Robinson, Zoe; Whitfield, Stephen; Gertisser, Ralf; Krause, Stefan; McKay, Deirdre; Pringle, Jamie; Szkornik, Katie; Waller, Richard

2010-05-01

The UK's Higher Education Academy Subject Centre for Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences (GEES) is currently running a project entitled ‘C-Change in GEES: Open licensing of climate change and sustainability resources in the Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences' as part of a national Open Educational Resource project. The C-Change project aims to explore the challenges involved in ‘repurposing' existing teaching materials on the topics of climate change and sustainability to make them open access. This project has produced an open access resource of diverse climate change and sustainability-related teaching materials across the subjects of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences. The process of repurposing existing face-to-face teaching resources requires consideration of a wide variety of issues including the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) associated with images and other material included in the teaching resources, in addition to issues of quality, accessibility and usability of resources. Open access education is an issue that will have implications across the whole of the organizational structure of a university, from legal advisors with commitments to University research and enterprise activities, to the academics wishing to produce open access resources, through to all levels of senior management. The attitudes, concerns and openness to Open Educational Resources of stakeholders from all positions within a HE institution will have implications for the participation of that institution within the OER movement. The many barriers to the whole-scale adoption of Open Educational Resources within the UK Higher Education system and the willingness of UK Higher Education Institutions to engage in the OER movement include institutional perspectives on the IPR of teaching materials developed by members of staff within the institution and financial viability, in addition to more sceptical attitudes of potential contributors. Keele University is one of seven academic partners in the C-Change project and researchers at Keele have produced open access resources across a wide variety of sustainability-related themes from reconstructing past environments (for example sea-level change); regional impacts of predicted climate change (for example implications to permafrost environments); through to strategies for a sustainable future, including topics on greening business and engineering solutions. The resources range from PowerPoint presentations to image banks, reading lists, and suggestions for classroom and coursework activities. These resources are designed to be useful for other higher education practitioners developing teaching resources in this area. This presentation will present the range of open access resources developed at Keele University in addition to the lessons learnt in repurposing resources for open access, and a summary of different attitudes within Higher Education Institutions towards the OER movement.

Natural Variation in the Carbon Oxidation State and Oxidative Ratio of a Deciduous Forest

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Masiello, C. A.; Calligan, L. J.; Gallagher, M. E.; Hockaday, W. C.; Robertson, G. P.

2007-12-01

Here we report natural variability in the oxidative ratio (OR) and carbon oxidation state (Cox) of a temperate, deciduous forest measured on an annual basis via elemental analysis of leaf litter. The OR of the terrestrial biosphere is a key component in O2 -based calculations of the biosphere's uptake of fossil fuel CO2 (eg [ Keeling, et al., 1996]). Ecosystem OR has been assumed to be invariant; however, small OR variations may cause significant shifts in the calculated size of the terrestrial biospheric C sink [ Randerson, et al., 2006]. Accurate measurements of OR are necessary for the accurate apportionment of fossil fuel CO2 between the atmosphere, oceans, and terrestrial biosphere. Ecosystem OR is linearly related to Cox, a parameter which can be easily measured via elemental analysis, calorimetry, or solid state nuclear magnetic resonance [ Masiello, et al., 2007]. We are measuring Cox and OR at the three deciduous forest sites within the Kellogg Biological Station NSF LTER (lter.kbs.msu.edu). We report OR from litter collected from three forest sites from 1998-2003, a time series which covers periods of both normal and low precipitation. We also report error introduced in the Cox to OR conversion via a range of plausible assumptions about ecosystem N cycling. Keeling, R. F., et al. (1996), Global and hemispheric CO2 sinks deduced from changes in atmospheric O2 concentration, Nature, 381, 218-221. Masiello, C.A. et al. (in review 2007) Two new approaches for measuring ecosystem carbon oxidation state and oxidative ratio. J.G.R. Biogeosciences. Randerson, J. T., et al. (2006), Is carbon within the global terrestrial biosphere becoming more oxidized? Implications for trends in atmospheric O2, Global Change Biology, 12, 260-271.

Carbon isotope systematics of Turrialba volcano, Costa Rica, using a portable cavity ring-down spectrometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Malowany, K. S.; Stix, J.; de Moor, J. M.; Chu, K.; Lacrampe-Couloume, G.; Sherwood Lollar, B.

2017-07-01

Over the past two decades, activity at Turrialba volcano, Costa Rica, has shifted from hydrothermal to increasingly magmatic in character, with enhanced degassing and eruption potential. We have conducted a survey of the δ13C signatures of gases at Turrialba using a portable field-based CRDS with comparison to standard IRMS techniques. Our δ13C results of the volcanic plume, high-temperature vents, and soil gases reveal isotopic heterogeneity in the CO2 gas composition at Turrialba prior to its recent phase of eruptive activity. The isotopic value of the regional fault system, Falla Ariete (-3.4 ± 0.1‰), is in distinct contrast with the Central crater gases (-3.9 ± 0.1‰) and the 2012 high-temperature vent (-4.4 ± 0.2‰), an indication that spatial variability in δ13C may be linked to hydrothermal transport of volcanic gases, heterogeneities in the source composition, or magmatic degassing. Isotopic values of CO2 samples collected in the plume vary from δ13C of -5.2 to -10.0‰, indicative of mixing between atmospheric CO2 (-9.2 ± 0.1‰), and a volcanic source. We compare the Keeling method to a traditional mixing model (hyperbolic mixing curve) to estimate the volcanic source composition at Turrialba from the plume measurements. The predicted source compositions from the Keeling and hyperbolic methods (-3.0 ± 0.5‰ and -3.9 ± 0.4‰, respectively) illustrate two potential interpretations of the volcanic source at Turrialba. As of the 29 October 2014, Turrialba has entered a new eruptive period, and continued monitoring of the summit gases for δ13C should be conducted to better understand the dominant processes controlling δ13C fractionation at Turrialba.

STS-110 Astronaut Morin Totes S0 Keel Pins During EVA

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

Hovering in space some 240 miles above the blue and white Earth, STS-110 astronaut M.E. Morin participates in his first ever and second of four scheduled space walks for the STS-110 mission. He is seen toting one of the S0 (S-Zero) keel pins which were removed from their functional position on the truss and attached on the truss' exterior for long term stowage. The 43-foot-long, 27,000 pound S0 truss was the first of 9 segments that will make up the International Space Station's external framework that will eventually stretch 356 feet (109 meters), or approximately the length of a football field. This central truss segment also includes a flatcar called the Mobile Transporter and rails that will become the first 'space railroad,' which will allow the Station's robotic arm to travel up and down the finished truss for future assembly and maintenance. The completed truss structure will hold solar arrays and radiators to provide power and cooling for additional international research laboratories from Japan and Europe that will be attached to the Station. The mission completed the installations and preparations of the S0 truss and the Mobile Transporter within four space walks. STS-110 Extravehicular Activity (EVA) marked the first use of the Station's robotic arm to maneuver space walkers around the Station and was the first time all of a shuttle crew's space walks were based out of the Station's Quest Airlock. It was also the first Shuttle to use three Block II Main Engines. The Space Shuttle Orbiter Atlantis STS-110 mission was launched April 8, 2002 and returned to Earth April 19, 2002.

Three-dimensional model of an ultramafic feeder system to the Nikolai Greenstone mafic large igneous province, central Alaska Range

USGS Publications Warehouse

Glen, J.M.G.; Schmidt, J.M.; Connard, G.G.

2011-01-01

The Amphitheater Mountains and southern central Alaska Range expose a thick sequence of Triassic Nikolai basalts that is underlain by several mafic-ultramafic complexes, the largest and best exposed being the Fish Lake and Tangle (FL-T) mafic-ultramafic sills that flank the Amphitheater Mountains synform. Three-dimensional (3-D) modeling of gravity and magnetic data reveals details of the structure of the Amphitheater Mountains, such as the orientation and thickness of Nikolai basalts, and the geometry of the FL-T intrusions. The 3-D model (50 ?? 70 km) includes the full geographic extent of the FL-T complexes and consists of 11 layers. Layer surfaces and properties (density and magnetic susceptibility) were modified by forward and inverse methods to reduce differences between the observed and calculated gravity and magnetic grids. The model suggests that the outcropping FL-T sills are apparently connected and traceable at depth and reveals variations in thickness, shape, and orientation of the ultramafic bodies that may identify paths of magma flow. The model shows that a significant volume (2000 km3) of ultramafic material occurs in the subsurface, gradually thickening and plunging westward to depths exceeding 4 km. This deep ultramafic material is interpreted as the top of a keel or root system that supplied magma to the Nikolai lavas and controlled emplacement of related magmatic intrusions. The presence of this deep, keel-like structure, and asymmetry of the synform, supports a sag basin model for development of the Amphitheater Mountains structure and reveals that the feeders to the Nikolai are much more extensive than previously known. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.

Development of a design methodology for pipelines in ice scoured seabeds

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Clark, J.I.; Paulin, M.J.; Lach, P.R.

1994-12-31

Large areas of the continental shelf of northern oceans are frequently scoured or gouged by moving bodies of ice such as icebergs and sea ice keels associated with pressure ridges. This phenomenon presents a formidable challenge when the route of a submarine pipeline is intersected by the scouring ice. It is generally acknowledged that if a pipeline, laid on the seabed, were hit by an iceberg or a pressure ridge keel, the forces imposed on the pipeline would be much greater than it could practically withstand. The pipeline must therefore be buried to avoid direct contact with ice, but itmore » is very important to determine with some assurance the minimum depth required for safety for both economical and environmental reasons. The safe burial depth of a pipeline, however, cannot be determined directly from the relatively straight forward measurement of maximum scour depth. The major design consideration is the determination of the potential sub-scour deformation of the ice scoured soil. Forces transmitted through the soil and soil displacement around the pipeline could load the pipeline to failure if not taken into account in the design. If the designer can predict the forces transmitted through the soil, the pipeline can be designed to withstand these external forces using conventional design practice. In this paper, the authors outline a design methodology that is based on phenomenological studies of ice scoured terrain, both modern and relict, laboratory tests, centrifuge modeling, and numerical analysis. The implications of these studies, which could assist in the safe and economical design of pipelines in ice scoured terrain, will also be discussed.« less

Field measurements of del13C in ecosystem respiration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Asperen, Hella; Sabbatini, Simone; Nicolini, Giacomo; Warneke, Thorsten; Papale, Dario; Notholt, Justus

2014-05-01

Stable carbon isotope del13C-measurements are extensively used to study ecological and biogeochemical processes in ecosystems. Above terrestrial ecosystems, atmospheric del13C can vary largely due to photosynthetic fractionation. Photosynthetic processes prefer the uptake of the lighter isotope 12C (in CO2), thereby enriching the atmosphere in 13C and depleting the ecosystem carbon. At night, when ecosystem respiratory fluxes are dominant, 13C-depleted CO2 is respired and thereby depletes the atmospheric del13C-content. Different ecosystems and different parts of one ecosystem (type of plant, leaves, and roots) fractionate and respire with a different del13C-ratio signature. By determining the del13C-signature of ecosystem respiration in temporal and spatial scale, an analysis can be made of the composition of respiratory sources of the ecosystem. A field study at a dry cropland after harvest (province of Viterbo, Lazio, Italy) was performed in the summer of 2013. A FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) was set up to continuously measure CO2-, CH4-, N2O-, CO- and del13C-concentrations. The FTIR was connected to 2 different flux measurements systems: a Flux Gradient system (sampling every half hour at 1.3m and 4.2m) and 2 flux chambers (measured every hour), providing a continuous data set of the biosphere-atmosphere gas fluxes and of the gas concentrations at different heights. Keeling plot intercept values of respiratory CO2, measured by the Flux Gradient system at night, were determined to be between -25‰ and -20‰. Keeling plot intercept values of respiratory CO2, measured by the flux chamber system, varied between -24‰ and -29‰, and showed a clear diurnal pattern, suggesting different (dominant) respiratory processes between day and night.

Eidinemacheilus proudlovei, a new subterranean loach from Iraqi Kurdistan (Teleostei; Nemacheilidae).

PubMed

Freyhof, Jörg; Abdullah, Younis Sabir; Ararat, Korsh; Ibrahim, Hamad; Geiger, Matthias F

2016-10-04

Eidinemacheilus proudlovei, new species, is described from subterranean waters in the Little Zab River drainage in Iraqi Kurdistan. After the discovery of E. smithi in 1976, E. proudlovei is the second troglomorphic nemacheilid loach found in the Middle East and the second species placed in Eidinemacheilus. Eidinemacheilus proudlovei is distinguished from E. smithi by having 8+8 or 8+7 branched caudal-fin rays, no adipose keel on the caudal peduncle, enlarged jaws and a fully developed head canal system. It furthers differs substantially in its DNA barcode (>8% K2P distance) from all other nemacheilid loaches in the Middle East, Europe and Western India.

Spalled, aerodynamically modified moldavite from Slavice, Moravia, Czechoslovakia

USGS Publications Warehouse

Chao, E.C.T.

1964-01-01

A Czechoslovakian tektite or moldavite shows clear, indirect evidence of aerodynamic ablation. This large tektite has the shape of a teardrop, with a strongly convex, deeply corroded, but clearly identifiable front and a planoconvex, relatively smooth, posterior surface. In spite of much erosion and corrosion, demarcation of the posterior and the anterior part of the specimen (the keel) is clearly preserved locally. This specimen provides the first tangible evidence that moldavites entered the atmosphere cold, probably at a velocity exceeding 5 kilometers per second; the result was selective heating of the anterior face and perhaps ablation during the second melting. This provides evidence of the extraterrestial origin of moldavites.

Description of a new genus of Elaphidiini with two new species (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae).

PubMed

Santos-Silva, Antonio; Galileo, Maria Helena M

2017-03-27

Elaphidiini Thomson, 1864 is a large tribe of Cerambycidae composed of 92 genera with species distributed from Canada to southern South America. Lingafelter (1998) performed a generic level phylogenetic analysis of the tribe and provided a key to the known genera. According to Lingafelter, Elaphidiini is characterized as follows: mesally-spined antenna (lost in some taxa), narrow metepisternum with a centrally positioned keel, strongly sclerotized below and membranous above; prosternal process between procoxae slightly to strongly expanded at apex (rarely linear and unexpanded); terminal palpomeres much wider at apex than base; and coarsely faceted eyes (with few exceptions).

Very low luminosity active galaxies and the X-ray background

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Elvis, M.; Soltan, A.; Keel, W. C.

1984-01-01

The properties of very low luminosity active galactic nuclei are not well studied, and, in particular, their possible contribution to the diffuse X-ray background is not known. In the present investigation, an X-ray luminosity function for the range from 10 to the 39th to 10 to the 42.5th ergs/s is constructed. The obtained X-ray luminosity function is integrated to estimate the contribution of these very low luminosity active galaxies to the diffuse X-ray background. The construction of the X-ray luminosity function is based on data obtained by Keel (1983) and some simple assumptions about optical and X-ray properties.

Two new Dolichothele Mello-Leitão, 1923 species from Brazil and Bolivia (Araneae, Theraphosidae)

PubMed Central

Revollo, Irene Soliz; Júnior, Pedro Ismael da Silva; Bertani, Rogério

2017-01-01

Abstract Two new species of Dolichothele Mello-Leitão, 1923 are described from Brazil and Bolivia, D. mottai sp. n. from Distrito Federal and the state of Goiás, Brazil, and D. camargorum sp. n. from the state of Rondônia, Brazil, and the La Paz region, Bolivia. Males of the two new species resemble Dolichothele bolivianum (Vol, 2001) in having a small subapical keel on the distal embolus and females in particular by the short spermatheca. Dolichothele bolivianum is redescribed, and its geographical distribution is herein restricted to Bolivia and the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil. PMID:29362529

The unexpected discovery of blind snakes (Serpentes: Typhlopidae) in Micronesia: Two new species of Ramphotyphlops from the Caroline Islands

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wynn, A.H.; Reynolds, R.P.; Buden, D.W.; Falanruw, M.; Lynch, B.

2012-01-01

Two new blind snakes in the genus Ramphotyphlops are described from Ulithi (R. hatmaliyeb sp. nov.) and Ant Atoll (R. adocetus sp. nov.) in the Caroline Islands, the first blind snake species known from Micronesia east of Palau (excluding Ramphotyphlops braminus). Both species are unusual in being known only from small, low-lying atolls. They can be distinguished from other Ramphotyphlops by the combination of 22 scale rows over the length of the body; a wedge-shaped snout, without a keratinized keel; and a broad, pyriform (R. adocetus) or ovate (R. hatmaliyeb) rostral scale.

The unexpected discovery of blind snakes (Serpentes: Typhlopidae) in Micronesia: two new species of Ramphotyphlops from the Caroline Islands

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wynn, Addison H.; Reynolds, Robert P.; Buden, Donald W.; Falanruw, Marjorie; Lynch, Brian

2012-01-01

Two new blind snakes in the genus Ramphotyphlops are described from Ulithi (R. hatmaliyeb sp. nov.) and Ant Atoll (R. adocetus sp. nov.) in the Caroline Islands, the first blind snake species known from Micronesia east of Palau (excluding Ramphotyphlops braminus). Both species are unusual in being known only from small, low-lying atolls. They can be distinguished from other Ramphotyphlops by the combination of 22 scale rows over the length of the body; a wedge-shaped snout, without a keratinized keel; and a broad, pyriform (R. adocetus) or ovate (R. hatmaliyeb) rostral scale.

Too Fast, Too Furious: A Galaxy's Fatal Plunge

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

2004-01-01

Trailing 200,000-light-year-long streamers of seething gas, a galaxy that was once like our Milky Way is being shredded as it plunges at 4.5 million miles per hour through the heart of a distant cluster of galaxies. In this unusually violent collision with ambient cluster gas, the galaxy is stripped down to its skeletal spiral arms as it is eviscerated of fresh hydrogen for making new stars. The galaxy's untimely demise is offering new clues to solving the mystery of what happens to spiral galaxies in a violent universe. Views of the early universe show that spiral galaxies were once much more abundant in rich clusters of galaxies. But they seem to have been vanishing over cosmic time. Where have these "missing bodies" gone? Astronomers are using a wide range of telescopes and analysis techniques to conduct a "CSI" or Crime Scene Investigator-style look at what is happening to this galaxy inside its cluster's rough neighborhood. "It's a clear case of galaxy assault and battery," says William Keel of the University of Alabama. "This is the first time we have a full suite of results from such disparate techniques showing the crime being committed, and the modus operandi." Keel and colleagues are laying out the "forensic evidence" of the galaxy's late life, in a series of presentations today in Atlanta, Ga., at the 203rd meeting of the American Astronomical Society. Astronomers have assembled the evidence by combining a variety of diagnostic observations from telescopes analyzing the galaxy's appearance in X-ray, optical, and radio light. Parallel observations at different wavelengths trace how stars, gas, and dust are being tossed around and torn from the fragile galaxy, called C153. Though such "distressed" galaxies have been seen before, this one's demise is unusually swift and violent. The galaxy belongs to a cluster of galaxies that slammed into another cluster about 100 million years ago. This galaxy took the brunt of the beating as it fell along a trajectory straight through the dense core of the colliding cluster. "This helps explain the weird X-ray and radio emissions we see," says Keel. "The galaxy is a laboratory for studying how gas can be stripped away when it flies through the hot cluster gas, shutting down star birth and transforming the galaxy." The first suggestion of galactic mayhem in this cluster came in 1994 when the Very Large Array radio telescope near Socorro, N.M., detected an unusual number of radio galaxies in the cluster, called Abell 2125. Radio sources trace both star formation and the feeding of central black holes in galaxy clusters. The radio observations also showed that C153 stood out from the other galaxies as an exceptionally powerful radio source. Keel's team began an extensive program of further observations to uncover details about the galaxies. "This was designed to see what the connection could possibly be between events on the 10-million-light-year scale of the cluster merger and what happens deep inside individual galaxies," says Keel. X-ray observations from the ROSAT satellite (an acronym for the Roentgen Satellite) demonstrated that the cluster contains vast amounts of 36-million-degree Fahrenheit (20-million-degree Kelvin) gas that envelops the galaxies. The gas is concentrated into two main lumps rather than smoothly distributed across the cluster, as is more commonly the case. This bolstered the suspicion that two galaxy clusters are actually colliding. In the mid-to-late 1990s astronomers turned the Mayall 4-meter telescope and the WIYN 3.5-meter telescope at the Kitt Peak National Observatory on the cluster to analyze the starlight via spectroscopy. They found many star-forming systems and even active galactic black holes fueled by the collision. The disintegrating galaxy C153 stood out dramatically when the KPNO telescopes were used to photomap the cluster in color. Astronomers then trained NASA's Hubble Space Telescope (HST) onto C153 and resolved a bizarre shape. They found that the galaxy looks unusually clumpy with many young star clusters and chaotic dust features. Besides the disrupted features in the galaxy's disk, HST also showed that the light in the tail is mostly attributed to recent star formation, providing a direct link to the stripping of the galaxy as it passed through the cluster core. Gas compressed along the galaxy's leading edge, like snow before a plow, ignited a firestorm of new star birth. Evidence of recent star formation also comes from the optical spectrum obtained at the 10-meter Gemini North telescope in Hawaii. The spectrum allows the researchers to estimate the time since the most recent burst of star formation. This conclusion was further bolstered when the Mosaic camera on Kitt Peak's Mayall telescope found a very long tail of extended gas coming off the galaxy. The tail was apparently generated in part by a hurricane of stellar winds boiling off the new star-birth regions and being blown backwards as the galaxy streaks through the surrounding hot gas of the cluster. Spectroscopic observations with the Gemini telescope allowed astronomers to age-date the starburst. They find that 90 percent of C153's blue light is from a population of stars that are 100 million years old. This age corresponds to the time the galaxy should have gone careening through the densest gas in the cluster core. The Gemini spectroscopic observations show the stars are in a regular pattern of orbital motion around the center, as usual for disk galaxies. However, there are multiple widespread clouds of gas moving independently of the stars. "This is an important clue that something beyond gravitational forces must be at work, since stars and gas respond the same way to purely gravitational forces," says Keel. "In other words, the galaxy's gas doesn't know what the stars are doing." NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory discovered that the cooler clouds detected with optical telescopes and an associated radio feature are embedded in a much larger multimillion-degree trail of gas. Chandra's data indicate that this hot gas was probably enriched in heavy elements by the starburst and driven out of the galaxy by its supersonic motion through the much larger cloud of gas that pervades the cluster. Collectively, these observations offer evidence that the ram pressure of external gas in the cluster is stripping away the galaxy's own gas. This process has long been hypothesized to account for the forced evolution of cluster galaxies. Its aftermath has been seen in several ways. Some nearby examples, Seyfert's Sextet and Stefan's Quintet, are tight clusters that show the aftermath of high-velocity collisions. The galaxy C153 is destined to lose the last vestiges of its spiral arms and become a bland S0-type galaxy having a central bulge and disk, but no spiral-arm structure. These types of galaxies are common in the dense galaxy clusters seen today. Astronomers plan to make new observations with Gemini again in 2004 to study the dynamics of the gas and stars in the tail. The science team members are William Keel (University of Alabama), Frazer Owen (National Radio Astronomy Observatory), Michael Ledlow (Gemini Observatory), and Daniel Wang (University of Massachusetts). NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., manages the Chandra program for the Office of Space Science, NASA Headquarters, Washington. Northrop Grumman of Redondo Beach, Calif., formerly TRW, Inc., was the prime development contractor for the observatory. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory controls science and flight operations from the Chandra X-ray Center in Cambridge, Mass. Additional information and images are available at: http://chandra.harvard.edu and http://chandra.nasa.gov

Deep seated inclusions in kimberlites from Kharamai field and some kimberlite fields of Prianabarie.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ashchepkov, I. V.; Kuligin, S. S.; Afanasiev, V. P.; Vladykin, N. V.; Kostrovitsky, S. I.; Lelyukh, M. I.; Vavilov, M. A.; Nigmatulina, E. N.; Palessky, S. V.

2012-04-01

The problem of the thickness of the lithospheric keel in the northern part of Yakutia is critical for the diamond grade. Reported delamination of the SCLM (Griffin et al., 2005)which is not supported by the geophysical methods (Koulakov et al ., 2011) was checked in number of localities in circum Anabar region. Pyropes, chrome-diopside, omphacites, enstatite, chromites and ilmenites from concentrate three kimberlitic pipes of the Kharamai field revealed compositional variations typical for thick SCLM: pyropes to 13% Of cr2O3 in the association with chromites (to 60% Of cr2O3.) low- Al - Cr diopsides and enstatite, omphacites, Cr-pargasite and K-Na richterite and picroilmenites (to 20% Of MgO). The pyropes belong to lherzolite filed (Sobolev et al., 1973) as those published only in the low-chromium part relate to Ca- Fe to pyroxenite magmatic trend (Tychkov et al., 2008) which is typical for the majority of Mesozoic (especially Jurassic) kimberlitic pipes in Prianabarie and other northern parts of Yakutia. Thermo-barometric reconstructions using four methods of monomineral thermobarometry reveal the thickness of lithospheric keel not less than 200 km which coinsides with the determined thickness of the SCLM beneath nearest Ary- Mastakh filed (Khardakh pipe). Straya Rechka and Kuranakh fields (Universitetskaya, Tudovaya , Los kimberlites etc). But the pipes in Evenkiyskaya kimberlite group (including Malysh and Tuzic pipes) carry material dominantly from the upper part of the SCLM, sub-calcium garnets are rare. Relatively high oxidation state, determined according to chromite, pyroxenes and pyropes are in accord with the rather low diamond grades. However some other Jurassic pipes in northern part of the Siberian craton reveal sufficiently deep mantle roots evidencing about lack of the delamination of mantle keel after Siberian PT superplume. The trace elements determined for the pyropes show variations and belong to the melt metasomatized groups I the middle and lower part of the SCLM But those from upper part correspond to the LREE and LILE enriched melts. The chrome diopsides show dominantly the signs of the refertillization. The influence of the superplume melts for the SCLM in Kharamai field is higher then for the internal part of the Anabar region affected to the low Jurassic kimberlite magmatism. The Cretaceous pipes show the location of the magma derrivatio level near 130 km (Taylor et al ., 2003) Alluvial diamonds in the northern part of Siberian craton can be associated with undiscovered kimberlite II or lamproites which, were carried from the mantle sections of those saturated by eclogite. The relatively small portion of pyropes from thee deep part of the mantle sections in Prianabarie and surroundings is explained by the general exhaustion of mantle peridotite substratum in this region (Griffin et al., 1998). Rare Cr rich pyropes, chromites, orange pyropes referred to the deep eclogitic associations support this idea.

Assessing the hydraulic connection between fresh water aquifers and unconventional gas production using methane and stable isotopes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iverach, Charlotte P.; Cendón, Dioni I.; Hankin, Stuart I.; Lowry, Dave; Fisher, Rebecca E.; France, James L.; Nisbet, Euan G.; Baker, Andy; Kelly, Bryce F. J.

2015-04-01

Unconventional gas developments pose a risk to groundwater quality and quantity in adjacent or overlying aquifers. To manage these risks there is a need to measure the background concentration of indicator groundwater chemicals and to map pathways of hydraulic connectivity between aquifers. This study presents methane (CH4) concentration and isotopic composition, dissolved organic carbon concentration ([DOC]) and tritium (3H) activity data from an area of expanding coal seam gas (CSG) exploration and production (Condamine Catchment, south-east Queensland, Australia). The target formation for gas production within the Condamine Catchment is the Walloon Coal Measures (WCM). This is a 700 m thick, low-rank CSG resource, which consists of numerous thin discontinuous lenses of coal separated by very fine-to medium-grained sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone, with minor calcareous sandstone, impure limestone and ironstone. The thickness of the coal makes up less than 10% of the total thickness of the unit. The WCM are overlain by sandstone formations, which form part of the Great Artesian Basin (GAB). The Condamine Alluvium fills a paleo-valley carved through the above formations. A combination of groundwater and degassing air samples were collected from irrigation bores and government groundwater monitoring boreholes. Degassing air samples were collected using an SKC 222-2301 air pump, which pumped the gas into 3 L Tedlar bags. The groundwater was analysed for 3H and [DOC]. A mobile CH4 survey was undertaken to continuously sample air in and around areas of agricultural and unconventional gas production. The isotopic signature of gas from the WCM was determined by sampling gas that was off-gassing from a co-produced water holding pond as it was the largest emission that could be directly linked to the WCM. This was used to determine the source signature of the CH4 from the WCM. We used Keeling plots to identify the source signature of the gas sampled. For the borehole samples these plots assume that there are only two sources of CH4, each with a unique isotopic signature. When the two sources mix in varying proportions they will plot along a straight line in the Keeling plot. Geometric mean displacement was used to fit a regression line and determine the intercept value. Within the Keeling plot, samples clustered according to their 3H and [DOC] values. One cluster is associated with near surface biological processes, while the other cluster can be attributed to gas sourced from the WCM. This indicates that in places there is hydraulic connectivity between the WCM and the overlying Condamine Alluvium. The results from this case study demonstrate that measuring 3H activity, [DOC] and CH4 concentrations in combination with CH4 isotopic analysis can provide an early indicator of hydraulic connectivity in areas of expanding unconventional gas development.

Microwave spectroscopy of high-L Rydberg states of nickel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lindsay, Mark D.; Keele, Julie A.; Woods, Shannon L.; Lundeen, Stephen R.

2010-03-01

High-L non-penetrating Rydberg levels of nickel display a fine structure pattern consisting of six levels for each value of L. This pattern was studied recently with the optical RESIS technique, determining initial values of the quadrupole moment and polarizabilities of the ^2D5/2 ground state of Ni^+ [1]. Measurements are now in progress using the microwave RESIS technique [2], which promises much more precise measurements of the fine structure and of the related core properties, including the permanent hexadecapole moment.[4pt] [1] Julie A. Keele, et. al., to be published, Phys. Rev. A[0pt] [2] M.E. Hanni, et. al., Phys. Rev. A 78, 062510 (2008)

M6-C artificial disc placement.

PubMed

Coric, Domagoj; Parish, John; Boltes, Margaret O

2017-01-01

There has been a steady evolution of cervical total disc replacement (TDR) devices over the last decade resulting in surgical technique that closely mimics anterior cervical discectomy and fusion as well as disc design that emphasizes quality of motion. The M6-C TDR device is a modern-generation artificial disc composed of titanium endplates with tri-keel fixation as well as a polyethylene weave with a polyurethane core. Although not yet approved by the FDA, M6-C has finished a pilot and pivotal US Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) study. The authors present the surgical technique for implantation of a 2-level M6-C cervical TDR device. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/rFEAqINLRCo .

A new rock dwelling Hemidactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Chhattisgarh, India.

PubMed

Murthy, B H C K; Bauer, Aaron; Lajmi, Aparna; Agarwal, Ishan; Giri, Varad B

2015-09-25

A distinct new species of gecko of the genus Hemidactylus is described from the Kanker district of Chhattisgarh State, east-central India. This large-sized (SVL average 81.33±13.40 to at least 98.0 mm) Hemidactylus is characterized by a dorsum with small granules, intermixed with 10-12 rows of irregularly arranged, slightly larger, rounded, weakly-keeled tubercles at midbody; 10-12 and 13-15 subdigital lamellae on the first and fourth digits, respectively, of both manus and pes; a single enlarged postcloacal tubercle on either side of the tail; 10-12 femoral pores on each thigh separated by 5-8 poreless scales; 12-14 supralabials and 10-12 infralabials.

Vignapandeyana (Fabaceae), a new species from northern Western Ghats, India.

PubMed

Gaikwad, Sayajirao; Gore, Ramchandra; Randive, Sonali

2015-01-01

Vigna subg. Ceratotropis (Piper) Verdc. represents a homogenous and distinct group of species with highly specialized complex floral characters. It is most diverse in Asia. India, with 24 species, represents a secondary center of species diversity of the subgenus. A new species, Vignapandeyana RD Gore, SP Gaikwad & SD Randive, is described from hill slopes of the northern Western Ghats of India. It resembles Vignayadavii Gaikwad et al. and Vignadalzelliana (Kuntze) Verdc. but differs from the latter in its dimorphic shoots (some subterranean, with cleistogamous flowers) and densely hairy pods, from the former by its curved style, flattened style beak, foveolate seed coat and absence of standard protuberance and horn-like keel pocket in cleistogamous flowers.

Bilabiate Flowers: The Ultimate Response to Bees?

PubMed Central

Westerkamp, Christian; Claßen-Bockhoff, Regine

2007-01-01

Background and Aims Bilabiate flowers have evolved in many lineages of the angiosperms, thus representing a convincing example of parallel evolution. Similar to keel blossoms, they have obviously evolved in order to protect pollen against pollen-collecting bees. Although many examples are known, a comprehensive survey on floral diversity and functional constraints of bilabiate flowers is lacking. Here, the concept is widened and described as a general pattern. Methods The present paper is a conceptional review including personal observations of the authors. To form a survey on the diversity of bilabiate blossoms, a search was made for examples across the angiosperms and these were combined with personal observations collected during the last 25 years, coupled with knowledge from the literature. New functional terms are introduced that are independent of morphological and taxonomic associations. Key Results Bilabiate constructions occur in at least 38 angiosperm families. They are characterized by dorsiventral organization and dorsal pollen transfer. They are most often realised on the level of a single flower, but may also be present in an inflorescence or as part of a so-called ‘walk-around flower’. Interestingly, in functional terms all nototribic blossoms represent bilabiate constructions. The great majority of specialized bee-flowers can thus be included under bilabiate and keel blossoms. The syndrome introduced here, however, also paves the way for the inclusion of larger animals such as birds and bats. The most important evolutionary trends appear to be in the saving of pollen and the precision of its transfer. With special reference to the Lamiales, selected examples of bilabiate flowers are presented and their functional significance is discussed. Conclusions Bilabiate blossoms protect their pollen against pollen-collecting bees and at the same time render their pollination more precisely. The huge diversity of realised forms indicate the high selection pressure towards the bilabiate syndrome. As bees are very inventive, however, bilabiate constructions will not represent the ultimate response to bees. PMID:17652341

The Mauna Loa carbon dioxide record: lessons for long-term Earth observations

USGS Publications Warehouse

Sundquist, Eric T.; Keeling, Ralph F.

2009-01-01

The Mauna Loa carbon dioxide record is an iconic symbol of the human capacity to alter the planet. Yet this record would not have been possible without the remarkable work of one man, Charles David Keeling. We describe three emergent themes that characterized his work: (1) his desire to study and understand the processes that control atmospheric CO2 and the global carbon cycle, (2) his campaign to identify and minimize systematic measurement error, and (3) his tenacious efforts to maintain continuous funding despite changing government priorities and institutions. In many ways, the story of the Mauna Loa record demonstrates that distinctions between research and “routine” measurements are not very useful in long-term monitoring of Earth properties and processes.

Measurements of induced radioactivity in some LDEF samples

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moss, C. E.; Reedy, R. C.

1992-01-01

Twenty-six stainless steel trunnion samples, five aluminum end support retainer plate samples, two aluminum keel plate samples, and two titanium clips were analyzed. The shielded high purity germanium detectors used had efficiencies of 33, 54, and 80 percent at 1332 keV. Detector efficiencies as a function of energy and corrections for self-absorption in the samples were determined with calibrated sources and unactivated control samples. Several measurements were made on most samples. In the trunnion samples, Mn-54 and Co-57 were seen and limits were obtained for other isotopes. The results agree well with 1-D activation calculations for an anisotropic trapped proton model. In the aluminum and titanium samples, Na-22 was detected. Other results are presented.

Automatic three-dimensional measurement of large-scale structure based on vision metrology.

PubMed

Zhu, Zhaokun; Guan, Banglei; Zhang, Xiaohu; Li, Daokui; Yu, Qifeng

2014-01-01

All relevant key techniques involved in photogrammetric vision metrology for fully automatic 3D measurement of large-scale structure are studied. A new kind of coded target consisting of circular retroreflective discs is designed, and corresponding detection and recognition algorithms based on blob detection and clustering are presented. Then a three-stage strategy starting with view clustering is proposed to achieve automatic network orientation. As for matching of noncoded targets, the concept of matching path is proposed, and matches for each noncoded target are found by determination of the optimal matching path, based on a novel voting strategy, among all possible ones. Experiments on a fixed keel of airship have been conducted to verify the effectiveness and measuring accuracy of the proposed methods.

RS Ophiuchi: The Gift that Keeps on Giving

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Starrfield, S.

2008-12-01

RS Oph experienced its sixth recorded outburst in 2006 and was observed in virtually every wavelength region from hard X-rays to the radio. Each observation, especially those with instruments that have come online since its last outburst in 1985, provided new and exciting information about the explosion. As a result, some of us organized a second workshop on the RS Oph outburst and it was held in June 2007 at Keele University. I gave the lead off talk in which I presented a number of questions to be discussed during the workshop, a brief summary of what had been discovered in previous outbursts concentrating on the ultraviolet studies with IUE, and a few observations of the 2006 outburst concentrating on the results from Swift and HST.

Measurements of induced radioactivity in some LDEF samples

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moss, C. E.; Reedy, R. C.

1991-01-01

Twenty-six stainless steel trunnion samples, five aluminum end support retainer plate samples, two aluminum keel plate samples, and two titanium clips were analyzed. The shielded high purity germanium detectors used had efficiencies of 33, 54, and 80 pcts. at 1332 keV. Detector efficiencies as a function of energy and corrections for self absorption in the samples were determined with calibrated sources, unactivated control samples, and calculations. Several measurements were made on most samples. In the trunnion samples, Mn-54 and Co-57 were seen and limits were obtained for other isotopes. The results agree well with 1-D activation calculations for an anisotropic trapped proton model. In the aluminum samples, Na-22 and Be-7 were seen. Other results are presented.

Proposed CMG momentum management scheme for space station

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bishop, L. R.; Bishop, R. H.; Lindsay, K. L.

1987-01-01

A discrete control moment gyro (CMG) momentum management scheme (MMS) applicable to spacecraft with principal axes misalignments, such as the proposed NASA dual keel space station, is presented in this paper. The objective of the MMS is to minmize CMG angular momentum storage requirements for maintaining the space station near local vertical in the presence of environmental disturbances. It utilizes available environmental disturbances, namely gravity gradient torques, to minimize CMG momentum storage. The MMS is executed once per orbit and generates a commanded torque equilibrium attitude (TEA) time history which consists of a yaw, pitch and roll angle command profile. Although the algorithm is called only once per orbit to compute the TEA profile, the space station will maneuver several discrete times each orbit.

Adaptive momentum management for large space structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hahn, E.

1987-01-01

Momentum management is discussed for a Large Space Structure (LSS) with the structure selected configuration being the Initial Orbital Configuration (IOC) of the dual keel space station. The external forces considered were gravity gradient and aerodynamic torques. The goal of the momentum management scheme developed is to remove the bias components of the external torques and center the cyclic components of the stored angular momentum. The scheme investigated is adaptive to uncertainties of the inertia tensor and requires only approximate knowledge of principle moments of inertia. Computational requirements are minimal and should present no implementation problem in a flight type computer and the method proposed is shown to be effective in the presence of attitude control bandwidths as low as .01 radian/sec.

The Development of a Conical Composite Energy Absorber for Use in the Attenuation of Crash/Impact Loads

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Littell, Justin D.

2014-01-01

A design for a novel light-weight conical shaped energy absorbing (EA) composite subfloor structure is proposed. This composite EA is fabricated using repeated alternating patterns of a conical geometry to form long beam structures which can be implemented as aircraft subfloor keel beams or frame sections. The geometrical features of this conical design, along with the hybrid composite materials used in the manufacturing process give a strength tailored to achieve a constant 25-40 g sustained crush load, small peak crush loads and long stroke limits. This report will discuss the geometrical design and fabrication methods, along with results from static and dynamic crush testing of 12-in. long subcomponents.

Vigna pandeyana (Fabaceae), a new species from northern Western Ghats, India

PubMed Central

Gaikwad, Sayajirao; Randive, Sonali

2015-01-01

Abstract Background Vigna subg. Ceratotropis (Piper) Verdc. represents a homogenous and distinct group of species with highly specialized complex floral characters. It is most diverse in Asia. India, with 24 species, represents a secondary center of species diversity of the subgenus. New information A new species, Vigna pandeyana RD Gore, SP Gaikwad & SD Randive, is described from hill slopes of the northern Western Ghats of India. It resembles Vigna yadavii Gaikwad et al. and Vigna dalzelliana (Kuntze) Verdc. but differs from the latter in its dimorphic shoots (some subterranean, with cleistogamous flowers) and densely hairy pods, from the former by its curved style, flattened style beak, foveolate seed coat and absence of standard protuberance and horn-like keel pocket in cleistogamous flowers. PMID:25829861

Giant Radio Jet Coming From Wrong Kind of Galaxy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

2003-01-01

Giant jets of subatomic particles moving at nearly the speed of light have been found coming from thousands of galaxies across the Universe, but always from elliptical galaxies or galaxies in the process of merging -- until now. Using the combined power of the Hubble Space Telescope, the Very Large Array (VLA) and the 8-meter Gemini-South Telescope, astronomers have discovered a huge jet coming from a spiral galaxy similar to our own Milky Way. Radio-optical view of galaxy Combined HST and VLA image of the galaxy 0313-192. Optical HST image shows the galaxy edge-on; VLA image, shown in red, reveals giant jet of speeding particles. For more images, see this link below. CREDIT: Keel, Ledlow & Owen; STScI,NRAO/AUI/NSF, NASA "We've always thought spirals were the wrong kind of galaxy to generate these huge jets, but now we're going to have to re-think some of our ideas on what produces these jets," said William Keel, a University of Alabama astronomer who led the research team. Keel worked with Michael Ledlow of Gemini Observatory and Frazer Owen of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. The scientists reported their findings at the American Astronomical Society's meeting in Seattle, Washington. "Further study of this galaxy may provide unique insights on just what needs to happen in a galaxy to produce these powerful jets of particles," Keel said. In addition, Owen said, "The loose-knit nature of the cluster of galaxies in which this galaxy resides may play a part in allowing this particular spiral to produce jets." Astronomers believe such jets originate at the cores of galaxies, where supermassive black holes provide the tremendous gravitational energy to accelerate particles to nearly the speed of light. Magnetic fields twisted tightly by spinning disks of material being sucked into the black hole are presumed to narrow the speeding particles into thin jets, like a nozzle on a garden hose. Both elliptical and spiral galaxies are believed to harbor supermassive black holes at their cores. The discovery that the jet was coming from a spiral galaxy dubbed 0313-192 required using a combination of radio, optical and infrared observations to examine the galaxy and its surroundings. The story began more than 20 years ago, when Owen began a survey of 500 galaxy clusters using the National Science Foundation's then-new VLA to make radio images of the clusters. In the 1990s, Ledlow joined the project, making optical-telescope images of the same clusters as part of his research for a Ph.D dissertation at the University of New Mexico. An optical image from Kitt Peak National Observatory gave a hint that this galaxy, clearly seen with a jet in the VLA images, might be a spiral. Nearly a billion light-years from Earth, 0313-192 proved an elusive target, however. Subsequent observations with the VLA and the 3.5-meter telescope at Apache Point Observatory supported the idea that the galaxy might be a spiral but still were inconclusive. In the Spring of 2002, astronauts installed the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope. This new facility produced a richly-detailed image of 0313-192, showing that it is a dust-rich spiral seen almost exactly edge-on. "The finely-detailed Hubble image resolved any doubt and proved that this galaxy is a spiral," Ledlow said. Infrared images with the Gemini-South telescope complemented the Hubble images and further confirmed the galaxy's spiral nature. Now, the astronomers seek to understand why this one spiral galaxy, unlike all others seen so far, is producing the bright jets seen with the VLA and other radio telescopes. Several factors may have combined, the researchers feel. "This galaxy's disk is twisted, and that may indicate that it has been disturbed by a close passage of another galaxy or may have swallowed up a companion dwarf galaxy," Keel said. He added, "This galaxy shows signs of having a very massive black hole at its core, and the jets are taking the shortest path out of the galaxy's own gas." Owen points out that 0313-192 resides in a cluster of galaxies called Abell 428. The scientists have discovered that Abell 428 is not a dense cluster, but rather a loose collection of small groups of galaxies. In order to see the large jets so common to elliptical galaxies, Owen said, "you may need pressure from a cluster's intergalactic medium to keep the particles and magnetic fields from dispersing so rapidly that the jet can't stay together." However, "A spiral won't survive in a dense cluster," Owen said. Thus, the looser collection of galaxy groups that makes up Abell 428 may be "just the right environment to allow the spiral to survive but still to provide the pressure needed to keep the jets together." In any case, the unique example provided by this jet-producing spiral galaxy "raises questions about some of our basic assumptions regarding jet production in galaxies," Owen said. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation, operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. The Space Telescope Science Institute is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract with the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency. Gemini is an international partnership managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation..

A Comparative Analysis of Pitch Detection Methods Under the Influence of Different Noise Conditions.

PubMed

Sukhostat, Lyudmila; Imamverdiyev, Yadigar

2015-07-01

Pitch is one of the most important components in various speech processing systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate different pitch detection methods in terms of various noise conditions. Prospective study. For evaluation of pitch detection algorithms, time-domain, frequency-domain, and hybrid methods were considered by using Keele and CSTR speech databases. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. Experiments have shown that BaNa method achieves the highest pitch detection accuracy. The development of methods for pitch detection, which are robust to additive noise at different signal-to-noise ratio, is an important field of research with many opportunities for enhancement the modern methods. Copyright © 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Taxonomic status of Tropiocolotes cf. steudneri with a description of a new species of Tropiocolotes (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae) in southern Iran.

PubMed

Rajabizadeh, Mahdi; Faizi, Hiva; Anderson, Steven C; Zarrintab, Mohammad; Nazarov, Roman

2018-03-01

We review the status of an Iranian gecko population previously referred to Tropiocolotes cf. steudneri and describe it as a new species, Tropiocolotes hormozganensis sp. nov. We discuss the taxonomic history of this population and compare its characters with those of the other species in the genus. The new species is distinguished from other species of Tropiocolotes by possessing weakly keeled dorsal scales and smooth ventral scales, having imbricate scales on dorsal and ventral tail, possessing clearly tricarinatesubdigital scales, 48-55 dorsal scales, two pairs of postmental shields, of which the second pair is about half of the size of the first, 100-107 scales longitudinally along underside of body, 15-19 scales across head and 16-19 subdigital lamellae.

Processes of lithosphere evolution: New evidence on the structure of the continental crust and uppermost mantle

USGS Publications Warehouse

Artemieva, I.M.; Mooney, W.D.; Perchuc, E.; Thybo, H.

2002-01-01

We discuss the structure of the continental lithosphere, its physical properties, and the mechanisms that formed and modified it since the early Archean. The structure of the upper mantle and the crust is derived primarily from global and regional seismic tomography studies of Eurasia and from global and regional data on seismic anisotropy. These data as documented in the papers of this special issue of Tectonophysics are used to illustrate the role of different tectonic processes in the lithospheric evolution since Archean to present. These include, but are not limited to, cratonization, terrane accretion and collision, continental rifting (both passive and active), subduction, and lithospheric basal erosion due to a relative motion of cratonic keels and the convective mantle. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Ageing, Drama, and Creativity: Translating Research Into Practice.

PubMed

Reynolds, Jackie; Bernard, Miriam; Rezzano, Jill; Rickett, Michelle

2016-01-01

Ageing, Drama, and Creativity was a pilot six-session interprofessional training course delivered collaboratively by Keele University and the New Vic Theatre, Newcastle-under-Lyme, as part of our Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) funded Ages and Stages follow-on project. The course brought together a critical gerontological approach with arts-based educational practices and was designed to develop practice capabilities and age awareness among a diverse group of professionals working in arts organizations, the voluntary sector, local government, health and social services, and housing. This article describes how the course was developed and how participants were selected, details its aims and objectives, provides an overview of the sessions and a flavor of some of the exercises that were used, and considers findings from the structured evaluation alongside written reflections from participants.

STS-44 Defense Support Program (DSP) / IUS during preflight operations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

STS-44 Defense Support Program (DSP) satellite atop the inertial upper stage (IUS) is prepared for transfer in a processing facility at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Clean-suited technicians overseeing the operation are dwarfed by the size of the 5,200-pound DSP satellite and the IUS. The underside of the IUS (bottom) mounted in the airborne support equipment (ASE) aft frame tilt actuator (AFTA) table and ASE forward frame is visible at the base. The umbilical boom between the two ASE frames and the forward frame keel trunnion are visible. DSP, a surveillance satellite that can detect missle and space launches as well as nuclear detonations will be boosted into geosynchronous Earth orbit by the IUS. View provided by KSC with alternate number KSC-91PC-1749.

Suspension freezing of bottom sediment and biota in the Northwest Passage and implications for Arctic Ocean sedimentation

USGS Publications Warehouse

Reimnitz, E.; Marincovich, L.; McCormick, M.; Briggs, W.M.

1992-01-01

No evidence was seen for entrainment by bottom adfreezing, bluff slumping, river flooding, dragging ice keels, or significant eolian transport from land to sea. Muddy sediment with pebbles and cobbles, algae with holdfasts, ostracodes with appendages, and well-preserved mollusks and sea urchins were collected from two sites in a 50 km long stretch of turbid ice. These materials indicate that suspension freezing reaching to a water depth of 25-30 m during the previous fall was responsible for entrainment. This mechanism requires rapid ice formation in open, shallow water during a freezing storm, when the ocean becomes supercooled, and frazil and anchor ice attach to and ultimately lift sediment and living organisms to the sea surface. -from Authors

Application study of filamentary composites in a commercial jet aircraft fuselage

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, R. W.; June, R. R.

1972-01-01

A study of applications of filamentary composite materials to aircraft fuselage structure was performed. General design criteria were established and material studies conducted using the 727-200 forebody as the primary structural component. Three design approaches to the use of composites were investigated: uniaxial reinforcement of metal structure, uniaxial and biaxial reinforcement of metal structure, and an all-composite design. Materials application studies for all three concepts were conducted on fuselage shell panels, keel beam, floor beams, floor panels, body frames, fail-safe straps, and window frames. Cost benefit studies were conducted and developmental program costs estimated. On the basis of weight savings, cost effectiveness, developmental program costs, and potential for early application on commercial aircraft, the unaxial design is recommended for a 5-year flight service evaluation program.

Systematization of a set of closure techniques.

PubMed

Hausken, Kjell; Moxnes, John F

2011-11-01

Approximations in population dynamics are gaining popularity since stochastic models in large populations are time consuming even on a computer. Stochastic modeling causes an infinite set of ordinary differential equations for the moments. Closure models are useful since they recast this infinite set into a finite set of ordinary differential equations. This paper systematizes a set of closure approximations. We develop a system, which we call a power p closure of n moments, where 0≤p≤n. Keeling's (2000a,b) approximation with third order moments is shown to be an instantiation of this system which we call a power 3 closure of 3 moments. We present an epidemiological example and evaluate the system for third and fourth moments compared with Monte Carlo simulations. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Gastrobronchial fistula after toothbrush ingestion.

PubMed

Karcher, Jan Christoph; von Buch, Christoph; Waag, Karl-Ludwig; Reinshagen, Konrad

2006-10-01

Gastrobronchial fistulous communications are uncommon complications of disease processes with only 36 previously reported cases. Described as complication of a number of conditions, such as previous gastroesophageal surgery, subphrenic abscess, and gastric ulcers (Jha P, Deiraniya A, Keeling-Robert C, et al. Gastrobronchial fistula--a recent series. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Sur 2003;2:6-8), we report a case of fistulization caused by ingestion of a foreign body. A patient with mental retardation, admitted for the treatment of osteomyelitis, presented during hospitalization symptoms of high fever, vomiting, and respiratory distress. Endoscopy showed the presence of a gastrobronchial fistula, which developed after ingestion of a toothbrush. The toothbrush was extracted endoscopically, and the fistula was subsequently closed by surgery. The patient recovered completely. We report the first case of a gastrobronchial fistula as a complication of foreign body ingestion.

Using Vertically Integrated Ocean Fields to Characterize Greenland Icebergs' Distribution and Lifetime

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marson, Juliana M.; Myers, Paul G.; Hu, Xianmin; Le Sommer, Julien

2018-05-01

Icebergs represent approximately half of Greenland's yearly mass loss, having important implications for biological productivity, freshwater fluxes in the ocean, and navigation. This study applies an iceberg model that uses integrated ocean fields (from surface to iceberg keel) to simulate the drift and decay of Greenland icebergs. This version of iceberg model (VERT) is compared with a more widely adopted version (SURF) which only uses surface ocean fields in its equations. We show that icebergs in VERT tend to drift along the shelf break, while in SURF they concentrate along the coastline. Additionally, we show that Greenland's southeast coast is the source of ˜60% of the icebergs that cross the interior of the Labrador Sea—a region that stages buoyancy-driven convection and is, therefore, sensitive to freshwater input.

Absolute age Determinations on Diamond by Radioisotopic Methods: NOT the way to Accurately Identify Diamond Provenance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shirey, S. B.

2002-05-01

Gem-quality diamond contains such low abundances of parent-daughter radionuclides that dating the diamond lattice directly by isotopic measurements has been and will be impossible. Absolute ages on diamonds typically are obtained through measurements of their syngenetic mineral inclusions: Rb-Sr in garnet; Sm-Nd in garnet and pyroxene; Re-Os and U-Th-Pb in sulfide; K-Ar in pyroxene; and U-Pb in zircon. The application of the first two isotope schemes in the list requires putting together many inclusions from many diamonds whereas the latter isotope schemes permit ages on single diamonds. The key limitations on the application of these decay pairs are the availability and size of the inclusions, the abundance levels of the radionuclides, and instrumental sensitivity. Practical complications of radioisotope dating of inclusions are fatal to the application of the technique for diamond provenance. In all mines, the ratio of gem-quality diamonds to stones with datable inclusions is very high. Thus there is no way to date the valuable, marketable stones that are part of the conflict diamond problem, just their rare, flawed cousins. Each analysis destroys the diamond host plus the inclusion and can only be carried out in research labs by highly trained scientists. Thus, these methods can not be automated or applied to the bulk of diamond production. The geological problems with age dating are equally fatal to its application to diamond provenance. From the geological perspective, for age determination to work as a tool for diamond provenance studies, diamond ages would have to be specific to particular kimberlites or kimberlite fields and different between fields. The southern African Kaapvaal-Zimbabwe Craton and Limpopo Mobile Belt is the only cratonic region where age determinations have been applied on a large enough scale to a number of kimberlites to illustrate the geological problems in age measurements for diamond provenance. However, this southern African example is seen as typical of other cratons. Here, the nearly universal occurrence of Archean or Proterozoic diamonds in much younger (often Cretaceous) kimberlites proves that diamonds are xenocrysts inherited from the ancient mantle lithospheric keel by the host kimberlite as it erupts. Differences in diamond ages are on the scale of the geological assembly of the mantle lithospheric keel and relate to geological terranes in the lithosphere; they have little to do with individual kimberlites. In southern Africa, two age groupings of diamonds exist: Archean (3.2 to 2.9 Ga) diamonds associated with initial creation/final stabilization of the mantle lithosphere and Proterozoic (1 to 2 Ga) diamonds associated with compositional changes to the mantle keel from magmatism and metasomatism. The distribution of these two age types is cratonwide, encompasses many kimberlites and both age groupings can occur in an individual kimberlite. One expects a recurrence of similar ages with a possible 2 Ga age spread from many different kimberlites across the craton. Similar old ages are seen on other cratons (e.g. Siberian, Slave); thus age can not even distinguish diamond source at the scale of a craton. A further complication is that both sampling of diamonds from their lithospheric host and the resting position of diamonds at the final solidification level of the kimberlite in the crust are accidental. This can produce significant variability in the diamond population which is further complicated if erosion and deposition of the diamonds to form alluvial deposits has obscured their host kimberlite.

Effects of climate and geochemistry on soil organic matter stabilization and greenhouse gas emissions along altitudinal transects in different mountain regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Griepentrog, Marco; Bodé, Samuel; Boudin, Mathieu; Dercon, Gerd; Doetterl, Sebastian; Matulanya, Machibya; Msigwa, Anna; Vermeir, Pieter; Boeckx, Pascal

2017-04-01

Terrestrial ecosystems are strongly influenced by climate change and soils are key compartments of the global carbon (C) cycle in terms of their potential to store or release significant amounts of C. This study is part of the interregional IAEA Technical Cooperation Project ``Assessing the Impact of Climate Change and its Effects on Soil and Water Resources in Polar and Mountainous Regions (INT5153)'' aiming to improve the understanding of climate change impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) in fragile polar and high mountainous ecosystems at local and global scale for their better management and conservation. The project includes 13 benchmark sites situated around the world. Here we present novel data from altitudinal transects of three different mountain regions (Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; Mount Gongga, China; Cordillera Blanca, Peru). All altitudinal transects cover a wide range of natural ecosystems under different climates and soil geochemistry. Bulk soil samples (four field replicates per ecosystem) were subjected to a combination of aggregate and particle-size fractionation followed by organic C, total nitrogen, stable isotope (13C, 15N) and radiocarbon (14C) analyses of all fractions. Bulk soils were further characterized for their geochemistry (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Si, P) and incubated for 63 days to assess greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4, NO, N2O). Further, stable C isotopic signature of CO2 was measured to determine the isotopic signature of soil respiration (using Keeling plots) and to estimate potential respiration sources. The following four ecosystems were sampled at an altitudinal transect on the (wet) southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro: savannah (920m), lower montane rain forests with angiosperm trees (2020m), upper montane cloud forest with gymnosperm trees (2680m), subalpine heathlands (3660m). Both forests showed highest C contents followed by subalpine and savannah. The largest part of SOC was found in particulate organic matter followed by microaggregates, except for the subalpine ecosystem which had most SOC stored in microaggregates. Silt and clay fractions stored the smallest fraction of SOC for all ecosystems. Cumulative soil CO2 emissions (normalized to SOC, gCO_2-C kgSOC-1) after 63 days of incubation were highest for savannah (15.2 ± 1.4) followed by subalpine (7.9 ± 0.5), upper forest (6.9 ± 1.0) and lower forest (4.8 ± 0.4). CO2 emissions were negatively correlated with soil C contents, showing that soils with lower C contents loose higher relative amounts of their SOC through soil respiration. Keeling plot intercept is a measure for the isotopic signature of respired CO2 and high offsets between Keeling plot intercepts and the isotopic signature of bulk SOC point towards labile (13C-depleted) SOC fractions as respiration sources. Highest offsets (and thus most labile respiration sources) were observed for savannah followed by subalpine, lower forest and upper forest and these were positively correlated with cumulative CO2 emissions, showing that in savannah soils, which have lowest C contents and respire highest amounts of CO2, mainly labile SOC is used as respiration source. Results from the other two altitudinal transects are currently under investigation and will be presented in conjunction with climatic and geochemical data.

Progress in Late Cretaceous planktonic foraminiferal stable isotope paleoecology and implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Petrizzo, Maria Rose; Falzoni, Francesca; Huber, Brian T.; MacLeod, Kenneth G.

2015-04-01

Paleoecological preferences proposed for Cretaceous planktonic foraminiferal taxa have traditionally been based on morphological analogies with depth-stratified modern species, on biofacies comparison in continental margin and deepwater settings, and limited oxygen and carbon stable isotope data. These studies concluded that large-sized, keeled and heavily calcified planktonic foraminifera generally lived at deeper levels in the surface waters than small-sized, thinner-walled non-keeled species. Stable isotope data have been used to infer information on paleotemperature, paleoceanography and paleoproductivity of ancient oceans and constrain biological paleo-activities (i.e. photosymbiosis and respiration) of fossil species. These studies have suggested that the depth-distribution model based on analogy with modern taxa might not be fully applicable for Cretaceous species, and found particularly 13C-enriched values in some Maastrichtian multiserial taxa that have been related to the activity of photosymbionts. We have collected about 1500 δ18O and δ13C species-specific analyses on glassy preserved planktonic foraminifera from Tanzania (Tanzania Drilling Project TDP sites 23, 28 and 32) and well-preserved planktonic foraminifera from other mid-low latitude localities (Shatsky Rise, northwestern Pacific Ocean, ODP Leg 198 Hole 1210B; Exmouth Plateau, eastern Indian Ocean, ODP Leg 122, Hole 762C; Eratosthenes Seamount, eastern Mediterranean, ODP Leg 160, Hole 967E; Blake Nose, central Atlantic Ocean, ODP Leg 171B, holes 1050C and 1052E) to investigate Late Cretaceous species paleoecological preferences, life strategies and depth distribution in the surface water column. Our results indicates that several large-sized (> 500 μm) double-keeled species belonging to the genera Dicarinella, Marginotruncana and Contusotruncana, generally interpreted as deep to thermocline dwellers, instead occupied shallow/warm layers of the water column, whilst not all biserial species were adapted to shallow layers and eutrophic environments (Falzoni et al., 2013; Falzoni et al., in prep.). Interestingly, globigeriniform planktonic foraminifera with meridional ornamentation (Paracostellagerina and Rugoglobigerina), a morphological feature generally considered to be genetically controlled and thus taxonomically significant, typically yield higher δ13C values than co-occurring finely ornamented morphotypes (Petrizzo et al., 2008). A possible explanation to these results invokes the presence of facultative photosymbionts enhancing test calcification or alternatively, the occurrence of ecophenotypes adapted to a different sea-surface 13C/12C ratio within the same fossil species (Falzoni et al., 2014). Finally, we discuss evidences against the traditional species depth-distribution model and highlight the restrictions in performing Late Cretaceous paleoenvironmental and paleoceanographic reconstructions based on shell morphology and/or inferred life strategies of planktonic foraminifera. References Falzoni, F., Petrizzo, M.R., MacLeod, K.G., Huber, B.T. (2013). Santonian-Campanian planktonic foraminifera from Tanzania, Shatsky Rise and Exmouth Plateau: species depth ecology and paleoceanographic inferences. Marine Micropaleontology 103, 15-29. Falzoni, F., Petrizzo, M.R., Huber, B.T., MacLeod, K.G. (2014). Insights into the meridional ornamentation of the planktonic foraminiferal genus Rugoglobigerina (Late Cretaceous) and implications for taxonomy. Cretaceous Research 47, 87-104. Petrizzo, M.R., Huber, B.T., Wilson, P.A., MacLeod, K.G. (2008). Late Albian paleoceanography of the western subtropical North Atlantic. Paleoceanography 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001517 (PA1213).

Is subduction really in the plate tectonics driving seat, or do two other global mechanisms do the driving? A review in the 'deep-keeled cratons' frame for global dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Osmaston, M. F.

2012-04-01

Introduction. The title poses a question very like that of my talk in 2003 [1], concluding then that, as a driver, subduction comes 'a doubtful third'. My purpose here is to show that subsequent developments now cause even that limited status to be denied it with great assurance, except in a rare situation, of which there is no current example. The key point is that studies of subduction have been importantly mistaken as to the nature of the plate arriving for subduction. Deep-keeled cratons? The 'deep-keeled cratons' frame for global dynamics [2 - 5] is the result of seeking Earth-behaviour guidance on the following outside-the-box proposition:- "If cratons have tectospheric keels that reach or approach the 660 km discontinuity, AND the 660 level is an effective barrier to mantle circulation, then obviously (i) when two cratons separate, the upper mantle to put under the nascent ocean must arrive by a circuitous route and, conversely, (ii) if they approach one another, the mantle volume that was in between them must get extruded sideways." Remarkably it has turned out [2 - 5] that Earth dynamical behaviour for at least the past 150 Ma provides persuasive affirmation of both these expectations and that the explanation for the otherwise-unexpected immobility of subcratonic material to such depths is a petrological one which is also applicable to the behaviour of LVZ mantle below MORs [6 - 8]. Straight away this result has major consequences for the character of the plate arriving for subduction. First, to construct them, we need a 'thick-plate' (>100km?) model of the MOR process which recognizes that this LVZ immobility renders invalid the existing concept of divergent mantle flow below MORs. I show that my now not-so-new model [1, 8 - 10], based on a deep, narrrow, wall-accreting sub-axis crack, possesses outstandingly relevant properties, even appropriately dependent on spreading rate. Second, the oceanic plate arriving for subduction is no longer just the cooled mantle boundary layer habitually assumed, but its LVZ content gives it (i) residual heat content, (ii) corresponding buoyancy, and (iii) a flexural strength which demands a reconsideration of its mode of downbend, hitherto widely regarded as flexural, but still be able to explain outer rises and their differences. Solutions for (ii) and (iii) are convincingly supported by widespread exposure of the resulting rocks in the Alps, telling us how they and other UHP metamorphic mountain belts have been built [11]. I will illustrate the essential points. In particular, the buoyancy (ii) provides the upward mechanical contact essential for the shallow basal subduction tectonic erosion of the upper plate as preparation of thin imbricate crustal slices to subduct to UHP. And a seismologically supported through-plate step-faulting mode of downbend copes with the flexure problem (iii) and provides the tectonic erosion mechanism. In tackling these matters, important intrinsic properties of the materials are, notably:- (1) the thermal conductivity of non-migrating interstitial melt is >20 times less than its parent rock, so the LVZ heat is effectively trapped during the plate's journey across the ocean, only to be released when subduction raises the pressure and the melt freezes; (2) the garnet-to-spinel peridotite phase change, typically at 50 to 90 km depth, gives some 50 times more volume change per joule than pure expansivity, and it does so with the big force of solid-state recrystallization. This force is the crack-wall push-apart force provided by our thick-plate MOR model, which thereby develops at least an order more ridge push than the divergent flow model. We now consider the post-downbend evolution of the subducting plate, recognizing both the heat content of its ex-LVZ material and that, within the 2-layer mantle picture established by the plate dynamics of 'deep-keeled cratons' [2 - 5], there is no substantial mantle transport across the 660 km level. Examination of tomographic transects shows at once that in by far the majority of cases, the 'slab' signature begins to fade at some depth in the 180 - 350 km interval, but that a second high-Vp signature begins near 400 km and may continue far into the lower mantle. The fading, whose onset depth varies both with the age of the plate and with the subduction rate, is clearly due, not to slab drop-off, but to reheating of the slab component by its underlying ex-LVZ heat. In either case, reheating or drop-off, this invalidates slab pull as a reliable item in the tectonics toolkit. Instead, there is a thick-plate mechanism to provide back-arc opening in the presence of ridge-push [3, 11]. Slab-reheating may proceed to the stage of partially melting the interface oceanic crust. On experimental evidence, this will, at TZ depth, produce high-density, high-Vp stishovitic residues, lumps of which I see as causing the second high-Vp signature, as they shower through the 660 into the lower mantle. This interpretation escapes the slab-view paradox that the world's longest-lived young-plate subduction zone also has the world's biggest high-Vp signature in the lower mantle, whereas Izu-Bonin, subducting very old plate, has one of the smallest. Young-plate heat would surely melt more of the interface crust and generate more of the high-density residue. The early Proterozoic date at which this mantle layout replaced whole-mantle overturn is well shown by the behaviour of the mantle depletion index, epsilon Nd. At this point I conclude unhesitatingly that subduction is neither the, nor even one of the drivers of current plate motions, but is primarily driven by the powerful ridge-push from the thick-plate version of the MOR process. That push is what compresses the ocean plate if step-faulting at the downbend has temporarily locked subduction ('seismic coupling'), with the potential to release the energy for an M9 earthquake. But our system is dynamically incomplete. Ridge push cannot split a continent, so how does that occur? My original proposal [1] for that function was the long-term clockwise rotation of Antarctica and its coupling to the other plates. In another contribution at this meeting [12] the observational basis for its reality is now shown to be very strong. So the conclusion is that plate tectonics has only two primary drivers - this rotation and ridge push - subduction being a wholly passive consequence. [1] Osmaston M. F. (2003) What drives plate tectonics? Slab pull, ridge push or geomagnetic torque from the CMB? A new look at the old players vis-a-vis an exciting new one. XXIII IUGG, B129, Abstr. 016795-2. [2] Osmaston M. (2005) Interrelationships between large-scale plate motions as indicators of mantle structure: new constraints on mantle modelling and compositional layout. In 3rd Workshop on "Earth's mantle composition, structure and phase transitions". http://deep.earth.free.fr/participants.php. [3] Osmaston M. F. (2006) Global tectonic actions emanating from Arctic opening in the circumstances of a two-layer mantle and a thick-plate paradigm involving deep cratonic tectospheres: the Eurekan (Eocene) compressive motion of Greenland and other examples. In Proc. ICAM IV, 2003 (ed. R. Scott & D. Thurston). OCS Study MMS 2006-003, pp.105-124: Also at ; http://www.mms.gov/alaska/icam. [4] Osmaston M. F. (2007) Cratonic keels and a two-layer mantle tested: mantle expulsion during Arabia-Russia closure linked to westward enlargement of the Black Sea, formation of the Western Alps and subduction of the Tyrrhenian (not the Ionian) Sea. XXIV IUGG, Session JSS 011 Abstr #2105, http://www.iugg2007perugia.it/webbook/. [5] Osmaston M. F. (2009) Deep cratonic keels and a 2-layer mantle? Tectonic basis for some far-reaching new insights on the dynamical properties of the Earth's mantle: example motions from Mediterranean, Atlantic-Arctic and India. Geophys. Res.Abstr 11, EGU2009-6359 (Solicited). [6] Karato S. (1986) Does partial melting reduce the creep strength of the upper mantle? Nature 319, 309-310. [7] Hirth G. & Kohlstedt D. L. (1996) Water in the oceanic upper mantle: implication for rheology, melt extraction, and the evolution of the lithosphere. EPSL 144, 93-108. [8] Osmaston M. F. (2010) On the actual variety of plate dynamical mechanisms and how mantle evolution affected them through time, from core formation to the Indian collision. Geophys. Res. Abstr. 12, EGU2010-6101. [9] Osmaston M. F. (1995) A straightness mechanism for MORs: a new view of ocean plate genesis and evolution XXI IUGG, Abstracts p. A472. [10] Osmaston M. (2005) The ridge push mechanism of MORs as the agent of seismic coupling, tsunami, convergence partitioning and landward thrusting at subduction zones; insights on an interactive family of mostly-jerky mechanisms. IASPEI 2005 Gen. Assy, Santiago, Chile, Abstr. No 303. [11] Osmaston M. F. (2008) Basal subduction tectonic erosion (STE), butter mélanges and the construction and exhumation of HP-UHP belts: the Alps example and some comparisons. Internat. Geol. Rev. 50(8), 685-754 DOI: 10.2747/00206814.50.8.685. [12] Osmaston M. F. (2012) Did clockwise rotation of Antarctica cause the break-up of Gondwanaland? An investigation in the 'deep-keeled cratons' frame for global dynamics. GD6.1. Geophys. Res. Abstr. 14, EGU2012-2170.

Evaluation of 4 years of continuous δ13C(CO2) data using a moving Keeling plot method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vardag, Sanam Noreen; Hammer, Samuel; Levin, Ingeborg

2016-07-01

Different carbon dioxide (CO2) emitters can be distinguished by their carbon isotope ratios. Therefore measurements of atmospheric δ13C(CO2) and CO2 concentration contain information on the CO2 source mix in the catchment area of an atmospheric measurement site. This information may be illustratively presented as the mean isotopic source signature. Recently an increasing number of continuous measurements of δ13C(CO2) and CO2 have become available, opening the door to the quantification of CO2 shares from different sources at high temporal resolution. Here, we present a method to compute the CO2 source signature (δS) continuously and evaluate our result using model data from the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport model. Only when we restrict the analysis to situations which fulfill the basic assumptions of the Keeling plot method does our approach provide correct results with minimal biases in δS. On average, this bias is 0.2 ‰ with an interquartile range of about 1.2 ‰ for hourly model data. As a consequence of applying the required strict filter criteria, 85 % of the data points - mainly daytime values - need to be discarded. Applying the method to a 4-year dataset of CO2 and δ13C(CO2) measured in Heidelberg, Germany, yields a distinct seasonal cycle of δS. Disentangling this seasonal source signature into shares of source components is, however, only possible if the isotopic end members of these sources - i.e., the biosphere, δbio, and the fuel mix, δF - are known. From the mean source signature record in 2012, δbio could be reliably estimated only for summer to (-25.0 ± 1.0) ‰ and δF only for winter to (-32.5 ± 2.5) ‰. As the isotopic end members δbio and δF were shown to change over the season, no year-round estimation of the fossil fuel or biosphere share is possible from the measured mean source signature record without additional information from emission inventories or other tracer measurements.

Submarine glacial landforms and interactions with volcanism around Sub-Antarctic Heard and McDonald Islands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Picard, K.; Watson, S. J.; Fox, J. M.; Post, A.; Whittaker, J. M.; Lucieer, V.; Carey, R.; Coffin, M. F.; Hodgson, D.; Hogan, K.; Graham, A. G. C.

2017-12-01

Unravelling the glacial history of Sub-Antarctic islands can provide clues to past climate and Antarctic ice sheet stability. The glacial history of many sub-Antarctic islands is poorly understood, including the Heard and McDonald Islands (HIMI) located on the Kerguelen Plateau in the southern Indian Ocean. The geomorphologic development of HIMI has involved a combination of construction via hotspot volcanism and mechanical erosion caused by waves, weather, and glaciers. Today, the 2.5 km2 McDonald Islands are not glacierised; in contrast, the 368 km2 Heard Island has 12 major glaciers, some extending from the summit of 2813 m to sea level. Historical accounts from Heard Island suggest that the glaciers were more extensive in the 1850s to 1870s, and have retreated at least 12% (33.89 km2) since 1997. However, surrounding bathymetry suggests a much more extensive previous glaciation of the HIMI region that encompassed 9,585 km2, likely dating back at least to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ca. 26.5 -19 ka. We present analyses of multibeam bathymetry and backscatter data, acquired aboard RV Investigator in early 2016, that support the previous existence of an extensive icecap. These data reveal widespread ice-marginal and subglacial features including moraines, over-deepened troughs, drumlins and crag-and-tails. Glacial landforms suggest paleo-ice flow directions and a glacial extent that are consistent with previously documented broad scale morphological features. We identify >660 iceberg keel scours in water depths ranging from 150 - 530 m. The orientations of the iceberg keel scours reflect the predominantly east-flowing Antarctic Circumpolar Current and westerly winds in the region. 40Ar/39Ar dating of volcanic rocks from submarine volcanoes around McDonald Islands suggests that volcanism and glaciation coincided. The flat-topped morphology of these volcanoes may result from lava-ice interaction or erosion by glaciers post eruption during a time of extensive ice-sheet cover and/or wave base erosion during sea level low stands. The prevalence and range of glacial landforms around HIMI suggest extensive past glaciation, and that glaciers have exerted a major influence on submarine geomorphology.

Simulation of carbon isotope discrimination of the terrestrial biosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suits, N. S.; Denning, A. S.; Berry, J. A.; Still, C. J.; Kaduk, J.; Miller, J. B.; Baker, I. T.

2005-03-01

We introduce a multistage model of carbon isotope discrimination during C3 photosynthesis and global maps of C3/C4 plant ratios to an ecophysiological model of the terrestrial biosphere (SiB2) in order to predict the carbon isotope ratios of terrestrial plant carbon globally at a 1° resolution. The model is driven by observed meteorology from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), constrained by satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and run for the years 1983-1993. Modeled mean annual C3 discrimination during this period is 19.2‰; total mean annual discrimination by the terrestrial biosphere (C3 and C4 plants) is 15.9‰. We test simulation results in three ways. First, we compare the modeled response of C3 discrimination to changes in physiological stress, including daily variations in vapor pressure deficit (vpd) and monthly variations in precipitation, to observed changes in discrimination inferred from Keeling plot intercepts. Second, we compare mean δ13C ratios from selected biomes (Broadleaf, Temperate Broadleaf, Temperate Conifer, and Boreal) to the observed values from Keeling plots at these biomes. Third, we compare simulated zonal δ13C ratios in the Northern Hemisphere (20°N to 60°N) to values predicted from high-frequency variations in measured atmospheric CO2 and δ13C from terrestrially dominated sites within the NOAA-Globalview flask network. The modeled response to changes in vapor pressure deficit compares favorably to observations. Simulated discrimination in tropical forests of the Amazon basin is less sensitive to changes in monthly precipitation than is suggested by some observations. Mean model δ13C ratios for Broadleaf, Temperate Broadleaf, Temperate Conifer, and Boreal biomes compare well with the few measurements available; however, there is more variability in observations than in the simulation, and modeled δ13C values for tropical forests are heavy relative to observations. Simulated zonal δ13C ratios in the Northern Hemisphere capture patterns of zonal δ13C inferred from atmospheric measurements better than previous investigations. Finally, there is still a need for additional constraints to verify that carbon isotope models behave as expected.

Water in the Cratonic Mantle Lithosphere

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peslier, A. H.

2016-01-01

The fact that Archean and Proterozoic cratons are underlain by the thickest (>200 km) lithosphere on Earth has always puzzled scientists because the dynamic convection of the surrounding asthenosphere would be expected to delaminate and erode these mantle lithospheric "keels" over time. Although density and temperature of the cratonic lithosphere certainly play a role in its strength and longevity, the role of water has only been recently addressed with data on actual mantle samples. Water in mantle lithologies (primarily peridotites and pyroxenites) is mainly stored in nominally anhydrous minerals (olivine, pyroxene, garnet) where it is incorporated as hydrogen bonded to structural oxygen in lattice defects. The property of hydrolytic weakening of olivine [4] has generated the hypothesis that olivine, the main mineral of the upper mantle, may be dehydrated in cratonic mantle lithospheres, contributing to its strength. This presentation will review the distribution of water concentrations in four cratonic lithospheres. The distribution of water contents in olivine from peridotite xenoliths found in kimberlites is different in each craton (Figure 1). The range of water contents of olivine, pyroxene and garnet at each xenolith location appears linked to local metasomatic events, some of which occurred later then the Archean and Proterozoic when these peridotites initially formed via melting. Although the low olivine water contents (<10 ppm wt H2O) at > 6 GPa at the base of the Kaapvaal cratonic lithosphere may contribute to its strength, and prevent its delamination, the wide range of those from Siberian xenoliths is not compatible with providing a high enough viscosity contrast with the asthenophere. The water content in olivine inclusions from Siberian diamonds, on the other hand, have systematically low water contents (<20 ppm wt H2O). The xenoliths may represent a biased sample of the cratonic lithosphere with an over-­abundance of metasomatized peridotites with high water contents. The olivine inclusions, however, may have been protected from metasomatism by their host diamond and record the overall low olivine water content of the cratonic lithosphere. Water may thus still play a role in cratonic keel longevity.

The medical officer's journal: HMAS Sydney 1913-1922. An Australian Naval record of surgery and anaesthesia at the time of the outbreak of World War I.

PubMed

McDonald, J M; Todd, E M

2014-07-01

The Medical Officer's Journal of HMAS Sydney was a record kept by the ship's Surgeon, Leonard Darby, of the conditions on the ship and the health, diseases, injuries and treatment of the sailor's under his care. Records of anaesthesia and surgery indicate chloroform was mostly administered as was ether occasionally. There was some use of intravenous and subcutaneous fluids for resuscitation. The journal also provides an eyewitness account of the Sydney-Emden battle on 9 November 1914 which occurred off the Cocos Keeling Islands and was a famous first victory for the young Australian Navy, making headlines around the world. The treatment of the many injured, mostly Germans, is described; with the two Australian surgeons and the surviving German surgeon working together.

Application of a design-build-team approach to low cost and weight composite fuselage structure

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ilcewicz, L. B.; Walker, T. H.; Willden, K. S.; Swanson, G. D.; Truslove, G.; Metschan, S. L.; Pfahl, C. L.

1991-01-01

Relationships between manufacturing costs and design details must be understood to promote the application of advanced composite technologies to transport fuselage structures. A team approach, integrating the disciplines responsible for aircraft structural design and manufacturing, was developed to perform cost and weight trade studies for a twenty-foot diameter aft fuselage section. Baseline composite design and manufacturing concepts were selected for large quadrant panels in crown, side, and keel areas of the fuselage section. The associated technical issues were also identified. Detailed evaluation of crown panels indicated the potential for large weight savings and costs competitive with aluminum technology in the 1995 timeframe. Different processes and material forms were selected for the various elements that comprise the fuselage structure. Additional cost and weight savings potential was estimated for future advancements.

SMART Structures User's Guide - Version 3.0

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spangler, Jan L.

1996-01-01

Version 3.0 of the Solid Modeling Aerospace Research Tool (SMART Structures) is used to generate structural models for conceptual and preliminary-level aerospace designs. Features include the generation of structural elements for wings and fuselages, the integration of wing and fuselage structural assemblies, and the integration of fuselage and tail structural assemblies. The highly interactive nature of this software allows the structural engineer to move quickly from a geometry that defines a vehicle's external shape to one that has both external components and internal components which may include ribs, spars, longerons, variable depth ringframes, a floor, a keel, and fuel tanks. The geometry that is output is consistent with FEA requirements and includes integrated wing and empennage carry-through and frame attachments. This report provides a comprehensive description of SMART Structures and how to use it.

Structural Assessment of Advanced Composite Tow-Steered Shells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wu, K. Chauncey; Stanford, Bret K.; Hrinda, Glenn A.; Wang, Zhuosong; Martin, Robert a.; Kim, H. Alicia

2013-01-01

The structural performance of two advanced composite tow-steered shells, manufactured using a fiber placement system, is assessed using both experimental and analytical methods. The fiber orientation angles vary continuously around the shell circumference from 10 degrees on the shell crown and keel, to 45 degrees on the shell sides. The two shells differ in that one shell has the full 24-tow course applied during each pass of the fiber placement system, while the second shell uses the fiber placement system s tow drop/add capability to achieve a more uniform shell wall thickness. The shells are tested in axial compression, and estimates of their prebuckling axial stiffnesses and bifurcation buckling loads are predicted using linear finite element analyses. These preliminary predictions compare well with the test results, with an average agreement of approximately 10 percent.

Properties of Ni^+ from microwave spectroscopy of n=9 Rydberg levels of Nickel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Woods, Shannon; Keele, Julie; Smith, Chris; Lundeen, Stephen

2012-06-01

The microwave/RESIS method was used to determine the relative positions of 15 of the n=9 Rydberg levels of Nickel with L >= 6. Because the ground state of the Ni^+ ion is a ^2D5/2 level, each Rydberg level (n,L) splits into six eigenstates whose relative positions are determined by long-range e-Ni^+ interactions present in addition to the dominant Coulomb interaction. A previous study with the optical RESIS method determined these positions with precision of +/- 30 MHz [1]. Using the microwave/RESIS method improves that precision by a factor of 300, and leads to much improved determinations of the Ni+ properties that control the long-range interactions. [4pt] [1] Julie A. Keele, Shannon L. Woods, M.E. Hanni, and S.R. Lundeen Phys. Rev. 81, 022506 (2010)

KSC-2011-2264

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-03-11

ORLANDO, Fla. – Team 3149 participates in the regional FIRST robotics competition at the University of Central Florida in Orlando. The team is made up of students from McKeel Academy of Technology in Lakeland, Fla. NASA is a sponsor of the team. Team 3149 finished eighth in the competition called "For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology," or FIRST, among about 60 high school teams hoping to advance to the national robotics championship. FIRST, founded in 1989, is a non-profit organization that designs accessible, innovative programs to build self-confidence, knowledge and life skills while motivating young people to pursue academic opportunities. The robotics competition challenges teams of high school students and their mentors to solve a common problem in a six-week timeframe using a standard kit of parts and a common set of rules. Photo credit: NASA/Glenn Benson

KSC-2011-2265

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-03-11

ORLANDO, Fla. – The Team 3149 robot participates in the regional FIRST robotics competition at the University of Central Florida in Orlando. The team is made up of students from McKeel Academy of Technology in Lakeland, Fla. NASA is a sponsor of the team. Team 3149 finished eighth in the competition called "For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology," or FIRST, among about 60 high school teams hoping to advance to the national robotics championship. FIRST, founded in 1989, is a non-profit organization that designs accessible, innovative programs to build self-confidence, knowledge and life skills while motivating young people to pursue academic opportunities. The robotics competition challenges teams of high school students and their mentors to solve a common problem in a six-week timeframe using a standard kit of parts and a common set of rules. Photo credit: NASA/Glenn Benson

Atmospheric CO2 Records from Sites in the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) Air Sampling Network (1985 - 2007)

DOE Data Explorer

Keeling, R. F. [Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) University of California, La Jolla, California (USA); Piper, S. C. [Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) University of California, La Jolla, California (USA); Bollenbacher, A. F. [Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) University of California, La Jolla, California (USA); Walker , J. S. [Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) University of California, La Jolla, California (USA)

2008-05-01

At Alert weekly air samples are collected in 5-L evacuated glass flasks exposed in triplicate. Flasks are returned to the SIO for CO2 determinations, which are made using an Applied Physics Corporation nondispersive infrared gas analyzer. In May 1983, the CO2-in-N2 calibration gases were replaced with CO2-in-air calibration gases, which are currently used (Keeling et al. 2002). Data are in terms of the Scripps "03A" calibration scale. On the basis of flask samples collected at Alert and analyzed by SIO, the annual average of the fitted monthly concentrations CO2 rose from 348.48 ppmv in 1986 to 384.84 ppmv in 2007. This represents an average annual growth rate of 1.73 ppmv per year at Alert.

A new species of Rock Gecko genus Cnemaspis (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Western Sarawak, Malaysia.

PubMed

Kurita, Takaki; Nishikawa, Kanto; Matsui, Masafumi; Hikida, Tsutomu

2017-05-03

A new species of Asian rock gecko, genus Cnemaspis, is described from Padawan, western Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. The new species forms a clade with C. paripari and C. nigridia of the C. nigridia group in a mitochondrial DNA phylogeny and is similar to them morphologically in some characters such as caudal scalation. It differs from the other Asian Cnemaspis species in its unique combination of snout-vent length (up to 62.7 mm), 4-9 precloacal pores in males, keeled subcaudals with an enlarged, smooth, median row, presence of ventrolateral caudal tubercles, and coloration (head and upper flanks dark-yellow; anterior portion of tail black; posterior portion of tail white with black, paravertebral blob). Phylogenetic relationships within the C. nigridia group and the distributional ranges of species within the group suggest allopatric speciation by geographic isolation.

Visual display aid for orbital maneuvering - Experimental evaluation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grunwald, Arthur J.; Ellis, Stephen R.

1993-01-01

An interactive proximity operations planning system, which allows on-site planning of fuel-efficient, multiburn maneuvers in a potential multispacecraft environment, has been experimentally evaluated. An experiment has been carried out in which nonastronaut operators with brief initial training were required to plan a trajectory to retrieve an object accidentally separated from a dual-keel Space Station, for a variety of different orbital situations. The experiments have shown that these operators were able to plan workable trajectories, satisfying a number of operational constraints. Fuel use and planning time were strongly correlated, both with the angle at which the object was separated and with the existence of spatial constraints. Planning behavior was found to be strongly operator-dependent. This finding calls for the need for standardizing planning strategies through operator training or the use of semiautomated planning schemes.

Radiographic and ultrasonographic characteristics of ventral abdominal hernia in pigeons (Columba livia).

PubMed

Amer, Mohammed S; Hassan, Elham A; Torad, Faisal A

2018-02-20

Five female egg-laying pigeons presented with painless, reducible, ventral abdominal swellings located between the keel and the pubis, or close to the cloaca. Based on clinical, radiographic, and ultrasonographic examination, these pigeons were diagnosed with ventral abdominal hernia requiring surgical interference. Reduction was successfully performed under general anesthesia. Radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations were beneficial for confirming the diagnosis and visualizing the hernial content for surgical planning. Lateral radiographs were more helpful than ventrodorsal radiographs for identification of the hernial content and its continuation with the abdominal muscles. Ultrasonographic examination offered a non-invasive diagnostic tool that allowed for the differentiation of hernia from other abdominal swellings. In addition, it played a beneficial role in identification of the hernial content and follow up after surgical interference. In conclusion, radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations were beneficial in the diagnosis, surgical planning, and follow up after surgical interference of ventral abdominal hernia in pigeons.

Self indexing latch system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gibson, John C. (Inventor); Calvert, John A. (Inventor); Nesmith, Malcolm F. (Inventor); Cloyd, Richard A. (Inventor)

1986-01-01

A self-latching jaw assembly is described which includes a pair of jaws for latching a fitting of an associated structure such as the keel fitting of a space telescope. The jaw assembly automatically locates the fitting received on a positioning pedestal and latches it in its original location on the pedestal without need of precision alignment. The first jaw is actuated and moved to the right whereupon a reciprocating plunger, extended from the nose of the jaw senses the hub of the spool. A jaw position responsive switch is then actuated to terminate the drive motor of the jaw. The astronaut will then actuate the drive motor of the jaw and the jaw will move to the left, whereupon the standoff will engage the face of the jaw in a latching position. In the latching position, the noses of the jaws will be under the flanges of the spool.

A High-Resolution Model of the Beaufort Sea Circulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hedstrom, K.; Danielson, S. L.; Curchitser, E. N.; Lemieux, J. F.; Kasper, J.

2016-02-01

Configuration of and results from a coupled sea-ice ocean model of the Beaufort Sea shelf at 900 m resolution will be shown. Challenging features of the domain include large fresh water flux from the MacKenzie River, seasonal land-fast ice, and ice-covered open boundary conditions. A pan-Arctic domain provides boundary fields for both the ocean and sea-ice models (Regional Ocean Modeling System - myroms.org). Both models are forced with river inputs from the ARDAT climatology (Whitefield et al., 2015), which includes heat content as well as flow rate. Coastal discharges are prescribed as lateral inflows distributed over the depth of the ocean-land interface. New in the Beaufort domain is the use of a landfast ice parameterization (Lemieux, 2015), which adds a large bottom stress to the ice when the estimated keel depth approaches that of the ocean.

New evidence of reproductive organs of Glossopteris based on permineralized fossils from Queensland, Australia. I. Ovulate organ Homevaleia gen. nov.

PubMed

Nishida, Harufumi; Pigg, Kathleen B; Kudo, Kensuke; Rigby, John F

2007-07-01

This study describes Homevaleia gouldii H. Nishida, Pigg, Kudo et Rigby gen. et sp. nov., an ovule-bearing glossopterid organ, based on a combination of recently collected permineralized specimens from the Late Permian Homevale Station locality in the Bowen Basin of Queensland, Australia, and on previously studied material from the 1977 Gould and Delevoryas study. Homevaleia, which resembles the compression-impression genus Dictyopteridium, is an inrolled megasporophyll with a distinct keel that bears numerous (over 70) stalked ovules on its adaxial surface. Ovules are small, oval, with an elaborate mesh-like structure that is developed from the outermost integumentary layers. Specimens interpreted as representing different developmental stages show there is an apparent interrelationship between megagametophyte development and the opening of the surrounding fertile structure for pollination. Together, new information provided by this material enables better understanding of glossopterid reproductive structure and its function in one distinctive form.

Analysis of the sensitivity properties of a model of vector-borne bubonic plague.

PubMed

Buzby, Megan; Neckels, David; Antolin, Michael F; Estep, Donald

2008-09-06

Model sensitivity is a key to evaluation of mathematical models in ecology and evolution, especially in complex models with numerous parameters. In this paper, we use some recently developed methods for sensitivity analysis to study the parameter sensitivity of a model of vector-borne bubonic plague in a rodent population proposed by Keeling & Gilligan. The new sensitivity tools are based on a variational analysis involving the adjoint equation. The new approach provides a relatively inexpensive way to obtain derivative information about model output with respect to parameters. We use this approach to determine the sensitivity of a quantity of interest (the force of infection from rats and their fleas to humans) to various model parameters, determine a region over which linearization at a specific parameter reference point is valid, develop a global picture of the output surface, and search for maxima and minima in a given region in the parameter space.

Investigation of possible causes of the additional torque on the yacht's rudder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lubomir, Soukup; Jaroslav, Stigler; Abdellah, Kharicha

2016-03-01

The present article deals with investigation of possible causes of the additional torque on the yacht's rudder. One of the most important aspect for design of yachts are the symmetric conditions of all parts, which are located under water level and concentricity of the ship's screw, rudder and keel relative to the hull. These symmetric and concentricity conditions have a major impact on the resulting dynamic properties of the ships. They have either substantial impact on the overall efficiency of installed engine and ship's screw. As the result of poorly designed above mentioned parts, there can be an unsolicited additional torque on the yacht's rudder and higher consumption of the fuel. Last but not least of these problems leads to poor controllability and discomfort within steering. This article is focused on the investigation of possible causes of the additional torque on the yacht's rudder.

The microgravity environment of the Space Shuttle Columbia payload bay during STS-32

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dunbar, Bonnie J.; Giesecke, Robert L.; Thomas, Donald A.

1991-01-01

Over 11 hours of three-axis microgravity accelerometer data were successfully measured in the payload bay of Space Shuttle Columbia as part of the Microgravity Disturbances Experiment on STS-32. These data were measured using the High Resolution Accelerometer Package and the Aerodynamic Coefficient Identification Package which were mounted on the Orbiter keel in the aft payload bay. Data were recorded during specific mission events such as Orbiter quiescent periods, crew exercise on the treadmill, and numerous Orbiter engine burns. Orbiter background levels were measured in the 10(exp -5) G range, treadmill operations in the 10(exp -3) G range, and the Orbiter engine burns in the 10(exp -2) G range. Induced acceleration levels resulting from the SYNCOM satellite deploy were in the 10 (exp -2) G range, and operations during the pre-entry Flight Control System checkout were in the 10(exp -2) to 10(exp -1) G range.

The need for accurate long-term measurements of water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere with global coverage.

PubMed

Müller, Rolf; Kunz, Anne; Hurst, Dale F; Rolf, Christian; Krämer, Martina; Riese, Martin

2016-02-01

Water vapor is the most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere although changes in carbon dioxide constitute the "control knob" for surface temperatures. While the latter fact is well recognized, resulting in extensive space-borne and ground-based measurement programs for carbon dioxide as detailed in the studies by Keeling et al. (1996), Kuze et al. (2009), and Liu et al. (2014), the need for an accurate characterization of the long-term changes in upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric (UTLS) water vapor has not yet resulted in sufficiently extensive long-term international measurement programs (although first steps have been taken). Here, we argue for the implementation of a long-term balloon-borne measurement program for UTLS water vapor covering the entire globe that will likely have to be sustained for hundreds of years.

Space Station

NASA Image and Video Library

1986-08-01

In response to President Reagan's directive to NASA to develop a permanent marned Space Station within a decade, part of the State of the Union message to Congress on January 25, 1984, NASA and the Administration adopted a phased approach to Station development. This approach provided an initial capability at reduced costs, to be followed by an enhanced Space Station capability in the future. This illustration depicts a configuration with enhanced capabilities. It builds on the horizontal boom and module pattern of the revised baseline. This configuration would feature dual keels, two vertical spines 105-meters long joined by upper and lower booms. The structure carrying the modules would become a transverse boom of a basically rectangular structure. The two new booms, 45-meters in length, would provide extensive accommodations for attached payloads, and would offer a wide field of view. Power would be increased significantly, with the addition if a 50-kW solar dynamic power system.

Production of CO2 from Fossil Fuel Burning by Fuel Type, 1860-1982

DOE Data Explorer

Rotty, R.M. [Oak Ridge Associated Univ., Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Marland, G. [Oak Ridge Associated Univ., Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

2004-01-01

Global carbon dioxide emissions for 1950 through 1982 were estimated by Marland and Rotty (1984) from fuel production data from the U.N. Energy Statistics Yearbook (1983, 1984). Data before 1950 came from Keeling (1973). Fuel-production data were used in these calculations because they appeared to be more reliable on a global basis than fuel-consumption data. The data given are the year and annual global CO2 emissions (annual global total; cumulative global total since 1860; and annual global emissions from solid fuels, liquid fuels, natural gas, gas flaring, and cement manufacturing). These data provide the only pre-1950 estimates of the amount of carbon emitted to the atmosphere from fossil-fuel burning. The CO2 emission record since 1950 has been updated and revised several times with the most recent estimates being published by Marland et al. (1989).

Rock Abrasion as Seen by the MSL Curiosity Rover: Insights on Physical Weathering on Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bridges, N.; Day, M. D.; Le Mouelic, S.; Martin-Torres, F. J.; Newsom, H. E.; Sullivan, R. J., Jr.; Ullan, A.; Wiens, R. C.; Zorzano, M. P.

2014-12-01

Mars is a dry planet, with actively blowing sand in many regions. In the absence of stable liquid water and an active hydrosphere, rates of chemical weathering are slow, such that aeolian abrasion is a dominant agent of landscape modification where sand is present and winds above threshold occur at sufficient frequency. Reflecting this activity, ventifacts, rocks that have been abraded by windborne particles, and wind-eroded outcrops, are common. They provide invaluable markers of the Martian wind record and insight into climate and landscape modification. Ventifacts are distributed along the traverse of the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover. They contain one or more diagnostic features and textures: Facets, keels, basal sills, elongated pits, scallops/flutes, grooves, rock tails, and lineations. Keels at the junction of facets are sharp enough to pose a hazard MSL's wheels in some areas. Geomorphic and textural patterns on outcrops indicate retreat of windward faces. Moonlight Valley and other depressions are demarcated by undercut walls and scree boulders, with the valley interiors containing fewer rocks, most of which show evidence for significant abrasion. Together, this suggests widening and undercutting of the valley walls, and erosion of interior rocks, by windblown sand. HiRISE images do not show any dark sand dunes in the traverse so far, in contrast to the large dune field to the south that is migrating up to 2 m per year. In addition, ChemCam shows that the rock Bathurst has a rind rich in mobile elements that would be removed in an abrading environment. This indicates that rock abrasion was likely more dominant in the past, a hypothesis consistent with rapid scarp retreat as suggested by the cosmogenic noble gases in Yellowknife Bay. Ventifacts and evidence for bedrock abrasion have also been found at the Pathfinder, Spirit, and Opportunity sites, areas, like the Curiosity traverse so far, that lack evidence for current high sand fluxes. Yardangs are also common on the planet, regardless of whether local sand is mobile. This suggest that abrasion on Mars is an episodic process driven by the passage of sand in which rock retreat rates, based on fluxes of current active dunes, may reach 10s of microns per year. Such a process has acted, over long time scales, to imprint upon the surface a record of sand activity.

SKS Anisotropy Measurements in Mid-Plate South America: a Test of Subduction-Induced Upper Mantle Flow and the Effect of Cratonic Keels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Assumpcao, M.; Melo, B. C.

2017-12-01

Shear-wave splitting from core-refracted (SKS) waves indicates the amount and orientation of seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle, and is used to infer past and present mantle dynamics and continental evolution. Previous SKS studies in South America concentrated mainly in the Andes and in SE Brazil. Although effects of frozen anisotropy in the lithospheric mantle were suggested in some parts of SE Brazil, the main contribution to the orientation of the fast polarization directions have been attributed to asthenospheric flow around cratonic keels, especially around the São Francisco craton in eastern Brazil (Assumpção et al., 2006,2011). We added extra SKS splitting measurements in the area of the Pantanal and Paraná-Chaco basins (FAPESP-funded "3-Basins" Project). Results from 47 new stations will be presented, both from the temporary deployments and from the Brazilian permanent net. This data set partly fills the gap in SKS measurements between the Andes and SE Brazil, providing a more complete and robust anisotropy map of the S. American stable platform. On average, over most of the mid-continent, the fast polarization orientation tends to be close to the absolute plate motion given by the hotspot reference frame HS3-NUVEL-1A. Nevertheless, the new and previously published fast polarizations results suggest mantle flow around the Amazon and São Francisco cratons. A comparison with recent modeling of upper mantle flow induced by the Nazca plate subduction (Hu et al., 2017) shows good agreement with the predictions of mantle flow around the Amazon craton. Further south, however, especially in the Pantanal Basin, the observed SKS fast orientations are ENE-WSW, deviating from the general ESE-WNW predicted orientations. We propose that the observed ENE-WSW orientation may be due to flow around a possible cratonic nucleus beneath the northern part of the Paraná Basin ("Paranapanema block"). This cratonic block (inferred from geological observations) is also seen in regional surface-wave tomography. Large delay times at the Pantanal Basin may indicate a stronger asthenospheric channel, a more coherent flow, or a thicker asthenosphere. Similarly, small delay times beneath the northern Paraná Basin may indicate thinner anisotropic asthenosphere in that region, similar to the observations in the Amazon craton.

Reduced bone breakage and increased bone strength in free range laying hens fed omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplemented diets.

PubMed

Tarlton, John F; Wilkins, Lindsay J; Toscano, Michael J; Avery, Nick C; Knott, Lynda

2013-02-01

The omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the immediate precursors to a number of important mediators of immunity, inflammation and bone function, with products of omega-6 generally thought to promote inflammation and favour bone resorption. Western diets generally provide a 10 to 20-fold deficit in omega-3 PUFAs compared with omega-6, and this is thought to have contributed to the marked rise in incidence of disorders of modern human societies, such as heart disease, colitis and perhaps osteoporosis. Many of our food production animals, fed on grains rich in omega-6, are also exposed to a dietary deficit in omega-3, with perhaps similar health consequences. Bone fragility due to osteoporotic changes in laying hens is a major economic and welfare problem, with our recent estimates of breakage rates indicating up to 95% of free range hens suffer breaks during lay. Free range hens housed in full scale commercial systems were provided diets supplemented with omega-3 alpha linolenic acid, and the skeletal benefits were investigated by comparison to standard diets rich in omega-6. There was a significant 40-60% reduction in keel bone breakage rate, and a corresponding reduction in breakage severity in the omega-3 supplemented hens. There was significantly greater bone density and bone mineral content, alongside increases in total bone and trabecular volumes. The mechanical properties of the omega-3 supplemented hens were improved, with strength, energy to break and stiffness demonstrating significant increases. Alkaline phosphatase (an osteoblast marker) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (an osteoclast marker) both showed significant increases with the omega-3 diets, indicating enhanced bone turnover. This was corroborated by the significantly lower levels of the mature collagen crosslinks, hydroxylysyl pyridinoline, lysyl pyridinoline and histidinohydroxy-lysinonorleucine, with a corresponding significant shift in the mature:immature crosslink ratio. The improved skeletal health in laying hens corresponds to as many as 68million fewer hens suffering keel fractures in the EU each year. The biomechanical and biochemical evidence suggests that increased bone turnover has enhanced the bone mechanical properties, and that this may suggest potential benefits for human osteoporosis. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A revision of the Australian species of Trimma (Actinopterygii, Gobiidae), with descriptions of six new species and redescriptions of twenty-three valid species.

PubMed

Winterbottom, Richard; Hoese, Douglass F

2015-03-17

The gobiid genus Trimma currently contains 75 valid species, with another 20-30 known but undescribed species. There are 29 species in Australian waters (six undescribed). This paper describes the six new species, and provides redescriptions of most of the 23 previously described species known from the region, as well as a key for all the species. The six new species are: T. insularum (endemic to Cocos (Keeling) Islands), T. kitrinum (Fiji to Great Barrier Reef), T. meristum (Cape York to the Bismark Archipelago and Fiji), T. pentherum (Great Barrier Reef to Fiji and the South-West Islands of Palau), T. readerae (Australia to Japan), and T. xanthum (Palau to Fiji, Great Barrier Reef to Christmas Island). The following 23 species have been recorded from Australian waters, and most are redescribed here: T. anaima (Comores to Fiji), T. annosum (Maldives to the Phoenix Islands, Taiwan to the southern Great Barrier Reef), T. benjamini (southern Vietnam to the Marshall Islands, Samoa and southern Barrier Reef), T. caesiura (Ryukyus through the Marshall Islands to Samoa and Elizabeth Reef on the Lord Howe Rise), T. capostriatum (New Caledonia to eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea), T. maiandros (Java to the Ryukyus, Marshalls to Great Barrier Reef), T. emeryi (Comores to Ryukyus and Samoa), T. fangi (western South China Sea through to the Solomons), T. flavatrum (Ryukyu Islands to Western Australia and Samoa), T. hoesei (Chagos Archipelago, central Indian Ocean to Palau and Solomons), T. lantana (Australia, Solomons, northern New Guinea, South-West Islands of Palau), T. macrophthalmus (Ryukyu Islands to Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Samoa), T. milta (Taiwan to Western Australia, Society Islands and Hawaii), T. nasa (Sumbawa, Indonesia to Fiji), T. necopinum (northern tip of Cape York to Sydney), T. nomurai (Japan to northern Australia and New Caledonia), T. okinawae (western Thailand to Japan and the Phoenix Islands, north-west Australia to the Great Barrier Reef), T. preclarum (Palau to Fiji, Great Barrier Reef), T. stobbsi (Maldives to New Caledonia), T. striatum (Maldives to Palau, to northern Australia), T. taylori (Red Sea to Hawaii and Society Islands), T. tevegae (Red Sea to Ryukyu Islands, Marshall Islands to Samoa), and T. unisquame (Comores to Hawaii and Easter Island).

System and Method for Modeling the Flow Performance Features of an Object

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jorgensen, Charles (Inventor); Ross, James (Inventor)

1997-01-01

The method and apparatus includes a neural network for generating a model of an object in a wind tunnel from performance data on the object. The network is trained from test input signals (e.g., leading edge flap position, trailing edge flap position, angle of attack, and other geometric configurations, and power settings) and test output signals (e.g., lift, drag, pitching moment, or other performance features). In one embodiment, the neural network training method employs a modified Levenberg-Marquardt optimization technique. The model can be generated 'real time' as wind tunnel testing proceeds. Once trained, the model is used to estimate performance features associated with the aircraft given geometric configuration and/or power setting input. The invention can also be applied in other similar static flow modeling applications in aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, fluid dynamics, and other such disciplines. For example, the static testing of cars, sails, and foils, propellers, keels, rudders, turbines, fins, and the like, in a wind tunnel, water trough, or other flowing medium.

Theory and procedure for determining loads and motions in chine-immersed hydrodynamic impacts of prismatic bodies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schnitzer, Emanuel

1953-01-01

A theoretical method is derived for the determination of the motions and loads during chine-immersed water landings of prismatic bodies. This method makes use of a variation of two-dimensional deflected water mass over the complete range of immersion, modified by a correction for three-dimensional flow. Equations are simplified through omission of the term proportional to the acceleration of the deflected mass for use in calculation of loads on hulls having moderate and heavy beam loading. The effects of water rise at the keel are included in these equations. In order to make a direct comparison of theory with experiment, a modification of the equations was made to include the effect of finite test-carriage mass. A simple method of computation which can be applied without reading the body of this report is presented as an appendix along with the required theoretical plots for determination of loads and motions in chine-immersed landings.

Interplay of coherent and dissipative dynamics in condensates of light

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Radonjić, Milan; Kopylov, Wassilij; Balaž, Antun; Pelster, Axel

2018-05-01

Based on the Lindblad master equation approach we obtain a detailed microscopic model of photons in a dye-filled cavity, which features condensation of light. To this end we generalise a recent non-equilibrium approach of Kirton and Keeling such that the dye-mediated contribution to the photon–photon interaction in the light condensate is accessible due to an interplay of coherent and dissipative dynamics. We describe the steady-state properties of the system by analysing the resulting equations of motion of both photonic and matter degrees of freedom. In particular, we discuss the existence of two limiting cases for steady states: photon Bose–Einstein condensate and laser-like. In the former case, we determine the corresponding dimensionless photon–photon interaction strength by relying on realistic experimental data and find a good agreement with previous theoretical estimates. Furthermore, we investigate how the dimensionless interaction strength depends on the respective system parameters. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Tobias Brandes

A High-Resolution Model of the Beaufort Sea Circulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hedstrom, K.; Danielson, S. L.; Curchitser, E. N.; Lemieux, J. F.; Kasper, J.

2016-12-01

Configuration of and results from a coupled sea-ice ocean model of the Beaufort Sea shelf at 500 m resolution will be shown. Challenging features of the domain include large fresh water flux from the MacKenzie River, seasonal land-fast ice, and ice-covered open boundary conditions. A pan-Arctic domain provides boundary fields to an intermediate resolution (4 km) domain which in turn provides boundary fields to the Beaufort Shelf domain. These are all coupled ocean and sea-ice models (Regional Ocean Modeling System - myroms.org) and all are forced with river inputs from the ARDAT climatology (Whitefield et al., 2015), which includes heat content as well as flow rate. Coastal discharges are prescribed as lateral inflows distributed over the depth of the ocean-land interface. New in the Beaufort domain is the use of a landfast ice parameterization (Lemieux, 2015), which adds a large bottom stress to the ice when the estimated keel depth approaches that of the ocean.

KSC-07pd3233

NASA Image and Video Library

2007-11-03

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- In the Space Station Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, an overhead crane moves the integrated cargo carrier-lite, or ICC-L, into the payload canister below. The ICC-L is an unpressurized cross-bay carrier providing launch and return transportation with the space shuttle. It rests on a keel yoke assembly, seen underneath. The ICC-L carries three elements: a nitrogen tank assembly that is part of the external active thermal control system on the International Space Station, the European technology Exposure Facility composed of nine science instruments and an autonomous temperature measurement unit, and the SOLAR payload designed for sun observation. The nitrogen tank assembly is mounted underneath. The exposure facility is seen at left on top, and the SOLAR is on the right. The SOLAR will be transferred and stowed on the Columbus module during the third spacewalk of the mission. STS-122 is targeted for launch on Dec. 6 on space shuttle Atlantis. Photo credit: NASA/Amanda Diller

KSC-07pd3234

NASA Image and Video Library

2007-11-03

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- In the Space Station Processing Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, an overhead crane moves the integrated cargo carrier-lite, or ICC-L, into the payload canister below. The ICC-L is an unpressurized cross-bay carrier providing launch and return transportation with the space shuttle. It rests on a keel yoke assembly, seen underneath. The ICC-L carries three elements: a nitrogen tank assembly that is part of the external active thermal control system on the International Space Station, the European technology Exposure Facility composed of nine science instruments and an autonomous temperature measurement unit, and the SOLAR payload designed for sun observation. The nitrogen tank assembly is mounted underneath. The exposure facility is seen at left on top, and the SOLAR is on the right. The SOLAR will be transferred and stowed on the Columbus module during the third spacewalk of the mission. STS-122 is targeted for launch on Dec. 6 on space shuttle Atlantis. Photo credit: NASA/Amanda Diller

Selection on worker honeybee responses to queen pheromone (Apis mellifera L.)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pankiw, T.; Winston, Mark L.; Fondrk, M. Kim; Slessor, Keith N.

Disruptive selection for responsiveness to queen mandibular gland pheromone (QMP) in the retinue bioassay resulted in the production of high and low QMP responding strains of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). Strains differed significantly in their retinue response to QMP after one generation of selection. By the third generation the high strain was on average at least nine times more responsive than the low strain. The strains showed seasonal phenotypic plasticity such that both strains were more responsive to the pheromone in the spring than in the fall. Directional selection for low seasonal variation indicated that phenotypic plasticity was an additional genetic component to retinue response to QMP. Selection for high and low retinue responsiveness to QMP was not an artifact of the synthetic blend because both strains were equally responsive or non-responsive to whole mandibular gland extracts compared with QMP. The use of these strains clearly pointed to an extra-mandibular source of retinue pheromones (Pankiw et al. 1995; Slessor et al. 1998; Keeling et al. 1999).

Effects of intra- and inter-laminar resin content on the mechanical properties of toughened composite materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grande, Dodd H.; Ilcewicz, Larry B.; Avery, William B.; Bascom, Willard D.

1991-01-01

Composite materials having multiphase toughened matrix systems and laminate architectures characterized by resin-rich interlaminar layers (RIL) have been the subject of much recent attention. Such materials are likely to find applications in thick compressively loaded structures such as the keel area of commercial aircraft fuselages. The effects of resin content and its interlaminar and intralaminar distribution on mechanical properties were investigated with test and analysis of two carbon-epoxy systems. The RIL was found to reduce the in situ strengthening effect for matrix cracking in laminates. Mode 2 fracture toughness was found to increase with increasing RIL thickness over the range investigated, and Mode 1 interlaminar toughness was negligibly affected. Compressive failure strains were found to increase with increasing resin content for specimens having no damage, holes, and impact damage. Analytical tools for predicting matrix cracking of off-axis plies and damage tolerance in compression after impact (CAI) were successfully applied to materials with RIL.

The effect of depth of step on the water performance of a flying-boat hull model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bell, Joe W

1935-01-01

NACA model 11-C was tested with four different depths of step to obtain information as to the effect of the depth of step on the water performance. The depths of step were selected to cover the practicable range of depths and in each case the included angle between the forebody and afterbody keels was kept the same 6-1/2 degrees. Small depths of step were found to give lower resistance at speeds below and at the hump speed of the model and greater depths of step lower resistance at high speeds. For low resistance throughout the speed range of the model investigated the most desirable depth of step is from 2.5 to 4.0 percent of the beam. The change of the best trim angle caused by variation of the depth of step was not appreciable. Increased depth of step caused increases in the maximum positive trimming moments at all trim angles investigated.

STS-43 TDRS-E during preflight processing at KSC's VPF

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1991-01-01

STS-43 Tracking and Data Relay Satellite E (TDRS-E) undergoes preflight processing in the Kennedy Space Center's (KSC's) Vertical Processing Facility (VPF) before being loaded into a payload canister for transfer to the launch pad and eventually into Atlantis', Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 104's, payload bay (PLB). This side of the TDRS-E will rest at the bottom of the PLB therefore the airborne support equipment (ASE) forward frame keel pin (at center of spacecraft) and the umbilical boom running between the two ASE frames are visible. The solar array panels are covered with protective TRW shields. Above the shields the stowed antenna and solar sail are visible. The inertial upper stage (IUS) booster is the white portion of the spacecraft and rests in the ASE forward frame and ASE aft frame tilt actuator (AFTA) frame (at the bottom of the IUS). The IUS booster nozzle extends beyond the AFTA frame. View provided by KSC with alternate number KSC-91PC-1079.

Efficient placement of structural dynamics sensors on the space station

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lepanto, Janet A.; Shepard, G. Dudley

1987-01-01

System identification of the space station dynamic model will require flight data from a finite number of judiciously placed sensors on it. The placement of structural dynamics sensors on the space station is a particularly challenging problem because the station will not be deployed in a single mission. Given that the build-up sequence and the final configuration for the space station are currently undetermined, a procedure for sensor placement was developed using the assembly flights 1 to 7 of the rephased dual keel space station as an example. The procedure presented approaches the problem of placing the sensors from an engineering, as opposed to a mathematical, point of view. In addition to locating a finite number of sensors, the procedure addresses the issues of unobserved structural modes, dominant structural modes, and the trade-offs involved in sensor placement for space station. This procedure for sensor placement will be applied to revised, and potentially more detailed, finite element models of the space station configuration and assembly sequence.

The mystery of a missing bone: revealing the orbitosphenoid in basal Epicynodontia (Cynodontia, Therapsida) through computed tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Benoit, Julien; Jasinoski, Sandra C.; Fernandez, Vincent; Abdala, Fernando

2017-08-01

The basal non-mammaliaform cynodonts from the late Permian (Lopingian) and Early Triassic are a major source of information for the understanding of the evolutionary origin of mammals. Detailed knowledge of their anatomy is critical for understanding the phylogenetic transition toward mammalness and the paleobiological reconstruction of mammalian precursors. Using micro-computed tomography (μCT), we describe the internal morphology of the interorbital region that includes the rarely fossilized orbitosphenoid elements in four basal cynodonts. These paired bones, which are positioned relatively dorsally in the skull, contribute to the wall of the anterior part of the braincase and form the floor for the olfactory lobes. Unlike procynosuchids and the more basal therapsids in which the orbitosphenoids are well developed, dense, and bear a ventral keel, the basal epicynodonts Cynosaurus, Galesaurus, and Thrinaxodon display cancellous, reduced, and loosely articulated orbitosphenoids, a condition shared with many eucynodonts. The hemi-cylindrical orbitosphenoid from which the mammalian condition is derived re-evolved convergently in traversodontid and some probainognathian cynodonts.

Investigation of structural behavior of candidate Space Station structure

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hedgepeth, John M.; Miller, Richard K.

1989-01-01

Quantitative evaluations of the structural loads, stiffness and deflections of an example Space Station truss due to a variety of influences, including manufacturing tolerances, assembly operations, and operational loading are reported. The example truss is a dual-keel design composed of 5-meter-cube modules. The truss is 21 modules high and 9 modules wide, with a transverse beam 15 modules long. One problem of concern is the amount of mismatch which will be expected when the truss is being erected on orbit. Worst-case thermal loading results in less than 0.5 inch of mismatch. The stiffness of the interface is shown to be less than 100 pounds per inch. Thus, only moderate loads will be required to overcome the mismatch. The problem of manufacturing imperfections is analyzed by the Monte Carlo approach. Deformations and internal loads are obtained for ensembles of 100 example trusses. All analyses are performed on a personal computer. The necessary routines required to supplement commercially available programs are described.

Complicated seismic anisotropy beneath south-central Mongolia and its geodynamic implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qiang, Zhengyang; Wu, Qingju; Li, Yonghua; Gao, Mengtan; Demberel, Sodnomsambuu; Ulzibat, Munkhuu; Sukhbaatar, Usnikh; Flesch, Lucy M.

2017-05-01

Two years of high-quality broadband seismic data from 69 temporary stations deployed in south-central Mongolia provide an opportunity to study the anisotropy-forming mechanisms in this area. The majority of shear wave splitting observations determined from the analysis of teleseismic SKS phase are characterized by NW-SE trending fast directions with large splitting delay times (greater than 2.0 s at six stations), which is inferred to be generated by active asthenospheric flow. The variation of the fast direction may be associated with deflection of asthenosphere around the deep Siberian cratonic keel at the base of the lithosphere. Several of the NE-SW trending fast directions with relatively small delay times observed in the Gobi Desert are parallel to the strike of the main faults and sutures, which may represent lithospheric deformation. In addition, it is inferred that small-scale hot mantle upwelling is responsible for generating a cluster of null measurements observed on the south of the Hentiy Mountain.

Impact damage resistance of composite fuselage structure, part 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dost, E. F.; Avery, W. B.; Ilcewicz, L. B.; Grande, D. H.; Coxon, B. R.

1992-01-01

The impact damage resistance of laminated composite transport aircraft fuselage structures was studied experimentally. A statistically based designed experiment was used to examine numerous material, laminate, structural, and extrinsic (e.g., impactor type) variables. The relative importance and quantitative measure of the effect of each variable and variable interactions on responses including impactor dynamic response, visibility, and internal damage state were determined. The study utilized 32 three-stiffener panels, each with a unique combination of material type, material forms, and structural geometry. Two manufacturing techniques, tow placement and tape lamination, were used to build panels representative of potential fuselage crown, keel, and lower side-panel designs. Various combinations of impactor variables representing various foreign-object-impact threats to the aircraft were examined. Impacts performed at different structural locations within each panel (e.g., skin midbay, stiffener attaching flange, etc.) were considered separate parallel experiments. The relationship between input variables, measured damage states, and structural response to this damage are presented including recommendations for materials and impact test methods for fuselage structure.

Currently available medical engineering degrees in the UK. Part 2: Postgraduate degrees.

PubMed

Joyce, T

2009-05-01

This paper considers taught medical engineering MSc degrees, based on mechanical engineering, which are provided in the UK. Currently there are 19 institutions which provide such postgraduate degree programmes. These are the University of Aberdeen, University of Bath, University of Bradford, Brunel University, University of Dundee, University of Hull, Imperial College London, Keele University, King's College London, University of Leeds, University of Liverpool, University of Nottingham, University of Oxford, Queen Mary University of London, University of Southampton, University of Strathclyde, University of Surrey, University of Ulster, and University of Warwick. While most courses are delivered on a 1 year full-time basis, other delivery modes are also available. Relatively few modules are offered as distance learning or short courses. A wide range of modules are offered by the various universities for the different taught MSc degrees. Common modules include biomaterials and biomechanics. The medical-engineering-related modules offered by a number of universities are also made available to students on allied MSc programmes and undergraduate degrees in medical engineering.

Measuring Student Improvement in Lower- and Upper-Level University Climate Science Courses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harris, S. E.; Taylor, S. V.; Schoonmaker, J. E.; Lane, E.; Francois, R. H.; Austin, P.

2011-12-01

What do university students know about climate? What do they learn in a climate course? On the second-to-last day of a course about global climate change, only 48% of our upper-level science students correctly answered a multiple-choice question about the greenhouse effect. The good news: improvement. Only 16% had answered correctly on the first day of class. The bad news: the learning opportunities we've provided appear to have missed more than half the class on a fundamental climate concept. To evaluate the effectiveness of instruction on student learning about climate, we have developed a prototype assessment tool, designed to be deployed as a low-stakes pre-post test. The items included were validated through student interviews to ensure that students interpret the wording and answer choices in the way we intend. This type of validated assessment, administered both at the beginning and end of term, with matched individuals, provides insight regarding the baseline knowledge with which our students enter a course, and the impact of that course on their learning. We administered test items to students in (1) an upper-level climate course for science majors and (2) a lower-level climate course open to all students. Some items were given to both groups, others to only one of the groups. Both courses use evidence-based pedagogy with active student engagement (clickers, small group activities, regular pre-class preparation). Our results with upper-level students show strong gains in student thinking (>70% of students who missed a question on the pre-test answered correctly on the post-test) about stock-and-flow (box model) problems, annual cycles in the Keeling curve, ice-albedo feedbacks, and isotopic fractionation. On different questions, lower-level students showed strong gains regarding albedo and blackbody emission spectra. Both groups show similar baseline knowledge and lower-than-expected gains on greenhouse effect fundamentals, and zero gain regarding the relative importance of different greenhouse gases. A larger percentage of upper-level students (compared to lower-level students) arrive with correct knowledge comparing different greenhouse gases, and explanations of annual cycles in the Keeling curve, but both groups show similar gains with instruction. Instructors can use feedback from these pre-post assessment results to iteratively modify and test the learning opportunities they provide. We aim to continue development and further validation of this tool such that it can be used in many university-level climate courses.

FOREWORD International Conference on Defects in Insulating Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Valerio, Mário Ernesto Giroldo; Jackson, R. A.

2010-11-01

These proceedings represent a sample of the scientific works presented during ICDIM2008, the 16th International Conference on Defects in Insulating Materials, held at the Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil from 24-29 August 2008. The conference was the latest in a series which began at Argonne in 1956, and which has been held most recently in Riga, Latvia (2004) and Johannesburg, South Africa (2000). The conference was also related scientifically to the EURODIM series, which have been held most recently in Milan, Italy (2006), Wroclaw, Poland (2002) and Pecs, Hungary (2010). The aim of the conference was to bring together physicists, chemists and materials scientist to discuss defects in insulating materials and their effect on materials, including their optical, mass/charge transport, energy storage and sensor properties. The conference featured 6 plenary lectures, 60 contributed lectures and about 130 posters. The posters were displayed for the whole conference, but discussed in two three-hour sessions. We are grateful to the International Advisory Committee for suggesting invited speakers and to the Programme Committee for their help in refereeing all the abstracts and choosing the contributed oral contributions. We would also like to thank the Local Organising Committee and the Brazilian Physical Society for their help with local organisation and the online registration/payment process respectively. The chairpersons would like to specially thanks all the sponsors listed below for financial support. The Federal University of Sergipe, one of the public and 'free tuition' Universities of the Country, run by the Brazilian Ministry of Education, were pleased to host this 16th meeting, the first one in Latin America. Mario E G Valerio Conference Chair Robert A Jackson Programme Chair Conference Scope Scope of the Conference was the presentation of the latest investigations on point and extended defects in bulk materials and thin films. Technological applications will be presented alongside fundamental measurements and theories. The main scientific areas included: 1 Fundamental physical phenomena Point and extended defects in wide band-gap systems: oxides, fluorides, nitrides, alkali- and silver-halides, perovskites, minerals, ceramics, nano-structures, organic molecular crystals, glasses, high-k and low-k materials, photonic crystals. 2 Defects at surfaces and interfaces Thin films and low-dimensional systems. Colloids, nano-crystals, and aggregates. Defects and material preparation technology. Defects modelling and computational methods. Radiation effects, radiation induced defects, colour centres. Luminescence of excitons, impurities, and defects. Electronic excitations, excited state dynamics, radiative and non-radiative relaxations. Scintillation, energy transfer and storage, carrier trapping phenomena. Non-linear optical phenomena. Laser active centres. Phonons and defects, electron-phonon interactions. Defect diffusion, ionic relaxations, ionic transport. 3 Technological applications Radiologic imaging and detection, scintillators, and dosimeters. Optical devices and photonics, photorefractive electro-optics, optical fibres, lasers. Materials for micro-electronics. Solid electrolytes, fuel cells, electrochemical sensors, fast ionic conductors. Conference chairpersons: Mário E G Valerio (Conference Chairman), Physics Department, Federal University of Sergipe, SE, Brasil Robert A Jackson (Programme Chairman), School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK Conference committees: International Advisory Committee R Capelletti, Italy A V Chadwick, UK J Corish, Ireland J D Comins, South Africa H W den Hartog, The Netherlands K Funke, Germany Robert A Jackson, UK O Kanert, Germany A A Kaplyanskii, Russia A Lushchik, Estonia F Lüty, USA M Moreno, Spain P E Ngoepe, South Africa M Nikl, Czech Republic S V Nistor, Romania Ch Pedrini, France O F Schirmer, Germany J-M Spaeth, Germany A M Stoneham, UK M Suszynska, Poland I Tale, Latvia M E G Valerio, Brasil R T Williams, USA Programme Committee Robert A Jackson (Chair), University of Keele, UK R M Montereali, ENEA C.R. Frascati, Rome, Italy M Moreno, University of Cantabria, Spain Ch Pedrini, University Lyon, France Klaus W H Krambrock, UFMG, MG, Brasil Volkmar Dierolf, Lehigh University, USA Laszlo Kovács, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary M E G Valerio, UFS, SE, Brasil Local Organizing Committee M E G Valerio, UFS, SE, Brasil Sonia L Baldochi, IPEN, SP, Brasil Klaus W H Krambrock, UFMG, MG, Brasil Livio Amaral, UFRGS, RS, Brasil Ana R Blak, USP, SP, Brasil Marco Cremona, PUC-RJ, RJ, Brasil Anderson S L Gomes, UFPE, PE, Brasil Spero Penha Morato, LaserTools, SP, Brasil Alejandro Ayala, UFC, CE, Brasil ICDIM2008 Sponsors: Sponsors

A Protocol for Bioinspired Design: A Ground Sampler Based on Sea Urchin Jaws

PubMed Central

Frank, Michael B.; Naleway, Steven E.; Wirth, Taylor S.; Jung, Jae-Young; Cheung, Charlene L.; Loera, Faviola B.; Medina, Sandra; Sato, Kirk N.; Taylor, Jennifer R. A.; McKittrick, Joanna

2016-01-01

Bioinspired design is an emerging field that takes inspiration from nature to develop high-performance materials and devices. The sea urchin mouthpiece, known as the Aristotle's lantern, is a compelling source of bioinspiration with an intricate network of musculature and calcareous teeth that can scrape, cut, chew food and bore holes into rocky substrates. We describe the bioinspiration process as including animal observation, specimen characterization, device fabrication and mechanism bioexploration. The last step of bioexploration allows for a deeper understanding of the initial biology. The design architecture of the Aristotle's lantern is analyzed with micro-computed tomography and individual teeth are examined with scanning electron microscopy to identify the microstructure. Bioinspired designs are fabricated with a 3D printer, assembled and tested to determine the most efficient lantern opening and closing mechanism. Teeth from the bioinspired lantern design are bioexplored via finite element analysis to explain from a mechanical perspective why keeled tooth structures evolved in the modern sea urchins we observed. This circular approach allows for new conclusions to be drawn from biology and nature. PMID:27166636

Preliminary design, analysis, and costing of a dynamic scale model of the NASA space station

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gronet, M. J.; Pinson, E. D.; Voqui, H. L.; Crawley, E. F.; Everman, M. R.

1987-01-01

The difficulty of testing the next generation of large flexible space structures on the ground places an emphasis on other means for validating predicted on-orbit dynamic behavior. Scale model technology represents one way of verifying analytical predictions with ground test data. This study investigates the preliminary design, scaling and cost trades for a Space Station dynamic scale model. The scaling of nonlinear joint behavior is studied from theoretical and practical points of view. Suspension system interaction trades are conducted for the ISS Dual Keel Configuration and Build-Up Stages suspended in the proposed NASA/LaRC Large Spacecraft Laboratory. Key issues addressed are scaling laws, replication vs. simulation of components, manufacturing, suspension interactions, joint behavior, damping, articulation capability, and cost. These issues are the subject of parametric trades versus the scale model factor. The results of these detailed analyses are used to recommend scale factors for four different scale model options, each with varying degrees of replication. Potential problems in constructing and testing the scale model are identified, and recommendations for further study are outlined.

Genetic control of floral zygomorphy in pea (Pisum sativum L.).

PubMed

Wang, Zheng; Luo, Yonghai; Li, Xin; Wang, Liping; Xu, Shilei; Yang, Jun; Weng, Lin; Sato, Shusei; Tabata, Satoshi; Ambrose, Mike; Rameau, Catherine; Feng, Xianzhong; Hu, Xiaohe; Luo, Da

2008-07-29

Floral zygomorphy (flowers with bilateral symmetry) has multiple origins and typically manifests two kinds of asymmetries, dorsoventral (DV) and organ internal (IN) asymmetries in floral and organ planes, respectively, revealing the underlying key regulators in plant genomes that generate and superimpose various mechanisms to build up complexity and different floral forms during plant development. In this study, we investigate the loci affecting these asymmetries during the development of floral zygomorphy in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Two genes, LOBED STANDARD 1 (LST1) and KEELED WINGS (K), were cloned that encode TCP transcription factors and have divergent functions to constitute the DV asymmetry. A previously undescribed regulator, SYMMETRIC PETALS 1 (SYP1), has been isolated as controlling IN asymmetry. Genetic analysis demonstrates that DV and IN asymmetries could be controlled independently by the two kinds of regulators in pea, and their interactions help to specify the type of zygomorphy. Based on the genetic analysis in pea, we suggest that variation in both the functions and interactions of these regulators could give rise to the wide spectrum of floral symmetries among legume species and other flowering plants.

sts132-s-006

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-006 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis.

Maternally inherited architecture in tertiary leaf beetles: paleoichnology of cryptocephaline fecal cases in Dominican and Baltic amber.

PubMed

Chaboo, Caroline S; Engel, Michael S; Chamorro-Lacayo, Maria Lourdes

2009-09-01

Complex ethological adaptations and intraspecific interactions leave few fossil traces. We document three Dominican (20 million years old [myo]) and Baltic (45 myo) amber fossils that exhibit firm evidence of highly integrated interactions between mothers and offspring in the diverse camptosomate lineage of beetles (Chrysomelidae, leaf beetles). As in contemporary species, these hard cases were initially constructed by mothers, then inherited and retained by offspring, which then elaborate this protective domicile with an unusual but economical building material, their feces. The three fossils are classified in the Subfamily Cryptocephalinae; two are classified in the tribe Chlamisini based on morphological evidence-the flattened head lacking a sharp keel and long legs with simple recurved untoothed claws. These diagnostic features are not clearly visible in the third specimen to permit more refined identification. These fossils provide more precise paleontological dating of tribal nodes within the cryptocephaline radiation of leaf beetles. These fossils are the first and earliest evidence of mother-offspring interaction, building behavior, and fecal recycling in Camptosomata beetles and of inheritance of architectural structures in beetles.

First molecular verification of Dixonius vietnamensis Das, 2004 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) with the description of a new species from Vinh Cuu Nature Reserve, Dong Nai Province, Vietnam.

PubMed

Ziegler, Thomas; Botov, Andreas; Nguyen, Tao Thien; Bauer, Aaron M; Brennan, Ian G; Ngo, Hanh Thi; Nguyen, Truong Quang

2016-07-07

Based on near-topotypic specimens of Dixonius vietnamensis from Khanh Hoa Province in southern Vietnam genetic analyses showed that the recently described D. taoi is sister to D. vietnamensis and several separate forms exist which previously have been misidentified as D. vietnamensis and D. siamensis. The Dixonius population from Vinh Cuu Nature Reserve, Dong Nai Province, Vietnam, represents an undescribed species. Dixonius minhlei sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners based on the following diagnostic characters: small size (up to 47.5 mm SVL); 7-9 supralabials; 14-15 rows of keeled tubercles on dorsum; 20-23 ventral scale rows; 7 or 8 precloacal pores in males; a canthal stripe running from rostrum through the eye and terminating at back of head; lateral second pair of postmentals maximum one quarter the size of first pair; dorsum olive gray with more or less discernible brownish olive blotches. This is the sixth species of Dixonius known to occur in Vietnam.

Full-Scale Crash Test of an MD-500 Helicopter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Littell, Justin

2011-01-01

A full-scale crash test was successfully conducted in March 2010 of an MD-500 helicopter at NASA Langley Research Center s Landing and Impact Research Facility. The reasons for conducting this test were threefold: 1 To generate data to be used with finite element computer modeling efforts, 2 To study the crashworthiness features typically associated with a small representative helicopter, and 3 To compare aircraft response to data collected from a previously conducted MD-500 crash test, which included an externally deployable energy absorbing (DEA) concept. Instrumentation on the airframe included accelerometers on various structural components of the airframe; and strain gages on keel beams, skid gear and portions of the skin. Three Anthropomorphic Test Devices and a specialized Human Surrogate Torso Model were also onboard to collect occupant loads for evaluation with common injury risk criteria. This paper presents background and results from this crash test conducted without the DEA concept. These results showed accelerations of approximately 30 to 50 g on the airframe at various locations, little energy attenuation through the airframe, and moderate to high probability of occupant injury for a variety of injury criteria.

Non-migratory breeding by isolated green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Indian Ocean: biological and conservation implications.

PubMed

Whiting, Scott D; Murray, Wendy; Macrae, Ismail; Thorn, Robert; Chongkin, Mohammad; Koch, Andrea U

2008-04-01

Green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) are renowned for their long-distance migrations but have less fame for short-distance migrations or non-migratory behavior. We present satellite telemetric evidence from Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean for the first predominantly non-migratory green sea turtle (C. mydas) population. The mean migration distance from the nesting beach to the foraging grounds was 35.5 km with a maximum mean transit time of 3.4 days. The behavior of this population has major implications for our general understanding of green turtle behavior and their life cycle and for conservation. Firstly, these results indicate a level of juvenile or adult non-breeding homing behavior from the open ocean to foraging grounds adjacent to their natal nesting beach. Secondly, a non-migratory breeding phase reduces the consumption of reproductive energy utilized, potentially resulting in higher fecundity for this population. Thirdly, the close proximity of the nesting and foraging habitats allows for uniformity in management and conservation strategies rarely possible for wide-ranging green turtle populations.

Non-migratory breeding by isolated green sea turtles ( Chelonia mydas) in the Indian Ocean: biological and conservation implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Whiting, Scott D.; Murray, Wendy; Macrae, Ismail; Thorn, Robert; Chongkin, Mohammad; Koch, Andrea U.

2008-04-01

Green sea turtles ( Chelonia mydas) are renowned for their long-distance migrations but have less fame for short-distance migrations or non-migratory behavior. We present satellite telemetric evidence from Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean for the first predominantly non-migratory green sea turtle ( C. mydas) population. The mean migration distance from the nesting beach to the foraging grounds was 35.5 km with a maximum mean transit time of 3.4 days. The behavior of this population has major implications for our general understanding of green turtle behavior and their life cycle and for conservation. Firstly, these results indicate a level of juvenile or adult non-breeding homing behavior from the open ocean to foraging grounds adjacent to their natal nesting beach. Secondly, a non-migratory breeding phase reduces the consumption of reproductive energy utilized, potentially resulting in higher fecundity for this population. Thirdly, the close proximity of the nesting and foraging habitats allows for uniformity in management and conservation strategies rarely possible for wide-ranging green turtle populations.

Improved CRDS δ13C Stability Through New Calibration Application For CO2 and CH4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arata, C.; Rella, C.

2014-12-01

Stable carbon isotope ratio measurements of CO2 and CH4 provide valuable insight into global and regional sources and sinks of the two most important greenhouse gasses. Methodologies based on Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) have been developed capable of delivering δ13C measurements with a precision greater than 0.12 permil for CO2 and 0.4 permil for CH4 (1 hour window, 5 minute average). Here we present a method to further improve this measurement's stability. We have developed a two point calibration method which corrects for δ13C drift due to a dependance on carbon species concentration. This method calibrates for both carbon species concentration as well as δ13C. We go on to show that this added stability is especially valuable when using carbon isotope data in linear regression models such as Keeling plots, where even small amounts of error can be magnified to give inconclusive results. This method is demonstrated in both laboratory and ambient atmospheric conditions, and we demonstrate how to select the calibration frequency.

Properties of Fr-like Th^3+ from microwave spectroscopy of high-L Rydberg states of Th^2+

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keele, Julie; Smith, Chris; Woods, Shannon; Lundeen, Stephen; Fehrenbach, Charles

2012-06-01

Spectroscopy of high-L n= 28 Rydberg levels of Th^2+ was recently reported using the optical RESIS method [1]. Because the ground state of Fr-like Th^3+ is a ^2F5/2 level, each (n,L) Rydberg level of Th^2+ is split into six eigenstates whose relative positions are determined by long-range e-Th^3+ interactions. Measurements of those positions can be used to determine the Th^3+ properties that control those interactions, such as polarizabilities and permanent moments. We report a much improved study of n=28 levels with 9 <= L <= 12, obtained with the microwave/RESIS method. The higher precision measurements allow improved determinations of a wider range of Th^3+ properties and a better test of theoretical calculations [2].[4pt] [1] Julie A. Keele, M.E. Hanni, Shannon L. Woods, S.R. Lundeen, and C.W. Fehrenbach, Phys. Rev. A 83, 062501 (2011)[0pt] [2] U.I. Safronova, W.R. Johnson, and M.S. Safronova, Phys. Rev. A 74, 042511 (2006)

Discovery of two new species of Crotalaria (Leguminosae, Crotalarieae) from Western Ghats, India

PubMed Central

2018-01-01

Two new species of Fabaceae-Papilionoideae are described and illustrated. Crotalaria suffruticosa from Karul Ghat region of Maharashtra is morphologically close to C. albida and C. epunctata. C. multibracteata from Panhala region of Maharashtra resembles C. vestita. C. suffruticosa differs from C. albida and C. epunctata in its habit, leaf, inflorescence, callosity, keel type, stigma, style morphology and number of seeds/pod. To test if the new species differ from their morphologically most similar species, we measured various traits and performed a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This analysis shows that the new species differs from similar species in gross morphology for several diagnostic traits and showed correlations between the variables or distance among groups and estimated the contribution of each character. Phylogenetic analyses were also conducted based on nuclear (ITS) and plastid (matK) markers. The analyses revealed nucleotide differences between the new species and their close allies attributing to their distinctiveness. A map and key including all species of Crotalaria from Maharashtra state are provided. Conservation status of the two new species have also been assessed. PMID:29447200

Discovery of two new species of Crotalaria (Leguminosae, Crotalarieae) from Western Ghats, India.

PubMed

Rather, Shabir A; Subramaniam, Shweta; Danda, Shagun; Pandey, Arun K

2018-01-01

Two new species of Fabaceae-Papilionoideae are described and illustrated. Crotalaria suffruticosa from Karul Ghat region of Maharashtra is morphologically close to C. albida and C. epunctata. C. multibracteata from Panhala region of Maharashtra resembles C. vestita. C. suffruticosa differs from C. albida and C. epunctata in its habit, leaf, inflorescence, callosity, keel type, stigma, style morphology and number of seeds/pod. To test if the new species differ from their morphologically most similar species, we measured various traits and performed a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This analysis shows that the new species differs from similar species in gross morphology for several diagnostic traits and showed correlations between the variables or distance among groups and estimated the contribution of each character. Phylogenetic analyses were also conducted based on nuclear (ITS) and plastid (matK) markers. The analyses revealed nucleotide differences between the new species and their close allies attributing to their distinctiveness. A map and key including all species of Crotalaria from Maharashtra state are provided. Conservation status of the two new species have also been assessed.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Piper, Stephen C; Keeling, Ralph F

The main objective of this project was to continue research to develop carbon cycle relationships related to the land biosphere based on remote measurements of atmospheric CO2 concentration and its isotopic ratios 13C/12C, 18O/16O, and 14C/12C. The project continued time-series observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and isotopic composition begun by Charles D. Keeling at remote sites, including Mauna Loa, the South Pole, and eight other sites. Using models of varying complexity, the concentration and isotopic measurements were used to study long-term change in the interhemispheric gradients in CO2 and 13C/12C to assess the magnitude and evolution of the northern terrestrialmore » carbon sink, to study the increase in amplitude of the seasonal cycle of CO2, to use isotopic data to refine constraints on large scale changes in isotopic fractionation which may be related to changes in stomatal conductance, and to motivate improvements in terrestrial carbon cycle models. The original proposal called for a continuation of the new time series of 14C measurements but subsequent descoping to meet budgetary constraints required termination of measurements in 2007.« less

sts132-s-009

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-009 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis.

sts132-s-008

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-008 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis.

sts132-s-007

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-007 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis.

Ligophorus spp. (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae) parasitizing mullets (Teleostei: Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) occurring in the fresh and brackish waters of the Shatt Al-Arab River and Estuary in southern Iraq, with the description of Ligophorus sagmarius sp. n. from the greenback mullet Chelon subviridis (Valenciennes).

PubMed

Kritsky, Delane C; Khamees, Najim R; Ali, Atheer H

2013-12-01

The gills of three of five species of mullets (Teleostei: Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) collected from the brackish and fresh waters of southern Iraq were infected with species of Ligophorus (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae) as follows: greenback mullet Chelon subviridis (Valenciennes) infected with Ligophorus lebedevi Dmitrieva, Gerasev, Gibson, Pronkina and Galli, 2012, Ligophorus bantingensis Soo and Lim, 2012, Ligophorus sagmarius n. sp., and Ligophorus fluviatilis (Bychowsky, 1949) Dmitrieva, Gerasev, Gibson, Pronkina, and Galli, 2012; Klunzinger’s mullet Liza klunzingeri (Day) with L. bantingensis, L. fluviatilis, and an apparently undescribed species of Ligophorus; and abu mullet Liza abu (Heckel) with L. bantingensis and L. fluviatilis. The keeled mullet Liza carinata (Valenciennes) and Speigler’s mullet Valamugil speigleri (Bleeker) were uninfected. L. sagmarius n. sp. is described, and L. lebedevi and L. bantingensis are redescribed. Available specimens of L. fluviatilis and the undescribed species of Ligophorus from Klunzinger’s mullet were insufficient for description.

Underwater sound radiation patterns of contemporary merchant ships

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gassmann, M.; Wiggins, S. M.; Hildebrand, J. A.

2016-12-01

Merchant ships radiate underwater sound as an unintended by-product of their operation and as consequence contribute significantly to low-frequency, man-made noise in the ocean. Current measurement standards for the description of underwater sound from ships (ISO 17208-1:2016 and ANSI S12.64-2009) require nominal hydrophone depths of 15°, 30° and 45° at the starboard and portside of the test vessel.To opportunistically study the underwater sound of contemporary merchant ships that were tracked by the Automatic Identification System (AIS), an array of seven high-frequency acoustic recording packages (HARPs) with a sampling frequency of 200 kHz was deployed in the Santa Barbara Channel in the primary outgoing shipping lane for the port of Los Angeles and Long Beach. The vertical and horizontal aperture of the array allowed for starboard and portside measurements at all standard-required nominal hydrophone depths in addition to measurements taken at the keel aspect. Based on these measurements, frequency-dependent radiation patterns of contemporary merchant ships were estimated and used to evaluate current standards for computing ship source levels.

Kankuamo, a new theraphosid genus from Colombia (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), with a new type of urticating setae and divergent male genitalia

PubMed Central

Perafán, Carlos; Galvis, William; Gutiérrez, Miguel; Pérez-Miles, Fernando

2016-01-01

Abstract A new monotypic Theraphosidae genus, Kankuamo Perafán, Galvis & Pérez-Miles, gen. n., is described from Colombia, with a new type of urticating setae. These setae differ from others principally by having a small distal oval patch of lanceolate reversed barbs. Males of Kankuamo gen. n. additionally differ by having a palpal bulb organ very divergent from all known species, with many conspicuous keels dispersed across the median tegulum to the tip, mostly with serrated edges. Females differ by having spermathecae with a single notched receptacle, with two granulated lobes and several irregular sclerotized longitudinal striations. The new urticating setae, type VII, is characterized, illustrated and its releasing mechanism is discussed. It is hypothesized that these setae are the first in Theraphosinae subfamily whose release mechanism is by direct contact. Kankuamo gen. n. is described and illustrated on the basis of the type species Kankuamo marquezi Perafán, Galvis & Gutiérrez, sp. n., and their remarkable characteristics, morphological affinities and cladistic relationship are analyzed. PMID:27551189

Fishing down the largest coral reef fish species.

PubMed

Fenner, Douglas

2014-07-15

Studies on remote, uninhabited, near-pristine reefs have revealed surprisingly large populations of large reef fish. Locations such as the northwestern Hawaiian Islands, northern Marianas Islands, Line Islands, U.S. remote Pacific Islands, Cocos-Keeling Atoll and Chagos archipelago have much higher reef fish biomass than islands and reefs near people. Much of the high biomass of most remote reef fish communities lies in the largest species, such as sharks, bumphead parrots, giant trevally, and humphead wrasse. Some, such as sharks and giant trevally, are apex predators, but others such as bumphead parrots and humphead wrasse, are not. At many locations, decreases in large reef fish species have been attributed to fishing. Fishing is well known to remove the largest fish first, and a quantitative measure of vulnerability to fishing indicates that large reef fish species are much more vulnerable to fishing than small fish. The removal of large reef fish by fishing parallels the extinction of terrestrial megafauna by early humans. However large reef fish have great value for various ecological roles and for reef tourism. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Maternally inherited architecture in tertiary leaf beetles: paleoichnology of cryptocephaline fecal cases in Dominican and Baltic amber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chaboo, Caroline S.; Engel, Michael S.; Chamorro-Lacayo, Maria Lourdes

2009-09-01

Complex ethological adaptations and intraspecific interactions leave few fossil traces. We document three Dominican (20 million years old [myo]) and Baltic (45 myo) amber fossils that exhibit firm evidence of highly integrated interactions between mothers and offspring in the diverse camptosomate lineage of beetles (Chrysomelidae, leaf beetles). As in contemporary species, these hard cases were initially constructed by mothers, then inherited and retained by offspring, which then elaborate this protective domicile with an unusual but economical building material, their feces. The three fossils are classified in the Subfamily Cryptocephalinae; two are classified in the tribe Chlamisini based on morphological evidence—the flattened head lacking a sharp keel and long legs with simple recurved untoothed claws. These diagnostic features are not clearly visible in the third specimen to permit more refined identification. These fossils provide more precise paleontological dating of tribal nodes within the cryptocephaline radiation of leaf beetles. These fossils are the first and earliest evidence of mother-offspring interaction, building behavior, and fecal recycling in Camptosomata beetles and of inheritance of architectural structures in beetles.

Reconstructing the archaeological landscape of Southern Dobrogea: integrating imagery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oltean, I. A.; Hanson, W. S.

2007-10-01

The recent integrated aerial photographic assessment of Southern Dobrogea, Romania) is part of the first author's British Academy funded research programme 'Contextualizing change on the Lower Danube: Roman impact on Daco-Getic landscapes'. This seeks to study the effect of the Roman conquest and occupation on the native Daco-Getic settlement pattern on the Lower Danube. The methodology involves integrating a range of remotely sensed imagery including: low altitude oblique aerial photographs, obtained through traditional aerial reconnaissance; medium altitude vertical photographs produced by German, British and American military reconnaissance during the Second World War, selected from The Aerial Reconnaissance Achive at Keele University; and high altitude de-classified military satellite imagery (Corona) from the 1960s, acquired from the USGS. The value of this approach lies not just in that it enables extensive detailed mapping of large archaeological landscapes in Romania for the first time, but also that it allows the recording of archaeological features permanently destroyed by more recent development across wide areas. This paper presents some results and addresses some of the problems raised by each method of data acquisition.

Design of Fishing Boat for Pelabuhanratu Fishermen as One of Effort to Increase Production of Capture Fisheries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nur, Iswadi; Joko Suranto, Purwo

2018-02-01

Design of fishing boat for Pelabuhanratu fisherman as one of effort to increase production of capture fisheries. The fishing boat should be proper for the characteristic of its service area, as; capacity of fishing boat up to 60 GT, the fishing boat has minimum 6 fish holds and location of fish hold in the middle body, the fishing boat hull has the bilge keel plate, and the material of hull fishing boat to be made of wooden, steel, aluminium, or fiberglass. Main dimesion of fishing boat is Length Over All = 25.436 m, Breadth = 4.55 m, Draft = 1.6 m, Speed = 12.5 knots. The research had been known every thing that will be supporting the production of capture fisheries like ; amount of fish production = 25.030 ton per day, the fishing port capacity approximately 268.957GT per day, the area of fishing port < 30 hectares, the zone of fish processing industry had not completed, therefore all data research result less than standard of Oceanic Fising Port. So Pelabuhanratu National Fishing Port can not be changed to Oceanic Fishing Port.

[Medical empiricism from one myth to another. A critical reading of Foucault's Birth of Clinic].

PubMed

de Calan, Ronan

2013-01-01

The new history of the clinic, developed mainly after the publication of Othmar Keel's L'avènement de la médecine clinique moderne en Europe, 1750-1815 in 2001, invites the scholars to turn upside down the chronology adopted by Michel Foucault in his classic Birth of the Clinic. This paper investigates the philosophical consequences of this chronological displacement, showing that the medical empiricism of the clinic cannot have the characteristics attributed by Foucault. If the myth of the purity of such empiricism cannot be taken seriously anymore thanks to Foucault, is has been substituted by the myth of the creation of the clinic on the basis of enlightened empiricism. The clinic is, however, older than empiricism à la Condillac. It refers to an earlier medical empiricism developed in the 17th century which in its turn allowed for Condillac's philosophy. The clinic had in fact to choose between an elder medical empiricism and a new chemical empirism that appeared in the late 17th century. But the clinic was not a creation of the Enlightenment.

Water-Pressure Distribution on Seaplane Float

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thompson, F L

1929-01-01

The investigation presented in this report was conducted for the purpose of determining the distribution and magnitude of water pressures likely to be experienced on seaplane hulls in service. It consisted of the development and construction of apparatus for recording water pressures lasting one one-hundredth second or longer and of flight tests to determine the water pressures on a UO-1 seaplane float under various conditions of taxiing, taking off, and landing. The apparatus developed was found to operate with satisfactory accuracy and is suitable for flight tests on other seaplanes. The tests on the UO-1 showed that maximum pressures of about 6.5 pounds per square inch occur at the step for the full width of the float bottom. Proceeding forward from the step the maximum pressures decrease in magnitude uniformly toward the bow, and the region of highest pressures narrows toward the keel. Immediately abaft the step the maximum pressures are very small, but increase in magnitude toward the stern and there once reached a value of about 5 pounds per square inch. (author)

Recognition of Intermediate Crust (IC), its construction and its distinctive epeirogenic behaviour: an exciting new tool for plate kinematic analysis (PKA) of the Arctic margins and western Siberia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Osmaston, M. F.

2012-04-01

Identification of a microcontinental block within or near a continental margin raises two questions, addressed in this talk - How did it get there? What is the nature of the intervening crust? I will then illustrate briefly how, in the Arctic, the answers, although by no means restricted to that region, do seem to help us a lot to begin unravelling the ancient plate kinematics of its wide margins. The plate tectonics paradigm currently posits that the Earth has only two kinds of crust - continental and oceanic - and that the former may be stretched to form sedimentary basins or the latter may be modified by arc or collision until it looks continental. But global analysis of the dynamics of actual plate motions for the past 150 Ma indicates [1, 2, 3] that continental tectospheres must be immensely thicker than previously thought and almost certainly too thick to be stretched with the forces available. In the extreme case of cratons, these tectospheric keels may commonly extend to 600 km or more [3]. This thick-plate behaviour is attributable, not to cooling but to a petrological 'stiffening' effect, associated with a loss of water-weakening, which also applies to the LVZ below MORs [4, 5, 6]. The corresponding thick-plate version of the MOR process [1, 6] has a deep, narrow wall-accreting axial crack which inherently brings two outstanding additional benefits:- (i) why, at medium to fast spreading rates, MOR axes become straight and orthogonally segmented [7], (ii) not being driven by body forces, it can achieve the sudden jumps of axis, spreading-rate and direction widely recorded in mid-ocean and are necessary after generating the limited separations of microplates near margins. So in seeking the 'continent-ocean boundary' (COB) along passive margins, a site where stretching has often been invoked, we need instead to consider how this MOR process would be affected by the heavy concurrent sedimentation to be expected when splitting a continent. I reason that, by blocking the hydrothermal cooling, this must inhibit magnetic anomaly formation and prolong magmagenesis to give a thicker-than-oceanic mafic crust, which I have called Intermediate Crust (IC) [8, 9], to distinguish it from Mature Continental Crust (MCC). Seismologically, IC basement must look deceptively like that assigned to stretched MCC. For thermodynamic reasons [8, 9] the hydrous content of deep MCC and of deeply subducted UHP crustal slices gives them a big thermal epeirogenic sensitivity which IC lacks. The NE Atlantic offers an example of this distinction. Structurally, the MCC of Greenland and Norway must have been intimately juxtaposed by the Scandian collision, so it was concluded [9] that the crust of the Greenland-Norway continental shelves must mostly be IC of post-Scandian (early Devonian?) age, a character confirmed by their lack of epeirogenic response to laterally conducted heat from the opening N Atlantic, although drainage systems in Norway proper clearly show it. Geometrically, this separation appears to have changed direction sharply, the second and bigger stage also involving separation of Svalbard from near Tromsø, where it had provided northward continuation of a complete Caledonian transect, so it has an IC implication for much of the Barents Sea area (bar the Bjørnøya block). Moving quickly round to the NE side of Baltica, we can begin to trace the separative motions of the Novaya Zemlya - Pay Khoy (NZPK) strip of less-mature MCC, transverse to the Timanian belt, and the associated evolution of the Pechora basin system. In places, faulted IC/MCC epeirogenic contrasts seem to define the size and direction of the IC-generating separation with remarkable precision. A crucial opening-up of this analysis is provided by realizing that the Polar Ural stretch is not MCC, but is merely the huge 585 Ma Voykar-Synya ophiolite, with its metamorphics, resting on a now-crumpled boundary between IC of very different ages. For further understanding we need briefly to extend the analysis, first to the formation of the West Siberian Basin, the IC nature of whose crust (but not its low thermal epeirogenic sensitivity) has been obscured by Permo-Triassic addition of the Siberian flood basalts, and thence to the complicated MCC distribution seen in Khazakhstan. The pattern of the older elements of the latter appears to be a further, but more ancient, example of the plate dynamics evidence [1, 2, 3] for 'deep-keeled' cratons, in that, when they separate, horizontal inflows of mantle are induced which impinge on the lesser keels of MCC blocks in the region, potentially generating IC-floored basins in between them. In this way the geology which now lies between the Baltica and East Siberia cratons can in principle provide powerful constraints on the freedom with which palaeomagnetic data for them has been interpreted. A key element in this is that otherwise-missing components of the Timanian orogen are apparently to be found on the western edge of the Siberian platform. This means that the NZPK strip and Pechora Basin area were formed as part of the Timanian interplay between the then-roughly-parallel sides of the Baltica and Siberian cratons. A final step in this limited analysis suggests that the clockwise bending of northern Novaya Zemlya was the dextral consequence of the final (~2000 km) northwestward cratonic separation of Baltica plus NZPK etc. to form the IC of the West Siberian Basin during the 580-535 Ma interval. This may be older than any of the NZ rocks suitable for palaeomagnetic determination. Resolution of the conflict between this geologically and geometrically secured reconstruction and that prescribed palaeomagnetically for 'Rodinia' appears to lie in the possibility that at some point on the APWP there has been an inadvertent switch between following the N and the S pole, due to the habitual choosing of the lesser of two plate motion speeds during the interval between points on the curve. In that case some of the supposed assemblage will be geographically upside down in relation to the rest. Finally, a quick visit to the Chukchi-Bering-Alaska sector of the Arctic margin. Here, too, recognition of IC may provide a key. I suggest that northward emplacement of the Brooks Range Ophiolite at close to 170 Ma was swiftly followed by the (now) westward extraction of the Seward-Chukchi MCC assemblage to form, as IC, both the extensive Koyukuk basin system which lies south of Brooks Range and, ultimately, the Bering gap in the Pacific rim of cratonic keels, through which mantle to put at depth under the widening Eurasian Basin ocean floor has been drawn, initiating the Aleutian arc in the Palaeocene, trapping OC/IC behind it. I discuss a global reason for the initiation of the Bering gap, and its timing, in another session (GD6.1) of this meeting. [1] Osmaston M. F. (2006) Global tectonic actions emanating from Arctic opening in the circumstances of a two-layer mantle and a thick-plate paradigm involving deep cratonic tectospheres: the Eurekan (Eocene) compressive motion of Greenland and other examples. In, Proc. ICAM IV 2003 (ed. R. Scott & D. Thurston). OCS Study MMS 2006-003, pp.105-124: Also published on: http://www.mms.gov/alaska/icam [2] Osmaston M. F. (2007) Cratonic keels and a two-layer mantle tested: mantle expulsion during Arabia-Russia closure linked to westward enlargement of the Black Sea, formation of the Western Alps and subduction of the Tyrrhenian (not the Ionian) Sea. XXIV IUGG, Session JSS 011 Abstr #2105. http://www.iugg2007perugia.it/webbook/. [3] Osmaston M. F. (2009) Deep cratonic keels and a 2-layer mantle? Tectonic basis for some far-reaching new insights on the dynamical properties of the Earth's mantle: example motions from Mediterranean, Atlantic-Arctic and India. Geophys. Res. Abst. 11, EGU2009-6359 (Solicited). [4] Karato S. (1986) Does partial melting reduce the creep strength of the upper mantle? Nature 319, 309-310. [5] Hirth G. & Kohlstedt D. L. (1996) Water in the oceanic upper mantle: implication for rheology, melt extraction, and the evolution of the lithosphere. EPSL 144, 93-108. [6] Osmaston M. F. (2010) On the actual variety of plate dynamical mechanisms and how mantle evolution affected them through time, from core formation to the Indian collision. Geophys. Res. Abstr. 12, EGU2010-6101. [7] Osmaston M. F. (1995) A straightness mechanism for MORs: a new view of ocean plate genesis and evolution. In IUGG XXI Gen. Assy. Abstracts p. A472. [8] Osmaston M. F. (2011) An introduction to Intermediate Crust (IC): its formation, epeirogenic character, and plate tectonics significance. TSG Ann.Mtg. 2011, Durham University, Technical Programme p.45. [9] Osmaston M. F. (2008) Basal subduction tectonic erosion (STE), butter mélanges and the construction and exhumation of HP-UHP belts: the Alps example and some comparisons. Internat. Geol. Rev. 50(8), 685-754 DOI: 10.2747/00206814.50.8.685.

Do quality indicators for general practice teaching practices predict good outcomes for students?

PubMed

Bartlett, Maggie; Potts, Jessica; McKinley, Bob

2016-07-01

Keele medical students spend 113 days in general practices over our five-year programme. We collect practice data thought to indicate good quality teaching. We explored the relationships between these data and two outcomes for students; Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) scores and feedback regarding the placements. Though both are surrogate markers of good teaching, they are widely used. We collated practice and outcome data for one academic year. Two separate statistical analyses were carried out: (1) to determine how much of the variation seen in the OSCE scores was due to the effect of the practice and how much to the individual student. (2) to identify practice characteristics with a relationship to student feedback scores. (1) OSCE performance: 268 students in 90 practices: six quality indicators independently influenced the OSCE score, though without linear relationships and not to statistical significance. (2) Student satisfaction: 144 students in 69 practices: student feedback scores are not influenced by practice characteristics. The relationships between the quality indicators we collect for practices and outcomes for students are not clear. It may be that neither the quality indicators nor the outcome measures are reliable enough to inform decisions about practices' suitability for teaching.

Space station electrical power system availability study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Turnquist, Scott R.; Twombly, Mark A.

1988-01-01

ARINC Research Corporation performed a preliminary reliability, and maintainability (RAM) anlaysis of the NASA space station Electric Power Station (EPS). The analysis was performed using the ARINC Research developed UNIRAM RAM assessment methodology and software program. The analysis was performed in two phases: EPS modeling and EPS RAM assessment. The EPS was modeled in four parts: the insolar power generation system, the eclipse power generation system, the power management and distribution system (both ring and radial power distribution control unit (PDCU) architectures), and the power distribution to the inner keel PDCUs. The EPS RAM assessment was conducted in five steps: the use of UNIRAM to perform baseline EPS model analyses and to determine the orbital replacement unit (ORU) criticalities; the determination of EPS sensitivity to on-orbit spared of ORUs and the provision of an indication of which ORUs may need to be spared on-orbit; the determination of EPS sensitivity to changes in ORU reliability; the determination of the expected annual number of ORU failures; and the integration of the power generator system model results with the distribution system model results to assess the full EPS. Conclusions were drawn and recommendations were made.

Tests of an alternate mobile transporter and extravehicular activity assembly procedure for the Space Station Freedom truss

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heard, Walter L., Jr.; Watson, Judith J.; Lake, Mark S.; Bush, Harold G.; Jensen, J. Kermit; Wallsom, Richard E.; Phelps, James E.

1992-01-01

Results are presented from a ground test program of an alternate mobile transporter (MT) concept and extravehicular activity (EVA) assembly procedure for the Space Station Freedom (SSF) truss keel. A three-bay orthogonal tetrahedral truss beam consisting of 44 2-in-diameter struts and 16 nodes was assembled repeatedly in neutral buoyancy by pairs of pressure-suited test subjects working from astronaut positioning devices (APD's) on the MT. The truss bays were cubic with edges 15 ft long. All the truss joint hardware was found to be EVA compatible. The average unit assembly time for a single pair of experienced test subjects was 27.6 sec/strut, which is about half the time derived from other SSF truss assembly tests. A concept for integration of utility trays during truss assembly is introduced and demonstrated in the assembly tests. The concept, which requires minimal EVA handling of the trays, is shown to have little impact on overall assembly time. The results of these tests indicate that by using an MT equipped with APD's, rapid EVA assembly of a space station-size truss structure can be expected.

Blue bubble in Carina

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-02-22

Sparkling at the centre of this beautiful NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image is a Wolf–Rayet star known as WR 31a, located about 30 000 light-years away in the constellation of Carina (The Keel). The distinctive blue bubble appearing to encircle WR 31a, and its uncatalogued stellar sidekick, is a Wolf–Rayet nebula — an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other gases. Created when speedy stellar winds interact with the outer layers of hydrogen ejected by Wolf–Rayet stars, these nebulae are frequently ring-shaped or spherical. The bubble — estimated to have formed around 20 000 years ago — is expanding at a rate of around 220 000 kilometres per hour! Unfortunately, the lifecycle of a Wolf–Rayet star is only a few hundred thousand years — the blink of an eye in cosmic terms. Despite beginning life with a mass at least 20 times that of the Sun, Wolf–Rayet stars typically lose half their mass in less than 100 000 years. And WR 31a is no exception to this case. It will, therefore, eventually end its life as a spectacular supernova, and the stellar material expelled from its explosion will later nourish a new generation of stars and planets.

A new species of Trachylepis (Squamata: Scincidae) from Central Africa and a key to the Trachylepis of West and Central Africa.

PubMed

Allen, Kaitlin E; N, Walter P Tapondjou; Welton, Luke J; Bauer, Aaron M

2017-05-16

A new species of skink, Trachylepis gonwouoi sp. nov. is described from Cameroon and the Republic of the Congo. It differs from all other species of Trachylepis in Central-West Africa by a combination of number of keels on dorsal scales (3-5); moderate SVL (maximum size of 80 mm); number of scale rows at midbody (28-34); number of supracilliaries (6-10); a well defined lateral white stripe, bordered by black, extending from under the eye to the insertion of the hind limb; and a ventral color in life of bright blue-green. Trachylepis gonwouoi sp. nov. was found in association with disturbed forest at elevations from 50 to 1050m. This species is syntopic with T. affinis and T. maculilabris. In order to aid in the identification of Trachylepis in West and Central Africa with the addition of T. gonwouoi sp. nov., we provide an updated key to the Trachylepis found from Mauritania through the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This key combines previous literature that treated Western and Central African taxa separately and represents the most comprehensive key for Trachylepis in West-Central Africa to date.

Ship Trim Optimization: Assessment of Influence of Trim on Resistance of MOERI Container Ship

PubMed Central

Duan, Wenyang

2014-01-01

Environmental issues and rising fuel prices necessitate better energy efficiency in all sectors. Shipping industry is a stakeholder in environmental issues. Shipping industry is responsible for approximately 3% of global CO2 emissions, 14-15% of global NOX emissions, and 16% of global SOX emissions. Ship trim optimization has gained enormous momentum in recent years being an effective operational measure for better energy efficiency to reduce emissions. Ship trim optimization analysis has traditionally been done through tow-tank testing for a specific hullform. Computational techniques are increasingly popular in ship hydrodynamics applications. The purpose of this study is to present MOERI container ship (KCS) hull trim optimization by employing computational methods. KCS hull total resistances and trim and sinkage computed values, in even keel condition, are compared with experimental values and found in reasonable agreement. The agreement validates that mesh, boundary conditions, and solution techniques are correct. The same mesh, boundary conditions, and solution techniques are used to obtain resistance values in different trim conditions at Fn = 0.2274. Based on attained results, optimum trim is suggested. This research serves as foundation for employing computational techniques for ship trim optimization. PMID:24578649

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-074 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis.

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-080 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis.

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-076 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis.

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-072 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis.

A new small frog species of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the northern paramos of Colombia.

PubMed

González-Durán, Gustavo A

2016-01-18

I describe a new species of a small-sized frog of the genus Pristimantis found in the paramo ecosystem (3700 masl) on the northern slope of Los Nevados National Park, Cordillera Central, department of Caldas, Colombia. This new species is assigned to the Pristimantis leptolophus species-group, given that Toe V is much longer than Toe III and extends to the distal edge of the distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV. The new species differs from other taxa by its dorsal golden or yellowish color patterns, the absence of nuptial pads, lateral fringes on its fingers and toes, and the absence of vomerine odontophores. Discriminant analyses of morphometric characters of females of P. leptolophus, P. uranobates, and the new species separate the new species by snout-vent length, tibia length, eye diameter, eye-to-nostril distance, tympanum diameter, and length of toe III. Vomer terms frequently used to describe species are reviewed, such as the oblique keels of the vomer and the different forms of the dentigerous process. Species belonging to the high Andean Pristimantis leptolophus species-group are allopatric, suggesting vicariant speciation in different areas of the paramos.

Improved CRDS δ13C Stability Through New Calibration Application For CO2 And CH4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rella, Chris; Arata, Caleb; Saad, Nabil; Leggett, Graham; Miles, Natasha; Richardson, Scott; Davis, Ken

2015-04-01

Stable carbon isotope ratio measurements of CO2 and CH4 provide valuable insight into global and regional sources and sinks of the two most important greenhouse gases. Methodologies based on Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) have been developed and are capable of delivering δ13C measurements with a precision better than 0.12 permil for CO2 and 0.4 permil for CH4 (1 hour window, 5 minute average). Here we present a method to further improve this measurement stability. We have developed a two-point calibration method which corrects for δ13C drift due to a dependence on carbon species concentration. This method calibrates for both carbon species concentration as well as δ13C. In addition, we further demonstrate that this added stability is especially valuable when using carbon isotope data in linear regression models such as Keeling plots, where even small amounts of error can be magnified to give inconclusive results. Furthermore, we show how this method is used to validate multiple instruments simultaneously and can be used to create the standard samples needed for field calibrations.

Discospondylitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus in an African black-footed penguin (Spheniscus demersus).

PubMed

Field, Cara L; Beaufrère, Hugues; Wakamatsu, Nobuko; Rademacher, Nathalie; MacLean, Robert

2012-12-01

A 22-year-old female African black-footed penguin (Spheniscus demersus), housed indoors with other African and rockhopper penguins, was presented acutely with lethargy, ataxia, and hind limb weakness after a molt. The penguin would assume a hunched position and, when resting, sat on its hocks or lay on its keel. Physical and neurologic examination revealed hind limb paraparesis, proprioceptive deficits, and tiptoe walking. Results of a complete blood cell count and biochemical analysis revealed mild heterophilic leukocytosis, anemia, mild hypoalbuminemia, hypokalemia, and hyperuricemia. Results of whole-body radiographs and coelioscopy were unremarkable. Two computed tomographies of the spine at a 3-month interval revealed a lesion at the mobile thoracic vertebra proximal to the synsacrum with associated spinal cord compression. The penguin was treated with itraconazole, doxycycline, and meloxicam, and it initially improved with return to near normal gait and behavior. However, 5 months after the onset of clinical signs, the penguin was euthanatized after a relapse with worsening of the neurologic signs. Postmortem and histopathologic examination revealed focal granulomatous discospondylitis at the penultimate mobile thoracic vertebra, with intralesional bacteria from which Staphylococcus aureus was cultured.

A New Sail-Backed Styracosternan (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Morella, Spain.

PubMed

Gasulla, José Miguel; Escaso, Fernando; Narváez, Iván; Ortega, Francisco; Sanz, José Luis

2015-01-01

A new styracosternan ornithopod genus and species is here described based on a partial postcranial skeleton and an associated dentary tooth of a single specimen from the Arcillas de Morella Formation (Early Cretaceous, late Barremian) at the Morella locality, (Castellón, Spain). Morelladon beltrani gen. et sp. nov. is diagnosed by eight autapomorphic features. The set of autapomorphies includes: very elongated and vertical neural spines of the dorsal vertebrae, midline keel on ventral surface of the second to fourth sacral vertebrae restricted to the anterior half of the centrum, a posterodorsally inclined medial ridge on the postacetabular process of the ilium that meets its dorsal margin and distal end of the straight ischial shaft laterally expanded, among others. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that the new Iberian form is more closely related to its synchronic and sympatric contemporary European taxa Iguanodon bernissartensis and Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis, known from Western Europe, than to other Early Cretaceous Iberian styracosternans (Delapparentia turolensis and Proa valdearinnoensis). The recognition of Morelladon beltrani gen. et sp. nov. indicates that the Iberian Peninsula was home to a highly diverse medium to large bodied styracosternan assemblage during the Early Cretaceous.

Field Measurements of Respiratory Del13CO2 and Photodegradation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Asperen, H.; Sabbatini, S.; Nicolini, G.; Warneke, T.; Papale, D.; Notholt, J.

2014-12-01

Carbon decomposition dynamics have been studied in a variety of ecosystems and its variation can mostly be explained in terms of environmental variables (e.g. temperature and precipitation). However, carbon dynamics in arid, water limited regions have shown to be very different and are still largely unknown. Several studies have indicated the importance of photodegradation, the direct breakdown of organic matter by sunlight, in these arid regions. A FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) was set up to continuously measure concentrations of CO2, CH4, N2O, CO as well as del13C in CO2. The FTIR was connected to 2 different flux measurement systems: a Flux Gradient system and 2 flux chambers, providing a continuous data set of gas concentrations and biosphere-atmosphere gas fluxes at different heights and scales. Field measurements showed photodegradation induced carbon fluxes. Also, respiratory del13CO2 was determined by use of Keeling plots, and was determined to vary between -25‰ and -21‰. A clear diurnal pattern in respiratory del13CO2 was found, suggesting either different (dominant) respiratory processes between day and night or the effect of diffusive fractionation.

A continuous record of tectonic evolution from 3.5 Ga to 2.6 Ga in Swaziland and northern Natal

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hunter, D. R.; Wilson, A. H.; Versfeld, J. A.; Allen, A. R.; Smith, R. G.; Sleigh, D. W. W.; Groenewald, P. B.; Chutter, G. M.; Preston, V. A.

1986-01-01

The approx. 3.5 Ga-old bimodal suite underlying an extensive area in southwestern Swaziland comprises the oldest-dated sialic rocks in the Kaapvaal structural province. The suite consists of leucocratic, layered tonalitic-trondhjemitic gneisses and amphibolites characterized by the effects of repeated high strains. This suite is considered to represent a sialic basement on which metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks, now preserved as scattered greenstone remnants, accumulated. Direct evidence to confirm this temporal relationship is lacking, but structural data from the Dwalile, Assegaai and Commondale areas indicate that (1) the bimodal gneisses experienced a complex structural history prior to the first recognizable deformation in the supracrustal rocks (i.e., D1 in the supracrustals is equivalent to Dn + 1 in the gneisses) and (2) scattered remnants of the Dwalile rocks infolded with the bimodal suite structurally overlie the gneisses and are preserved in synformal keels. Significant proportions of metaquartzites and metapelites are present in the Assegaai greenstone sequence, the presence of which implies the existence of felsic crust in the source area from which these sediments were derived, a conclusion that is consistent with the structural data.

The Space Station: From concept to evolving reality

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fries, Sylvia Doughty; Ordway, Frederick I., III

1987-01-01

This review surveys the origin and conceptual evolution of the space station. It opens with U.S. President Ronald W. Reagan's announcement that one would be developed during the coming decade, continues with an assessment by the Space Science Board of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences of requirements for and potential benefits of a space station, and offers NASA's rationale for its development, construction, and utilization. The review examines early space station concepts, beginning with Edward Everell Hale's Brick Moon of 1869-1870 and going on to proposals by space pioneers Tsiolkovskii of Russia, Oberth of Germany, Noordung and von Pirquet of Austria, and others. Considerable attention is focused on designs put forward during the 1950's, 1960's, and 1970's by individuals, by NASA investigators, and by industrial and other contractors. Langley's rotating hexagon, the space base configurations, and other designs are reviewed and strategies are considered for resolving the problem of integrating a multidisciplinary research program with varying and sometimes incompatible engineering and design requirements. The article describes the power tower and dual keel configurations of the 1980's. The interdisciplinary nature of the space station is evident throughout.

Earliest colobine skeletons from Nakali, Kenya.

PubMed

Nakatsukasa, Masato; Mbua, Emma; Sawada, Yoshihiro; Sakai, Tetsuya; Nakaya, Hideo; Yano, Wataru; Kunimatsu, Yutaka

2010-11-01

Old World monkeys represent one of the most successful adaptive radiations of modern primates, but a sparse fossil record has limited our knowledge about the early evolution of this clade. We report the discovery of two partial skeletons of an early colobine monkey (Microcolobus) from the Nakali Formation (9.8-9.9 Ma) in Kenya that share postcranial synapomorphies with extant colobines in relation to arboreality such as mediolaterally wide distal humeral joint, globular humeral capitulum, distinctly angled zona conoidea, reduced medial trochlear keel, long medial epicondyle with weak retroflexion, narrow and tall olecranon, posteriorly dislocated fovea on the radial head, low projection of the femoral greater trochanter, wide talar head with a greater rotation, and proximodistally short cuboid and ectocuneiform. Microcolobus in Nakali clearly differs from the stem cercopithecoid Victoriapithecus regarding these features, as Victoriapithecus is postcranially similar to extant small-sized terrestrial cercopithecines. However, degeneration of the thumb, a hallmark of modern colobines, is not observed, suggesting that this was a late event in colobine evolution. This discovery contradicts the prevailing hypothesis that the forest invasion by cercopithecids first occurred in the Plio-Pleistocene, and shows that this event occurred by the late Miocene at a time when ape diversity declined. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Long term orbital storage of cryogenic propellants for advanced space transportation missions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schuster, John R.; Brown, Norman S.

1987-01-01

A comprehensive study has developed the major features of a large capacity orbital propellant depot for the space-based, cryogenic OTV. The study has treated both the Dual-Keel Space Station and co-orbiting platforms as the accommodations base for the propellant storage facilities, and trades have examined both tethered and hard-docked options. Five tank set concepts were developed for storing the propellants, and along with layout options for the station and platform, were evaluated from the standpoints of servicing, propellant delivery, boiloff, micrometeoroid/debris shielding, development requirements, and cost. These trades led to the recommendation that an all-passive storage concept be considered for the platform and an actively refrigerated concept providing for reliquefaction of all boiloff be considered for the Space Station. The tank sets are modular, each storing up to 45,400 kg of LO2/LH2, and employ many advanced features to provide for microgravity fluid management and to limit boiloff. The features include such technologies as zero-gravity mass gauging, total communication capillary liquid acquisition devices, autogenous pressurization, thermodynamic vent systems, thick multilayer insulation, vapor-cooled shields, solar-selective coatings, advanced micrometeoroid/debris protection systems, and long-lived cryogenic refrigeration systems.

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-075 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis.

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-077 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis.

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-081 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis.

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-073 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis.

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-078 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis.

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-079 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis.

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-071 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis.

Gyrodactylus aff. mugili Zhukov, 1970 (Monogenoidea: Gyrodactylidae) from the gills of mullets (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) collected from the inland waters of southern Iraq, with an evalutation of previous records of Gyrodactylus spp. on mullets in Iraq.

PubMed

Kritsky, Delane C; Ali, Atheer H; Khamees, Najim R

2013-11-01

Gyrodactylus aff. mugili Zhukov, 1970 (Monogenoidea: Gyrodactylidae) is recorded and described from the gill lamellae of 11 of 35 greenback mullet, Chelon subviridis (Valenciennes) (minimum prevalence 31%), from the brackish waters of the Shatt Al-Arab Estuary in southern Iraq. The gyrodactylid was also found on the gill lamellae of one of eight Speigler's mullet, Valamugil speigleri (Bleeker), from the brackish waters of the Shatt Al-Basrah Canal (minimum prevalence 13%). Fifteen Klunzinger's mullet, Liza klunzingeri (Day), and 13 keeled mullet, Liza carinata (Valenciennes), collected and examined from southern Iraqi waters, were apparently uninfected. The gyrodactylids from the greenback mullet and Speigler's mullet were considered to have affinity to G. mugili Zhukov, 1970, and along with G. mugili may represent members of a species complex occurring on mullets in the Indo-Pacific Region. A single damaged gyrodactylid from the external surfaces of the abu mullet, Liza abu (Heckel), was insufficient for species identification. Previously identified species of Gyrodactylus recorded on L. abu in Iraq by various authors were considered possible misidentifications or accidental infections.

Can you hear the carbon rise? Evaluating multi-sensory climate media in undergraduate learning.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Twedt, J. R.; Frierson, D. M.; Pampin, J.; Bitz, C. M.

2017-12-01

Sound and music in climate outreach can help to reduce visual fatigue, aid people who are visually impaired, and create new neural pathways for thinking about and remembering climate science. Infosonics are the audio analogy to infographics, and are created through a process of data sonification whereby data is expressed as a sound rather than as a graphic. An example of our infosonics can be found on YouTube, titled "The Deafening Rise of Carbon Pollution." Because sound is heard moment to moment over time, the sonic representation of data is particularly well suited for time series. This allows the listener to hear each data point in sequence, one by one, rather than seeing it all at once. Infosonics can be made musical through the design process, expressing not only information in the data, but conveying affective content such as a sense of urgency, alarm, humor, or grief. We introduced climate infosonics in two large undergraduate courses where students are expected to become familiar with canonical climate datasets, including the Keeling Curve, Arctic sea ice extent, and the global mean surface temperature index. We present outcomes and lessons learned from using these infosonics in place of traditional visual graphics.

Seismic evidence for convection-driven motion of the North American plate.

PubMed

Eaton, David W; Frederiksen, Andrew

2007-03-22

Since the discovery of plate tectonics, the relative importance of driving forces of plate motion has been debated. Resolution of this issue has been hindered by uncertainties in estimates of basal traction, which controls the coupling between lithospheric plates and underlying mantle convection. Hotspot tracks preserve records of past plate motion and provide markers with which the relative motion between a plate's surface and underlying mantle regions may be examined. Here we show that the 115-140-Myr surface expression of the Great Meteor hotspot track in eastern North America is misaligned with respect to its location at 200 km depth, as inferred from plate-reconstruction models and seismic tomographic studies. The misalignment increases with age and is consistent with westward displacement of the base of the plate relative to its surface, at an average rate of 3.8 +/- 1.8 mm yr(-1). Here age-constrained 'piercing points' have enabled direct estimation of relative motion between the surface and underside of a plate. The relative displacement of the base is approximately parallel to seismic fast axes and calculated mantle flow, suggesting that asthenospheric flow may be deforming the lithospheric keel and exerting a driving force on this part of the North American plate.

[Measurements of stable isotopes in atmospheric CO2 and H2O by open-path Fourier transform infrared spectrometry].

PubMed

Wang, Wei; Liu, Wen-Qing; Zhang, Tian-Shu

2013-08-01

The development of spectroscopic techniques has offered continuous measurement of stable isotopes in the ambient air. The method of measuring environmental stable isotopes based on Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) is described. In order to verify the feasibility of the method for continuous measurement of the stable isotopes, an open-path FTIR system was used to measure stable isotopes of CO2 and H2O in ambient air directly in a seven-day field experiment, including 12CO2, 3CO2, H2 16O and HD16 O. Also, the time course of carbon isotopic ratio delta13 C and deuterium isotope composition deltaD was calculated. The measurement precision is about 1.08 per thousand for delta13 C and 1.32 per thousand for deltaD. The measured stable isotopes of CO2 and H2O were analyzed on different time scales by Keeling plot methods, and the deuterium isotopic ratios of evapotranspiration were determined. The results of the field experiment demonstrate the potential of the open-path FTIR system for continuous measurement of stable isotopes in the air.

The influence of a yacht's heeling stability on optimum sail design

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sneyd, A. D.; Sugimoto, T.

1997-01-01

This paper presents fundamental results concerning the optimum design of yacht sails and masts. The aerodynamics of a high aspect ratio sail in uniform flow is analysed using lifting line theory to maximise thrust for a given sail area. The novel feature of this work is that thrust is optimised subject to the constraint that the aerodynamic heeling moment generated by the sail is balanced by the righting moment due to hull buoyancy (and the weight of the keel). Initially, the heel angle is therefore unknown, and determined as part of the solution process. Under the assumption of small heel angle, the problem reduces to minimising a quadratic form in the Fourier coefficients for the circulation distribution along the mast, and a simple analytic solution can be derived. It is found that if the mast is too high, the upper section is unused, and as a consequence there is a theoretically ideal mast height for a yacht of given heeling stability. Under the constraints of given sail area and heeling equilibrium it is found that no advantage is to be gained by allowing reverse circulation near the top of the mast. Various implications for yacht performance are discussed.

Tropical Storm Sam, Eastern Indian Ocean

NASA Image and Video Library

1990-01-20

STS032-80-036 (9-20 Jan. 1990) --- This oblique view of Tropical Storm Sam in the eastern Indian Ocean off the western coast of Australia was photographed with a 70mm camera by the astronauts. Tropical Storm Sam (known as Willy-Willy in Australia) was born in the eastern Indian Ocean near the islands of Timor and Sumba in Indonesia. The storm tracked southwestward attaining sustained winds in excess of 60 knots (70 miles per hour). Other than on Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands south of Java, and for strong swells along the western Australia coast, the storm had little impact on land areas. At the time this photograph was taken, the storm was beginning to dissipate in the south Indian Ocean. The eye of the storm is still visible near center, with the swirling bands of the storm propagating in a clockwise direction toward the center. Winds aloft have begun to shear the tops of thunderstorms associated with the storm, forming a high cirrus cloud cover over the center portions of the storm. This picture was used by the crew at their January 30, 1990 Post-Flight Press Conference (PFPC).

A reevaluation of the lineage development of Pararotalia and Praepararotalia including new material from the Rupelian of the southern Upper Rhine Graben

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pirkenseer, C.; Spezzaferri, S.

2009-04-01

The lineage of the benthic Foraminifera Praepararotalia and Pararotalia has a known record since the Late Cretaceous to recent. Showing a wide range of morphologic variations, the most recent thorough generic definition of Pararotalia is heavily based on internal structures (e.g., HOTTINGER et al. 1991). Thus many of the older, not revised species are still assigned to Pararotalia by means of visible external structures. This applies also to the genus Praepararotalia (Cretaceous to Late Eocene), erected by LIU et al. (1998) as a "simple" predecessor-taxon with generally round, smooth to pustulated chambers of slowly increasing diameter, very low to flat spiral side and small overall size. Wall texture and aperture are identical in both genera. According to LIU et al. (1998) Pararotalia s.str. is characterized by a general size increase, planoconvex test, the development of peripheral pseudospines, keel and increasingly conical chambers ("angular" habitus) as well as a distinct umbilical sutures and plug. Pararotalia macneilli (Danian) and P. ishamae (Thanetian) are considered to represent linking species, the main difference being the initial development of an umbilical plug. The separation of the two genera took place in the Late Cretaceous or Earliest Paleogene, with Praepararotalia cretacea being the ancestral species (LIU et al. 1998). We present here a reevaluation of the morphogroups based on material from the Rupelian of the southern Upper Rhine Graben and the analysis of the record of reported species from literature. Four different groups can be separated in terms of external morphology. The first group represents the Praepararotalia-habitus of small size. New material from the Rupelian of the southern Upper Rhine Graben may be attributed to this group. It differs in a higher number of chambers in the last whorl and total chamber numbers (5-6 vs. 6-7, 11-16 vs. up to 22), a much larger size (up to 500µm) and a higher trochospire. Some specimens show a more rapid increase of chamber size. The necessity of a new genus is in discussion. The second group includes the small intermediate species as Pararotalia ishamae, characterized by inflated globular chambers, a general absence of a keel, partial development of small pseudospines and umbilical plugs. This group can be traced up to recent, as is indicated by the occurrence of small sized Pararotalia cananeiaensis (DEBENAY et al. 2001). Material from the research area (PIRKENSEER 2007), though of generally larger size is attributed to the Rupelian P. curryi. It however shows variation in the development of pseudospines, the lateral profile and umbilicus. The latter species may be a synonym of the similar Late Eocene P. parva. The third group consists only of Pararotalia spinigera (Lutetian) and Pararotalia canui (Rupelian) with an inflated angular lateral profile and a relatively large size. Material from the research area attributed to P. canui shows massive well-developed peripheral pseudospines, a strong umbilical plug and a rounded keel. Double pseudospines occur sporadically. The apertural lip is heavily toothed. The fourth group consists of species with a very angular lateral profile, conical chambers, distinct umbilical plug and a moderate to very large size (up to 600µm), ranging from the Thanetian (Pararotalia minimalis) at least to the Pliocene (P. padana, MANCIN et al. 2000). This reevaluation indicates the perseverance of the "primitive" group of Pararotalia macneilli until today. It thus contradicts a gradual development of the genus Pararotalia to more spineous, angular and larger forms. The latter morphogroup exists well defined since the Paleocene with representatives throughout the Paleogene and Neogene. This study was partly funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation projects 109457 and 118025. References: DEBENAY, J. P., DULEBA, W., BONETTI, C., et al. (2001): Pararotalia cananeiaensis n. sp.: indicator of marine influence and water circulation in Brazilian coastal and paralic environments. - Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 31, 2: 152-163. HOTTINGER, L., HALICZ, E. & REISS, Z. (1991): The foraminiferal genera Pararotalia, Neorotalia, and Calcarina: taxonomic revision. - Journal of Paleontology, 65, 1: 18-33. LIU, C., OLSSON, R. K. & HUBERT, B. T. (1998): A benthic paleohabitat for Praepararotalia gen. nov. and Antarcticella Loeblich and Tappan. - Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 28, 1: 3-18. MANCIN, N., PIRINI, C. & LANFRANCHINI, P.L. (2000): New species of Pararotalia LE CALVEZ, in Pliocene sediments of the Lower Valsesia and Western Liguria. - Bollettina della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 39, 3: 341-350. PIRKENSEER, C. (2007): Foraminifera, Ostracoda and other microfossils of the Southern Upper Rhine Graben - Palaeoecology, biostratigraphy, palaeogeography and geodynamic implications. - PhD thesis: 340p, Fribourg.

Dragons in the mist: three new species of Pseudocalotes Fitzinger (Squamata: Agamidae) from the sky island archipelago of Peninsular Malaysia.

PubMed

Grismer, L Lee; Quah, Evan S H; Wood, Perry L Jr; Anuar, Shahrul; Muin, Abdul; Davis, Hayden R; Murdoch, Matthew L; Grismer, Jesse L; Cota, Michael; Cobos, Anthony J

2016-07-07

An integrative taxonomic analysis is used to delimit and describe three new species of Pseudocalotoes from the sky island archipelago of the Banjaran (=mountain range) Titiwangsa of Peninsular Malaysia. Pseudocalotes drogon sp. nov., from Fraser's Hill, Pahang is basal to the sister species P. larutensis from Bukit Larut, Perak in the Banjaran Bintang and the new species P. rhaegal sp. nov. from Cameron Highlands, Pahang. Pseudocalotes drogon sp. nov. is differentiated from all other species of Psuedocalotes by having the combination of a flat rostrum; seven postrostrals; an interparietal; 11 circumorbitals; five canthals; 7-10 superciliaries; one scale between the rostral and nasal; nine supralabials; eight infralabials; 10 postnasal-suborbital scales; four postmentals; five or six sublabials; five or six chinshields; 47 smooth, wide, gular scales; weak transverse gular and antehumeral folds; two enlarged scales between the ear and eye; enlarged upper and lower posttemporals; a single enlarged supratympanic; no enlarged postrictals; three large scales bordering the dorsal margin of the ear opening; large pretympanic scales; eight scales in the nuchal crest not separated by a gap; enlarged vertebral scales extending to the tip of the tail; keeled and non-plate-like scales on flanks; 51 midbody scales; midventrals smaller than dorsals; 19 subdigital lamellae on the fourth finger; 23 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe; preaxial scales on third toe enlarged and spinose; subdigital lamellae not unicarinate; HW/HL 0.52; HL/SVL 0.31; no elbow or knee patches; and a male dewlap color of lime-green bearing a central yellow spot. Pseudocalotes rhaegal sp. nov. is differentiated from all other Psuedocalotes by having the combination of a convex rostrum; 6-8 postrostrals; an interparietal; nine or 10 circumorbitals; five canthals; 7-10 superciliaries; one or two scales between the rostral and nasal scales; eight or nine supralabials; seven or eight infralabials; 11 or 12 postnasal-suborbital scales; four postmentals; four or five chinshields; 40-45 smooth, wide, gular scales; no transverse gular fold; a weak antehumeral fold; three or four enlarged scales between the ear and eye; an enlarged upper and lower posttemporal; an enlarged supratympanic; no enlarged postrictals; no large scales bordering the upper margin of the ear opening or in the pretympanic region; 6-8 enlarged nuchal crest scales not separated by a gap; enlarged vertebral scales extending to the base of the tail; weakly keeled, non-plate-like scales on the flanks; 52-58 midbody scales; midventrals smaller than dorsals; 19-21 subdigital lamellae on the fourth finger; 22-26 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe; preaxial scales on the third enlarged and rounded; subdigital lamellae not unicarinate; HW/HL 0.50-0.54; HL/SVL 0.28-0.30; no elbow or knee patches; and female dewlap color yellow bearing a purple base. The analyses also indicated that the new species, P. viserion sp. nov. from Genting Highlands, Pahang in the southern section of the Banjaran Titiwangsa is the sister species of P. flavigula from Cameron Highlands 121 km to the north and can be separated from all other species of Psuedocalotes by having the combination of three postrostrals; 10 circumorbitals; four or five canthals; 5-7 superciliaries; rostral and nasals in contact; supralabials contacting the nasal; six or seven supralabials; six or seven infralabials; two or three postmentals; 47 or 48 smooth, flat, gular scales; three chinshields; weak transverse gular and antehumeral folds; two enlarged scales between the ear and eye; an enlarged upper and lower posttemporal; an enlarged supratympanic; no enlarged postrictals; 7-9 nuchal crest scales lacking gaps and not extending beyond midbody; weakly keeled and plate-like scales on the flanks; 35-38 midbody scales; ventrals smaller than dorsals; 22 or 23 subdigital lamellae on the fourth finger; 26 or 27 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe; preaxial scales on the third toe not modified; subdigital scales not unicarinate; HW/HL 0.62; no white marking below the eye; dewlap in males yellow; and no elbow or knee patches. Pseudocalotes rhaegal sp. nov. most likely occurs in syntopy with P. flavigula in Tanah Rata at Cameron Highlands and its discovery adds to a growing body of literature detailing the recent descriptions of several new, upland, closely related, sympatric species in Peninsular Malaysia. Another new population referred to here as Pseudocalotes sp. nov. from the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, Betong District, Yala Province, Thailand is discussed. The discovery and description of these three new Pseudocalotes from the upland regions of Peninsular Malaysia continues to underscore the remarkably high herpetological diversity and ecological complexity in this sky island archipelago that is still underestimated, unappreciated, and unprotected.

Health and Welfare in Dutch Organic Laying Hens.

PubMed

Bestman, Monique; Wagenaar, Jan-Paul

2014-06-20

From 2007-2008, data on animal health and welfare and farm management during rearing and laying periods were collected from 49 flocks of organic laying hens in the Netherlands. Our aim was to investigate how organic egg farms performed in terms of animal health and welfare and which farm factors affected this performance. The flocks in our study were kept on farms with 34 to 25,000 hens (average 9,300 hens). Seventy-one percent of the flocks consisted of 'silver hybrids': white hens that lay brown eggs. Fifty-five percent of the flocks were kept in floor-based housing and 45% of the flocks in aviaries. No relation was found between the amount of time spent outdoors during the laying period and mortality at 60 weeks. Flocks that used their outdoor run more intensively had better feather scores. In 40% of the flocks there was mortality caused by predators. The average feed intake was 129 g/day at 30 weeks and 133 g/day at 60 weeks of age. The average percentage of mislaid eggs decreased from three at 30 weeks to two at 60 weeks. The average mortality was 7.8% at 60 weeks. Twenty-five percent of the flocks were not treated for worms in their first 50 weeks. Flubenol(©) was applied to the flocks that were treated. Ten percent of the flocks followed Flubenol(©) instructions for use and were wormed five or more times. The other 65% percent were treated irregularly between one and four times. Sixty-eight percent of the flocks showed little or no feather damage, 24% showed moderate damage and 8% showed severe damage. The feather score was better if the hens used the free-range area more intensely, the laying percentage at 60 weeks was higher, and if they were allowed to go outside sooner after arrival on the laying farm. In 69% of the flocks, hens had peck wounds in the vent area: on average this was 18% of the hens. Keel bone deformations were found in all flocks, on average in 21% of the birds. In 78% of the flocks, an average of 13% of the hens had foot-sole wounds, mostly a small crust. Combs were darker in flocks that used the range area more intensively. More fearful flocks had lighter combs. We conclude that organic farms are potentially more animal friendly than other poultry systems based on the animal welfare benefits of the free range areas. However, we also observed mortality rates, internal parasites, keel bone deformities, and foot sole lesions on organic farms that were comparable to or worse than in other husbandry systems. It is unclear whether these 'remaining' problems can be attributed to housing or if they are the result of keeping high productive genotypes in an artificial environment. Organic farms use the same high productive genotypes as other husbandry systems.

Plate tectonics hiati as the cause of global glaciations: 2. The late Proterozoic 'Snowball Earth'

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Osmaston, M. F.

2003-04-01

A fundamental reappraisal of the mechanisms that drive plate tectonics has yielded the remarkable conclusion that, for at least the past 130 Ma, the principal agent has not been ridge-push or slab-pull but a CW-directed torque (probably of electromagnetic origin at the CMB) reaching the deep (>600 km, e.g.[1]) tectospheric keel of the Antarctica craton. Major changes in spreading direction marked both ends of the 122--85 Ma Cretaceous Superchron and started by forming the Ontong Java Plateau. Action of MORs as gearlike linkages has driven Africa and India CCW since Gondwana breakup and continues to drive the Pacific plate CCW. In the Arctic there is now no cratonic keel to pick up any corresponding polar torque, so northern hemisphere plate tectonics is far less active. The thesis of this contribution is that in the Neoproterozoic the lack of cratons at high latitudes would have deprived plate tectonics of this motivation, causing MORs to die (see below) and a major fall in sea-level, leading to global glaciation as outlined in Part 1 for the Huronian events. Like that seen during that first hiatus, dyke-swarm volcanism could have arisen from thermal shrinkage of the global lithosphere, providing CO2 and ash-covering that interrrupted glacial episodes. In oceanic settings this volcanism would have lowered pH and supplied Fe2+ for shallow bio-oxygenic action to deposit as BIF. My multifacet studies of the subduction process convince me that the rapid development of "flat-slab" interface profiles involves the physical removal of hanging-wall material in front of the downbend by basal subduction tectonic erosion (STE). Historically this, and its inferred ubiquity in the Archaean as the precursor to PSM (Part 1), suggests that the required subducting-plate buoyancy is thermal. Accordingly, a redesign [2] of the MOR process has incorporated the heat-containing LVZ as an integral part of the plate and luckily provides a lot more ridge-push to ensure the subduction of buoyant plates. But its action is not indefinitely self-sustaining, so could die out if not "nudged" occasionally. Wholly untrumpeted by seismologists, this built-in ocean-plate-heat is indeed evident as slab-reheating during active subduction. Nearly 100 circum-Pacific tomographic transects kindly provided by E.R.Engdahl consistently show the "slab" high-Vp signature peters out at between 200 and 350 km (plate age-dependent and even at 130 Ma) and a second high-Vp signature then begins close to the top of the TZ and goes on into the lower mantle. This latter signature must be mineralogical, not thermal, and arguably is not mantle but is only a stream of dense stishovitic lumps derived from the TZ-depth partial melting of subducted oceanic crust. Where now is the slab-pull to sustain plate tectonics?

Strong Winds over the Keel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

2009-02-01

The latest ESO image reveals amazing detail in the intricate structures of one of the largest and brightest nebulae in the sky, the Carina Nebula (NGC 3372), where strong winds and powerful radiation from an armada of massive stars are creating havoc in the large cloud of dust and gas from which the stars were born. ESO PR Photo 05a/09 The Carina Nebula ESO PR Video 05a/09 Pan over the Carina Nebula ESO PR Video 05b/09 Carina Nebula Zoom-in The large and beautiful image displays the full variety of this impressive skyscape, spattered with clusters of young stars, large nebulae of dust and gas, dust pillars, globules, and adorned by one of the Universe's most impressive binary stars. It was produced by combining exposures through six different filters from the Wide Field Imager (WFI), attached to the 2.2 m ESO/MPG telescope at ESO's La Silla Observatory, in Chile. The Carina Nebula is located about 7500 light-years away in the constellation of the same name (Carina; the Keel). Spanning about 100 light-years, it is four times larger than the famous Orion Nebula and far brighter. It is an intensive star-forming region with dark lanes of cool dust splitting up the glowing nebula gas that surrounds its many clusters of stars. The glow of the Carina Nebula comes mainly from hot hydrogen basking in the strong radiation of monster baby stars. The interaction between the hydrogen and the ultraviolet light results in its characteristic red and purple colour. The immense nebula contains over a dozen stars with at least 50 to 100 times the mass of our Sun. Such stars have a very short lifespan, a few million years at most, the blink of an eye compared with the Sun's expected lifetime of ten billion years. One of the Universe's most impressive stars, Eta Carinae, is found in the nebula. It is one of the most massive stars in our Milky Way, over 100 times the mass of the Sun and about four million times brighter, making it the most luminous star known. Eta Carinae is highly unstable, and prone to violent outbursts, most notably the false supernova event in 1842. For just a few years, Eta Carinae became the second brightest star in the night sky and produced almost as much visible light as a supernova explosion (the usual death throes of a massive star), but it survived. Eta Carinae is also thought to have a hot companion that orbits around it in 5.54 years, in an elliptical orbit. Both stars have strong winds, which collide, leading to interesting phenomena. In mid-January 2009, the companion was at its closest distance to Eta Carinae. This event, which may provide a unique insight into the wind structure of the massive stars, has been followed by a flotilla of instruments on several of ESO's telescopes.

Seismic anisotropy; a window on how the Earth works: multiple mechanisms and sites, from shallow mantle to inner core

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Osmaston, Miles

2013-04-01

Since the seismic anisotropy (SA) in the uppermost oceanic mantle was discovered [1] and attributed to the shearing of olivine by an MOR-divergent flow velocity gradient, rheological mobility interpretations of this type have dominated studies of SA there and elsewhere in the Earth. Here I describe two other SA-generating mechanisms. I will reason that one of these, the anisotropic crystallization from melt, bids fair largely to replace the shearing one and be present in even larger volumes of the Earth, both within its outer 100km and in the Inner Core. The other, the layered deposition of disparate substances, offers to explain the ULVZs and SA in D''. We start with the Upper Mantle. New constraints on its rheological properties and dynamical behaviour have come from two directions. Firstly, contrary to the seismologists' rule-book, the oceanic LVZ is no longer to be thought of as mobile because the presence of interstitial melt strips out the water-weakening of the mineral structure [2, 3]. So we require a substitute for the divergent-flow model for MORs. In fact it also has three other, apparently unrecognized, dynamical inconsistencies. One of these [4] is that there are in the record many rapid changes of spreading rate and direction, and ridge jumps. This cannot happen with a process driven by slow-to-change body forces. Secondly, during the past decade, my work on the global dynamics for the past 150Ma (I will show examples) has shown [4 - 7] that the tectospheres of cratons must extend to very close to the bottom of the upper mantle. And that East Antarctica's 'keel' must actually reach it, because its CW rotation [7] suggests it has been picking up an electromagnetic torque from the CMB via the lower mantle. Xenoliths suggest that the reason for this downwards extent of 'keels' is the same as [3]. To meet these two sets of constraints I will demonstrate my now not-so-new MOR model, which has a narrow, wall-accreting subaxial crack. Among its many features, including generating internally a very strong push-apart force, the straightness of MOR segments is the automatic result of accretion controlled by lateral cooling [8]. Olivine crystal has grossly anisotropic thermal conductivity, high on the a-axis [9] so, contrasting with the much lower conductivity of melt, suitably oriented ones on the crack walls grow the fastest and build in the seismic anisotropy from the start. For ophiolites, I will illustrate a close relative of this thick-plate model, but geared to their specific near-continent genesis and emplacement, which provides for their very real shearing and anisotropy at the crust-tectonite junction and for the 25 - 50 km metamorphic pressures in their soles [10]. A remarkably fertile model for the genesis of intraplate volcanism, without plumes, is also provided by this thick-plate perspective of plate dynamics [11]. We now move to deeper in the mantle. Attachment of the LVZ material to the ocean plate and the low conductivity of its interstial melt renders it still buoyant when the bigger ridge push makes it subduct [12]. Seismological transects of subduction zones show that this heat re-emerges at depth to partially melt the interface former oceanic crust, the result (on experimental evidence) being stishovitic residue plus (because of its compressibility) very dense ultramafic melt [12]. Both will shower into the lower mantle and eventually form layers on D'', the melt being prevented from freezing because that would need the energy to increase its volume. Hence the seismic anisotropy of D''. Moving still deeper, to the outer-core flows from which the Inner Core has grown. I attribute its cigar shape to preferential addition to its polar regions, from a downwelling flow, not to deformation of the IC, except perhaps as weak isostatic adjustment to that polar addition. I speculate that polar-aligned columnar growth of iron crystals, although themselves not strongly anisotropic, would impound 'less pure' alloy between them, with lower seismic property, thus giving the anisotropy. A.m. conservation in the poleward outer-core flow just below the CMB, needed to provide that cooler polar downwelling flow to the IC, would accelerate it clockwise. This seems likely to be the ultimate agent of Antarctica's CW rotation. Finally we come right back to the surface, to the nominally continental crust. Important thermal epeirogenic sensitivity resides in its deep constitution [13]. But much of the crust of continental shelves and beneath deep sedimentary basins appears to lack this sensitivity. So I have reasoned [13] that this 'intermediate crust' (IC) is the product, not of stretching, but of a sedimentation-dominated pre-oceanic stage of continental splitting that has modified crustal genesis by the MOR process but retained the accreting-deep-narrow-crack aspect and resulting seismic anisotropy. If, as geometrical reconstructions lead me to believe, this is the origin of the widespread block-and-basin structures in continents, then it offers also a fascinating explanation of the seismic anisotropy, and its direction, increasingly reported beneath the epeirogenically identifiable IC areas of crust. In that case, as noted at the beginning, crystallization from melt would indeed emerge as the principal agent of seismic anisotropy in the Earth. [1] Raitt RW et al. (1969) Anisotropy of the Pacific upper mantle. JGR 74, 3095-3109. [2] Karato S (1986) Does partial melting reduce the creep strength of the upper mantle? Nature 319, 309. [3] Hirth G & Kohlstedt DL (1996) Water in the oceanic upper mantle: implication for rheology, melt extraction, and the evolution of the lithosphere. EPSL 144, 93-108. [4] Osmaston MF (2010) On the actual variety of plate dynamical mechanisms and how mantle evolution affected them through time, from core formation to the Indian collision. Geophys. Res. Abstr. 12, EGU2010-6101. [5] Osmaston MF (2006) Global tectonic actions emanating from Arctic opening in the circumstances of a two-layer mantle and a thick-plate paradigm involving deep cratonic tectospheres: the Eurekan (Eocene) compressive motion of Greenland and other examples. In Proc. ICAM IV 2003 (ed. R Scott & D Thurston). OCS Study MMS 2006-003, p.105-124: Also published on: http://www.mms.gov/alaska/icam. [6] Osmaston MF (2009) Deep cratonic keels and a 2-layer mantle? Tectonic basis for some far-reaching new insights on the dynamical properties of the Earth's mantle: example motions from Mediterranean, Atlantic-Arctic and India. Geophys. Res. Abstr. 11, EGU2009-6359. Session SM 6.2 (Solicited). [7] Osmaston MF (2012) Did clockwise rotation of Antarctica cause the break-up of Gondwanaland? An investigation in the 'deep-keeled cratons' frame for global dynamics. Geophys. Res. Abstr. 14, EGU2012-2170. [8] Osmaston MF (1995) A straightness mechanism for MORs: a new view of ocean plate genesis and evolution. In IUGG XXI Gen. Assy. Abstr. p. A472. {N.B. Typing error as published: 'c-axes' should read 'a-axes'} [9] Chai M, Brown JM & Slutsky LJ (1996) Thermal diffusivity of mantle minerals. Phys. and Chem. of Minerals 23, 470-475. [10] Osmaston MF (2001) Two breeds of ophiolite; their different origins and contrasting plate tectonic significance, Archaean to Cenozoic. Gondwana Res. 4(2), 184-186. Osmaston MF (2001) Two breeds of ophiolite: their differing origins and contrasting plate tectonic significance, Archaean to Cenozoic. GSA Ann. Mtg, Boston. (Invited). GSA Abstr. With Programs 33(6), A-173. [11] Osmaston MF (2008) Extra-thick plates: basis for a single model of mantle magmagenesis, all the way from MORB to kimberlite. GCA 72(12S), A711. [12] Osmaston MF (2012) Is subduction really in the plate tectonics driving seat, or do two other global mechanisms do the driving? A review in the 'deep-keeled cratons' frame for global dynamics. Geophys. Res. Abstr. 14, EGU2012-2529, 2012. [13] Osmaston MF (2008) Basal subduction tectonic erosion (STE), butter mélanges and the construction and exhumation of HP-UHP belts: the Alps example and some comparisons. International Geology Review 50(8), 685-754 DOI: 10.2747/00206814.50.8.685.

Predictive momentum management for a space station measurement and computation requirements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Adams, John Carl

1986-01-01

An analysis is made of the effects of errors and uncertainties in the predicting of disturbance torques on the peak momentum buildup on a space station. Models of the disturbance torques acting on a space station in low Earth orbit are presented, to estimate how accurately they can be predicted. An analysis of the torque and momentum buildup about the pitch axis of the Dual Keel space station configuration is formulated, and a derivation of the Average Torque Equilibrium Attitude (ATEA) is presented, for the case of no MRMS (Mobile Remote Manipulation System) motion, Y vehicle axis MRMS motion, and Z vehicle axis MRMS motion. Results showed the peak momentum buildup to be approximately 20000 N-m-s and to be relatively insensitive to errors in the predicting torque models, for Z axis motion of the MRMS was found to vary significantly with model errors, but not exceed a value of approximately 15000 N-m-s for the Y axis MRMS motion with 1 deg attitude hold error. Minimum peak disturbance momentum was found not to occur at the ATEA angle, but at a slightly smaller angle. However, this minimum peak momentum attitude was found to produce significant disturbance momentum at the end of the predicting time interval.

The formation of Laurentia: Evidence from shear wave splitting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liddell, Mitch V.; Bastow, Ian; Darbyshire, Fiona; Gilligan, Amy; Pugh, Stephen

2017-12-01

The northern Hudson Bay region in Canada comprises several Archean cratonic nuclei, assembled by a number of Paleoproterozoic orogenies including the Trans-Hudson Orogen (THO) and the Rinkian-Nagssugtoqidian Orogen. Recent debate has focused on the extent to which these orogens have modern analogues such as the Himalayan-Karakoram-Tibet Orogen. Further, the structure of the lithospheric mantle beneath the Hudson Strait and southern Baffin Island is potentially indicative of Paleoproterozoic underthrusting of the Superior plate beneath the Churchill collage. Also in question is whether the Laurentian cratonic root is stratified, with a fast, depleted, Archean core underlain by a slower, younger, thermally-accreted layer. Plate-scale process that create structures such as these are expected to manifest as measurable fossil seismic anisotropic fabrics. We investigate these problems via shear wave splitting, and present the most comprehensive study to date of mantle seismic anisotropy in northern Laurentia. Strong evidence is presented for multiple layers of anisotropy beneath Archean zones, consistent with the episodic development model of stratified cratonic keels. We also show that southern Baffin Island is underlain by dipping anisotropic fabric, where underthrusting of the Superior plate beneath the Churchill has previously been interpreted. This provides direct evidence of subduction-related deformation at 1.8 Ga, implying that the THO developed with modern plate-tectonic style interactions.

Free-free and fixed base modal survey tests of the Space Station Common Module Prototype

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Driskill, T. C.; Anderson, J. B.; Coleman, A. D.

1992-01-01

This paper describes the testing aspects and the problems encountered during the free-free and fixed base modal surveys completed on the original Space Station Common Module Prototype (CMP). The CMP is a 40-ft long by 14.5-ft diameter 'waffle-grid' cylinder built by the Boeing Company and housed at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) near Huntsville, AL. The CMP modal survey tests were conducted at MSFC by the Dynamics Test Branch. The free-free modal survey tests (June '90 to Sept. '90) included interface verification tests (IFVT), often referred to as impedance measurements, mass-additive testing and linearity studies. The fixed base modal survey tests (Feb. '91 to April '91), including linearity studies, were conducted in a fixture designed to constrain the CMP in 7 total degrees-of-freedom at five trunnion interfaces (two primary, two secondary, and the keel). The fixture also incorporated an airbag off-load system designed to alleviate the non-linear effects of friction in the primary and secondary trunnion interfaces. Numerous test configurations were performed with the objective of providing a modal data base for evaluating the various testing methodologies to verify dynamic finite element models used for input to coupled load analysis.

An intergeneric hybrid of a native minnow, the golden shiner, and an exotic minnow, the rudd

USGS Publications Warehouse

Burkhead, N.M.; Williams, J.D.

1991-01-01

The hybrid golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas × rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus is the first known nonsalmonid, intergeneric hybrid of an exotic species and a North American native species. The cross is also the first valid record of a viable hybrid involving the native golden shiner. Meristic and mensural characters of 30 artificially produced hybrids of male golden shiners and female rudds were analyzed. Forty-seven percent of the meristic traits exhibited character states intermediate between those of parents. Twenty-seven percent of the meristic characters were supernumerary, suggesting developmental instability of the hybrid genome. Mensural hybrid characters were significantly skewed to the golden shiner phenotype. The skewed mensural inheritance and other skewed patterns of morphological inheritance also suggest problems in canalization of the hybrid phenome or atypical patterns of dominance. All hybrids were identifiable by intermediate squamation of the cultrate abdomen: the keel was mostly scaled but exhibited a small fleshy ridge posteriorly. This minnow hybrid allows general inferences to be made about the phylogenetic affinity of the golden shiner to other cultrate cyprinids of Eurasia. The hybrid cross has important management and conservation implications for fishes in North America. The hybrid is an example of how an exotic species may negatively affect a native species.

A frame selective dynamic programming approach for noise robust pitch estimation.

PubMed

Yarra, Chiranjeevi; Deshmukh, Om D; Ghosh, Prasanta Kumar

2018-04-01

The principles of the existing pitch estimation techniques are often different and complementary in nature. In this work, a frame selective dynamic programming (FSDP) method is proposed which exploits the complementary characteristics of two existing methods, namely, sub-harmonic to harmonic ratio (SHR) and sawtooth-wave inspired pitch estimator (SWIPE). Using variants of SHR and SWIPE, the proposed FSDP method classifies all the voiced frames into two classes-the first class consists of the frames where a confidence score maximization criterion is used for pitch estimation, while for the second class, a dynamic programming (DP) based approach is proposed. Experiments are performed on speech signals separately from KEELE, CSLU, and PaulBaghsaw corpora under clean and additive white Gaussian noise at 20, 10, 5, and 0 dB SNR conditions using four baseline schemes including SHR, SWIPE, and two DP based techniques. The pitch estimation performance of FSDP, when averaged over all SNRs, is found to be better than those of the baseline schemes suggesting the benefit of applying smoothness constraint using DP in selected frames in the proposed FSDP scheme. The VuV classification error from FSDP is also found to be lower than that from all four baseline schemes in almost all SNR conditions on three corpora.

Earth's oldest stable crust in the Pilbara Craton formed by cyclic gravitational overturns

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wiemer, Daniel; Schrank, Christoph E.; Murphy, David T.; Wenham, Lana; Allen, Charlotte M.

2018-05-01

During the early Archaean, the Earth was too hot to sustain rigid lithospheric plates subject to Wilson Cycle-style plate tectonics. Yet by that time, up to 50% of the present-day continental crust was generated. Preserved continental fragments from the early Archaean have distinct granite-dome/greenstone-keel crust that is interpreted to be the result of a gravitationally unstable stratification of felsic proto-crust overlain by denser mafic volcanic rocks, subject to reorganization by Rayleigh-Taylor flow. Here we provide age constraints on the duration of gravitational overturn in the East Pilbara Terrane. Our U-Pb ages indicate the emplacement of 3,600-3,460-million-year-old granitoid rocks, and their uplift during an overturn event ceasing about 3,413 million years ago. Exhumation and erosion of this felsic proto-crust accompanied crustal reorganization. Petrology and thermodynamic modelling suggest that the early felsic magmas were derived from the base of thick ( 43 km) basaltic proto-crust. Combining our data with regional geochronological studies unveils characteristic growth cycles on the order of 100 million years. We propose that maturation of the early crust over three of these cycles was required before a stable, differentiated continent emerged with sufficient rigidity for plate-like behaviour.

Analysis of a Hybrid Wing Body Center Section Test Article

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wu, Hsi-Yung T.; Shaw, Peter; Przekop, Adam

2013-01-01

The hybrid wing body center section test article is an all-composite structure made of crown, floor, keel, bulkhead, and rib panels utilizing the Pultruded Rod Stitched Efficient Unitized Structure (PRSEUS) design concept. The primary goal of this test article is to prove that PRSEUS components are capable of carrying combined loads that are representative of a hybrid wing body pressure cabin design regime. This paper summarizes the analytical approach, analysis results, and failure predictions of the test article. A global finite element model of composite panels, metallic fittings, mechanical fasteners, and the Combined Loads Test System (COLTS) test fixture was used to conduct linear structural strength and stability analyses to validate the specimen under the most critical combination of bending and pressure loading conditions found in the hybrid wing body pressure cabin. Local detail analyses were also performed at locations with high stress concentrations, at Tee-cap noodle interfaces with surrounding laminates, and at fastener locations with high bearing/bypass loads. Failure predictions for different composite and metallic failure modes were made, and nonlinear analyses were also performed to study the structural response of the test article under combined bending and pressure loading. This large-scale specimen test will be conducted at the COLTS facility at the NASA Langley Research Center.

sts132-s-005

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-005 (14 May 2010) --- Witnessed by news media representatives and STS-132 Tweet-up participants on hand by the countdown clock at the Press Site, Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis.

Improving the accuracy of k-nearest neighbor using local mean based and distance weight

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Syaliman, K. U.; Nababan, E. B.; Sitompul, O. S.

2018-03-01

In k-nearest neighbor (kNN), the determination of classes for new data is normally performed by a simple majority vote system, which may ignore the similarities among data, as well as allowing the occurrence of a double majority class that can lead to misclassification. In this research, we propose an approach to resolve the majority vote issues by calculating the distance weight using a combination of local mean based k-nearest neighbor (LMKNN) and distance weight k-nearest neighbor (DWKNN). The accuracy of results is compared to the accuracy acquired from the original k-NN method using several datasets from the UCI Machine Learning repository, Kaggle and Keel, such as ionosphare, iris, voice genre, lower back pain, and thyroid. In addition, the proposed method is also tested using real data from a public senior high school in city of Tualang, Indonesia. Results shows that the combination of LMKNN and DWKNN was able to increase the classification accuracy of kNN, whereby the average accuracy on test data is 2.45% with the highest increase in accuracy of 3.71% occurring on the lower back pain symptoms dataset. For the real data, the increase in accuracy is obtained as high as 5.16%.

Controlled impact demonstration airframe bending bridges

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Soltis, S. J.

1986-01-01

The calibration of the KRASH and DYCAST models for transport aircraft is discussed. The FAA uses computer analysis techniques to predict the response of controlled impact demonstration (CID) during impact. The moment bridges can provide a direct correlation between the predictive loads or moments that the models will predict and what was experienced during the actual impact. Another goal is to examine structural failure mechanisms and correlate with analytical predictions. The bending bridges did achieve their goals and objectives. The data traces do provide some insight with respect to airframe loads and structural response. They demonstrate quite clearly what's happening to the airframe. A direct quantification of metal airframe loads was measured by the moment bridges. The measured moments can be correlated with the KRASH and DYCAST computer models. The bending bridge data support airframe failure mechanisms analysis and provide residual airframe strength estimation. It did not appear as if any of the bending bridges on the airframe exceeded limit loads. (The observed airframe fracture was due to the fuselage encounter with the tomahawk which tore out the keel beam.) The airframe bridges can be used to estimate the impact conditions and those estimates are correlating with some of the other data measurements. Structural response, frequency and structural damping are readily measured by the moment bridges.

Landfast Sea Ice Breakouts: Stabilizing Ice Features, Oceanic and Atmospheric Forcing at Barrow, Alaska

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jones, J.; Eicken, H.; Mahoney, A. R.; MV, R.; Kambhamettu, C.; Fukamachi, Y.; Ohshima, K. I.; George, C.

2016-12-01

Landfast sea ice is an important seasonal feature along most Arctic coastlines, such as that of the Chukchi Sea near Barrow, Alaska. Its stability throughout the ice season is determined by many factors but grounded pressure ridges are the primary stabilizing component. Landfast ice breakouts occur when these grounded ridges fail or unground, and previously stationary ice detaches from the coast and drifts away. Using ground-based radar imagery from a coastal ice and ocean observatory at Barrow, we have developed a method to estimate the extent of grounded ridges by tracking ice motion and deformation over the course of winter and have derived ice keel depth and potential for grounding from cumulative convergent ice motion. Estimates of landfast ice grounding strength have been compared to the atmospheric and oceanic stresses acting on the landfast ice before and during breakout events to determine prevailing causes for the failure of stabilizing features. Applying this approach to two case studies in 2008 and 2010, we conclude that a combination of atmospheric and oceanic stresses may have caused the breakouts analyzed in this study, with the latter as the dominant force. Preconditioning (as weakening) of grounded ridges by sea level variations may facilitate failure of the ice sheet leading to breakout events.

Landfast sea ice breakouts: Stabilizing ice features, oceanic and atmospheric forcing at Barrow, Alaska

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jones, Joshua; Eicken, Hajo; Mahoney, Andrew; MV, Rohith; Kambhamettu, Chandra; Fukamachi, Yasushi; Ohshima, Kay I.; George, J. Craig

2016-09-01

Landfast sea ice is an important seasonal feature along most Arctic coastlines, such as that of the Chukchi Sea near Barrow, Alaska. Its stability throughout the ice season is determined by many factors but grounded pressure ridges are the primary stabilizing component. Landfast ice breakouts occur when these grounded ridges fail or unground, and previously stationary ice detaches from the coast and drifts away. Using ground-based radar imagery from a coastal ice and ocean observatory at Barrow, we have developed a method to estimate the extent of grounded ridges by tracking ice motion and deformation over the course of winter and have derived ice keel depth and potential for grounding from cumulative convergent ice motion. Estimates of landfast ice grounding strength have been compared to the atmospheric and oceanic stresses acting on the landfast ice before and during breakout events to determine prevailing causes for the failure of stabilizing features. Applying this approach to two case studies in 2008 and 2010, we conclude that a combination of atmospheric and oceanic stresses may have caused the breakouts analyzed in this study, with the latter as the dominant force. Preconditioning (as weakening) of grounded ridges by sea level variations may facilitate failure of the ice sheet leading to breakout events.

A new, exceptionally preserved juvenile specimen of Eusaurosphargis dalsassoi (Diapsida) and implications for Mesozoic marine diapsid phylogeny.

PubMed

Scheyer, Torsten M; Neenan, James M; Bodogan, Timea; Furrer, Heinz; Obrist, Christian; Plamondon, Mathieu

2017-06-30

Recently it was suggested that the phylogenetic clustering of Mesozoic marine reptile lineages, such as thalattosaurs, the very successful fish-shaped ichthyosaurs and sauropterygians (including plesiosaurs), among others, in a so-called 'superclade' is an artefact linked to convergent evolution of morphological characters associated with a shared marine lifestyle. Accordingly, partial 'un-scoring' of the problematic phylogenetic characters was proposed. Here we report a new, exceptionally preserved and mostly articulated juvenile skeleton of the diapsid reptile, Eusaurosphargis dalsassoi, a species previously recovered within the marine reptile 'superclade', for which we now provide a revised diagnosis. Using micro-computed tomography, we show that besides having a deep skull with a short and broad rostrum, the most outstanding feature of the new specimen is extensive, complex body armour, mostly preserved in situ, along its vertebrae, ribs, and forelimbs, as well as a row of flat, keeled ventrolateral osteoderms associated with the gastralia. As a whole, the anatomical features support an essentially terrestrial lifestyle of the animal. A review of the proposed partial character 'un-scoring' using three published data matrices indicate that this approach is flawed and should be avoided, and that within the marine reptile 'superclade' E. dalsassoi potentially is the sister taxon of Sauropterygia.

Structural Performance of Advanced Composite Tow-Steered Shells With Cutouts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wu, K. Chauncey; Turpin, Jason D.; Stanford, Bret K.; Martin, Robert A.

2014-01-01

The structural performance of two advanced composite tow-steered shells with cutouts, manufactured using an automated fiber placement system, is assessed using both experimental and analytical methods. The shells' fiber orientation angles vary continuously around their circumference from +/-10 degrees on the crown and keel, to +/-45 degrees on the sides. The raised surface features on one shell result from application of all 24 tows during each fiber placement system pass, while the second shell uses the system's tow drop/add capability to achieve a more uniform wall thickness. These unstiffened shells were previously tested in axial compression and buckled elastically. A single cutout, scaled to represent a passenger door on a commercial aircraft, is then machined into one side of each shell. The prebuckling axial stiffnesses and bifurcation buckling loads of the shells with cutouts are also computed using linear finite element structural analyses for initial comparisons with test data. When retested, large deflections were observed around the cutouts, but the shells carried an average of 92 percent of the axial stiffness, and 86 percent of the buckling loads, of the shells without cutouts. These relatively small reductions in performance demonstrate the potential for using tow steering to mitigate the adverse effects of typical design features on the overall structural performance.

Attribute Weighting Based K-Nearest Neighbor Using Gain Ratio

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nababan, A. A.; Sitompul, O. S.; Tulus

2018-04-01

K- Nearest Neighbor (KNN) is a good classifier, but from several studies, the result performance accuracy of KNN still lower than other methods. One of the causes of the low accuracy produced, because each attribute has the same effect on the classification process, while some less relevant characteristics lead to miss-classification of the class assignment for new data. In this research, we proposed Attribute Weighting Based K-Nearest Neighbor Using Gain Ratio as a parameter to see the correlation between each attribute in the data and the Gain Ratio also will be used as the basis for weighting each attribute of the dataset. The accuracy of results is compared to the accuracy acquired from the original KNN method using 10-fold Cross-Validation with several datasets from the UCI Machine Learning repository and KEEL-Dataset Repository, such as abalone, glass identification, haberman, hayes-roth and water quality status. Based on the result of the test, the proposed method was able to increase the classification accuracy of KNN, where the highest difference of accuracy obtained hayes-roth dataset is worth 12.73%, and the lowest difference of accuracy obtained in the abalone dataset of 0.07%. The average result of the accuracy of all dataset increases the accuracy by 5.33%.

sts132-s-011

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-011 (14 May 2010) --- Witnessed by news media representatives and STS-132 Tweet-up participants on hand by the countdown clock at the Press Site, Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis.

STS-132 Space Shuttle Atlantis Launch

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-015 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo Credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

STS-132 Space Shuttle Atlantis Launch

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-016 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo Credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

sts132-s-010

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-010 (14 May 2010) --- Witnessed by news media representatives and STS-132 Tweet-up participants on hand by the countdown clock at the Press Site, Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis.

STS-132 Space Shuttle Atlantis Launch

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-017 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo Credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

Alburnoides manyasensis (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae), a new species of cyprinid fish from Manyas Lake basin, Turkey

PubMed Central

Turan, Davut; Ekmekçi, F. Güler; Kaya, Cüneyt; Güçlü, S. Serkan

2013-01-01

Abstract Alburnoides manyasensis, sp. n., is described from the Koca Stream (Lake Manyas drainage, Marmara Sea basin) in Anatolia. It is distinguished from all species of Alburnoides in Turkey and adjacent regions, Alburnoides tzanevi (Rezovska [Rezve], Istranca and Terkos streams in the western Black Sea drainage), Alburnoides cf. smyrnae (Banaz Stream, a drainage of Büyük Menderes River, Aegean Sea basin), Alburnoides fasciatus (streams and rivers in the eastern Black Sea drainage) and Alburnoides eichwaldii (Kura and Aras rivers [a drainage of Kura River], Caspian Sea basin) by a combination of the following characters (none unique to the species):marked hump at nape, especially in specimens larger than 60 mm SL; partly developed ventral keel between pelvic fin and anal fin, scaleless 1/2 to 2/3 its length; body depth at dorsal-fin origin 29−32% SL; caudal peduncle depth 11−12% SL; 45–52+ 2–3 lateral-line scales; 9–12 scale rows between lateral line and dorsal-fin origin; 4–5 scale rows between lateral line and anal-fin origin, 10½–12½ branched anal-fin rays; 40–42 total vertebrae. PMID:23794819

Generic assignment of Leuciscus kurui Bogutskaya from the upper Tigris drainage, and a replacement name for Alburnus kurui Mangit Yerli (Teleostei: Leuciscidae).

PubMed

Freyhof, JÖrg; Kaya, CÜneyt; BayÇelebİ, Esra; Geiger, Matthias; Turan, Davut

2018-04-16

The generic position of Leuciscus kurui Bogutskaya, 1995 is reviewed through a comparison of morphological and molecular characters (COI). The molecular data place L. kurui in Alburnus, close to Alburnus timarensis from the Lake Van basin. Alburnus kurui (Bogutskaya) is distinguished from this species by lacking a ventral keel and possessing both a very low number of gill rakers and midlateral scales. Alburnus selcuklui, from the upper Tigris drainage, cannot be distinguished from the widespread A. sellal and is therefore treated as a synonym of this species. Alburnus kurui Mangit Yerli, 2018 is a junior secondary homonym of A. kurui (Bogutskaya, 1995) and A. carianorum is proposed as its replacement name. Several specimens of Alburnus caeruleus and Alburnus heckeli shared the same haplotypes as some A. sellal and therefore these species cannot always be distinguished by mitochondrial molecular characters. Alburnus caeruleus and A. heckeli are treated as valid species. Other individuals of A. caeruleus have haplotypes very different from A. sellal, and A. heckeli is well distinguished from A. sellal by having more gill rakers. The Lake Van basin as a separate freshwater ecoregion and the treatment of several species of Alburnus in synonymy of A. mento are discussed.

Models of the thermal effects of melt migration at continental interiors, with applications to the Colorado Plateau

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roy, M.; Rios, D.; Cosburn, K.

2017-12-01

Shear between the moving lithosphere and the underlying asthenospheric mantle can produce dynamic pressure gradients that control patterns of melt migration by percolative flow. Within continental interiors these pressure gradients may be large enough to focus melt migration into zones of low dynamic pressure and thus influence the surface distribution of magmatism. We build upon previous work to show that for a lithospheric keel that protrudes into the "mantle wind," spatially-variable melt migration can lead to spatially-variable thermal weakening of the lithosphere. Our models treat advective heat transfer in porous flow in the limit that heat transfer between the melt and surrounding matrix dominates over conductive heat transfer within either the melt or the solid alone. The models are parameterized by a heat transfer coefficient that we interpret to be related to the efficiency of heat transfer across the fluid-rock interface, related to the geometry and distribution of porosity. Our models quantitatively assess the viability of spatially variable thermal-weakening caused by melt-migration through continental regions that are characterized by variations in lithospheric thickness. We speculate upon the relevance of this process in producing surface patterns of Cenozoic magmatism and heatflow at the Colorado Plateau in the western US.

Design and Manufacturing of Tow-Steered Composite Shells Using Fiber Placement

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wu, K. Chauncey; Tatting, Brian F.; Smith, Brett H.; Stevens, Randy S.; Occhipiniti, Gina P.; Swift, Jonathan B.; Achary, David C.; Thornburgh, Robert P.

2009-01-01

Advanced composite shells that may offer the potential to improve the structural performance of future aircraft fuselage structures were developed under this joint NASA-industry collaborative effort. Two cylindrical shells with tailored, tow-steered layups and continuously varying fiber angle orientations were designed and built at the National Center for Advanced Manufacturing - Louisiana Partnership. The shells were fabricated from unidirectional IM7/8552 graphite-epoxy pre-preg slit tape material fiber-placed on a constant-diameter mandrel. Each shell had the same nominal 8-ply [plus or minus 45/plus or minus Theta]s layup, where the nominal fiber angle in the tow-steered plies varied continuously from 10 degrees along the crown to 45 degrees on each side, then back to 10 degrees on the keel. One shell was fabricated with all 24 tows placed during each pass of the fiber placement machine, resulting in many tow overlaps on the shell surface. The fiber placement machine's individual tow cut/restart capability was also used to manufacture a second shell with tow drops and a more uniform laminate thickness. This paper presents an overview of the detailed design and manufacturing processes for these shells, and discusses issues encountered during their fabrication and post-cure evaluation. Future plans for structural testing and analyses of the shells are also discussed.

Benchmarking and the laboratory

PubMed Central

Galloway, M; Nadin, L

2001-01-01

This article describes how benchmarking can be used to assess laboratory performance. Two benchmarking schemes are reviewed, the Clinical Benchmarking Company's Pathology Report and the College of American Pathologists' Q-Probes scheme. The Clinical Benchmarking Company's Pathology Report is undertaken by staff based in the clinical management unit, Keele University with appropriate input from the professional organisations within pathology. Five annual reports have now been completed. Each report is a detailed analysis of 10 areas of laboratory performance. In this review, particular attention is focused on the areas of quality, productivity, variation in clinical practice, skill mix, and working hours. The Q-Probes scheme is part of the College of American Pathologists programme in studies of quality assurance. The Q-Probes scheme and its applicability to pathology in the UK is illustrated by reviewing two recent Q-Probe studies: routine outpatient test turnaround time and outpatient test order accuracy. The Q-Probes scheme is somewhat limited by the small number of UK laboratories that have participated. In conclusion, as a result of the government's policy in the UK, benchmarking is here to stay. Benchmarking schemes described in this article are one way in which pathologists can demonstrate that they are providing a cost effective and high quality service. Key Words: benchmarking • pathology PMID:11477112

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pasyanos, M E

The behavior of surface waves at long periods is indicative of subcrustal velocity structure. Using recently published dispersion models, we invert surface wave group velocities for lithospheric structure, including lithospheric thickness, over much of the Eastern Hemisphere, encompassing Eurasia, Africa, and the Indian Ocean. Thicker lithosphere under Precambrian shields and platforms are clearly observed, not only under the large cratons (West Africa, Congo, Baltic, Russia, Siberia, India), but also under smaller blocks like the Tarim Basin and Yangtze craton. In contrast, it is found that remobilized Precambrian structures like the Saharan Shield and Sino-Korean Paraplatform do not have well-established lithosphericmore » keels. The thinnest lithospheric thickness is found under oceanic and continental rifts, as well as along convergence zones. We compare our results to thermal models of continental lithosphere, lithospheric cooling models of oceanic lithosphere, lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) estimates from S-wave receiver functions, and velocity variations of global tomography models. In addition to comparing results for the broad region, we examine in detail the regions of Central Africa, Siberia, and Tibet. While there are clear differences in the various estimates, overall the results are generally consistent. Inconsistencies between the estimates may be due to a variety of reasons including lateral and depth resolution differences and the comparison of what may be different lithospheric features.« less

Determination of kinetic isotopic fractionation of water during bare soil evaporation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Quade, Maria; Brüggemann, Nicolas; Graf, Alexander; Rothfuss, Youri

2017-04-01

A process-based understanding of the water cycle in the atmosphere is important for improving meteorological and hydrological forecasting models. Usually only net fluxes of evapotranspiration - ET are measured, while land-surface models compute their raw components evaporation -E and transpiration -T. Isotopologues can be used as tracers to partition ET, but this requires knowledge of the isotopic kinetic fractionation factor (αK) which impacts the stable isotopic composition of water pools (e.g., soil and plant waters) during phase change and vapor transport by soil evaporation and plant transpiration. It is defined as a function of the ratio of the transport resistances in air of the less to the most abundant isotopologue. Previous studies determined αK for free evaporating water (Merlivat, 1978) or bare soil evaporation (Braud et al. 2009) at only low temporal resolution. The goal of this study is to provide estimates at higher temporal resolution. We performed a soil evaporation laboratory experiment to determine the αK by applying the Craig and Gordon (1965) model. A 0.7 m high column (0.48 m i.d.) was filled with silt loam (20.1 % sand, 14.9 % loam, 65 % silt) and saturated with water of known isotopic composition. Soil volumetric water content, temperature and the isotopic composition (δ) of the soil water vapor were measured at six different depths. At each depth microporous polypropylene tubing allowed the sampling of soil water vapor and the measurement of its δ in a non-destructive manner with high precision and accuracy as detailed in Rothfuss et al. (2013). In addition, atmospheric water vapor was sampled at seven different heights up to one meter above the surface for isotopic analysis. Results showed that soil and atmospheric δ profiles could be monitored at high temporal and vertical resolutions during the course of the experiment. αK could be calculated by using an inverse modeling approach and the Keeling (1958) plot method at high temporal resolution over a long period. We observed an increasing δ in the evaporating water vapor due to more enriched surface water. This leads to a higher transport resistances and an increasing αK. References Braud, I., Bariac, T., Biron, P., and Vauclin, M.: Isotopic composition of bare soil evaporated water vapor. Part II: Modeling of RUBIC IV experimental results, J. Hydrol., 369, 17-29. Craig, H. et al., 1965. Deuterium and oxygen 18 variations in the ocean and marine atmosphere. In: E. Tongiogi (Editor), Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures. V. Lishi, Spoleto, Italy, pp. 9-130. Keeling, C. D.: The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in Rural Areas, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 13, 322-334. Merlivat, L., 1978. Molecular Diffusivities of H216O, HD16O, and H218O in Gases. J Chem Phys, 69, 2864-2871. Rothfuss, Y. et al., 2013. Monitoring water stable isotopic composition in soils using gas-permeable tubing and infrared laser absorption spectroscopy. Water Resour. Res., 49, 1-9.

Modeling the volcanic signal in the atmospheric CO2 record

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jones, Chris D.; Cox, Peter M.

2001-06-01

There is significant interannual variability in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide even when the effect of anthropogenic sources has been accounted for. It has been shown that this variability is correlated with the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle [Bacastow, 1976; Keeling et al., 1995]. However, there are periods during the atmospheric CO2 record when this correlation does not hold and CO2 levels are much lower than can be explained by the correlation with ENSO. These periods coincide with major volcanic eruptions. It has been well documented that a major eruption has a cooling effect on the surface and lower troposphere [McCormick, 1992; Hansen, et al., 1996]. Here we show that it is likely that this cooling has a significant and measurable effect on the carbon cycle. We use a coupled general circulation climate-carbon cycle model to study the mechanisms involved. The model simulates the observed temperature and CO2 response of the climate to the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. The surface cooling due to the eruption leads to reduced soil and plant respiration globally and increased gross primary productivity in the tropics. The result is significant uptake of carbon (1-2 GtC yr-1) by the terrestrial biosphere for several years after the eruption. There is no significant variation in uptake or release of carbon by the oceans.

Hubble's Blue Bubble

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-12-08

A large blue bubble with a bright star in the center on a black background filled with stars Sparkling at the center of this beautiful NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image is a Wolf–Rayet star known as WR 31a, located about 30,000 light-years away in the constellation of Carina (The Keel). The distinctive blue bubble appearing to encircle WR 31a is a Wolf–Rayet nebula — an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other gases. Created when speedy stellar winds interact with the outer layers of hydrogen ejected by Wolf–Rayet stars, these nebulae are frequently ring-shaped or spherical. The bubble — estimated to have formed around 20,000 years ago — is expanding at a rate of around 220,000 kilometers (136,700 miles) per hour! Unfortunately, the lifecycle of a Wolf–Rayet star is only a few hundred thousand years — the blink of an eye in cosmic terms. Despite beginning life with a mass at least 20 times that of the sun, Wolf–Rayet stars typically lose half their mass in less than 100,000 years. And WR 31a is no exception to this case. It will, therefore, eventually end its life as a spectacular supernova, and the stellar material expelled from its explosion will later nourish a new generation of stars and planets. Image credi: ESA/Hubble & NASA, Acknowledgement: Judy Schmidt

The distal tibia of Hispanopithecus laietanus: more evidence for mosaic evolution in Miocene apes.

PubMed

Tallman, Melissa; Almécija, Sergio; Reber, Samantha L; Alba, David M; Moyà-Solà, Salvador

2013-05-01

IPS18800 is a partial skeleton attributed to the fossil great ape Hispanopithecus laietanus, and dated to 9.6 Ma (millions of years ago). Previous studies on the postcranial anatomy of this taxon have shown that it displayed a derived, extant great ape-like orthograde body plan with suspensory adaptations, uniquely coupled with adaptations for above-branch pronograde locomotion. Here, for the first time, we describe and analyze in detail the distal tibia of the IPS18800 skeleton of Hispanopithecus with the aid of three-dimensional geometric morphometrics based on 53 landmarks and semilandmarks collected on a broad sample of extant catarrhines and fossil hominoids. Results of principal components and canonical variate analyses reveal that the distal tibia of Hispanopithecus occupies a unique position in the morphospace, similar in some respects to pronograde monkeys, and in other respects to extant apes. The IPS18800 distal tibia combines adaptations for above branch quadrupedalism, such as a keeled trochlear surface and strong intercollicular groove, with adaptations for vertical climbing, such as an anteroposteriorly flattened shaft, enlarged fibular facet and a tibial stop. These results on the distal tibia agree with those from other anatomical regions, indicating that this taxon displayed a locomotor repertoire unlike any extant ape, combining vertical climbing and clambering with above-branch quadrupedalism. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Land-use change effects on fluxes and isotopic composition of CO2 and CH4 in Panama, and possible insights into the atmospheric H2 cycle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pendall, E.; Schwendenmann, L.; Potvin, C.

2003-12-01

Land-use changes in tropical regions are believed to release a quantity of C to the atmosphere which is similar in magnitude to the entire "missing" sink for anthropogenic CO2. Our research attempts to evaluate carbon cycling in three land-cover systems in central Panama: cow pasture, native tree plantation, and undisturbed moist forest. In this ongoing project, we are collecting samples of air from profiles in the stable, nocturnal boundary layer, which is dominated by ecosystem respiration. Samples are analyzed for CO2 and its isotopes, CH4 and its C isotopic composition, N2O, H2, CO, and SF6. We use a flux-gradient method to estimate ecosystem-scale fluxes of trace gases from soil to the atmosphere. Keeling plot intercepts reflect the respiratory contribution of C3 and C4 biomass under contrasting land cover systems, and how this varies with pronounced wet-dry seasonal cycles. C isotopes of methane and gradients of molecular hydrogen provide insight into the source of methane production from pasture and plantation soils. Rainforest soils, in contrast, are sinks for both atmospheric methane and hydrogen. The process oriented nature of this field experiment will contribute to parameterization of carbon cycle models at a variety of spatial scales.

Lotus japonicus flowers are defended by a cyanogenic β-glucosidase with highly restricted expression to essential reproductive organs.

PubMed

Lai, Daniela; Pičmanová, Martina; Abou Hachem, Maher; Motawia, Mohammed Saddik; Olsen, Carl Erik; Møller, Birger Lindberg; Rook, Fred; Takos, Adam M

2015-09-01

Flowers and leaves of Lotus japonicus contain α-, β-, and γ-hydroxynitrile glucoside (HNG) defense compounds, which are bioactivated by β-glucosidase enzymes (BGDs). The α-HNGs are referred to as cyanogenic glucosides because their hydrolysis upon tissue disruption leads to release of toxic hydrogen cyanide gas, which can deter herbivore feeding. BGD2 and BGD4 are HNG metabolizing BGD enzymes expressed in leaves. Only BGD2 is able to hydrolyse the α-HNGs. Loss of function mutants of BGD2 are acyanogenic in leaves but fully retain cyanogenesis in flowers pointing to the existence of an alternative cyanogenic BGD in flowers. This enzyme, named BGD3, is identified and characterized in this study. Whereas all floral tissues contain α-HNGs, only those tissues in which BGD3 is expressed, the keel and the enclosed reproductive organs, are cyanogenic. Biochemical analysis, active site architecture molecular modelling, and the observation that L. japonicus accessions lacking cyanogenic flowers contain a non-functional BGD3 gene, all support the key role of BGD3 in floral cyanogenesis. The nectar of L. japonicus flowers was also found to contain HNGs and additionally their diglycosides. The observed specialisation in HNG based defence in L. japonicus flowers is discussed in the context of balancing the attraction of pollinators with the protection of reproductive structures against herbivores.

Structural Characterization of Advanced Composite Tow-Steered Shells with Large Cutouts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wu, K. Chauncey; Turpin, Jason D.; Gardner, Nathaniel W.; Stanford, Bret K.; Martin, Robert A.

2015-01-01

The structural performance of two advanced composite tow-steered shells with large cutouts, manufactured using an automated fiber placement system, is assessed using both experimental and analytical methods. The fiber orientation angles of the shells vary continuously around their circumference from +/- 10 degrees on the crown and keel, to +/- 45 degrees on the sides. The raised surface features on one shell result from application of all 24 tows during each fiber placement system pass, while the second shell uses the tow drop/add capability of the system to achieve a more uniform wall thickness. These unstiffened shells, both without and with small cutouts, were previously tested in axial compression and buckled elastically. In this study, a single unreinforced cutout, scaled to represent a cargo door on a commercial aircraft, is machined into one side of each shell. The prebuckling axial stiffnesses and bifurcation buckling loads of these shells with large cutouts are also computed using linear finite element structural analyses for preliminary comparisons with test data. During testing, large displacements are observed around the large cutouts, but the shells maintain an average of 91 percent of the axial stiffness, and also carry 85 percent of the buckling loads, when compared to the pristine shells without cutouts. These relatively small reductions indicate that there is great potential for using tow steering to mitigate the adverse effects of large cutouts on the overall structural performance.

Menstrual blood loss measurement: validation of the alkaline hematin technique for feminine hygiene products containing superabsorbent polymers.

PubMed

Magnay, Julia L; Nevatte, Tracy M; Dhingra, Vandana; O'Brien, Shaughn

2010-12-01

To validate the alkaline hematin technique for measurement of menstrual blood loss using ultra-thin sanitary towels that contain superabsorbent polymer granules as the absorptive agent. Laboratory study using simulated menstrual fluid (SMF) and Always Ultra Normal, Long, and Night "with wings" sanitary towels. Keele Menstrual Disorders Laboratory. None. None. Recovery of blood, linearity, and interassay variation over a range of SMF volumes applied to towels. Because of the variable percentage of blood in menstrual fluid, blood recovery was assessed from SMF constituted as 10%, 25%, 50%, and 100% blood. The lower limit of reliable detection and the effect of storing soiled towels for up to 4 weeks at 15°C-20°C, 4°C, and -20°C before analysis were determined. Ninety percent recovery was reproducibly achieved up to 30 mL applied volume at all tested SMF compositions, except at low volume or high dilution equivalent to <2 mL whole blood. Samples could be stored for 3 weeks at all tested temperatures without loss of recovery. The technique was suitable for processing towels individually or in batches. The alkaline hematin technique is a suitable and validated method for measuring menstrual blood loss from Always Ultra sanitary towels that contain superabsorbent polymers. Copyright © 2010 American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Teaching clinical reasoning to medical students.

PubMed

Gay, Simon; Bartlett, Maggie; McKinley, Robert

2013-10-01

Keele Medical School's new curriculum includes a 5-week course to extend medical students' consultation skills beyond those historically required for competent inductive diagnosis. Clinical reasoning is a core skill for the practice of medicine, and is known to have implications for patient safety, yet historically it has not been explicitly taught. Rather, it has been assumed that these skills will be learned by accumulating a body of knowledge and by observing expert clinicians. This course aims to assist students to develop their own clinical reasoning skills and promote their greater understanding of, and potential to benefit from, the clinical reasoning skills of others. The course takes place in the fourth or penultimate year, and is integrated with students' clinical placements, giving them opportunities to practise and quickly embed their learning. This course emphasises that clinical reasoning extends beyond initial diagnosis into all other aspects of clinical practice, particularly clinical management. It offers students a variety of challenging and interesting opportunities to engage with clinical reasoning across a wide range of clinical practice. It addresses bias through metacognition and increased self-awareness, considers some of the complexities of prescribing and non-pharmacological interventions, and promotes pragmatic evidence-based practice, information management within the consultation and the maximising of patient adherence. This article describes clinical reasoning-based classroom and community teaching. Early evaluation suggests that students value the course and benefit from it. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

A TRANSPLANTABLE NEW GROWTH OF THE FOWL, PRODUCING CARTILAGE AND BONE

PubMed Central

Tytler, W. H.

1913-01-01

An osteochondrosarcoma of the common fowl, designated in this laboratory as Chicken Tumor VII, has been successfully transplanted to seven successive series of hosts. The original growth contained bone and cartilage, was attached to the sternal keel of an otherwise healthy chicken, and appeared to have arisen from this structure. In the growths derived from its transplantation cartilage is regularly laid down, followed later by bone in case the host lives long enough. The prechondral tissue consists of spindle-shaped or multipolar cells of the fibroblast type. The histological character and the behavior of this prechondral tissue show that it is sarcomatous, a fact further proven by one recent case in which the tumor has metastasized. The secondary growth in this instance consisted of prechondral tissue in which a cartilaginous change was taking place. The tumor could not be transferred to pigeons, the one foreign species tested, but grew readily in chickens of two alien breeds. Reinoculation experiments suggest the occurrence of a natural, individual immunity, and of a certain degree of acquired resistance. In one fowl visceral growths developed following an intravenous injection of tumor emulsion, although whether they were due to this cause or were secondary to the large implantation growths in the muscles is uncertain. Recently the tumor has been transmitted by means of the filtrate from a Berkefeld filter. PMID:19867658

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-035 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Tony Gray and Tom Farrar

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-051 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Sandra Joseph and Kevin O'Connell

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-053 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Sandra Joseph and Kevin O'Connell

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-061 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Sandra Joseph and Kevin O'Connell

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-036 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo Credit: NASA/Tony Gray and Tom Farrar

Visitors during STS-132 Space Shuttle Atlantis Launch

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-013 (14 May 2010) --- As visitors watch, the space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo Credit: NASA/Ben Cooper

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-060 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Sandra Joseph and Kevin O'Connell

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-039 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Sandra Joseph and Kevin O'Connell

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-040 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Rusty Backer and Michael Gayle

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-056 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo Credit: NASA/Tony Gray and Tom Farrar

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-044 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Sandra Joseph and Kevin O'Connell

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-063 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Tony Gray and Tom Farrar

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-062 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Sandra Joseph and Kevin O'Connell

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-050 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Sandra Joseph and Kevin O'Connell

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-064 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Tony Gray and Tom Farrar

Rayleigh-wave tomography of the Ontong-Java Plateau

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Richardson, W. Philip; Okal, Emile A.; Van der Lee, Suzan

2000-02-01

The deep structure of the Ontong-Java Plateau (OJP) in the westcentral Pacific is investigated through a 2-year deployment of four PASSCAL seismic stations used in a passive tomographic experiment. Single-path inversions of 230 Rayleigh waveforms from 140 earthquakes mainly located in the Solomon Trench confirm the presence of an extremely thick crust, with an average depth to the Mohorovičić discontinuity of 33 km. The thickest crusts (38 km) are found in the southcentral part of the plateau, around 2°S, 157°E. Lesser values remaining much thicker than average oceanic crust (15-26 km) are found on either side of the main structure, suggesting that the OJP spills over into the Lyra Basin to the west. Such thick crustal structures are consistent with formation of the plateau at the Pacific-Phoenix ridge at 121 Ma, while its easternmost part may have formed later (90 Ma) on more mature lithosphere. Single-path inversions also reveal a strongly developed low-velocity zone at asthenospheric depths in the mantle. A three-dimensional tomographic inversion resolves a low-velocity root of the OJP extending as deep as 300 km, with shear velocity deficiencies of ˜5%, suggesting the presence of a keel, dragged along with the plateau as the latter moves as part of the drift of the Pacific plate over the mantle.

Three new species of woodlizards (Hoplocercinae, Enyalioides) from northwestern South America

PubMed Central

Torres-Carvajal, Omar; Venegas, Pablo J.; de Queiroz, Kevin

2015-01-01

Abstract The discovery of three new species of Enyalioides from the tropical Andes in Ecuador and northern Peru is reported. Enyalioides altotambo sp. n. occurs in northwestern Ecuador and differs from other species of Enyalioides in having dorsal scales that are both smooth and homogeneous in size, a brown iris, and in lacking enlarged, circular and keeled scales on the flanks. Enyalioides anisolepis sp. n. occurs on the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in southern Ecuador and northern Peru and can be distinguished from other species of Enyalioides by its scattered, projecting large scales on the dorsum, flanks, and hind limbs, as well as a well-developed vertebral crest, with the vertebrals on the neck at least three times higher than those between the hind limbs. Enyalioides sophiarothschildae sp. n. is from the Amazonian slopes of the Cordillera Central in northeastern Peru; it differs from other species of Enyalioides in having caudal scales that are relatively homogeneous in size on each caudal segment, a white gular region with a black medial patch and several turquoise scales in males, as well as immaculate white labials and chin. A molecular phylogenetic tree of 18 species of hoplocercines is presented, including the three species described in this paper and Enyalioides cofanorum, as well as an updated identification key for species of Hoplocercinae. PMID:25901116

Feral Cat Globetrotters: genetic traces of historical human-mediated dispersal.

PubMed

Koch, Katrin; Algar, Dave; Schwenk, Klaus

2016-08-01

Endemic species on islands are highly susceptible to local extinction, in particular if they are exposed to invasive species. Invasive predators, such as feral cats, have been introduced to islands around the world, causing major losses in local biodiversity. In order to control and manage invasive species successfully, information about source populations and level of gene flow is essential. Here, we investigate the origin of feral cats of Hawaiian and Australian islands to verify their European ancestry and a potential pattern of isolation by distance. We analyzed the genetic structure and diversity of feral cats from eleven islands as well as samples from Malaysia and Europe using mitochondrial DNA (ND5 and ND6 regions) and microsatellite DNA data. Our results suggest an overall European origin of Hawaiian cats with no pattern of isolation by distance between Australian, Malaysian, and Hawaiian populations. Instead, we found low levels of genetic differentiation between samples from Tasman Island, Lana'i, Kaho'olawe, Cocos (Keeling) Island, and Asia. As these populations are separated by up to 10,000 kilometers, we assume an extensive passive dispersal event along global maritime trade routes in the beginning of the 19th century, connecting Australian, Asian, and Hawaiian islands. Thus, islands populations, which are characterized by low levels of current gene flow, represent valuable sources of information on historical, human-mediated global dispersal patterns of feral cats.

Recognizing dangerous snakes in the United States and Canada: a novel 3-step identification method.

PubMed

Cardwell, Michael D

2011-12-01

The rapid and accurate recognition of dangerously venomous snakes following bites is crucial to making appropriate decisions regarding first aid, evacuation, and treatment. Past recommendations for identification of dangerous North American pit vipers have often required subjective determinations of head shape or relied on traits shared with some nondangerous species (elliptical pupils and undivided subcaudal scales). Heat-sensitive facial pits are diagnostic but require close examination of the dangerous head, and cephalic traits are useless when working with a decapitated carcass. Exclusive of cephalic traits, pit vipers north of Mexico can be recognized by the combination of keeled middorsal scales and undivided subcaudal scales. The order of colored rings is usually suggested to identify coral snakes in the United States, yet extension of the colored rings across the ventral scales must be added as an essential identifying factor to ensure elimination of all harmless look-alikes. A novel 3-step flow chart is presented that allows dangerous snakes in the United States and Canada to be recognized quickly and dependably without relying on cephalic traits. This process cannot be used in other countries, however, due to greater variability of these characteristics in snakes from other parts of the world. Finally, close examination of potentially venomous snakes is extraordinarily dangerous and steps to safeguard those making such observations are discussed. Copyright © 2011 Wilderness Medical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Seed morphology and variation in the genus Pachycereus (Cactaceae).

PubMed

Arias, Salvador; Terrazas, Teresa

2004-08-01

Seeds of 13 Pachycereus species and two Stenocereus species that have been suggested as closely related were examined with the scanning electron microscope. Quantitative features were evaluated using multivariate analysis in order to identify characters that distinguish them. Several species groups were recognized on the basis of 16 qualitative characters. All species studied are keeled. Stenocereus aragonii and S. eichlamii share with most Pachycereus species large size, glossy appearance, and a flat relief on periclinal cells in the lateral region. Pachycereus gatesii and P. schottii are unique in having the smallest seeds and a deeply impressed hilum-micropylar region. P. hollianus does not exhibit micro-relief on periclinal walls in the lateral region, and P. fulviceps has no expanded testa border. Multivariate analysis showed that four characters, length, breadth, hilum-micropylar region length, and angle, made the greatest contribution to distinguishing among species groups. More than 80% of P. fulviceps, P. hollianus, P. tepamo, P. weberi, and S. eichlamii seeds could be classified correctly using four seed features and the percentage was even higher using just two or three features for P. gatesii, P. grandis, P. militaris, P. pringlei, and P. schottii. Testa appearance, testa cell-pattern, and position relative to the rim of the hilum-micropylar region were found to be potentially informative and should be combined with other sources of data in future phylogenetic analyses.

Radioactivities induced in some LDEF samples

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reedy, Robert C.; Moss, Calvin E.

1992-01-01

Final activities are reported for gamma ray emitting isotopes measured in 35 samples from LDEF. In 26 steel trunnion samples, activities of Mn-54 and Co-57 were measured and limits set on other isotopes. In five Al end support retainer plates and two Al keel plate samples, Na-22 was measured. In two Ti clip samples, Na-22 was measured, limits for Sc-46 were obtained, and high activities for impurity Uranium and daughter isotopes were observed. Four sets of depth vs activity profiles were measured for the D sections of the trunnion. For all 4 profiles, the activities first decreased with increasing distance from the surface of the trunnion but were fairly flat near the center. These profiles are consistent with production by both the lower energy (approx. 100 MeV) trapped particles and high energy (approx. 10 GeV) galactic-cosmic ray particles. For the near surface samples, the earth quadrant had more Mn-54 than the space quadrant. For the D sections, there was less Mn-54 in the east trunnion than in the west trunnion. Comparisons are made among the samples and with activities measured by others. The limit for Sc-46 in the Ti clips is compared with the activities of Mn-54 produced in the steel pieces by similar reactions. Activities predicted by several models are compared with the measured activities.

Upper mantle structure beneath southern African cratons from seismic finite-frequency P- and S-body wave tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Youssof, M.; Thybo, H.; Artemieva, I. M.; Levander, A.

2015-06-01

We present a 3D high-resolution seismic model of the southern African cratonic region from teleseismic tomographic inversion of the P- and S-body wave dataset recorded by the Southern African Seismic Experiment (SASE). Utilizing 3D sensitivity kernels, we invert traveltime residuals of teleseismic body waves to calculate velocity anomalies in the upper mantle down to a 700 km depth with respect to the ak135 reference model. Various resolution tests allow evaluation of the extent of smearing effects and help defining the optimum inversion parameters (i.e., damping and smoothness) for regularizing the inversion calculations. The fast lithospheric keels of the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons reach depths of 300-350 km and 200-250 km, respectively. The paleo-orogenic Limpopo Belt is represented by negative velocity perturbations down to a depth of ˜ 250 km, implying the presence of chemically fertile material with anomalously low wave speeds. The Bushveld Complex has low velocity down to ˜ 150 km, which is attributed to chemical modification of the cratonic mantle. In the present model, the finite-frequency sensitivity kernels allow to resolve relatively small-scale anomalies, such as the Colesberg Magnetic Lineament in the suture zone between the eastern and western blocks of the Kaapvaal Craton, and a small northern block of the Kaapvaal Craton, located between the Limpopo Belt and the Bushveld Complex.

Partitioning of Evapotranspiration Using a Stable Water Isotope Technique in a High Temperature Agricultural Production System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, X.; Liang, L.; Wang, L.; Jenerette, D.; Grantz, D. A.

2015-12-01

Agricultural production in the hot and arid low desert systems of southern California relies heavily on irrigation. A better understanding of how much and to what extent the irrigation water is transpired by crops relative to being lost through evaporation will contribute to better management of increasingly limited agricultural water resources. In this study, we examined the evapotranspiration (ET) partitioning over a field of forage sorghum (S. bicolor) during a growing season with several irrigation cycles. In several field campaigns we used continuous measurements of near-surface variations in the stable isotopic composition of water vapor (δ2H). We employed custom built transparent chambers coupled with a laser-based isotope analyzer and used Keeling plot and mass balance methods for surface flux partitioning. The preliminary results show that δT is more enriched than δE in the early growing season, and becomes less enriched than δE later in the season as canopy cover increases. There is an increase in the contribution of transpiration to ET as (1) leaf area index increases, and (2) as soil surface moisture declines. These results are consistent with theory, and extend these measurements to an environment that experiences extreme soil surface temperatures. The data further support the use of chamber based methods with stable isotopic analysis for characterization of ET partitioning in challenging field environments.

Residential Ventilation: A Review of Established Systems and a Laboratory Investigation of the Fine Wire Heat Recovery Ventilator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

von Hippel, Matthew Hans Benjamin

A novel vehicle concept is introduced and its feasibility as an autonomous, self-propelled weather buoy for use in violent storm systems is analyzed. The vehicle concept is a spar sailboat -- consisting of only a deep keel and a sailing rig; no hull -- a design which is intended to improve longevity in rough seas as well as provide ideal placement opportunities for meteorological sensors. To evaluate the hypothetical locomotive and meteorological observation capabilities of the concept sailing spar in hurricane-like conditions, several relevant oceanographic phenomena are analyzed with the performance of the concept vehicle in mind. Enthalpy transfer from the ocean to the air is noted as the primary driving force of tropical storms and therefore becomes the measuring objective of the sailing spar. A discrete, iterative process for optimizing driving force while achieving equilibrium between the four airfoil surfaces is used to steer the sailing spar towards any objective despite variable and opposing simulated winds. Based on the limitations of sailing theory, logic is developed to autonomously navigate the sailing spar between human-selected waypoints on a digitized geographic map. Due the perceived inability to measure air-sea enthalpy exchange because the nature of tropical storms and due to its small scale, the sailing spar is deemed infeasible as a hurricane-capable meteorological observation platform.

Bone density and anisotropy affect periprosthetic cement and bone stresses after anatomical glenoid replacement: A micro finite element analysis.

PubMed

Chevalier, Yan; Santos, Inês; Müller, Peter E; Pietschmann, Matthias F

2016-06-14

Glenoid loosening is still a main complication for shoulder arthroplasty. We hypothesize that cement and bone stresses potentially leading to fixation failure are related not only to glenohumeral conformity, fixation design or eccentric loading, but also to bone volume fraction, cortical thickness and degree of anisotropy in the glenoid. In this study, periprosthetic bone and cement stresses were computed with micro finite element models of the replaced glenoid depicting realistic bone microstructure. These models were used to quantify potential effects of bone microstructural parameters under loading conditions simulating different levels of glenohumeral conformity and eccentric loading simulating glenohumeral instability. Results show that peak cement stresses were achieved near the cement-bone interface in all loading schemes. Higher stresses within trabecular bone tissue and cement mantle were obtained within specimens of lower bone volume fraction and in regions of low anisotropy, increasing with decreasing glenohumeral conformity and reaching their maxima below the keeled design when the load is shifted superiorly. Our analyses confirm the combined influences of eccentric load shifts with reduced bone volume fraction and anisotropy on increasing periprosthetic stresses. They finally suggest that improving fixation of glenoid replacements must reduce internal cement and bone tissue stresses, in particular in glenoids of low bone density and heterogeneity. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Slamming pressures on the bottom of a free-falling vertical wedge

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ikeda, C. M.; Judge, C. Q.

2013-11-01

High-speed planing boats are subjected to repeat impacts due to slamming, which can cause structural damage and injury to passengers. A first step in understanding and predicting the physics of a craft re-entering the water after becoming partially airborne is an experimental vertical drop test of a prismastic wedge (deadrise angle, β =20° beam, B = 300 mm; and length, L = 600 mm). The acrylic wedge was mounted to a rig allowing it to free-fall into a deep-water tank (5.2m × 5.2m × 4.2m deep) from heights 0 <= H <= 635 mm, measured from the keel to the free surface. The wedge was instrumented to record vertical position, acceleration, and pressure on the bottom surface. A pressure mapping system, capable of measuring several points over the area of the thin (0.1 mm) film sensor at sampling rates up to 20 kHz, is used and compared to surface-mounted pressure transducers (sampled at 10 kHz). A high speed camera (1000 fps, resolution of 1920 × 1200 pixels) is mounted above the wedge model to record the wetted surface as the wedge descended below the free surface. The pressure measurements taken with both conventional surface pressure transducers and the pressure mapping system agree within 10% of the peak pressure values (0.7 bar, typical). Supported by the Office of Naval Research.

Paleoenvironmental and ecological changes during the Eocene-Oligocene transition based on foraminifera from the Cap Bon Peninsula in North East Tunisia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grira, Chaima; Karoui-Yaakoub, Narjess; Negra, Mohamed Hédi; Rivero-Cuesta, Lucia; Molina, Eustoquio

2018-07-01

Biostratigraphic analysis of the Eocene-Oligocene transition (E-O) at the Menzel Bou Zelfa and Jhaff composite section in the Cap Bon Peninsula (North East Tunisia) allowed us to recognize a continuous planktic foraminiferal biozonation: E14 Globigerinatheka semiinvoluta Zone, E15 Globigerinatheka index Zone, E16 Hantkenina alabamensis Zone and O1 Pseudohastigerina naguewichiensis Zone. A quantitative study of benthic and planktic foraminifera assemblages was carried out and the richness and diversity of foraminifera allowed us to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental evolution from marine to terrestrial environments. From the Eocene E14 Zone, the foraminiferal association characterizes a relatively warm climate with considerable oxygen content and a dominance of keeled and spinose planktic foraminifera, which became extinct at the E/O boundary, possibly due to cooling of the planktic environment. Nevertheless, the small benthic foraminifera do not show an extinction event at the Eocene/Oligocene (E/O) boundary, indicating that the benthic environment was not significantly affected. In the basal Oligocene O1 Zone, the benthic environment changes to a shallower setting due to cooling of the climate. These changes generated a remarkable dominance of globular forms in the planktic environment. Small benthic foraminifera apparently have a gradual extinction event, or more likely a gradual pattern of local disappearances, that could have been caused by the Oi1 glaciation.

Flower Morphology, Pollination Biology and Mating System of the Complex Flower of Vigna caracalla (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae)

PubMed Central

Etcheverry, Angela Virginia; Alemán, Maria Mercedes; Fleming, Trinidad Figueroa

2008-01-01

Background and Aims Vigna caracalla has the most complex flower among asymmetrical Papilionoideae. The objective of this study was to understand the relationships among floral characteristics, specialization, mating system and the role of floral visitors under different ecological contexts. Methods Five populations were studied in north-western Argentina, from 700 to 1570 m a.s.l. Anthesis, colour and odour patterns, stigmatic receptivity, visitors and pollination mechanism were examined and mating-system experiments were performed. Key Results The petals are highly modified and the keel shows 3·75–5·25 revolutions. The sense of asymmetry was always left-handed. Hand-crosses showed that V. caracalla is self-compatible, but depends on pollinators to set seeds. Hand-crossed fruits were more successful than hand-selfed ones, with the exception of the site at the highest elevation. Bombus morio (queens and workers), Centris bicolor, Eufriesea mariana and Xylocopa eximia trigger the pollination mechanism (a ‘brush type’). The greatest level of self-compatibility and autonomous self-pollination were found at the highest elevation, together with the lowest reproductive success and number of pollinators (B. morio workers only). Conclusions Self-fertilization may have evolved in the peripheral population at the highest site of V. caracalla because of the benefits of reproductive assurance under reduced pollinator diversity. PMID:18587133

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-058 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Tony Gray and Tom Farrar

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-052 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Sandra Joseph and Kevin O'Connell

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-038 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Sandra Joseph and Kevin O'Connell

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-042 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Rusty Backer and Michael Gayle

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-055 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo Credit: NASA/Tony Gray and Tom Farrar

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-065 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Tony Gray and Tom Farrar

Visitors during STS-132 Space Shuttle Atlantis Launch

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-014 (14 May 2010) --- With visitors looking on, the space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo Credit: NASA/Ben Cooper

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-037 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo Credit: NASA/Tony Gray and Tom Farrar

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-057 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Tony Gray and Tom Farrar

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-059 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Sandra Joseph and Kevin O'Connell

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-033 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Sandra Joseph and Kevin O'Connell..

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-066 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo Credit: NASA/Tony Gray and Tom Farrar

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-054 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo Credit: NASA/Rusty Backer and Michael Gayle

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-067 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo Credit: NASA/Tony Gray and Tom Farrar

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-047 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Sandra Joseph and Kevin O'Connell

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-030 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Sandra Joseph and Kevin O'Connell

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-048 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Sandra Joseph and Kevin O'Connell

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-045 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Tony Gray and Tom Farrar

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-041 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Rusty Backer and Michael Gayle

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-049 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Rusty Backer and Michael Gayle

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-043 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Sandra Joseph and Kevin O'Connell

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-068 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Rusty Backer and Michael Gayle

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-034 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Tony Gray and Tom Farrar

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-069 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Rusty Backer and Michael Gayle

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-046 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Tony Gray and Tom Farrar

Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-05-14

STS132-S-031 (14 May 2010) --- Space shuttle Atlantis and its six-member STS-132 crew head toward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station. Liftoff was at 2:20 p.m. (EDT) on May 14, 2010, from launch pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Onboard are NASA astronauts Ken Ham, commander; Tony Antonelli, pilot; Garrett Reisman, Michael Good, Steve Bowen and Piers Sellers, all mission specialists. The crew will deliver the Russian-built Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) to the International Space Station. Named Rassvet, Russian for "dawn," the module is the second in a series of new pressurized components for Russia and will be permanently attached to the Earth-facing port of the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Rassvet will be used for cargo storage and will provide an additional docking port to the station. Also aboard Atlantis is an Integrated Cargo Carrier, or ICC, an unpressurized flat bed pallet and keel yoke assembly used to support the transfer of exterior cargo from the shuttle to the station. STS-132 is the 34th mission to the station and the last scheduled flight for Atlantis. For more information on the STS-132 mission objectives, payload and crew, visit www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Sandra Joseph and Kevin O'Connell

Embryonic development of fin spines in Callorhinchus milii (Holocephali); implications for chondrichthyan fin spine evolution.

PubMed

Jerve, Anna; Johanson, Zerina; Ahlberg, Per; Boisvert, Catherine

2014-01-01

Fin spines are commonly known from fossil gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) and are usually associated with paired and unpaired fins. They are less common among extant gnathostomes, being restricted to the median fins of certain chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fish), including chimaerids (elephant sharks) and neoselachians (sharks, skates, and rays). Fin spine growth is of great interest and relevance but few studies have considered their evolution and development. We investigated the development of the fin spine of the chimaerid Callorhinchus milii using stained histological sections from a series of larval, hatchling, and adult individuals. The lamellar trunk dentine of the Callorhinchus spine first condenses within the mesenchyme, rather than at the contact surface between mesenchyme and epithelium, in a manner more comparable to dermal bone formation than to normal odontode development. Trabecular dentine forms a small component of the spine under the keel; it is covered externally with a thin layer of lamellar trunk dentine, which is difficult to distinguish in sectioned adult spines. We suggest that the distinctive characteristics of the trunk dentine may reflect an origin through co-option of developmental processes involved in dermal bone formation. Comparison with extant Squalus and a range of fossil chondrichthyans shows that Callorhinchus is more representative than Squalus of generalized chondrichthyan fin-spine architecture, highlighting its value as a developmental model organism. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Control surfaces of aquatic vertebrates: active and passive design and function.

PubMed

Fish, Frank E; Lauder, George V

2017-12-01

Aquatic vertebrates display a variety of control surfaces that are used for propulsion, stabilization, trim and maneuvering. Control surfaces include paired and median fins in fishes, and flippers and flukes in secondarily aquatic tetrapods. These structures initially evolved from embryonic fin folds in fishes and have been modified into complex control surfaces in derived aquatic tetrapods. Control surfaces function both actively and passively to produce torque about the center of mass by the generation of either lift or drag, or both, and thus produce vector forces to effect rectilinear locomotion, trim control and maneuvers. In addition to fins and flippers, there are other structures that act as control surfaces and enhance functionality. The entire body can act as a control surface and generate lift for stability in destabilizing flow regimes. Furthermore, control surfaces can undergo active shape change to enhance their performance, and a number of features act as secondary control structures: leading edge tubercles, wing-like canards, multiple fins in series, finlets, keels and trailing edge structures. These modifications to control surface design can alter flow to increase lift, reduce drag and enhance thrust in the case of propulsive fin-based systems in fishes and marine mammals, and are particularly interesting subjects for future research and application to engineered systems. Here, we review how modifications to control surfaces can alter flow and increase hydrodynamic performance. © 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

More than a thousand words: Helping science speak for itself (Invited)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hassol, S. J.; Somerville, R. C.; Hussin, D. R.

2013-12-01

Our community has awakened to the complex challenges of communicating about climate change when much more than the science is at issue. Our awareness now includes cultural and psychological issues, and it is critical to continue this focus. At the same time, most people still say they need more information about the science, and so we are challenged to deliver that information in more accessible and effective ways. We are experimenting with some new strategies and techniques at our website, climatecommunication.org. We recently created ten narrated, animated videos that visualize important aspects of climate science. These range from explaining the iconic Keeling Curve to addressing how we know the recent warming is human-induced, to an overview of actions that can stabilize climate affordably. These videos provide a kind of 'guided tour' through what can otherwise be difficult-to-understand scientific graphs. Through other video resources on our site, including answers to common questions and biographical videos of our science advisors, we illuminate the fascinating process of science and portray scientists as the interesting, multi-faceted people they are. This can help challenge the stereotype of scientists, and enhance trust by revealing that scientists share many values and concerns with their fellow citizens. In this talk, we explore the resources available on climatecommunication.org, and discuss our ideas for combining accurate science with effective techniques for communicating with the public.