Multiple bunch HOM evaluation for ERL cavities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xu, Chen; Ben-Zvi, I.; Blaskiewicz, Michael M.

In this paper we investigate the effect of the bunch pattern in a linac on the Higher Order Mode (HOM) power generation. The future ERL-based electron–ion collider eRHIC at BNL is used as an illustrative example. This ERL has multiple high current Superconducting Radiofrequency (SRF) 5-cell cavities. The HOM power generated when a single bunch traverses the cavity is estimated by the corresponding loss factor. Multiple re-circulations through the Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) create a specific bunch pattern. In this case the loss factor can be different than the single bunch loss factor. HOM power can vary dramatically when themore » ERL bunch pattern changes. The HOM power generation can be surveyed in the time and frequency domains. We estimate the average HOM power in a 5-cell cavity with different ERL bunch patterns.« less

Multiple bunch HOM evaluation for ERL cavities

DOE PAGES

Xu, Chen; Ben-Zvi, I.; Blaskiewicz, Michael M.; ...

2017-06-15

In this paper we investigate the effect of the bunch pattern in a linac on the Higher Order Mode (HOM) power generation. The future ERL-based electron–ion collider eRHIC at BNL is used as an illustrative example. This ERL has multiple high current Superconducting Radiofrequency (SRF) 5-cell cavities. The HOM power generated when a single bunch traverses the cavity is estimated by the corresponding loss factor. Multiple re-circulations through the Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) create a specific bunch pattern. In this case the loss factor can be different than the single bunch loss factor. HOM power can vary dramatically when themore » ERL bunch pattern changes. The HOM power generation can be surveyed in the time and frequency domains. We estimate the average HOM power in a 5-cell cavity with different ERL bunch patterns.« less

Multiple bunch HOM evaluation for ERL cavities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Chen; Ben-Zvi, I.; Blaskiewicz, Michael M.; Hao, Yue; Ptitsyn, Vadim

2017-09-01

In this work we investigate the effect of the bunch pattern in a linac on the Higher Order Mode (HOM) power generation. The future ERL-based electron-ion collider eRHIC at BNL is used as an illustrative example. This ERL has multiple high current Superconducting Radiofrequency (SRF) 5-cell cavities. The HOM power generated when a single bunch traverses the cavity is estimated by the corresponding loss factor. Multiple re-circulations through the Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) create a specific bunch pattern. In this case the loss factor can be different than the single bunch loss factor. HOM power can vary dramatically when the ERL bunch pattern changes. The HOM power generation can be surveyed in the time and frequency domains. We estimate the average HOM power in a 5-cell cavity with different ERL bunch patterns.

Development and characterization of semiconductor ion detectors for plasma diagnostics in the range over 0.3 keV

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cho, T.; Sakamoto, Y.; Hirata, M.; Kohagura, J.; Makino, K.; Kanke, S.; Takahashi, K.; Okamura, T.; Nakashima, Y.; Yatsu, K.; Tamano, T.; Miyoshi, S.

1997-01-01

For the purpose of plasma-ion-energy analyses in a wide-energy range from a few hundred eV to hundreds of keV, upgraded semiconductor detectors are newly fabricated and characterized using a test-ion-beam line from 0.3 to 12 keV. In particular, the detectable lowest-ion energy is drastically improved at least down to 0.3 keV; this energy is one to two orders-of-magnitude better than those for commercially available Si-surface-barrier diodes employed for previous plasma-ion diagnostics. A signal-to-noise ratio of two to three orders-of-magnitude better than that for usual metal-collector detectors is demonstrated for the compact-sized semiconductor along with the availability of the use under conditions of a good vacuum and a strong-magnetic field. Such characteristics are achieved due to the improving methods of the optimization of the thicknesses of a Si dead layer and a SiO2 layer, as well as the nitrogen-doping technique near the depletion layer along with minimizing impurity concentrations in Si. Such an upgraded capability of an extremely low-energy-ion detection with the low-noise characteristics enlarges research regimes of plasma-ion behavior using semiconductor detectors not only in the divertor regions of tokamaks but in wider spectra of open-field plasma devices including tandem mirrors. An application of the semiconductor ion detector for plasma-ion diagnostics is demonstrated in a specially designed ion-spectrometer structure.

Luminosity geometric reduction factor from colliding bunches with different lengths

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Verdu-Andres, S.

In the interaction point of the future electron-Ion collider eRHIC, the electron beam bunches are at least one order of magnitude shorter than the proton beam bunches. With the introduction of a crossing angle, the actual number of collisions resulting from the bunch collision gets reduced. Here we derive the expression for the luminosity geometric reduction factor when the bunches of the two incoming beams are not equal.

Compression of subrelativistic space-charge-dominated electron bunches for single-shot femtosecond electron diffraction.

PubMed

van Oudheusden, T; Pasmans, P L E M; van der Geer, S B; de Loos, M J; van der Wiel, M J; Luiten, O J

2010-12-31

We demonstrate the compression of 95 keV, space-charge-dominated electron bunches to sub-100 fs durations. These bunches have sufficient charge (200 fC) and are of sufficient quality to capture a diffraction pattern with a single shot, which we demonstrate by a diffraction experiment on a polycrystalline gold foil. Compression is realized by means of velocity bunching by inverting the positive space-charge-induced velocity chirp. This inversion is induced by the oscillatory longitudinal electric field of a 3 GHz radio-frequency cavity. The arrival time jitter is measured to be 80 fs.

A Bunch-Like Tertiary Amine Grafted Polysulfone Membrane for VRFBs with Simultaneously High Proton Conductivity and Low Vanadium Ion Permeability.

PubMed

Tan, Qinglong; Lu, Shanfu; Si, Jiangju; Wang, Haining; Wu, Chunxiao; Li, Xianfeng; Xiang, Yan

2017-04-01

Novel polysulfone membranes with bunch-like tertiary amine groups are synthesized with high ion selectivity and outstanding chemical stability for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). The bunch-like tertiary amine groups simultaneously act as an ionic conductor for proton hopping and vanadium ion transport obstacles. The performance of the membrane is tuned via controlling the grafting degree of the chloromethylated polysulfone. The results show that membranes show increasing proton over vanadium ion (σ/p) selectivity with increasing functional tertiary groups. VRFBs assembled with the prepared membranes demonstrate an impressive Coulombic efficiency of 98.9% and energy efficiency of 90.9% at a current density of 50 mA cm -2 . Furthermore, the prepared membrane reported in this work shows excellent stability in 1 m VO 2 + solution at 35 °C over 240 h. Overall, the synthesized polymers provide a new insight into the design of high-performance membranes toward VRFB applications. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

An electron beam ion trap and source for re-acceleration of rare-isotope ion beams at TRIUMF

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blessenohl, M. A.; Dobrodey, S.; Warnecke, C.; Rosner, M. K.; Graham, L.; Paul, S.; Baumann, T. M.; Hockenbery, Z.; Hubele, R.; Pfeifer, T.; Ames, F.; Dilling, J.; Crespo López-Urrutia, J. R.

2018-05-01

Electron beam driven ionization can produce highly charged ions (HCIs) in a few well-defined charge states. Ideal conditions for this are maximally focused electron beams and an extremely clean vacuum environment. A cryogenic electron beam ion trap fulfills these prerequisites and delivers very pure HCI beams. The Canadian rare isotope facility with electron beam ion source-electron beam ion sources developed at the Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK) reaches already for a 5 keV electron beam and a current of 1 A with a density in excess of 5000 A/cm2 by means of a 6 T axial magnetic field. Within the trap, the beam quickly generates a dense HCI population, tightly confined by a space-charge potential of the order of 1 keV times the ionic charge state. Emitting HCI bunches of ≈107 ions at up to 100 Hz repetition rate, the device will charge-breed rare-isotope beams with the mass-over-charge ratio required for re-acceleration at the Advanced Rare IsotopE Laboratory (ARIEL) facility at TRIUMF. We present here its design and results from commissioning runs at MPIK, including X-ray diagnostics of the electron beam and charge-breeding process, as well as ion injection and HCI-extraction measurements.

The Heidelberg compact electron beam ion traps

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Micke, P.; Kühn, S.; Buchauer, L.; Harries, J. R.; Bücking, T. M.; Blaum, K.; Cieluch, A.; Egl, A.; Hollain, D.; Kraemer, S.; Pfeifer, T.; Schmidt, P. O.; Schüssler, R. X.; Schweiger, Ch.; Stöhlker, T.; Sturm, S.; Wolf, R. N.; Bernitt, S.; Crespo López-Urrutia, J. R.

2018-06-01

Electron beam ion traps (EBITs) are ideal tools for both production and study of highly charged ions (HCIs). In order to reduce their construction, maintenance, and operation costs, we have developed a novel, compact, room-temperature design, the Heidelberg Compact EBIT (HC-EBIT). Four already commissioned devices operate at the strongest fields (up to 0.86 T) reported for such EBITs using permanent magnets, run electron beam currents up to 80 mA, and energies up to 10 keV. They demonstrate HCI production, trapping, and extraction of pulsed Ar16+ bunches and continuous 100 pA ion beams of highly charged Xe up to charge state 29+, already with a 4 mA, 2 keV electron beam. Moreover, HC-EBITs offer large solid-angle ports and thus high photon count rates, e.g., in x-ray spectroscopy of dielectronic recombination in HCIs up to Fe24+, achieving an electron-energy resolving power of E/ΔE > 1500 at 5 keV. Besides traditional on-axis electron guns, we have also implemented a novel off-axis gun for laser, synchrotron, and free-electron laser applications, offering clear optical access along the trap axis. We report on its first operation at a synchrotron radiation facility demonstrating the resonant photoexcitation of highly charged oxygen.

Surface damage studies of ETFE polymer bombarded with low energy Si ions (⩽100 keV)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Minamisawa, Renato Amaral; Almeida, Adelaide De; Budak, Satilmis; Abidzina, Volha; Ila, Daryush

2007-08-01

Surface studies of ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), bombarded with Si in a high-energy tandem Pelletron accelerator, have recently been reported. Si ion bombardment with a few MeV to a few hundred keV energies was shown to be sufficient to produce damage on ETFE film. We report here the use of a low energy implanter with Si ion energies lower than 100 keV, to induce changes on ETFE films. In order to determine the radiation damage, ETFE bombarded films were simulated with SRIM software and analyzed with optical absorption photometry (OAP), Raman and Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy to show quantitatively the physical and chemical property changes. Carbonization occurs following higher dose implantation, and hydroperoxides were formed following dehydroflorination of the polymer.

Dominance of high-energy (>150 keV) heavy ion intensities in Earth's middle to outer magnetosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cohen, Ian J.; Mitchell, Donald G.; Kistler, Lynn M.; Mauk, Barry H.; Anderson, Brian J.; Westlake, Joseph H.; Ohtani, Shinichi; Hamilton, Douglas C.; Turner, Drew L.; Blake, J. Bernard; Fennell, Joseph F.; Jaynes, Allison N.; Leonard, Trevor W.; Gerrard, Andrew J.; Lanzerotti, Louis J.; Allen, Robert C.; Burch, James L.

2017-09-01

Previous observations have driven the prevailing assumption in the field that energetic ions measured by an instrument using a bare solid state detector (SSD) are predominantly protons. However, new near-equatorial energetic particle observations obtained between 7 and 12 RE during Phase 1 of the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission challenge the validity of this assumption. In particular, measurements by the Energetic Ion Spectrometer (EIS) instruments have revealed that the intensities of heavy ion species (specifically oxygen and helium) dominate those of protons at energies ≳150-220 keV in the middle to outer (>7 RE) magnetosphere. Given that relative composition measurements can drift as sensors degrade in gain, quality cross-calibration agreement between EIS observations and those from the SSD-based Fly's Eye Energetic Particle Spectrometer (FEEPS) sensors provides critical support to the veracity of the measurement. Similar observations from the Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE) instruments aboard the Van Allen Probes spacecraft extend the ion composition measurements into the middle magnetosphere and reveal a strongly proton-dominated environment at L≲6 but decreasing proton intensities at L≳6. It is concluded that the intensity dominance of the heavy ions at higher energies (>150 keV) arises from the existence of significant populations of multiply-charged heavy ions, presumably of solar wind origin.

Compact, maintainable 80-KeV neutral beam module

DOEpatents

Fink, Joel H.; Molvik, Arthur W.

1980-01-01

A compact, maintainable 80-keV arc chamber, extractor module for a neutral beam system immersed in a vacuum of <10.sup.-2 Torr, incorporating a nested 60-keV gradient shield located midway between the high voltage ion source and surrounding grounded frame. The shield reduces breakdown or arcing path length without increasing the voltage gradient, tends to keep electric fields normal to conducting surfaces rather than skewed and reduces the peak electric field around irregularities on the 80-keV electrodes. The arc chamber or ion source is mounted separately from the extractor or ion accelerator to reduce misalignment of the accelerator and to permit separate maintenance to be performed on these systems. The separate mounting of the ion source provides for maintaining same without removing the ion accelerator.

Spectra of KeV Protons Related to Ion-Cyclotron Wave Packets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Khazanov, G. V.; Sibeck, D. G.; Tel'Nikhin, A. A.; Kronberg, T. K.

2017-01-01

We use the Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equation to study the statistical aspects of stochastic dynamics of the radiation belt (RB) protons driven by nonlinear electromagnetic ion-cyclotron (EMIC) wave packets. We obtain the spectra of keV protons scattered by these waves that showsteeping near the gyroresonance, the signature of resonant wave-particle interaction that cannot be described by a simple power law. The most likely mechanism for proton precipitation events in RBs is shown to be nonlinear wave-particle interaction, namely, the scattering of RB protons into the loss cone by EMIC waves.

Electron diffraction using ultrafast electron bunches from a laser-wakefield accelerator at kHz repetition rate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Z.-H.; Thomas, A. G. R.; Beaurepaire, B.; Nees, J. A.; Hou, B.; Malka, V.; Krushelnick, K.; Faure, J.

2013-02-01

We show that electron bunches in the 50-100 keV range can be produced from a laser wakefield accelerator using 10 mJ, 35 fs laser pulses operating at 0.5 kHz. It is shown that using a solenoid magnetic lens, the electron bunch distribution can be shaped. The resulting transverse and longitudinal coherence is suitable for producing diffraction images from a polycrystalline 10 nm aluminum foil. The high repetition rate, the stability of the electron source, and the fact that its uncorrelated bunch duration is below 100 fs make this approach promising for the development of sub-100 fs ultrafast electron diffraction experiments.

Magnetic field design for a Penning ion source for a 200 keV electrostatic accelerator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fathi, A.; Feghhi, S. A. H.; Sadati, S. M.; Ebrahimibasabi, E.

2017-04-01

In this study, the structure of magnetic field for a Penning ion source has been designed and constructed with the use of permanent magnets. The ion source has been designed and constructed for a 200 keV electrostatic accelerator. With using CST Studio Suite, the magnetic field profile inside the ion source was simulated and an appropriate magnetic system was designed to improve particle confinement. Designed system consists of two ring magnets with 9 mm distance from each other around the anode. The ion source was constructed and the cylindrical magnet and designed magnetic system were tested on the ion source. The results showed that the ignition voltage for ion source with the designed magnetic system is almost 300 V lower than the ion source with the cylindrical magnet. Better particle confinement causes lower voltage discharge to occur.

Wake excited in plasma by an ultrarelativistic pointlike bunch

DOE PAGES

Stupakov, G.; Breizman, B.; Khudik, V.; ...

2016-10-05

We study propagation of a relativistic electron bunch through a cold plasma assuming that the transverse and longitudinal dimensions of the bunch are much smaller than the plasma collisionless skin depth. Treating the bunch as a point charge and assuming that its charge is small, we derive a simplified system of equations for the plasma electrons and show that, through a simple rescaling of variables, the bunch charge can be eliminated from the equations. The equations demonstrate an ion cavity formed behind the driver. They are solved numerically and the scaling of the cavity parameters with the driver charge ismore » obtained. As a result, a numerical solution for the case of a positively charged driver is also found.« less

The production and sputtering of S2 by keV ion bombardment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boring, J. W.; Chrisey, D. B.; Oshaughnessy, D. J.; Phipps, J. A.; Zhao, N.

1986-01-01

The ion bombardment of S-containing molecules in comets is simulated experimentally. Mass-analyzed 30-keV beams of Ar(+) and He(+) are directed at solid S, H2S, and CS2 targets at temperatures 15 K, and the neutral molecular species produced are ionized and analyzed using a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The dominant species detected are S1 and S2 for the S target, H2S and S2 for the H2S target, and S, CS, S2, and CS2 for the CS2 target. In the latter case, it is found that after about 10 to the 14th He(+) ions/sq cm have struck the target, further sputtering is prevented by formation of a dark brown deposit which is stable at room temperature; the residue forms more slowly when Ar(+) ions are used. These results, indicating relatively efficient S2 production by ion bombardment, are applied to theoretical models of S2 production and/or ejection by solar-wind, solar-flare, or cosmic-ray ions striking comets. It is found that direct solar-wind production of S2 by sputtering is unlikely at realistic bombardment rates, but that H2S-S2 conversion by energetic ions could be significant, with less stringent ice-temperature and irradiation-flux constraints than in the case of S2 production by photons.

Focusing and transport of high-intensity multi-MeV proton bunches from a compact laser-driven source

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Busold, S.; Schumacher, D.; Deppert, O.; Brabetz, C.; Frydrych, S.; Kroll, F.; Joost, M.; Al-Omari, H.; Blažević, A.; Zielbauer, B.; Hofmann, I.; Bagnoud, V.; Cowan, T. E.; Roth, M.

2013-10-01

Laser ion acceleration provides for compact, high-intensity ion sources in the multi-MeV range. Using a pulsed high-field solenoid, for the first time high-intensity laser-accelerated proton bunches could be selected from the continuous exponential spectrum and delivered to large distances, containing more than 109 particles in a narrow energy interval around a central energy of 9.4 MeV and showing ≤30mrad envelope divergence. The bunches of only a few nanoseconds bunch duration were characterized 2.2 m behind the laser-plasma source with respect to arrival time, energy width, and intensity as well as spatial and temporal bunch profile.

Electrical conduction in 100 keV Kr+ ion implanted poly (ethylene terephthalate)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goyal, P. K.; Kumar, V.; Gupta, Renu; Mahendia, S.; Anita, Kumar, S.

2012-06-01

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) samples have been implanted to 100 keV Kr+ ions at the fluences 1×1015-- 1×1016 cm-2. From I-V characteristics, the conduction mechanism was found to be shifted from ohmic to space charge limited conduction (SCLC) after implantation. The surface conductivity of these implanted samples was found to increase with increasing implantation dose. The structural alterations in the Raman spectra of implanted PET samples indicate that such an increase in the conductivity may be attributed to the formation of conjugated double bonded carbonaceous structure in the implanted layer of PET.

Effects of 200 keV argon ions irradiation on microstructural properties of titanium nitride films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Popović, M.; Novaković, M.; Šiljegović, M.; Bibić, N.

2012-05-01

This paper reports on a study of microstructrual changes in TiN/Si bilayers due to 200 keV Ar+ ions irradiation at room temperature. The 240 nm TiN/Si bilayers were prepared by d.c. reactive sputtering on crystalline Si (1 0 0) substrates. The TiN films were deposited at the substrate temperature of 150 °C. After deposition the TiN/Si bilayers were irradiated to the fluences of 5 × 1015 and 2 × 1016 ions/cm2. The structural changes induced by ion irradiation in the TiN/Si bilayers were analyzed by Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS), X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The irradiations caused the microstructrual changes in TiN layers, but no amorphization even at the highest argon fluence of 2 × 1016 ions/cm2. It is also observed that the mean crystallite size decreases with the increasing ion fluence.

Theoretical analysis and simulation of the influence of self-bunching effects and longitudinal space charge effects on the propagation of keV electron bunch produced by a novel S-band Micro-Pulse electron Gun

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Jifei; Lu, Xiangyang; Zhou, Kui; Yang, Ziqin; Yang, Deyu; Luo, Xing; Tan, Weiwei; Yang, Yujia

2016-06-01

As an important electron source, Micro-Pulse electron Gun (MPG) which is qualified for producing high average current, short pulse, low emittance electron bunches steadily holds promise to use as an electron source of Coherent Smith-Purcell Radiation (CSPR), Free Electron Laser (FEL). The stable output of S-band MPG has been achieved in many labs. To establish reliable foundation for the future application of it, the propagation of picosecond electron bunch produced by MPG should be studied in detail. In this article, the MPG which was working on the rising stage of total effective Secondary Electron Yield (SEY) curve was introduced. The self-bunching mechanism was discussed in depth both in the multipacting amplifying state and the steady working state. The bunch length broadening induced by the longitudinal space-charge (SC) effects was investigated by different theoretical models in different regions. The 2D PIC codes MAGIC and beam dynamic codes TraceWin simulations were also performed in the propagation. The result shows an excellent agreement between the simulation and the theoretical analysis for bunch length evolution.

Theoretical analysis and simulation of the influence of self-bunching effects and longitudinal space charge effects on the propagation of keV electron bunch produced by a novel S-band Micro-Pulse electron Gun

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhao, Jifei; Lu, Xiangyang, E-mail: xylu@pku.edu.cn; Yang, Ziqin

As an important electron source, Micro-Pulse electron Gun (MPG) which is qualified for producing high average current, short pulse, low emittance electron bunches steadily holds promise to use as an electron source of Coherent Smith-Purcell Radiation (CSPR), Free Electron Laser (FEL). The stable output of S-band MPG has been achieved in many labs. To establish reliable foundation for the future application of it, the propagation of picosecond electron bunch produced by MPG should be studied in detail. In this article, the MPG which was working on the rising stage of total effective Secondary Electron Yield (SEY) curve was introduced. Themore » self-bunching mechanism was discussed in depth both in the multipacting amplifying state and the steady working state. The bunch length broadening induced by the longitudinal space-charge (SC) effects was investigated by different theoretical models in different regions. The 2D PIC codes MAGIC and beam dynamic codes TraceWin simulations were also performed in the propagation. The result shows an excellent agreement between the simulation and the theoretical analysis for bunch length evolution.« less

Origin of Si(LMM) Auger Electron Emission from Silicon and Si-Alloys by keV Ar+ Ion Bombardment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iwami, Motohiro; Kim, Su Chol; Kataoka, Yoshihide; Imura, Takeshi; Hiraki, Akio; Fujimoto, Fuminori

1980-09-01

Si(LMM) Auger electrons emitted from specimens of pure silicon and several Si-alloys (Ni-Si, Pd-Si and Cu-Si) under keV Ar+ ion bombardment, were examined. In the Auger spectra from all specimens studied there were four peaks at energies of 92, 86, 76 and 66 eV. The Auger signal intensity varied considerably with both the incident angle and the energy of the primary ion beam. It is proposed that the Auger electrons are emitted from silicon atoms (or ions) just beneath the specimen surface but free from the bulk network.

Plasma irregularities caused by cycloid bunching of the CRRES G-2 barium release

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bernhardt, P. A.; Huba, J. D.; Pongratz, M. B.; Simons, D. J.; Wolcott, J. H.

1993-01-01

The Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) spacecraft carried a number of barium thermite canisters for release into the upper atmosphere. The barium release labeled G-2 showed evidence of curved irregularities not aligned with the ambient magnetic field B. The newly discovered curved structures can be explained by a process called cycloid bunching. Cycloid bunching occurs when plasma is created by photoionization of a neutral cloud injected at high velocity perpendicular to B. If the injection velocity is much larger than the expansion speed of the cloud, the ion trail will form a cycloid that has irregularities spaced by the product of the perpendicular injection speed and the ion gyroperiod, Images of the solar-illuminated barium ions are compared with the results of a three-dimensional kinetic simulation. Cycloid bunching is shown to be responsible for the rapid generation of both curved and field-aligned irregularities in the CRRES G-2 experiment.

Radiofrequency quadrupole-based beam cooler and buncher for the CANREB project at TRIUMF

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barquest, Brad; Pearson, Matt; Ames, Friedhelm; Dilling, Jens; Gwinner, Gerald; Kanungo, Rituparna; Kruecken, Reiner

2016-09-01

A new radiofrequency quadrupole-based ion beam cooler and buncher (BCB) and pulsed drift tube (PDT) have been designed as part of the CANREB project at TRIUMF. The BCB is designed to accept continuous 60 keV rare isotope beams from the ARIEL or ISAC production targets and efficiently deliver low-emittance, bunched beams of up to 107 ions per bunch to an electron beam ion source (EBIS) to charge-breed the bunch for post-acceleration. The PDT will adjust the energy of the bunched beam from 60 keV to 10-14 keV for injection into the EBIS. The injection energy is determined by the acceptance of the post-accelerating RFQ. The design of the BCB is nearing completion, and fabrication and assembly effort will proceed shortly. In addition, a PDT prototype is under development to test that the design concept satisfies the voltage and switching time requirements. Design features of the BCB and PDT will be discussed, and an update on BCB assembly and PDT testing progress will be presented. CANREB is funded by CFI, NSRIT, Manitoba Research and Innovation Fund, AAPS, Saint Mary's U, U of Manitoba and TRIUMF. TRIUMF receives federal funding via a contribution agreement with the National Research Council of Canada.

Sub-fs electron bunch generation with sub-10-fs bunch arrival-time jitter via bunch slicing in a magnetic chicane

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, J.; Assmann, R. W.; Dohlus, M.; Dorda, U.; Marchetti, B.

2016-05-01

The generation of ultrashort electron bunches with ultrasmall bunch arrival-time jitter is of vital importance for laser-plasma wakefield acceleration with external injection. We study the production of 100-MeV electron bunches with bunch durations of subfemtosecond (fs) and bunch arrival-time jitters of less than 10 fs, in an S-band photoinjector by using a weak magnetic chicane with a slit collimator. The beam dynamics inside the chicane is simulated by using two codes with different self-force models. The first code separates the self-force into a three-dimensional (3D) quasistatic space-charge model and a one-dimensional coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) model, while the other one starts from the first principle with a so-called 3D sub-bunch method. The simulations indicate that the CSR effect dominates the horizontal emittance growth and the 1D CSR model underestimates the final bunch duration and emittance because of the very large transverse-to-longitudinal aspect ratio of the sub-fs bunch. Particularly, the CSR effect is also strongly affected by the vertical bunch size. Due to the coupling between the horizontal and longitudinal phase spaces, the bunch duration at the entrance of the last dipole magnet of the chicane is still significantly longer than that at the exit of the chicane, which considerably mitigates the impact of space charge and CSR effects on the beam quality. Exploiting this effect, a bunch charge of up to 4.8 pC in a sub-fs bunch could be simulated. In addition, we analytically and numerically investigate the impact of different jitter sources on the bunch arrival-time jitter downstream of the chicane, and define the tolerance budgets assuming realistic values of the stability of the linac for different bunch charges and compression schemes.

Ejection of nanoclusters from gold nanoislet layers by 38 keV Au ions in the elastic stopping mode.

PubMed

Baranov, I A; Della-Negra, S; Domaratsky, V P; Chemezov, A V; Kirillov, S N; Novikov, A C; Obnorsky, V V; Pautrat, M; Urbassek, H M; Wien, K; Yarmiychuk, S V; Zhurkin, E E

2009-07-01

Total absolute yields of the ejected gold were obtained regardless of the type of the particles are--atoms, clusters, nanoclusters,--as well as absolute yields of gold nanoclusters, from nanoislet gold targets under bombardment by monoatomic gold ions at 45 degrees to the target surface with the energy 38 keV, i.e., in the "purely" elastic stopping mode -6 keV/nm up to the fluence of 4 x 10(12) cm2. Three targets had gold nanoislets on the substrate surface: 2-12 nm; -18 nm; -35 nm, the most probable sizes being 7.1; 9.4; 17.5 nm respectively. The part of the surface area covered with gold was known. Total transfer of gold was determined by means of the neutron-activation analysis and decreased from 450 to 20 at/ion. The number of the ejected gold nanoclusters was determined using TEM and decreased from approximately 0.06 to < 0.01 per one 38 keV Au ion with the increase of the most probable sizes of the nanoislets on the target from 7.1 to 17.5 nm. The yields appeared to be surprisingly high, which is of scientific and practical importance. Tentative estimations were made using molecular dynamics simulations.

Operational experience with nanocoulomb bunch charges in the Cornell photoinjector

DOE PAGES

Bartnik, Adam; Gulliford, Colwyn; Bazarov, Ivan; ...

2015-08-19

Characterization of 9–9.5 MeV electron beams produced in the dc-gun based Cornell photoinjector is given for bunch charges ranging from 20 pC to 2 nC. Comparison of the measured emittances and longitudinal current profiles to optimized 3D space charge simulations yields excellent agreement for bunch charges up to 1 nC when the measured laser distribution is used to generate initial particle distributions in simulation. Analysis of the scaling of the measured emittance with bunch charge shows that the emittance scales roughly as the square root of the bunch charge up to 300 pC, above which the trend becomes linear. Furthermore,more » these measurements demonstrate that the Cornell photoinjector can produce cathode emittance dominated beams meeting the emittance and peak current specifications for next generation free electron lasers operating at high repetition rate. In addition, the 1 and 2 nC results are relevant to the electron ion collider community.« less

Surface damage in cystine, an amino acid dimer, induced by keV ions.

PubMed

Salles, R C M; Coutinho, L H; da Veiga, A G; Sant'Anna, M M; de Souza, G G B

2018-01-28

We have studied the interaction of an ion beam (17.6 keV F - ) with cystine, a dimer formed by the binding of two cysteine residues. Cystine can be considered as an ideal prototype for the study of the relevance of the disulfide (-S-S-) chemical bond in biomolecules. For the sake of comparison, the amino acid cysteine has also been subjected to the same experimental conditions. Characterization of the samples by XPS and NEXAFS shows that both pristine cystine and pristine cysteine are found as a dipolar ion (zwitterion). Following irradiation, the dimer and the amino acid show a tendency to change from the dipole ion form to the normal uncharged form. The largest spectral modification was observed in the high resolution XPS spectra obtained at around the N 1s core level for the two biomolecules. The 2p sulfur edge spectra of cysteine and cystine were much less sensitive to radiation effects. We suggest that the disulfide bond (-S-S-) remains stable before and after irradiation, contributing to the larger radiation stability of cystine as compared to the amino acid cysteine.

Improvement of voltage holding capability in the 500 keV negative ion source for JT-60SA.

PubMed

Tanaka, Y; Hanada, M; Kojima, A; Akino, N; Shimizu, T; Ohshima, K; Inoue, T; Watanabe, K; Taniguchi, M; Kashiwagi, M; Umeda, N; Tobari, H; Grisham, L R

2010-02-01

Voltage holding capability of JT-60 negative ion source that has a large electrostatic negative ion accelerator with 45 cm x 1.1 m acceleration grids was experimentally examined and improved to realize 500 keV, 22 A, and 100 s D- ion beams for JT-60 Super Advanced. The gap lengths in the acceleration stages were extended to reduce electric fields in a gap between the large grids and at the corner of the support flanges from the original 4-5 to 3-4 kV/mm. As a result, the voltage holding capability without beam acceleration has been successfully improved from 400 to 500 kV. The pulse duration to hold 500 kV reached 40 s of the power supply limitation.

Ionoluminescence properties of polystyrene-hosted fluorophore films induced by helium ions of energy 50-350 keV

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chakraborty, Subha; Huang, Mengbing

2017-10-01

We report on measurements and analysis of ionoluminescence properties of pure polystyrene films and polystyrene films doped with four types of fluorophores in low kinetic energies (50-350 keV) of ion irradiation. We have developed a theoretical model to understand the experimentally observed ionoluminescence behaviors in terms of scintillation yield from individual ion tracks, photophysical energy transfer mechanisms, and irradiation-induced defects. A comparison of the model and experimental results suggests that singlet up-conversion resulting from triplet-triplet annihilation processes may be responsible for enhanced singlet emission of the fluorophores at high ion beam flux densities. Energy transfer from the polystyrene matrix to the fluorophore molecules has been identified as an effective pathway to increasing the fluorescence efficiency in the doped scintillator films.

Design of a high-bunch-charge 112-MHz superconducting RF photoemission electron source

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xin, T.; Brutus, J. C.; Belomestnykh, Sergey A.; Ben-Zvi, I.; Boulware, C. H.; Grimm, T. L.; Hayes, T.; Litvinenko, Vladimir N.; Mernick, K.; Narayan, G.; Orfin, P.; Pinayev, I.; Rao, T.; Severino, F.; Skaritka, J.; Smith, K.; Than, R.; Tuozzolo, J.; Wang, E.; Xiao, B.; Xie, H.; Zaltsman, A.

2016-09-01

High-bunch-charge photoemission electron-sources operating in a continuous wave (CW) mode are required for many advanced applications of particle accelerators, such as electron coolers for hadron beams, electron-ion colliders, and free-electron lasers. Superconducting RF (SRF) has several advantages over other electron-gun technologies in CW mode as it offers higher acceleration rate and potentially can generate higher bunch charges and average beam currents. A 112 MHz SRF electron photoinjector (gun) was developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory to produce high-brightness and high-bunch-charge bunches for the coherent electron cooling proof-of-principle experiment. The gun utilizes a quarter-wave resonator geometry for assuring beam dynamics and uses high quantum efficiency multi-alkali photocathodes for generating electrons.

Generation and measurement of velocity bunched ultrashort bunch of pC charge

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, X. H.; Tang, C. X.; Li, R. K.; To, H.; Andonian, G.; Musumeci, P.

2015-03-01

In this paper, we discuss the velocity compression in a short rf linac of an electron bunch from a rf photoinjector operated in the blowout regime. Particle tracking simulations shows that with a beam charge of 2 pC an ultrashort bunch duration of 16 fs can be obtained at a tight longitudinal focus downstream of the linac. A simplified coherent transition radiation (CTR) spectrum method is developed to enable the measurement of ultrashort (sub-50 fs) bunches at low bunch energy (5 MeV) and low bunch charges (<10 pC ). In this method, the ratio of the radiation energy selected by two narrow bandwidth filters is used to estimate the bunch length. The contribution to the coherent form factor of the large transverse size of the bunch suppresses the radiation signal significantly and is included in the analysis. The experiment was performed at the UCLA Pegasus photoinjector laboratory. The measurement results show bunches of sub-40 fs with 2 pC of charge well consistent with the simulation using actual experimental conditions. These results open the way to the generation of ultrashort bunches with time-duration below 10 fs once some of the limitations of the setup (rf phase jitter, amplitude instability and low field in the gun limited by breakdown) are corrected.

Generation and measurement of velocity bunched ultrashort bunch of pC charge

DOE PAGES

Lu, X.  H.; Tang, C.  X.; Li, R.  K.; ...

2015-03-01

In this paper, we discuss the velocity compression in a short rf linac of an electron bunch from a rf photoinjector operated in the blowout regime. Particle tracking simulations shows that with a beam charge of 2 pC an ultrashort bunch duration of 16 fs can be obtained at a tight longitudinal focus downstream of the linac. A simplified coherent transition radiation (CTR) spectrum method is developed to enable the measurement of ultrashort (sub-50 fs) bunches at low bunch energy (5 MeV) and low bunch charges (<10 pC). In this method, the ratio of the radiation energy selected by twomore » narrow bandwidth filters is used to estimate the bunch length. The contribution to the coherent form factor of the large transverse size of the bunch suppresses the radiation signal significantly and is included in the analysis. The experiment was performed at the UCLA Pegasus photoinjector laboratory. The measurement results show bunches of sub-40 fs with 2 pC of charge well consistent with the simulation using actual experimental conditions. These results open the way to the generation of ultrashort bunches with time-duration below 10 fs once some of the limitations of the setup (rf phase jitter, amplitude instability and low field in the gun limited by breakdown) are corrected.« less

Acceleration of 500 keV Negative Ion Beams By Tuning Vacuum Insulation Distance On JT-60 Negative Ion Source

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kojima, A.; Hanada, M.; Tanaka, Y.

2011-09-26

Acceleration of a 500 keV beam up to 2.8 A has been achieved on a JT-60U negative ion source with a three-stage accelerator by overcoming low voltage holding which is one of the critical issues for realization of the JT-60SA ion source. In order to improve the voltage holding, preliminary voltage holding tests with small-size grids with uniform and locally intense electric fields were carried out, and suggested that the voltage holding was degraded by both the size and local electric field effects. Therefore, the local electric field was reduced by tuning gap lengths between the large size grids andmore » grid support structures of the accelerator. Moreover, a beam radiation shield which limited extension of the minimum gap length was also optimized so as to reduce the local electric field while maintaining the shielding effect. These modifications were based on the experiment results, and significantly increased the voltage holding from <150 kV/stage for the original configuration to 200 kV/stage. These techniques for improvement of voltage holding should also be applicable to other large ion sources accelerators such as those for ITER.« less

Improvement of voltage holding capability in the 500 keV negative ion source for JT-60SA

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tanaka, Y.; Hanada, M.; Kojima, A.

2010-02-15

Voltage holding capability of JT-60 negative ion source that has a large electrostatic negative ion accelerator with 45 cmx1.1 m acceleration grids was experimentally examined and improved to realize 500 keV, 22 A, and 100 s D{sup -} ion beams for JT-60 Super Advanced. The gap lengths in the acceleration stages were extended to reduce electric fields in a gap between the large grids and at the corner of the support flanges from the original 4-5 to 3-4 kV/mm. As a result, the voltage holding capability without beam acceleration has been successfully improved from 400 to 500 kV. The pulsemore » duration to hold 500 kV reached 40 s of the power supply limitation.« less

Design of a high-bunch-charge 112-MHz superconducting RF photoemission electron source

DOE PAGES

Xin, T.; Brutus, J. C.; Belomestnykh, Sergey A.; ...

2016-09-01

High-bunch-charge photoemission electron-sources operating in a continuous wave (CW) mode are required for many advanced applications of particle accelerators, such as electron coolers for hadron beams, electron-ion colliders, and free-electron lasers (FELs). Superconducting RF (SRF) has several advantages over other electron-gun technologies in CW mode as it offers higher acceleration rate and potentially can generate higher bunch charges and average beam currents. A 112 MHz SRF electron photoinjector (gun) was developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to produce high-brightness and high-bunch-charge bunches for the Coherent electron Cooling Proof-of-Principle (CeC PoP) experiment. Lastly, the gun utilizes a quarter-wave resonator (QWR) geometrymore » for assuring beam dynamics, and uses high quantum efficiency (QE) multi-alkali photocathodes for generating electrons.« less

Dipeptide Formation from Amino Acid Monomer Induced by keV Ion Irradiation: An Implication for Physicochemical Repair by Radiation Itself

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Wei; Yuan, Hang; Wang, Xiangqin; Yu, Zengliang

2008-02-01

An identification of Phe dipeptide from L-phenylalanine monomers after keV nitrogen and argon ion implantation, by using the HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) and LC-MS(liquid chromatography mass spectrometer) methods is reported. The results showed a similar yield behavior for both ion species, namely: 1) the yield of dipeptides under alkalescent conditions was distinctly higher than that under acidic or neutral conditions; 2) for different ion species, the dose-yield curves tracked a similar trend which was called a counter-saddle curve. The dipeptide formation may implicate a recombination repair mechanism of damaged biomolecules that energetic ions have left in their wake. Accordingly a physicochemical self-repair mechanism by radiation itself for the ion-beam radiobiological effects is proposed.

Effects of 200 keV Ar-ions irradiation on the structural and optical properties of reactively sputtered CrN films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Novaković, M.; Popović, M.; Zhang, K.; Rakočević, Z.; Bibić, N.

2016-12-01

Modification in structural and optical properties of chromium-nitride (CrN) films induced by argon ion irradiation and thermal annealings were investigated using various experimental techniques. CrN films deposited by d. c. reactive sputtering on Si substrate were implanted with 200 keV argon ions, at fluences of 5-20 × 1015 ions/cm2. As-implanted samples were then annealed in vacuum, for 2 h at 700 °C. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, cross-sectional (high-resolution) transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) measurements were carried out in order to study structural and optical properties of the layers. After irradiation with 200 keV Ar ions a damaged surface layer of nanocrystalline structure was generated, which extended beyond the implantation profile, but left an undamaged bottom zone. Partial loss of columnar structure observed in implanted samples was recovered after annealing at 700 °C and CrN started to decompose to Cr2N. This layer geometry determined from transmission electron microscopy was inferred in the analysis of SE data using the combined Drude and Tauc-Lorentz model, and the variation of the optical bandgap was deduced. The results are discussed on the basis of the changes induced in the microstructure. It was found that the optical properties of the layers are strongly dependent on the defects' concentration of CrN.

Electron dynamics in high energy density plasma bunch generation driven by intense picosecond laser pulse

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, M.; Yuan, T.; Xu, Y. X.; Luo, S. N.

2018-05-01

When an intense picosecond laser pulse is loaded upon a dense plasma, a high energy density plasma bunch, including electron bunch and ion bunch, can be generated in the target. We simulate this process through one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation and find that the electron bunch generation is mainly due to a local high energy density electron sphere originated in the plasma skin layer. Once generated the sphere rapidly expands to compress the surrounding electrons and induce high density electron layer, coupled with that, hot electrons are efficiently triggered in the local sphere and traveling in the whole target. Under the compressions of light pressure, forward-running and backward-running hot electrons, a high energy density electron bunch generates. The bunch energy density is as high as TJ/m3 order of magnitude in our conditions, which is significant in laser driven dynamic high pressure generation and may find applications in high energy density physics.

A transverse bunch by bunch feedback system for Pohang Light Source upgrade

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, E.-H.; Kim, D.-T.; Huang, J.-Y.; Shin, S.; Nakamura, T.; Kobayashi, K.

2014-12-01

The Pohang Light Source upgrade (PLS-II) project has successfully upgraded the Pohang Light Source (PLS). The main goals of the PLS-II project are to increase the beam energy to 3 GeV, increase the number of insertion devices by a factor of two (20 IDs), increase the beam current to 400 mA, and at the same time reduce the beam emittance to below 10 nm by using the existing PLS tunnel and injection system. Among 20 insertion devices, 10 narrow gap in-vacuum undulators are in operation now and two more in-vacuum undulators are to be installed later. Since these narrow gap in-vacuum undulators are most likely to produce coupled bunch instability by the resistive wall impedance and limit the stored beam current, a bunch by bunch feedback system is implemented to suppress coupled bunch instability in the PLS-II. This paper describes the scheme and performance of the PLS-II bunch by bunch feedback system.

Structural and optical modification in 4H-SiC following 30 keV silver ion irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaushik, Priya Darshni; Aziz, Anver; Siddiqui, Azher M.; Lakshmi, G. B. V. S.; Syväjärvi, Mikael; Yakimova, Rositsa; Yazdi, G. Reza

2018-05-01

The market of high power, high frequency and high temperature based electronic devices is captured by SiC due to its superior properties like high thermal conductivity and high sublimation temperature and also due to the limitation of silicon based electronics in this area. There is a need to investigate effect of ion irradiation on SiC due to its application in outer space as outer space is surrounded both by low and high energy ion irradiations. In this work, effect of low energy ion irradiation on structural and optical property of 4H-SiC is investigated. ATR-FTIR is used to study structural modification and UV-Visible spectroscopy is used to study optical modifications in 4H-SiC following 30 keV Ag ion irradiation. FTIR showed decrease in bond density of SiC along the ion path (track) due to the creation of point defects. UV-Visible absorption spectra showed decrease in optical band gap from 3.26 eV to 2.9 eV. The study showed degradation of SiC crystallity and change in optical band gap following low energy ion irradiation and should be addressed while fabricationg devices based on SiC for outer space application. Additionally, this study provides a platform for introducing structural and optical modification in 4H-SiC using ion beam technology in a controlled manner.

Surface wet-ability modification of thin PECVD silicon nitride layers by 40 keV argon ion treatments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Caridi, F.; Picciotto, A.; Vanzetti, L.; Iacob, E.; Scolaro, C.

2015-10-01

Measurements of wet-ability of liquid drops have been performed on a 30 nm silicon nitride (Si3N4) film deposited by a PECVD reactor on a silicon wafer and implanted by 40 keV argon ions at different doses. Surface treatments by using Ar ion beams have been employed to modify the wet-ability. The chemical composition of the first Si3N4 monolayer was investigated by means of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The surface morphology was tested by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Results put in evidence the best implantation conditions for silicon nitride to increase or to reduce the wet-ability of the biological liquid. This permits to improve the biocompatibility and functionality of Si3N4. In particular experimental results show that argon ion bombardment increases the contact angle, enhances the oxygen content and increases the surface roughness.

Beam tuning and bunch length measurement in the bunch compression operation at the cERL

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Honda, Y.; Shimada, M.; Miyajima, T.; Hotei, T.; Nakamura, N.; Kato, R.; Obina, T.; Takai, R.; Harada, K.; Ueda, A.

2017-12-01

Realization of a short bunch beam by manipulating the longitudinal phase space distribution with a finite longitudinal dispersion following an off-crest acceleration is a widely used technique. The technique was applied in a compact test accelerator of an energy-recovery linac scheme for compressing the bunch length at the return loop. A diagnostic system utilizing coherent transition radiation was developed for the beam tuning and for estimating the bunch length. By scanning the beam parameters, we experimentally found the best condition for the bunch compression. The RMS bunch length of 250 ±50 fs was obtained at a bunch charge of 2 pC. This result confirmed the design and the tuning procedure of the bunch compression operation for the future energy-recovery linac (ERL).

Influence of 400 keV carbon ion implantation on structural, optical and electrical properties of PMMA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arif, Shafaq; Rafique, M. Shahid; Saleemi, Farhat; Sagheer, Riffat; Naab, Fabian; Toader, Ovidiu; Mahmood, Arshad; Rashid, Rashad; Mahmood, Mazhar

2015-09-01

Ion implantation is a useful technique to modify surface properties of polymers without altering their bulk properties. The objective of this work is to explore the 400 keV C+ ion implantation effects on PMMA at different fluences ranging from 5 × 1013 to 5 × 1015 ions/cm2. The surface topographical examination of irradiated samples has been performed using Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The structural and chemical modifications in implanted PMMA are examined by Raman and Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) respectively. The effects of carbon ion implantation on optical properties of PMMA are investigated by UV-Visible spectroscopy. The modifications in electrical conductivity have been measured using a four point probe technique. AFM images reveal a decrease in surface roughness of PMMA with an increase in ion fluence from 5 × 1014 to 5 × 1015 ions/cm2. The existence of amorphization and sp2-carbon clusterization has been confirmed by Raman and FTIR spectroscopic analysis. The UV-Visible data shows a prominent red shift in absorption edge as a function of ion fluence. This shift displays a continuous reduction in optical band gap (from 3.13 to 0.66 eV) due to formation of carbon clusters. Moreover, size of carbon clusters and photoconductivity are found to increase with increasing ion fluence. The ion-induced carbonaceous clusters are believed to be responsible for an increase in electrical conductivity of PMMA from (2.14 ± 0.06) × 10-10 (Ω-cm)-1 (pristine) to (0.32 ± 0.01) × 10-5 (Ω-cm)-1 (irradiated sample).

Effects of electronic excitation in 150 keV Ni ion irradiation of metallic systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zarkadoula, Eva; Samolyuk, German; Weber, William J.

2018-01-01

We use the two-temperature model in molecular dynamic simulations of 150 keV Ni ion cascades in nickel and nickel-based alloys to investigate the effect of the energy exchange between the atomic and the electronic systems during the primary stages of radiation damage. We find that the electron-phonon interactions result in a smaller amount of defects and affect the cluster formation, resulting in smaller clusters. These results indicate that ignoring the local heating due to the electrons results in the overestimation of the amount of damage and the size of the defect clusters. A comparison of the average defect production to the Norgett-Robinson-Torrens (NRT) prediction over a range of energies is provided.

Synthesis of Ag metallic nanoparticles by 120 keV Ag- ion implantation in TiO2 matrix

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharma, Himanshu; Singhal, Rahul

2017-12-01

TiO2 thin film synthesized by the RF sputtering method has been implanted by 120 keV Ag- ion with different doses (3 × 1014, 1 × 1015, 3 × 1015, 1 × 1016 and 3 × 1016 ions/cm2). Further, these were characterized by Rutherford back Scattering, XRD, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. Here we reported that after implantation, localized surface Plasmon resonance has been observed for the fluence 3 × 1016 ions/cm2, which was due to the formation of silver nanoparticles. Ag is in metallic form in the matrix of TiO2, which is very interestingly as oxidation of Ag was reported after implantation. Also, we have observed the interaction between nanoparticles of Ag and TiO2, which results in an increasing intensity in lower charge states (Ti3+) of Ti. This interaction is supported by XPS and fluorescence spectroscopy, which can help improve photo catalysis and antibacterial properties.

Cu self-sputtering MD simulations for 0.1-5 keV ions at elevated temperatures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Metspalu, Tarvo; Jansson, Ville; Zadin, Vahur; Avchaciov, Konstantin; Nordlund, Kai; Aabloo, Alvo; Djurabekova, Flyura

2018-01-01

Self-sputtering of copper under high electric fields is considered to contribute to plasma buildup during a vacuum breakdown event frequently observed near metal surfaces, even in ultra high vacuum condition in different electric devices. In this study, by means of molecular dynamics simulations, we analyze the effect of surface temperature and morphology on the yield of self-sputtering of copper with ion energies of 0.1-5 keV. We analyze all three low-index surfaces of Cu, {1 0 0}, {1 1 0} and {1 1 1}, held at different temperatures, 300 K, 500 K and 1200 K. The surface roughness relief is studied by either varying the angle of incidence on flat surfaces, or by using arbitrary roughened surfaces, which result in a more natural distribution of surface relief variations. Our simulations provide detailed characterization of copper self-sputtering with respect to different material temperatures, crystallographic orientations, surface roughness, energies, and angles of ion incidence.

Laser characterization of the depth profile of complex refractive index of PMMA implanted with 50 keV silicon ions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stefanov, Ivan L.; Stoyanov, Hristiyan Y.; Petrova, Elitza; Russev, Stoyan C.; Tsutsumanova, Gichka G.; Hadjichristov, Georgi B.

2013-03-01

The depth profile of the complex refractive index of silicon ion (Si+) implanted polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is studied, in particular PMMA implanted with Si+ ions accelerated to a relatively low energy of 50 keV and at a fluence of 3.2 × 1015 cm-2. The ion-modified material with nano-clustered structure formed in the near(sub)surface layer of a thickness of about 100 nm is optically characterized by simulation based on reflection ellipsometry measurements at a wavelength of 632.8 nm (He-Ne laser). Being of importance for applications of ion-implanted PMMA in integrated optics, optoelectronics and optical communications, the effect of the index depth profile of Si+-implanted PMMA on the profile of the reflected laser beam due to laser-induced thermo-lensing in reflection is also analyzed upon illumination with a low power cw laser (wavelength 532 nm, optical power 10 - 50 mW).

Emittance preservation in plasma-based accelerators with ion motion

DOE PAGES

Benedetti, C.; Schroeder, C. B.; Esarey, E.; ...

2017-11-01

In a plasma-accelerator-based linear collider, the density of matched, low-emittance, high-energy particle bunches required for collider applications can be orders of magnitude above the background ion density, leading to ion motion, perturbation of the focusing fields, and, hence, to beam emittance growth. By analyzing the response of the background ions to an ultrahigh density beam, analytical expressions, valid for nonrelativistic ion motion, are derived for the transverse wakefield and for the final (i.e., after saturation) bunch emittance. Analytical results are validated against numerical modeling. Initial beam distributions are derived that are equilibrium solutions, which require head-to-tail bunch shaping, enabling emittancemore » preservation with ion motion.« less

Protein and peptide cross sections and mass spectra in an electrostatic ion beam trap

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fradkin, Z.; Strasser, D.; Heber, O.; Rappaport, M. L.; Sharon, M.; Thomson, B. A.; Rahinov, I.; Toker, Y.; Zajfman, D.

2017-05-01

Among the advantages of an electrostatic ion beam trap (EIBT), which is based on purely electrostatic fields, are mass-unlimited trapping and ease of operation. We have developed a new system that couples an electrospray ion source to an EIBT. Between the source and EIBT there is a Paul trap in which the ions are accumulated before being extracted and accelerated. After the ion bunch has entered the EIBT, the ions are trapped by rapidly raising the voltages on the entrance mirror. The oscillations of the bunch are detected by amplifying the charge induced on a pickup ring in the center of the trap, the ion mass being directly proportional to the square of the oscillation period. The trapping of biomolecules in the RF-bunching mode of the EIBT is used for measurement of mass spectra and collision cross sections. Coalescence of bunches of ions of nearby mass in the self-bunching mode is also demonstrated.

Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry studies of 100 keV nitrogen ion implanted polypropylene polymer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chawla, Mahak; Aggarwal, Sanjeev; Sharma, Annu

2017-09-01

The effect of nitrogen ion implantation on the structure and composition in polypropylene (PP) polymer has been studied. Implantation was carried out using 100 keV N+ ions at different fluences of 1 × 1015, 1 × 1016 and 1 × 1017 ions cm-2 with beam current density of ∼0.65 μA cm-2. Surface morphological changes in the pre- and post-implanted PP specimens have been studied using Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and UV-Visible Spectroscopy. The spatial distribution of implantation induced modification in the form of carbonization and dehydrogenation in the near surface region of PP matrix, the projected range, retained dose of implanted nitrogen, the various elements present in the implanted layers and their differential cross-sections have been analyzed using RBS spectra. RUMP simulation yielded an increase in the concentration of carbon near the surface from 33 at.% (virgin) to 42 at.% at fluence of 1 × 1017 N+ cm-2. Further, optical absorption has been found to increase with a shift in the absorption edge from UV towards visible region with increasing fluence. UV-Vis absorption spectra also indicate a drastic decrease in optical energy gap from 4.12 eV (virgin) to 0.25 eV (1 × 1017 N+ cm-2) indicating towards the formation of carbonaceous network in the implanted region. All these changes observed using UV-Visible have been further correlated with the outcomes of the RBS characterization.

Influence of organic ions on DNA damage induced by 1 eV to 60 keV electrons.

PubMed

Zheng, Yi; Sanche, Léon

2010-10-21

We report the results of a study on the influence of organic salts on the induction of single strand breaks (SSBs) and double strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA by electrons of 1 eV to 60 keV. Plasmid DNA films are prepared with two different concentrations of organic salts, by varying the amount of the TE buffer (Tris-HCl and EDTA) in the films with ratio of 1:1 and 6:1 Tris ions to DNA nucleotide. The films are bombarded with electrons of 1, 10, 100, and 60 000 eV under vacuum. The damage to the 3197 base-pair plasmid is analyzed ex vacuo by agarose gel electrophoresis. The highest yields are reached at 100 eV and the lowest ones at 60 keV. The ratios of SSB to DSB are surprisingly low at 10 eV (∼4.3) at both salt concentrations, and comparable to the ratios measured with 100 eV electrons. At all characteristic electron energies, the yields of SSB and DSB are found to be higher for the DNA having the lowest salt concentration. However, the organic salts are more efficient at protecting DNA against the damage induced by 1 and 10 eV electrons. DNA damage and protection by organic ions are discussed in terms of mechanisms operative at each electron energy. It is suggested that these ions create additional electric fields within the groove of DNA, which modify the resonance parameter of 1 and 10 eV electrons, namely, by reducing the electron capture cross-section of basic DNA units and the lifetime of corresponding transient anions. An interstrand electron transfer mechanism is proposed to explain the low ratios for the yields of SSB to those of DSB produced by 10 eV electrons.

Influence of organic ions on DNA damage induced by 1 eV to 60 keV electrons

PubMed Central

Zheng, Yi; Sanche, Léon

2011-01-01

We report the results of a study on the influence of organic salts on the induction of single strand breaks (SSBs) and double strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA by electrons of 1 eV to 60 keV. Plasmid DNA films are prepared with two different concentrations of organic salts, by varying the amount of the TE buffer (Tris-HCl and EDTA) in the films with ratio of 1:1 and 6:1 Tris ions to DNA nucleotide. The films are bombarded with electrons of 1, 10, 100, and 60 000 eV under vacuum. The damage to the 3197 base-pair plasmid is analyzed ex vacuo by agarose gel electrophoresis. The highest yields are reached at 100 eV and the lowest ones at 60 keV. The ratios of SSB to DSB are surprisingly low at 10 eV (~4.3) at both salt concentrations, and comparable to the ratios measured with 100 eV electrons. At all characteristic electron energies, the yields of SSB and DSB are found to be higher for the DNA having the lowest salt concentration. However, the organic salts are more efficient at protecting DNA against the damage induced by 1 and 10 eV electrons. DNA damage and protection by organic ions are discussed in terms of mechanisms operative at each electron energy. It is suggested that these ions create additional electric fields within the groove of DNA, which modify the resonance parameter of 1 and 10 eV electrons, namely, by reducing the electron capture cross-section of basic DNA units and the lifetime of corresponding transient anions. An interstrand electron transfer mechanism is proposed to explain the low ratios for the yields of SSB to those of DSB produced by 10 eV electrons. PMID:20969428

Effects of electronic excitation in 150 keV Ni ion irradiation of metallic systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zarkadoula, Eva; Samolyuk, German; Weber, William J.

We use the two-temperature model in molecular dynamic simulations of 150 keV Ni ion cascades in nickel and nickel-based alloys to investigate the effect of the energy exchange between the atomic and the electronic systems during the primary stages of radiation damage. We find that the electron-phonon interactions result in a smaller amount of defects and affect the cluster formation, resulting in smaller clusters. These results indicate that ignoring the local heating due to the electrons results in the overestimation of the amount of damage and the size of the defect clusters. A comparison of the average defect production tomore » the Norgett-Robinson-Torrens (NRT) prediction over a range of energies is provided.« less

Effects of electronic excitation in 150 keV Ni ion irradiation of metallic systems

DOE PAGES

Zarkadoula, Eva; Samolyuk, German; Weber, William J.

2018-01-18

We use the two-temperature model in molecular dynamic simulations of 150 keV Ni ion cascades in nickel and nickel-based alloys to investigate the effect of the energy exchange between the atomic and the electronic systems during the primary stages of radiation damage. We find that the electron-phonon interactions result in a smaller amount of defects and affect the cluster formation, resulting in smaller clusters. These results indicate that ignoring the local heating due to the electrons results in the overestimation of the amount of damage and the size of the defect clusters. A comparison of the average defect production tomore » the Norgett-Robinson-Torrens (NRT) prediction over a range of energies is provided.« less

Delayed bunching for multi-reflection time-of-flight mass separation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rosenbusch, M.; Marx, G.; Schweikhard, L.

2015-06-29

Many experiments are handicapped when the ion sources do not only deliver the ions of interest but also contaminations, i.e., unwanted ions of similar mass. In the recent years, multi-reflection time-of-flight mass separation has become a promising method to isolate the ions of interest from the contaminants, in particular for measurements with low-energy short-lived nuclides. To further improve the performance of multi-reflection mass separators with respect to the limitations by space-charge effects, the simultaneously trapped ions are spatially widely distributed in the apparatus. Thus, the ions can propagate with reduced Coulomb interactions until, finally, they are bunched by a changemore » in the trapping conditions for high-resolution mass separation. Proof-of-principle measurements are presented.« less

Teflon impregnated anatase TiO2 nanoparticles irradiated by 80 keV Xe+ ions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khanam, Rizwin; Paul, Nibedita; Kumar, P.; Kanjilal, D.; Ahmed, Gazi A.; Mohanta, Dambarudhar

2014-10-01

We report the effect of 80 keV Xe+ ion irradiation on the morphological and optical responses of TiO2 nanoparticles spread over commercially available polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon). These nanoparticles were synthesized via a convenient, sol-gel approach with titanium isopropoxide as the main precursor. From X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies we found that, the nanoparticles crystallize in anatase phase and with a preferential orientation of crystallites along (1 0 1) plane. Upon irradiation at a fluence of 1.25 × 1017 ions/cm2, the nanoparticle dimension was found to increase from a value of ∼9 nm to ∼20-30 nm. Essentially, particle growth is predicted as a consequence of swelling behavior accompanied by the formation of Xe van der Waal crystals in isolated regions of nano-titania. Evidence of nanoripples was also witnessed on the surface of the irradiated nano-titania. The morphological evolution was assessed both by atomic force and transmission electron microscopies (AFM and TEM) independently. From the UV-Vis optical absorption studies, the estimated optical band gap was found to drop with increasing fluence, while refractive index exhibited a remarkable improvement. Photoluminescence (PL) studies have revealed that, the band edge emission and those due to the self trapped excitons (STE) and other oxygen vacancy related ones were manifested considerably as a result of Xe ion irradiation.

Ion Beam Materials Analysis and Modifications at keV to MeV Energies at the University of North Texas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rout, Bibhudutta; Dhoubhadel, Mangal S.; Poudel, Prakash R.; Kummari, Venkata C.; Lakshantha, Wickramaarachchige J.; Manuel, Jack E.; Bohara, Gyanendra; Szilasi, Szabolcs Z.; Glass, Gary A.; McDaniel, Floyd D.

2014-02-01

The University of North Texas (UNT) Ion Beam Modification and Analysis Laboratory (IBMAL) has four particle accelerators including a National Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) 9SDH-2 3 MV tandem Pelletron, a NEC 9SH 3 MV single-ended Pelletron, and a 200 kV Cockcroft-Walton. A fourth HVEC AK 2.5 MV Van de Graaff accelerator is presently being refurbished as an educational training facility. These accelerators can produce and accelerate almost any ion in the periodic table at energies from a few keV to tens of MeV. They are used to modify materials by ion implantation and to analyze materials by numerous atomic and nuclear physics techniques. The NEC 9SH accelerator was recently installed in the IBMAL and subsequently upgraded with the addition of a capacitive-liner and terminal potential stabilization system to reduce ion energy spread and therefore improve spatial resolution of the probing ion beam to hundreds of nanometers. Research involves materials modification and synthesis by ion implantation for photonic, electronic, and magnetic applications, micro-fabrication by high energy (MeV) ion beam lithography, microanalysis of biomedical and semiconductor materials, development of highenergy ion nanoprobe focusing systems, and educational and outreach activities. An overview of the IBMAL facilities and some of the current research projects are discussed.

Initial measurements of O-ion and He-ion decay rates observed from the Van Allen probes RBSPICE instrument

PubMed Central

Gerrard, Andrew; Lanzerotti, Louis; Gkioulidou, Matina; Mitchell, Donald; Manweiler, Jerry; Bortnik, Jacob; Keika, Kunihiro

2014-01-01

H-ion (∼45 keV to ∼600 keV), He-ion (∼65 keV to ∼520 keV), and O-ion (∼140 keV to ∼1130 keV) integral flux measurements, from the Radiation Belt Storm Probe Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE) instrument aboard the Van Allan Probes spacecraft B, are reported. These abundance data form a cohesive picture of ring current ions during the first 9 months of measurements. Furthermore, the data presented herein are used to show injection characteristics via the He-ion/H-ion abundance ratio and the O-ion/H-ion abundance ratio. Of unique interest to ring current dynamics are the spatial-temporal decay characteristics of the two injected populations. We observe that He-ions decay more quickly at lower L shells, on the order of ∼0.8 day at L shells of 3–4, and decay more slowly with higher L shell, on the order of ∼1.7 days at L shells of 5–6. Conversely, O-ions decay very rapidly (∼1.5 h) across all L shells. The He-ion decay time are consistent with previously measured and calculated lifetimes associated with charge exchange. The O-ion decay time is much faster than predicted and is attributed to the inclusion of higher-energy (> 500 keV) O-ions in our decay rate estimation. We note that these measurements demonstrate a compelling need for calculation of high-energy O-ion loss rates, which have not been adequately studied in the literature to date. Key Points We report initial observations of ring current ions We show that He-ion decay rates are consistent with theory We show that O-ions with energies greater than 500 keV decay very rapidly PMID:26167435

Experimental evidence of ion-induced instabilities in the NSLS-II storage ring

DOE PAGES

Cheng, Weixing; Li, Yongjun; Podobedov, Boris

2017-03-12

Fast ion instability has been identified as one of the most prominent instabilities in the recently constructed NSLS-II storage ring at Brookhaven National Laboratory. At a relatively low beam current (~ 25 mA) multi-bunch fills, ion-induced instabilities have already been observed during the early stages of machine commissioning. At present user operation with 250 mA in ~1000 bunches, the fast ion still remains the dominant instability, even after months of vacuum conditioning at high current. Ion-induced dipole motions of the electron beam have been suppressed using the transverse bunch-by-bunch (BxB) feedback system. However other adverse effects of this instability, suchmore » as the vertical beam size increase along the bunch train cannot be cured by the feedback system. Therefore, to achieve the NSLS-II design current of 500 mA while maintaining a small vertical beam emittance, it is important to further understand the fast ion instability and develop mitigation techniques. This paper reports on a series of ion-instability observations at various fill patterns and beam currents using start-of-art NSLS-II diagnostic tools.« less

Experimental evidence of ion-induced instabilities in the NSLS-II storage ring

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cheng, Weixing; Li, Yongjun; Podobedov, Boris

Fast ion instability has been identified as one of the most prominent instabilities in the recently constructed NSLS-II storage ring at Brookhaven National Laboratory. At a relatively low beam current (~ 25 mA) multi-bunch fills, ion-induced instabilities have already been observed during the early stages of machine commissioning. At present user operation with 250 mA in ~1000 bunches, the fast ion still remains the dominant instability, even after months of vacuum conditioning at high current. Ion-induced dipole motions of the electron beam have been suppressed using the transverse bunch-by-bunch (BxB) feedback system. However other adverse effects of this instability, suchmore » as the vertical beam size increase along the bunch train cannot be cured by the feedback system. Therefore, to achieve the NSLS-II design current of 500 mA while maintaining a small vertical beam emittance, it is important to further understand the fast ion instability and develop mitigation techniques. This paper reports on a series of ion-instability observations at various fill patterns and beam currents using start-of-art NSLS-II diagnostic tools.« less

Development of a Bunched Beam Electron Cooler based on ERL and Circulator Ring Technology for the Jefferson Lab Electron-Ion Collider

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Benson, Stephen V.; Derbenev, Yaroslav S.; Douglas, David R.

Jefferson Lab is in the process of designing an electron ion collider with unprecedented luminosity at a 45 GeV center-of-mass energy. This luminosity relies on ion cooling in both the booster and the storage ring of the accelerator complex. The cooling in the booster will use a conventional DC cooler similar to the one at COSY. The high-energy storage ring, operating at a momentum of up to 100 GeV/nucleon, requires novel use of bunched-beam cooling. There are two designs for such a cooler. The first uses a conventional Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) with a magnetized beam while the second usesmore » a circulating ring to enhance both peak and average currents experienced by the ion beam. This presentation will describe the design of both the Circulator Cooling Ring (CCR) design and that of the backup option using the stand-alone ERL operated at lower charge but higher repetition rate than the ERL injector required by the CCR-based design.« less

RF synchronized short pulse laser ion source

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fuwa, Yasuhiro, E-mail: fuwa@kyticr.kuicr.kyoto-u.ac.jp; Iwashita, Yoshihisa; Tongu, Hiromu

A laser ion source that produces shortly bunched ion beam is proposed. In this ion source, ions are extracted immediately after the generation of laser plasma by an ultra-short pulse laser before its diffusion. The ions can be injected into radio frequency (RF) accelerating bucket of a subsequent accelerator. As a proof-of-principle experiment of the ion source, a RF resonator is prepared and H{sub 2} gas was ionized by a short pulse laser in the RF electric field in the resonator. As a result, bunched ions with 1.2 mA peak current and 5 ns pulse length were observed at themore » exit of RF resonator by a probe.« less

The response of a fast scintillator screen (YAP:Ce) to low energy ions (0-40 keV) and its use to detect fast-ion-loss in stellarator TJ-II

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martínez, M., E-mail: marcos.martinez@externos.ciemat.es; Zurro, B.; Baciero, A.

2016-11-15

A systematic study of scintillation materials was undertaken to improve the time resolution of the fast ion diagnostic currently installed at TJ-II stellarator. It was found that YAP:Ce (formula YAlO{sub 3}:Ce, Yttrium Aluminum Perovskite doped with Cerium) ionoluminescence offers better sensitivity and time response compared to the standard detector material, SrGa{sub 2}S{sub 4}:Eu (TG-Green), currently used in TJ-II. A comparison between both materials was carried out by irradiating them with H{sup +} ions of up to 40 keV using a dedicated laboratory setup. It is found that for the low energy ions of interest at TJ-II, YAP:Ce offers 20 timesmore » higher sensitivity than TG-Green and much faster decay time, 27 ns versus 540 ns. It is expected that the use of YAP:Ce in combination with a faster data acquisition and an ion counting software as part of the TJ-II ion luminescent probe will provide 20 times faster data on ion loss.« less

Femtosecond electron bunches, source and characterization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thongbai, C.; Kusoljariyakul, K.; Rimjaem, S.; Rhodes, M. W.; Saisut, J.; Thamboon, P.; Wichaisirimongkol, P.; Vilaithong, T.

2008-03-01

A femtosecond electron source has been developed at the Fast Neutron Research Facility (FNRF), Chiang Mai University, Thailand. So far, it has produced electron bunches as short as σ z˜180 fs with (1-6)×10 8 electrons per microbunch. The system consists of an RF-gun with a thermionic cathode, an alpha-magnet as a magnetic bunch compressor, and a linear accelerator as a post acceleration section. Coherent transition radiation emitted at wavelengths equal to and longer than the bunch length is used in a Michelson interferometer to determine the bunch length by autocorrelation technique. The experimental setup and results of the bunch length measurement are described.

Experimental demonstration of fresh bunch self-seeding in an X-ray free electron laser

DOE PAGES

Emma, C.; Lutman, A.; Guetg, M. W.; ...

2017-04-10

Here, we report the generation of ultrahigh brightness X-ray pulses using the Fresh Bunch Self-Seeding (FBSS) method in an X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL). The FBSS method uses two different electron slices or bunches, one to generate the seed and the other to amplify it after the monochromator. This method circumvents the trade-off between the seed power and electron slice energy spread, which limits the efficiency of regular self-seeded FELs. The experiment, the performance of which is limited by existing hardware, shows FBSS feasibility, generating 5.5 keV photon pulses which are 9 fs long and of 7.3 ×10 –5 bandwidthmore » and 50 GW power. FBSS performance is compared with Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission/self-seeding performance, measuring a brightness increase of twelve/two times, respectively. In an optimized XFEL, FBSS can increase the peak power a hundred times more than state-of-the-art to multi-TW, opening new research areas for nonlinear science and single molecule imaging.« less

Sub-micron resolution of localized ion beam induced charge reduction in silicon detectors damaged by heavy ions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Auden, Elizabeth C.; Pacheco, Jose L.; Bielejec, Edward

In this study, displacement damage reduces ion beam induced charge (IBIC) through Shockley-Read-Hall recombination. Closely spaced pulses of 200 keV Si ++ ions focused in a 40 nm beam spot are used to create damage cascades within 0.25 μm 2 areas. Damaged areas are detected through contrast in IBIC signals generated with focused ion beams of 200 keV Si ++ ions and 60 keV Li + ions. IBIC signal reduction can be resolved over sub-micron regions of a silicon detector damaged by as few as 1000 heavy ions.

Sub-micron resolution of localized ion beam induced charge reduction in silicon detectors damaged by heavy ions

DOE PAGES

Auden, Elizabeth C.; Pacheco, Jose L.; Bielejec, Edward; ...

2015-12-01

In this study, displacement damage reduces ion beam induced charge (IBIC) through Shockley-Read-Hall recombination. Closely spaced pulses of 200 keV Si ++ ions focused in a 40 nm beam spot are used to create damage cascades within 0.25 μm 2 areas. Damaged areas are detected through contrast in IBIC signals generated with focused ion beams of 200 keV Si ++ ions and 60 keV Li + ions. IBIC signal reduction can be resolved over sub-micron regions of a silicon detector damaged by as few as 1000 heavy ions.

The electrical properties of 60 keV zinc ions implanted into semi-insulating gallium arsenide

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Littlejohn, M. A.; Anikara, R.

1972-01-01

The electrical behavior of zinc ions implanted into chromium-doped semiinsulating gallium arsenide was investigated by measurements of the sheet resistivity and Hall effect. Room temperature implantations were performed using fluence values from 10 to the 12th to 10 to the 15th power/sq cm at 60 keV. The samples were annealed for 30 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere up to 800 C in steps of 200 C and the effect of this annealing on the Hall effect and sheet resistivity was studied at room temperature using the Van der Pauw technique. The temperature dependence of sheet resistivity and mobility was measured from liquid nitrogen temperature to room temperature. Finally, a measurement of the implanted profile was obtained using a layer removal technique combined with the Hall effect and sheet resistivity measurements.

Self-bunching electron guns

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mako, Frederick M.; Len, L. K.

1999-05-01

We report on three electron gun projects that are aimed at power tube and injector applications. The purpose of the work is to develop robust electron guns which produce self-bunched, high-current-density beams. We have demonstrated, in a microwave cavity, self-bunching, cold electron emission, long life, and tolerance to contamination. The cold process is based on secondary electron emission. FMT has studied using simulation codes the resonant bunching process which gives rise to high current densities (0.01-5 kA/cm2), high charge bunches (up to 500 nC/bunch), and short pulses (1-100 ps) for frequencies from 1 to 12 GHz. The beam pulse width is nominally ˜5% of the rf period. The first project is the L-Band Micro-Pulse Gun (MPG). Measurements show ˜40 ps long micro-bunches at ˜20 A/cm2 without contamination due to air exposure. Lifetime testing has been carried out for about 18 months operating at 1.25 GHz for almost 24 hours per day at a repetition rate of 300 Hz and 5 μs-long macro-pulses. Approximately 5.8×1013 micro-bunches or 62,000 coulombs have passed through this gun and it is still working fine. The second project, the S-Band MPG, is now operational. It is functioning at a frequency of 2.85 GHz, a repetition rate of 30 Hz, with a 2 μs-long macro-pulse. It produces about 45 A in the macro-pulse. The third project is a 34.2 GHz frequency-multiplied source driven by an X-Band MPG. A point design was performed at an rf output power of 150 MW at 34.2 GHz. The resulting system efficiency is 53% and the gain is 60 dB. The system efficiency includes the input cavity efficiency, input driver efficiency (a 50 MW klystron at 11.4 GHz), output cavity efficiency, and the post-acceleration efficiency.

A Study of Single Pass Ion Effects at the ALS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Byrd, J.M.; Thomson, J.; /LBL, Berkeley

2011-09-13

We report the results of experiments on a 'fast beam-ion instability' at the Advanced Light Source (ALS). This ion instability, which can arise even when the ions are not trapped over multiple beam passages, will likely be important for many future accelerators. In our experiments, we filled the ALS storage ring with helium gas, raising the pressure approximately two orders of magnitude above the nominal pressure. With gaps in the bunch train large enough to avoid conventional (multi-turn) ion trapping, we observed a factor of 2-3 increase in the vertical beam size along with coherent beam oscillations which increased alongmore » the bunch train. Ion trapping has long been recognized as a potential limitation in electron storage rings. The ions, generated by beam-gas collisions, become trapped in the negative potential of the beam and accumulate over multiple beam passages. The trapped ions are then observed to cause a number of deleterious effects such as an increasing beam phase space, a broadening and shifting of the beam transverse oscillation frequencies (tunes), collective beam instabilities, and beam lifetime reductions. All of these effects are of concern for the next generation of accelerators, such as the B-factories or damping rings for future linear colliders, which will store high beam currents with closely spaced bunches and ultra-low beam emittances. One of the standard solutions used to prevent ion trapping is to include a gap in the bunch train which is long compared to the bunch spacing. In this case, the ions are first strongly-focused by the passing electron bunches and then over-focused in the gap. With a sufficiently large gap, the ions can be driven to large amplitudes where they form a diffuse halo and do not affect the beam. In this paper, we describe experiments that study a new regime of transient ion instabilities predicted to arise in future electron storage rings, and linacs with bunch trains. These future rings and linacs, which

Theoretical analysis and simulation study of the deep overcompression mode of velocity bunching for a comblike electron bunch train

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Dan; Yan, Lixin; Du, YingChao; Huang, Wenhui; Gai, Wei; Tang, Chuanxiang

2018-02-01

Premodulated comblike electron bunch trains are used in a wide range of research fields, such as for wakefield-based particle acceleration and tunable radiation sources. We propose an optimized compression scheme for bunch trains in which a traveling wave accelerator tube and a downstream drift segment are together used as a compressor. When the phase injected into the accelerator tube for the bunch train is set to ≪-10 0 ° , velocity bunching occurs in a deep overcompression mode, which reverses the phase space and maintains a velocity difference within the injected beam, thereby giving rise to a compressed comblike electron bunch train after a few-meter-long drift segment; we call this the deep overcompression scheme. The main benefits of this scheme are the relatively large phase acceptance and the uniformity of compression for the bunch train. The comblike bunch train generated via this scheme is widely tunable: For the two-bunch case, the energy and time spacings can be continuously adjusted from +1 to -1 MeV and from 13 to 3 ps, respectively, by varying the injected phase of the bunch train from -22 0 ° to -14 0 ° . Both theoretical analysis and beam dynamics simulations are presented to study the properties of the deep overcompression scheme.

LIGHT - from laser ion acceleration to future applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roth, Markus; Light Collaboration

2013-10-01

Creation of high intensity multi-MeV ion bunches by high power lasers became a reliable tool during the last 15 years. The laser plasma source provides for TV/m accelerating field gradients and initially sub-ps bunch lengths. However, the large envelope divergence and the continuous exponential energy spectrum are substential drawbacks for many possible applications. To face this problem, the LIGHT collaboration was founded (Laser Ion Generation, Handling and Transport). The collaboration consists of several university groups and research centers, namely TU Darmstadt, JWGU Frankfurt, HI Jena, HZDR Dresden and GSI Darmstadt. The central goal is building a test beamline for merging laser ion acceleration with conventional accelerator infrastructure at the GSI facility. In the latest experiments, low divergent proton bunches with a central energy of up to 10 MeV and containing >109 particles could be provided at up to 2.2 m behind the plasma source, using a pulsed solenoid. In a next step, a radiofrequency cavity will be added to the beamline for phase rotation of these bunches, giving access to sub-ns bunch lengths and reaching highest intensities. An overview of the LIGHT objectives and the recent experimental results will be given. This work was supported by HIC4FAIR.

Self-consistent Simulations and Analysis of the Coupled-Bunch Instability for Arbitrary Multi-Bunch Configurations

DOE PAGES

Bassi, Gabriele; Blednykh, Alexei; Smalyuk, Victor

2016-02-24

A novel algorithm for self-consistent simulations of long-range wakefield effects has been developed and applied to the study of both longitudinal and transverse coupled-bunch instabilities at NSLS-II. The algorithm is implemented in the new parallel tracking code space (self-consistent parallel algorithm for collective effects) discussed in the paper. The code is applicable for accurate beam dynamics simulations in cases where both bunch-to-bunch and intrabunch motions need to be taken into account, such as chromatic head-tail effects on the coupled-bunch instability of a beam with a nonuniform filling pattern, or multibunch and single-bunch effects of a passive higher-harmonic cavity. The numericalmore » simulations have been compared with analytical studies. For a beam with an arbitrary filling pattern, intensity-dependent complex frequency shifts have been derived starting from a system of coupled Vlasov equations. The analytical formulas and numerical simulations confirm that the analysis is reduced to the formulation of an eigenvalue problem based on the known formulas of the complex frequency shifts for the uniform filling pattern case.« less

Compensating effect of the coherent synchrotron radiation in bunch compressors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jing, Yichao; Hao, Yue; Litvinenko, Vladimir N.

2013-06-01

Typical bunch compression for a high-gain free-electron laser (FEL) requires a large compression ratio. Frequently, this compression is distributed in multiple stages along the beam transport line. However, for a high-gain FEL driven by an energy recovery linac (ERL), compression must be accomplished in a single strong compressor located at the beam line’s end; otherwise the electron beam would be affected severely by coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) in the ERL’s arcs. In such a scheme, the CSR originating from the strong compressors could greatly degrade the quality of the electron beam. In this paper, we present our design for a bunch compressor that will limit the effect of CSR on the e-beam’s quality. We discuss our findings from a study of such a compressor, and detail its potential for an FEL driven by a multipass ERL developed for the electron-Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.

Surface modifications of hydrogen storage alloy by heavy ion beams with keV to MeV irradiation energies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abe, Hiroshi; Tokuhira, Shinnosuke; Uchida, Hirohisa; Ohshima, Takeshi

2015-12-01

This study deals with the effect of surface modifications induced from keV to MeV heavy ion beams on the initial reaction rate of a hydrogen storage alloy (AB5) in electrochemical process. The rare earth based alloys like this sample alloy are widely used as a negative electrode of Ni-MH (Nickel-Metal Hydride) battery. We aimed to improve the initial reaction rate of hydrogen absorption by effective induction of defects such as vacancies, dislocations, micro-cracks or by addition of atoms into the surface region of the metal alloys. Since defective layer near the surface can easily be oxidized, the conductive oxide layer is formed on the sample surface by O+ beams irradiation, and the conductive oxide layer might cause the improvement of initial reaction rate of hydriding. This paper demonstrates an effective surface treatment of heavy ion irradiation, which induces catalytic activities of rare earth oxides in the alloy surface.

Bunch Length Measurements at JLab FEL

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

P. Evtushenko; J. L. Coleman; K. Jordan

2006-09-01

The JLab FEL is routinely operated with sub-picosecond bunches. The short bunch length is important for high gain of the FEL. Coherent transition radiation has been used for the bunch length measurements for many years. This diagnostic can be used only in the pulsed beam mode. It is our goal to run FEL with CW beam and 74.85 MHz micropulse repetition rate. Hence it is very desirable to have the possibility of doing the bunch length measurements when running CW beam with any micropulse frequency. We use a Fourier transform infrared interferometer, which is essentially a Michelson interferometer, to measuremore » the spectrum of the coherent synchrotron radiation generated in the last dipole of the magnetic bunch compressor upstream of the FEL wiggler. This noninvasive diagnostic provides the bunch length measurements for CW beam operation at any micropulse frequency. We also compare the measurements made with the help of the FTIR interferometer with the data obtained by the Martin-Puplett interferometer. Results of the two diagnostics are usually agree within 15%. Here we present a description of the experimental setup, data evaluation procedure and results of the beam measurements.« less

Plasma-driven ultrashort bunch diagnostics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dornmair, I.; Schroeder, C. B.; Floettmann, K.

2016-06-10

Ultrashort electron bunches are crucial for an increasing number of applications, however, diagnosing their longitudinal phase space remains a challenge. We propose a new method that harnesses the strong electric fields present in a laser driven plasma wakefield. By transversely displacing driver laser and witness bunch, a streaking field is applied to the bunch. This field maps the time information to a transverse momentum change and, consequently, to a change of transverse position. We illustrate our method with simulations where we achieve a time resolution in the attosecond range.

Studies on the S-band bunching system with the Hybrid Bunching-accelerating Structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pei, Shi-Lun; Gao, Bin

2018-04-01

Generally, a standard bunching system is composed of a standing-wave (SW) pre-buncher (PB), a traveling-wave (TW) buncher (B) and a standard accelerating structure. In the industrial area, the bunching system is usually simplified by eliminating the PB and integrating the B and the standard accelerating structure together to form a β-varied accelerating structure. The beam capturing efficiency for this kind of simplified system is often worse than that for the standard one. The hybrid buncher (HB) has been proved to be a successful attempt to reduce the cost but preserve the beam quality as much as possible. Here we propose to exclusively simplify the standard bunching system by integrating the PB, the B and the standard accelerating structure together to form a Hybrid Bunching-accelerating Structure (HBaS). Compared to the standard bunching system, the one based on the HBaS is more compact, and the cost is lowered to the largest extent. With almost the same beam transportation efficiency (∼70%) from the electron gun to the linac exit, the peak-to-peak (p-to-p) beam energy spread and the 1 σ emittance of the linac with the HBaS are ∼20% and ∼60% bigger than those of the linac based on the split PB/B/standard accelerating structure system. Nonetheless, the proposed HBaS can be widely applied in the industrial linacs to greatly increase the beam capturing efficiency without fairly increasing the construction cost.

Study on the keV neutron capture reaction in 56Fe and 57Fe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Taofeng; Lee, Manwoo; Kim, Guinyun; Ro, Tae-Ik; Kang, Yeong-Rok; Igashira, Masayuki; Katabuchi, Tatsuya

2014-03-01

The neutron capture cross-sections and the radiative capture gamma-ray spectra from the broad resonances of 56Fe and 57Fe in the neutron energy range from 10 to 90keV and 550keV have been measured with an anti-Compton NaI(Tl) detector. Pulsed keV neutrons were produced from the 7Li 7Be reaction by bombarding the lithium target with the 1.5ns bunched proton beam from the 3MV Pelletron accelerator. The incident neutron spectrum on a capture sample was measured by means of a time-of-flight (TOF) method with a 6Li -glass detector. The number of weighted capture counts of the iron or gold sample was obtained by applying a pulse height weighting technique to the corresponding capture gamma-ray pulse height spectrum. The neutron capture gamma-ray spectra were obtained by unfolding the observed capture gamma-ray pulse height spectra. To achieve further understanding on the mechanism of neutron radiative capture reaction and study on physics models, theoretical calculations of the -ray spectra for 56Fe and 57Fe with the POD program have been performed by applying the Hauser-Feshbach statistical model. The dominant ingredients to perform the statistical calculation were the Optical Model Potential (OMP), the level densities described by the Mengoni-Nakajima approach, and the -ray transmission coefficients described by -ray strength functions. The comparison of the theoretical calculations, performed only for the 550keV point, show a good agreement with the present experimental results.

Run 16 Tandem gold performance in the injectors and possible improvement with AGS type 6:3:1 bunch merge in the Booster

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zeno, Keith

2016-10-21

During Run 16 the Tandem was used as the Gold pre-injector for a brief time so that RHIC could continue running while EBIS was down for repairs. Given the time constraints, the setup was largely derived from the EBIS Au setup. The EBIS Au setup used a 4:2:1 bunch merge in the Booster and a 12:6:2 bunch merge in the AGS.1 This note will describe the Tandem Au setup and compare it to that used for EBIS Au. The bunch merge in the Booster for Tandem Au did not work well, and it seems likely that the performance would’ve beenmore » significantly better if it did. An AGS type 6:3:1 merge in the Booster is described which might improve matters.2 Somewhat speculative estimates for the AGS bunch intensity and emittance, if that merge were successful in reducing the Booster extraction emittance to EBIS Au levels, are also given for several potential setups. Using 6 Booster loads from the Tandem, the AGS bunch intensity at extraction reached about 2.5e9 ions with a longitudinal emittance (ε) of about 0.59 eV·s/n.3 Using 12 Booster loads from EBIS, the peak bunch intensity and ε was about 3.1e9 ions and 0.75 eV·s/n, respectively. A 6.4 sec supercycle was used for both at the time, but the Tandem Au supercycle (barring any potential issues with Tandem) could probably have been reduced to about 4.6 sec.« less

Propagation of Plasma Bunches through a Transverse Magnetic Barrier

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bishaev, A. M.; Gavrikov, M. B.; Kozintseva, M. V.; Savel'ev, V. V.

2018-01-01

The injection of a plasma bunch into a multipolar trap can be applied to fill the trap with a plasma. The injection of the bunch into a tokamak-like trap can be considered an additional means for controlling the processes of plasma heating and fuel delivery to the central zone of a thermonuclear reactor. In both cases, the bunch is injected normally to the magnetic field of the trap. It has been shown theoretically, experimentally, and by numerical simulation that the depth of plasma bunch penetration into the magnetic field varies in direct proportion to the bunch energy and in inverse proportion to the magnetic pressure and the cross-sectional area of the plasma bunch. The data of this work allow researchers to estimate the values of plasma bunch parameters at which the bunch will be trapped. As a result, the process of plasma bunch trapping has been optimized.

Difference between BPM reading one bunch and the average of multi-bunch in Booster

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xi Yang

2004-08-18

Differences caused by BPM reading one bunch and multi-bunch average need to be well understood before the beam parameters, such as the synchrotron tune, betatron tune, and chromaticity, are extracted from those BPM data. It is easy to perform such a study using numerical simulation other than modifying the BPM electronics.

A large area diamond-based beam tagging hodoscope for ion therapy monitoring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gallin-Martel, M.-L.; Abbassi, L.; Bes, A.; Bosson, G.; Collot, J.; Crozes, T.; Curtoni, S.; Dauvergne, D.; De Nolf, W.; Fontana, M.; Gallin-Martel, L.; Hostachy, J.-Y.; Krimmer, J.; Lacoste, A.; Marcatili, S.; Morse, J.; Motte, J.-F.; Muraz, J.-F.; Rarbi, F. E.; Rossetto, O.; Salomé, M.; Testa, É.; Vuiart, R.; Yamouni, M.

2018-01-01

The MoniDiam project is part of the French national collaboration CLaRyS (Contrôle en Ligne de l'hAdronthérapie par RaYonnements Secondaires) for on-line monitoring of hadron therapy. It relies on the imaging of nuclear reaction products that is related to the ion range. The goal here is to provide large area beam detectors with a high detection efficiency for carbon or proton beams giving time and position measurement at 100 MHz count rates (beam tagging hodoscope). High radiation hardness and intrinsic electronic properties make diamonds reliable and very fast detectors with a good signal to noise ratio. Commercial Chemical Vapor Deposited (CVD) poly-crystalline, heteroepitaxial and monocrystalline diamonds were studied. Their applicability as a particle detector was investigated using α and β radioactive sources, 95 MeV/u carbon ion beams at GANIL and 8.5 keV X-ray photon bunches from ESRF. This facility offers the unique capability of providing a focused ( 1 μm) beam in bunches of 100 ps duration, with an almost uniform energy deposition in the irradiated detector volume, therefore mimicking the interaction of single ions. A signal rise time resolution ranging from 20 to 90 ps rms and an energy resolution of 7 to 9% were measured using diamonds with aluminum disk shaped surface metallization. This enabled us to conclude that polycrystalline CVD diamond detectors are good candidates for our beam tagging hodoscope development. Recently, double-side stripped metallized diamonds were tested using the XBIC (X Rays Beam Induced Current) set-up of the ID21 beamline at ESRF which permits us to evaluate the capability of diamond to be used as position sensitive detector. The final detector will consist in a mosaic arrangement of double-side stripped diamond sensors read out by a dedicated fast-integrated electronics of several hundreds of channels.

Bucket shaking stops bunch dancing in Tevatron

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Burov, A.; Tan, C.Y.; /Fermilab

2011-03-01

Bunches in Tevatron are known to be longitudinally unstable: their collective oscillations, also called dancing bunches, persist without any signs of decay. Typically, a damper is used to stop these oscillations, but recently, it was theoretically predicted that the oscillations can be stabilized by means of small bucket shaking. Dedicated measurements in Tevatron have shown that this method does stop the dancing. According to predictions of Refs. [2,3], the flattening of the bunch distribution at low amplitudes should make the bunch more stable against LLD. An experiment has been devised to flatten the distribution by modulating the RF phase atmore » the low-amplitude synchrotron frequency for a few degrees of amplitude. These beam studies show that stabilisation really happens. After several consecutive shakings, the dancing disappears and the resulting bunch profile becomes smoother at the top. Although not shown in this report, sometimes a little divot forms at the centre of the distribution. These experiments confirm that resonant RF shaking flattens the bunch distribution at low amplitudes, and the dancing stops.« less

Formation of carbon nanoclusters by implantation of keV carbon ions in fused silica followed by thermal annealing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Olivero, P.; Peng, J. L.; Liu, A.; Reichart, P.; McCallum, J. C.; Sze, J. Y.; Lau, S. P.; Tay, B. K.; Kalish, R.; Dhar, S.; Feldman, Leonard; Jamieson, David N.; Prawer, Steven

2005-02-01

In the last decade, the synthesis and characterization of nanometer sized carbon clusters have attracted growing interest within the scientific community. This is due to both scientific interest in the process of diamond nucleation and growth, and to the promising technological applications in nanoelectronics and quantum communications and computing. Our research group has demonstrated that MeV carbon ion implantation in fused silica followed by thermal annealing in the presence of hydrogen leads to the formation of nanocrystalline diamond, with cluster size ranging from 5 to 40 nm. In the present paper, we report the synthesis of carbon nanoclusters by the implantation into fused silica of keV carbon ions using the Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation (PIII) technique, followed by thermal annealing in forming gas (4% 2H in Ar). The present study is aimed at evaluating this implantation technique that has the advantage of allowing high fluence-rates on large substrates. The carbon nanostructures have been characterized with optical absorption and Raman spectroscopies, cross sectional Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Parallel Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (PEELS). Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) has been employed to evaluate the deuterium incorporation during the annealing process, as a key mechanism to stabilize the formation of the clusters.

Observation of 67 keV x-rays with a scintillation detector using proportional-mode silicon avalanche photodiode

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Inoue, Keisuke; Kishimoto, Shunji, E-mail: syunji.kishimoto@kek.jp; Inst. of Materials Structure Science, KEK, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801

2016-07-27

We developed a scintillation X-ray detector using a proportional-mode silicon avalanche photodiode (Si-APD). We report a prototype detector using a lead-loaded plastic scintillator mounted on a proportional-mode Si-APD (active area size: 3 mm in diameter), which is operated at a low temperature. Using 67.41 keV X-rays, we could measure pulse-height spectra of scintillation light with a charge-sensitive preamplifier at 20, 0, and −35°C. Time spectra of the X-ray bunch structure were successfully recorded using a wideband and 60-dB-gain amplifier in hybrid-mode operation of the Photon Factory ring. We obtained a better time resolution of 0.51 ns (full width at half-maximum)more » for the single-bunch X-ray peak at −35°C. We were also able to observe a linear response of the scintillation pulses up to 8 Mcps for input photon rates up to 1.4 × 10{sup 8} photons/s.« less

Venus nightside ionosphere - A model with KeV electron impact ionization

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kumar, S.

1982-01-01

The impact of keV electrons is proposed as the strongest source of ionization in a full-up Venus nightside ionosphere model for the equatorial midnight region. The electron impacts lead to a peak ion density of 100,000/cu cm, which was observed by the PV-OIMS experiment on several occasions. In addition, the observed altitude profiles of CO2(+), O(+), O2(+), H(+), and H2(+) can be reproduced by the model on condition that the available keV electron flux is approximated by a reasonable extrapolation from fluxes observed at lower energies.

Optical transmittance investigation of 1-keV ion-irradiated sapphire crystals as potential VUV to NIR window materials of fusion reactors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iwano, Keisuke; Yamanoi, Kohei; Iwasa, Yuki; Mori, Kazuyuki; Minami, Yuki; Arita, Ren; Yamanaka, Takuma; Fukuda, Kazuhito; Empizo, Melvin John F.; Takano, Keisuke; Shimizu, Toshihiko; Nakajima, Makoto; Yoshimura, Masashi; Sarukura, Nobuhiko; Norimatsu, Takayoshi; Hangyo, Masanori; Azechi, Hiroshi; Singidas, Bess G.; Sarmago, Roland V.; Oya, Makoto; Ueda, Yoshio

2016-10-01

We investigate the optical transmittances of ion-irradiated sapphire crystals as potential vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) to near-infrared (NIR) window materials of fusion reactors. Under potential conditions in fusion reactors, sapphire crystals are irradiated with hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), and helium (He) ions with 1-keV energy and ˜ 1020-m-2 s-1 flux. Ion irradiation decreases the transmittances from 140 to 260 nm but hardly affects the transmittances from 300 to 1500 nm. H-ion and D-ion irradiation causes optical absorptions near 210 and 260 nm associated with an F-center and an F+-center, respectively. These F-type centers are classified as Schottky defects that can be removed through annealing above 1000 K. In contrast, He-ion irradiation does not cause optical absorptions above 200 nm because He-ions cannot be incorporated in the crystal lattice due to the large ionic radius of He-ions. Moreover, the significant decrease in transmittance of the ion-irradiated sapphire crystals from 140 to 180 nm is related to the light scattering on the crystal surface. Similar to diamond polishing, ion irradiation modifies the crystal surface thereby affecting the optical properties especially at shorter wavelengths. Although the transmittances in the VUV wavelengths decrease after ion irradiation, the transmittances can be improved through annealing above 1000 K. With an optical transmittance in the VUV region that can recover through simple annealing and with a high transparency from the ultraviolet (UV) to the NIR region, sapphire crystals can therefore be used as good optical windows inside modern fusion power reactors in terms of light particle loadings of hydrogen isotopes and helium.

Layout of bunch compressor for Beijing XFEL test facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Xiongwei; Du, Yingchao; He, Xiaozhong; Yang, Yufeng

2006-10-01

In this paper, we describe the layout of the bunch compressor for the Beijing XFEL test facility (BTF). Our bunch compressor setup is different from the usual one due to the space limit. The compensation X-BAND cavity and the first bunch compressor are separate in distance. The electron bunch is decelerated first and then accelerated to enter the first bunch compressor. The simulation result shows that our setup works well, and the nonlinear term is well compensated. Also, we present the result about the CSR emittance dilution study. Finally, we develop a program to study microbunch instability in the second BTF bunch compressor.

Bunch-by-bunch detection of coherent transverse modes from digitized single-bpm signals in the Tevatron

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stancari, G.; Valishev, A.; Semenov, A.

2010-05-01

A system was developed for bunch-by-bunch detection of transverse proton and antiproton coherent oscillations based on the signal from a single beam-position monitor (BPM) located in a region of the ring with large amplitude functions. The signal is digitized over a large number of turns and Fourier-analyzed offline with a dedicated algorithm. To enhance the signal, the beam is excited with band-limited noise for about one second, and this was shown not to significantly affect the circulating beams even at high luminosity. The system is used to measure betatron tunes of individual bunches and to study beam-beam effects. In particular,more » it is one of the main diagnostic tools in an ongoing study of nonlinear beam-beam compensation studies with Gaussian electron lenses. We present the design and operation of this tool, together with results obtained with proton and antiproton bunches.« less

"Trampoline" ejection of organic molecules from graphene and graphite via keV cluster ions impacts.

PubMed

Verkhoturov, Stanislav V; Gołuński, Mikołaj; Verkhoturov, Dmitriy S; Geng, Sheng; Postawa, Zbigniew; Schweikert, Emile A

2018-04-14

We present the data on ejection of molecules and emission of molecular ions caused by single impacts of 50 keV C 60 2+ on a molecular layer of deuterated phenylalanine (D8Phe) deposited on free standing, 2-layer graphene. The projectile impacts on the graphene side stimulate the abundant ejection of intact molecules and the emission of molecular ions in the transmission direction. To gain insight into the mechanism of ejection, Molecular Dynamic simulations were performed. It was found that the projectile penetrates the thin layer of graphene, partially depositing the projectile's kinetic energy, and molecules are ejected from the hot area around the hole that is made by the projectile. The yield, Y, of negative ions of deprotonated phenylalanine, (D8Phe-H) - , emitted in the transmission direction is 0.1 ions per projectile impact. To characterize the ejection and ionization of molecules, we have performed the experiments on emission of (D8Phe-H) - from the surface of bulk D8Phe (Y = 0.13) and from the single molecular layer of D8Phe deposited on bulk pyrolytic graphite (Y = 0.15). We show that, despite the similar yields of molecular ions, the scenario of the energy deposition and ejection of molecules is different for the case of graphene due to the confined volume of projectile-analyte interaction. The projectile impact on the graphene-D8Phe sample stimulates the collective radial movement of analyte atoms, which compresses the D8Phe layer radially from the hole. At the same time, this compression bends and stretches the graphene membrane around the hole thus accumulating potential energy. The accumulated potential energy is transformed into the kinetic energy of correlated movement upward for membrane atoms, thus the membrane acts as a trampoline for the molecules. The ejected molecules are effectively ionized; the ionization probability is ∼30× higher compared to that obtained for the bulk D8Phe target. The proposed mechanism of ionization involves

"Trampoline" ejection of organic molecules from graphene and graphite via keV cluster ions impacts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Verkhoturov, Stanislav V.; Gołuński, Mikołaj; Verkhoturov, Dmitriy S.; Geng, Sheng; Postawa, Zbigniew; Schweikert, Emile A.

2018-04-01

We present the data on ejection of molecules and emission of molecular ions caused by single impacts of 50 keV C602+ on a molecular layer of deuterated phenylalanine (D8Phe) deposited on free standing, 2-layer graphene. The projectile impacts on the graphene side stimulate the abundant ejection of intact molecules and the emission of molecular ions in the transmission direction. To gain insight into the mechanism of ejection, Molecular Dynamic simulations were performed. It was found that the projectile penetrates the thin layer of graphene, partially depositing the projectile's kinetic energy, and molecules are ejected from the hot area around the hole that is made by the projectile. The yield, Y, of negative ions of deprotonated phenylalanine, (D8Phe-H)-, emitted in the transmission direction is 0.1 ions per projectile impact. To characterize the ejection and ionization of molecules, we have performed the experiments on emission of (D8Phe-H)- from the surface of bulk D8Phe (Y = 0.13) and from the single molecular layer of D8Phe deposited on bulk pyrolytic graphite (Y = 0.15). We show that, despite the similar yields of molecular ions, the scenario of the energy deposition and ejection of molecules is different for the case of graphene due to the confined volume of projectile-analyte interaction. The projectile impact on the graphene-D8Phe sample stimulates the collective radial movement of analyte atoms, which compresses the D8Phe layer radially from the hole. At the same time, this compression bends and stretches the graphene membrane around the hole thus accumulating potential energy. The accumulated potential energy is transformed into the kinetic energy of correlated movement upward for membrane atoms, thus the membrane acts as a trampoline for the molecules. The ejected molecules are effectively ionized; the ionization probability is ˜30× higher compared to that obtained for the bulk D8Phe target. The proposed mechanism of ionization involves tunneling of

Confined ion energy >200 keV and increased fusion yield in a DPF with monolithic tungsten electrodes and pre-ionization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lerner, Eric J.; Hassan, Syed M.; Karamitsos, Ivana; Von Roessel, Fred

2017-10-01

To reduce impurities in the dense plasma focus FF-1 device, we used monolithic tungsten electrodes with pre-ionization. With this new set-up, we demonstrated a three-fold reduction of impurities by mass and a ten-fold reduction by ion number. FF-1 produced a 50% increase in fusion yield over our previous copper electrodes, both for a single shot and for a mean of ten consecutive shots with the same conditions. These results represent a doubling of fusion yield as compared with any other plasma focus device with the same 60 kJ energy input. In addition, FF-1 produced a new single-shot record of 240 ± 20 keV for mean ion energy, a record for any confined fusion plasma, using any device, and a 50% improvement in ten-shot mean ion energy. With a deuterium-nitrogen mix and corona-discharge pre-ionization, we were also able to reduce the standard deviation in the fusion yield to about 15%, a four-fold reduction over the copper-electrode results. We intend to further reduce impurities with new experiments using microwave treatment of tungsten electrodes, followed by the use of beryllium electrodes.

Solar Temporal Photon Bunching

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tan, Peng Kian

2018-04-01

Conventional ground-based astronomical observations suffer from image distortion due to atmospheric turbulence. Light from thermal blackbody radiators such as stars exhibits photon bunching behaviour at sufficiently short time-scales which should be independent from atmospherically induced phase fluctuations. However, this photon bunching signal is difficult to observe directly with available detector bandwidths. By performing narrowband spectral filtering on Sunlight and conducting temporal intensity interferometry using actively quenched avalanche photon detectors (APDs), the Solar g(2)(tau) signature was directly measured, consistently throughout the day despite fluctuating weather conditions, cloud cover and elevation angle.

Ion related problems for the XLS ring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bozoki, Eva S.; Halama, Henry

1991-10-01

The electron beam in a storage ring collides with the residual gas in the vacuum chamber. As a consequence, low velocity positive ions are produced and trapped in the potential well of the electron beam. They perform stable or unstable oscillations around the beam under the repetitive Coulomb force of the bunches. If not cleared, the captured ions can lead to partial or total neutralization of the beam, causing both a decrease of lifetime and a change in the vertical tunes as well as an increase in the tune spread. It can also cause coherent and incoherent transverse instabilities. An electrostatic clearing electrodes system was designed to keep the neutralization below a desired limit. The location and the geometry of the clearing electrodes as well as the applied clearing voltage is based on the study of the ion production rate, longitudinal velocity of ions in field-free regions and in the dipoles, beam self-electric field, beam potential, critical mass for ion capture in the bunched beam and the bounce frequencies of the ions, tune shift and pressure rise due to trapped ions.

The Case: Bunche-Da Vinci Learning Partnership Academy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eisenberg, Nicole; Winters, Lynn; Alkin, Marvin C.

2005-01-01

The Bunche-Da Vinci case described in this article presents a situation at Bunche Elementary School that four theorists were asked to address in their evaluation designs (see EJ791771, EJ719772, EJ791773, and EJ792694). The Bunche-Da Vinci Learning Partnership Academy, an elementary school located between an urban port city and a historically…

Acceleration of a trailing positron bunch in a plasma wakefield accelerator

DOE PAGES

Doche, A.; Beekman, C.; Corde, S.; ...

2017-10-27

High gradients of energy gain and high energy efficiency are necessary parameters for compact, cost-efficient and high-energy particle colliders. Plasma Wakefield Accelerators (PWFA) offer both, making them attractive candidates for next-generation colliders. Here in these devices, a charge-density plasma wave is excited by an ultra-relativistic bunch of charged particles (the drive bunch). The energy in the wave can be extracted by a second bunch (the trailing bunch), as this bunch propagates in the wake of the drive bunch. While a trailing electron bunch was accelerated in a plasma with more than a gigaelectronvolt of energy gain, accelerating a trailing positronmore » bunch in a plasma is much more challenging as the plasma response can be asymmetric for positrons and electrons. We report the demonstration of the energy gain by a distinct trailing positron bunch in a plasma wakefield accelerator, spanning nonlinear to quasi-linear regimes, and unveil the beam loading process underlying the accelerator energy efficiency. A positron bunch is used to drive the plasma wake in the experiment, though the quasi-linear wake structure could as easily be formed by an electron bunch or a laser driver. Finally, the results thus mark the first acceleration of a distinct positron bunch in plasma-based particle accelerators.« less

Acceleration of a trailing positron bunch in a plasma wakefield accelerator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Doche, A.; Beekman, C.; Corde, S.

High gradients of energy gain and high energy efficiency are necessary parameters for compact, cost-efficient and high-energy particle colliders. Plasma Wakefield Accelerators (PWFA) offer both, making them attractive candidates for next-generation colliders. Here in these devices, a charge-density plasma wave is excited by an ultra-relativistic bunch of charged particles (the drive bunch). The energy in the wave can be extracted by a second bunch (the trailing bunch), as this bunch propagates in the wake of the drive bunch. While a trailing electron bunch was accelerated in a plasma with more than a gigaelectronvolt of energy gain, accelerating a trailing positronmore » bunch in a plasma is much more challenging as the plasma response can be asymmetric for positrons and electrons. We report the demonstration of the energy gain by a distinct trailing positron bunch in a plasma wakefield accelerator, spanning nonlinear to quasi-linear regimes, and unveil the beam loading process underlying the accelerator energy efficiency. A positron bunch is used to drive the plasma wake in the experiment, though the quasi-linear wake structure could as easily be formed by an electron bunch or a laser driver. Finally, the results thus mark the first acceleration of a distinct positron bunch in plasma-based particle accelerators.« less

The structural behavior of SrTiO3 under 400 keV Ne2+ ion irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, X.; Liu, C. G.; Yang, D. Y.; Wen, J.; Fu, E. G.; Zhang, J.; Chen, L. J.; Xu, D. P.; Wang, Y. Q.; Li, Y. H.

2015-11-01

The structural behavior of polycrystalline perovskite SrTiO3 under 400 keV Ne2+ ion irradiation at both liquid nitrogen (LN2) and room temperature (RT) has been investigated. The grazing incident X-ray diffraction technique was applied to examine the radiation-induced structural evolution. The radiation behavior of SrTiO3 depends strongly on the irradiation temperature. At LN2 temperature, the samples exhibit significant lattice swelling and amorphization, whereas at RT, the lattice swelling is much less conspicuous and no amorphization is detected even at the highest irradiation dose of 5.0 dpa. Nevertheless, Ne2+ irradiation induces peak splitting in XRD patterns at both temperatures. Furthermore, first-principle calculations have been performed with VASP, involving possible defect types, to identify which defect is responsible for the radiation effect of SrTiO3. The results reveal that the oxygen vacancy defect is the most likely to contribute to the radiation behavior of SrTiO3.

Direct experimental observation of the gas density depression effect using a two-bunch X-ray FEL beam

DOE PAGES

Feng, Y.; Schafer, D. W.; Song, S.; ...

2018-01-01

The experimental observation of the depression effect in gas devices designed for X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) is reported. The measurements were carried out at the Linac Coherent Light Source using a two-bunch FEL beam at 6.5 keV with 122.5 ns separation passing through an argon gas cell. The relative intensities of the two pulses of the two-bunch beam were measured, after and before the gas cell, from X-ray scattering off thin targets by using fast diodes with sufficient temporal resolution. At a cell pressure of 140 hPa, it was found that the after-to-before ratio of the intensities of the secondmore » pulse was about 17% ± 6% higher than that of the first pulse, revealing lower effective attenuation of the gas cell due to heating by the first pulse and subsequent gas density reduction in the beam path. Furthermore, this measurement is important in guiding the design and/or mitigating the adverse effects in gas devices for high-repetition-rate FELs such as the LCLS-II and the European XFEL or other future high-repetition-rate upgrades to existing FEL facilities.« less

Direct experimental observation of the gas density depression effect using a two-bunch X-ray FEL beam

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Feng, Y.; Schafer, D. W.; Song, S.

The experimental observation of the depression effect in gas devices designed for X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) is reported. The measurements were carried out at the Linac Coherent Light Source using a two-bunch FEL beam at 6.5 keV with 122.5 ns separation passing through an argon gas cell. The relative intensities of the two pulses of the two-bunch beam were measured, after and before the gas cell, from X-ray scattering off thin targets by using fast diodes with sufficient temporal resolution. At a cell pressure of 140 hPa, it was found that the after-to-before ratio of the intensities of the secondmore » pulse was about 17% ± 6% higher than that of the first pulse, revealing lower effective attenuation of the gas cell due to heating by the first pulse and subsequent gas density reduction in the beam path. Furthermore, this measurement is important in guiding the design and/or mitigating the adverse effects in gas devices for high-repetition-rate FELs such as the LCLS-II and the European XFEL or other future high-repetition-rate upgrades to existing FEL facilities.« less

Coherent Terahertz Smith Purcell radiation from beam bunching

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shi, Zongjun; Yang, Ziqiang; Liang, Zheng; Lan, Feng; Liu, Wenxin; Gao, Xi; Li, D.

2007-08-01

This paper presents a possible method to produce beam bunching and obtain coherent Terahertz (THz) Smith-Purcell (SP) radiation. A model of two-section rectangular grating is proposed. In the first section with a flat conducting roof, a continuous beam is bunched by using an 88.5 GHz input signal. In the second section without metal roof, the coherent THz SP radiation is stimulated by the bunched beam interacting with the grating. The particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations show that the beam is bunched at the downstream of the first section. The strongest radiation is observed at 120° with the frequency of 266.5 GHz in the second section.

Evolution of dense spatially modulated electron bunches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Balal, N.; Bratman, V. L.; Friedman, A.

2018-03-01

An analytical theory describing the dynamics of relativistic moving 1D electron pulses (layers) with the density modulation affected by a space charge has been revised and generalized for its application to the formation of dense picosecond bunches from linear accelerators with laser-driven photo injectors, and its good agreement with General Particle Tracer simulations has been demonstrated. Evolution of quasi-one-dimensional bunches (disks), for which the derived formulas predict longitudinal expansion, is compared with that for thin and long electron cylinders (threads), for which the excitation of non-linear waves with density spikes was found earlier by Musumeci et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 106(18), 184801 (2011)] and Musumeci et al. [Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. -Accel. Beams 16(10), 100701 (2013)]. Both types of bunches can be used for efficiency enhancement of THz sources based on the Doppler frequency up-shifted coherent spontaneous radiation of electrons. Despite the strong Coulomb repulsion, the periodicity of a preliminary modulation in dense 1D layers persists during their expansion in the most interesting case of a relatively small change in particle energy. However, the period of modulation increases and its amplitude decreases in time. In the case of a large change in electron energy, the uniformity of periodicity is broken due to different relativistic changes in longitudinal scales along the bunch: the "period" of modulation decreases and its amplitude increases from the rear to the front boundary. Nevertheless, the use of relatively long electron bunches with a proper preliminary spatial modulation of density can provide a significantly higher power and a narrower spectrum of coherent spontaneous radiation of dense bunches than in the case of initially short single bunches with the same charge.

Modification of graphene by ion beam

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gawlik, G.; Ciepielewski, P.; Jagielski, J.; Baranowski, J.

2017-09-01

Ion induced defect generation in graphene was analyzed using Raman spectroscopy. A single layer graphene membrane produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on copper foil and then transferred on glass substrate was subjected to helium, carbon, nitrogen, argon and krypton ions bombardment at energies from the range 25 keV to 100 keV. A density of ion induced defects and theirs mean size were estimated by using Raman measurements. Increasing number of defects generated by ion with increase of ion mass and decrease of ion energy was observed. Dependence of ion defect efficiency (defects/ion) on ion mass end energy was proportional to nuclear stopping power simulated by SRIM. No correlation between ion defect efficiency and electronic stopping power was observed.

Recent operation of the FNAL magnetron H- ion source

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karns, P. R.; Bollinger, D. S.; Sosa, A.

2017-08-01

This paper will detail changes in the operational paradigm of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) magnetron H- ion source due to upgrades in the accelerator system. Prior to November of 2012 the H- ions for High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments were extracted at ˜18 keV vertically downward into a 90 degree bending magnet and accelerated through a Cockcroft-Walton accelerating column to 750 keV. Following the upgrade in the fall of 2012 the H- ions are now directly extracted from a magnetron at 35 keV and accelerated to 750 keV by a Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ). This change in extraction energy as well as the orientation of the ion source required not only a redesign of the ion source, but an updated understanding of its operation at these new values. Discussed in detail are the changes to the ion source timing, arc discharge current, hydrogen gas pressure, and cesium delivery system that were needed to maintain consistent operation at >99% uptime for HEP, with an increased ion source lifetime of over 9 months.

High time resolution characteristics of intermediate ion distributions upstream of the earth's bow shock

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Potter, D. W.

1985-01-01

High time resolution particle data upstream of the bow shock during time intervals that have been identified as having intermediate ion distributions often show high amplitude oscillations in the ion fluxes of energy 2 and 6 keV. These ion oscillations, observed with the particle instruments of the University of California, Berkeley, on the ISEE 1 and 2 spacecraft, are at the same frequency (about 0.04 Hz) as the magnetic field oscillations. Typically, the 6-keV ion flux increases then the 2-keV flux increases followed by a decrease in the 2-keV flux and then the 6-keV flux decreases. This process repeats many times. Although there is no entirely satisfactory explanation, the presence of these ion flux oscillations suggests that distributions often are misidentified as intermediate ion distributions.

Dancing bunches as Van Kampen modes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Burov, A.; /Fermilab

2011-03-01

Van Kampen modes are eigen-modes of Jeans-Vlasov equation [1-3]. Their spectrum consists of continuous and, possibly, discrete parts. Onset of a discrete van Kampen mode means emergence of a coherent mode without any Landau damping; thus, even a tiny couple-bunch wake is sufficient to drive instability. Longitudinal instabilities observed at Tevatron [4], RHIC [5] and SPS [6] can be explained as loss of Landau damping (LLD), which is shown here to happen at fairly low impedances. For repulsive wakes and single-harmonic RF, LLD is found to be extremely sensitive to steepness of the bunch distribution function at small amplitudes. Basedmore » on that, a method of beam stabilization is suggested. Emergence of a discrete van Kampen mode means either loss of Landau damping or instability. Longitudinal bunch stability is analysed in weak head-tail approximation for inductive impedance and single-harmonic RF. The LLD threshold intensities are found to be rather low: for cases under study all of them do not exceed a few percent of the zero-amplitude incoherent synchrotron frequency shift, strongly decreasing for shorter bunches. Because of that, LLD can explain longitudinal instabilities happened at fairly low impedances at Tevatron [4], and possibly for RHIC [5] and SPS [6], being in that sense an alternative to the soliton explanation [5, 20]. Although LLD itself results in many cases in emergence of a mode with zero growth rate, any couple-bunch (and sometimes multi-turn) wake would drive instability for that mode, however small this wake is. LLD is similar to a loss of immune system of a living cell, when any microbe becomes fatal for it. The emerging discrete mode is normally very different from the rigid-bunch motion; thus the rigid-mode model significantly overestimates the LLD threshold. The power low of LLD predicted in Ref. [17] agrees with results of this paper. However, the numerical factor in that scaling low strongly depends on the bunch distribution

Heliospheric Neutral Atom Spectra Between 0.01 and 6 keV fom IBEX

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fuselier, S. A.; Allegrini, F.; Bzowski, M.; Funsten, H. O.; Ghielmetti, A. G.; Gloeckler, G.; Heirtzler, D.; Janzen, P.; Kubiak, M.; Kucharek, H.;

Observation of coherent Smith-Purcell and transition radiation driven by single bunch and micro-bunched electron beams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liang, Yifan; Du, Yingchao; Su, Xiaolu; Wang, Dan; Yan, Lixin; Tian, Qili; Zhou, Zheng; Wang, Dong; Huang, Wenhui; Gai, Wei; Tang, Chuanxiang; Konoplev, I. V.; Zhang, H.; Doucas, G.

2018-01-01

Generation of coherent Smith-Purcell (cSPr) and transition/diffraction radiation using a single bunch or a pre-modulated relativistic electron beam is one of the growing research areas aiming at the development of radiation sources and beam diagnostics for accelerators. We report the results of comparative experimental studies of terahertz radiation generation by an electron bunch and micro-bunched electron beams and the spectral properties of the coherent transition and SP radiation. The properties of cSPr spectra are investigated and discussed, and excitations of the fundamental and second harmonics of cSPr and their dependence on the beam-grating separation are shown. The experimental and theoretical results are compared, and good agreement is demonstrated.

The Solar Flare 4: 10 keV X-ray Spectrum

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Phillips, K. J. H.

2004-01-01

The 4-10 keV solar flare spectrum includes highly excited lines of stripped Ca, Fe, and Ni ions as well as a continuum steeply falling with energy. Groups of lines at approximately 7 keV and approximately 8 keV, observed during flares by the broad-band RHESSI spectrometer and called here the Fe-line and Fe/Ni-line features, are formed mostly of Fe lines but with Ni lines contributing to the approximately 8 keV feature. Possible temperature indicators of these line features are discussed - the peak or centroid energies of the Fe-line feature, the line ratio of the Fe-line to the Fe/Ni-line features, and the equivalent width of the Fe-line feature. The equivalent width is by far the most sensitive to temperature. However, results will be confused if, as is commonly believed, the abundance of Fe varies from flare to flare, even during the course of a single flare. With temperature determined from the thermal continuum, the Fe-line feature becomes a diagnostic of the Fe abundance in flare plasmas. These results are of interest for other hot plasmas in coronal ionization equilibrium such as stellar flare plasmas, hot gas in galaxies, and older supernova remnants.

End-to-end simulation of bunch merging for a muon collider

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bao, Yu; Stratakis, Diktys; Hanson, Gail G.

2015-05-03

Muon accelerator beams are commonly produced indirectly through pion decay by interaction of a charged particle beam with a target. Efficient muon capture requires the muons to be first phase-rotated by rf cavities into a train of 21 bunches with much reduced energy spread. Since luminosity is proportional to the square of the number of muons per bunch, it is crucial for a Muon Collider to use relatively few bunches with many muons per bunch. In this paper we will describe a bunch merging scheme that should achieve this goal. We present for the first time a complete end-to-end simulationmore » of a 6D bunch merger for a Muon Collider. The 21 bunches arising from the phase-rotator, after some initial cooling, are merged in longitudinal phase space into seven bunches, which then go through seven paths with different lengths and reach the final collecting "funnel" at the same time. The final single bunch has a transverse and a longitudinal emittance that matches well with the subsequent 6D rectilinear cooling scheme.« less

Phase modulation of the bucket stops bunch oscillations at the Fermilab Tevatron

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tan, C.Y.; Burov, A.; /Fermilab

2012-04-02

Bunches in the Tevatron are known to exhibit longitudinal oscillations which persist indefinitely. These oscillations are colloquially called 'dancing bunches.' Although the dancing proton bunches do not cause single bunch emittance growth or beam loss at injection, they lead to bunch lengthening at collisions. In Tevatron operations, a longitudinal damper has been built which stops this dance and damps out coupled bunch modes. Recent theoretical work predicts that the dance can also be stopped by an appropriate change in the bunch distribution. This paper describes the Tevatron experiments which support this theory.

Measuring short electron bunch lengths using coherent smith-purcell radiation

DOEpatents

Nguyen, Dinh C.

1999-01-01

A method is provided for directly determining the length of sub-picosecond electron bunches. A metallic grating is formed with a groove spacing greater than a length expected for the electron bunches. The electron bunches are passed over the metallic grating to generate coherent and incoherent Smith-Purcell radiation. The angular distribution of the coherent Smith-Purcell radiation is then mapped to directly deduce the length of the electron bunches.

Development of a bunch-by-bunch longitudinal feedback system with a wide dynamic range for the HIGS facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, W. Z.; Kim, Y.; Li, J. Y.; Teytelman, D.; Busch, M.; Wang, P.; Swift, G.; Park, I. S.; Ko, I. S.; Wu, Y. K.

2011-03-01

Electron beam coupled-bunch instabilities can limit and degrade the performance of storage ring based light sources. A longitudinal feedback system has been developed for the Duke storage ring to suppress multi-bunch beam instabilities which prevent stable, high-current operation of the storage ring based free-electron lasers (FELs) and an FEL driven Compton gamma source, the high intensity gamma-ray source (HIGS) at Duke University. In this work, we report the development of a state-of-the-art second generation longitudinal feedback system which employs a field programmable gate array (FPGA) based processor, and a broadband, high shunt-impedance kicker cavity. With two inputs and two outputs, the kicker cavity was designed with a resonant frequency of 937 MHz, a bandwidth of 97 MHz, and a shunt impedance of 1530 Ω. We also developed an S-matrix based technique to fully characterize the performance of the kicker cavity in the cold test. This longitudinal feedback system has been commissioned and optimized to stabilize high-current electron beams with a wide range of electron beam energies (250 MeV to 1.15 GeV) and a number of electron beam bunch modes, including the single-bunch mode and all possible symmetric bunch modes. This feedback system has become a critical instrument to ensure stable, high-flux operation of HIGS to produce nearly monochromatic, highly polarized Compton gamma-ray beams.

SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF {approx}0.5-6 keV ENERGETIC NEUTRAL ATOMS MEASURED BY THE INTERSTELLAR BOUNDARY EXPLORER (IBEX) ALONG THE LINES OF SIGHT OF VOYAGER

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Desai, M. I.; Allegrini, F. A.; Dayeh, M. A.

2012-04-20

Energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) observed by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) provide powerful diagnostics about the origin of the progenitor ion populations and the physical mechanisms responsible for their production. Here we survey the fluxes, energy spectra, and energy dependence of the spectral indices of {approx}0.5-6 keV ENAs measured by IBEX-Hi along the lines of sight of Voyager 1 and 2. We compare the ENA spectra observed at IBEX with predictions of Zank et al. who modeled the microphysics of the heliospheric termination shock to predict the shape and relative contributions of three distinct heliosheath ion populations. We show thatmore » (1) the ENA spectral indices exhibit similar energy dependence along V1 and V2 directions-the spectrum hardens to {gamma} {approx} 1 between {approx}1 and 2 keV and softens to {gamma} {approx} 2 below {approx}1 keV and above {approx}2 keV, (2) the observed ENA fluxes agree to within {approx}50% of the Zank et al. predictions and are unlikely to be produced by core solar wind (SW) ions, and (3) the ENA spectra do not exhibit sharp cutoffs at {approx}twice the SW speed as is typically observed for shell-like pickup ion (PUI) distributions in the heliosphere. We conclude that ENAs at IBEX are generated by at least two types of ion populations whose relative contributions depend on the ENA energy: transmitted PUIs in the {approx}0.5-5 keV energy range and reflected PUIs above {approx}5 keV energy. The {approx}0.5-5 keV PUI distribution is probably a superposition of Maxwellian or kappa distributions and partially filled shell distributions in velocity space.« less

Compact double-bunch x-ray free electron lasers for fresh bunch self-seeding and harmonic lasing

DOE PAGES

Emma, C.; Feng, Y.; Nguyen, D. C.; ...

2017-03-03

This study presents a novel method to improve the longitudinal coherence, efficiency and maximum photon energy of x-ray free electron lasers (XFELs). The method is equivalent to having two separate concatenated XFELs. The first uses one bunch of electrons to reach the saturation regime, generating a high power self-amplified spontaneous emission x-ray pulse at the fundamental and third harmonic. The x-ray pulse is filtered through an attenuator/monochromator and seeds a different electron bunch in the second FEL, using the fundamental and/or third harmonic as an input signal. In our method we combine the two XFELs operating with two bunches, separatedmore » by one or more rf cycles, in the same linear accelerator. We discuss the advantages and applications of the proposed system for present and future XFELs.« less

Modeling Multi-Bunch X-band Photoinjector Challenges

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marsh, R A; Anderson, S G; Gibson, D J

An X-band test station is being developed at LLNL to investigate accelerator optimization for future upgrades to mono-energetic gamma-ray technology at LLNL. The test station will consist of a 5.5 cell X-band rf photoinjector, single accelerator section, and beam diagnostics. Of critical import to the functioning of the LLNL X-band system with multiple electron bunches is the performance of the photoinjector. In depth modeling of the Mark 1 LLNL/SLAC X-band rf photoinjector performance will be presented addressing important challenges that must be addressed in order to fabricate a multi-bunch Mark 2 photoinjector. Emittance performance is evaluated under different nominal electronmore » bunch parameters using electrostatic codes such as PARMELA. Wake potential is analyzed using electromagnetic time domain simulations using the ACE3P code T3P. Plans for multi-bunch experiments and implementation of photoinjector advances for the Mark 2 design will also be discussed.« less

Nonresonant interaction of heavy ions with electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Berchem, J.; Gendrin, R.

1985-01-01

The motion of a heavy ion in the presence of an intense ultralow-frequency electromagnetic wave propagating along the dc magnetic field is analyzed. Starting from the basic equations of motion and from their associated two invariants, the heavy ion velocity-space trajectories are drawn. It is shown that after a certain time, particles whose initial phase angles are randomly distributed tend to bunch together, provided that the wave intensity b-sub-1 is sufficiently large. The importance of these results for the interpretation of the recently observed acceleration of singly charged He ions in conjunction with the occurrence of large-amplitude ion cyclotron waves in the equatorial magnetosphere is discussed.

Measuring short electron bunch lengths using coherent Smith-Purcell radiation

DOEpatents

Nguyen, D.C.

1999-03-30

A method is provided for directly determining the length of sub-picosecond electron bunches. A metallic grating is formed with a groove spacing greater than a length expected for the electron bunches. The electron bunches are passed over the metallic grating to generate coherent and incoherent Smith-Purcell radiation. The angular distribution of the coherent Smith-Purcell radiation is then mapped to directly deduce the length of the electron bunches. 8 figs.

Direct acceleration in intense laser fields used for bunch amplification of relativistic electrons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Braenzel, J.; Andreev, A. A.; Ehrentraut, L.; Schnürer, M.

2017-05-01

A method, how electrons can be directly accelerated in intense laser fields, is investigated experimentally and discussed with numerical and analytical simulation. When ultrathin foil targets are exposed with peak laser intensities of 1x1020 W/cm2 , slow electrons ( keV kinetic energy), that are emitted from the ultrathin foil target along laser propagation direction, are post-accelerated in the transmitted laser field. They received significant higher kinetic energies (MeV), when this interaction was limited in duration and an enhanced number of fast electrons were detected. The decoupling of the light field from the electron interaction we realized with a second separator foil, blocking the transmitted laser light at a particular distance and allowing the fast electrons to pass. Variation of the propagation distance in the laser field results in different energy gains for the electrons. This finding is explained with electron acceleration in the electromagnetic field of a light pulse and confirms a concept being discussed for some time. In the experiments the effect manifests in an electron number amplification of about 3 times around a peak at 1 MeV electron energy. Measurements confirmed that the overall number in the whole bunch is enhanced to about 109 electrons covering kinetic energies between 0.5 to 5 MeV. The method holds promise for ultrashort electron bunch generation at MeV energies for direct application, e.g. ultra-fast electron diffraction, or for injection into post accelerator stages for different purposes.

Bunch mode specific rate corrections for PILATUS3 detectors

DOE PAGES

Trueb, P.; Dejoie, C.; Kobas, M.; ...

2015-04-09

PILATUS X-ray detectors are in operation at many synchrotron beamlines around the world. This article reports on the characterization of the new PILATUS3 detector generation at high count rates. As for all counting detectors, the measured intensities have to be corrected for the dead-time of the counting mechanism at high photon fluxes. The large number of different bunch modes at these synchrotrons as well as the wide range of detector settings presents a challenge for providing accurate corrections. To avoid the intricate measurement of the count rate behaviour for every bunch mode, a Monte Carlo simulation of the counting mechanismmore » has been implemented, which is able to predict the corrections for arbitrary bunch modes and a wide range of detector settings. This article compares the simulated results with experimental data acquired at different synchrotrons. It is found that the usage of bunch mode specific corrections based on this simulation improves the accuracy of the measured intensities by up to 40% for high photon rates and highly structured bunch modes. For less structured bunch modes, the instant retrigger technology of PILATUS3 detectors substantially reduces the dependency of the rate correction on the bunch mode. The acquired data also demonstrate that the instant retrigger technology allows for data acquisition up to 15 million photons per second per pixel.« less

Longitudinal Beam Diagnostics for the ILC Injectors and Bunch Compressors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Piot, Philippe; Bracke, Adam; Demir, Veysel

2010-12-01

We present a diagnostics suite and analyze techniques for setting up the longitudinal beam dynamics in ILC e⁻ injectors and e⁺ and e⁻ bunch compressors. Techniques to measure the first order moments and recover the first order longitudinal transfer map of the injector's intricate bunching scheme are presented. Coherent transition radiation diagnostics needed to measure and monitor the bunch length downstream of the ~5 GeV bunch compressor are investigated using a vector diffraction model.

Application accelerator system having bunch control

DOEpatents

Wang, Dunxiong; Krafft, Geoffrey Arthur

1999-01-01

An application accelerator system for monitoring the gain of a free electron laser. Coherent Synchrotron Radiation (CSR) detection techniques are used with a bunch length monitor for ultra short, picosec to several tens of femtosec, electron bunches. The monitor employs an application accelerator, a coherent radiation production device, an optical or beam chopping device, an infrared radiation collection device, a narrow-banding filter, an infrared detection device, and a control.

Study of the storm time fluxes of heavy ions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1978-01-01

The characteristics of the storm time ring current ions in the energy range of 0.5 to 16 keV were investigated. Data were processed and analyzed from the energetic ion mass spectrometer aboard the S3-3 satellite. Results are used for planning and operating the ion mass spectrometer experiment on the ISEE spacecraft, for selecting and processing the ISEE ion data, and for planning and conducting coordinated satellite experiments in support of the International Magnetospheric Study (IMS). It is established from the S3-3 ion data that relatively large fluxes of energetic (keV) 0(+) and H(+) ions are frequently flowing upward from the ionosphere along magnetic field lines in the polar auroral regions. Also, from investigations with the same instrument during the main phase of three moderate (D sub ST approximately 100) magnetic storms, it is found that the number density of 0(+) ions in the ring current was comparable to H(+) ion density the range 0.5 to 15 keV.

Single impacts of keV fullerene ions on free standing graphene: Emission of ions and electrons from confined volume

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Verkhoturov, Stanislav V.; Geng, Sheng; Schweikert, Emile A., E-mail: schweikert@chem.tamu.edu

We present the first data from individual C{sub 60} impacting one to four layer graphene at 25 and 50 keV. Negative secondary ions and electrons emitted in transmission were recorded separately from each impact. The yields for C{sub n}{sup −} clusters are above 10% for n ≤ 4, they oscillate with electron affinities and decrease exponentially with n. The result can be explained with the aid of MD simulation as a post-collision process where sufficient vibrational energy is accumulated around the rim of the impact hole for sputtering of carbon clusters. The ionization probability can be estimated by comparing experimentalmore » yields of C{sub n}{sup −} with those of C{sub n}{sup 0} from MD simulation, where it increases exponentially with n. The ionization probability can be approximated with ejecta from a thermally excited (3700 K) rim damped by cluster fragmentation and electron detachment. The experimental electron probability distributions are Poisson-like. On average, three electrons of thermal energies are emitted per impact. The thermal excitation model invoked for C{sub n}{sup −} emission can also explain the emission of electrons. The interaction of C{sub 60} with graphene is fundamentally different from impacts on 3D targets. A key characteristic is the high degree of ionization of the ejecta.« less

Step Bunching: Influence of Impurities and Solution Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chernov, A. A.; Vekilov, P. G.; Coriell, S. R.; Murray, B. T.; McFadden, G. B.

1999-01-01

Step bunching results in striations even at relatively early stages of its development and in inclusions of mother liquor at the later stages. Therefore, eliminating step bunching is crucial for high crystal perfection. At least 5 major effects causing and influencing step bunching are known: (1) Basic morphological instability of stepped interfaces. It is caused by concentration gradient in the solution normal to the face and by the redistribution of solute tangentially to the interface which redistribution enhances occasional perturbations in step density due to various types of noise; (2) Aggravation of the above basic instability by solution flowing tangentially to the face in the same directions as the steps or stabilization of equidistant step train if these flows are antiparallel; (3) Enhanced bunching at supersaturation where step velocity v increases with relative supersaturation s much faster than linear. This v(s) dependence is believed to be associated with impurities. The impurities of which adsorption time is comparable with the time needed to deposit one lattice layer may also be responsible for bunching; (4) Very intensive solution flow stabilizes growing interface even at parallel solution and step flows; (5) Macrosteps were observed to nucleate at crystal corners and edges. Numerical simulation, assuming step-step interactions via surface diffusion also show that step bunching may be induced by random step nucleation at the facet edge and by discontinuity in the step density (a ridge) somewhere in the middle of a face. The corresponding bunching patterns produce the ones observed in experiment. The nature of step bunching generated at the corners and edges and by dislocation step sources, as well as the also relative importance and interrelations between mechanisms 1-5 is not clear, both from experimental and theoretical standpoints. Furthermore, several laws controlling the evolution of existing step bunches have been suggested, though

Longitudinal bunch dynamics study with coherent synchrotron radiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Billinghurst, B. E.; Bergstrom, J. C.; Baribeau, C.; Batten, T.; May, T. E.; Vogt, J. M.; Wurtz, W. A.

2016-02-01

An electron bunch circulating in a storage ring constitutes a dynamical system with both longitudinal and transverse degrees of freedom. Through a self-interaction with the wakefields created by the bunch, certain of these degrees may get excited, defining a set of eigenmodes analogous to a spectroscopic series. The present study focuses on the longitudinal modes of a single bunch. The excitation of a mode appears as an amplitude modulation at the mode frequency of the coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) emitted by the bunch. The modulations are superimposed on a much larger continuum from CSR emission in the continuous mode. A given eigenmode is classified by the integer m which is the ratio of the mode frequency to the synchrotron frequency. The present measurements extend up to m =8 and focus on the region near the instability thresholds. At threshold the modes are excited sequentially, resembling a staircase when the mode frequencies are plotted as a function of bunch length or synchrotron frequency. Adjacent modes are observed to coexist at the boundaries between the modes. An energy-independent correlation is observed between the threshold current for an instability and the corresponding zero-current bunch length. Measurements were made at five beam energies between 1.0 and 2.9 GeV at the Canadian Light Source. The CSR was measured in the time domain using an unbiased Schottky diode spanning 50-75 GHz.

Comparing the effect on the AGS longitudinal emittance of gold ions from the BtA stripping foil with and without a Booster Bunch Merge

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zeno, K.

The aim of this note to better understand the effect of merging the Gold bunches in the Booster into one on the resulting AGS longitudinal emittance as compared to not merging them. The reason it matters whether they are merged or not is because they pass through a stripping foil in the BtA line. Data was taken last run (Run 17) for the case where the bunches are not merged, and it will be compared with data from cases where the bunches are merged. Previous data from Tandem operation will also be considered. There are two main pieces to thismore » puzzle. The first is the ε growth associated with the energy spread due to ‘energy straggling’ in the BtA stripping foil and the second is the effective ε growth associated with the energy loss that occurs while passing through the foil. Both of these effects depend on whether or not the Booster bunches have been merged into one.« less

Application accelerator system having bunch control

DOEpatents

Wang, D.; Krafft, G.A.

1999-06-22

An application accelerator system for monitoring the gain of a free electron laser is disclosed. Coherent Synchrotron Radiation (CSR) detection techniques are used with a bunch length monitor for ultra short, picosec to several tens of femtosec, electron bunches. The monitor employs an application accelerator, a coherent radiation production device, an optical or beam chopping device, an infrared radiation collection device, a narrow-banding filter, an infrared detection device, and a control. 1 fig.

Synthesis and characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunch-grafted-polyvinyl alcohol (OPEFB-g-PVA) hydrogel for removal of copper ions from aqueous solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wen, Soh Jing; Rabat, Nurul Ekmi; Osman, Noridah

2017-12-01

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber is a natural polymer which is potentially used as efficient adsorbents for heavy metal cations. The main objective of this research is to synthesize OPEFB grafted polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel by using ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator and gelatin as crosslinking agent. The grafting temperature, amounts of cross linking agent, initiator and concentration of OPEFB were manipulated in order to optimize the swelling capability of the hydrogel. Comparison of heavy metal adsorption performance between pure PVA hydrogel and optimized OPEFB-g-PVA hydrogel was evaluated by using copper ions solution. The characteristics and structure of the optimized OPEFB-g-PVA hydrogel was studied by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) while Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) was used to study its thermal stability. The presence of band at 1088 and 1047cm-1 corresponds to C-O was observed as strong evidence of grafting. Water uptake capacity was evaluated and the maximum water absorption capacity was obtained at 180.67 g/g. PVA hydrogel with OPEFB proved to have better copper ion absorbency and thermal properties compared to pure PVA hydrogel.

Stability condition for the drive bunch in a collinear wakefield accelerator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Baturin, S. S.; Zholents, A.

The beam breakup instability of the drive bunch in the structure-based collinear wakefield accelerator is considered and a stabilizing method is proposed. The method includes using the specially designed beam focusing channel, applying the energy chirp along the electron bunch, and keeping energy chirp constant during the drive bunch deceleration. A stability condition is derived that defines the limit on the accelerating field for the witness bunch.

Accelerating Radioactive Ion Beams With REX-ISOLDE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ames, F.; Emhofer, S.; Habs, D.

2003-08-26

The post accelerator REX-ISOLDE is installed at the ISOLDE facility at CERN, where a broad variety of radioactive ions can be addressed. Since the end of 2001 beams at the final energy of 2.2 MeV/u are available. REX-ISOLDE uses a unique system of beam bunching and charge breeding. First a Penning trap accumulates and bunches the ions, which are delivered as a quasi-continuous beam from the ISOLDE target-ion-source, and then an electron beam ion source (EBIS) charge-breeds them to a mass-to-charge ratio below 4.5. This enables a very compact design for the following LINAC, consisting of a 4 rod RFQ,more » an IH structure and three 7-gap-resonators. The later ones allow a variation of the final energy between 0.8 and 2.2 MeV/u. Although the machine is still in the commissioning phase, first physics experiments have been done with neutron rich Na and Mg isotopes and 9Li. A total efficiency of several percent has already been obtained.« less

Atom penetration from a thin film into the substrate during sputtering by polyenergetic Ar{sup +} ion beam with mean energy of 9.4 keV

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kalin, B.A.; Gladkov, V.P.; Volkov, N.V.

Penetration of alien atoms (Be, Ni) into Be, Al, Zr, Si and diamond was investigated under Ar{sup +} ion bombardment of samples having thermally evaporated films of 30--50 nm. Sputtering was carried out using a wide energy spectrum beam of Ar{sup +} ions of 9.4 keV to dose D = 1 {times} 10{sup 16}--10{sup 19} ion/cm{sup 2}. Implanted atom distribution in the targets was measured by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) of H{sup +} and He{sup +} ions with energy of 1.6 MeV as well as secondary ion mass-spectrometry (SIMS). During the bombardment, the penetration depth of Ar atoms increases withmore » dose linearly. This depth is more than 3--20 times deeper than the projected range of bombarding ions and recoil atoms. This is a deep action effect. The analysis shows that the experimental data for foreign atoms penetration depth are similar to the data calculated for atom migration through the interstitial site in a field of internal (lateral) compressive stresses created in the near-surface layer of the substrate as a result of implantation. Under these experimental conditions atom ratio r{sub i}/r{sub m} (r{sub i} -- radius of dopant, r{sub m} -- radius target of substrate) can play a principal determining role.« less

Analysis of coupled-bunch instabilities for the NSLS-II storage ring with a 500MHz 7-cell PETRA-III cavity

DOE PAGES

Bassi, G.; Blednykh, A.; Cheng, W.; ...

2015-12-11

We present the NSLS-II storage ring that is designed to operate with superconducting RF-cavities with the aim to store an average current of 500 mA distributed in 1080 bunches, with a gap in the uniform filling for ion clearing. At the early stage of the commissioning (phase 1), characterized by a bare lattice without damping wigglers and without Landau cavities, a normal conducting 7-cell PETRA-III RF-cavity structure has been installed with the goal to store an average current of 25 mA. In this paper we discuss our analysis of coupled-bunch instabilities driven by the Higher Order Modes (HOMs) of themore » 7-cell PETRA-III RF-cavity. As a cure of the instabilities, we apply a well-known scheme based on a proper detuning of the HOMs frequencies based upon cavity temperature change, and the use of the beneficial effect of the slow head–tail damping at positive chromaticity to increase the transverse coupled-bunch instability thresholds. In addition, we discuss measurements of coupled-bunch instabilities observed during the phase 1 commissioning of the NSLS-II storage ring. In our analysis we rely, in the longitudinal case, on the theory of coupled-bunch instability for uniform fillings, while in the transverse case we complement our studies with numerical simulations with OASIS, a novel parallel particle tracking code for self-consistent simulations of collective effects driven by short and long-range wakefields.« less

Following an electron bunch for free electron laser

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

2012-01-01

A video artist's ultra-slow-motion impression of an APEX-style electron gun firing a continuous train of electron bunches into a superconducting linear accelerator (in reality this would happen a million times a second). As they approach the speed of light the bunches contract, maintaining beam quality. After acceleration, the electron bunches are diverted into one or more undulators, the key components of free electron lasers. Oscillating back and forth in the changing magnetic field, they create beams of structured x-ray pulses. Before entering the experimental areas the electron bunches are diverted to a beam dump. (Animation created by Illumina Visual, http://www.illuminavisual.com/,more » for Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Music for this excerpt, "Feeling Dark (Behind The Mask)" is by 7OOP3D http://ccmixter.org/files/7OOP3D/29126 and is licensed under a Creative Commons license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/)« less

Fission-Fusion: A new reaction mechanism for nuclear astrophysics based on laser-ion acceleration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thirolf, P. G.; Gross, M.; Allinger, K.

We propose to produce neutron-rich nuclei in the range of the astrophysical r-process around the waiting point N = 126 by fissioning a dense laser-accelerated thorium ion bunch in a thorium target (covered by a CH{sub 2} layer), where the light fission fragments of the beam fuse with the light fission fragments of the target. Via the 'hole-boring' mode of laser Radiation Pressure Acceleration using a high-intensity, short pulse laser, very efficiently bunches of {sup 232}Th with solid-state density can be generated from a Th target and a deuterated CD{sub 2} foil, both forming the production target assembly. Laser-accelerated Thmore » ions with about 7 MeV/u will pass through a thin CH{sub 2} layer placed in front of a thicker second Th foil (both forming the reaction target) closely behind the production target and disintegrate into light and heavy fission fragments. In addition, light ions (d,C) from the CD{sub 2} layer of the production target will be accelerated as well, inducing the fission process of {sup 232}Th also in the second Th layer. The laser-accelerated ion bunches with solid-state density, which are about 10{sup 14} times more dense than classically accelerated ion bunches, allow for a high probability that generated fission products can fuse again. The high ion beam density may lead to a strong collective modification of the stopping power, leading to significant range and thus yield enhancement. Using a high-intensity laser as envisaged for the ELI-Nuclear Physics project in Bucharest (ELI-NP), order-of-magnitude estimates promise a fusion yield of about 10{sup 3} ions per laser pulse in the mass range of A = 180-190, thus enabling to approach the r-process waiting point at N = 126.« less

Bunch-Kaufman factorization for real symmetric indefinite banded matrices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Mark T.; Patrick, Merrell L.

1989-01-01

The Bunch-Kaufman algorithm for factoring symmetric indefinite matrices was rejected for banded matrices because it destroys the banded structure of the matrix. Herein, it is shown that for a subclass of real symmetric matrices which arise in solving the generalized eigenvalue problem using Lanczos's method, the Bunch-Kaufman algorithm does not result in major destruction of the bandwidth. Space time complexities of the algorithm are given and used to show that the Bunch-Kaufman algorithm is a significant improvement over LU factorization.

Precision Control of the Electron Longitudinal Bunch Shape Using an Emittance-Exchange Beam Line

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ha, Gwanghui; Cho, Moo -Hyun; Namkung, W.

2017-03-09

Here, we report on the experimental generation of relativistic electron bunches with a tunable longitudinal bunch shape. A longitudinal bunch-shaping (LBS) beam line, consisting of a transverse mask followed by a transverse-to-longitudinal emittance exchange (EEX) beam line, is used to tailor the longitudinal bunch shape (or current profile) of the electron bunch. The mask shapes the bunch’s horizontal profile, and the EEX beam line converts it to a corresponding longitudinal profile. The Argonne wakefield accelerator rf photoinjector delivers electron bunches into a LBS beam line to generate a variety of longitudinal bunch shapes. The quality of the longitudinal bunch shapemore » is limited by various perturbations in the exchange process. We develop a simple method, based on the incident slope of the bunch, to significantly suppress the perturbations.« less

Density of bunches of native bluebunch wheatgrass and alien crested wheatgrass

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rickard, W.H.

The density of bunches of bluebunch wheatgrass in a natural undisturbed stand averaged 3.28 per m/sup 2/ as compared to 2.96 per m/sup 2/ for a nearby stand of crested wheatgrass that was planted 30 years ago. Bunch density was similar in both stands indicating that spacing is a response to an environment deficient in soil water. Bunches of crested wheatgrass on the average weighed 3.5 times more than bunches of bluebunch wheatgrass and they also produced a greater weight of seedheads.

Trails of Kilovolt Ions Created by Subsurface Channeling

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Redinger, Alex; Standop, Sebastian; Michely, Thomas

2010-02-19

Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we observe the damage trails produced by keV noble-gas ions incident at glancing angles onto Pt(111). Surface vacancies and adatoms aligned along the ion trajectory constitute the ion trails. Atomistic simulations reveal that these straight trails are produced by nuclear (elastic) collisions with surface layer atoms during subsurface channeling of the projectiles. In a small energy window around 5 keV, Xe{sup +} ions create vacancy grooves that mark the ion trajectory with atomic precision. The asymmetry of the adatom production on the two sides of the projectile path is traced back to the asymmetry of themore » ion's subsurface channel.« less

Simple method for generating adjustable trains of picosecond electron bunches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muggli, P.; Allen, B.; Yakimenko, V. E.; Park, J.; Babzien, M.; Kusche, K. P.; Kimura, W. D.

2010-05-01

A simple, passive method for producing an adjustable train of picosecond electron bunches is demonstrated. The key component of this method is an electron beam mask consisting of an array of parallel wires that selectively spoils the beam emittance. This mask is positioned in a high magnetic dispersion, low beta-function region of the beam line. The incoming electron beam striking the mask has a time/energy correlation that corresponds to a time/position correlation at the mask location. The mask pattern is transformed into a time pattern or train of bunches when the dispersion is brought back to zero downstream of the mask. Results are presented of a proof-of-principle experiment demonstrating this novel technique that was performed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Accelerator Test Facility. This technique allows for easy tailoring of the bunch train for a particular application, including varying the bunch width and spacing, and enabling the generation of a trailing witness bunch.

Potential for luminosity improvement for low-energy RHIC operation with long bunches

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fedotov, A.; Blaskiewicz, M.

Electron cooling was proposed to increase luminosity of the RHIC collider for heavy ion beams at low energies. Luminosity decreases as the square of bunch intensity due to the beam loss from the RF bucket as a result of the longitudinal intra beam scattering (IBS), as well as due to the transverse emittance growth because of the transverse IBS. Both transverse and longitudinal IBS can be counteracted with electron cooling. This would allow one to keep the initial peak luminosity close to constant throughout the store essentially without the beam loss. In addition, the phase-space density of the hadron beamsmore » can be further increased by providing stronger electron cooling. Unfortunately, the defining limitation for low energies in RHIC is expected to be the space charge. Here we explore an idea of additional improvement in luminosity, on top of the one coming from just IBS compensation and longer stores, which may be expected if one can operate with longer bunches at the space-charge limit in a collider. This approach together with electron cooling may result in about 10-fold improvement in total luminosity for low-energy RHIC program.« less

Bunch of restless vector solitons in a fiber laser with SESAM.

PubMed

Zhao, L M; Tang, D Y; Zhang, H; Wu, X

2009-05-11

We report on the experimental observation of a novel form of vector soliton interaction in a fiber laser mode-locked with SESAM. Several vector solitons bunch in the cavity and move as a unit with the cavity repetition rate. However, inside the bunch the vector solitons make repeatedly contractive and repulsive motions, resembling the contraction and extension of a spring. The number of vector solitons in the bunch is controllable by changing the pump power. In addition, polarization rotation locking and period doubling bifurcation of the vector soliton bunch are also experimentally observed.

Temporal Electron-bunch Shaping from a Photoinjector for Advanced Accelerator Applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lemery, Francois; Piot, Philippe

2014-07-01

Advanced-accelerator applications often require the production of bunches with shaped temporal distributions. An example of sought-after shape is a linearly-ramped current profile that can be improve the transformer ratio in beam-driven acceleration, or produce energy-modulated pulse for, e.g., the subsequent generation of THz radiation. Typically,  such a shaping is achieved by manipulating ultra-relativistic electron bunches. In this contribution we discuss the possibility of shaping the bunch via photoemission and demonstrate using particle-in-cell simulations the production of MeV electron bunches with quasi-ramped current profile.

Colossal photon bunching in quasiparticle-mediated nanodiamond cathodoluminescence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feldman, Matthew A.; Dumitrescu, Eugene F.; Bridges, Denzel; Chisholm, Matthew F.; Davidson, Roderick B.; Evans, Philip G.; Hachtel, Jordan A.; Hu, Anming; Pooser, Raphael C.; Haglund, Richard F.; Lawrie, Benjamin J.

2018-02-01

Nanoscale control over the second-order photon correlation function g(2 )(τ ) is critical to emerging research in nonlinear nanophotonics and integrated quantum information science. Here we report on quasiparticle control of photon bunching with g(2 )(0 ) >45 in the cathodoluminescence of nanodiamond nitrogen vacancy (NV0) centers excited by a converged electron beam in an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. Plasmon-mediated NV0 cathodoluminescence exhibits a 16-fold increase in luminescence intensity correlated with a threefold reduction in photon bunching compared with that of uncoupled NV0 centers. This effect is ascribed to the excitation of single temporally uncorrelated NV0 centers by single surface plasmon polaritons. Spectrally resolved Hanbury Brown-Twiss interferometry is employed to demonstrate that the bunching is mediated by the NV0 phonon sidebands, while no observable bunching is detected at the zero-phonon line. The data are consistent with fast phonon-mediated recombination dynamics, a conclusion substantiated by agreement between Bayesian regression and Monte Carlo models of superthermal NV0 luminescence.

Generation and Analysis of Subpicosecond Double Electron Bunch at the Brookhaven Accelerator Test Facility

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Babzien, M.; Kusche, K.; Yakimenko, V.

2011-08-09

Two compressed electron beam bunches from a single 60-MeV bunch have been generated in a reproducible manner during compression in the magnetic chicane - 'dog leg' arrangement at ATF. Measurements indicate they have comparable bunch lengths ({approx}100-200 fs) and are separated in energy by {approx}1.8 MeV with the higher-energy bunch preceding the lower-energy bunch by 0.5-1 ps. Some simulation results for analyzing the double-bunch formation process are also presented.

Modeling Two-Stage Bunch Compression With Wakefields: Macroscopic Properties And Microbunching Instability

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bosch, R.A.; Kleman, K.J.; /Wisconsin U., SRC

2011-09-08

In a two-stage compression and acceleration system, where each stage compresses a chirped bunch in a magnetic chicane, wakefields affect high-current bunches. The longitudinal wakes affect the macroscopic energy and current profiles of the compressed bunch and cause microbunching at short wavelengths. For macroscopic wavelengths, impedance formulas and tracking simulations show that the wakefields can be dominated by the resistive impedance of coherent edge radiation. For this case, we calculate the minimum initial bunch length that can be compressed without producing an upright tail in phase space and associated current spike. Formulas are also obtained for the jitter in themore » bunch arrival time downstream of the compressors that results from the bunch-to-bunch variation of current, energy, and chirp. Microbunching may occur at short wavelengths where the longitudinal space-charge wakes dominate or at longer wavelengths dominated by edge radiation. We model this range of wavelengths with frequency-dependent impedance before and after each stage of compression. The growth of current and energy modulations is described by analytic gain formulas that agree with simulations.« less

The Morphology of the X-ray Emission above 2 keV from Jupiter's Aurorae

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Elsner, R.; Branduardi-Raymont, G.; Galand, M.; Grodent, D.; Waite, J. H.; Cravens, T.; Ford, P.

2007-01-01

The discovery in XMM-Newton X-ray data of X-ray emission above 2 keV from Jupiter's aurorae has led us to reexamine the Chandra ACIS-S observations taken in Feb 2003. Chandra's superior spatial resolution has revealed that the auroral X-rays with E > 2 keV are emitted from the periphery of the region emitting those with E < 1 keV. We are presently exploring the relationship of this morphology to that of the FUV emission from the main auroral oval and the polar cap. The low energy emission has previously been established as due to charge exchange between energetic precipitating ions of oxygen and either sulfur or carbon. It seems likely to us that the higher energy emission is due to precipitation of energetic electrons, possibly the same population of electrons responsible for the FUV emission. We discuss our analysis and interpretation.

Sequential control of step-bunching during graphene growth on SiC (0001)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bao, Jianfeng; Kusunoki, Michiko; Yasui, Osamu

2016-08-22

We have investigated the relation between the step-bunching and graphene growth phenomena on an SiC substrate. We found that only a minimum amount of step-bunching occurred during the graphene growth process with a high heating rate. On the other hand, a large amount of step-bunching occurred using a slow heating process. These results indicated that we can control the degree of step-bunching during graphene growth by controlling the heating rate. We also found that graphene coverage suppressed step bunching, which is an effective methodology not only in the graphene technology but also in the SiC-based power electronics.

Submicron multi-bunch BPM for CLIC

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schmickler, H.; Soby, L.; /CERN

2010-08-01

A common-mode free cavity BPM is currently under development at Fermilab within the ILC-CLIC collaboration. This monitor will be operated in a CLIC Main Linac multi-bunch regime, and needs to provide both, high spatial and time resolution. We present the design concept, numerical analysis, investigation on tolerances and error effects, as well as simulations on the signal response applying a multi-bunch stimulus. The proposed CERN linear collider (CLIC) requires a very precise measurement of beam trajectory to preserve the low emittance when transporting the beam through the Main Linac. An energy chirp within the bunch train will be applied tomore » measure and minimize the dispersion effects, which require high resolution (in both, time and space) beam position monitors (BPM) along the beam-line. We propose a low-Q waveguide loaded TM{sub 110} dipole mode cavity as BPM, which is complemented by a TM{sub 010} monopole mode resonator of same resonant frequency for reference signal purposes. The design is based on a well known TM{sub 110} selective mode coupling idea.« less

Ion related problems for the XLS ring

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bozoki, E.; Halama, H.

1989-07-11

The electron beam in the XLS will collide with the residual gas in the vacuum chamber. The positive ions will be trapped in the potential well of the electron beam. They will perform stable or unstable oscillations around the beam under the repetitive Coulomb force of the bunches. If not cleared, the captured ions will lead to partial or total neutralization of the beam, causing both, a decrease of life-time and a change in the vertical tunes as well as an increase in the tune-spread. They can also cause coherent transverse instabilities. The degree of neutralization {theta} that one canmore » tolerate, is primarily determined by the allowable tune shift, which of the XLS is between 1 and 5 10{sup {minus}3}. Electrostatic clearing electrodes will be used to keep the neutralization below the desired limit. In order to determine their location and the necessary clearing-rate and voltage, we examine the ion production rate, longitudinal velocity of ions in field-free regions and in the dipoles to see what distance the ions can travel without clearing before the neutralization of the beam reaches the prescribed limit, beam potential to see the locations of the potential wells, voltage requirements for ion clearing, critical mass for ion capture in the bunched beam, tune shift caused by neutralization of the beam, pressure rise due to the trapped ions and power dissipation due to beam image current. 13 refs., 3 figs., 4 tabs.« less

Drosophila bunched integrates opposing DPP and EGF signals to set the operculum boundary.

PubMed

Dobens, L L; Peterson, J S; Treisman, J; Raftery, L A

2000-02-01

The Drosophila BMP homolog DPP can function as a morphogen, inducing multiple cell fates across a developmental field. However, it is unknown how graded levels of extracellular DPP are interpreted to organize a sharp boundary between different fates. Here we show that opposing DPP and EGF signals set the boundary for an ovarian follicle cell fate. First, DPP regulates gene expression in the follicle cells that will create the operculum of the eggshell. DPP induces expression of the enhancer trap reporter A359 and represses expression of bunched, which encodes a protein similar to the mammalian transcription factor TSC-22. Second, DPP signaling indirectly regulates A359 expression in these cells by downregulating expression of bunched. Reduced bunched function restores A359 expression in cells that lack the Smad protein MAD; ectopic expression of BUNCHED suppresses A359 expression in this region. Importantly, reduction of bunched function leads to an expansion of the operculum and loss of the collar at its boundary. Third, EGF signaling upregulates expression of bunched. We previously demonstrated that the bunched expression pattern requires the EGF receptor ligand GURKEN. Here we show that activated EGF receptor is sufficient to induce ectopic bunched expression. Thus, the balance of DPP and EGF signals sets the boundary of bunched expression. We propose that the juxtaposition of cells with high and low BUNCHED activity organizes a sharp boundary for the operculum fate.

Stopping characteristics of boron and indium ions in silicon

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Veselov, D. S., E-mail: DSVeselov@mephi.ru; Voronov, Yu. A.

2016-12-15

The mean range and its standard deviation are calculated for boron ions implanted into silicon with energies below 10 keV. Similar characteristics are calculated for indium ions with energies below 200 keV. The obtained results are presented in tabular and graphical forms. These results may help in the assessment of conditions of production of integrated circuits with nanometer-sized elements.

Adaptive method for electron bunch profile prediction

DOE PAGES

Scheinker, Alexander; Gessner, Spencer

2015-10-15

We report on an experiment performed at the Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Tests (FACET) at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, in which a new adaptive control algorithm, one with known, bounded update rates, despite operating on analytically unknown cost functions, was utilized in order to provide quasi-real-time bunch property estimates of the electron beam. Multiple parameters, such as arbitrary rf phase settings and other time-varying accelerator properties, were simultaneously tuned in order to match a simulated bunch energy spectrum with a measured energy spectrum. Thus, the simple adaptive scheme was digitally implemented using matlab and the experimental physics and industrialmore » control system. Finally, the main result is a nonintrusive, nondestructive, real-time diagnostic scheme for prediction of bunch profiles, as well as other beam parameters, the precise control of which are important for the plasma wakefield acceleration experiments being explored at FACET.« less

Resistive wall wakefields of short bunches at cryogenic temperatures

DOE PAGES

Stupakov, G.; Bane, K. L. F.; Emma, P.; ...

2015-03-19

In this study, we present calculations of the longitudinal wakefields at cryogenic temperatures for extremely short bunches, characteristic for modern x-ray free electron lasers. The calculations are based on the equations for the surface impedance in the regime of the anomalous skin effect in metals. This paper extends and complements an earlier analysis of B. Podobedov, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 044401 (2009). into the region of very high frequencies associated with bunch lengths in the micron range. We study in detail the case of a rectangular bunch distribution for parameters of interest of LCLS-II with a superconducting undulator.

Development of a high current 60 keV neutral lithium beam injector for beam emission spectroscopy measurements on fusion experiments.

PubMed

Anda, G; Dunai, D; Lampert, M; Krizsanóczi, T; Németh, J; Bató, S; Nam, Y U; Hu, G H; Zoletnik, S

2018-01-01

A 60 keV neutral lithium beam system was designed and built up for beam emission spectroscopy measurement of edge plasma on the KSTAR and EAST tokamaks. The electron density profile and its fluctuation can be measured using the accelerated lithium beam-based emission spectroscopy system. A thermionic ion source was developed with a SiC heater to emit around 4-5 mA ion current from a 14 mm diameter surface. The ion optic is following the 2 step design used on other devices with small modifications to reach about 2-3 cm beam diameter in the plasma at about 4 m from the ion source. A newly developed recirculating sodium vapour neutralizer neutralizes the accelerated ion beam at around 260-280 °C even during long (<20 s) discharges. A set of new beam diagnostic and manipulation techniques are applied to allow optimization, aiming, cleaning, and beam modulation. The maximum 60 keV beam energy with 4 mA ion current was successfully reached at KSTAR and at EAST. Combined with an efficient observation system, the Li-beam diagnostic enables the measurement of the density profile and fluctuations on the plasma turbulence time scale.

Development of a high current 60 keV neutral lithium beam injector for beam emission spectroscopy measurements on fusion experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anda, G.; Dunai, D.; Lampert, M.; Krizsanóczi, T.; Németh, J.; Bató, S.; Nam, Y. U.; Hu, G. H.; Zoletnik, S.

2018-01-01

A 60 keV neutral lithium beam system was designed and built up for beam emission spectroscopy measurement of edge plasma on the KSTAR and EAST tokamaks. The electron density profile and its fluctuation can be measured using the accelerated lithium beam-based emission spectroscopy system. A thermionic ion source was developed with a SiC heater to emit around 4-5 mA ion current from a 14 mm diameter surface. The ion optic is following the 2 step design used on other devices with small modifications to reach about 2-3 cm beam diameter in the plasma at about 4 m from the ion source. A newly developed recirculating sodium vapour neutralizer neutralizes the accelerated ion beam at around 260-280 °C even during long (<20 s) discharges. A set of new beam diagnostic and manipulation techniques are applied to allow optimization, aiming, cleaning, and beam modulation. The maximum 60 keV beam energy with 4 mA ion current was successfully reached at KSTAR and at EAST. Combined with an efficient observation system, the Li-beam diagnostic enables the measurement of the density profile and fluctuations on the plasma turbulence time scale.

High-Precision Phenotyping of Grape Bunch Architecture Using Fast 3D Sensor and Automation.

PubMed

Rist, Florian; Herzog, Katja; Mack, Jenny; Richter, Robert; Steinhage, Volker; Töpfer, Reinhard

2018-03-02

Wine growers prefer cultivars with looser bunch architecture because of the decreased risk for bunch rot. As a consequence, grapevine breeders have to select seedlings and new cultivars with regard to appropriate bunch traits. Bunch architecture is a mosaic of different single traits which makes phenotyping labor-intensive and time-consuming. In the present study, a fast and high-precision phenotyping pipeline was developed. The optical sensor Artec Spider 3D scanner (Artec 3D, L-1466, Luxembourg) was used to generate dense 3D point clouds of grapevine bunches under lab conditions and an automated analysis software called 3D-Bunch-Tool was developed to extract different single 3D bunch traits, i.e., the number of berries, berry diameter, single berry volume, total volume of berries, convex hull volume of grapes, bunch width and bunch length. The method was validated on whole bunches of different grapevine cultivars and phenotypic variable breeding material. Reliable phenotypic data were obtained which show high significant correlations (up to r² = 0.95 for berry number) compared to ground truth data. Moreover, it was shown that the Artec Spider can be used directly in the field where achieved data show comparable precision with regard to the lab application. This non-invasive and non-contact field application facilitates the first high-precision phenotyping pipeline based on 3D bunch traits in large plant sets.

Superthermal photon bunching in terms of simple probability distributions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lettau, T.; Leymann, H. A. M.; Melcher, B.; Wiersig, J.

2018-05-01

We analyze the second-order photon autocorrelation function g(2 ) with respect to the photon probability distribution and discuss the generic features of a distribution that results in superthermal photon bunching [g(2 )(0 ) >2 ]. Superthermal photon bunching has been reported for a number of optical microcavity systems that exhibit processes such as superradiance or mode competition. We show that a superthermal photon number distribution cannot be constructed from the principle of maximum entropy if only the intensity and the second-order autocorrelation are given. However, for bimodal systems, an unbiased superthermal distribution can be constructed from second-order correlations and the intensities alone. Our findings suggest modeling superthermal single-mode distributions by a mixture of a thermal and a lasinglike state and thus reveal a generic mechanism in the photon probability distribution responsible for creating superthermal photon bunching. We relate our general considerations to a physical system, i.e., a (single-emitter) bimodal laser, and show that its statistics can be approximated and understood within our proposed model. Furthermore, the excellent agreement of the statistics of the bimodal laser and our model reveals that the bimodal laser is an ideal source of bunched photons, in the sense that it can generate statistics that contain no other features but the superthermal bunching.

Ion profiling in an ambient drift tube-ion mobility spectrometer using a high pixel density linear array detector IonCCD.

PubMed

Davila, Stephen J; Hadjar, Omar; Eiceman, Gary A

2013-07-16

A linear pixel-based detector array, the IonCCD, is characterized for use under ambient conditions with thermal (<1 eV) positive ions derived from purified air and a 10 mCi (63)Ni foil. The IonCCD combined with a drift tube-ion mobility spectrometer permitted the direct detection of gas phase ions at atmospheric pressure and confirmed a limit of detection of 3000 ions/pixel/frame established previously in both the keV (1-2 keV) and the hyper-thermal (10-40 eV) regimes. Results demonstrate the "broad-band" application of the IonCCD over 10(5) orders in ion energy and over 10(10) in operating pressure. The Faraday detector of a drift tube for an ion mobility spectrometer was replaced with the IonCCD providing images of ion profiles over the cross-section of the drift tube. Patterns in the ion profiles were developed in the drift tube cross-section by control of electric fields between wires of Bradbury Nielson and Tyndall Powell shutter designs at distances of 1-8 cm from the detector. Results showed that ion beams formed in wire sets, retained their shape with limited mixing by diffusion and Coulombic repulsion. Beam broadening determined as 95 μm/cm for hydrated protons in air with moisture of ~10 ppmv. These findings suggest a value of the IonCCD in further studies of ion motion and diffusion of thermalized ions, enhancing computational results from simulation programs, and in the design or operation of ion mobility spectrometers.

First storage of ion beams in the Double Electrostatic Ion-Ring Experiment: DESIREE.

PubMed

Schmidt, H T; Thomas, R D; Gatchell, M; Rosén, S; Reinhed, P; Löfgren, P; Brännholm, L; Blom, M; Björkhage, M; Bäckström, E; Alexander, J D; Leontein, S; Hanstorp, D; Zettergren, H; Liljeby, L; Källberg, A; Simonsson, A; Hellberg, F; Mannervik, S; Larsson, M; Geppert, W D; Rensfelt, K G; Danared, H; Paál, A; Masuda, M; Halldén, P; Andler, G; Stockett, M H; Chen, T; Källersjö, G; Weimer, J; Hansen, K; Hartman, H; Cederquist, H

2013-05-01

We report on the first storage of ion beams in the Double ElectroStatic Ion Ring ExpEriment, DESIREE, at Stockholm University. We have produced beams of atomic carbon anions and small carbon anion molecules (C(n)(-), n = 1, 2, 3, 4) in a sputter ion source. The ion beams were accelerated to 10 keV kinetic energy and stored in an electrostatic ion storage ring enclosed in a vacuum chamber at 13 K. For 10 keV C2 (-) molecular anions we measure the residual-gas limited beam storage lifetime to be 448 s ± 18 s with two independent detector systems. Using the measured storage lifetimes we estimate that the residual gas pressure is in the 10(-14) mbar range. When high current ion beams are injected, the number of stored particles does not follow a single exponential decay law as would be expected for stored particles lost solely due to electron detachment in collision with the residual-gas. Instead, we observe a faster initial decay rate, which we ascribe to the effect of the space charge of the ion beam on the storage capacity.

Matching into the Helical Bunch Coalescing Channel for a High Luminosity Muon Collider

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sy, Amy; Ankenbrandt, Charles; Derbenev, Yaroslav

2015-09-01

For high luminosity in a muon collider, muon bunches that have been cooled in the six-dimensional helical cooling channel (HCC) must be merged into a single bunch and further cooled in preparation for acceleration and transport to the collider ring. The helical bunch coalescing channel has been previously simulated and provides the most natural match from helical upstream and downstream subsystems. This work focuses on the matching from the exit of the multiple bunch HCC into the start of the helical bunch coalescing channel. The simulated helical matching section simultaneously matches the helical spatial period lambda in addition to providingmore » the necessary acceleration for efficient bunch coalescing. Previous studies assumed that the acceleration of muon bunches from p=209.15 MeV/c to 286.816 MeV/c and matching of lambda from 0.5 m to 1.0 m could be accomplished with zero particle losses and zero emittance growth in the individual bunches. This study demonstrates nonzero values for both particle loss and emittance growth, and provides considerations for reducing these adverse effects to best preserve high luminosity.« less

Neutron fluence and energy reconstruction with the IRSN recoil detector μ-TPC at 27 keV, 144 keV and 565 keV

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maire, D.; Lebreton, L.; Richer, J.P.

2015-07-01

The French Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), associated to the French Metrology Institute (LNE), is developing a time projection chamber using a Micromegas anode: μ-TPC. This work is carried out in collaboration with the Laboratory of Subatomic Physics and Cosmology (LPSC). The aim is to characterize with a primary procedure the energy distribution of neutron fluence in the energy range 8 keV - 1 MeV. The time projection chambers are gaseous detectors, which are able to measure charged particles energy and to reconstruct their track if a pixelated anode is used. In our case, the gas is usedmore » as a (n, p) converter in order to detect neutrons down to few keV. Coming from elastic collisions with neutrons, recoil protons lose a part of their kinetic energy by ionizing the gas. The ionization electrons are drifted toward a pixelated anode (2D projection), read at 50 MHz by a self-triggered electronic system to obtain the third track dimension. The neutron energy is reconstructed event by event thanks to proton scattering angle and proton energy measurements. The scattering angle is deduced from the 3D track. The proton energy is obtained by charge collection measurements, knowing the ionization quenching factor (i.e. the part of proton kinetic energy lost by ionizing the gas). The fluence is calculated thanks to the detected events number and the simulated detector response. The μ-TPC is a new reliable detector which enables to measure energy distribution of the neutron fluence without deconvolution or neutron calibration contrary to usual gaseous counters. The μ-TPC is still being developed and measurements have been carried out at the AMANDE facility, with neutrons energies going from 8 keV to 565 keV. After the context and the μ-TPC working principle presentation, measurements of the neutron energy and fluence at 27.2 keV, 144 keV and 565 keV are shown and compared to the complete detector simulation. This work shows the first direct

Gridded thermionic gun and integral superconducting ballistic bunch compression cavity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schultheiss, Thomas

Electron-Ion colliders such as the Medium energy Electron Ion Collider (MEIC) being developed by JLAB require high current electrons with low energy spread for electron cooling of the collider ring. Accelerator techniques for improving bunch charge, average current, emittance, and energy spread are required for Energy Recovery Linacs (ERLs) and Circulator Rings (CR) for next generation colliders for nuclear physics experiments. Example candidates include thermionic-cathode electron guns with RF accelerating structures. Thermionic cathodes are known to produce high currents and have excellent lifetime. The success of the IR and THz Free-Electron Laser (FEL) designed and installed by Advanced Energy Systemsmore » at the Fritz Haber Institute (FHI) of the Max Planck Society in Berlin [1,2] demonstrates that gridded thermionic cathodes and rf systems be considered for next generation collider technology. In Phase 1 Advanced Energy Systems (AES) developed and analyzed a design concept using a superconducting cavity pair and gridded thermionic cathode. Analysis included Beam Dynamics and thermal analysis to show that a design of this type is feasible. The latest design goals for the MEIC electron cooler were for electron bunches of 420 pC at a frequency of 952.6 MHz with a magnetic field on the cathode of 2kG. This field magnetizes the beam imparting angular momentum that provides for helical motion of the electrons in the cooling solenoid. The helical motion increases the interaction time and improves the cooling efficiency. A coil positioned around the cathode providing 2kG field was developed. Beam dynamics simulations were run to develop the particle dynamics near the cathode and grid. Lloyd Young added capability to Tstep to include space charge effects between two plates and include image charge effects from the grid. He also added new pepper-pot geometry capability to account for honeycomb grids. These additions were used to develop the beam dynamics for this

Adaptive method for electron bunch profile prediction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Scheinker, Alexander; Gessner, Spencer

2015-10-01

We report on an experiment performed at the Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Tests (FACET) at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, in which a new adaptive control algorithm, one with known, bounded update rates, despite operating on analytically unknown cost functions, was utilized in order to provide quasi-real-time bunch property estimates of the electron beam. Multiple parameters, such as arbitrary rf phase settings and other time-varying accelerator properties, were simultaneously tuned in order to match a simulated bunch energy spectrum with a measured energy spectrum. The simple adaptive scheme was digitally implemented using matlab and the experimental physics and industrial controlmore » system. The main result is a nonintrusive, nondestructive, real-time diagnostic scheme for prediction of bunch profiles, as well as other beam parameters, the precise control of which are important for the plasma wakefield acceleration experiments being explored at FACET. © 2015 authors. Published by the American Physical Society.« less

Characterizing and Optimizing the TITAN facility from Energy Spread Determinations with a Retarding Energy Field Analyzer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Champagne, Christian

The TITAN (TRIUMF's Ion Trap for Atomic and Nuclear science) experiment uses a Measurement Penning Trap (MPET) to perform high precision mass measurements (deltam/m ≈ 10--8) on short-lived (t1/2 ≈ 10 ms) isotopes. The ISAC (Isotope Separation and ACceleration) facility provides a 60 keV rare isotope beam to the experiments. A Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) ion trap cools and bunches the incoming radioactive beam. An Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) charge breeds the ions to a high charged state q. Since the MPET mass resolution is proportional to the charge state q, an improvement up to two orders of magnitude can be achieved. Further enhancements are obtained by the reduction of the uncertainty on the MPET measurements, such as from the ion bunch longitudinal kinetic energy spread. A Retarding Field energy Analyzer (RFA) was designed and constructed to measure this uncertainty. An energy resolution DeltaE/E ≈ 10--3 was expected from to simulated RFQ ion extraction longitudinal energy spread measurements. An experimental energy resolution DeltaE/E = 2.4x10--3 was obtained. Suggestions to improve the energy resolution are provided. Two testing sessions were undertaken using the RFQ and TITAN ion source to provide a singly charged pulsed ion beam. The first session used a 6Li+ beam with a 1--4 keV energy range. The RFA collimating slits were removed to insure the beam entered the RFA, increasing the energy resolution to DeltaE/E = 5 x 10 --3. An energy resolution DeltaE/E = (1.4 +/- 0.5) x 10--2 was obtained from the longitudinal energy spread measurements as a function of the beam energy. No correlation between the RFQ buffer gas pressure and the longitudinal energy spread was observed. The second session used 6,7Li, 23Na, 39,41K beams with a 1--5 keV energy range and the slits were reincorporated. A linear correlation with the RFQ extraction potentials magnitude is visible with both 2.5 keV 7Li+ and 23Na+ beams. No correlations between the RFQ buffer gas

Ion-beam-induced bending of semiconductor nanowires.

PubMed

Hanif, Imran; Camara, Osmane; Tunes, Matheus A; Harrison, Robert W; Greaves, Graeme; Donnelly, Stephen E; Hinks, Jonathan A

2018-08-17

The miniaturisation of technology increasingly requires the development of both new structures as well as novel techniques for their manufacture and modification. Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) are a prime example of this and as such have been the subject of intense scientific research for applications ranging from microelectronics to nano-electromechanical devices. Ion irradiation has long been a key processing step for semiconductors and the natural extension of this technique to the modification of semiconductor NWs has led to the discovery of ion beam-induced deformation effects. In this work, transmission electron microscopy with in situ ion bombardment has been used to directly observe the evolution of individual silicon and germanium NWs under irradiation. Silicon NWs were irradiated with either 6 keV neon ions or xenon ions at 5, 7 or 9.5 keV with a flux of 3 × 10 13 ions cm -2 s -1 . Germanium NWs were irradiated with 30 or 70 keV xenon ions with a flux of 10 13 ions cm -2 s -1 . These new results are combined with those reported in the literature in a systematic analysis using a custom implementation of the transport of ions in matter Monte Carlo computer code to facilitate a direct comparison with experimental results taking into account the wide range of experimental conditions. Across the various studies this has revealed underlying trends and forms the basis of a critical review of the various mechanisms which have been proposed to explain the deformation of semiconductor NWs under ion irradiation.

Calculation of Energetic Ion Tail from Ion Cyclotron Resonance Frequency Heating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jianguo; Li, Youyi; Li, Jiangang

1994-04-01

The second harmonic frequency of hydrogen ion cyclotron resonance heating experiment on HT-6M tokamak was studied by adding the quasi-linear wave-ion interaction term in the two-dimensional (velocity space), time-dependent, nonlinear and multispecies Fokker-Planck equation. The temporal evolution of ion distribution function and relevant parameters were calculated and compared with experiment data. The calculation shows that the ion temperature increases, high-energy ion tail (above 5 keV) and anisotropy appear when the wave is injected to plasma. The simulations are in reasonable agreement with experiment data.

Low-temperature volume radiation annealing of cold-worked bands of Al-Li-Cu-Mg alloy by 20-40 keV Ar+ ion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ovchinnikov, V. V.; Gushchina, N. V.; Mozharovsky, S. M.; Kaigorodova, L. I.

2017-01-01

The processes of radiation-dynamic nature (in contrast to the thermally-activated processes) in the course of short-term irradiation of 1 mm thick bands of cold-worked aluminum alloy 1441 (of system Al-Li-Cu-Mg) with Ar+ 20-40 keV were studied. An effect of in-the-bulk (throughout the whole of metal bands thickness) low-temperature radiation annealing of the named alloy, multiply accelerated as compared with common thermal annealing processes was registered (with projected ranges of ions of considered energies definitely not exceeding 0.1 μm). The processes of recrystallization and intermetallic structure changes (occurring within a few seconds of Ar+ irradiation) have the common features as well as the differences in comparison with the results of two hour standard thermal annealing.

Investigation of Damage with Cluster Ion Beam Irradiation Using HR-RBS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Seki, Toshio; Aoki, Takaaki; Matsuo, Jiro

2008-11-03

Cluster ion beam can process targets with shallow damage because of the very low irradiation energy per atom. However, it is needed to investigate the damage with cluster ion beam irradiation, because recent applications demand process targets with ultra low damage. The shallow damage can be investigated from depth profiles of specific species before and after ion irradiation. They can be measured with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). High resolution Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (HR-RBS) is a non destructive measurement method and depth profiles can be measured with nano-resolution. The cluster ion beam mixing of thinmore » Ni layer in carbon targets can be investigated with HR-RBS. The mixing depth with cluster ion irradiation at 10 keV was about 10 nm. The mixing depth with cluster ion irradiation at 1 keV and 5 keV were less than 1 nm and 5 nm, respectively. The number of displaced Ni atoms with cluster ion irradiation was very larger than that with monomer ion irradiation of same energy. This result shows that violent mixing occurs with single cluster impact.« less

Direct Measurements of Energy Transfer between Hot Protons and He+ via EMIC Waves Observed by MMS in the Outer Magnetosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kitamura, N.; Kitahara, M.; Shoji, M.; Miyoshi, Y.; Hasegawa, H.; Nakamura, S.; Katoh, Y.; Saito, Y.; Yokota, S.; Gershman, D. J.; Vinas, A. F.; Giles, B. L.; Moore, T. E.; Paterson, W.; Pollock, C. J.; Russell, C. T.; Strangeway, R. J.; Fuselier, S. A.; Burch, J. L.

2017-12-01

Wave-particle interactions have been suggested to play a crucial role in energy transfer in collisionless space plasmas in which the motion of charged particles is controlled by electromagnetic fields. Using an electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave event observed by MMS, we investigate energy transfer between ions and EMIC waves via cyclotron type interactions. To directly detect energy exchange between ions and EMIC waves, we apply the Wave-Particle Interaction Analyzer (WPIA) method that is to calculate the dot product between the wave electric field (Ewave) and ion current perpendicular to the background magnetic field (j). In the cases of resonance, this current is called the resonant current. Near the beginning of the wave event, 15-second averages of j • Ewave reached -0.3 pW/m3 for ions with energies of 14-30 keV and pitch angles of 33.25°-78.75°. The negative value in this pitch angle range indicates that the perpendicular energy of ions was being transferred to the EMIC waves propagating toward Southern higher latitudes at the MMS location by cyclotron resonance. Ion data show non-gyrotropic distributions around the resonance velocity, and that is consistent with the nonlinear trapping of protons by the wave and formation of an electromagnetic proton hole. Near the beginning of the same wave event, strongly phase bunched He+ up to 2 keV with pitch angles slightly larger than 90° were also detected. A positive j • Ewave for the phase bunched He+ indicates that the He+ was being accelerated by the electric field of the EMIC waves. The observed feature of He+ ions is consistent with non-resonant interaction with the wave but is inconsistent with cyclotron resonance. Significantly non-gyrotropic distributions observed in this event demonstrate that different particle populations can strongly couple through wave-particle interactions in the collisionless plasma.

A field programmable gate array-based time-resolved scaler for collinear laser spectroscopy with bunched radioactive potassium beams

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rossi, D. M., E-mail: rossi@nscl.msu.edu; Davis, M.; Ringle, R.

A new data acquisition system including a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based time-resolved scaler was developed for laser-induced fluorescence and beam bunch coincidence measurements. The FPGA scaler was tested in a collinear laser-spectroscopy experiment on radioactive {sup 37}K at the BEam COoler and LAser spectroscopy (BECOLA) facility at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University. A 1.29 μs bunch width from the buncher and a bunch repetition rate of 2.5 Hz led to a background suppression factor of 3.1 × 10{sup 5} in resonant photon detection measurements. The hyperfine structure of {sup 37}K and its isotope shiftmore » relative to the stable {sup 39}K were determined using 5 × 10{sup 4} s{sup −1} {sup 37}K ions injected into the BECOLA beam line. The obtained hyperfine coupling constants A({sup 2}S{sub 1/2}) = 120.3(1.4) MHz, A({sup 2}P{sub 1/2}) = 15.2(1.1) MHz, and A({sup 2}P{sub 3/2}) = 1.4(8) MHz, and the isotope shift δν{sup 39,} {sup 37} = −264(3) MHz are consistent with the previously determined values, where available.« less

State orthogonality, boson bunching parameter and bosonic enhancement factor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marchewka, Avi; Granot, Er'el

2016-04-01

It is emphasized that the bunching parameter β ≡ p B / p D , i.e. the ratio between the probability to measure two bosons and two distinguishable particles at the same state, is a constant of motion and depends only on the overlap between the initial wavefunctions. This ratio is equal to β = 2 / (1 + I 2), where I is the overlap integral between the initial wavefunctions. That is, only when the initial wavefunctions are orthogonal this ratio is equal to 2, however, this bunching ratio can be reduced to 1, when the two wavefunctions are identical. This simple equation explains the experimental evidences of a beam splitter. A straightforward conclusion is that by measuring the local bunching parameter β (at any point in space and time) it is possible to evaluate a global parameter I (the overlap between the initial wavefunctions). The bunching parameter is then generalized to arbitrary number of particles, and in an analogy to the two-particles scenario, the well-known bosonic enhancement appears only when all states are orthogonal.

ION EFFECTS IN THE APS PARTICLE ACCUMULATOR RING

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Calvey, J.; Harkay, K.; Yao, CY.

2017-06-25

Trapped ions in the APS Particle Accumulator Ring (PAR) lead to a positive coherent tune shift in both planes, which increases along the PAR cycle as more ions accumulate. This effect has been studied using an ion simulation code developed at SLAC. After modifying the code to include a realistic vacuum profile, multiple ionization, and the effect of shaking the beam to measure the tune, the simulation agrees well with our measurements. This code has also been used to evaluate the possibility of ion instabilities at the high bunch charge needed for the APS-Upgrade.

A nanosecond pulsing system for MeV light ions using a 2 MV Tandetron TM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mous, D. J. W.; Visser, J.; Haitsma, R. G.

2004-06-01

A nanosecond pulsing system for H, D and He ions has been developed to satisfy the demands of a new neutron reference field (2 keV-20 MeV) for neutron metrology and dosimetry at the Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) [Gressier et al., Proceedings of the Symposium on Radiation Measurements and Applications 2002, University of Michigan, Michigan, USA, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 505 (2003) 370]. The system is capable of delivering ion energies of 0.2-4 MeV at target with currents of 50 and 8 μA in DC and pulsed mode, respectively. The injector consists of a multi-cusp, direct negative extraction ion source operating at a relative low extraction voltage of 25 kV, which keeps system dimensions small and minimises the energy modulation of the buncher as well as the resulting beam energy spread on target. The chopper can operate at repetition frequencies between 62.5 and 2000 kHz and features additional electrostatic deflectors that cancel the energy spread that is inherently imposed on the beam by chopping. This unique and patented feature eliminates one of the main contributions that fundamentally limits the achievable pulse width on target. At the high-energy side of the accelerator an isochronous set of magnets preserve the time correlation of the ions in the bunch. The first magnet (90°) is equipped with NMR stabilisation and slit feedback to give an absolute reference of the particle energy, which is essential for the present application.

ISIS/EPI-Lo: A New Instrument for Measuring keV to MeV Ions and Electrons with Simultaneous Half-Sky Coverage on NASA's Solar Probe Plus Mission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hill, M. E.; Mitchell, D. G.; McNutt, R. L., Jr.; Cooper, S.; Crew, A. B.; Dupont, A.; Hayes, J.; Hoffer, E.; Nelson, K.; Parker, C.; Schlemm, C., II; Seifert, H.; Stokes, M.; Angold, N. G.; McComas, D. J.; Weidner, S.; Wiedenbeck, M. E.

2016-12-01

The Solar Probe Plus (SPP) Mission's Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun (ISIS) is a suite of two energetic particle instruments, EPI-Lo and EPI-Hi, covering lower ( 10 keV-100 MeV) and higher ( 1-100 MeV/nuc) energies, respectively. The ISIS team will investigate the origins, acceleration, and transport of energetic particles in the corona and inner heliosphere during the planned 7-year, 24-orbit mission, with a perihelion initially of 0.16 AU (36 Solar radii; RS), the three final orbits reaching 0.044 AU (9.9 RS). EPI-Lo has a novel approach to obtaining large angular coverage, well-suited to 3-axis stabilized spacecraft such as SPP, by densely sampling its 2π steradian field of view with 80 apertures organized in eight matching, 10-aperture wedges. Each wedge relies primarily on time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer techniques, employing thin secondary-electron-emitting foils, microchannel plates, and solid state detectors (SSDs), to measure ions from 50 keV - 15 MeV and electrons from 50-500 keV. Signal attenuation, absorbers, TOF-only measurements, and SSD-only techniques are used to extend this energy range higher and lower. In 2015 and 2016 we made measurements with engineering units and flight-spare EPI-Lo wedges at accelerators and with radioactive sources; in addition to presenting the instrument design, we will report the results from these tests to characterize the instrument's measurement performance.

Ion Temperature Measurements in an electron beam ion trap (EBIT)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beiersdorfer, P.; Decaux, V.; Widmann, K.

1997-11-01

An electron beam ion trap consists of a Penning-type cylindrical trap traversed by a high-energy (<= 200 keV), high-density (Ne <= 10^13 cm-3) electron beam. Ions are trapped by the space charge potential of the electron beam, a static potential on the end electrodes, and a 3-T axial magnetic field [1]. The ions are heated by the electron beam and leave the trap once their kinetic energy suffices to overcome the potential barriers. Using high-resolution x-ray spectroscopy, we have made systematic measurements of the temperature of Ti^20+ and Cs^45+ ions in the trap [2]. The dependence of the ion temperature on operating parameters, such as trapping potential, beam current, and neutral gas pressure, will be presented. Temperatures as low as 15.4 ± 4.4 eV and as high as 2 keV were observed. *Work performed under the auspices of the U.S.D.o.E. by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-ENG-48. [1] M. Levine et al., Phys. Scripta T22, 157 (1989). [2]P. Beiersdorfer et al., PRL 77, 5356 (1996); P. Beiersdorfer, in AIP Conf. Proc. No. 389, p. 121 (1997).

Ion implantation of solar cell junctions without mass analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fitzgerald, D.; Tonn, D. G.

1981-01-01

This paper is a summary of an investigation to determine the feasibility of producing solar cells by means of ion implantation without the use of mass analysis. Ion implants were performed using molecular and atomic phosphorus produced by the vaporization of solid red phosphorus and ionized in an electron bombardment source. Solar cell junctions were ion implanted by mass analysis of individual molecular species and by direct unanalyzed implants from the ion source. The implant dose ranged from 10 to the 14th to 10 to the 16th atoms/sq cm and the energy per implanted atom ranged from 5 KeV to 40 KeV in this study.

Attosecond electron bunches from a nanofiber driven by Laguerre-Gaussian laser pulses.

PubMed

Hu, Li-Xiang; Yu, Tong-Pu; Sheng, Zheng-Ming; Vieira, Jorge; Zou, De-Bin; Yin, Yan; McKenna, Paul; Shao, Fu-Qiu

2018-05-08

Generation of attosecond bunches of energetic electrons offers significant potential from ultrafast physics to novel radiation sources. However, it is still a great challenge to stably produce such electron beams with lasers, since the typical subfemtosecond electron bunches from laser-plasma interactions either carry low beam charge, or propagate for only several tens of femtoseconds. Here we propose an all-optical scheme for generating dense attosecond electron bunches via the interaction of an intense Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) laser pulse with a nanofiber. The dense bunch train results from the unique field structure of a circularly polarized LG laser pulse, enabling each bunch to be phase-locked and accelerated forward with low divergence, high beam charge and large beam-angular-momentum. This paves the way for wide applications in various fields, e.g., ultrabrilliant attosecond x/γ-ray emission.

Bunch compression efficiency of the femtosecond electron source at Chiang Mai University

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thongbai, C.; Kusoljariyakul, K.; Saisut, J.

2011-07-01

A femtosecond electron source has been developed at the Plasma and Beam Physics Research Facility (PBP), Chiang Mai University (CMU), Thailand. Ultra-short electron bunches can be produced with a bunch compression system consisting of a thermionic cathode RF-gun, an alpha-magnet as a magnetic bunch compressor, and a linear accelerator as a post acceleration section. To obtain effective bunch compression, it is crucial to provide a proper longitudinal phase-space distribution at the gun exit matched to the subsequent beam transport system. Via beam dynamics calculations and experiments, we investigate the bunch compression efficiency for various RF-gun fields. The particle distribution at the RF-gun exit will be tracked numerically through the alpha-magnet and beam transport. Details of the study and results leading to an optimum condition for our system will be presented.

Temporal profile monitor based on electro-optic spatial decoding for low-energy bunches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Wei; Du, Yingchao; Yan, Lixin; Chi, Zhijun; Zhang, Zhen; Hua, Jianfei; Huang, Wenhui; Tang, Chuanxiang; Li, Ming

2017-11-01

The measurement of electron bunch temporal profile is one of the key diagnostics in accelerators, especially for ultrashort bunches. The electro-optic (EO) technique enables the precise longitudinal characterization of bunch electric field in a single-shot and nondestructive way, which can simultaneously obtain and analyze the time jitter between the electron bunch and the synchronized laser. An EO monitor based on spatial decoding for temporal profile measurement and timing jitter recoding has recently been demonstrated and analyzed in depth for low-energy bunches at the Tsinghua Thomson scattering X-ray source. A detailed description of the experimental setup and measurement results are presented in this paper. An EO signal as short as 82 fs (rms) is observed with 100 μ m gallium phosphide for a 40 MeV electron bunch, and the corresponding length is 106 fs (rms) with 300 μ m zinc telluride. Owing to the field-opening angle, we propose a method to eliminate the influence of energy factor for bunches with low energy, resulting in a bunch length of ˜60 fs (rms). The monitor is also successfully applied to measure time jitter with approximately 10 fs accuracy. The experiment environment is proved to be the main source of the slow drift, which is removed using feedback control. Consequently, the rms time jitter decreases from 430 fs to 320 fs.

Application of constrained deconvolution technique for reconstruction of electron bunch profile with strongly non-Gaussian shape

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Geloni, G.; Saldin, E. L.; Schneidmiller, E. A.; Yurkov, M. V.

2004-08-01

An effective and practical technique based on the detection of the coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) spectrum can be used to characterize the profile function of ultra-short bunches. The CSR spectrum measurement has an important limitation: no spectral phase information is available, and the complete profile function cannot be obtained in general. In this paper we propose to use constrained deconvolution method for bunch profile reconstruction based on a priori-known information about formation of the electron bunch. Application of the method is illustrated with practically important example of a bunch formed in a single bunch-compressor. Downstream of the bunch compressor the bunch charge distribution is strongly non-Gaussian with a narrow leading peak and a long tail. The longitudinal bunch distribution is derived by measuring the bunch tail constant with a streak camera and by using a priory available information about profile function.

Characteristic Behavior and Scaling Studies of Self Organized InP Nano-dots formed via keV and MeV irradiations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paramanik, Dipak; Varma, Shikha

2008-04-01

The controlled formation of nano-dots, using ion beams as tool, has become important as it offers a unique method to generate non-equilibrium phases with novel physical properties and structures with nano-dimensions. We have investigated the creation of self assembled nano- dots on InP(111) surfaces after 3 keV as well as 1.5 MeV ion beams at a large range of fluences. We have studied the Scaling exponents of the evolved surfaces by utilizing the technique of Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM). At keV energies ripening of the nano-dots is seen below a critical time whereas an inverse ripening is observed for longer durations. At the critical time square shaped array of nano --dots are observed. The dots are characterized by narrow height and size distributions. Nano dots have also been observed at MeV ion irradiations. Their size distribution though broad at lowest fluence decreases for larger fluences.

LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS COMPELLINGLY SUPPORT A CHARGE-EXCHANGE MECHANISM FOR THE “DARK MATTER” ∼3.5 keV X-Ray LINE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shah, Chintan; Dobrodey, Stepan; Bernitt, Sven

2016-12-10

The reported observations of an unidentified X-ray line feature at ∼3.5 keV have driven a lively discussion about its possible dark matter origin. Motivated by this, we have measured the K-shell X-ray spectra of highly ionized bare sulfur ions following charge exchange with gaseous molecules in an electron beam ion trap, as a source of or a contributor to this X-ray line. We produced S{sup 16+} and S{sup 15+} ions and let them capture electrons in collision with those molecules with the electron beam turned off while recording X-ray spectra. We observed a charge-exchange-induced X-ray feature at the Lyman seriesmore » limit (3.47 ± 0.06 keV). The inferred X-ray energy is in full agreement with the reported astrophysical observations and supports the novel scenario proposed by Gu et al.« less

The Potential-Well Distortion Effect and Coherent Instabilities of Electron Bunches in Storage Rings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Korchuganov, V. N.; Smygacheva, A. S.; Fomin, E. A.

2018-05-01

The effect of electromagnetic interaction between electron bunches and the vacuum chamber of a storage ring on the longitudinal motion of bunches is studied. Specifically, the potential-well distortion effect and the so-called coherent instabilities of coupled bunches are considered. An approximate analytical solution for the frequencies of incoherent oscillations of bunches distributed arbitrarily within the ring is obtained for a distorted potential well. A new approach to determining frequencies of coherent oscillations and an approximate analytical relation for estimating the stability of a system of bunches as a function of their distribution in the accelerator orbit are presented.

Measurement of ion species in high current ECR H⁺/D⁺ ion source for IFMIF (International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility).

PubMed

Shinto, K; Senée, F; Ayala, J-M; Bolzon, B; Chauvin, N; Gobin, R; Ichimiya, R; Ihara, A; Ikeda, Y; Kasugai, A; Kitano, T; Kondo, K; Marqueta, A; Okumura, Y; Takahashi, H; Valette, M

2016-02-01

Ion species ratio of high current positive hydrogen/deuterium ion beams extracted from an electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source for International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility accelerator was measured by the Doppler shift Balmer-α line spectroscopy. The proton (H(+)) ratio at the middle of the low energy beam transport reached 80% at the hydrogen ion beam extraction of 100 keV/160 mA and the deuteron (D(+)) ratio reached 75% at the deuterium ion beam extraction of 100 keV/113 mA. It is found that the H(+) ratio measured by the spectroscopy gives lower than that derived from the phase-space diagram measured by an Allison scanner type emittance monitor. The H(+)/D(+) ratio estimated by the emittance monitor was more than 90% at those extraction currents.

Longitudinal dynamics of twin electron bunches in the Linac Coherent Light Source

DOE PAGES

Zhang, Zhen; Ding, Yuantao; Marinelli, Agostino; ...

2015-03-02

The recent development of two-color x-ray free-electron lasers, as well as the successful demonstration of high-gradient witness bunch acceleration in a plasma, have generated strong interest in electron bunch trains, where two or more electron bunches are generated, accelerated and compressed in the same accelerating bucket. In this paper we give a detailed analysis of a twin-bunch technique in a high-energy linac. This method allows the generation of two electron bunches with high peak current and independent control of time delay and energy separation. We find that the wakefields in the accelerator structures play an important role in the twin-bunchmore » compression, and through analysis show that they can be used to extend the available time delay range. As a result, based on the theoretical model and simulations we propose several methods to achieve larger time delay.« less

The R&D progress of 4 MW EAST-NBI high current ion source.

PubMed

Xie, Yahong; Hu, Chundong; Liu, Sheng; Xu, Yongjian; Liang, Lizhen; Xie, Yuanlai; Sheng, Peng; Jiang, Caichao; Liu, Zhimin

2014-02-01

A high current ion source, which consists of the multi-cusp bucket plasma generator and tetrode accelerator with multi-slot apertures, is developed and tested for the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak neutral beam injector. Three ion sources are tested on the test bed with arc power of 80 kW, beam voltage of 80 keV, and beam power of 4 MW. The arc regulation technology with Langmuir probes is employed for the long pulse operation of ion source, and the long pulse beam of 50 keV @ 15.5 A @ 100 s and 80 keV @ 52A @ 1s are extracted, respectively.

Theoretical and numerical analyses of a slit-masked chicane for modulated bunch generation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, X.; Broemmelsiek, D. R.; Shin, Y.-M.

2015-10-01

Density modulations on electron beams can improve machine performance of beam-driven accelerators and FELs with resonance beam-wave coupling. The beam modulation is studied with a masked chicane by the analytic model and simulations with the beam parameters of the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) facility. With the chicane design parameters (bending angle of 18o, bending radius of 0.95 m and R56 ~ -0.19 m) and a nominal beam of 3 ps bunch length, the analytic model showed that a slit-mask with slit period 900 μ m and aperture width 300 μ m induces a modulation of bunch-to-bunch spacing ~ 100 μ m to the bunch with 2.4% correlated energy spread. With the designed slit mask and a 3 ps bunch, particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, including nonlinear energy distributions, space charge force, and coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) effect, also result in beam modulation with bunch-to-bunch distance around 100 μ m and a corresponding modulation frequency of 3 THz. The beam modulation has been extensively examined with three different beam conditions, 2.25 ps (0.25 nC), 3.25 ps (1 nC), and 4.75 ps (3.2 nC), by tracking code Elegant. The simulation analysis indicates that the sliced beam by the slit-mask with 3 ~ 6% correlated energy spread has modulation lengths about 187 μ m (0.25 nC), 270 μ m (1 nC) and 325 μ m (3.2 nC). The theoretical and numerical data proved the capability of the designed masked chicane in producing modulated bunch train with micro-bunch length around 100 fs.

Ion acceleration by multiple reflections at Martian bow shock

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamauchi, M.; Futaana, Y.; Fedorov, A.; Frahm, R. A.; Dubinin, E.; Lundin, R.; Sauvaud, J.-A.; Winningham, J. D.; Barabash, S.; Holmström, M.

2012-02-01

The ion mass analyzer (IMA) on board Mars Express revealed bundled structures of ions in the energy domain within a distance of a proton gyroradius from the Martian bow shock. Seven prominent traversals during 2005 were examined when the energy-bunched structure was observed together with pick-up ions of exospheric origin, the latter of which is used to determine the local magnetic field orientation from its circular trajectory in velocity space. These seven traversals include different bow shock configurations: (a) quasi-perpendicular shock with its specular direction of the solar wind more perpendicular to the magnetic field (QT), (b) quasi-perpendicular shock with its specular reflection direction of the solar wind more along the magnetic field (FS), and (c) quasi-parallel (QL) shock. In all seven cases, the velocity components of the energy-bunched structure are consistent with multiple specular reflections of the solar wind at the bow shock up to at least two reflections. The accelerated solar wind ions after two specular reflections have large parallel components with respect to the magnetic field for both QL cases whereas the field-aligned speed is much smaller than the perpendicular speed for all QT cases.

Ion Acceleration by Multiple Reflections at Martian Bow Shock

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamauchi, M.; Futaana, Y.; Fedorov, A.; Frahm, R. A.; Dubinin, E.; Lundin, R.; Sauvaud, J.-A.; Winningham, J. D.; Barabash, S.; Holmström, H.

2012-04-01

The ion mass analyzer (IMA) on board Mars Express revealed bundled structures of ions in the energy domain within a distance of a proton gyroradius from the Martian bow shock. Seven prominent traversals during 2005 were examined when the energy-bunched structure was observed together with pick-up ions of exospheric origin, the latter of which is used to determine the local magnetic field orientation from its circular trajectory in velocity space. These seven traversals include different bow shock configurations: (a) quasi-perpendicular shock with its specular direction of the solar wind more perpendicular to the magnetic field (QT), (b) quasi-perpendicular shock with its specular reflection direction of the solar wind more along the magnetic field (FS), and (c) quasi-parallel (QL) shock. In all seven cases, the velocity components of the energy-bunched structure are consistent with multiple specular reflections of the solar wind at the bow shock up to at least two reflections. The accelerated solar wind ions after two specular reflections have large parallel components with respect to the magnetic field for the QL shock whereas the field-aligned speed is much smaller than the perpendicular speed for the QT shock. The reflected ions escape into the solar wind when and only when the reflection is in the field-aligned direction.

Dissipating Step Bunches during Crystallization under Transport Control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, Hong; Yau, S.-T.; Vekilov, Peter, G.

2003-01-01

In studies of crystal formation by the generation and spreading of layers, equidistant step trains are considered unstable---bunches and other spatiotemporal patterns of the growth steps are viewed as ubiquitous. We provide an example to the opposite. We monitor the spatiotemporal dynamics of steps and the resulting step patterns during crystallization of the proteins ferritin and apoferritin using the atomic force microscope. The variations in step velocity and density are not correlated, indicating the lack of a long-range attraction between the steps. We show that (i) because of its coupling to bulk transport, nucleation of new layers is chaotic and occurs at the facet edges, where the interfacial supersaturation is higher; (ii) step bunches self-organize via the competition for supply from the solution; and, (iii) bunches of weakly interacting steps decay as they move along the face. Tests by numerical modeling support the conclusions about the mechanisms underlying our observations. The results from these systems suggest that during crystallization controlled by transport, with weakly or noninteracting growth steps, the stable kinetic state of the surface is an equidistant step train, and step bunches only arise during nucleation of new layers. Since nucleation only occurs at a few sites on the surface, the surface morphology may be controllably patterned or smoothened by locally controlling nucleation.

THz based electron bunch length monitoring at the quasi-cw SRF accelerator ELBE

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Green, Bertram; Kovalev, Sergey; Fisher, Alan; Bauer, Christian; Kuntzsch, Michael; Lehnert, Ulf; Schurig, Rico; Goltz, Torsten; Michel, Peter; Stojanovic, Nikola; Gensch, Michael

2014-03-01

In the past few years the quasi-cw SRF electron accelerator ELBE has been upgraded so that it now allows to compress electron bunches to the sub-picosecond regime. The actual optimization and control of the electron bunch form represents one of the largest challenges of the coming years. In particular with respect to the midterm goal to utilize the ultra-short electron bunches for Laser-Thomson scattering experiments or high field THz experiments. Current developments of THz based electron bunch diagnostic are discussed and an outlook into future developments is given.

Bunch Length Measurements at the JLab FEL Using Coherent Transition and Synchrotron Radiation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pavel Evtushenko; James Coleman; Kevin Jordan

2006-05-01

The JLab FEL is routinely operated with sub-picosecond bunches. The short bunch length is important for high gain of the FEL. Coherent transition radiation has been used for the bunch length measurements for many years [1]. This diagnostic can be used only in the pulsed beam mode. It is our goal to run the FEL with CW beam and a 74.85 MHz micropulse repetition rate, which, with the 135 pC nominal bunch charge corresponds to the beam average current of 10 mA. Hence it is very desirable to have the possibility of making bunch length measurements when running CW beammore » with any micropulse frequency. We use a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) interferometer, which is essentially a Michelson interferometer, to measure the spectrum of the coherent synchrotron radiation generated in the last dipole of the magnetic bunch compressor upstream of the FEL wiggler. This noninvasive diagnostic provides bunch length measurements for CW beam operation at any micropulse frequency. We also compare the measurements made with the help of the FTIR interferometer with data obtained using the Martin-Puplett interferometer [1]. Results of the two diagnostics agree within 15 %. Here we present a description of the experimental setup, data evaluation procedure and results of the beam measurements.« less

Bunch Length Measurements at the JLab FEL Using Coherent Transition and Synchrotron Radiation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Evtushenko, P.; Coleman, J.; Jordan, K.

2006-11-20

The JLab FEL is routinely operated with sub-picosecond bunches. The short bunch length is important for high gain of the FEL. Coherent transition radiation has been used for the bunch length measurements for many years. This diagnostic can be used only in the pulsed beam mode. It is our goal to run the FEL with CW beam and a 74.85 MHz micropulse repetition rate, which, with the 135 pC nominal bunch charge corresponds to the beam average current of 10 mA, Hence it is very desirable to have the possibility of making bunch length measurements when running CW beam withmore » any micropulse frequency. We use a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) interferometer, which is essentially a Michelson interferometer, to measure the spectrum of the coherent synchrotron radiation generated in the last dipole of the magnetic bunch compressor upstream of the FEL wiggler. This noninvasive diagnostic provides bunch length measurements for CW beam operation at any micropulse frequency. We also compare the measurements made with the help of the FTIR interferometer with data obtained using the Martin-Puplett interferometer. Results of the two diagnostics agree within 15 %. Here we present a description of the experimental setup, data evaluation procedure and results of the beam measurements.« less

Predicting bunching costs for the Radio Horse 9 winch

Treesearch

Chris B. LeDoux; Bruce W. Kling; Patrice A. Harou; Patrice A. Harou

1987-01-01

Data from field studies and a prebunching cost simulator have been assembled and converted into a general equation that can be used to estimate the prebunching cost of the Radio Horse 9 winch. The methods can be used to estimate prebunching cost for bunching under the skyline corridor for swinging with cable systems, for bunching to skid trail edge to be picked up by a...

Detection and clearing of trapped ions in the high current Cornell photoinjector

DOE PAGES

Full, S.; Bartnik, A.; Bazarov, I. V.; ...

2016-03-03

Here, we have recently performed experiments to test the effectiveness of three ion-clearing strategies in the Cornell high intensity photoinjector: DC clearing electrodes, bunch gaps, and beam shaking. The photoinjector reaches a new regime of linac beam parameters where high continuous wave beam currents lead to ion trapping. Therefore ion mitigation strategies must be evaluated for this machine and other similar future high current linacs. We have developed several techniques to directly measure the residual trapped ions. Our two primary indicators of successful clearing are the amount of ion current removed by a DC clearing electrode, and the absence ofmore » bremsstrahlung radiation generated by beam-ion interactions. Measurements were taken for an electron beam with an energy of 5 MeV and continuous wave beam currents in the range of 1–20 mA. Several theoretical models have been developed to explain our data. Using them, we are able to estimate the clearing electrode voltage required for maximum ion clearing, the creation and clearing rates of the ions while employing bunch gaps, and the sinusoidal shaking frequency necessary for clearing via beam shaking. In all cases, we achieve a maximum ion clearing of at least 70% or higher, and in some cases our data is consistent with full ion clearing.« less

Surface analysis by means of high resolution energy loss spectroscopy of 180° elastic scattered protons in the 100 keV regime

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jun-ichi, Kanasaki; Noriaki, Matsunami; Noriaki, Itoh; Tomoki, Oku; Kensin, Kitoh; Masahiko, Aoki; Koji, Matsuda

1988-06-01

The design and computer simulation of the performance of a new ion-beam surface analyzer has been presented. The analyzer has the capability of analyzing the energy of ions incident at 100 keV and scattered by 180° at surfaces with a resolution of 5 eV. The analyzer consists of an ion source, an accelerating-decelerating tube and a multichannel analyzer. Computer simulation of the energy spectra of ions scattered from GaAs is reported.

Theoretical and numerical analyses of a slit-masked chicane for modulated bunch generation

DOE PAGES

Zhu, Xiaofang; Broemmelsiek, Daniel R.; Shin, Young -Min; ...

2015-10-28

Density modulations on electron beams can improve machine performance of beam-driven accelerators and FELs with resonance beam-wave coupling. The beam modulation is studied with a masked chicane by the analytic model and simulations with the beam parameters of the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) facility. With the chicane design parameters (bending angle of 18o, bending radius of 0.95 m and R 56 ~ –0.19 m) and a nominal beam of 3 ps bunch length, the analytic model showed that a slit-mask with slit period 900 μ m and aperture width 300 μ m induces a modulation of bunch-to-bunch spacingmore » ~ 100 μ m to the bunch with 2.4% correlated energy spread. With the designed slit mask and a 3 ps bunch, particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, including nonlinear energy distributions, space charge force, and coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) effect, also result in beam modulation with bunch-to-bunch distance around 100 μ m and a corresponding modulation frequency of 3 THz. The beam modulation has been extensively examined with three different beam conditions, 2.25 ps (0.25 nC), 3.25 ps (1 nC), and 4.75 ps (3.2 nC), by tracking code Elegant. The simulation analysis indicates that the sliced beam by the slit-mask with 3 ~ 6% correlated energy spread has modulation lengths about 187 μ m (0.25 nC), 270 μ m (1 nC) and 325 μ m (3.2 nC). As a result, the theoretical and numerical data proved the capability of the designed masked chicane in producing modulated bunch train with micro-bunch length around 100 fs.« less

Bunching phase and constraints on echo enabled harmonic generation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hemsing, E.

2018-05-01

A simple mathematical description is developed for the bunching spectrum in echo enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) that incorporates the effect of additional electron beam energy modulations. Under common assumptions, they are shown to contribute purely through the phase of the longitudinal bunching factor, which allows the spectral moments of the bunching to be calculated directly from the known energy modulations. In particular, the second moment (spectral bandwidth) serves as simple constraint on the amplitude of the energy modulations to maintain a transform-limited seed. We show that, in general, the impact on the spectrum of energy distortions that develop between the EEHG chicanes scales like the harmonic number compared to distortions that occur upstream. This may limit the parameters that will allow EEHG to reach short wavelengths in high brightness FELs.

Remote Sensing of Icy Galilean Moon Surface and Atmospheric Composition Using Low Energy (1 eV-4 keV) Neutral Atom Imaging

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Collier, M. R.; Sittler, E.; Chornay, D.; Cooper, J. F.; Coplan, M.; Johnson, R. E.

2004-01-01

We describe a low energy neutral atom imager suitable for composition measurements Europa and other icy Galilean moons in the Jovian magnetosphere. This instrument employs conversion surface technology and is sensitive to either neutrals converted to negative ions, neutrals converted to positive ions and the positive ions themselves depending on the power supply. On a mission such as the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO), two back-to-back sensors would be flown with separate power supplies fitted to the neutral atom and iodneutral atom sides. This will allow both remote imaging of 1 eV < E < 4 keV neutrals from icy moon surfaces and atmospheres, and in situ measurements of ions at similar energies in the moon ionospheres and Jovian magnetospheric plasma. The instrument provides composition measurements of the neutrals and ions that enter the spectrometer with a mass resolution dependent on the time-of-flight subsystem and capable of resolving molecules. The lower energy neutrals, up to tens of eV, arise from atoms and molecules sputtered off the moon surfaces and out of the moon atmospheres by impacts of more energetic (keV to MeV) ions from the magnetosphere. Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) models are used to convert measured neutral abundances to compositional distributions of primary and trace species in the sputtered surfaces and atmospheres. The escaping neutrals can also be detected as ions after photo- or plasma-ionization and pickup. Higher energy, keV neutrals come from charge exchange of magnetospheric ions in the moon atmospheres and provide information on atmospheric structure. At the jovicentric orbits of the icy moons the presence of toroidal gas clouds, as detected at Europa's orbit, provide M e r opportunities to analyze both the composition of neutrals and ions originating from the moon surfaces, and the characteristics of magnetospheric ions interacting with neutral cloud material. Charge exchange of low energy ions near the moons, and

Topography evolution of 500 keV Ar(4+) ion beam irradiated InP(100) surfaces - formation of self-organized In-rich nano-dots and scaling laws.

PubMed

Sulania, Indra; Agarwal, Dinesh C; Kumar, Manish; Kumar, Sunil; Kumar, Pravin

2016-07-27

We report the formation of self-organized nano-dots on the surface of InP(100) upon irradiating it with a 500 keV Ar(4+) ion beam. The irradiation was carried out at an angle of 25° with respect to the normal at the surface with 5 different fluences ranging from 1.0 × 10(15) to 1.0 × 10(17) ions per cm(2). The morphology of the ion-irradiated surfaces was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the formation of the nano-dots on the irradiated surfaces was confirmed. The average size of the nano-dots varied from 44 ± 14 nm to 94 ± 26 nm with increasing ion fluence. As a function of the ion fluence, the variation in the average size of the nano-dots has a great correlation with the surface roughness, which changes drastically up to the ion fluence of 1.0 × 10(16) ions per cm(2) and attains almost a saturation level for further irradiation. The roughness and the growth exponent values deduced from the scaling laws suggest that the kinetic sputtering and the large surface diffusion steps of the atoms are the primary reasons for the formation of the self-organized nanodots on the surface. X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) studies show that the surface stoichiometry changes with the ion fluence. With irradiation, the surface becomes more indium (In)-rich owing to the preferential sputtering of the phosphorus atoms (P) and the pure metallic In nano-dots evolve at the highest ion fluence. The cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the sample irradiated with the highest fluence showed the absence of the nanostructuring beneath the surface. The surface morphological changes at this medium energy ion irradiation are discussed in correlation with the low and high energy experiments to shed more light on the mechanism of the well separated nano-dot formation.

Coherent radiation characteristics of modulated electron bunch formed in stack of two plates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gevorgyan, H. L.; Gevorgian, L. A.

2017-07-01

The present article is devoted to the radiation from the electron bunch with modulated density passes through the stack consisting of two plates with different thicknesses and electrodynamic properties. The new elegant expression for the frequency-angular distribution of transition radiation is obtained. Using the existence of resonant frequency at which the longitudinal form-factor of bunch not suppresses radiation coherence and choosing parameters for the stack of plates, one can also avoid suppression of the radiation coherence by transverse form-factor of bunch. The radiation from a bunch with modulated density in the process SASE (self-amplified spontaneous emission) FEL can be partially coherent at a resonant frequency. Then the intense sub monochromatic beam of X-ray photons is formed. On the other hand one can define an important parameter of the bunch density modulation depth which is unknown to this day.

A novel source of MeV positron bunches driven by energetic protons for PAS application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tan, Zongquan; Xu, Wenzhen; Liu, Yanfen; Xiao, Ran; Kong, Wei; Ye, Bangjiao

2014-11-01

This paper proposes a novel methodology of MeV positrons generation for PAS application. Feasibility of this proposal analyzed by G4Beamline and Transport have shown reasonable success. Using 2 Hz, 1.6 GeV, 100 ns and 1.5 μC/bunch proton bunches for bombarding a graphite target, about 100 ns e+ bunches are generated. Quasi-monochromatic positrons in the range of 1-10 MeV included in these bunches have a flux of >107/s, peak brightness of 1014/s. A magnetic-confinement beamline is utilized to transport the positrons and a "Fast Beam Chopper" is unprecedentedly extended to chop those relativistic bunches. The positron beam can be finally characterized by the energy range of 1-10 MeV and bunch width from one hundred ps up to 1 ns. Such ultrashort bunches can be useful in tomography-type positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) as well as other applications.

Desorption Induced by KEV Molecular and Cluster Projectiles.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blain, Matthew Glenn

1990-01-01

A new experimental method has been developed for studying negative secondary ion (SI) emission from solid surfaces bombarded by polyatomic primary ions of 5 to 30 keV. The method is based on the time-of-flight (TOF) analysis of primary ions which are produced by either ^ {252}Cf fission fragment induced desorption or by extraction from a liquid metal ion source, and then accelerated into a field free region. The primary ions included organic monomer, dimer, and fragment ions of coronene and phenylalanine, (CsI)_ nCs ^{+} cluster ions, and Au _sp{n}{+} cluster ions. Secondary electrons, emitted from a target surface upon primary ion impact, are used to identify which primary ion has hit the surface. An event-by-event coincidence counting technique allows several secondary ion TOF spectra, correlated to several different primary ions, to be acquired simultaneously. Negative SI yields from organic (phenylalanine and dinitrostilbene), CsI, and Au surfaces have been measured for a number of different mono- and polyatomic primary ions. The results show, for example, yields ranging from 1 to 10% for phenylalanine (M-H) ^{ -}, 1 to 10% for I^{-} , and 1 to 5% for Au^{-} , with Cs_2I^ {+} and Cs_3I _sp{2}{+} clusters as projectiles. Yields for the same surfaces using Cs ^{+} primary ions are much less than 1%, indicating that SI yields are enhanced with clusters. A yield enhancement occurs when the SI yield per atom of a polyatomic projectile is greater than the SI yield of its monoatomic equivalent, at the same velocity. Thus, a (M-H) ^{-} yield increase of a factor of 50, when phenylalanine is bombarded with Cs_3I_sp{2} {+} instead of Cs^{+ }, represents a yield enhancement factor of 10. For the projectiles and samples studied, it was observed that the heavier the mass of the constituents of a projectile, the larger the enhancement effects, and that the largest yield enhancements (with CsI and Au _ n projectiles) occur for the organic target, phenylalanine. One possible

A study of the vacancy loop formation probability in Ni-Cu and Ag-Pd alloys. [50-keV Kr sup + ions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smalinskas, K.; Chen, Gengsheng; Haworth, J.

1992-04-01

The molten-zone model of vacancy loop formation from a displacement cascade predicts that the loop formation probability should scale with the melting temperature. To investigate this possibility the vacancy loop formation probability has been determined in a series of Cu-Ni and Ag-Pd alloys. The irradiations were performed at room temperature with 50 keV Kr+ ions and the resulting damage structure was examined by using transmission electron microscopy. In the Cu-Ni alloy series, the change in loop formation probability with increasing Ni concentration was complex, and at low- and high- nickel concentrations, the defect yield did not change in the predictedmore » manner. The defect yield was higher in the Cu-rich alloys than in the Ni-rich alloys. In the Ag-Pd alloy the change in the loop formation probability followed more closely the change in melting temperature, but no simple relationship was determined.« less

Low-Energy Sputtering Studies of Boron Nitride with Xenon Ions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ray, P. K.; Shutthanandan, V.

1999-01-01

Sputtering of boron nitride with xenon ions was investigated using secondary ion (SIMS) and secondary neutral (SNMS) mass spectrometry. The ions generated from the ion gun were incident on the target at an angle of 50' with respect to the surface'normal. The energy of ions ranged from 100 eV to 3 keV. A flood electron gun was used to neutralize the positive charge build-up on the target surface. The intensities of sputtered neutral and charged particles, including single atoms, molecules, and clusters, were measured as a function of ion energy. Positive SIMS spectra were dominated by the two boron isotopes whereas BN- and B- were the two major constituents of the negative SIMS spectra. Nitrogen could be detected only in the SNMS spectra. The intensity-energy curves of the sputtered particles were similar in shape. The knees in P-SIMS and SNMS intensity-energy curves appear at around I keV which is significantly higher that 100 to 200 eV energy range at which knees appear in the sputtering of medium and heavy elements by ions of argon and xenon. This difference in the position of the sputter yield knee between boron nitride and heavier targets is due to the reduced ion energy differences. The isotopic composition of secondary ions of boron were measured by bombarding boron nitride with xenon ions at energies ranging from 100 eV to 1.5 keV using a quadrupole mass spectrometer. An ion gun was used to generate the ion beam. A flood electron gun was used to neutralize the positive charge buildup on the target surface. The secondary ion flux was found to be enriched in heavy isotopes at lower incident ion energies. The heavy isotope enrichment was observed to decrease with increasing primary ion energy. Beyond 350 eV, light isotopes were sputtered preferentially with the enrichment increasing to an asymptotic value of 1.27 at 1.5 keV. The trend is similar to that of the isotopic enrichment observed earlier when copper was sputtered with xenon ions in the same energy

Trains of electron micro-bunches in plasma wake-field acceleration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lécz, Zsolt; Andreev, Alexander; Konoplev, Ivan; Seryi, Andrei; Smith, Jonathan

2018-07-01

Plasma-based charged particle accelerators have been intensively investigated in the past three decades due to their capability to open up new horizons in accelerator science and particle physics yielding electric field accelerating gradient more than three orders of magnitudes higher than in conventional devices. At the current stage the most advanced and reliable mechanism for accelerating electrons is based on the propagation of an intense laser pulse or a relativistic electron beam in a low density gaseous target. In this paper we concentrate on the electron beam-driven plasma wake-field acceleration and demonstrate using 3D PiC simulations that a train of electron micro-bunches with ∼10 fs period can be generated behind the driving beam propagating in a density down-ramp. We will discuss the conditions and properties of the micro-bunches generated aiming at understanding and study of multi-bunch mechanism of injection. It is show that the periodicity and duration of micro-bunches can be controlled by adjusting the plasma density gradient and driving beam charge.

Effect of helium ion beam treatment on wet etching of silicon dioxide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Petrov, Yu. V.; Grigoryev, E. A.; Sharov, T. V.; Baraban, A. P.

2018-03-01

We investigated the effect of helium ion beam treatment on the etching rate of silicon dioxide in a water based solution of hydrofluoric acid. A 460-nm-thick silicon dioxide film on silicon was irradiated with helium ions having energies of 20 keV and 30 keV with ion fluences ranging from 1014 cm-2 to 1017 cm-2. The dependence of the etching rate on depth was obtained and compared with the depth distribution of ion-induced defects, which was obtained from numerical simulation. Irradiation with helium ions results in an increase of the etching rate of silicon dioxide. The dependence of the etching rate on the calculated concentration of ion-induced defects is described.

Beam dynamics performances and applications of a low-energy electron-beam magnetic bunch compressor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Prokop, C. R.; Piot, P.; Carlsten, B. E.

2013-08-01

Many front-end applications of electron linear accelerators rely on the production of temporally compressed bunches. The shortening of electron bunches is often realized with magnetic bunch compressors located in high-energy sections of accelerators. Magnetic compression is subject to collective effects including space charge and self interaction via coherent synchrotron radiation. In this paper we explore the application of magnetic compression to low-energy (~40MeV), high-charge (nC) electron bunches with low normalized transverse emittances (<5@mm).

Generation of monoenergetic ion beams via ionization dynamics (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Chen; Kim, I. Jong; Yu, Jinqing; Choi, Il Woo; Ma, Wenjun; Yan, Xueqing; Nam, Chang Hee

2017-05-01

The research on ion acceleration driven by high intensity laser pulse has attracted significant interests in recent decades due to the developments of laser technology. The intensive study of energetic ion bunches is particularly stimulated by wide applications in nuclear fusion, medical treatment, warm dense matter production and high energy density physics. However, to implement such compact accelerators, challenges are still existing in terms of beam quality and stability, especially in applications that require higher energy and narrow bandwidth spectra ion beams. We report on the acceleration of quasi-mono-energetic ion beams via ionization dynamics in the interaction of an intense laser pulse with a solid target. Using ionization dynamics model in 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, we found that high charge state contamination ions can only be ionized in the central spot area where the intensity of sheath field surpasses their ionization threshold. These ions automatically form a microstructure target with a width of few micron scale, which is conducive to generate mono-energetic beams. In the experiment of ultraintense (< 10^21 W/cm^2) laser pulses irradiating ultrathin targets each attracted with a contamination layer of nm-thickness, high quality < 100 MeV mono-energetic ion bunches are generated. The peak energy of the self-generated micro-structured target ions with respect to different contamination layer thickness is also examined This is relatively newfound respect, which is confirmed by the consistence between experiment data and the simulation results.

Micro-Bunched Beam Production at FAST for Narrow Band THz Generation Using a Slit-Mask

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hyun, J.; Crawford, D.; Edstrom Jr, D.

We discuss simulations and experiments on creating micro-bunch beams for generating narrow band THz radiation at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) facility. The low-energy electron beamline at FAST consists of a photoinjector-based RF gun, two Lband superconducting accelerating cavities, a chicane, and a beam dump. The electron bunches are lengthened with cavity phases set off-crest for better longitudinal separation and then micro-bunched with a slit-mask installed in the chicane. We carried out the experiments with 30 MeV electron beams and detected signals of the micro-bunching using a skew quadrupole magnet in the chicane. In this paper, the detailsmore » of micro-bunch beam production, the detection of micro-bunching and comparison with simulations are described.« less

Destructive interferences results in bosons anti bunching: refining Feynman's argument

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marchewka, Avi; Granot, Er'el

2014-09-01

The effect of boson bunching is frequently mentioned and discussed in the literature. This effect is the manifestation of bosons tendency to "travel" in clusters. One of the core arguments for boson bunching was formulated by Feynman in his well-known lecture series and has been frequently used ever since. By comparing the scattering probabilities of two bosons and of two distinguishable particles, he concluded: "We have the result that it is twice as likely to find two identical Bose particles scattered into the same state as you would calculate assuming the particles were different" [R.P. Feynman, R.B. Leighton, M. Sands, The Feynman Lectures on Physics: Quantum mechanics (Addison-Wesley, 1965)]. This argument was rooted in the scientific community (see for example [C. Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu, F. Laloë, Quantum Mechanics (John Wiley & Sons, Paris, 1977); W. Pauli, Exclusion Principle and Quantum Mechanics, Nobel Lecture (1946)]), however, while this sentence is completely valid, as is proved in [C. Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu, F. Laloë, Quantum Mechanics (John Wiley & Sons, Paris, 1977)], it is not a synonym of bunching. In fact, as it is shown in this paper, wherever one of the wavefunctions has a zero, bosons can anti-bunch and fermions can bunch. It should be stressed that zeros in the wavefunctions are ubiquitous in Quantum Mechanics and therefore the effect should be common. Several scenarios are suggested to witness the effect.

Impact of Ring Current Ions on Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Wave Dispersion Relation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Khazanov, G. V.; Gamayunov, K. V.

2007-01-01

Effect of the ring current ions in the real part of electromagnetic ion Cyclotron wave dispersion relation is studied on global scale. Recent Cluster observations by Engebretson et al. showed that although the temperature anisotropy of is energetic (> 10 keV) ring current protons was high during the entire 22 November 2003 perigee pass, electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves were observed only in conjunction with intensification of the ion fluxes below 1 keV by over an order of magnitude. To study the effect of the ring current ions on the wave dispersive properties and the corresponding global wave redistribution, we use a self-consistent model of interacting ring current and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, and simulate the May 1998 storm. The main findings of our simulation can be summarized as follows: First, the plasma density enhancement in the night MLT sector during the main and recovery storm phases is mostly caused by injection of suprathermal plasma sheet H + (approximately < 1 keV), which dominate the thermal plasma density. Second, during the recovery storm phases, the ring current modification of the wave dispersion relation leads to a qualitative change of the wave patterns in the postmidnight-dawn sector for L > 4.75. This "new" wave activity is well organized by outward edges of dense suprathermal ring current spots, and the waves are not observed if the ring current ions are not included in the real part of dispersion relation. Third, the most intense wave-induced ring current precipitation is located in the night MLT sector and caused by modification of the wave dispersion relation. The strongest precipitating fluxes of about 8 X 10(exp 6)/ (cm(exp 2) - s X st) are found near L=5.75, MLT=2 during the early recovery phase on 4 May. Finally, the nightside precipitation is more intense than the dayside fluxes, even if there are less intense waves, because the convection field moves ring current ions into the loss cone on the nightside, but drives

A THz Spectroscopy System Based on Coherent Radiation from Ultrashort Electron Bunches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saisut, J.; Rimjaem, S.; Thongbai, C.

2018-05-01

A spectroscopy system will be discussed for coherent THz transition radiation emitted from short electron bunches, which are generated from a system consisting of an RF gun with a thermionic cathode, an alpha-magnet as a magnetic bunch compressor, and a linear accelerator for post-acceleration. The THz radiation is generated as backward transition radiation when electron bunches pass through an aluminum foil. The emitted THz transition radiation, which is coherent at wavelengths equal to and longer than the electron bunch length, is coupled to a Michelson interferometer. The performance of the spectroscopy system employing a Michelson interferometer is discussed. The radiation power spectra under different conditions are presented. As an example, the optical constant of a silicon wafer can be obtained using the dispersive Fourier transform spectroscopy (DFTS) technique.

Simulation of 6 to 3 to 1 merge and squeeze of Au77+ bunches in AGS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gardner, C. J.

2016-05-09

In order to increase the intensity per Au77+ bunch at AGS extraction, a 6 to 3 to 1 merge scheme was developed and implemented by K. Zeno during the 2016 RHIC run. For this scheme, 12 Booster loads, each consisting of a single bunch, are delivered to AGS per AGS magnetic cycle. The bunch from Booster is itself the result of a 4 to 2 to 1 merge which is carried out on a flat porch during the Booster magnetic cycle. Each Booster bunch is injected into a harmonic 24 bucket on the AGS injection porch. In order to fitmore » into the buckets and allow for the AGS injection kicker rise time, the bunch width must be reduced by exciting quadrupole oscillations just before extraction from Booster. The bunches are injected into two groups of six adjacent harmonic 24 buckets. In each group the 6 bunches are merged into 3 by bringing on RF harmonic 12 while reducing harmonic 24. This is a straightforward 2 to 1 merge (in which two adjacent bunches are merged into one). One ends up with two groups of three adjacent bunches sitting in harmonic 12 buckets. These bunches are accelerated to an intermediate porch for further merging. Doing the merge on a porch that sits above injection energy helps reduce losses that are believed to be due to the space-charge force acting on the bunched particles. (The 6 to 3 merge is done on the injection porch because the harmonic 24 frequency on the intermediate porch would be too high for the AGS RF cavities.) On the intermediate porch each group of 3 bunches is merged into one by bringing on RF harmonics 8 and 4 and then reducing harmonics 12 and 8. One ends up with 2 bunches, each the result of a 6 to 3 to 1 merge and each sitting in a harmonic 4 bucket. This puts 6 Booster loads into each bunch. Each merged bunch needs to be squeezed into a harmonic 12 bucket for subsequent acceleration. This is done by again bringing on harmonic 8 and then harmonic 12. Results of simulations of the 6 to 3 to 1 merge and the subsequent squeeze into harmonic

Cold Ion Demagnetization near the X-line of Magnetic Reconnection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Toledo-Redondo, Serio; Andre, Mats; Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.; Vaivads, Andris; Walsh, Andrew; Li, Wenya; Graham, Daniel B.; Lavraud, Benoit; Masson, Arnaud; Aunai, Nicolas;

Cold ion demagnetization near the X-line of magnetic reconnection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Toledo-Redondo, Sergio; André, Mats; Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.; Vaivads, Andris; Walsh, Andrew; Li, Wenya; Graham, Daniel B.; Lavraud, Benoit; Masson, Arnaud; Aunai, Nicolas; Divin, Andrey; Dargent, Jeremy; Fuselier, Stephen; Gershman, Daniel J.; Dorelli, John; Giles, Barbara; Avanov, Levon; Pollock, Craig; Saito, Yoshifumi; Moore, Thomas E.; Coffey, Victoria; Chandler, Michael O.; Lindqvist, Per-Arne; Torbert, Roy; Russell, Christopher T.

2016-07-01

Although the effects of magnetic reconnection in magnetospheres can be observed at planetary scales, reconnection is initiated at electron scales in a plasma. Surrounding the electron diffusion region, there is an Ion-Decoupling Region (IDR) of the size of the ion length scales (inertial length and gyroradius). Reconnection at the Earth's magnetopause often includes cold magnetospheric (few tens of eV), hot magnetospheric (10 keV), and magnetosheath (1 keV) ions, with different gyroradius length scales. We report observations of a subregion inside the IDR of the size of the cold ion population gyroradius (˜15 km) where the cold ions are demagnetized and accelerated parallel to the Hall electric field. Outside the subregion, cold ions follow the E × B motion together with electrons, while hot ions are demagnetized. We observe a sharp cold ion density gradient separating the two regions, which we identify as the cold and hot IDRs.

Direct evidence for two-stage (bimodal) acceleration of ionospheric ions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klumpar, D. M.; Peterson, W. K.; Shelley, E. G.

1984-12-01

Energetic ion composition spectrometer data gathered on hybrid conical ion distributions by the Dynamics Explorer 1 in the topside ionosphere are reported. The observed ion distributions were field-aligned and upward flowing, with energies up to 5 keV. Increases in ion energy were accompanied by a departure from field-alignment and a cone patterned upward flow, with the apex in the auroral field lines and the cone angle widening upward as the energy increased. Both transverse and parallel accelerations were imparted to the ions, with the transverse heating occurring in a 5000 km extent region centered at 18,000 km altitude. A bi-Maxwellian distribution, a temperature of 1.2 keV and a 260 eV parallel temperature were found at the top of the region.

Temporal characterization of ultrashort linearly chirped electron bunches generated from a laser wakefield accelerator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, C. J.; Hua, J. F.; Wan, Y.

A new method for diagnosing the temporal characteristics of ultrashort electron bunches with linear energy chirp generated from a laser wakefield accelerator is described. When the ionization-injected bunch interacts with the back of the drive laser, it is deflected and stretched along the direction of the electric field of the laser. Upon exiting the plasma, if the bunch goes through a narrow slit in front of the dipole magnet that disperses the electrons in the plane of the laser polarization, it can form a series of bunchlets that have different energies but are separated by half a laser wavelength. Sincemore » only the electrons that are undeflected by the laser go through the slit, the energy spectrum of the bunch is modulated. By analyzing the modulated energy spectrum, the shots where the bunch has a linear energy chirp can be recognized. Consequently, the energy chirp and beam current profile of those bunches can be reconstructed. Lastly, this method is demonstrated through particle-in-cell simulations and experiment.« less

Bunch modulation in LWFA blowout regime

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vyskočil, Jiří; Klimo, Ondřej; Vieira, Jorge; Korn, Georg

2015-05-01

Laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) is able to produce high quality electron bunches interesting for many applications ranging from coherent light sources to high energy physics. The blow-out regime of LWFA provides excellent accelerating structure able to maintain small transverse emittance and energy spread of the accelerating electron beam if combined with localised injection. A modulation of the back of a self-injected electron bunch in the blowout regime of Laser Wakefield Acceleration appears 3D Particle-in-Cell simulations with the code OSIRIS. The shape of the modulation is connected to the polarization of the driving laser pulse, although the wavelength of the modulation is longer than that of the pulse. Nevertheless a circularly polarized laser pulse leads to a corkscrew-like modulation, while in the case of linear polarization, the modulation lies in the polarization plane.

Development of a negative ion-based neutral beam injector in Novosibirsk.

PubMed

Ivanov, A A; Abdrashitov, G F; Anashin, V V; Belchenko, Yu I; Burdakov, A V; Davydenko, V I; Deichuli, P P; Dimov, G I; Dranichnikov, A N; Kapitonov, V A; Kolmogorov, V V; Kondakov, A A; Sanin, A L; Shikhovtsev, I V; Stupishin, N V; Sorokin, A V; Popov, S S; Tiunov, M A; Belov, V P; Gorbovsky, A I; Kobets, V V; Binderbauer, M; Putvinski, S; Smirnov, A; Sevier, L

2014-02-01

A 1000 keV, 5 MW, 1000 s neutral beam injector based on negative ions is being developed in the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk in collaboration with Tri Alpha Energy, Inc. The innovative design of the injector features the spatially separated ion source and an electrostatic accelerator. Plasma or photon neutralizer and energy recuperation of the remaining ion species is employed in the injector to provide an overall energy efficiency of the system as high as 80%. A test stand for the beam acceleration is now under construction. A prototype of the negative ion beam source has been fabricated and installed at the test stand. The prototype ion source is designed to produce 120 keV, 1.5 A beam.

Simulations of Merging Helion Bunches on the AGS Injection Porch

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gardner, C. J.

During the setup of helions for the FY2014 RHIC run it was discovered that the standard scheme for merging bunches on the AGS injection porch required an injection kicker pulse shorter than what was available. To overcome this difficulty, K. Zeno proposed and developed an interesting and unusual alternative which uses RF harmonic numbers 12, 4, 2 (rather than the standard 8, 4, 2) to merge 8 helion bunches into 2. In this note we carry out simulations that illustrate how the alternative scheme works and how it compares with the standard scheme. This is done in Sections 13 andmore » 14. A scheme in which 6 bunches are merged into 1 is simulated in Section 15. This may be useful if more helions per merged bunch are needed in future runs. General formulae for the simulations are given in Sections 9 through 12. For completeness, Sections 1 through 8 give a derivation of the turn-by-turn equations of longitudinal motion at constant magnetic field. The derivation is based on the work of MacLachlan. The reader may wish to skip over these Sections and start with Section 9.« less

CINEMA (Cubesat for Ion, Neutral, Electron, MAgnetic fields)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, R. P.; Parks, G. K.; Halekas, J. S.; Larson, D. E.; Eastwood, J. P.; Wang, L.; Sample, J. G.; Horbury, T. S.; Roelof, E. C.; Lee, D.; Seon, J.; Hines, J.; Vo, H.; Tindall, C.; Ho, J.; Lee, J.; Kim, K.

2009-12-01

The NSF-funded CINEMA mission will provide cutting-edge magnetospheric science and critical space weather measurements, including high sensitivity mapping and high cadence movies of ring current, >4 keV Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA), as well as in situ measurements of suprathermal electrons (>~2 keV) and ions (>~ 4 keV) in the auroral and ring current precipitation regions, all with ~1 keV FWHM resolution and uniform response up to ~100 keV. A Suprathermal Electron, Ion, Neutral (STEIN) instrument adds an electrostatic deflection system to the STEREO STE (SupraThermal Electron) 4-pixel silicon semiconductor sensor to separate ions from electrons and from ENAs up to ~20 keV. In addition, inboard and outboard (on an extendable 1m boom) magnetoresistive sensor magnetometers will provide high cadence 3-axis magnetic field measurements. A new attitude control system (ACS) uses torque coils, a solar aspect sensor and the magnetometers to de-tumble the 3u CINEMA spacecraft, then spin it up to ~1 rpm with the spin axis perpendicular to the ecliptic, so STEIN can sweep across most of the sky every minute. Ideally, CINEMA will be placed into a high inclination low earth orbit that crosses the auroral zone and cusp. An S-band transmitter will be used to provide > ~8 kbps orbit-average data downlink to the ~11m diameter antenna of the Berkeley Ground Station. Two more identical CINEMA spacecraft will be built by Kyung Hee University (KHU) in Korea under their World Class University (WCU) program, to provide stereo ENA imaging and multi-point in situ measurements. Furthermore, CINEMA’s development of miniature particle and magnetic field sensors, and cubesat-size spinning spacecraft will be important for future nanosatellite space missions.

Study of Uneven Fills to Cure the Coupled-Bunch Instability in SRRC

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chao, Alex W.

2002-08-12

The performance of the 1.5-GeV storage ring light source TLS in SRRC has been limited by a longitudinal coupled-bunch beam instability. To improve the performance of the TLS, the beam instability has to be suppressed. One possible way considered for the TLS to suppress its coupled-bunch instability uses uneven filling patterns according to the theory of Prabhakar[1]. By knowing the harmful high-order-modes (HOMs), a special filling pattern can be designed to utilize either mode coupling or Landau damping to cure beam instability. In TLS the HOMs are contributed from the Doris RF cavity installed in the storage ring. The HOMsmore » of a 3-D Doris cavity was numerically analyzed. Filling patterns with equal bunch current according to theory had been calculated to cure the most harmful HOM. A longitudinal particle tracking program was used to simulate the coupled-bunch beam instability with both the uniform filling and the special designed filling. Filling pattern with unequal bunch current was also studied. The results of the simulation were discussed and compared to the theory.« less

Integration of Ion Implantation with Scanning ProbeAlignment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Persaud, A.; Rangelow, I.W.; Schenkel, T.

We describe a scanning probe instrument which integrates ion beams with imaging and alignment functions of a piezo resistive scanning probe in high vacuum. Energetic ions (1 to a few hundred keV) are transported through holes in scanning probe tips [1]. Holes and imaging tips are formed by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) drilling and ion beam assisted thin film deposition. Transport of single ions can be monitored through detection of secondary electrons from highly charged dopant ions (e. g., Bi{sup 45+}) enabling single atom device formation. Fig. 1 shows SEM images of a scanning probe tip formed by ion beammore » assisted Pt deposition in a dual beam FIB. Ion beam collimating apertures are drilled through the silicon cantilever with a thickness of 5 {micro}m. Aspect ratio limitations preclude the direct drilling of holes with diameters well below 1 {micro}m, and smaller hole diameters are achieved through local thin film deposition [2]. The hole in Fig. 1 was reduced from 2 {micro}m to a residual opening of about 300 nm. Fig. 2 shows an in situ scanning probe image of an alignment dot pattern taken with the tip from Fig. 1. Transport of energetic ions through the aperture in the scanning probe tip allows formation of arbitrary implant patterns. In the example shown in Fig. 2 (right), a 30 nm thick PMMA resist layer on silicon was exposed to 7 keV Ar{sup 2+} ions with an equivalent dose of 10{sup 14} ions/cm{sup 2} to form the LBL logo. An exciting goal of this approach is the placement of single dopant ions into precise locations for integration of single atom devices, such as donor spin based quantum computers [3, 4]. In Fig. 3, we show a section of a micron size dot area exposed to a low dose (10{sup 11}/cm{sup 2}) of high charge state dopant ions. The Bi{sup 45+} ions (200 keV) were extracted from a low emittance highly charged ions source [5]. The potential energy of B{sup 45+}, i. e., the sum of the binding energies required to remove the electrons, amounts to 36

Flexible pulse delay control up to picosecond for high-intensity twin electron bunches

DOE PAGES

Zhang, Zhen; Ding, Yuantao; Emma, Paul; ...

2015-09-10

Two closely spaced electron bunches have attracted strong interest due to their applications in two color X-ray free-electron lasers as well as witness bunch acceleration in plasmas and dielectric structures. In this paper, we propose a new scheme of delay system to vary the time delay up to several picoseconds while not affecting the bunch compression. Numerical simulations based on the Linac Coherent Light Source are performed to demonstrate the feasibility of this method.

Single bunch transverse instability in a circular accelerator with chromaticity and space charge

DOE PAGES

Balbekov, V.

2015-10-21

The transverse instability of a bunch in a circular accelerator is elaborated in this paper. A new tree-modes model is proposed and developed to describe the most unstable modes of the bunch. This simple and flexible model includes chromaticity and space charge, and can be used with any bunch and wake forms. The dispersion equation for the bunch eigentunes is obtained in form of a third-order algebraic equation. The known head-tail and TMCI modes appear as the limiting cases which are distinctly bounded at zero chromaticity only. It is shown that the instability parameters depend only slightly on the bunchmore » model but they are rather sensitive to the wake shape. In particular, space charge effects are investigated in the paper and it is shown that their influence depends on sign of wake field enhancing the bunch stability if the wake is negative. In addition, the resistive wall wake is considered in detail including a comparison of single and collective effects. A comparison of the results with earlier publications is carried out.« less

Use of a corrugated beam pipe as a passive deflector for bunch length measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seok, Jimin; Chung, Moses; Kang, Heung-Sik; Min, Chang-Ki; Na, Donghyun

2018-02-01

We report the experimental demonstration of bunch length measurements using a corrugated metallic beam pipe as a passive deflector. The corrugated beam pipe has been adopted for reducing longitudinal chirping after the bunch compressors in several XFEL facilities worldwide. In the meantime, there have been attempts to measure the electron bunch's longitudinal current profile using the dipole wakefields generated in the corrugated pipe. Nevertheless, the bunch shape reconstructed from the nonlinearly deflected beam suffers from significant distortion, particularly near the head of the bunch. In this paper, we introduce an iterative process to improve the resolution of the bunch shape reconstruction. The astra and elegant simulations have been performed for pencil beam and cigar beam cases, in order to verify the effectiveness of the reconstruction process. To overcome the undesirable effects of transverse beam spreads, a measurement scheme involving both the corrugated beam pipe and the spectrometer magnet has been employed, both of which do not require a dedicated (and likely very expensive) rf system. A proof-of-principle experiment was carried out at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) Injector Test Facility (ITF), and its results are discussed together with a comparison with the rf deflector measurement.

Bunch evolution study in optimization of MeV ultrafast electron diffraction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Xian-Hai; Du, Ying-Chao; Huang, Wen-Hui; Tang, Chuan-Xiang

2014-12-01

Megaelectronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) is a promising detection tool for ultrafast processes. The quality of diffraction image is determined by the transverse evolution of the probe bunch. In this paper, we study the contributing terms of the emittance and space charge effects to the bunch evolution in the MeV UED scheme, employing a mean-field model with an ellipsoidal distribution as well as particle tracking simulation. The small transverse dimension of the drive laser is found to be critical to improve the reciprocal resolution, exploiting both smaller emittance and larger transverse bunch size before the solenoid. The degradation of the reciprocal spatial resolution caused by the space charge effects should be carefully controlled.

Coherent-Radiation Spectroscopy of Few-Femtosecond Electron Bunches Using a Middle-Infrared Prism Spectrometer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maxwell, T. J.; Behrens, C.; Ding, Y.

2013-10-28

Modern, high-brightness electron beams such as those from plasma wakefield accelerators and free-electron laser linacs continue the drive to ever-shorter bunch durations. In low-charge operation ( ~ 20 pC ), bunches shorter than 10 fs are reported at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). Though suffering from a loss of phase information, spectral diagnostics remain appealing as compact, low-cost bunch duration monitors suitable for deployment in beam dynamics studies and operations instrumentation. Progress in middle-infrared (MIR) imaging has led to the development of a single-shot, MIR prism spectrometer to characterize the corresponding LCLS coherent beam radiation power spectrum for few-femtosecondmore » scale bunch length monitoring. In this Letter, we report on the spectrometer installation as well as the temporal reconstruction of 3 to 60 fs-long LCLS electron bunch profiles using single-shot coherent transition radiation spectra.« less

Study on Handing Process and Quality Degradation of Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mat Sharif, Zainon Binti; Taib, Norhasnina Binti Mohd; Yusof, Mohd Sallehuddin Bin; Rahim, Mohammad Zulafif Bin; Tobi, Abdul Latif Bin Mohd; Othman, Mohd Syafiq Bin

2017-05-01

The main objective of this study is to determine the relationship between quality of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) and handling processes. The study employs exploratory and descriptive design, with quantitative approach and purposive sampling using self-administrated questionnaires, were obtained from 30 smallholder respondents from the Southern Region, Peninsular Malaysia. The study reveals that there was a convincing relationship between quality of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) and handling processes. The main handling process factors influencing quality of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) were harvesting activity and handling at the plantation area. As a result, it can be deduced that the handling process factors variable explains 82.80% of the variance that reflects the quality of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB). The overall findings reveal that the handling process factors do play a significant role in the quality of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB).

Modelling and measurements of bunch profiles at the LHC

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Papadopoulou, S.; Antoniou, F.; Argyropoulos, T.

The bunch profiles in the LHC are often observed to be non-Gaussian, both at Flat Bottom (FB) and Flat Top (FT) energies. Especially at FT, an evolution of the tail population in time is observed. In this respect, the Monte-Carlo Software for IBS and Radiation effects (SIRE) is used to track different types of beam distributions. The impact of the distribution shape on the evolution of bunch characteristics is studied. The results are compared with observations from the LHC Run 2 data.

Towards Attosecond High-Energy Electron Bunches: Controlling Self-Injection in Laser-Wakefield Accelerators Through Plasma-Density Modulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tooley, M. P.; Ersfeld, B.; Yoffe, S. R.; Noble, A.; Brunetti, E.; Sheng, Z. M.; Islam, M. R.; Jaroszynski, D. A.

2017-07-01

Self-injection in a laser-plasma wakefield accelerator is usually achieved by increasing the laser intensity until the threshold for injection is exceeded. Alternatively, the velocity of the bubble accelerating structure can be controlled using plasma density ramps, reducing the electron velocity required for injection. We present a model describing self-injection in the short-bunch regime for arbitrary changes in the plasma density. We derive the threshold condition for injection due to a plasma density gradient, which is confirmed using particle-in-cell simulations that demonstrate injection of subfemtosecond bunches. It is shown that the bunch charge, bunch length, and separation of bunches in a bunch train can be controlled by tailoring the plasma density profile.

High responsivity secondary ion energy analyzer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belov, A. S.; Chermoshentsev, D. A.; Gavrilov, S. A.; Frolov, O. T.; Netchaeva, L. P.; Nikulin, E. S.; Zubets, V. N.

2018-05-01

The degree of space charge compensation of a 70 mA, 400 keV pulsed hydrogen ion beam has been measured with the use of an electrostatic energy analyzer of secondary ions. The large azimuthal angle of the analyzer enables a high responsivity, defined as the ratio of the slow secondary ion current emerging from the partially-compensated ion beam to the fast ion beam current. We measured 84% space charge compensation of the ion beam. The current from the slow ions and the rise time from the degree of space charge compensation were measured and compared with expected values.

Efficiency of feedbacks for suppression of transverse instabilities of bunched beams

DOE PAGES

Burov, Alexey

2016-08-05

Which gain and phase have to be set for a bunch-by-bunch transverse damper, and at which chromaticity it is better to stay? Furthermore, these questions are considered for three models: the two-particle model with possible quadrupole wake, the author's Nested Head-Tail Vlasov solver with a broadband impedance, and the same with the LHC impedance model.

Acceleration of electron bunches by intense laser pulse in vacuum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hua, J. F.; Ho, Y. K.; Lin, Y. Z.; Cao, N.

2003-08-01

This paper addresses the output characteristics of real electron bunches accelerated with ultra-intense laser pulse in vacuum by the capture & acceleration scenario (CAS) scheme (see, e.g., Phys. Rev. E66 (2002) 066501). Normally, the size of an electron bunch is much larger than that of a tightly focused and compressed laser pulse. We examine in detail the features of the intersection region, the distribution of electrons which can experience an intense laser field and be accelerated to high energy. Furthermore, the output properties of the accelerated CAS electrons, such as the energy spectra, the angular distributions, the energy-angle correlations, the acceleration gradient, the energy which can be reached with this scheme, the emittances of the outgoing electron bunches, and the dependence of the output properties on the incident electron beam qualities such as the emittance, focusing status, etc. were studied and explained. We found that with intense laser systems and electron beam technology currently available nowadays, the number of CAS electrons can reach 10 4-10 5, when the total number of incident electrons in the practical bunch reaches ˜10 8. These results demonstrate that CAS is promising to become a novel mechanism of vacuum laser accelerators.

Non-linear effects in bunch compressor of TARLA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yildiz, Hüseyin; Aksoy, Avni; Arikan, Pervin

2016-03-01

Transport of a beam through an accelerator beamline is affected by high order and non-linear effects such as space charge, coherent synchrotron radiation, wakefield, etc. These effects damage form of the beam, and they lead particle loss, emittance growth, bunch length variation, beam halo formation, etc. One of the known non-linear effects on low energy machine is space charge effect. In this study we focus on space charge effect for Turkish Accelerator and Radiation Laboratory in Ankara (TARLA) machine which is designed to drive InfraRed Free Electron Laser covering the range of 3-250 µm. Moreover, we discuss second order effects on bunch compressor of TARLA.

Low-energy ion-backscattering spectroscopies applied to the determination of surface structure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yarmoff, J.A.

1985-01-01

Low-Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS) was investigated as a means for determining the geometric structure at a single-crystal surface. A three-dimensional Monte-Carlo computer simulation was developed and applied to existing LEIS data. The binary collision approximation was found to yield satisfactory results in simulating Buck's time-of-flight energy spectra for 2.4 keV Ne/sup +/ scattering from Ni(001). A two-atom-layer model was used in calculations of the azimuthal anisotropy of the ion yield measured by Bernheim and Slodzian for 9.5 keV Ne/sup +/ scattering from Cu(001). The calculations were successful in reproducing most of the features that had been observed in the experiments,more » which shows that this model contained most of the physics required to interpret the data. An apparatus for performing LEIS studies was built, and Low-Energy Ion-Backscattering Angular Distributions (LEIBAD) were collected with 3-20 keV /sup 6/Li/sup +/ incident on Cu(001). For incidence along a low-index Miller axis of the crystal, shadowing effects limited the penetration depth of the elastically scattered ions. However, neutralized Li atoms, which were not filtered out of the scattered yield by the high-pass filter, provided a background characteristic of the bulk. A high-resolution electrostatic analyzer was used to collect impact Collision Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (ICISS) data for 5-keV /sup 6/Li/sup +/ ions to study the Cu(110) and Cu(110) (2 x 1)-0 surfaces.« less

Heavy-ion dominance near Cluster perigees

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferradas, C. P.; Zhang, J.-C.; Kistler, L. M.; Spence, H. E.

2015-12-01

Time periods in which heavy ions dominate over H+ in the energy range of 1-40 keV were observed by the Cluster Ion Spectrometry (CIS)/COmposition DIstribution Function (CODIF) instrument onboard Cluster Spacecraft 4 at L values less than 4. The characteristic feature is a narrow flux peak at around 10 keV that extends into low L values, with He+ and/or O+ dominating. In the present work we perform a statistical study of these events and examine their temporal occurrence and spatial distribution. The observed features, both the narrow energy range and the heavy-ion dominance, can be interpreted using a model of ion drift from the plasma sheet, subject to charge exchange losses. The narrow energy range corresponds to the only energy range that has direct drift access from the plasma sheet during quiet times. The drift time to these locations from the plasma sheet is > 30 h, so that charge exchange has a significant impact on the population. We show that a simple drift/loss model can explain the dependence on L shell and MLT of these heavy-ion-dominant time periods.

Molecular Depth Profiling of Sucrose Films: A Comparative Study of C₆₀n⁺ Ions and Traditional Cs⁺ and O₂⁺ Ions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhu, Zihua; Nachimuthu, Ponnusamy; Lea, Alan S.

2009-10-15

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) depth profiling of sucrose thin films were investigated using 10 keV C60+, 20 keV C602+, 30 keV C603+, 250 eV, 500 eV and 1000 eV Cs+ and O2+ as sputtering ions. With C60n+ ions, the molecular ion signal initially decreases, and reaches a steady-state that is about 38-51% of its original intensity, depending on the energy of the C60n+ ions. On the contrary, with Cs+ and O2+ sputtering, molecular ion signals decrease quickly to the noise level, even using low energy (250 eV) sputtering ions. In addition, the sucrose/Si interface by C60+ sputtering ismore » much narrower than that of Cs+ and O2+ sputtering. To understand the mechanisms of sputtering-induced damage by these ions, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the bottoms of these sputter craters. XPS data show very little chemical change in the C60+ sputter crater, while considerable amorphous carbon was found in the O2+ and Cs+ sputter craters, indicating extensive decomposition of the sucrose molecules. AFM images show a very flat bottom in the C60+ sputter crater, while the Cs+ and O2+ sputter crater bottoms are significantly rougher than that of the C60+ sputter crater. Based on above data, we developed a simple model to explain different damage mechanisms during sputtering process.« less

Inertial stratification of an expanding highly ionized multicomponent plasma bunch

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kozhenkova, O. A.; Motorin, A. A.; Stupitskii, E. L.

2013-09-01

The initial composition of a four-component plasma bunch of a high specific energy has been determined, as well as its characteristics during the process of expansion. It is shown that the interaction of particles under a high energy is of the Coulomb character and this interaction is unable to ensure the same velocity of components with different atomic masses right from the very beginning of bunch expansion, leading to their radical stratification.

Characteristics of GeV Electron Bunches Accelerated by Intense Lasers in Vacuum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, P. X.; Ho, Y. K.; Kong, Q.; Yuan, X. Q.; Cao, N.; Feng, L.

This paper studies the characteristics of GeV electron bunches driven by ultra-intense lasers in vacuum based on the mechanism of capture and violent acceleration scenario [CAS, see, e.g. J. X. Wang et al., Phys. Rev. E58, 6575 (1998)], which shows an interesting prospect of becoming a new principle of laser-driven accelerators. It has been found that the accelerated GeV electron bunch is a macro-pulse composed of a lot of micro-pulses, which is analogous to the structure of the bunches produced by conventional linacs. The macro-pulse corresponds to the duration of the laser pulse while the micro-pulse corresponds to the periodicity of the laser wave. Therefore, provided that the incoming electron bunch with comparable sizes as that of the laser pulse synchronously impinges on the laser pulse, the total fraction of electrons captured and accelerated to GeV energy can reach more than 20%. These results demonstrate that the mechanisms of CAS is a relatively effective accelerator mechanism.

Effects of energy chirp on bunch length measurement in linear accelerator beams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sabato, L.; Arpaia, P.; Giribono, A.; Liccardo, A.; Mostacci, A.; Palumbo, L.; Vaccarezza, C.; Variola, A.

2017-08-01

The effects of assumptions about bunch properties on the accuracy of the measurement method of the bunch length based on radio frequency deflectors (RFDs) in electron linear accelerators (LINACs) are investigated. In particular, when the electron bunch at the RFD has a non-negligible energy chirp (i.e. a correlation between the longitudinal positions and energies of the particle), the measurement is affected by a deterministic intrinsic error, which is directly related to the RFD phase offset. A case study on this effect in the electron LINAC of a gamma beam source at the Extreme Light Infrastructure-Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) is reported. The relative error is estimated by using an electron generation and tracking (ELEGANT) code to define the reference measurements of the bunch length. The relative error is proved to increase linearly with the RFD phase offset. In particular, for an offset of {{7}\\circ} , corresponding to a vertical centroid offset at a screen of about 1 mm, the relative error is 4.5%.

Energetic Nitrogen Ions within the Inner Magnetosphere of Saturn

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sittler, E. C.; Johnson, R. E.; Richardson, J. D.; Jurac, S.; Moore, M.; Cooper, J. F.; Mauk, B. H.; Smith, H. T.; Michael, M.; Paranicus, C.; Armstrong, T. P.; Tsurutani, B.; Connerney, J. E. P.

2003-05-01

Titan's interaction with Saturn's magnetosphere will result in the energetic ejection of atomic nitrogen atoms into Saturn's magnetosphere due to dissociation of N2 by electrons, ions, and UV photons. The ejection of N atoms into Saturn's magnetosphere will form a nitrogen torus around Saturn with mean density of about 4 atoms/cm3 with source strength of 4.5x1025 atoms/sec. These nitrogen atoms are ionized by photoionization, electron impact ionization and charge exchange reactions producing an N+ torus of 1-4 keV suprathermal ions centered on Titan's orbital position. We will show Voyager plasma observations that demonstrate presence of a suprathermal ion component within Saturn's outer magnetosphere. The Voyager LECP data also reported the presence of inward diffusing energetic ions from the outer magnetosphere of Saturn, which could have an N+ contribution. If so, when one conserves the first and second adiabatic invariant the N+ ions will have energies in excess of 100 keV at Dione's L shell and greater than 400 keV at Enceladus' L shell. Energetic charged particle radial diffusion coefficients are also used to constrain the model results. But, one must also consider the solar wind as another important source of keV ions, in the form of protons and alpha particles, for Saturn's outer magnetosphere. Initial estimates indicate that a solar wind source could dominate in the outer magnetosphere, but various required parameters for this estimate are highly uncertain and will have to await Cassini results for confirmation. We show that satellite sweeping and charged particle precipitation within the middle and outer magnetosphere will tend to enrich N+ ions relative to protons within Saturn's inner magnetosphere as they diffuse radially inward for radial diffusion coefficients that do not violate observations. Charge exchange reactions within the inner magnetosphere can be an important loss mechanism for O+ ions, but to a lesser degree for N+ ions. Initial LECP

The Morphology of the X-ray Emission above 2 keV from Jupiter's Aurorae

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Elsner, R.; Branduardi-Raymont, G.; Galand, M.; Grodent, D.; Gladstone, G. R.; Waite, J. H.; Cravens, T.; Ford, P.

2007-01-01

The discovery in XMM-Newton X-ray data of X-ray emission above 2 keY from Jupiter's aurorae has led us to reexamine the Chandra ACIS-S observations taken in Feb 2003. Chandra's superior spatial resolution has revealed that the auroral X-rays with E > 2 keV are emitted from the periphery of the region emitting those with E < 1 keV. We are presently exploring the relationship of this morphology to that of the FUV emission from the main auroral oval and the polar cap. The low energy emission has previously been established as due to charge exchange between energetic precipitating ions of oxygen and either sulfur or carbon. It seems likely to us that the higher energy emission is due to precipitation of energetic electrons, possibly the same population of electrons responsible for the FUV emission. We discuss our analysis and interpretation.

500 keV Ar2+ ion irradiation induced anatase to brookite phase transformation and ferromagnetism at room temperature in TiO2 thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bharati, B.; Mishra, N. C.; Kanjilal, D.; Rath, Chandana

2018-01-01

In our earlier report, where we have demonstrated ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature (RT) in TiO2 thin films deposited through electron beam evaporation technique followed by annealing either in Ar or O2 atmosphere [Mohanty et al., Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 355 (2014) 240-245], here we have studied the evolution of structure and magnetic properties after irradiating the TiO2 thin films with 500 keV Ar2+ ions. The pristine film while exhibits anatase phase, the films become amorphous after irradiating at fluence in the range 1 × 1014 to 1 × 1016 ions/cm2. Increasing the fluence up to 5 × 1016 ions/cm2, amorphous to crystalline phase transformation occurs and the structure becomes brookite. Although anatase to rutile phase transformation is usually reported in literatures, anatase to brookite phase transformation is an unusual feature which we have reported here for the first time. Such anatase to brookite phase transformation is accompanied with grain growth without showing any change in film thickness evidenced from Rutherford's Back Scattering (RBS) measurement. From scanning probe micrographs (SPM), roughness is found to be more in amorphous films than in the crystalline ones. Anatase to brookite phase transformation could be realized by considering the importance of intermediate amorphous phase. Because due to amorphous phase, heat deposited by energetic ions are localized as dissipation of heat is less and as a result, the localized region crystallizes in brookite phase followed by grain growth as observed in highest fluence. Further, we have demonstrated ferromagnetic behavior at RT in irradiated films similar to pristine one, irrespective of their phase and crystallinity. Origin for room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) is attributed to the presence of oxygen vacancies which is confirmed by carrying out XPS measurement.

High intensity single bunch operation with heavy periodic transient beam loading in wide band rf cavities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tamura, Fumihiko; Hotchi, Hideaki; Schnase, Alexander; Yoshii, Masahito; Yamamoto, Masanobu; Ohmori, Chihiro; Nomura, Masahiro; Toda, Makoto; Shimada, Taihei; Hasegawa, Katsushi; Hara, Keigo

2015-09-01

The rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS) in the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) was originally designed to accelerate two high intensity bunches, while some of neutron experiments in the materials and life science experimental facility and a muon experiment using main ring beams require a single bunch operation mode, in which one of the two rf buckets is filled and the other is empty. The beam intensity in the single bunch operation has been limited by longitudinal beam losses due to the rf bucket distortions by the wake voltage of the odd harmonics (h =1 ,3 ,5 ) in the wide band magnetic alloy cavities. We installed an additional rf feedforward system to compensate the wake voltages of the odd harmonics (h =1 ,3 ,5 ). The additional system has a similar structure as the existing feedforward system for the even harmonics (h =2 ,4 ,6 ). We describe the function of the feedforward system for the odd harmonics, the commissioning methodology, and the commissioning results. The longitudinal beam losses during the single bunch acceleration disappeared with feedforward for the odd harmonics. We also confirmed that the beam quality in the single bunch acceleration are similar to that of the normal operation with two bunches. Thus, high intensity single bunch acceleration at the intensity of 2.3 ×1013 protons per bunch has been achieved in the J-PARC RCS. This article is a follow-up of our previous article, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 14, 051004 (2011). The feedforward system extension for single bunch operation was successful.

Note: A well-confined pulsed low-energy ion beam: Test experiments of Ar+

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Jie; Wu, Chun-Xiao; Tian, Shan Xi

2018-06-01

Here we report a pulsed low-energy ion beam source for ion-molecule reaction study, in which the ions produced by the pulsed electron impact are confined well in the spatial size of each bunch. In contrast to the ion focusing method to reduce the transverse section of the beam, the longitudinal section in the translational direction is compressed by introducing a second pulse in the ion time-of-flight system. The test experiments for the low-energy argon ions are performed. The present beam source is ready for applications in the ion-molecule reaction dynamics experiments, in particular, in combination with the ion velocity map imaging technique.

O+ pickup ions outside of Venus' bow shock: Venus Express observation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Y.; Fraenz, M.; Dubinin, E.; Zhang, T. L.; Wan, W.; Barabash, S.; Woch, J.; Lundin, R.

2012-09-01

Pickup ions are ions of planetary origin that become assimilated into the solar wind flow through their interaction with the solar wind magnetic and electric field. The speed of pickup ions varies between zero and twice the underlying plasma flow component perpendicular to magnetic field vector. For the unmagnetized planet Venus and Mars, oxygen (O+) pickup ions are known to be important because they can modify the global configuration of planetary plasma environment and significantly contribute to the atmospheric O+ loss [1]. Since the kinetic energy of an O+ pickup ion can reach 64 times that of a co-moving proton, an instrument must be able to measure O+ ions with energy of at least tens of keV to investigate the O+ pickup ion distribution from planetary ionosphere to solar wind. The in-situ observations and simulations at Mars have shown that the energy of O+ pickup ions can be 55-72 keV outside of the bow shock [2]. For Venus case, the plasma analyzer (OPA) onboard Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO), which was designed for solar wind monitoring, has an 8 keV energy limit for O+ detection and the limited sampling and data rate [3]. Therefore, OPA can only measure the O+ pickup ions in the sheath flow or inside the induced magnetosphere where the speed of ambient plasma flow is significantly lower than that of the unshocked solar wind outside of the bow shock. The Ion Mass Analyzer (IMA), included in the Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-4) package on board Venus Express (VEX), determines the composition, energy, and angular distribution of ions in the energy range ~10 eV/q to 30 keV/q. Note that an O+ ion moving at the typical solar wind speed 400 km/s has kinetic energy 13.4 keV. Therefore, IMA has ability to measure the O+ pickup ions outside of Venus' bow shock. We have examined the IMA data during the solar minimum period 2006-2010, and identified about ten cases with clear signature of O+ pickup ion. With these observations, we will determine

Surface layer modification of ion bombarded HDPE

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bielinski, D.; Lipinski, P.; Slusarski, L.; Grams, J.; Paryjczak, T.; Jagielski, J.; Turos, A.; Madi, N. K.

2004-08-01

Press-moulded, high density polyethylene (HDPE) samples were subjected to ion bombardment and effects of the modification studied. He + ions of energy 100 keV or Ar + ions of energy 130 keV were applied in the range of dose 1-30 × 10 15/cm 2 or 1-100 × 10 14/cm 2, respectively. This paper has been focused on structural changes of the surface layer. The consequences of the modification were studied with TOF-SIMS and FTIR-IRS techniques. The results point on two mechanisms taking place simultaneously: ionization of polymer macromolecules and chain scission--resulting in creation of macroradicals. Both of them produce oxidation and lead to significant release of hydrogen. The former diminishes for the highest ion doses, however, creation of molecular oxygen cannot be excluded. The latter in the case of Ar + ion bombardment is reflected by prevailing degradation of the surface layer of HDPE. Contrary to the effect of heavy ions, He + ion bombardment was found to produce significant increase of the material hardness, which was explained by crosslinking of polyethylene. A mechanism of polyacetylene formation, proceeding finally to cross-polymerization of the polymer was proposed. Apart from structural changes, the modification revealed additionally a possibility to improve the wettability of the polymer.

Characterization of pseudosingle bunch kick-and-cancel operational mode

DOE PAGES

Sun, C.; Robin, D. S.; Steier, C.; ...

2015-12-18

Pseudosingle-bunch kick-and-cancel (PSB-KAC) is a new operational mode at the Advanced Light Source of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory that provides full timing and repetition rate control for single x-ray pulse users while being fully transparent to other users of synchrotron radiation light. In this operational mode, a single electron bunch is periodically displaced from a main bunch train by a fast kicker magnet with a user-on-demand repetition rate, creating a single x-ray pulse to be matched to a typical laser excitation pulse rate. This operational mode can significantly improve the signal to noise ratio of single x-ray pulse experiments andmore » drastically reduce dose-induced sample damage rate. It greatly expands the capabilities of synchrotron light sources to carry out dynamics and time-of-flight experiments. In this paper, we carry out extensive characterizations of this PSB-KAC mode both numerically and experimentally. This includes the working principle of this mode, resonance conditions and beam stability, experimental setups, and diagnostic tools and measurements.« less

Ab-initio calculation and experimental observation of room temperature ferromagnetism in 50 keV nitrogen implanted rutile TiO2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luitel, Homnath; Chakrabarti, Mahuya; Sarkar, A.; Dechoudhury, S.; Bhowmick, D.; Naik, V.; Sanyal, D.

2018-02-01

Room temperature magnetic properties of 50 keV N4+ ion beam implanted rutile TiO2 have been theoretically and experimentally studied. Ab-initio calculation under the frame work of density functional theory has been carried out to study the magnetic properties of the different possible nitrogen related defects in TiO2. Spin polarized density of states calculation suggests that both Ninst and NO can induce ferromagnetic ordering in rutile TiO2. In both cases the 2p orbital electrons of nitrogen atom give rise to the magnetic moment in TiO2. The possibility of the formation of N2 molecule in TiO2 system is also studied but in this case no significant magnetic moment has been observed. The magnetic measurements, using SQUID magnetometer, results a ferromagnetic ordering even at room temperature for the 50 keV N4+ ion beam implanted rutile TiO2.

Revealing time bunching effect in single-molecule enzyme conformational dynamics.

PubMed

Lu, H Peter

2011-04-21

In this perspective, we focus our discussion on how the single-molecule spectroscopy and statistical analysis are able to reveal enzyme hidden properties, taking the study of T4 lysozyme as an example. Protein conformational fluctuations and dynamics play a crucial role in biomolecular functions, such as in enzymatic reactions. Single-molecule spectroscopy is a powerful approach to analyze protein conformational dynamics under physiological conditions, providing dynamic perspectives on a molecular-level understanding of protein structure-function mechanisms. Using single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, we have probed T4 lysozyme conformational motions under the hydrolysis reaction of a polysaccharide of E. coli B cell walls by monitoring the fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) between a donor-acceptor probe pair tethered to T4 lysozyme domains involving open-close hinge-bending motions. Based on the single-molecule spectroscopic results, molecular dynamics simulation, a random walk model analysis, and a novel 2D statistical correlation analysis, we have revealed a time bunching effect in protein conformational motion dynamics that is critical to enzymatic functions. Bunching effect implies that conformational motion times tend to bunch in a finite and narrow time window. We show that convoluted multiple Poisson rate processes give rise to the bunching effect in the enzymatic reaction dynamics. Evidently, the bunching effect is likely common in protein conformational dynamics involving in conformation-gated protein functions. In this perspective, we will also discuss a new approach of 2D regional correlation analysis capable of analyzing fluctuation dynamics of complex multiple correlated and anti-correlated fluctuations under a non-correlated noise background. Using this new method, we are able to map out any defined segments along the fluctuation trajectories and determine whether they are correlated, anti-correlated, or non-correlated; after which, a

Drive Beam Shaping and Witness Bunch Generation for the Plasma Wakefield Accelerator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

England, R. J.; Frederico, J.; Hogan, M. J.

2010-11-04

High transformer ratio operation of the plasma wake field accelerator requires a tailored drive beam current profile followed by a short witness bunch. We discuss techniques for generating the requisite dual bunches and for obtaining the desired drive beam profile, with emphasis on the FACET experiment at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.

Effects of ion- and electron-beam treatment on surface physicochemical properties of polylactic acid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pukhova, I. V.; Savkin, K. P.; Laput, O. A.; Lytkina, D. N.; Botvin, V. V.; Medovnik, A. V.; Kurzina, I. A.

2017-11-01

We describe our investigations of the surface physicochemical and mechanical properties of polylactic acid modified by silver, argon and carbon ion implantation to doses of 1 × 1014, 1 × 1015 and 1 × 1016 ions/cm2 at energies of 20 keV (for C and Ar) and 40 keV (for Ag), and by electron beam treatment with pulse-width of 100-300 μs in 50 μs increments at a beam energy 8 keV. Carbonyl bonds (sbnd Cdbnd O) related IR peak was reduced after ion and electron beam irradiation. Molecular weight of PLA decreases twice and does not depend on the nature of the bombarding particles. The microhardness of treated samples decreases by a factor of 1.3, and the surface conductivity increases by 6 orders of magnitude after ion implantation, and increases only modestly after electron beam treatment. Atomic force microscopy shows that surface roughness increases with irradiation dose. Samples irradiated with Ag to a dose of 1 × 1016 ions/cm2 show the greatest roughness of 190 nm.

Recoil implantation of boron into silicon by high energy silicon ions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shao, L.; Lu, X. M.; Wang, X. M.; Rusakova, I.; Mount, G.; Zhang, L. H.; Liu, J. R.; Chu, Wei-Kan

2001-07-01

A recoil implantation technique for shallow junction formation was investigated. After e-gun deposition of a B layer onto Si, 10, 50, or 500 keV Si ion beams were used to introduce surface deposited B atoms into Si by knock-on. It has been shown that recoil implantation with high energy incident ions like 500 keV produces a shallower B profile than lower energy implantation such as 10 keV and 50 keV. This is due to the fact that recoil probability at a given angle is a strong function of the energy of the primary projectile. Boron diffusion was showed to be suppressed in high energy recoil implantation and such suppression became more obvious at higher Si doses. It was suggested that vacancy rich region due to defect imbalance plays the role to suppress B diffusion. Sub-100 nm junction can be formed by this technique with the advantage of high throughput of high energy implanters.

X-ray Synchrotron Radiation in a Plasma Wiggler

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Shuoquin; /UCLA /SLAC, SSRL

2005-09-27

A relativistic electron beam can radiate due to its betatron motion inside an ion channel. The ion channel is induced by the electron bunch as it propagates through an underdense plasma. In the theory section of this thesis the formation of the ion channel, the trajectories of beam electrons inside the ion channel, the radiation power and the radiation spectrum of the spontaneous emission are studied. The comparison between different plasma wiggler schemes is made. The difficulties in realizing stimulated emission as the beam traverses the ion channel are investigated, with particular emphasis on the bunching mechanism, which is importantmore » for the ion channel free electron laser. This thesis reports an experiment conducted at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) to measure the betatron X-ray radiations for the first time. They first describe the construction and characterization of the lithium plasma source. In the experiment, the transverse oscillations of the SLAC 28.5 GeV electron beam traversing through a 1.4 meter long lithium plasma source are clearly seen. These oscillations lead to a quadratic density dependence of the spontaneously emitted betatron X-ray radiation. The divergence angle of the X-ray radiation is measured. The absolute photon yield and the spectral brightness at 14.2 KeV photon energy are estimated and seen to be in reasonable agreement with theory.« less

Substrate bias induced synthesis of flowered-like bunched carbon nanotube directly on bulk nickel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bisht, Atul; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; Chockalingam, S.

2016-02-15

Highlights: • Flowered-like bunched MWCNTs have been synthesized by MW PECVD technique. • Effect of substrate bias on the properties of MWCNT has been studied. • Minimum E{sub T} = 1.9 V/μm with β = 4770 has been obtained in the film deposited at −350 V. - Abstract: This paper reports the effect of substrate bias on the multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) deposited on nickel foil by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique. The MWCNTs have been characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Raman spectroscopy, field emission and current–voltage characteristic of themore » heterojunction diode. The SEM images exhibit unique hierarchical flowered-like bunched and conformally coated MWCNTs. Substrate bias induced ion bombardment helps in the enhancement of hydrocarbon dissociation and is responsible for flowered-like MWCNTs growth. The HRTEM micrographs show the base growth mechanism for MWCNTs. The value of turn on field for emission decreases from 5.5 to 1.9 V/μm and field enhancement factor increases from 927 to 4770, respectively, with the increase of substrate bias. The diode ideality factor of CNT/ n-Si heterojunction is evaluated as 2.4 and the on/off current ratio is found to be 7 at ±2 V, respectively.« less

Analysis techniques for diagnosing runaway ion distributions in the reversed field pinch

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, J., E-mail: jkim536@wisc.edu; Anderson, J. K.; Capecchi, W.

2016-11-15

An advanced neutral particle analyzer (ANPA) on the Madison Symmetric Torus measures deuterium ions of energy ranges 8-45 keV with an energy resolution of 2-4 keV and time resolution of 10 μs. Three different experimental configurations measure distinct portions of the naturally occurring fast ion distributions: fast ions moving parallel, anti-parallel, or perpendicular to the plasma current. On a radial-facing port, fast ions moving perpendicular to the current have the necessary pitch to be measured by the ANPA. With the diagnostic positioned on a tangent line through the plasma core, a chord integration over fast ion density, background neutral density,more » and local appropriate pitch defines the measured sample. The plasma current can be reversed to measure anti-parallel fast ions in the same configuration. Comparisons of energy distributions for the three configurations show an anisotropic fast ion distribution favoring high pitch ions.« less

Non-linear effects in bunch compressor of TARLA

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yildiz, Hüseyin, E-mail: huseyinyildiz006@gmail.com, E-mail: huseyinyildiz@gazi.edu.tr; Aksoy, Avni; Arikan, Pervin

2016-03-25

Transport of a beam through an accelerator beamline is affected by high order and non-linear effects such as space charge, coherent synchrotron radiation, wakefield, etc. These effects damage form of the beam, and they lead particle loss, emittance growth, bunch length variation, beam halo formation, etc. One of the known non-linear effects on low energy machine is space charge effect. In this study we focus on space charge effect for Turkish Accelerator and Radiation Laboratory in Ankara (TARLA) machine which is designed to drive InfraRed Free Electron Laser covering the range of 3-250 µm. Moreover, we discuss second order effects onmore » bunch compressor of TARLA.« less

Modification of polyvinyl alcohol surface properties by ion implantation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pukhova, I. V.; Kurzina, I. A.; Savkin, K. P.; Laput, O. A.; Oks, E. M.

2017-05-01

We describe our investigations of the surface physicochemical properties of polyvinyl alcohol modified by silver, argon and carbon ion implantation to doses of 1 × 1014, 1 × 1015 and 1 × 1016 ion/cm2 and energies of 20 keV (for C and Ar) and 40 keV (for Ag). Infrared spectroscopy (IRS) indicates that destructive processes accompanied by chemical bond (sbnd Cdbnd O) generation are induced by implantation, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicates that the implanted silver is in a metallic Ag3d state without stable chemical bond formation with polymer chains. Ion implantation is found to affect the surface energy: the polar component increases while the dispersion part decreases with increasing implantation dose. Surface roughness is greater after ion implantation and the hydrophobicity increases with increasing dose, for all ion species. We find that ion implantation of Ag, Ar and C leads to a reduction in the polymer microhardness by a factor of five, while the surface electrical resistivity declines modestly.

Enhanced dense attosecond electron bunch generation by irradiating an intense laser on a cone target

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hu, Li-Xiang; Yu, Tong-Pu, E-mail: tongpu@nudt.edu.cn; Shao, Fu-Qiu

By using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, we demonstrate enhanced spatially periodic attosecond electron bunches generation with an average density of about 10n{sub c} and cut-off energy up to 380 MeV. These bunches are acquired from the interaction of an ultra-short ultra-intense laser pulse with a cone target. The laser oscillating field pulls out the cone surface electrons periodically and accelerates them forward via laser pondermotive force. The inner cone wall can effectively guide these bunches and lead to their stable propagation in the cone, resulting in overdense energetic attosecond electron generation. We also consider the influence of laser and cone target parametersmore » on the bunch properties. It indicates that the attosecond electron bunch acceleration and propagation could be significantly enhanced without evident divergency by attaching a plasma capillary to the original cone tip.« less

Spatial configuration of a plasma bunch formed under gyromagnetic resonance in a magnetic mirror trap

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Andreev, V. V.; Novitskii, A. A.; Umnov, A. M.

2016-06-15

The spatial configuration of a relativistic plasma bunch generated under the gyromagnetic autoresonance and confined in a magnetic mirror trap has been studied experimentally and numerically. The characteristics of bremsstrahlung generated by the plasma bunch from the gas and chamber walls were investigated using X-ray spectroscopy and radiometry, which made it possible to determine the localization of the bunch and analyze the dynamics of its confinement.

The Narodny ion accelerator as an injector for a small cyclotron

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Derenchuk, V.

1985-01-01

A 120 keV electrostatic accelerator is currently in use at the University of Manitoba as an ion implanter. It is proposed to use this accelerator (called the Narodny ion accelerator or NIA), upgraded to 200 keV, as an injector for a small light ion cyclotron. This "minicyclotron" will consist of 6 sectors with four dees operating at 60 kV and variable frequency. The ions will be extracted at about 50 cm radius. The types of ions to be accelerated are H -, H +, D -1, 3He 2+, 4He 2+, 6Li 3+, and 7Li 3+ with a maximum energy of about 4 MeV for the Li ions and between 2 and 3 MeV for the He ions. A beam current of close to 0.5 mA is anticipated for H + and D + ions and high energy resolution ( ΔE/ E ~ 10 -3) is expected for all ions. The marriage of these two accelerators will give a very wide range of ion implantation energies (for certain ion species) as well as a source of particles for Rutherford backscatter analysis.

A Value-Engaged Approach for Evaluating the Bunche-Da Vinci Learning Academy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greene, Jennifer C.

2005-01-01

In 2001, the Bunche Academy was chosen by its district to join in partnership with the Da Vinci Learning Corporation to embark on an ambitious whole-school reform initiative, especially designed by the corporation for low-performing schools. In this chapter, the author describes how, as illustrated in the Bunche-Da Vinci Learning Academy context,…

New ion source for KSTAR neutral beam injection system.

PubMed

Kim, Tae-Seong; Jeong, Seung Ho; In, Sang-Ryul

2012-02-01

The neutral beam injection system (NBI-1) of the KSTAR tokamak can accommodate three ion sources; however, it is currently equipped with only one prototype ion source. In the 2010 and 2011 KSTAR campaigns, this ion source supplied deuterium neutral beam power of 0.7-1.6 MW to the KSTAR plasma with a beam energy of 70-100 keV. A new ion source will be prepared for the 2012 KSTAR campaign with a much advanced performance compared with the previous one. The newly designed ion source has a very large transparency (∼56%) without deteriorating the beam optics, which is designed to deliver a 2 MW injection power of deuterium beams at 100 keV. The plasma generator of the ion source is of a horizontally cusped bucket type, and the whole inner wall, except the cathode filaments and plasma grid side, functions as an anode. The accelerator assembly consists of four multi-circular aperture grids made of copper and four electrode flanges made of aluminum alloy. The electrodes are insulated using PEEK. The ion source will be completed and tested in 2011.

High yield antibiotic producing mutants of Streptomyces erythreus induced by low energy ion implantation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Chen; Zhixin, Lin; Zuyao, Zou; Feng, Zhang; Duo, Liu; Xianghuai, Liu; Jianzhong, Tang; Weimin, Zhu; Bo, Huang

1998-05-01

Conidia of Streptomyces erythreus, an industrial microbe, were implanted by nitrogen ions with energy of 40-60 keV and fluence from 1 × 10 11 to 5 × 10 14 ions/cm 2. The logarithm value of survival fraction had good linear relationship with the logarithm value of fluence. Some mutants with a high yield of erythromycin were induced by ion implantation. The yield increment was correlated with the implantation fluence. Compared with the mutation results induced by ultraviolet rays, mutation effects of ion implantation were obvious having higher increasing erythromycin potency and wider mutation spectrum. The spores of Bacillus subtilis were implanted by arsenic ions with energy of 100 keV. The distribution of implanted ions was measured by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and calculated in theory. The mechanism of mutation induced by ion implantation was discussed.

Formation, stability and dissociation dynamics of {{\\rm{N}}}_{2}{}^{{\\rm{n}}+} cations (n = 1 - 2) in 3.5 keV e - -N2 collisions studied using the energy resolved electron-ion coincidence technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, S.; Prajapati, S.; Singh, B.; Singh, B. K.; Shanker, R.

2018-04-01

Coincidences between energy selected electrons and ions produced in the decay of a core hole ionized (excited) state in a free nitrogen molecule have been measured at three specified energies of emitted electrons to reveal the individual pathways produced in 3.5 keV electron-induced fragmentation processes. From these measurements, it has been possible to show, for the first time, that in addition to the normal Auger decay, the resonant Auger excitation channels also share their appreciable contributions in producing singly charged parent ions in an electron-induced collision system. The correlations between ion fragmentation products and electronic structures with a hole configuration in singly-, doubly- and possibly in triply charged molecular electronic states populated in the electronic decay of the initial core hole have been studied and discussed. KER values obtained from our experiments are found to be consistent with the previous results of photo absorption experiments for fragmentation channel {{{{N}}}2}2+ → N+ + N+ however, N2+ fragment ions are found to arise mainly from the fragmentation channel {{{{N}}}2}2+ → N2+ + N and to possess relatively low kinetic energies in the considered region of binding energies.

Observation of High Transformer Ratio of Shaped Bunch Generated by an Emittance-Exchange Beam Line.

PubMed

Gao, Q; Ha, G; Jing, C; Antipov, S P; Power, J G; Conde, M; Gai, W; Chen, H; Shi, J; Wisniewski, E E; Doran, D S; Liu, W; Whiteford, C E; Zholents, A; Piot, P; Baturin, S S

2018-03-16

Collinear wakefield acceleration has been long established as a method capable of generating ultrahigh acceleration gradients. Because of the success on this front, recently, more efforts have shifted towards developing methods to raise the transformer ratio (TR). This figure of merit is defined as the ratio of the peak acceleration field behind the drive bunch to the peak deceleration field inside the drive bunch. TR is always less than 2 for temporally symmetric drive bunch distributions and therefore recent efforts have focused on generating asymmetric distributions to overcome this limitation. In this Letter, we report on using the emittance-exchange method to generate a shaped drive bunch to experimentally demonstrate a TR≈5 in a dielectric wakefield accelerator.

Electron bunch structure in energy recovery linac with high-voltage dc photoelectron gun

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saveliev, Y. M.; Jackson, F.; Jones, J. K.; McKenzie, J. W.

2016-09-01

The internal structure of electron bunches generated in an injector line with a dc photoelectron gun is investigated. Experiments were conducted on the ALICE (accelerators and lasers in combined experiments) energy recovery linac at Daresbury Laboratory. At a relatively low dc gun voltage of 230 kV, the bunch normally consisted of two beamlets with different electron energies, as well as transverse and longitudinal characteristics. The beamlets are formed at the head and the tail of the bunch. At a higher gun voltage of 325 kV, the beam substructure is much less pronounced and could be observed only at nonoptimal injector settings. Experiments and computer simulations demonstrated that the bunch structure develops during the initial beam acceleration in the superconducting rf booster cavity and can be alleviated either by increasing the gun voltage to the highest possible level or by controlling the beam acceleration from the gun voltage in the first accelerating structure.

Demonstration of a real-time interferometer as a bunch-length monitor in a high-current electron beam accelerator.

PubMed

Thangaraj, J; Andonian, G; Thurman-Keup, R; Ruan, J; Johnson, A S; Lumpkin, A; Santucci, J; Maxwell, T; Murokh, A; Ruelas, M; Ovodenko, A

2012-04-01

A real-time interferometer (RTI) has been developed to monitor the bunch length of an electron beam in an accelerator. The RTI employs spatial autocorrelation, reflective optics, and a fast response pyro-detector array to obtain a real-time autocorrelation trace of the coherent radiation from an electron beam thus providing the possibility of online bunch-length diagnostics. A complete RTI system has been commissioned at the A0 photoinjector facility to measure sub-mm bunches at 13 MeV. Bunch length variation (FWHM) between 0.8 ps (~0.24 mm) and 1.5 ps (~0.45 mm) has been measured and compared with a Martin-Puplett interferometer and a streak camera. The comparisons show that RTI is a viable, complementary bunch length diagnostic for sub-mm electron bunches. © 2012 American Institute of Physics

Demonstration of a real-time interferometer as a bunch-lenght monitor in a high-current electron beam accelerator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thangaraj, J.; Thurman-Keup, R.; Ruan, J.

2012-03-01

A real-time interferometer (RTI) has been developed to monitor the bunch length of an electron beam in an accelerator. The RTI employs spatial autocorrelation, reflective optics, and a fast response pyro-detector array to obtain a real-time autocorrelation trace of the coherent radiation from an electron beam thus providing the possibility of online bunch-length diagnostics. A complete RTI system has been commissioned at the A0 photoinjector facility to measure sub-mm bunches at 13 MeV. Bunch length variation (FWHM) between 0.8 ps (-0.24 mm) and 1.5 ps (-0.45 mm) has been measured and compared with a Martin-Puplett interferometer and a streak camera.more » The comparisons show that RTI is a viable, complementary bunch length diagnostic for sub-mm electron bunches.« less

Simulation of transient effects in the heavy ion fusion injectors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Yu-Jiuan; Hewett, D. W.

1993-05-01

We have used the 2-D PIC code, GYMNOS, to study the transient behaviors in the Heavy Ion Fusion (HIF) injectors. GYMNOS simulations accurately provide the steady state Child-Langmuir current and the beam transient behavior within a planar diode. The simulations of the LBL HIF ESAC injector experiments agree well with the experimental data and EGUN steady state results. Simulations of the nominal HIF injectors have revealed the need to design the accelerating electrodes carefully to control the ion beam current, particularly the ion loss at the end of the bunch as the extraction voltage is reduced.

Racetrack-shape fixed field induction accelerator for giant cluster ions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takayama, Ken; Adachi, Toshikazu; Wake, Masayoshi; Okamura, Katsuya

2015-05-01

A novel scheme for a racetrack-shape fixed field induction accelerator (RAFFIA) capable of accelerating extremely heavy cluster ions (giant cluster ions) is described. The key feature of this scheme is rapid induction acceleration by localized induction cells. Triggering the induction voltages provided by the signals from the circulating bunch allows repeated acceleration of extremely heavy cluster ions. The given RAFFIA example is capable of realizing the integrated acceleration voltage of 50 MV per acceleration cycle. Using 90° bending magnets with a reversed field strip and field gradient is crucial for assuring orbit stability in the RAFFIA.

Arbitrarily shaped high-coherence electron bunches from cold atoms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McCulloch, A. J.; Sheludko, D. V.; Saliba, S. D.; Bell, S. C.; Junker, M.; Nugent, K. A.; Scholten, R. E.

2011-10-01

Ultrafast electron diffractive imaging of nanoscale objects such as biological molecules and defects in solid-state devices provides crucial information on structure and dynamic processes: for example, determination of the form and function of membrane proteins, vital for many key goals in modern biological science, including rational drug design. High brightness and high coherence are required to achieve the necessary spatial and temporal resolution, but have been limited by the thermal nature of conventional electron sources and by divergence due to repulsive interactions between the electrons, known as the Coulomb explosion. It has been shown that, if the electrons are shaped into ellipsoidal bunches with uniform density, the Coulomb explosion can be reversed using conventional optics, to deliver the maximum possible brightness at the target. Here we demonstrate arbitrary and real-time control of the shape of cold electron bunches extracted from laser-cooled atoms. The ability to dynamically shape the electron source itself and to observe this shape in the propagated electron bunch provides a remarkable experimental demonstration of the intrinsically high spatial coherence of a cold-atom electron source, and the potential for alleviation of electron-source brightness limitations due to Coulomb explosion.

Stable radiation pressure acceleration of ions by suppressing transverse Rayleigh-Taylor instability with multiple Gaussian pulses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhou, M. L.; Liu, B.; Hu, R. H.

In the case of a thin plasma slab accelerated by the radiation pressure of an ultra-intense laser pulse, the development of Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) will destroy the acceleration structure and terminate the acceleration process much sooner than theoretical limit. In this paper, a new scheme using multiple Gaussian pulses for ion acceleration in a radiation pressure acceleration regime is investigated with particle-in-cell simulation. We found that with multiple Gaussian pulses, the instability could be efficiently suppressed and the divergence of the ion bunch is greatly reduced, resulting in a longer acceleration time and much more collimated ion bunch with highermore » energy than using a single Gaussian pulse. An analytical model is developed to describe the suppression of RTI at the laser-plasma interface. The model shows that the suppression of RTI is due to the introduction of the long wavelength mode RTI by the multiple Gaussian pulses.« less

Intense Pulsed Heavy Ion Beam Technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Masugata, Katsumi; Ito, Hiroaki

Development of intense pulsed heavy ion beam accelerator technology is described for the application of materials processing. Gas puff plasma gun and vacuum arc discharge plasma gun were developed as an active ion source for magnetically insulated pulsed ion diode. Source plasma of nitrogen and aluminum were successfully produced with the gas puff plasma gun and the vacuum arc plasma gun, respectively. The ion diode was successfully operated with gas puff plasma gun at diode voltage 190 kV, diode current 2.2 kA and nitrogen ion beam of ion current density 27 A/cm2 was obtained. The ion composition was evaluated by a Thomson parabola spectrometer and the purity of the nitrogen ion beam was estimated to be 86%. The diode also operated with aluminum ion source of vacuum arc plasma gun. The ion diode was operated at 200 kV, 12 kA, and aluminum ion beam of current density 230 A/cm2 was obtained. The beam consists of aluminum ions (Al(1-3)+) of energy 60-400 keV, and protons (90-130 keV), and the purity was estimated to be 89 %. The development of the bipolar pulse accelerator (BPA) was reported. A double coaxial type bipolar pulse generator was developed as the power supply of the BPA. The generator was tested with dummy load of 7.5 ohm, bipolar pulses of -138 kV, 72 ns (1st pulse) and +130 kV, 70 ns (2nd pulse) were succesively generated. By applying the bipolar pulse to the drift tube of the BPA, nitrogen ion beam of 2 A/cm2 was observed in the cathode, which suggests the bipolar pulse acceleration.

Universal main magnetic focus ion source for production of highly charged ions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ovsyannikov, V. P.; Nefiodov, A. V.; Levin, A. A.

2017-10-01

A novel room-temperature compact ion source has been developed for the efficient production of atomic ions by means of an electron beam with energy Ee and current density je controllable within wide ranges (100 eV ≲Ee ≲ 60 keV, 10 A/cm2 ≲je ≲ 20 kA/cm2). In the first experiments, the X-ray emission of Ir64+ ions has been measured. Based on a combination of two different techniques, the device can operate both as conventional Electron Beam Ion Source/Trap and novel Main Magnetic Focus Ion Source. The tunable electron-optical system allows for realizing laminar and turbulent electron flows in a single experimental setup. The device is intended primarily for fundamental and applied research at standard university laboratories.

Active spacecraft potential control: An ion emitter experiment. [Cluster mission

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Riedler, W.; Goldstein, R.; Hamelin, M.; Maehlum, B. N.; Troim, J.; Olsen, R. C.; Pedersen, A.; Grard, R. J. L.; Schmidt, R.; Rudenauer, F.

1988-01-01

The cluster spacecraft are instrumented with ion emitters for charge neutralization. The emitters produce indium ions at 6 keV. The ion current is adjusted in a feedback loop with instruments measuring the spacecraft potential. The system is based on the evaporation of indium in the apex field of a needle. The design of the active spacecraft potential control instruments, and the ion emitters is presented.

Demonstration of a real-time interferometer as a bunch-length monitor in a high-current electron beam accelerator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thangaraj, J.; Thurman-Keup, R.; Ruan, J.

2012-04-15

A real-time interferometer (RTI) has been developed to monitor the bunch length of an electron beam in an accelerator. The RTI employs spatial autocorrelation, reflective optics, and a fast response pyro-detector array to obtain a real-time autocorrelation trace of the coherent radiation from an electron beam thus providing the possibility of online bunch-length diagnostics. A complete RTI system has been commissioned at the A0 photoinjector facility to measure sub-mm bunches at 13 MeV. Bunch length variation (FWHM) between 0.8 ps ({approx}0.24 mm) and 1.5 ps ({approx}0.45 mm) has been measured and compared with a Martin-Puplett interferometer and a streak camera.more » The comparisons show that RTI is a viable, complementary bunch length diagnostic for sub-mm electron bunches.« less

Spherical nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from oil palm empty fruit bunch pulp via ultrasound assisted hydrolysis.

PubMed

Zianor Azrina, Z A; Beg, M Dalour H; Rosli, M Y; Ramli, Ridzuan; Junadi, Norhafzan; Alam, A K M Moshiul

2017-04-15

Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunch pulp (EFBP) using ultrasound assisted acid hydrolysis. The obtained NCC was analysed using FESEM, XRD, FTIR, and TGA, and compared with raw empty fruit bunch fibre (REFB), empty fruit bunch pulp (EFBP), and treated empty fruit bunch pulp (TEFBP). Based on FESEM analysis, it was found that NCC has a spherical shaped after acid hydrolysis with the assistance of ultrasound. This situation was different compared to previous studies that obtained rod-like shaped of NCC. Furthermore, the crystallinity of NCC is higher compared to REFB and EFBP. According to thermal stability, the NCC obtained shows remarkable sign of high thermal stability compared to REFB and EFBP. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Neutralized ion beam modification of cellulose membranes for study of ion charge effect on ion-beam-induced DNA transfer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prakrajang, K.; Sangwijit, K.; Anuntalabhochai, S.; Wanichapichart, P.; Yu, L. D.

2012-02-01

Low-energy ion beam biotechnology (IBBT) has recently been rapidly developed worldwide. Ion-beam-induced DNA transfer is one of the important applications of IBBT. However, mechanisms involved in this application are not yet well understood. In this study plasma-neutralized ion beam was applied to investigate ion charge effect on induction of DNA transfer. Argon ion beam at 7.5 keV was neutralized by RF-driven plasma in the beam path and then bombarded cellulose membranes which were used as the mimetic plant cell envelope. Electrical properties such as impedance and capacitance of the membranes were measured after the bombardment. An in vitro experiment on plasmid DNA transfer through the cellulose membrane was followed up. The results showed that the ion charge input played an important role in the impedance and capacitance changes which would affect DNA transfer. Generally speaking, neutral particle beam bombardment of biologic cells was more effective in inducing DNA transfer than charged ion beam bombardment.

Observations of the 3-D distribution of interplanetary electrons and ions from solar wind plasma to low energy cosmic rays

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, R. P.; Anderson, K. A.; Ashford, S.; Carlson, C.; Curtis, D.; Ergun, R.; Larson, D.; McFadden, J.; McCarthy, M.; Parks, G. K.

1995-01-01

The 3-D Plasma and Energetic Particle instrument on the GGS Wind spacecraft (launched November 1, 1994) is designed to make measurements of the full three-dimensional distribution of suprathermal electrons and ions from solar wind plasma to low energy cosmic rays, with high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, good energy and angular resolution, and high time resolution. Three pairs of double-ended telescopes, each with two or three closely sandwiched passivated ion implanted silicon detectors measure electrons and ions from approximately 20 keV to greater than or equal to 300 keV. Four top-hat symmetrical spherical section electrostatic analyzers with microchannel plate detectors, a large and a small geometric factor analyzer for electrons and a similar pair for ions, cover from approximately 3 eV to 30 keV. We present preliminary observations of the electron and ion distributions in the absence of obvious solar impulsive events and upstream particles. The quiet time electron energy spectrum shows a smooth approximately power law fall-off extending from the halo population at a few hundred eV to well above approximately 100 keV The quiet time ion energy spectrum also shows significant fluxes over this energy range. Detailed 3-D distributions and their temporal variations will be presented.

Low energy implantation of boron with decaborane ions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Albano, Maria Angela

The goal of this dissertation was to determine the feasibility of a novel approach to forming ultra shallow p-type junctions (tens of nm) needed for future generations of Si MOS devices. In the new approach, B dopant atoms are implanted by cluster ions obtained by ionization of decaborane (B 10H14) vapor. An experimental ion implanter with an electron impact ion source and magnetic mass separation was built at the Ion Beam and Thin Film Research Laboratory at NJIT. Beams of B10Hx+ ions with currents of a few microamperes and energies of 1 to 12 keV were obtained and used for implantation experiments. Profiles of B and H atoms implanted in Si were measured by Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) before and after rapid thermal annealing (RTA). From the profiles, the junction depth of 57 nm (at 1018 cm-3 B concentration) was obtained with 12 keV decaborane ions followed by RTA. The dose of B atoms that can be implanted at low energy into Si is limited by sputtering as the ion beam sputters both the matrix and the implanted atoms. As the number of sputtered B atoms increases with the implanted dose and approaches the number of the implanted atoms, equilibrium of B in Si is established. This effect was investigated by comparison of the B dose calculated from the ion beam integration with B content in the sample measured by Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA). Maximum (equilibrium) doses of 1.35 x 1016 B cm -2 and 2.67 x 1016 B cm-2 were obtained at the beam energies of 5 and 12 keV, respectively. The problem of forming shallow p-type junctions in Si is related not only to implantation depth, but also to transient enhanced diffusion (TED). TED in Si implanted with B10Hx+ was measured on boron doping superlattice (B-DSL) marker layers. It was found that TED, following decaborane implantation, is the same as with monomer B+ ion implantation of equivalent energy and that it decreases with the decreasing ion energy. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Enhancement of optical absorption of Si (100) surfaces by low energy N+ ion beam irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bhowmik, Dipak; Karmakar, Prasanta

2018-05-01

The increase of optical absorption efficiency of Si (100) surface by 7 keV and 8 keV N+ ions bombardment has been reported here. A periodic ripple pattern on surface has been observed as well as silicon nitride is formed at the ion impact zones by these low energy N+ ion bombardment [P. Karmakar et al., J. Appl. Phys. 120, 025301 (2016)]. The light absorption efficiency increases due to the presence of silicon nitride compound as well as surface nanopatterns. The Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) study shows the formation of periodic ripple pattern and increase of surface roughness with N+ ion energy. The enhancement of optical absorption by the ion bombarded Si, compared to the bare Si have been measured by UV - visible spectrophotometer.

Independent component analysis applied to long bunch beams in the Los Alamos Proton Storage Ring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kolski, Jeffrey S.; Macek, Robert J.; McCrady, Rodney C.; Pang, Xiaoying

2012-11-01

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a powerful blind source separation (BSS) method. Compared to the typical BSS method, principal component analysis, ICA is more robust to noise, coupling, and nonlinearity. The conventional ICA application to turn-by-turn position data from multiple beam position monitors (BPMs) yields information about cross-BPM correlations. With this scheme, multi-BPM ICA has been used to measure the transverse betatron phase and amplitude functions, dispersion function, linear coupling, sextupole strength, and nonlinear beam dynamics. We apply ICA in a new way to slices along the bunch revealing correlations of particle motion within the beam bunch. We digitize beam signals of the long bunch at the Los Alamos Proton Storage Ring with a single device (BPM or fast current monitor) for an entire injection-extraction cycle. ICA of the digitized beam signals results in source signals, which we identify to describe varying betatron motion along the bunch, locations of transverse resonances along the bunch, measurement noise, characteristic frequencies of the digitizing oscilloscopes, and longitudinal beam structure.

Surface normal velocity distribution of sputtered Zr-atoms for light-ion irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bay, H. L.; Berres, W.; Hintz, E.

1982-03-01

The velocity distribution of sputtered Zr-atoms has been measured for 8 keV Ar + and He + ions and 2.5 keV D + ion irradiation at normal incidence. The measurements were performed with the aid of laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIFS) using a CW-laser pumped dye-laser. The influence of the measuring geometry was investigated and found to be in good agreement with calculation. For light-ion sputtering the collision-cascade theory is no longer applicable. Here a distinct shift in the velocity distributions towards lower velocities compared with the Ar results was found. The shift can be correlated to anisotropic effects in connection with the change in the maximum recoil energy Tm in the cascade.

Dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy of Au nanoparticles on Si wafer using Bi3+ as primary ion coupled with surface etching by Ar cluster ion beam: The effect of etching conditions on surface structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, Eun Ji; Choi, Chang Min; Kim, Il Hee; Kim, Jung-Hwan; Lee, Gaehang; Jin, Jong Sung; Ganteför, Gerd; Kim, Young Dok; Choi, Myoung Choul

2018-01-01

Wet-chemically synthesized Au nanoparticles were deposited on Si wafer surfaces, and the secondary ions mass spectra (SIMS) from these samples were collected using Bi3+ with an energy of 30 keV as the primary ions. In the SIMS, Au cluster cations with a well-known, even-odd alteration pattern in the signal intensity were observed. We also performed depth profile SIMS analyses, i.e., etching the surface using an Ar gas cluster ion beam (GCIB), and a subsequent Bi3+ SIMS analysis was repetitively performed. Here, two different etching conditions (Ar1600 clusters of 10 keV energy or Ar1000 of 2.5 keV denoted as "harsh" or "soft" etching conditions, respectively) were used. Etching under harsh conditions induced emission of the Au-Si binary cluster cations in the SIMS spectra of the Bi3+ primary ions. The formation of binary cluster cations can be induced by either fragmentation of Au nanoparticles or alloying of Au and Si, increasing Au-Si coordination on the sample surface during harsh GCIB etching. Alternatively, use of the soft GCIB etching conditions resulted in exclusive emission of pure Au cluster cations with nearly no Au-Si cluster cation formation. Depth profile analyses of the Bi3+ SIMS combined with soft GCIB etching can be useful for studying the chemical environments of atoms at the surface without altering the original interface structure during etching.

A specialized bioengineering ion beam line

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, L. D.; Sangyuenyongpipat, S.; Sriprom, C.; Thongleurm, C.; Suwanksum, R.; Tondee, N.; Prakrajang, K.; Vilaithong, T.; Brown, I. G.; Wiedemann, H.

2007-04-01

A specialized bioengineering ion beam line has recently been completed at Chiang Mai University to meet rapidly growing needs of research and application development in low-energy ion beam biotechnology. This beam line possesses special features: vertical main beam line, low-energy (30 keV) ion beams, double swerve of the beam, a fast pumped target chamber, and an in-situ atomic force microscope (AFM) system chamber. The whole beam line is situated in a bioclean environment, occupying two stories. The quality of the ion beam has been studied. It has proved that this beam line has significantly contributed to our research work on low-energy ion beam biotechnology.

Controllability in Multi-Stage Laser Ion Acceleration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kawata, S.; Kamiyama, D.; Ohtake, Y.; Barada, D.; Ma, Y. Y.; Kong, Q.; Wang, P. X.; Gu, Y. J.; Li, X. F.; Yu, Q.

2015-11-01

The present paper shows a concept for a future laser ion accelerator, which should have an ion source, ion collimators, ion beam bunchers and ion post acceleration devices. Based on the laser ion accelerator components, the ion particle energy and the ion energy spectrum are controlled, and a future compact laser ion accelerator would be designed for ion cancer therapy or for ion material treatment. In this study each component is designed to control the ion beam quality. The energy efficiency from the laser to ions is improved by using a solid target with a fine sub-wavelength structure or a near-critical density gas plasma. The ion beam collimation is performed by holes behind the solid target or a multi-layered solid target. The control of the ion energy spectrum and the ion particle energy, and the ion beam bunching are successfully realized by a multi-stage laser-target interaction. A combination of each component provides a high controllability of the ion beam quality to meet variable requirements in various purposes in the laser ion accelerator. The work was partly supported by MEXT, JSPS, ASHULA project/ ILE, Osaka University, CORE (Center for Optical Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Japan), Fudan University and CDI (Creative Dept. for Innovation) in CCRD, Utsunomiya University.

High-dose boron and silver ion implantation into PMMA probed by slow positrons: Effects of carbonization and formation of metal nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kavetskyy, T.; Iida, K.; Nagashima, Y.; Kuczumow, A.; Šauša, O.; Nuzhdin, V.; Valeev, V.; Stepanov, A. L.

2017-01-01

The Doppler broadening slow positron beam spectroscopy (SPBS) data for the previously observed effect of carbonization in high-dose (>1016 ion/cm2) 40 keV boron-ion-implanted polymethylmethacrylate (B:PMMA) and another one obtained for the effect of formation of metal nanoparticles in high-dose 30 keV silver-ion-implanted polymer (Ag:PMMA) are compared. Following to the Doppler broadening SPBS results, a difference in the high-dose ion-irradiation-induced processes in B:PMMA and Ag:PMMA is detected.

Homogeneous alignment of nematic liquid crystals by ion beam etched surfaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wintucky, E. G.; Mahmood, R.; Johnson, D. L.

1979-01-01

A wide range of ion beam etch parameters capable of producing uniform homogeneous alignment of nematic liquid crystals on SiO2 films are discussed. The alignment surfaces were generated by obliquely incident (angles of 5 to 25 deg) argon ions with energies in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 KeV, ion current densities of 0.1 to 0.6 mA sq cm and etch times of 1 to 9 min. A smaller range of ion beam parameters (2.0 KeV, 0.2 mA sq cm, 5 to 10 deg and 1 to 5 min.) were also investigated with ZrO2 films and found suitable for homogeneous alignment. Extinction ratios were very high (1000), twist angles were small ( or = 3 deg) and tilt-bias angles very small ( or = 1 deg). Preliminary scanning electron microscopy results indicate a parallel oriented surface structure on the ion beam etched surfaces which may determine alignment.

Design study of a 120-keV, He-3 neutral beam injector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blum, A. S.; Barr, W. L.; Dexter, W. L.; Moir, R. W.; Wilcox, T. P.; Fink, J. H.

1981-01-01

A design for a 120-keV, 2.3-MW, He-3 neutral beam injector for use on a D-(He-3) fusion reactor is described. The constraint that limits operating life when injecting He is its high sputtering rate. The sputtering is partly controlled by using an extra grid to prevent ion flow from the neutralizer duct to the electron suppressor grid, but a tradeoff between beam current and operating life is still required. Hollow grid wires functioning as mercury heat pipes cool the grid and enable steady state operation. Voltage holding and radiation effects on the acceleration grid structure are discussed. The vacuum system is also briefly described, and the use of a direct energy converter to recapture energy from unneutralized ions exiting the neutralizer is also analyzed. Of crucial importance to the technical feasibility of the (He-3)-burning reactor are the injector efficiency and cost; these are 53% and $5.5 million, respectively, when power supplies are included.

Design study of a 120-keV,3He neutral beam injector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blum, A. S.; Barr, W. L.; Dexter, W. L.; Fink, J. H.; Moir, R. W.; Wilcox, T. P.

1981-01-01

We describe a design for a 120-keV, 2.3-MW,3He neutral beam injector for use on a D-3He fusion reactor. The constraint that limits operating life when injecting He is its high sputtering rate. The sputtering is partly controlled by using an extra grid to prevent ion flow from the neutralizer duct to the electron suppressor grid, but a tradeoff between beam current and operating life is still required. Hollow grid wires functioning as mercury heat pipes cool the grid and enable steady state operation. Voltage holding and radiation effects on the acceleration grid structure are discussed. We also briefly describe the vacuum system and analyze use of a direct energy converter to recapture energy from unneutralized ions exiting the neutralizer. Of crucial importance to the technical feasibility of the3He-burning reactor are the injector efficiency and cost; these are 53% and 5.5 million, respectively, when power supplies are included.

Physicochemical profile of microbial-assisted composting on empty fruit bunches of oil palm trees.

PubMed

Lim, Li Yee; Bong, Cassendra Phun Chien; Chua, Lee Suan; Lee, Chew Tin

2015-12-01

This study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical properties of compost from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) inoculated with effective microorganisms (EM∙1™). The duration of microbial-assisted composting was shorter (∼7 days) than control samples (2 months) in a laboratory scale (2 kg) experiment. The temperature profile of EFB compost fluctuated between 26 and 52 °C without the presence of consistent thermophilic phase. The pH of compost changed from weak acidic (pH ∼5) to mild alkaline (pH ∼8) because of the formation of nitrogenous ions such as ammonium (NH4 (+)), nitrite (NO2 (-)), and nitrate (NO3 (-)) from organic substances during mineralization. The pH of the microbial-treated compost was less than 8.5 which is important to prevent the loss of nitrogen as ammonia gas in a strong alkaline condition. Similarly, carbon mineralization could be determined by measuring CO2 emission. The microbial-treated compost could maintain longer period (∼13 days) of high CO2 emission resulted from high microbial activity and reached the threshold value (120 mg CO2-C kg(-1) day(-1)) for compost maturity earlier (7 days). Microbial-treated compost slightly improved the content of minerals such as Mg, K, Ca, and B, as well as key metabolite, 5-aminolevulinic acid for plant growth at the maturity stage of compost. Graphical Abstract Microbial-assisted composting on empty fruit bunches.

Interaction of an ultrarelativistic electron bunch train with a W-band accelerating structure: High power and high gradient

DOE PAGES

Wang, D.; Antipov, S.; Jing, C.; ...

2016-02-05

Electron beam interaction with high frequency structures (beyond microwave regime) has a great impact on future high energy frontier machines. We report on the generation of multimegawatt pulsed rf power at 91 GHz in a planar metallic accelerating structure driven by an ultrarelativistic electron bunch train. This slow-wave wakefield device can also be used for high gradient acceleration of electrons with a stable rf phase and amplitude which are controlled by manipulation of the bunch train. To achieve precise control of the rf pulse properties, a two-beam wakefield interferometry method was developed in which the rf pulse, due to themore » interference of the wakefields from the two bunches, was measured as a function of bunch separation. As a result, measurements of the energy change of a trailing electron bunch as a function of the bunch separation confirmed the interferometry method.« less

Ion heating in a plasma focus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hohl, F.; Gary, S. P.

1974-01-01

Ion acceleration and heating in a plasma focus were investigated by the numerical integration of the three-dimensional equations of motion. The electric and magnetic fields given were derived from experimental data. The results obtained show that during the collapse phase of focus formation, ions are efficiently heated to temperatures of several keV. During the phase of rapid current reduction, ions are accelerated to large velocities in the axial direction. The results obtained with the model are in general agreement with experimental results.

The formation of nanopores in metal materials after irradiation by beams of Ar+ with energy of 30 keV

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ivchenko, V. A.

2017-01-01

In this paper are the results of direction observations of nanopores in the subsurface volume of metals materials Pt and Pd(CuAg) using field-ion microscopy (FIM). Radiation of tip specimens was carried out with ions having an energy ˜ 25-30 keV in the fluency range of 1016 - 1018 ions/cm2, the current density lying within 150- 340 µA/cm2. Nanopores have been observed immediately after removal of the first atomic layers from the irradiated surface. It was established that, the threshold for ion-implanted platinum corresponds to fluence F = 1017 ions/cm2. For Pd(CuAg) it was revealed that nanopores have been down to 80 nm deep with current density 340 µA/cm2. Their dimensions and volume fractions were determined. The obtained results can be used for prediction of radiation stability of materials based on fcc metals.

Equatorial distributions of energetic ion moments in Saturn's magnetosphere using Cassini/MIMI measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dialynas, K.; Roussos, E.; Regoli, L.; Paranicas, C.; Krimigis, S. M.; Kane, M.; Mitchell, D. G.; Hamilton, D. C.

2016-12-01

We use kappa distribution fits to combined Charge Energy Mass Spectrometer (CHEMS, 3 to 236 keV/e), Low Energy Magnetosphere Measurements System (LEMMS, 0.024 < E < 18 MeV), and Ion Neutral Camera (INCA, 5.2 to >220 keV for H+) proton and singly ionized energetic ion spectra to calculate the >20 keV energetic ion moments inside Saturn's magnetosphere. Using a realistic magnetic field model (Khurana et al. 2007) and data from the entire Cassini mission to date (2004-2016), we map the ion measurements to the equatorial plane and via the modeled kappa distribution spectra we produce the equatorial distributions of all ion integral moments, focusing on partial density, integral intensity, partial pressure, integral energy intensity; as well as the characteristic energy (EC=IE/In), Temperature and κ-index of these ions as a function of Local Time (00:00 to 24:00 hrs) and L-Shell (5-20). A modified version of the semi-empirical Roelof and Skinner [2000] model is then utilized to retrieve the equatorial H+ and O+ pressure, density and temperature in Saturn's magnetosphere in both local time and L-shell. We find that a) although the H+ and O+ partial pressures and densities are nearly comparable, the >20 keV protons have higher number and energy intensities at all radial distances (L>5) and local times; b) the 12

Ultrashort electron bunch length measurement with diffraction radiation deflector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiang, Dao; Huang, Wen-Hui

2007-01-01

In this paper, we propose a novel method to measure electron bunch length with a diffraction radiation (DR) deflector which is composed of a DR radiator and three beam position monitors (BPMs). When an electron beam passes through a metallic aperture which is tilted by 45 degrees with respect to its trajectory, backward DR that propagates perpendicular to the beam’s trajectory is generated which adds a transverse deflection to the beam as a result of momentum conservation. The deflection is found to be largely dependent on the bunch length and could be easily observed with a downstream BPM. Detailed investigations show that this method has wide applicability, high temporal resolution, and great simplicity.

Analysis and modeling of proton beam loss and emittance growth in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

DOE PAGES

Luo, Y.; Fischer, W.; White, S.

2016-02-04

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory has been operating since 2000. Over the past decade, thanks to the continuously increased bunch intensity and reduced β*s at the interaction points, the peak luminosity in the polarized proton operation has been increased by more than two orders of magnitude. In this article, we will present the operational observations at the routine proton physics stores. In addition, the mechanisms for the beam loss, transverse emittance growth, and bunch lengthening are analyzed. Lastly, numerical calculations and multiparticle tracking are used to model these observations.

Surface Production of Ions

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-05-26

eV to 5 keV. These guns are based on a novel solid source of cesium ions which was developed previously with the support of the State of New Jersey ...Hoboken, Neu, Jersey 07030 (Received 13 July 1989; accepted for publication 25 August 1999) Three cesium ion guns covering the energy range of 5-5000 V...Air * Force Office of Scientific Research, the Department of Ener- gy. and thc New Jersey Commission on Science and Tech- U nology. Q"’The abstract oC

Shielded transient self-interaction of a bunch entering a circle from a straight path

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, R.; Bohn, C.L.; Bisognano, J.J.

1997-08-01

Recent developments in electron-gun and injector technologies enable production of short (mm-length), high-charge (nC-regime) bunches. In this parameter regime, the curvature effect on the bunch self-interaction, by way of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) and space-charge forces as the beam traverses magnet bends, may cause serious emittance degradation. In this paper, the authors study an electron bunch orbiting between two infinite, parallel conducting plates. The bunch moves on a trajectory from a straight path to a circular orbit and begins radiating. Transient effects, arising from CSR and space-charge forces generated from source particles both on the bend and on the straightmore » path prior to the bend, are analyzed using Lienard-Wiechert fields, and their overall net effect is obtained. The influence of the plates on the transients is contrasted to their shielding of the steady-state radiated power. Results for emittance degradation induced by this self-interaction are also presented.« less

"Trunk-like" heavy ion structures observed by the Van Allen Probes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, J.-C.; Kistler, L. M.; Spence, H. E.; Wolf, R. A.; Reeves, G.; Skoug, R.; Funsten, H.; Larsen, B. A.; Niehof, J. T.; MacDonald, E. A.; Friedel, R.; Ferradas, C. P.; Luo, H.

2015-10-01

Dynamic ion spectral features in the inner magnetosphere are the observational signatures of ion acceleration, transport, and loss in the global magnetosphere. We report "trunk-like" ion structures observed by the Van Allen Probes on 2 November 2012. This new type of ion structure looks like an elephant's trunk on an energy-time spectrogram, with the energy of the peak flux decreasing Earthward. The trunks are present in He+ and O+ ions but not in H+. During the event, ion energies in the He+ trunk, located at L = 3.6-2.6, magnetic local time (MLT) = 9.1-10.5, and magnetic latitude (MLAT) = -2.4-0.09°, vary monotonically from 3.5 to 0.04 keV. The values at the two end points of the O+ trunk are energy = 4.5-0.7 keV, L = 3.6-2.5, MLT = 9.1-10.7, and MLAT = -2.4-0.4°. Results from backward ion drift path tracings indicate that the trunks are likely due to (1) a gap in the nightside ion source or (2) greatly enhanced impulsive electric fields associated with elevated geomagnetic activity. Different ion loss lifetimes cause the trunks to differ among ion species.

Ring Current He Ion Control by Bounce Resonant ULF Waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Hyomin; Gerrard, Andrew J.; Lanzerotti, Louis J.; Soto-Chavez, Rualdo; Cohen, Ross J.; Manweiler, Jerry W.

2017-12-01

Ring current energy He ion (˜65 keV to ˜520 keV) differential flux data from the Radiation Belt Storm Probe Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE) instrument aboard the Van Allan Probes spacecraft show considerable variability during quiet solar wind and geomagnetic time periods. Such variability is apparent from orbit to orbit (˜9 h) of the spacecraft and is observed to be ˜50-100% of the nominal flux. Using data from the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) instrument, also aboard the Van Allen Probes spacecraft, we identify that a dominant source of this variability is from ULF waveforms with periods of tens of seconds. These periods correspond to the bounce resonant timescales of the ring current He ions being measured by RBSPICE. A statistical survey using the particle and field data for one full spacecraft precession period (approximately 2 years) shows that the wave and He ion flux variations are generally anticorrelated, suggesting the bounce resonant pitch angle scattering process as a major component in the scattering of He ions.

Precipitation in Ni-Si during electron and ion irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lucas, G. E.; Zama, T.; Ishino, S.

1986-11-01

This study was undertaken to further investigate how the nature of the irradiation condition affects precipitation in a dilute Ni-Si system. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) discs of a solution annealed Ni alloy containing 5 at% Si were irradiated with 400 keV Ar + ions, 200 keV He + ions and 1 MeV electrons at average displacement rates in the range 2 × 10 -5dpa/s to 2 × 10 -3dpa/s at temperatures in the range 25°C to 450°C. Samples irradiated with electrons were observed in situ in an HVEM, while ion irradiated specimens were examined in a TEM after irradiation. Precipitation of Ni 3Si was detected by the appearance of superlattice spots in the electron diffraction patterns. It was found that as the mass of the irradiating species increased, the lower bound temperature at which Ni 3Si precipitation was first observed increased. For electron irradiation, the lower bound temperature at 2 × 10 -3dpa/s was ˜125°C, whereas for 400 keV Ar + irradiation at a similar average displacement rate the lower boundary was approximately 325°C. This suggests that cascade disordering competes with radiation induced solute segregation.

Impact of Mg-ion implantation with various fluence ranges on optical properties of n-type GaN

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsuge, Hirofumi; Ikeda, Kiyoji; Kato, Shigeki; Nishimura, Tomoaki; Nakamura, Tohru; Kuriyama, Kazuo; Mishima, Tomoyoshi

2017-10-01

Optical characteristics of Mg-ion implanted GaN layers with various fluence ranges were evaluated. Mg ion implantation was performed twice at energies of 30 and 60 keV on n-GaN layers. The first implantation at 30 keV was performed with three different fluence ranges of 1.0 × 1014, 1.0 × 1015 and 5.0 × 1015 cm-2. The second implantation at an energy of 60 keV was performed with a fluence of 6.5 × 1013 cm-2. After implantation, samples were annealed at 1250 °C for 1 min under N2 atmosphere. Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the GaN layer with the Mg ion implantation at the fluence range of 1.0 × 1014 cm-2 at 30 keV was similar to the one of Mg-doped p-GaN layers grown by MOVPE (Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy) on free-standing GaN substrates and those at the fluence ranges over 1.0 × 1015 cm-2 were largely degraded.

Tailoring the structural and magnetic properties of masked CoPt thin films using ion implantation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Durgesh; Gupta, Surbhi; Jin, Tianli; Nongjai, R.; Asokan, K.; Piramanayagam, S. N.

2018-05-01

The effects of ion implantations through a mask on the structural and magnetic properties of Co80Pt20 films were investigated. The mask was patterned using the self-assembly of diblock copolymers. For implantation, high (40 keV for 14N+ and 100 keV for 40Ar+) and low (7.5 keV for 14N+ and 4.5 keV for 40Ar+) energy 14N+ and 40Ar+ ions were used to modify the structural and magnetic properties of these films. X-ray diffraction and TRIM simulations were performed for understanding the structural changes due to ion implantations. These results revealed the intermixing of Co atoms in lower layers and lattice expansion in Co80Pt20 magnetic and Ru layers. A lateral straggling of Co caused an increase in the exchange coupling in the masked region. Depletion of Co atoms in Co80Pt20 layer caused a decrease in the anisotropy constant, which were further confirmed by the alternating gradient force magnetometer and magnetic force microscopy results. The magnetic force microscopy images showed an increase in domain width and domain wall width confirming the above-mentioned effects.

Characterization of highly efficient heavy-ion mutagenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana.

PubMed

Kazama, Yusuke; Hirano, Tomonari; Saito, Hiroyuki; Liu, Yang; Ohbu, Sumie; Hayashi, Yoriko; Abe, Tomoko

2011-11-15

Heavy-ion mutagenesis is recognised as a powerful technology to generate new mutants, especially in higher plants. Heavy-ion beams show high linear energy transfer (LET) and thus more effectively induce DNA double-strand breaks than other mutagenic techniques. Previously, we determined the most effective heavy-ion LET (LETmax: 30.0 keV μm(-1)) for Arabidopsis mutagenesis by analysing the effect of LET on mutation induction. However, the molecular structure of mutated DNA induced by heavy ions with LETmax remains unclear. Knowledge of the structure of mutated DNA will contribute to the effective exploitation of heavy-ion beam mutagenesis. Dry Arabidopsis thaliana seeds were irradiated with carbon (C) ions with LETmax at a dose of 400 Gy and with LET of 22.5 keV μm(-1) at doses of 250 Gy or 450 Gy. The effects on mutation frequency and alteration of DNA structure were compared. To characterise the structure of mutated DNA, we screened the well-characterised mutants elongated hypocotyls (hy) and glabrous (gl) and identified mutated DNA among the resulting mutants by high-resolution melting curve, PCR and sequencing analyses. The mutation frequency induced by C ions with LETmax was two-fold higher than that with 22.5 keV μm(-1) and similar to the mutation frequency previously induced by ethyl methane sulfonate. We identified the structure of 22 mutated DNAs. Over 80% of the mutations caused by C ions with both LETs were base substitutions or deletions/insertions of less than 100 bp. The other mutations involved large rearrangements. The C ions with LETmax showed high mutation efficiency and predominantly induced base substitutions or small deletions/insertions, most of which were null mutations. These small alterations can be determined by single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection systems. Therefore, C ions with LETmax might be useful as a highly efficient reverse genetic system in conjunction with SNP detection systems, and will be beneficial for forward

Concurrent in situ ion irradiation transmission electron microscope

DOE PAGES

Hattar, K.; Bufford, D. C.; Buller, D. L.

2014-08-29

An in situ ion irradiation transmission electron microscope has been developed and is operational at Sandia National Laboratories. This facility permits high spatial resolution, real time observation of electron transparent samples under ion irradiation, implantation, mechanical loading, corrosive environments, and combinations thereof. This includes the simultaneous implantation of low-energy gas ions (0.8–30 keV) during high-energy heavy ion irradiation (0.8–48 MeV). In addition, initial results in polycrystalline gold foils are provided to demonstrate the range of capabilities.

Redundancy Technology With A Focused Ion Beam

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Komano, Haruki; Hashimoto, Kazuhiko; Takigawa, Tadahiro

1989-08-01

Fuse cutting with a focused ion beam to activate redundancy circuits is proposed. In order to verify its potential usefulness, experiments have been performed. Fuse-cutting time was evaluated using aluminum fuses with a thin passivation layer, which are difficult to cut by conventional laser-beam technology due to the material's high reflectivity. The fuse width and thickness were 2 and 0.8 μm, respectively. The fuse was cut in 5 seconds with a 30 keV focused ion beam of 0.3 A/cm2 current density. Since the fuses used in DRAMs will be smaller, their cutting time will become shorter by scanning an ion beam on narrower areas. Moreover, it can be shortened by increasing current density. Fuses for redundancy technology in 256 k CMOS SRAMs were cut with a focused ion beam. The operation of the memories was checked with a memory tester. It was confirmed that memories which had failure cells operated normally after focused-ion-beam fuse-cutting. Focused ion beam irradiation effects upon a device have been studied. When a 30 keV gallium focused ion beam was irradiated near the gate of MOSFETs, a threshold voltage shift was not observed at an ion dose of 0.3 C/cm2 which corresponded to the ion dose in cutting a fuse. However, when irradiated on the gate, a threshold voltage shift was observed at ion doses of more than 8 x 10-4 C/cm2. The voltage shift was caused by the charge of ions within the passivation layer. It is necessary at least not to irradiate a focused ion beam on a device in cutting fuses. It is concluded that the focused-ion-beam method will be advantageous for future redundancy technology application.

Construction and performance of the magnetic bunch compressor for the THz facility at Chiang Mai University

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saisut, J.; Kusoljariyakul, K.; Rimjaem, S.; Kangrang, N.; Wichaisirimongkol, P.; Thamboon, P.; Rhodes, M. W.; Thongbai, C.

2011-05-01

The Plasma and Beam Physics Research Facility at Chiang Mai University has established a THz facility to focus on the study of ultra-short electron pulses. Short electron bunches can be generated from a system that consists of a radio-frequency (RF) gun with a thermionic cathode, an alpha magnet as a magnetic bunch compressor, and a linear accelerator as a post-acceleration section. The alpha magnet is a conventional and simple instrument for low-energy electron bunch compression. With the alpha magnet constructed in-house, several hundred femtosecond electron bunches for THz radiation production can be generated from the thermionic RF gun. The construction and performance of the alpha magnet, as well as some experimental results, are presented in this paper.

Generation of short electron bunches by a laser pulse crossing a sharp boundary of inhomogeneous plasma

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kuznetsov, S. V., E-mail: svk-IVTAN@yandex.ru

The formation of short electron bunches during the passage of a laser pulse of relativistic intensity through a sharp boundary of semi-bounded plasma has been analytically studied. It is shown in one-dimensional geometry that one physical mechanism that is responsible for the generation of electron bunches is their self-injection into the wake field of a laser pulse, which occurs due to the mixing of electrons during the action of the laser pulse on plasma. Simple analytic relationships are obtained that can be used for estimating the length and charge of an electron bunch and the spread of electron energies inmore » the bunch. The results of the analytical investigation are confirmed by data from numerical simulations.« less

Triply differential measurements of single ionization of argon by 1-keV positron and electron impact

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gavin, J.; de Lucio, O. G.; DuBois, R. D.

2017-06-01

By establishing coincidences between target ions and scattered projectiles, and coincidences between target ions, scattered projectiles, and ejected electrons, triply differential cross-section (TDCS) information was generated in terms of projectile energy loss and scattering angles for interactions between 1-keV positrons and electrons and Ar atoms. The conversion of the raw experimental information to the TDCS is discussed. The single-ionization TDCS exhibits two distinguishable regions (lobes) where binary and recoil interactions can be described by two peaks. A comparison of the positron and electron impact data shows that the relative intensity of both binary and recoil interactions decreases exponentially as a function of the momentum transfer and is larger when ionization is induced by positron impact, when compared with electron impact.

Ion Mass Spectroscopy for the Outer Solar System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reisenfeld, D. B.; Elphic, R. C.; McComas, D. J.; Nordholt, J. E.; Steinberg, J. T.; Wiens, R. C.

2001-01-01

A proven method for determination of the exospheric and surface composition of moons and comets is ion mass spectroscopy. Ions are produced via sputtering of surface constituents by the ambient plasma (solar wind or planetary magnetospheres), and via photo- and electron impact ionization of neutral exospheric/atmospheric constituents. A promising emergent technology in the field of space-based ion mass spectrometry is the low-cost, miniaturized but high-performance ion mass spectrometer (IMS) as exhibited by the Plasma Experiment for Planetary Exploration (PEPE) on Deep Space 1 (DS-1). A technology demonstration instrument, the PEPE IMS realized a mass resolution (M/delta(M)) of approximately 10. Its energy range extends from 5 eV to 9 keV at this mass resolution, and up to 33.5 keV in a lower mass resolution mode. With minimal development, these capabilities can be greatly extended. Already, we have produced a fully functional engineering model having a M/delta(M) = 20 and an energy range extending to 18 keV in the high-mass resolution mode. Further design modifications anticipate extending the mass resolution to 30-40 while still maintaining a miniaturized design. This makes possible many more isotopic and molecular differentiations than achievable with the original PEPE design. A PEPE-class spectrometer can address a significant number of the OPP key strategic objectives. In particular, in situ cometary nucleus analysis, studies of Triton's atmospheric and surface composition, and Europa surface composition analysis, can all be performed through IMS measurements. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.

Bio-phenolic resin from oil palm empty fruit bunches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zakaria, Zuhaili; Zakaria, Sarani; Roslan, Rasidi; Chia, Chin Hua; Jaafar, Sharifah Nabihah Syed; Amran, Umar Adli

2018-04-01

Utilization of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) in the production of bio-phenolic resin is an alternative way to reduce the dependency of petroleum-based phenol. In this study, resol type bio-phenolic resin (BPR) was synthesized from EFB fibers using sulfuric acid as the catalyst to produce liquefied empty fruit bunches (LEFB) followed by resinification reaction with formaldehyde in alkaline condition. The SEM image of LEFB residue showed separation of fiber bundles into individual fibers. This indicate that lignin was destroyed during the liquefaction process. The increased of formaldehyde/LEFB molar ratio has resulted an increase of viscosity, solid content and pH of the resin. The obtained FTIR spectra confirmed that functional groups of BPR resins was almost similar with commercial resin.

Study on ion implantation conditions in fabricating compressively strained Si/relaxed Si1-xCx heterostructures using the defect control by ion implantation technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arisawa, You; Sawano, Kentarou; Usami, Noritaka

2017-06-01

The influence of ion implantation energies on compressively strained Si/relaxed Si1-xCx heterostructures formed on Ar ion implanted Si substrates was investigated. It was found that relaxation ratio can be enhanced over 100% at relatively low implantation energies, and compressive strain in the topmost Si layer is maximized at 45 keV due to large lattice mismatch. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscope images revealed that defects are localized around the hetero-interface between the Si1-xCx layer and the Ar+-implanted Si substrate when the implantation energy is 45 keV, which decreases the amount of defects in the topmost Si layer and the upper part of the Si1-xCx buffer layer.

Effects of correlation in transition radiation of super-short electron bunches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Danilova, D. K.; Tishchenko, A. A.; Strikhanov, M. N.

2017-07-01

The effect of correlations between electrons in transition radiation is investigated. The correlation function is obtained with help of the approach similar to the Debye-Hückel theory. The corrections due to correlations are estimated to be near 2-3% for the parameters of future projects SINBAD and FLUTE for bunches with extremely small lengths (∼1-10 fs). For the bunches with number of electrons about ∼ 2.5 ∗1010 and more, and short enough that the radiation would be coherent, the corrections due to correlations are predicted to reach 20%.

Temporal profile measurements of relativistic electron bunch based on wakefield generation

DOE PAGES

Bettoni, S.; Craievich, P.; Lutman, A. A.; ...

2016-02-25

A complete characterization of the time-resolved longitudinal beam phase space is important to optimize the final performances of an accelerator, and in particular this is crucial for Free Electron Laser (FEL) facilities. In this study we propose a novel method to characterize the profile of a relativistic electron bunch by passively streaking the beam using its self-interaction with the transverse wakefield excited by the bunch itself passing off-axis through a dielectric-lined or a corrugated waveguide. Results of a proof-of-principle experiment at the SwissFEL Injector Test Facility are discussed.

Transparent lattice characterization with gated turn-by-turn data of diagnostic bunch train

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Yongjun; Cheng, Weixing; Ha, Kiman; Rainer, Robert

2017-11-01

Methods of characterization of a storage ring's lattice have traditionally been intrusive to routine operations. More importantly, the lattice seen by particles can drift with the beam current due to collective effects. To circumvent this, we have developed a novel approach for dynamically characterizing a storage ring's lattice that is transparent to operations. Our approach adopts a dedicated filling pattern which has a short, separate diagnostic bunch train (DBT). Through the use of a bunch-by-bunch feedback system, the DBT can be selectively excited on demand. Gated functionality of a beam position monitor system is capable of collecting turn-by-turn data of the DBT, from which the lattice can then be characterized after excitation. As the DBT comprises only about one percent of the total operational bunches, the effects of its excitation are negligible to users. This approach allows us to localize the distributed quadrupolar wakefields generated in the storage ring vacuum chamber during beam accumulation. While effectively transparent to operations, our approach enables us to dynamically control the beta beat and phase beat, and unobtrusively optimize performance of the National Synchrotron Light Source-II accelerator during routine operations.

Transparent lattice characterization with gated turn-by-turn data of diagnostic bunch train

DOE PAGES

Li, Yongjun; Cheng, Weixing; Ha, Kiman; ...

2017-11-21

Methods of characterization of a storage ring's lattice have traditionally been intrusive to routine operations. More importantly, the lattice seen by particles can drift with the beam current due to collective effects. To circumvent this, we have developed a novel approach for dynamically characterizing a storage ring's lattice that is transparent to operations. Our approach adopts a dedicated filling pattern which has a short, separate Diagnostic Bunch-Train (DBT). Through the use of a bunch-by-bunch feedback system, the DBT can be selectively excited on-demand. Gated functionality of a beam position monitor system is capable of collecting turn-by-turn data of the DBT,more » from which the lattice can then be characterized after excitation. As the DBT comprises only about one percent of the total operational bunches, the effects of its excitation are negligible to users. Therefore, this approach allows us to localize the distributed quadrupolar wake fields generated in the storage ring vacuum chamber during beam accumulation. While effectively transparent to operations, our approach enables us to dynamically control the beta-beat and phase-beat, and unobtrusively optimize performance of National Synchrotron Light Source-II accelerator during routine operations.« less

Inner Source and Interstellar Pickup Ions observed by MMS-HPCA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gomez, Roman; Fuselier, Stephen; Burch, James L.; Mukherjee, Joey; Valek, Phillip W.; Allegrini, Frederic; Desai, Mihir I.

2017-04-01

Pickup Ions in the solar system are either of interstellar origin, or come from an inner source whose existence is confirmed, but which has not been directly observed. The Hot Plasma Composition Analyzer of the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS-HPCA) measures the energy and directional flux of ions with M/Q from 1 eV/e to 40 keV/e and is used measure the composition and dynamics of reconnection plasmas near the earth. During the first phase of the mission, from 1 September 2015 to 8 March 2016, the spacecraft at 12 Earth Radii apogee swept through the dayside from 1800 to 0600 local time. Although the apogee was designed to maximize encounters with the magnetopause, there were many instances when the spacecraft crossed the bow shock and sampled the solar wind. In November and December, while the spacecraft were downstream of the interstellar neutral focusing cone, HPCA detected pick up ions, such as He+, O+, and Ne+. He+ was distributed in an energy range of 14 eV - 20.6 keV, peaking at 757 eV; presumably of interstellar origin. O+ was observed in the energy range of 390 eV - 10.6 keV, and also seems to come from the interstellar medium. Ne+ was observed to be tightly distributed around a center energy of 5.5 keV, which implies an inner source origin. The mass - energy - angle analysis of these pick up ion distributions is presented, and their interpretation in terms of interstellar and inner source ions is discussed.

Felling and bunching small timber on steep slopes.

Treesearch

Rodger A. Arola; Edwin S. Miyata; John A. Sturos; Helmuth M. Steinhilb

1981-01-01

Discusses the results of a field test of the unique Menzi Muck machine for felling and bunching small trees on steep slopes. Includes the analysis of a detailed time study to determine the productivity, costs, and economic feasibility of this unusual machine.

Direct Observation of Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Short Electron Bunches in Storage Rings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Evain, C.; Roussel, E.; Le Parquier, M.; Szwaj, C.; Tordeux, M.-A.; Brubach, J.-B.; Manceron, L.; Roy, P.; Bielawski, S.

2017-02-01

In recent synchrotron radiation facilities, the use of short (picosecond) electron bunches is a powerful method for producing giant pulses of terahertz coherent synchrotron radiation. Here we report on the first direct observation of these pulse shapes with a few picoseconds resolution, and of their dynamics over a long time. We thus confirm in a very direct way the theories predicting an interplay between two physical processes. Below a critical bunch charge, we observe a train of identical THz pulses (a broadband Terahertz comb) stemming from the shortness of the electron bunches. Above this threshold, a large part of the emission is dominated by drifting structures, which appear through spontaneous self-organization. These challenging single-shot THz recordings are made possible by using a recently developed photonic time stretch detector with a high sensitivity. The experiment has been realized at the SOLEIL storage ring.

Solid Catalyst Nanoparticles derived from Oil-Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OP-EFB) as a Renewable Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Husin, H.; Asnawi, T. M.; Firdaus, A.; Husaini, H.; Ibrahim, I.; Hasfita, F.

2018-05-01

Solid nanocatalyst derived from oil-palm empty fruit bunches (OP-EFB) fiber was successfully synthesized and its application for biodiesel production was investigated. The OPEFB was treated by burning, milling and heating methods to generate ashes in a nanoparticle size. The nanoparticle palm-bunch ash was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The effects of the calcination temperature and catalyst amounts for transesterification reactions were investigated. XRD analysis of palm bunch ash exhibited that the highest composition of peaks characteristic were potassium oxide (K2O). SEM analysis showed that the nano palm bunch ash have a particle size ranging of 150-400 nm. The highest conversion of palm-oil to biodiesel reach to 97.90% was observed by using of palm bunch ash nanocatalyst which heated at 600°C, 3 h reaction time and 1% catalyst amount. Reusability of palm bunch ash catalysts was also examined. It was found that of its high active sites, reusable solid catalyst was obtained by just heating of palm bunch ash. It has a capability to reduce not only the amount of catalyst consumption but also reduce the reaction time of transesterification process.

Enhancing light-atom interactions via atomic bunching

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmittberger, Bonnie L.; Gauthier, Daniel J.

2014-07-01

There is a broad interest in enhancing the strength of light-atom interactions to the point where injecting a single photon induces a nonlinear material response. Here we show theoretically that sub-Doppler-cooled two-level atoms that are spatially organized by weak optical fields give rise to a nonlinear material response that is greatly enhanced beyond that attainable in a homogeneous gas. Specifically, in the regime where the intensity of the applied optical fields is much less than the off-resonance saturation intensity, we show that the third-order nonlinear susceptibility scales inversely with atomic temperature and, due to this scaling, can be two orders of magnitude larger than that of a homogeneous gas for typical experimental parameters. As a result, we predict that spatially bunched two-level atoms can exhibit single-photon nonlinearities. Our model is valid for all regimes of atomic bunching and simultaneously accounts for the backaction of the atoms on the optical fields. Our results agree with previous theoretical and experimental results for light-atom interactions that have considered only limited regimes of atomic bunching. For lattice beams tuned to the low-frequency side of the atomic transition, we find that the nonlinearity transitions from a self-focusing type to a self-defocusing type at a critical intensity. We also show that higher than third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities are significant in the regime where the dipole potential energy is on the order of the atomic thermal energy. We therefore find that it is crucial to retain high-order nonlinearities to accurately predict interactions of laser fields with spatially organized ultracold atoms. The model presented here is a foundation for modeling low-light-level nonlinear optical processes for ultracold atoms in optical lattices.

The Effect of Low Energy Nitrogen Ion Implantation on Graphene Nanosheets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mishra, Mukesh; Alwarappan, Subbiah; Kanjilal, Dinakar; Mohanty, Tanuja

2018-03-01

Herein, we report the effect 50 keV nitrogen ion implantation at varying fluence on the optical properties of graphene nanosheets (number of layers < 5). Initially, graphene nanosheets synthesized by the direct liquid exfoliation of graphite layers were deposited on a cleaned Si-substrate by drop cast method. These graphene nanosheets are implanted with 50 keV nitrogen-ion beam at six different fluences. Raman spectroscopic results show that the D, D' and G peak get broadened up to the nitrogen ion fluence of 1 × 1015 ions/cm2, while 2D peak of graphene nanosheets disappeared for nitrogen-ions have fluence more than 1014 ions/cm2. However, further increase of fluence causes the indistinguishable superimposition of D, D' and G peaks. Surface contact potential value analysis for ion implanted graphene nanosheets shows the increase in defect concentration from 1.15 × 1012 to 1.98 × 1014 defects/cm2 with increasing the nitrogen ion fluence, which resembles the Fermi level shift towards conduction band. XRD spectra confirmed that the crystallinity of graphene nanosheets was found to tamper with increasing fluence. These results revealed that the limit of nitrogen ion implantation resistant on the vibrational behaviors for graphene nanosheets was 1015 ions/cm2 that opens up the scope of application of graphene nanosheets in device fabrication for ion-active environment and space applications.

The response of a thermoluminescent dosimeter to low energy protons in the range 30-100 keV.

PubMed

Chu, T C; Lin, S Y; Hsu, C C; Li, J P

2001-11-01

This study demonstrates the thermoluminescence (TL) response of CaF2:Tm (commercial name TLD-300) to 30-100 keV protons which were generated by means of a Cockcroft-Walton accelerator. The phenomenon in which the total thermoluminescent output from CaF2:Tm (TLD-300) decreases with proton energy from 30 to 100 keV (with increase of LET) can be interpreted by the track structure theory (TST). The analysis of the glow peaks: P2 (131 degrees C), P3 (153.5 degrees C) and P6 (259 degrees C), of TLD-300 show the oscillatory decreasing phenomenon as a function of incident proton energy, which can be interpreted with the TST and the oscillatory emission of electrons in a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) that is caused by resonant or quasi-resonant charge transfer in ion-atom interactions in this TLD-300.

Ion irradiation-induced crystal structure changes in inverse spinel MgIn 2O 4

DOE PAGES

Tang, Ming; Valdez, James A.; Wang, Yongqiang; ...

2016-07-29

We performed 400 keV Ne and 200 keV He ion irradiations on fully inverse MgIn 2O 4 samples at cryogenic temperature (~ 77 K), in order to examine the influence of radiation-induced cation disordering on crystal structure. In the case of MgIn 2O 4 samples irradiated with Ne ions to a peak displacement damage dose of 4 displacements per atom (dpa), a spinel-to-rocksalt phase transformation was observed. Conversely, for MgIn 2O 4 samples irradiated with He ions to a peak displacement damage dose of 5 dpa, the only observed structural effect involved cation rearrangements from an inverse to a “random”more » spinel structure.« less

Observations of strong ion-ion correlations in dense plasmas

DOE PAGES

Ma, T.; Fletcher, L.; Pak, A.; ...

2014-04-24

Using simultaneous spectrally, angularly, and temporally resolved x-ray scattering, we measure the pronounced ion-ion correlation peak in a strongly coupled plasma. Laser-driven shock-compressed aluminum at ~3× solid density is probed with high-energy photons at 17.9 keV created by molybdenum He-α emission in a laser-driven plasma source. The measured elastic scattering feature shows a well-pronounced correlation peak at a wave vector of k=4Å –1. The magnitude of this correlation peak cannot be described by standard plasma theories employing a linear screened Coulomb potential. Advanced models, including a strong short-range repulsion due to the inner structure of the aluminum ions are howevermore » in good agreement with the scattering data. These studies have demonstrated a new highly accurate diagnostic technique to directly measure the state of compression and the ion-ion correlations. Furthermore, we have since applied this new method in single-shot wave-number resolved S(k) measurements to characterize the physical properties of dense plasmas.« less

Carotid dual-energy CT angiography: Evaluation of low keV calculated monoenergetic datasets by means of a frequency-split approach for noise reduction at low keV levels.

PubMed

Riffel, Philipp; Haubenreisser, Holger; Meyer, Mathias; Sudarski, Sonja; Morelli, John N; Schmidt, Bernhard; Schoenberg, Stefan O; Henzler, Thomas

2016-04-01

Calculated monoenergetic ultra-low keV datasets did not lead to improved contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) due to the dramatic increase in image noise. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the objective image quality of ultra-low keV monoenergetic images (MEIs) calculated from carotid DECT angiography data with a new monoenergetic imaging algorithm using a frequency-split technique. 20 patients (12 male; mean age 53±17 years) were retrospectively analyzed. MEIs from 40 to 120 keV were reconstructed using the monoenergetic split frequency approach (MFSA). Additionally MEIs were reconstructed for 40 and 50 keV using a conventional monoenergetic (CM) software application. Signal intensity, noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and CNR were assessed in the basilar, common, internal carotid arteries. Ultra-low keV MEIs at 40 keV and 50 keV demonstrated highest vessel attenuation, significantly greater than those of the polyenergetic images (PEI) (all p-values <0.05). The highest SNR level and CNR level was found at 40 keV and 50 keV (all p-values <0.05). MEIs with MFSA showed significantly lower noise levels than those processed with CM (all p-values <0.05) and no significant differences in vessel attenuation (p>0.05). Thus MEIs with MFSA showed significantly higher SNR and CNR compared to MEIs with CM. Combining the lower spatial frequency stack for contrast at low keV levels with the high spatial frequency stack for noise at high keV levels (frequency-split technique) leads to improved image quality of ultra-low keV monoenergetic DECT datasets when compared to previous monoenergetic reconstruction techniques without the frequency-split technique. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Expected charge states of energetic ions in the magnetosphere

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spjeldvik, W. N.

1979-01-01

Major developments in magnetospheric heavy ion physics during the period 1974-1977 are reviewed with emphasis on charge state aspects. Particular attention is given to the high energy component at energies above tens of keV per ion. Also considered are charge exchange processes with application to the inner magnetosphere, a comparison between theory and measurements, and a survey of heavy ion and charge state observations in the outer magnetosphere, magnetosheath and the surrounding space.

Operational experience on the generation and control of high brightness electron bunch trains at SPARC-LAB

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mostacci, A.; Alesini, D.; Anania, M. P.; Bacci, A.; Bellaveglia, M.; Biagioni, A.; Cardelli, F.; Castellano, Michele; Chiadroni, Enrica; Cianchi, Alessandro; Croia, M.; Di Giovenale, Domenico; Di Pirro, Giampiero; Ferrario, Massimo; Filippi, Francesco; Gallo, Alessandro; Gatti, Giancarlo; Giribono, Anna; Innocenti, L.; Marocchino, A.; Petrarca, M.; Piersanti, L.; Pioli, S.; Pompili, Riccardo; Romeo, Stefano; Rossi, Andrea Renato; Shpakov, V.; Scifo, J.; Vaccarezza, Cristina; Villa, Fabio; Weiwei, L.

2015-05-01

Sub-picosecond, high-brightness electron bunch trains are routinely produced at SPARC-LAB via the velocity bunching technique. Such bunch trains can be used to drive multi-color Free Electron Lasers (FELs) and plasma wake field accelerators. In this paper we present recent results at SPARC-LAB on the generation of such beams, highlighting the key points of our scheme. We will discuss also the on-going machine upgrades to allow driving FELs with plasma accelerated beams or with short electron pulses at an increased energy.

A Proposal to Build Evaluation Capacity at the Bunche-Da Vinci Learning Partnership Academy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

King, Jean A.

2005-01-01

The author describes potential evaluation capacity-building activities in contrast to the specifics of an evaluation design. Her response to the case of the Bunche-Da Vinci Learning Partnership Academy is developed in three parts: (1) an initial framing of the Bunche-Da Vinci situation; (2) what should be done before signing a contract; and (3)…

β decay of He 6 into the α + d continuum

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pfutzner, M.; Dominik, W.; Janas, Z.

2015-07-23

Here, the rare β-decay channel of 6He into the α+d continuum was investigated at the REX-ISOLDE facility. Bunches of postaccelerated 6He ions were implanted into the optical time projection chamber (OTPC), where the decays with emission of charged particles were recorded. This novel technique allowed us to extend the low-energy end of the spectrum down to 150 keV in α+d center of mass, corresponding to a deuteron energy of 100 keV. The branching ratio for this process amounts to [2.78±0.07(stat)±0.17(sys)]×10 –6. The shape of the spectrum is found to be in a good agreement with a three-body model, while themore » total intensity is about 20% larger than the predicted one.« less

Evolution of nanodot morphology on polycarbonate (PC) surfaces by 40 keV Ar{sup +}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Goyal, Meetika, E-mail: meetika89@gmail.com; Chawla, Mahak; Gupta, Divya

In the present paper we have discussed the effect of 40 keV Ar{sup +} ions irradiation on nanoscale surface morphology of Polycarbonate (PC) substrate. Specimens were sputtered at off normal incidences of 30°, 40° and 50° with the fluence of 1 × 10{sup 16} Ar{sup +}cm{sup −2}. The topographical behaviour of specimens was studied by using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) technique. AFM study demonstrates the evolution of nano dot morphology on PC specimens on irradiating with 1 × 10{sup 16} Ar{sup +}cm{sup −2}. Average size of dots varied from 37-95 nm in this specified range of incidence while density of dotsmore » varied from 0.17-3.0 × 107 dotscm{sup −2}. Such variations in morphological features have been supported by estimation of ion range and sputtering yield through SRIM simulations.« less

Sputtering of water ice films: A re-assessment with singly and doubly charged oxygen and argon ions, molecular oxygen, and electrons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Galli, A.; Vorburger, A.; Wurz, P.; Tulej, M.

2017-07-01

We studied the erosion rates from thin water ice films on a microbalance upon irradiation with ions (O+, O2+, O2+ , Ar+ , and Ar2+) and electrons at energies between 0.1 keV and 80 keV. The results with O+ and Ar+ irradiation confirm previous results of other research groups that relied on the same experiment set-up. In addition, we assessed how the ice film thickness affects the results and we compared the results for singly versus doubly charged ions and for O+ versus O2+ ions. The irradiation with 1 keV and 3 keV electrons offer the first experimental results at these energies. Our results confirm theoretical predictions that the yield per impacting electron does not increase with energy ad infinitum but rather levels off between 0.1 and 1 keV. The results for ion and electron sputtering have important implications for atmosphere-less icy bodies in a plasma environment. We briefly discuss the implications for the icy moons of Jupiter. Finally, the experiments also allow us to assess the viability of two methods to measure the erosion rate in the case that the icy sample cannot be attached on a microbalance. This is an important step for future laboratory studies where regolith ice samples and their reaction to particle irradiation are to be characterized.

Faraday-cup-type lost fast ion detector on Heliotron J.

PubMed

Yamamoto, S; Ogawa, K; Isobe, M; Darrow, D S; Kobayashi, S; Nagasaki, K; Okada, H; Minami, T; Kado, S; Ohshima, S; Weir, G M; Nakamura, Y; Konoshima, S; Kemmochi, N; Ohtani, Y; Mizuuchi, T

2016-11-01

A Faraday-cup type lost-fast ion probe (FLIP) has been designed and installed in Heliotron J for the purpose of the studies of interaction between fast ions and MHD instabilities. The FLIP can measure the co-going fast ions whose energy is in the range of 1.7-42.5 keV (proton) and pitch angle of 90 ∘ -140 ∘ , especially for fast ions having the injection energy of neutral beam injection (NBI). The FLIP successfully measured the re-entering passing ions and trapped lost-fast ions caused by fast-ion-driven energetic particle modes in NBI heated plasmas.

Two-bunch operation with ns temporal separation at the FERMI FEL facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Penco, Giuseppe; Allaria, Enrico; Bassanese, Silvano; Cinquegrana, Paolo; Cleva, Stefano; Danailov, Miltcho B.; Demidovich, Alexander; Ferianis, Mario; Gaio, Giulio; Giannessi, Luca; Masciovecchio, Claudio; Predonzani, Mauro; Rossi, Fabio; Roussel, Eleonore; Spampinati, Simone; Trovò, Mauro

2018-05-01

In the last decade, a continuous effort has been dedicated to extending the capabilities of existing free-electron lasers (FELs) operating in the x-ray and vacuum ultraviolet regimes. In this framework, the generation of two-color (or multi-color) temporally separated FEL pulses, has paved the way to new x-ray pump and probe experiments and several two-color two-pulse schemes have been implemented at the main facilities, but with a generally limited time-separation between the pulses, from 0 to few hundreds of fs. This limitation may be overcome by generating light with two independent electron bunches, temporally separated by integral multiples of the radio-frequency period. This solution was investigated at FERMI, measurements and characterization of this two-bunch mode of operation are presented, including trajectory control, impact of longitudinal and transverse wakefields, manipulation of the longitudinal phase space and finally a demonstration of suitability of the scheme to provide extreme ultraviolet light by using both bunches.

Multiple Ion Implantation Effects on Wear and Wet Ability of Polyethylene Based Polymers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Torrisi, L.; Visco, A. M.; Campo, N.

2004-10-01

Polyethylene based polymers were ion implanted with multiple irradiations of different ions (N+, Ar+ and Kr+) at energies between 30 keV and 300 keV and doses ranging between 1013 and 1016 ions/cm2. The ion implantation dehydrogenises the polyethylene inducing cross-link effects in the residual polymer carbons. At high doses the irradiated surface show properties similar to graphite surfaces. The depth of the modified layers depends on the ion range in polyethylene at the incident ion energy. The chemical modification depends on the implanted doses and on the specie of the incident ions. A "pin-on-disc" machine was employed to measure the polymer wear against AISI-316 L stainless steel. A "contact-angle-test" machine was employed to measure the wet ability of the polymer surface for 1 μl pure water drop. Measurements demonstrate that the multiple ion implantation treatments decrease the surface wear and the surface wetting and produce a more resistant polymer surface. The properties of the treated surfaces improves the polymer functionality for many bio-medical applications, such as those relative to the polyethylene friction discs employed in knee and hip prosthesis joints. The possibility to use multiply ion implantations of polymers with traditional ion implanters and with laser ion sources producing plasmas is investigated.

Femtosecond timing-jitter between photo-cathode laser and ultra-short electron bunches by means of hybrid compression

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pompili, R.; Anania, M. P.; Bellaveglia, M.; Biagioni, A.; Castorina, G.; Chiadroni, E.; Cianchi, A.; Croia, M.; Di Giovenale, D.; Ferrario, M.; Filippi, F.; Gallo, A.; Gatti, G.; Giorgianni, F.; Giribono, A.; Li, W.; Lupi, S.; Mostacci, A.; Petrarca, M.; Piersanti, L.; Di Pirro, G.; Romeo, S.; Scifo, J.; Shpakov, V.; Vaccarezza, C.; Villa, F.

2016-08-01

The generation of ultra-short electron bunches with ultra-low timing-jitter relative to the photo-cathode (PC) laser has been experimentally proved for the first time at the SPARC_LAB test-facility (INFN-LNF, Frascati) exploiting a two-stage hybrid compression scheme. The first stage employs RF-based compression (velocity-bunching), which shortens the bunch and imprints an energy chirp on it. The second stage is performed in a non-isochronous dogleg line, where the compression is completed resulting in a final bunch duration below 90 fs (rms). At the same time, the beam arrival timing-jitter with respect to the PC laser has been measured to be lower than 20 fs (rms). The reported results have been validated with numerical simulations.

Asymmetric linear efficiency and bunching mechanisms of TM modes for electron cyclotron maser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chang, T. H.; Huang, W. C.; Yao, H. Y.; Hung, C. L.; Chen, W. C.; Su, B. Y.

2017-02-01

This study examines the transverse magnetic (TM) waveguide modes, which have long been considered as the unsuitable ones for the operation of the electron cyclotron maser. The beam-wave coupling strength of the TM modes, as expected, is found to be relatively weak as compared with that of the transverse electric (TE) waveguide modes. Unlike TE modes, surprisingly, the linear behavior of the TM modes depends on the sign of the wave number kz. The negative kz has a much stronger linear efficiency than that of the positive kz. The bunching mechanism analysis further exhibits that the azimuthal bunching and axial bunching do not compete but cooperate with each other for the backward-wave operation (negative kz). The current findings are encouraging and imply that TM modes might be advantageous to the gyrotron backward-wave oscillators.

Bunch Length Measurements at the ATF Damping Ring in April 2000

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bane, K.L.F.; /SLAC; Naito, T.

We want to accurately know the energy spread and bunch length dependence on current in the ATF damping ring. One reason is to know the strength of the impedance: From the energy spread measurements we know whether or not we are above the threshold to the microwave instability, and from the energy spread and bunch length measurements we find out the extent of potential-well bunch lengthening (PWBL). Another reason for these measurements is to help in our understanding of the intra-beam scattering (IBS) effect in the ATF. The ATF as it is now, running below design energy and with themore » wigglers turned off, is strongly affected by IBS. To check for consistency with IBS theory of, for example, the measured vertical beam size, we need to know all dimensions of the beam, including the longitudinal one. But beyond this practical reason for studying IBS, IBS is currently a hot research topic at many accelerators around the world (see e.g. Ref. [1]), and the effect in actual machines is not well understood. Typically, when comparing theory with measurements fudge factors are needed to get agreement (see e.g. Ref. [1]). With its strong IBS effect, the ATF is an ideal machine for studying IBS, and an indispensable ingredient for this study is a knowledge of the longitudinal phase space of the beam. The results of earlier bunch lengthening measurements in the ATF can be found in Refs. [2]-[4]. Measurements of current dependent effects, especially bunch length measurements using a streak camera, can be difficult to perform accurately. For example, space charge in the camera itself can lead to systematic errors in the measurement results. It is important the results be accurate and reproducible. In the measurements of both December 1998[3] and December 1999[4], by using light filters, the authors first checked that space charge in the streak camera was not significant. And then the Dec 99 authors show that their results agree with those Dec 98, i.e. on the dates of the two

Observation of Multi-bunch Interference with Coherent Synchrotron Radiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Billinghurst, B. E.; May, T.; Bergstrom, J.; DeJong, M.; Dallin, L.

2010-02-01

The observation of Multi-bunch interference with coherent synchrotron radiation at the Canadian Light Source is discussed along with the possibility that some of the spectral features are driven by the radiation impedance of the vacuum chamber.

Evidence that Clouds of keV Hydrogen Ion Clusters Bounce Elastically from a Solid Surface

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lewis, R. A.; Martin, James J.; Chakrabarti, Suman; Rodgers, Stephen L. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

The behavior of hydrogen ion clusters is tested by an inject/hold/extract technique in a Penning-Malmberg trap. The timing pattern of the extraction signals is consistent with the clusters bouncing elastically from a detector several times. The ion clusters behave more like an elastic fluid than a beam of ions.

Mapping and uncertainty analysis of energy and pitch angle phase space in the DIII-D fast ion loss detector.

PubMed

Pace, D C; Pipes, R; Fisher, R K; Van Zeeland, M A

2014-11-01

New phase space mapping and uncertainty analysis of energetic ion loss data in the DIII-D tokamak provides experimental results that serve as valuable constraints in first-principles simulations of energetic ion transport. Beam ion losses are measured by the fast ion loss detector (FILD) diagnostic system consisting of two magnetic spectrometers placed independently along the outer wall. Monte Carlo simulations of mono-energetic and single-pitch ions reaching the FILDs are used to determine the expected uncertainty in the measurements. Modeling shows that the variation in gyrophase of 80 keV beam ions at the FILD aperture can produce an apparent measured energy signature spanning across 50-140 keV. These calculations compare favorably with experiments in which neutral beam prompt loss provides a well known energy and pitch distribution.

Preparation of relatively clean carbon backings used in charged particle induced x-ray studies for x-rays below 4 KeV

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kocur, P.; Duggan, J.L.; McDaniel, F.D.

1983-04-01

In a recent series of studies of M-shell ionization induced by protons, alpha particles, and fluorine ions, an unmanageable background of low energy contaminant x rays was observed. These K-shell x rays were primarily from Ca, K, Cl, S, P, Si and Na. The energy range of these contaminants is from 3.691 to 1.041 keV. The M-shell x rays being studied were for various elements from U ( about 3.5 keV) down to Eu (1.5 keV). In order to evaluate and reduce the problem, the contaminants for carbon foils from a number of different manufacturers and a wide variety ofmore » foil float-off procedures have been studied. Carbon foils have been produced in our laboratory using carbon rods from several different manufacturers. In this paper, techniques will be described that are most appropriate to reduce the above contaminants to a reasonable level. These techniques should be useful in trace element analysis (PIXE) studies and fundamental ionization measurements for low x-ray energies.« less

Electronic excitation effects on nanoparticle formation in insulators under heavy-ion implantation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kishimoto, N.; Plaksin, O. A.; Masuo, K.; Okubo, N.; Umeda, N.; Takeda, Y.

2006-01-01

Kinetic processes of nanoparticle formation by ion implantation was studied for the insulators of a-SiO2, LiNbO3, MgO · 2.4(Al2O3) and PMMA, either by changing ion flux or by using a co-irradiation technique of ions and photons. Under Cu-implantation of 60 keV Cu-, nanoparticles spontaneously formed without thermal annealing, indicating radiation-induced diffusion of implants. The high-flux implantation caused instable behaviors of nanoparticle morphology in a-SiO2, LiNbO3 and PMMA, i.e. enhanced atomic rearrangement or loss of nanoparticles. The spinel MgO · 2.4(Al2O3) also showed nanoparticle precipitation at 60 keV, but the precipitation tendency is less than the others. Combined irradiation of 3 MeV Cu ions and photons of 2.3 eV or 3.5 eV indicates that the electronic excitation during ion implantation significantly enhances nanoparticle precipitation, greatly depending on photon energy and fluence. The selectivity for photons can be applied to control nanoparticle precipitation.

Emittance preservation during bunch compression with a magnetized beam

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stratakis, Diktys

2015-09-02

The deleterious effects of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) on the phase-space and energy spread of high-energy beams in accelerator light sources can significantly constrain the machine design and performance. In this paper, we present a simple method to preserve the beam emittance by means of using magnetized beams that exhibit a large aspect ratio on their transverse dimensions. The concept is based on combining a finite solenoid field where the beam is generated together with a special optics adapter. Numerical simulations of this new type of beam source show that the induced phase-space density growth can be notably suppressed tomore » less than 1% for any bunch charge. This work elucidates the key parameters that are needed for emittance preservation, such as the required field and aspect ratio for a given bunch charge.« less

Slowing down of 100 keV antiprotons in Al foils

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nordlund, K.

2018-03-01

Using energy degrading foils to slow down antiprotons is of interest for producing antihydrogen atoms. I consider here the slowing down of 100 keV antiprotons, that will be produced in the ELENA storage ring under construction at CERN, to energies below 10 keV. At these low energies, they are suitable for efficient antihydrogen production. I simulate the antihydrogen motion and slowing down in Al foils using a recently developed molecular dynamics approach. The results show that the optimal Al foil thickness for slowing down the antiprotons to below 5 keV is 910 nm, and to below 10 keV is 840 nm. Also the lateral spreading of the transmitted antiprotons is reported and the uncertainties discussed.

Understanding and controlling the step bunching instability in aqueous silicon etching

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bao, Hailing

Chemical etching of silicon has been widely used for more than half a century in the semiconductor industry. It not only forms the basis for current wafer cleaning processes, it also serves as a powerful tool to create a variety of surface morphologies for different applications. Its potential for controlling surface morphology at the atomic scale over micron-size regions is especially appealing. In spite of its wide usage, the chemistry of silicon etching is poorly understood. Many seemingly simple but fundamental questions have not been answered. As a result, the development of new etchants and new etching protocols are based on expensive and tedious trial-and-error experiments. A better understanding of the etching mechanism would direct the rational formulation of new etchants that produce controlled etch morphologies. Particularly, micron-scale step bunches spontaneously develop on the vicinal Si(111) surface etched in KOH or other anisotropic aqueous etchants. The ability to control the size, orientation, density and regularity of these surface features would greatly improve the performance of microelectromechanical devices. This study is directed towards understanding the chemistry and step bunching instability in aqueous anisotropic etching of silicon through a combination of experimental techniques and theoretical simulations. To reveal the cause of step-bunching instability, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations were constructed based on an atomistic model of the silicon lattice and a modified kinematic wave theory. The simulations showed that inhomogeneity was the origin of step-bunching, which was confirmed through STM studies of etch morphologies created under controlled flow conditions. To quantify the size of the inhomogeneities in different etchants and to clarify their effects, a five-parallel-trench pattern was fabricated. This pattern used a nitride mask to protect most regions of the wafer; five evenly spaced etch windows were opened to the Si(110

Potential secondary inoculum sources of Botrytis cinerea and their influence on bunch rot development in dry Mediterranean climate vineyards.

PubMed

Calvo-Garrido, Carlos; Usall, Josep; Viñas, Inmaculada; Elmer, Philip Ag; Cases, Elena; Teixidó, Neus

2014-06-01

Epidemiological studies have described the life cycle of B. cinerea in vineyards. However, there is a lack of information on the several infection pathways and the quantitative relationships between secondary inoculum and bunch rot at harvest. Over two seasons, different spray programmes were used to determine key phenological stages for bunch rot development. Secondary inoculum sources within the bunch were also studied. The relative importance of flowering was evidenced in the given conditions, as treatments that included two fungicide applications at flowering were the most effective. In 2010, under conducive meteorological conditions for B. cinerea development after veraison, an extra application provided significantly higher control. Infections of necrotic tissues inside the bunch and latent infections developed mainly during flowering, while very low quantities of B. cinerea conidia were recovered from the fruit surface at veraison. Regression analysis correlated the incidence of latent infections and B. cinerea incidence on calyptras and aborted fruits at veraison with incidence of Botrytis bunch rot at harvest, presenting R2 = 0.95 for the overall regression model. This work points out key phenological stages during the season for bunch rot and B. cinerea secondary inoculum development and relates quantitatively inoculum sources at veraison to bunch rot at harvest. Recommendations for field applications of antibotrytic products are also suggested. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry.

“Trunk-like” heavy ion structures observed by the Van Allen Probes

DOE PAGES

Zhang, J. -C.; Kistler, L. M.; Spence, H. E.; ...

2015-10-27

Dynamic ion spectral features in the inner magnetosphere are the observational signatures of ion acceleration, transport, and loss in the global magnetosphere. Here, we report “trunk-like” ion structures observed by the Van Allen Probes on 2 November 2012. This new type of ion structure looks like an elephant's trunk on an energy-time spectrogram, with the energy of the peak flux decreasing Earthward. The trunks are present in He + and O + ions but not in H +. During the event, ion energies in the He+ trunk, located at L=3.6–2.6, magnetic local time (MLT)=9.1–10.5, and magnetic latitude (MLAT) =-2.4–0.09°, varymore » monotonically from 3.5 to 0.04 keV. Values at the two end points of the O + trunk are energy=4.5–0.7keV, L=3.6–2.5, MLT=9.1–10.7, and MLAT=-2.4–0.4°. Our results from backward ion drift path tracings indicate that the trunks are likely due to (1) a gap in the nightside ion source or (2) greatly enhanced impulsive electric fields associated with elevated geomagnetic activity. Different ion loss lifetimes cause the trunks to differ among ion species.« less

Isotopic Enrichment of Boron in the Sputtering of Boron Nitride with Xenon Ions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ray, P. K.; Shutthanandan, V.

1998-01-01

An experimental study is described to measure the isotopic enrichment of boron. Xenon ions from 100 eV to 1.5 keV were used to sputter a boron nitride target. An ion gun was used to generate the ion beam. The ion current density at the target surface was approximately 30 microA/sq cm. Xenon ions impinged on the target surface at 50 deg angle to the surface normal. Since boron nitride is an insulator, a flood electron gun was used in our experiments to neutralize the positive charge buildup on the target surface. The sputtered secondary ions of boron were detected by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The spectrometer entrance aperture was located perpendicular to the ion beam direction and 10 mm away from the target surface. The secondary ion flux was observed to be enriched in the heavy isotopes at lower ion energies. The proportion of heavy isotopes in the sputtered secondary ion flux was found to decrease with increasing primary ion energy from 100 to 350 eV. Beyond 350 eV, light isotopes were sputtered preferentially. The light isotope enrichment factor was observed to reach an asymptotic value of 1.27 at 1.5 keV. This trend is similar to that of the isotopic enrichment observed earlier when copper was sputtered with xenon ions in the same energy range.

Monte Carlo modeling of ion chamber performance using MCNP.

PubMed

Wallace, J D

2012-12-01

Ion Chambers have a generally flat energy response with some deviations at very low (<100 keV) and very high (>2 MeV) energies. Some improvements in the low energy response can be achieved through use of high atomic number gases, such as argon and xenon, and higher chamber pressures. This work looks at the energy response of high pressure xenon-filled ion chambers using the MCNP Monte Carlo package to develop geometric models of a commercially available high pressure ion chamber (HPIC). The use of the F6 tally as an estimator of the energy deposited in a region of interest per unit mass, and the underlying assumptions associated with its use are described. The effect of gas composition, chamber gas pressure, chamber wall thickness, and chamber holder wall thicknesses on energy response are investigated and reported. The predicted energy response curve for the HPIC was found to be similar to that reported by other investigators. These investigations indicate that improvements to flatten the overall energy response of the HPIC down to 70 keV could be achieved through use of 3 mm-thick stainless steel walls for the ion chamber.

Retraction: Using the Medipix3 detector for direct electron imaging in the range 60 keV to 200 keV in electron microscopy Retraction: Using the Medipix3 detector for direct electron imaging in the range 60 keV to 200 keV in electron microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mir, J. A.; Plackett, R.; Shipsey, I.; dos Santos, J. M. F.

2018-01-01

The paper "Using the Medipix3 detector for direct electron imaging in the range 60keV to 200keV in electron microscopy" by J.A. Mir, R. Plackett, I. Shipsey and J.M.F. dos Santos has been retracted following the authors' request on the basis of the existence of a disagreement about the ownership of the data, to prevent conflict between collaborators.

Extraction of highly charged ions from the Berlin Electron Beam Ion Trap for interactions with a gas target

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Allen, F.I.; Biedermann, C.; Radtke, R.

2006-03-15

Highly charged ions are extracted from the Berlin Electron Beam Ion Trap for investigations of charge exchange with a gas target. The classical over-the-barrier model for slow highly charged ions describes this process, whereby one or more electrons are captured from the target into Rydberg states of the ion. The excited state relaxes via a radiative cascade of the electron to ground energy. The cascade spectra are characteristic of the capture state. We investigate x-ray photons emitted as a result of interactions between Ar{sup 17+} ions at energies {<=}5q keV with Ar atoms. Of particular interest is the velocity dependencemore » of the angular momentum capture state l{sub c}.« less

Calculations of the conditions for bunch leakage in the Los Alamos proton storage ring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Neuffer, D.; Ohmori, C.

1994-04-01

Observations are consistent with the possibility of an "ep" instability in the Los Alamos Proton Storage Ring (PSR) with both bunched and unbunched beam. The instability requires electrons to be trapped within the beam, and calculations have shown that such trapping requires leakage of beam into the interbunch gap. Observationally, leakage of beam into the gap appears necessary for the onset of the instability. In this paper we present results of studies of the longitudinal beam dynamics at PSR parameters. The studies indicate that the combined effects of the rf buncher, longitudinal space charge, and injection mismatch are sufficient to cause the observed bunch leakage. Simulation results are presented and compared with PSR observations. Variations of PSR performance parameters are considered, and methods of improving bunch confinement are suggested and studied.

Lithium ion beam divergence on SABRE extraction ion diode experiments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hanson, D.L.; Cuneo, M.E.; Johnson, D.J.

Intense lithium beams are of particular interest for light ion inertial confinement fusion applications because lithium ions can be accelerated at high voltage in a single charge state (Li{sup +}) with a high mass-to-charge ratio and appropriate range for efficient focusing and heating of a hohlraum ICF target. Scaling to ion power densities adequate to drive high gain pellet implosions (600 TW at 30 MeV) will require a large number of beams transported, temporally bunched, and focused onto a target, with the necessary target standoff to ensure survival of the driver modules. For efficient long distance transport and focusing tomore » a small pellet, lithium beam divergence must be reduced to about 12 mrad or less (depending on the transport scheme). To support the eventual development of a light ion driver module for ICF applications, the authors are currently working to improve the composition, uniformity, and divergence of lithium ion beams produced by both passive LiF and active laser-generated lithium ion sources on extraction applied-B ion diodes on the SABRE accelerator (1 TW, 5 MV, 250 kA). While lithium beam divergence accounting and control are an essential goal of these experiments, divergence measurements for lithium beams present some unique problems not encountered to the same degree in divergence measurements on proton sources. To avoid these difficulties, the authors have developed a large aperture ion imaging diagnostic for time-resolved lithium divergence measurements. The authors will report on the operation of this lithium beam divergence diagnostic and on results of time-resolved divergence measurements in progress for passive LiF ion sources and laser-produced active lithium sources operated in diode configurations designed to control divergence growth. Comparisons will also be made with time-integrated divergence results obtained with small entrance aperture ultracompact pinhole cameras.« less

Stormtime ring current and radiation belt ion transport: Simulations and interpretations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lyons, Larry R.; Gorney, David J.; Chen, Margaret W.; Schulz, Michael

1995-01-01

We use a dynamical guiding-center model to investigate the stormtime transport of ring current and radiation-belt ions. We trace the motion of representative ions' guiding centers in response to model substorm-associated impulses in the convection electric field for a range of ion energies. Our simple magnetospheric model allows us to compare our numerical results quantitatively with analytical descriptions of particle transport, (e.g., with the quasilinear theory of radial diffusion). We find that 10-145-keV ions gain access to L approximately 3, where they can form the stormtime ring current, mainly from outside the (trapping) region in which particles execute closed drift paths. Conversely, the transport of higher-energy ions (approximately greater than 145 keV at L approximately 3) turns out to resemble radial diffusion. The quasilinear diffusion coefficient calculated for our model storm does not vary smoothly with particle energy, since our impulses occur at specific (although randomly determined) times. Despite the spectral irregularity, quasilinear theory provides a surprisingly accurate description of the transport process for approximately greater than 145-keV ions, even for the case of an individual storm. For 4 different realizations of our model storm, the geometric mean discrepancies between diffusion coefficients D(sup sim, sub LL) obtained from the simulations and the quasilinear diffusion coefficient D(sup ql, sub LL) amount to factors of 2.3, 2.3, 1.5, and 3.0, respectively. We have found that these discrepancies between D(sup sim, sub LL) and D(sup ql, sub LL) can be reduced slightly by invoking drift-resonance broadening to smooth out the sharp minima and maxima in D(sup ql, sub LL). The mean of the remaining discrepancies between D(sup sim, sub LL) and D(sup ql, sub LL) for the 4 different storms then amount to factors of 1.9, 2.1, 1.5, and 2.7, respectively. We find even better agreement when we reduce the impulse amplitudes systematically in

Analysis of the interactions between He + ions and transition metal surfaces using co-axial impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Walker, M.; Brown, M. G.; Draxler, M.; Fishwick, L.; Dowsett, M. G.; McConville, C. F.

2011-01-01

The interactions between low energy He + ions and a series of transition metal surfaces have been studied using co-axial impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy (CAICISS). Experimental data were collected from the Ni(110), Cu(100), Pd(111), Pt(111) and Au(111) surfaces using ion beams with primary energies between 1.5 keV and 4.0 keV. The shadow cone radii deduced from the experimental surface peak positions were found to closely match theoretical predictions. Data analysis was performed using both the FAN and Kalypso simulation codes, revealing a consistent requirement for a reduction of 0.252 in the screening length correction in the Molière approximation within the Thomas-Fermi (TFM) interaction potential. The adjustments of the screening length in the TFM potential, predicted by O'Connor, and the uncorrected Ziegler-Biersack-Littmark (ZBL) potential both yielded inaccurate results for all of the surfaces and incident energies studied. We also provide evidence that, despite their different computational methodologies, the FAN and Kalypso simulation codes generate similar results given identical input parameters for the analysis of 180° backscattering spectra.

Bunch length measurement at the Fermilab A0 photoinjector using a Martin-Puplett interferometer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thurman-Keup, Randy; Fliller, Raymond Patrick; Kazakevich, Grigory

2008-05-01

We present preliminary measurements of the electron bunch lengths at the Fermilab A0 Photoinjector using a Martin-Puplett interferometer on loan from DESY. The photoinjector provides a relatively wide range of bunch lengths through laser pulse width adjustment and compression of the beam using a magnetic chicane. We present comparisons of data with simulations that account for diffraction distortions in the signal and discuss future plans for improving the measurement.

Mapping and uncertainty analysis of energy and pitch angle phase space in the DIII-D fast ion loss detector

DOE PAGES

Pace, D. C.; Pipes, R.; Fisher, R. K.; ...

2014-08-05

New phase space mapping and uncertainty analysis of energetic ion loss data in the DIII-D tokamak provides experimental results that serve as valuable constraints in first-principles simulations of energetic ion transport. Beam ion losses are measured by the fast ion loss detector (FILD) diagnostic system consisting of two magnetic spectrometers placed independently along the outer wall. Monte Carlo simulations of mono-energetic and single-pitch ions reaching the FILDs are used to determine the expected uncertainty in the measurements. Modeling shows that the variation in gyrophase of 80 keV beam ions at the FILD aperture can produce an apparent measured energy signaturemore » spanning across 50-140 keV. As a result, these calculations compare favorably with experiments in which neutral beam prompt loss provides a well known energy and pitch distribution.« less

First spin-parity constraint of the 306 keV resonance in Cl 35 for nova nucleosynthesis

DOE PAGES

Chipps, K. A.; Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ; Pain, S. D.; ...

2017-04-28

Something of particular interest in astrophysics is the 34 S ( p , γ ) 35 Cl reaction, which serves as a stepping stone in thermonuclear runaway reaction chains during a nova explosion. Although the isotopes involved are all stable, the reaction rate of this significant step is not well known, due to a lack of experimental spectroscopic information on states within the Gamow window above the proton separation threshold of 35 Cl . Furthermore, measurements of level spins and parities provide input for the calculation of resonance strengths, which ultimately determine the astrophysical reaction rate of the 34 Smore » ( p , γ ) 35 Cl proton capture reaction. By performing the 37 Cl ( p , t ) 35 Cl reaction in normal kinematics at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, we have conducted a study of the region of astrophysical interest in 35 Cl , and have made the first-ever constraint on the spin and parity assignment for a level at 6677 ± 15 keV ( E r = 306 keV), inside the Gamow window for novae.« less

First spin-parity constraint of the 306 keV resonance in 35Cl for nova nucleosynthesis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chipps, K. A.; Pain, S. D.; Kozub, R. L.; Bardayan, D. W.; Cizewski, J. A.; Chae, K. Y.; Liang, J. F.; Matei, C.; Moazen, B. H.; Nesaraja, C. D.; O'Malley, P. D.; Peters, W. A.; Pittman, S. T.; Schmitt, K. T.; Smith, M. S.

2017-04-01

Of particular interest in astrophysics is the 34S(p ,γ )35Cl reaction, which serves as a stepping stone in thermonuclear runaway reaction chains during a nova explosion. Though the isotopes involved are all stable, the reaction rate of this significant step is not well known, due to a lack of experimental spectroscopic information on states within the Gamow window above the proton separation threshold of 35Cl. Measurements of level spins and parities provide input for the calculation of resonance strengths, which ultimately determine the astrophysical reaction rate of the 34S(p ,γ )35Cl proton capture reaction. By performing the 37Cl(p ,t )35Cl reaction in normal kinematics at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, we have conducted a study of the region of astrophysical interest in 35Cl, and have made the first-ever constraint on the spin and parity assignment for a level at 6677 ±15 keV (Er=306 keV), inside the Gamow window for novae.

An Optical Trap for Relativistic Plasma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Ping

2002-11-01

Optical traps have achieved remarkable success recently in confining ultra-cold matter.Traps capable of confining ultra-hot matter, or plasma, have also been built for applications such as basic plasma research and thermonuclear fusion. For instance, low-density plasmas with temperature less than 1 keV have been confined with static magnetic fields in Malmberg-Penning traps. Low-density 10-50 keV plasmas are confined in magnetic mirrors and tokamaks. High density plasmas have been trapped in optical traps with kinetic energies up to 10 keV [J. L. Chaloupka and D. D. Meyerhofer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 4538 (1999)]. We present the results of experiment, theory and numerical simulation on an optical trap capable of confining relativistic plasma. A stationary interference grating with submicron spacing is created when two high-power (terawatt) laser pulses of equal wavelength (1-micron) are focused from orthogonal directions to the same point in space and time in high density underdense plasma. Light pressure gradients bunch electrons into sheets located at the minima of the interference pattern. The density of the bunched electrons is found to be up to ten times the background density, which is orders-of-magnitude above that previously reported for other optical traps or plasma waves. The amplitudes and frequencies of multiple satellites in the scattered spectrum also indicate the presence of a highly nonlinear ion wave and an electron temperature about 100 keV. Energy transfer from the stronger beam to the weaker beam is also observed. Potential applications include a test-bed for detailed studies of relativistic nonlinear scattering, a positron source and an electrostatic wiggler. This research is also relevant to fast igniter fusion or ion acceleration experiments, in which laser pulses with intensities comparable to those used in the experiment may also potentially beat [Y. Sentoku, et al., Appl. Phys. B 74, 207215 (2002)]. The details of a specific application, the

Ion traps for precision experiments at rare-isotope-beam facilities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kwiatkowski, Anna

2016-09-01

Ion traps first entered experimental nuclear physics when the ISOLTRAP team demonstrated Penning trap mass spectrometry of radionuclides. From then on, the demand for ion traps has grown at radioactive-ion-beam (RIB) facilities since beams can be tailored for the desired experiment. Ion traps have been deployed for beam preparation, from bunching (thereby allowing time coincidences) to beam purification. Isomerically pure beams needed for nuclear-structure investigations can be prepared for trap-assisted or in-trap decay spectroscopy. The latter permits studies of highly charged ions for stellar evolution, which would be impossible with traditional experimental nuclear-physics methods. Moreover, the textbook-like conditions and advanced ion manipulation - even of a single ion - permit high-precision experiments. Consequently, the most accurate and precise mass measurements are now performed in Penning traps. After a brief introduction to ion trapping, I will focus on examples which showcase the versatility and utility of the technique at RIB facilities. I will demonstrate how this atomic-physics technique has been integrated into nuclear science, accelerator physics, and chemistry. DOE.

Laser Acceleration of Ions for Radiation Therapy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tajima, Toshiki; Habs, Dietrich; Yan, Xueqing

Ion beam therapy for cancer has proven to be a successful clinical approach, affording as good a cure as surgery and a higher quality of life. However, the ion beam therapy installation is large and expensive, limiting its availability for public benefit. One of the hurdles is to make the accelerator more compact on the basis of conventional technology. Laser acceleration of ions represents a rapidly developing young field. The prevailing acceleration mechanism (known as target normal sheath acceleration, TNSA), however, shows severe limitations in some key elements. We now witness that a new regime of coherent acceleration of ions by laser (CAIL) has been studied to overcome many of these problems and accelerate protons and carbon ions to high energies with higher efficiencies. Emerging scaling laws indicate possible realization of an ion therapy facility with compact, cost-efficient lasers. Furthermore, dense particle bunches may allow the use of much higher collective fields, reducing the size of beam transport and dump systems. Though ultimate realization of a laser-driven medical facility may take many years, the field is developing fast with many conceptual innovations and technical progress.

Negative-mass mitigation of Coulomb repulsion for terahertz undulator radiation of electron bunches

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Balal, N.; Magory, E.; Bandurkin, I. V.

2015-10-19

It is proposed to utilize the effect of negative mass for stabilization of the effective axial size of very dense and short electron bunches produced by photo-injector guns by using combined undulator and strong uniform magnetic fields. It has been shown that in the “abnormal” regime, an increase in the electron energy leads to a decrease in the axial velocity of the electron; due to the negative-mass effect, the Coulomb repulsion of electrons leads to their attraction and formation of a fairly stable and compact bunch “nucleus.” An undulator with a strong uniform magnetic field providing the negative-mass effect ismore » designed for an experimental source of terahertz radiation. The use of the negative-mass regime in this experiment should result in a long-pulse coherent spontaneous undulator emission from a short dense moderately relativistic (5.5 MeV) photo-injector electron bunch with a high (up to 20%) efficiency and a narrow frequency spectrum.« less

Energetic Ion Interactions with the Galilean Satellites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cooper, John F.

2000-01-01

The principal research tasks of this investigation are: (1) specification of the energetic (keV to MeV) ion environments upstream of the four Galilean satellites and (2) data analysis and numerical modeling of observed ion interactions with the satellites. Differential flux spectra are being compiled for the most abundant ions (protons, oxygen, and sulfur) from measurements at 20 keV to 100 MeV total energy by the Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) experiment and at higher ion energies by the Heavy Ion Counter (HIC) experiment. Runge-Kutta and other numerical techniques are used to propagate test particles sampled from the measured upstream spectra to the satellite surface or spacecraft through the local magnetic and corotational electric field environment of each satellite. Modeling of spatial variations in directional flux anisotropies measured during each close flyby provides limits on atomic charge states for heavy (O, S) magnetospheric ions and on internal or induced magnetic fields of the satellites. Validation of models for magnetic and electric field configurations then allows computation of rates for ion implantation, sputtering, and energy deposition into the satellite surfaces for further modeling of observable chemical changes induced by irradiation. Our ongoing work on production of oxidants and other secondary species by ice irradiation on Europa's surface has significant applications, already acknowledged in current literature, to astrobiological evolution. Finally, the work will improve understanding of energetic ion sources and sinks at the satellite orbits for improved modeling of magnetospheric transport processes. The scope of the research effort mainly includes data from the primary Galileo mission (1995-1997) but may also include some later data where directly relevant (e.g., comparison of J0 and I27 data for Io) to the primary mission objectives. Funding for this contract also includes partial support for our related education and public

Fabrication of poly(vinyl carbazole) waveguides by oxygen ion implantation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghailane, Fatima; Manivannan, Gurusamy; Knystautas, Émile J.; Lessard, Roger A.

1995-08-01

Polymer waveguides were fabricated by ion implantation involving poly(vinyl carbazole) films. This material was implanted by oxygen ions (O ++ ) of energies ranging from 50 to 250 keV. The ion doses varied from 1010 to 1015 ions / cm2. The conventional prism-film coupler method was used to determine the waveguiding nature of the implanted and unimplanted films. The increase of the surface refractive index in the implanted layer has been studied by measuring the effective refractive index (neff) for different optical modes. Electron spectroscopy chemical analysis measurements were also performed to assess the effect of ion implantation on the polymer matrix.

A versatile triple radiofrequency quadrupole system for cooling, mass separation and bunching of exotic nuclei

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Haettner, Emma; Plaß, Wolfgang R.; Czok, Ulrich; Dickel, Timo; Geissel, Hans; Kinsel, Wadim; Petrick, Martin; Schäfer, Thorsten; Scheidenberger, Christoph

2018-02-01

The combination of in-flight separation with a gas-filled stopping cell has opened a new field for experiments with exotic nuclei. For instance, at the SHIP/SHIPTRAP facility at GSI in Darmstadt high-precision mass measurements of rare nuclei have been successfully performed. In order to extend the reach of SHIPTRAP to exotic nuclei that are produced together with high rates of unwanted reaction products, a novel compact radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) system has been developed. It implements ion cooling, identification and separation according to mass numbers and bunching capabilities. The system has a total length of one meter only and consists of an RFQ cooler, an RFQ mass filter and an RFQ buncher. A mass resolving power (FWHM) of 240 at a transmission efficiency of 90% has been achieved. The suppression of contaminants from neighboring masses by more than four orders of magnitude has been demonstrated at rates exceeding 106 ions/s. A longitudinal emittance of 0.45 eV μs has been achieved with the RFQ buncher, which will enable improved time-of-flight mass spectrometry downstream of the device. With this triple RFQ system the measurement of e.g. N= Z nuclides in the region up to tin will become possible at SHIPTRAP. The technology is also well suited for other rare-isotope facilities with experimental setups behind a stopping cell, such as the fragment separator FRS with the FRS Ion Catcher at GSI.

Neutron capture cross sections of 69Ga and 71Ga at 25 keV and Epeak = 90 keV

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Göbel, Kathrin; Beinrucker, Clemens; Erbacher, Philipp; Fiebiger, Stefan; Fonseca, Micaela; Heftrich, Michael; Heftrich, Tanja; Käppeler, Franz; Krása, Antonin; Lederer-Woods, Claudia; Plag, Ralf; Plompen, Arjan; Reifarth, René; Schmidt, Stefan; Sonnabend, Kerstin; Weigand, Mario

2017-09-01

We measured the neutron capture cross sections of 69Ga and 71Ga for a quasi-stellar spectrum at kBT = 25 keV and a spectrum with a peak energy at 90 keV by the activation technique at the Joint Research Centre (JRC) in Geel, Belgium. Protons were provided by an electrostatic Van de Graaff accelerator to produce neutrons via the reaction 7Li(p,n). The produced activity was measured via the γ emission of the product nuclei by high-purity germanium detectors. We present preliminary results.

Structure of Ion Outflow in the Martian Magnetotail

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McFadden, J. P.; Mitchell, D.; Luhmann, J. G.; Connerney, J. E. P.; Jakosky, B. M.

2017-12-01

The Suprathermal And Thermal Ion Composition (STATIC) sensor on the MAVEN spacecraft provides a detailed look at the structure of ion outflow in the Martian magnetotail including ion composition, energization, and flow. Mars' magnetotail contains a mixture of cold (<10 eV) nearly-stationary multi-species ions, tailward-moving cold multi-species ions, suprathermal ions of a few tens of eV, warm (about 100 eV) proton populations, and heavy (primarily O+) pickup ions at energies from 1 to 10 keV which may display several simultaneous peaks in energy flux. The cold tailward-moving ions represent a significant fraction of the Martian ion loss, perhaps comparable to loses from molecular oxygen dissociation. The suprathermal tail that accompanies the cold ions varies greatly and provides clues to ion escape. The warm protons, on first examination, appear to be of sheath origin, displaying a similar energy distribution and accompanied by a tenuous warm population at M/Q=2 (which could be either solar wind alphas or molecular hydrogen ions of ionospheric origin). STATIC produces a weak ghost peak at M/Q=11-12 when observing molecular hydrogen ions, but not alphas, often allowing the instrument to distinguish the source of protons. Measurements show the warm protons are of ionospheric origin in the central tail and transition to sheath plasma in the umbra. Energetic (1-10 keV) pickup oxygen in the magnetotail is produced on the nightside, near the pole where the IMF convection electric field points toward the planet, the same hemisphere where sputtering occurs. When two spectral peaks are observed, these tailward-moving ions differ in direction by relatively small angles (about 20 degrees). These peaks can persist for tens of minutes indicating approximately time-stationary acceleration, and therefore acceleration in potential fields. Magnetotail structure and geometry can be inferred not only from the local magnetic field, but also from the measured electron distributions

Emittance growth due to static and radiative space charge forces in an electron bunch compressor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Talman, Richard; Malitsky, Nikolay; Stulle, Frank

2009-01-01

Evolution of short intense electron bunches passing through bunch-compressing beam lines is studied using the UAL (Unified Accelerator Libraries) string space charge formulation [R. Talman, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 7, 100701 (2004)PRABFM1098-440210.1103/PhysRevSTAB.7.100701; N. Malitsky and R. Talman, in Proceedings of the 9th European Particle Accelerator Conference, Lucerne, 2004 (EPS-AG, Lucerne, 2004); R. Talman, Accelerator X-Ray Sources (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2006), Chap. 13]. Three major configurations are studied, with the first most important and studied in greatest detail (because actual experimental results are available and the same results have been simulated with other codes): (i) Experimental bunch compression results were obtained at CTF-II, the CERN test facility for the “Compact Linear Collider” using electrons of about 40 MeV. Previous simulations of these results have been performed (using TraFiC4* [A. Kabel , Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 455, 185 (2000)NIMAER0168-900210.1016/S0168-9002(00)00729-4] and ELEGANT [M. Borland, Argonne National Laboratory Report No. LS-287, 2000]). All three simulations are in fair agreement with the data except that the UAL simulation predicts a substantial dependence of horizontal emittance γx on beam width (as controlled by the lattice βx function) at the compressor location. This is consistent with the experimental observations, but inconsistent with other simulations. Excellent agreement concerning dependence of bunch energy loss on bunch length and magnetic field strength [L. Groening , in Proceedings of the Particle Accelerator Conference, Chicago, IL, 2001 (IEEE, New York, 2001), http://groening.home.cern/groening/csr_00.htm] confirms our understanding of the role played by coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR). (ii) A controlled comparison is made between the predictions of the UAL code and those of CSRTrack [M. Dohlus and T. Limberg, in Proceedings of the 2004 FEL Conference, pp. 18

Development of bunch shape monitor for high-intensity beam on the China ADS proton LINAC Injector II

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Guangyu; Wu, Junxia; Du, Ze; Zhang, Yong; Xue, Zongheng; Xie, Hongming; Wei, Yuan; Jing, Long; Jia, Huan

2018-05-01

The development, performance, and testing of the longitudinal bunch shape monitor, namely, the Fast Faraday Cup (FFC), are presented in this paper. The FFC is an invasive instrument controlled by a stepper motor, and its principle of operation is based on a strip line structure. The longitudinal bunch shape was determined by sampling a small part of the beam hitting the strip line through a 1-mm hole. The rise time of the detector reached 24 ps. To accommodate experiments that utilize high-intensity beams, the materials of the bunch shape monitor were chosen to sustain high temperatures. Water cooling was also integrated in the detector system to enhance heat transfer and prevent thermal damage. We also present an analysis of the heating caused by the beam. The bunch shape monitor has been installed and commissioned at the China ADS proton LINAC Injector II.

Ion energetics at Saturn's magnetosphere using Cassini/MIMI measurements: A simple model for the energetic ion integral moments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dialynas, K.; Paranicas, C.; Roussos, E.; Krimigis, S. M.; Kane, M.; Mitchell, D. G.

2015-12-01

We present a composite analysis (H+ and O+) of energetic ion spectra and kappa distribution fits, using combined ion measurements from Charge Energy Mass Spectrometer (CHEMS, 3 to 236 keV/e), Low Energy Magnetospheric Measurements System (LEMMS, 0.024 < E < 18 MeV), and the Ion Neutral Camera (INCA, ~5.2 to >220 keV for H+). The modeled expressions of these energetic ion distributions are then used to obtain the four integral particle moments (from zeroth to 3rd moment: n, In, P, IE, i.e. Density, Integral number intensity, Pressure, Integral energy intensity) as well as the characteristic energy (EC=IE/In) of these ions as a function of Local Time and L-Shell. We find that a) protons dominate the energetic ion (>30 keV) integral number and energy intensity at all radial distances (L>5 Rs) and local times, while the H+ and O+ partial pressures and densities are comparable; b) the 12ion energetics (compared to the contribution of charge exchange with the Saturnian neutral cloud); c) energetic ion bundles in the 12ions are depleted inside the orbit of Rhea (~8 Rs), i.e. the energetic ion lifetimes due to charge exchange decrease significantly with decreasing distance in the innermost parts of Saturn's magnetosphere, so that pressure and density drop to minimum inside ~8 Rs. We then utilize a technique to retrieve the equatorial H+ and O+ pressure, density and temperature in Saturn's magnetosphere, using a modified version of the Roelof and Skinner [2000] model in both local time and L-shell. Roelof, E. C., and A. J. Skinner (2000), Space Sci. Rev., 91, 437-459.

Different Types of Ion Populations Upstream of the 2013 October 8 Interplanetary Shock

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kajdič, Primož; Hietala, Heli; Blanco-Cano, Xóchitl

2017-11-01

We show for the first time that different types of suprathermal ion distributions may exist upstream of a single interplanetary shock. ACE and the two ARTEMIS satellites observed a shock on 2013 October 8. The ARTEMIS P1 and P2 spacecraft first observed field-aligned ions (P1) and gyrating ions (P2) arriving from the shock. These were followed by intermediate ions and later by a diffuse population. At the location of the P2 the shock exhibited an Alfvénic Mach number of M A = 5.7 and was marginally quasi-perpendicular ({θ }{Bn}=47^\\circ ). At P1 spacecraft the shock was weaker (M A = 4.9) and more perpendicular ({θ }{Bn}=61^\\circ ). Consequently, the observed suprathermal ion and ultra-low-frequency wave properties were somewhat different. At P2 the ultra-low-frequency waves are more intense and extend farther upstream from the shock. The energies of field-aligned and gyrating ions in the shock rest-frame were ˜20 keV, which is much more than in the case of the stronger (M A = 6-7) Earth’s bow shock, where they are less than 10 keV.

O+ pickup ions outside of Venus' bow shock: Venus Express observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Yong; Fraenz, Markus; Dubinin, Eduard; Zhang, Tielong; Jarvinen, Riku; Wan, Weixing; Kallio, Esa; Collinson, Glyn; Barabash, Stars; Norbert, Krupp; Woch, Joachim; Lundin, Rickard; delva, Magda

2013-04-01

Pickup ions are ions of planetary origin that become assimilated into the solar wind flow through their interaction with the solar wind magnetic and electric field. The speed of pickup ions varies between zero and twice the underlying plasma flow component perpendicular to magnetic field vector. For the unmagnetized planet Venus and Mars, oxygen (O+) pickup ions are known to be important because they can modify the global configuration of planetary plasma environment and significantly contribute to the atmospheric O+ loss [1]. Since the kinetic energy of an O+ pickup ion can reach 64 times that of a co-moving proton, an instrument must be able to measure O+ ions with energy of at least tens of keV to investigate the O+ pickup ion distribution from planetary ionosphere to solar wind. The in-situ observations and simulations at Mars have shown that the energy of O+ pickup ions can be 55-72 keV outside of the bow shock [2]. For Venus case, the plasma analyzer (OPA) onboard Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO), which was designed for solar wind monitoring, has an 8 keV energy limit for O+ detection and the limited sampling and data rate [3]. Therefore, OPA can only measure the O+ pickup ions in the sheath flow or inside the induced magnetosphere where the speed of ambient plasma flow is significantly lower than that of the unshocked solar wind outside of the bow shock. In addition, Galileo also did not capture O+ outside bowshock during its 1-hour Venus flyby though its plasma instrument had ability to cover the energy band of O+ pickup ions [4]. The Ion Mass Analyzer (IMA), included in the Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-4) package on board Venus Express (VEX), determines the composition, energy, and angular distribution of ions in the energy range ~10 eV/q to 30 keV/q. Note that an O+ ion moving at the typical solar wind speed 400 km/s has kinetic energy 13.4 keV. Therefore, IMA has ability to measure the O+ pickup ions outside of Venus' bow shock. We

Improving depth resolutions in positron beam spectroscopy by concurrent ion-beam sputtering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

John, Marco; Dalla, Ayham; Ibrahim, Alaa M.; Anwand, Wolfgang; Wagner, Andreas; Böttger, Roman; Krause-Rehberg, Reinhard

2018-05-01

The depth resolution of mono-energetic positron annihilation spectroscopy using a positron beam is shown to improve by concurrently removing the sample surface layer during positron beam spectroscopy. During ion-beam sputtering with argon ions, Doppler-broadening spectroscopy is performed with energies ranging from 3 keV to 5 keV allowing for high-resolution defect studies just below the sputtered surface. With this technique, significantly improved depth resolutions could be obtained even at larger depths when compared to standard positron beam experiments which suffer from extended positron implantation profiles at higher positron energies. Our results show that it is possible to investigate layered structures with a thickness of about 4 microns with significantly improved depth resolution. We demonstrated that a purposely generated ion-beam induced defect profile in a silicon sample could be resolved employing the new technique. A depth resolution of less than 100 nm could be reached.

Synthesis of sponge-like hydrophobic NiBi3 surface by 200 keV Ar ion implantation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Siva, Vantari; Datta, D. P.; Chatterjee, S.; Varma, S.; Kanjilal, D.; Sahoo, Pratap K.

2017-07-01

Sponge-like nanostructures develop under Ar-ion implantation of a Ni-Bi bilayer with increasing ion fluence at room temperature. The surface morphology features different stages of evolution as a function of ion fluence, finally resulting in a planar surface at the highest fluence. Our investigations on the chemical composition reveal a spontaneous formation of NiBi3 phase on the surface of the as deposited bilayer film. Interestingly, we observe a competition between crystallization and amorphization of the existing poly-crystalline phases as a function of the implanted fluence. Measurements of contact angle by sessile drop method clearly show the ion-fluence dependent hydrophobic nature of the nano-structured surfaces. The wettability has been correlated with the variation in roughness and composition of the implanted surface. In fact, our experimental results confirm dominant effect of ion-sputtering as well as ion-induced mixing at the bilayer interface in the evolution of the sponge-like surface.

The extraction of negative carbon ions from a volume cusp ion source

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Melanson, Stephane; Dehnel, Morgan; Potkins, Dave; McDonald, Hamish; Hollinger, Craig; Theroux, Joseph; Martin, Jeff; Stewart, Thomas; Jackle, Philip; Philpott, Chris; Jones, Tobin; Kalvas, Taneli; Tarvainen, Olli

2017-08-01

Acetylene and carbon dioxide gases are used in a filament-powered volume-cusp ion source to produce negative carbon ions for the purpose of carbon implantation for gettering applications. The beam was extracted to an energy of 25 keV and the composition was analyzed with a spectrometer system consisting of a 90° dipole magnet and a pair of slits. It is found that acetylene produces mostly C2- ions (up to 92 µA), while carbon dioxide produces mostly O- with only trace amounts of C-. Maximum C2- current was achieved with 400 W of arc power and, the beam current and composition were found to be highly dependent on the pressure in the source. The beam properties as a function of source settings are analyzed, and plasma properties are measured with a Langmuir probe. Finally, we describe testing of a new RF H- ion source, found to produce more than 6 mA of CW H- beam.

Source Population and Acceleration Location of Suprathermal Heavy Ions in Corotating Interaction Regions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Filwett, R. J.; Desai, M. I.; Dayeh, M. A.

2017-03-20

We have analyzed the ∼20–320 keV nucleon{sup −1} suprathermal (ST) heavy ion abundances in 41 corotating interaction regions (CIRs) observed by the Wind spacecraft from 1995 January to 2008 December. Our results are: (1) the CIR Fe/CNO and NeS/CNO ratios vary with the sunspot number, with values being closer to average solar energetic particle event values during solar maxima and lower than nominal solar wind values during solar minima. The physical mechanism responsible for the depleted abundances during solar minimum remains an open question. (2) The Fe/CNO increases with energy in the 6 events that occurred during solar maximum, whilemore » no such trends are observed for the 35 events during solar minimum. (3) The Fe/CNO shows no correlation with the average solar wind speed. (4) The Fe/CNO is well correlated with the corresponding upstream ∼20–320 keV nucleon{sup −1} Fe/CNO and not with the solar wind Fe/O measured by ACE in 31 events. Using the correlations between the upstream ∼20–40 keV nucleon{sup −1} Fe/CNO and the ∼20–320 keV nucleon{sup −1} Fe/CNO in CIRs, we estimate that, on average, the ST particles traveled ∼2 au along the nominal Parker spiral field line, which corresponds to upper limits for the radial distance of the source or acceleration location of ∼1 au beyond Earth orbit. Our results are consistent with those obtained from recent surveys, and confirm that CIR ST heavy ions are accelerated more locally, and are at odds with the traditional viewpoint that CIR ions seen at 1 au are bulk solar wind ions accelerated between 3 and 5 au.« less

Ion beam sputter etching of orthopedic implanted alloy MP35N and resulting effects on fatigue

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wintucky, E. G.; Christopher, M.; Bahnuik, E.; Wang, S.

1981-01-01

The effects of two types of argon ion sputter etched surface structures on the tensile stress fatigue properties of orthopedic implant alloy MP35N were investigated. One surface structure was a natural texture resulting from direct bombardment by 1 keV argon ions. The other structure was a pattern of square holes milled into the surface by a 1 keV argon ion beam through a Ni screen mask. The etched surfaces were subjected to tensile stress only in fatigue tests designed to simulate the cyclic load conditions experienced by the stems of artificial hip joint implants. Both types of sputter etched surface structures were found to reduce the fatigue strength below that of smooth surface MP35N.

Carbonic Acid by Ion Implantation in Water_solarCarbon Dioxide Ice Mixtures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brucato, J. R.; Palumbo, M. E.; Strazzulla, G.

1997-01-01

We present the results of experiments performed by keV ion (He and H) bombardment of frozen mixtures of H 2O:CO 2and of pure CO 2ice. Using keV He ions we confirm the already reported measurement of carbonic acid (H 2CO 3) production in an ice mixture of frozen water and carbon dioxide (1:1) after irradiation by 0.7 MeV H ions (Moore, M. H., and R. K. Khanna 1991. Spectrochim. Acta47, 255-262; Moore, M. H., R. K. Khanna, and B. Donn 1991. J. Geophys. Res. E96(2), 17,541-17,545.). Contrary to a previous report (Pirronello, V., W. L. Brown, L. J. Lanzerotti, K. J. Marcantonio, and E. H. Simmons 1982. Astrophys. J.262, 636-640.), formaldehyde (H 2CO), if any, is not a major product. Implantation with hydrogen ions demonstrates that carbonic acid is formed even if the irradiated target is pure CO 2; i.e., the implanted ion is incorporated into the target and forms new bonds. Some possible astrophysical applications on Solar System objects or (pre-solar) interstellar grains are discussed.

Overview of Alternative Bunching and Current-shaping Techniques for Low-Energy Electron Beams

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Piot, Philippe

2015-12-01

Techniques to bunch or shape an electron beam at low energies (E <15 MeV) have important implications toward the realization of table-top radiation sources [1] or to the design of compact multi-user free-electron lasers[2]. This paper provides an overview of alternative methods recently developed including techniques such as wakefield-based bunching, space-charge-driven microbunching via wave-breaking [3], ab-initio shaping of the electron-emission process [4], and phase space exchangers. Practical applications of some of these methods to foreseen free-electron-laser configurations are also briefly discussed [5].

Ion-beam-induced damage formation in CdTe

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rischau, C. W.; Schnohr, C. S.; Wendler, E.

2011-06-01

Damage formation in <111>- and <112>-oriented CdTe single crystals irradiated at room temperature and 15 K with 270 keV Ar or 730 keV Sb ions was investigated in situ using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) in channeling configuration. Defect profiles were calculated from the RBS spectra using the computer code DICADA and additional energy-dependent RBS measurements were performed to identify the type of defects. At both temperatures no formation of a buried amorphous layer was detected even after prolonged irradiation with several 10{sup 16} ions/cm{sup 2}. The fact that CdTe is not rendered amorphous even at 15 K suggests that themore » high resistance to amorphization is caused by the high ionicity of CdTe rather than thermal effects. The calculated defect profiles show the formation of a broad defect distribution that extends much deeper into the crystal than the projected range of the implanted ions at both temperatures. The post-range defects in CdTe thus do not seem to be of thermal origin either, but are instead believed to result from migration driven by the electronic energy loss.« less

Method and apparatus for control of coherent synchrotron radiation effects during recirculation with bunch compression

DOEpatents

Douglas, David R; Tennant, Christopher

2015-11-10

A modulated-bending recirculating system that avoids CSR-driven breakdown in emittance compensation by redistributing the bending along the beamline. The modulated-bending recirculating system includes a) larger angles of bending in initial FODO cells, thereby enhancing the impact of CSR early on in the beam line while the bunch is long, and 2) a decreased bending angle in the final FODO cells, reducing the effect of CSR while the bunch is short. The invention describes a method for controlling the effects of CSR during recirculation and bunch compression including a) correcting chromatic aberrations, b) correcting lattice and CSR-induced curvature in the longitudinal phase space by compensating T.sub.566, and c) using lattice perturbations to compensate obvious linear correlations x-dp/p and x'-dp/p.

Ion beam synthesis of Fe nanoparticles in MgO and yttria-stabilized zirconia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Potzger, K.; Reuther, H.; Zhou, Shengqiang; Mücklich, A.; Grötzschel, R.; Eichhorn, F.; Liedke, M. O.; Fassbender, J.; Lichte, H.; Lenk, A.

2006-04-01

To form embedded Fe nanoparticles, MgO(001) and YSZ(001) single crystals have been implanted at elevated temperatures with Fe ions at energies of 100 keV and 110 keV, respectively. The ion fluence was fixed at 6×1016 cm-2. As a result, γ- and α-phase Fe nanoparticles were synthesized inside MgO and YSZ, respectively. A synthesis efficiency of 100% has been achieved for implantation at 1273 K into YSZ. The ferromagnetic behavior of the α-Fe nanoparticles is reflected by a magnetic hyperfine field of 330 kOe and a hysteretic magnetization reversal. Electron holography showed a fringing magnetic field around some, but not all of the particles.

Pulse length of ultracold electron bunches extracted from a laser cooled gas

PubMed Central

Franssen, J. G. H.; Frankort, T. L. I.; Vredenbregt, E. J. D.; Luiten, O. J.

2017-01-01

We present measurements of the pulse length of ultracold electron bunches generated by near-threshold two-photon photoionization of a laser-cooled gas. The pulse length has been measured using a resonant 3 GHz deflecting cavity in TM110 mode. We have measured the pulse length in three ionization regimes. The first is direct two-photon photoionization using only a 480 nm femtosecond laser pulse, which results in short (∼15 ps) but hot (∼104 K) electron bunches. The second regime is just-above-threshold femtosecond photoionization employing the combination of a continuous-wave 780 nm excitation laser and a tunable 480 nm femtosecond ionization laser which results in both ultracold (∼10 K) and ultrafast (∼25 ps) electron bunches. These pulses typically contain ∼103 electrons and have a root-mean-square normalized transverse beam emittance of 1.5 ± 0.1 nm rad. The measured pulse lengths are limited by the energy spread associated with the longitudinal size of the ionization volume, as expected. The third regime is just-below-threshold ionization which produces Rydberg states which slowly ionize on microsecond time scales. PMID:28396879

Cross sections for ionization of tetrahydrofuran by protons at energies between 300 and 3000 keV

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Mingjie; Rudek, Benedikt; Bennett, Daniel; de Vera, Pablo; Bug, Marion; Buhr, Ticia; Baek, Woon Yong; Hilgers, Gerhard; Rabus, Hans

2016-05-01

Double-differential cross sections for ionization of tetrahydrofuran by protons with energies from 300 to 3000 keV were measured at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt ion accelerator facility. The electrons emitted at angles between 15∘ and 150∘ relative to the ion-beam direction were detected with an electrostatic hemispherical electron spectrometer. Single-differential and total ionization cross sections have been derived by integration. The experimental results are compared to the semiempirical Hansen-Kocbach-Stolterfoht model as well as to the recently reported method based on the dielectric formalism. The comparison to the latter showed good agreement with experimental data in a broad range of emission angles and energies of secondary electrons. The scaling property of ionization cross sections for tetrahydrofuran was also investigated. Compared to molecules of different size, the ionization cross sections of tetrahydrofuran were found to scale with the number of valence electrons at large impact parameters.

Quantitative Single-Ion Irradiation by ASIPP Microbeam

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Xu-Fei; Chen, Lian-Yun; Hu, Zhi-Wen; Wang, Xiao-Hua; Zhang, Jun; Li, Jun; Chen, Bin; Hu, Su-Hua; Shi, Zhong-Tao; Wu, Yu; Xu, Ming-Liang; Wu, Li-Jun; Wang, Shao-Hu; Yu, Zeng-Liang

2004-05-01

A single-ion microbeam facility has been constructed by the microbeam research group in ASIPP (Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Science). The system was designed to deliver defined numbers of hydrogen ions produced by a van de Graaff accelerator, covering an energy range from 200 keV to 3 MeV, into living cells (5 mum-20 mum diameter) growing in culture on thin plastic films. The beam is collimated by a 1- mum inner diameter HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) capillary, which forms the micron-dimensional beam-line exit. A microbeam collimator, a scintillation ion counting system and a fast beam shutter, which constitute a precise dosage measuring and controlling system, jointly perform quantitative single-ion irradiation. With this facility, we can presently acquire ion-hitting efficiency close to 95%.

Diagnosis of high-intensity pulsed heavy ion beam generated by a novel magnetically insulated diode with gas puff plasma gun.

PubMed

Ito, H; Miyake, H; Masugata, K

2008-10-01

Intense pulsed heavy ion beam is expected to be applied to materials processing including surface modification and ion implantation. For those applications, it is very important to generate high-purity ion beams with various ion species. For this purpose, we have developed a new type of a magnetically insulated ion diode with an active ion source of a gas puff plasma gun. When the ion diode was operated at a diode voltage of about 190 kV, a diode current of about 15 kA, and a pulse duration of about 100 ns, the ion beam with an ion current density of 54 A/cm(2) was obtained at 50 mm downstream from the anode. By evaluating the ion species and the energy spectrum of the ion beam via a Thomson parabola spectrometer, it was confirmed that the ion beam consists of nitrogen ions (N(+) and N(2+)) of energy of 100-400 keV and the proton impurities of energy of 90-200 keV. The purity of the beam was evaluated to be 94%. The high-purity pulsed nitrogen ion beam was successfully obtained by the developed ion diode system.

Energetic metallic ion implantation in polymers via cost-effective laser-driven ion source

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tahir, Muhammad Bilal; Rafique, M. Shahid; Ahmed, Rabia; Rafique, M.; Iqbal, Tahir; Hasan, Ali

2017-07-01

This research work reports the ions emission from the plasma generated by Nd:YAG laser having wavelength 1.064 μm, power 1.1 MW, pulse energy 10 mJ and intensity 1011 W/cm2 irradiated at 70° with respect to the target normal to the ions. These ions were accelerated through a home-made extraction assembly by means of a high voltage DC power supply. The energy of these ions were measured using Thomson parabola technique which utilizes Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (CR-39) and confirmed by Faraday cup as well that exploits a well-known technique known as time of flight. Interestingly, a significant increase in energy (from 490 to 730 keV) was observed with a discrete increase in acceleration potential from 0 to 18 kV. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene were exposed to this recently developed ion source facility, to authenticate the reliability of this facility. The surface of the polymer is affected when energy of the irradiated ion is increased, which is evident from the optical micrographs. An increase in electrical conductivity was also observed with the increase in ion energy.

Lead ions and Coulomb’s Law at the LHC (CERN)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cid-Vidal, Xabier; Cid, Ramon

2018-03-01

Although for most of the time the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN collides protons, for around one month every year lead ions are collided, to expand the diversity of the LHC research programme. Furthermore, in an effort not originally foreseen, proton-lead collisions are also taking place, with results of high interest to the physics community. All the large experiments of the LHC have now joined the heavy-ion programme, including the LHCb experiment, which was not at first expected to be part of it. The aim of this article is to introduce a few simple physical calculations relating to some electrical phenomena that occur when lead-ion bunches are running in the LHC, using Coulomb’s Law, to be taken to the secondary school classroom to help students understand some important physical concepts.

Two types of energy-dispersed ion structures at the plasma sheet boundary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sauvaud, J.-A.; Kovrazhkin, R. A.

2004-12-01

We study two main types of ion energy dispersions observed in the energy range ˜1 to 14 keV on board the Interball-Auroral (IA) satellite at altitudes 2-3 RE at the poleward boundary of the plasma sheet. The first type of structure is named velocity dispersed ion structures (VDIS). It is known that VDIS represent a global proton structure with a latitudinal width of ˜0.7-2.5°, where the ion overall energy increases with latitude. IA data allow to show that VDIS are made of substructures lasting for ˜1-3 min. Inside each substructure, high-energy protons arrive first, regardless of the direction of the plasma sheet boundary crossing. A near-continuous rise of the maximal and minimal energies of consecutive substructures with invariant latitude characterizes VDIS. The second type of dispersed structure is named time-of-flight dispersed ion structures (TDIS). TDIS are recurrent sporadic structures in H+ (and also O+) with a quasi-period of ˜3 min and a duration of ˜1-3 min. The maximal energy of TDIS is rather constant and reaches ≥14 keV. During both poleward and equatorward crossings of the plasma sheet boundary, inside each TDIS, high-energy ions arrive first. These structures are accompanied by large fluxes of upflowing H+ and O+ ions with maximal energies up to 5-10 keV. In association with TDIS, bouncing H+ clusters are observed in quasi-dipolar magnetic field tubes, i.e., equatorward from TDIS. The electron populations generally have different properties during observations of VDIS and TDIS. The electron flux accompanying VDIS first increases smoothly and then decreases after Interball-Auroral has passed through the proton structure. The average electron energy in the range ˜0.5-2 keV is typical for electrons from the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL). The electron fluxes associated with TDIS increases suddenly at the polar boundary of the auroral zone. Their average energy, reaching ˜5-8 keV, is typical for CPS. A statistical analysis shows that

Database of ion temperature maps during geomagnetic storms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keesee, Amy M.; Scime, Earl E.

2015-02-01

Ion temperatures as a function of the x and y axes in the geocentric solar magnetospheric (GSM) coordinate system and time are available for 76 geomagnetic storms that occurred during the period July 2008 to December 2013 on CDAWeb. The method for mapping energetic neutral atom data from the Two Wide-angle Imaging Spectrometers (TWINS) mission to the GSM equatorial plane and subsequent ion temperature calculation are described here. The ion temperatures are a measure of the average thermal energy of the bulk ion population in the 1-40 keV energy range. These temperatures are useful for studies of ion dynamics, for placing in situ measurements in a global context, and for establishing boundary conditions for models of the inner magnetosphere and the plasma sheet.

Instability of a witness bunch in a plasma bubble

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Burov, A.; Lebedev, V.; Nagaitsev, S.

2016-02-16

The stability of a trailing witness bunch, accelerated by a plasma wake accelerator (PWA) in a blow-out regime, is discussed. The instability growth rate as well as the energy spread, required for BNS damping, are obtained. A relationship between the PWA power efficiency and the BNS energy spread is derived.

Ralph Bunche: University and Diplomatic Legacies Fostering Innovative Paradigms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lindsay, Beverly

2004-01-01

This article is based upon the 2003 24th Annual Charles H. Thompson Lecture at Howard University. It devotes attention to the nexuses between Ralph Bunche's scholarly publications and diplomatic speeches and their relationships to contemporary university plans and programs to address ongoing crises. In-depth interviews with a university chancellor…

Cold ion demagnetization near the X-line of magnetic reconnection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Toledo Redondo, S.; Andre, M.; Khotyaintsev, Y. V.; Vaivads, A.; Walsh, A. P.; Li, W.; Graham, D. B.; Lavraud, B.; Masson, A.; Aunai, N.; Divin, A. V.; Dargent, J.; Fuselier, S. A.; Gershman, D. J.; Dorelli, J.; Giles, B. L.; Avanov, L. A.; Pollock, C. J.; Saito, Y.; Moore, T. E.; Coffey, V. N.; Chandler, M. O.; Lindqvist, P. A.; Torbert, R. B.; Russell, C. T.

2016-12-01

We report observatios of the Ion Diffusion Region (IDR) of magnetic reconnection by MMS at the dayside magnetopause. Cold plasma (tens of eV) of ionospheric origin was present inside the IDR the 22 October 2015 and its behavior differed from the hot plasma (several keV). In particular, cold ions remained magnetized and followed E x B inside most of the IDR. We identify a sub-region and name it the cold IDR of the size of the cold ion gyroradius ( 15 km) where cold ions are demagnetized and accelerated parallel to E. Using multi-spacecraft measurements we identify a sharp cold ion density gradient separating the two regions.

AWAKE readiness for the study of the seeded self-modulation of a 400 GeV proton bunch

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muggli, P.; Adli, E.; Apsimon, R.; Asmus, F.; Baartman, R.; Bachmann, A.-M.; Barros Marin, M.; Batsch, F.; Bauche, J.; Berglyd Olsen, V. K.; Bernardini, M.; Biskup, B.; Blanco Vinuela, E.; Boccardi, A.; Bogey, T.; Bohl, T.; Bracco, C.; Braunmuller, F.; Burger, S.; Burt, G.; Bustamante, S.; Buttenschön, B.; Butterworth, A.; Caldwell, A.; Cascella, M.; Chevallay, E.; Chung, M.; Damerau, H.; Deacon, L.; Dexter, A.; Dirksen, P.; Doebert, S.; Farmer, J.; Fedosseev, V.; Feniet, T.; Fior, G.; Fiorito, R.; Fonseca, R.; Friebel, F.; Gander, P.; Gessner, S.; Gorgisyan, I.; Gorn, A. A.; Grulke, O.; Gschwendtner, E.; Guerrero, A.; Hansen, J.; Hessler, C.; Hofle, W.; Holloway, J.; Hüther, M.; Ibison, M.; Islam, M. R.; Jensen, L.; Jolly, S.; Kasim, M.; Keeble, F.; Kim, S.-Y.; Kraus, F.; Lasheen, A.; Lefevre, T.; LeGodec, G.; Li, Y.; Liu, S.; Lopes, N.; Lotov, K. V.; Martyanov, M.; Mazzoni, S.; Medina Godoy, D.; Mete, O.; Minakov, V. A.; Mompo, R.; Moody, J.; Moreira, M. T.; Mitchell, J.; Mutin, C.; Norreys, P.; Öz, E.; Ozturk, E.; Pauw, W.; Pardons, A.; Pasquino, C.; Pepitone, K.; Petrenko, A.; Pitmann, S.; Plyushchev, G.; Pukhov, A.; Rieger, K.; Ruhl, H.; Schmidt, J.; Shalimova, I. A.; Shaposhnikova, E.; Sherwood, P.; Silva, L.; Sosedkin, A. P.; Speroni, R.; Spitsyn, R. I.; Szczurek, K.; Thomas, J.; Tuev, P. V.; Turner, M.; Verzilov, V.; Vieira, J.; Vincke, H.; Welsch, C. P.; Williamson, B.; Wing, M.; Xia, G.; Zhang, H.; AWAKE Collaboration

2018-01-01

AWAKE is a proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration experiment. We show that the experimental setup briefly described here is ready for systematic study of the seeded self-modulation of the 400 GeV proton bunch in the 10 m long rubidium plasma with density adjustable from 1 to 10× {10}14 cm-3. We show that the short laser pulse used for ionization of the rubidium vapor propagates all the way along the column, suggesting full ionization of the vapor. We show that ionization occurs along the proton bunch, at the laser time and that the plasma that follows affects the proton bunch.

Maskless nano-implant of 20 keV Ga+ in bulk Si(1 0 0) substrates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Milazzo, R. G.; D'Arrigo, G.; Mio, A. M.; Rimini, E.; Spinella, C.; Peto, L.; Nadzeyka, A.; Bauerdick, S.

2014-12-01

Multidirectional SPEG (Solid Phase Epitaxial Growth) of silicon has been investigated in micro and nanoamorphous structures generated on a crystalline substrate by a nano-sized ion beam, Gaussian shaped and with a standard deviation of about 5 nm. The 20 keV Ga+ ions were implanted at a fluence of 5 × 1014 ions cm-2 in a bulk Si(1 0 0) single crystal. Two structures were used for the implants: circular regions of 100 nm and 1 μm diameters respectively and straight lines 10 nm in width and few microns in length along (1 0 0) or (1 1 0) directions. The lateral spread of ions has been taken into account in the damage estimation. Transmission Electron Microscopy indicates that the structures are made of an amorphous core surrounded by a defective and filamentary shell. The recovery of the damaged outer regions promptly occurs during the early stages of the thermal treatment at 500-600 °C for all the structures. By prolonging annealing time, re-crystallization of the amorphous cores is achieved too by the movement of the underneath crystal-amorphous interface. The re-growth is almost defects free when the contribution of the crystalline seed below the structures is present, defective and twin mediated if it misses as in the thinnest regions of the specimen.

Collision cross sections of N2 by H+ impact at keV energies within time-dependent density-functional theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, W.; Gao, C.-Z.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, F. S.; Hutton, R.; Zou, Y.; Wei, B.

2018-03-01

We calculate electron capture and ionization cross sections of N2 impacted by the H+ projectile at keV energies. To this end, we employ the time-dependent density-functional theory coupled nonadiabatically to molecular dynamics. To avoid the explicit treatment of the complex density matrix in the calculation of cross sections, we propose an approximate method based on the assumption of constant ionization rate over the period of the projectile passing the absorbing boundary. Our results agree reasonably well with experimental data and semi-empirical results within the measurement uncertainties in the considered energy range. The discrepancies are mainly attributed to the inadequate description of exchange-correlation functional and the crude approximation for constant ionization rate. Although the present approach does not predict the experiments quantitatively for collision energies below 10 keV, it is still helpful to calculate total cross sections of ion-molecule collisions within a certain energy range.

Experimental Determination of the HPGe Spectrometer Efficiency Calibration Curves for Various Sample Geometry for Gamma Energy from 50 keV to 2000 keV

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saat, Ahmad; Hamzah, Zaini; Yusop, Mohammad Fariz; Zainal, Muhd Amiruddin

2010-07-01

Detection efficiency of a gamma-ray spectrometry system is dependent upon among others, energy, sample and detector geometry, volume and density of the samples. In the present study the efficiency calibration curves of newly acquired (August 2008) HPGe gamma-ray spectrometry system was carried out for four sample container geometries, namely Marinelli beaker, disc, cylindrical beaker and vial, normally used for activity determination of gamma-ray from environmental samples. Calibration standards were prepared by using known amount of analytical grade uranium trioxide ore, homogenized in plain flour into the respective containers. The ore produces gamma-rays of energy ranging from 53 keV to 1001 keV. Analytical grade potassium chloride were prepared to determine detection efficiency of 1460 keV gamma-ray emitted by potassium isotope K-40. Plots of detection efficiency against gamma-ray energy for the four sample geometries were found to fit smoothly to a general form of ɛ = AΕa+BΕb, where ɛ is efficiency, Ε is energy in keV, A, B, a and b are constants that are dependent on the sample geometries. All calibration curves showed the presence of a "knee" at about 180 keV. Comparison between the four geometries showed that the efficiency of Marinelli beaker is higher than cylindrical beaker and vial, while cylindrical disk showed the lowest.

Ion beam synthesis of Au nanoparticles embedded nano-composite glass

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Varma, Ranjana S.; Kothari, D. C.; Kumar, Ravi; Kumar, P.; Santra, S. S.; Thomas, R. G.

2013-02-01

Ion beam mixing using low energy (LE) ion beams (100 keV Ar+) has been used to form Au nanoparticles in the near-surface region of fused silica glasses. Effect of swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation (with 120 MeV Ag9+), on the nanoparticles has been studied. Diffusion length of Au after the beam mixing and the irradiation has been found to be 14nm. SHI irradiation causes the increase in the size of the nanoparticles, reduction in size-distribution and increase in number density.

Beam manipulation with velocity bunching for PWFA applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pompili, R.; Anania, M. P.; Bellaveglia, M.; Biagioni, A.; Bisesto, F.; Chiadroni, E.; Cianchi, A.; Croia, M.; Curcio, A.; Di Giovenale, D.; Ferrario, M.; Filippi, F.; Galletti, M.; Gallo, A.; Giribono, A.; Li, W.; Marocchino, A.; Mostacci, A.; Petrarca, M.; Petrillo, V.; Di Pirro, G.; Romeo, S.; Rossi, A. R.; Scifo, J.; Shpakov, V.; Vaccarezza, C.; Villa, F.; Zhu, J.

2016-09-01

The activity of the SPARC_LAB test-facility (LNF-INFN, Frascati) is currently focused on the development of new plasma-based accelerators. Particle accelerators are used in many fields of science, with applications ranging from particle physics research to advanced radiation sources (e.g. FEL). The demand to accelerate particles to higher and higher energies is currently limited by the effective efficiency in the acceleration process that requires the development of km-size facilities. By increasing the accelerating gradient, the compactness can be improved and costs reduced. Recently, the new technique which attracts main efforts relies on plasma acceleration. In the following, the current status of plasma-based activities at SPARC_LAB is presented. Both laser- and beam-driven schemes will be adopted with the aim to provide an adequate accelerating gradient (1-10 GV/m) while preserving the brightness of the accelerated beams to the level of conventional photo-injectors. This aspect, in particular, requires the use of ultra-short (< 100 fs) electron beams, consisting in one or more bunches. We show, with the support of simulations and experimental results, that such beams can be produced using RF compression by velocity-bunching.

Unsteady Crystal Growth Due to Step-Bunch Cascading

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vekilov, Peter G.; Lin, Hong; Rosenberger, Franz

1997-01-01

Based on our experimental findings of growth rate fluctuations during the crystallization of the protein lysozym, we have developed a numerical model that combines diffusion in the bulk of a solution with diffusive transport to microscopic growth steps that propagate on a finite crystal facet. Nonlinearities in layer growth kinetics arising from step interaction by bulk and surface diffusion, and from step generation by surface nucleation, are taken into account. On evaluation of the model with properties characteristic for the solute transport, and the generation and propagation of steps in the lysozyme system, growth rate fluctuations of the same magnitude and characteristic time, as in the experiments, are obtained. The fluctuation time scale is large compared to that of step generation. Variations of the governing parameters of the model reveal that both the nonlinearity in step kinetics and mixed transport-kinetics control of the crystallization process are necessary conditions for the fluctuations. On a microscopic scale, the fluctuations are associated with a morphological instability of the vicinal face, in which a step bunch triggers a cascade of new step bunches through the microscopic interfacial supersaturation distribution.

Tunable High-Intensity Electron Bunch Train Production Based on Nonlinear Longitudinal Space Charge Oscillation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Zhen; Yan, Lixin; Du, Yingchao; Zhou, Zheng; Su, Xiaolu; Zheng, Lianmin; Wang, Dong; Tian, Qili; Wang, Wei; Shi, Jiaru; Chen, Huaibi; Huang, Wenhui; Gai, Wei; Tang, Chuanxiang

2016-05-01

High-intensity trains of electron bunches with tunable picosecond spacing are produced and measured experimentally with the goal of generating terahertz (THz) radiation. By imposing an initial density modulation on a relativistic electron beam and controlling the charge density over the beam propagation, density spikes of several-hundred-ampere peak current in the temporal profile, which are several times higher than the initial amplitudes, have been observed for the first time. We also demonstrate that the periodic spacing of the bunch train can be varied continuously either by tuning launching phase of a radio-frequency gun or by tuning the compression of a downstream magnetic chicane. Narrow-band coherent THz radiation from the bunch train was also measured with μ J -level energies and tunable central frequency of the spectrum in the range of ˜0.5 to 1.6 THz. Our results pave the way towards generating mJ-level narrow-band coherent THz radiation and driving high-gradient wakefield-based acceleration.

Tunable High-Intensity Electron Bunch Train Production Based on Nonlinear Longitudinal Space Charge Oscillation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Zhen; Yan, Lixin; Du, Yingchao

2016-05-05

High-intensity trains of electron bunches with tunable picosecond spacing are produced and measured experimentally with the goal of generating terahertz (THz) radiation. By imposing an initial density modulation on a relativistic electron beam and controlling the charge density over the beam propagation, density spikes of several-hundred-ampere peak current in the temporal profile, which are several times higher than the initial amplitudes, have been observed for the first time. We also demonstrate that the periodic spacing of the bunch train can be varied continuously either by tuning launching phase of a radiofrequency gun or by tuning the compression of a downstreammore » magnetic chicane. Narrow-band coherent THz radiation from the bunch train was also measured with μJ-level energies and tunable central frequency of the spectrum in the range of ~0.5 to 1.6 THz. Our results pave the way towards generating mJ-level narrow-band coherent THz radiation and driving high-gradient wakefield-based acceleration.« less