21 CFR 1307.02 - Application of State law and other Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Application of State law and other Federal law... MISCELLANEOUS General Information § 1307.02 Application of State law and other Federal law. Nothing in this... authorized or permitted to do under other Federal laws or obligations under international treaties...

The Pattern of Indoor Smoking Restriction Law Transitions, 1970–2009: Laws Are Sticky

PubMed Central

Sanders-Jackson, Ashley; Gonzalez, Mariaelena; Zerbe, Brandon; Song, Anna V.

2013-01-01

Objectives. We examined the pattern of the passage of smoking laws across venues (government and private workplaces, restaurants, bars) and by strength (no law to 100% smoke-free). Methods. We conducted transition analyses of local and state smoking restrictions passed between 1970 and 2009, with data from the Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights Ordinance Database. Results. Each decade, more laws were enacted, from 18 passed in the 1970s to 3172 in the first decade of this century, when 91% of existing state laws were passed. Most laws passed took states and localities from no law to some level of smoking restriction, and most new local (77%; 5148/6648) and state (73%; 115/158) laws passed in the study period did not change strength. Conclusions. Because these laws are “sticky”—once a law has passed, strength of the law and venues covered do not change often—policymakers and advocates should focus on passing strong laws the first time, rather than settling for less comprehensive laws with the hope of improving them in the future. PMID:23763408

12 CFR 213.9 - Relation to state laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Relation to state laws. 213.9 Section 213.9... LEASING (REGULATION M) § 213.9 Relation to state laws. (a) Inconsistent state law. A state law that is... a lessor cannot comply with a state law without violating a provision of this part, the state law is...

Prevalence and public health implications of state laws that criminalize potential HIV exposure in the United States.

PubMed

Lehman, J Stan; Carr, Meredith H; Nichol, Allison J; Ruisanchez, Alberto; Knight, David W; Langford, Anne E; Gray, Simone C; Mermin, Jonathan H

2014-06-01

For the past three decades, legislative approaches to prevent HIV transmission have been used at the national, state, and local levels. One punitive legislative approach has been enactment of laws that criminalize behaviors associated with HIV exposure (HIV-specific criminal laws). In the USA, HIV-specific criminal laws have largely been shaped by state laws. These laws impose criminal penalties on persons who know they have HIV and subsequently engage in certain behaviors, most commonly sexual activity without prior disclosure of HIV-positive serostatus. These laws have been subject to intense public debate. Using public health law research methods, data from the legal database WestlawNext© were analyzed to describe the prevalence and characteristics of laws that criminalize potential HIV exposure in the 50 states (plus the District of Columbia) and to examine the implications of these laws for public health practice. The first state laws were enacted in 1986; as of 2011 a total of 67 laws had been enacted in 33 states. By 1995, nearly two-thirds of all laws had been enacted; by 2000, 85 % of laws had been enacted; and since 2000, an additional 10 laws have been enacted. Twenty-four states require persons who are aware that they have HIV to disclose their status to sexual partners and 14 states require disclosure to needle-sharing partners. Twenty-five states criminalize one or more behaviors that pose a low or negligible risk for HIV transmission. Nearly two-thirds of states in the USA have legislation that criminalizes potential HIV exposure. Many of these laws criminalize behaviors that pose low or negligible risk for HIV transmission. The majority of laws were passed before studies showed that antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces HIV transmission risk and most laws do not account for HIV prevention measures that reduce transmission risk, such as condom use, ART, or pre-exposure prophylaxis. States with HIV-specific criminal laws are encouraged to use the findings of this paper to re-examine those laws, assess the laws' alignment with current evidence regarding HIV transmission risk, and consider whether the laws are the best vehicle to achieve their intended purposes.

Do mothers-in-law matter? Family dynamics and fertility decision-making in urban squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan.

PubMed

Kadir, Muhammad Masood; Fikree, Fariyal F; Khan, Amanullah; Sajan, Fatima

2003-10-01

The perspectives of mothers-in-law about intra-household decision-making, family size and family planning are investigated, and their views compared with those of their sons and daughters-in-law. Women (717 daughters-in-law), their husbands (717 sons) and their 522 mothers-in-law were interviewed in eight squatter settlements in Karachi, Pakistan. Decisions about the schooling and health care of children, and the purchase of jewellery, are perceived to lie within the nuclear family domain (i.e. husband and wife). There was a difference in mothers-in-law's, daughters-in-law's and sons' desire to have more children. Twenty-eight per cent of mothers-in-law versus 58%, of daughters-in-law did not want more grandsons/sons and 36%, of mothers-in-law versus 66% of daughters-in-law did not want more granddaughters/daughters. The difference was markedly greater among the mother-in-law/daughter-in-law pairs than in the mother/son pairs. Overall, the mother-in-law's role seems to be somewhat overshadowed by that of her son (family male member), except for limiting family size. It is suggested that mothers-in-law should be included in Information-Education-Communication (IEC) campaigns about family planning.

12 CFR 157.11 - To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related state laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related state laws? 157.11 Section 157.11 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY DEPOSITS § 157.11 To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related state laws? State law...

12 CFR 157.11 - To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related state laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related state laws? 157.11 Section 157.11 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY DEPOSITS § 157.11 To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related state laws? State law...

12 CFR 157.11 - To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related state laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related state laws? 157.11 Section 157.11 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY DEPOSITS § 157.11 To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related state laws? State law...

The Law and Health Personnel; A Study of Minnesota Law Related to Selected Health Manpower Categories.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Rehabilitation Foundation, Minneapolis, Minn. Inst. for Interdisciplinary Studies.

This report surveys Minnesota laws relating to the use of health manpower. It presents a summary of Minnesota licensure laws as they apply to categories of health personnel and paramedical personnel currently unrecognized by the law. An analysis is also made of malpractice decisional law to examine whether such laws prohibit or inhibit optimal…

The Best Defense Is a Good Offense: Conducting Offensive Cyberoperations and the Law of Armed Conflict

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-02-13

Bradley and Goldsmith note that “despite its relatively amorphous nature, CIL [customary international law] has essentially the same binding force under...and Jack L. Goldsmith , Customary International Law as Federal Common Law: A Critique of the Modern Position, Harvard Law Review vol. 110, no. 4: 815...Law Institute, 1989), §102(2). 28 Bradley and Goldsmith , 818, citing Restatement of the Law Third, The Foreign Relations Law of the United States

Making the Case for Laws That Improve Health: A Framework for Public Health Law Research

PubMed Central

Burris, Scott; Wagenaar, Alexander C; Swanson, Jeffrey; Ibrahim, Jennifer K; Wood, Jennifer; Mello, Michelle M

2010-01-01

Context: Public health law has received considerable attention in recent years and has become an essential field in public health. Public health law research, however, has received less attention. Methods: Expert commentary. Findings: This article explores public health law research, defined as the scientific study of the relation of law and legal practices to population health. The article offers a logic model of public health law research and a typology of approaches to studying the effects of law on public health. Research on the content and prevalence of public health laws, processes of adopting and implementing laws, and the extent to which and mechanisms through which law affects health outcomes can use methods drawn from epidemiology, economics, sociology, and other disciplines. The maturation of public health law research as a field depends on methodological rigor, adequate research funding, access to appropriate data sources, and policymakers’ use of research findings. Conclusions: Public health law research is a young field but holds great promise for supporting evidence-based policymaking that will improve population health. PMID:20579282

Youth motorcycle-related brain injury by state helmet law type: United States, 2005-2007.

PubMed

Weiss, Harold; Agimi, Yll; Steiner, Claudia

2010-12-01

Twenty-seven states have youth-specific helmet laws even though such laws have been shown to decrease helmet use and increase youth mortality compared with all-age (universal) laws. Our goal was to quantify the impact of age-specific helmet laws on youth under age 20 hospitalized with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Our cross-sectional ecological group analysis compared TBI proportions among US states with different helmet laws. We examined the following null hypothesis: If age-specific helmet laws are as effective as universal laws, there will be no difference in the proportion of hospitalized young motorcycle riders with TBI in the respective states. The data are derived from the 2005 to 2007 State Inpatient Databases of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. We examined data for 17 states with universal laws, 6 states with laws for ages <21, and 12 states with laws for children younger than 18 (9287 motorcycle injury discharges). In states with a <21 law, serious TBI among youth was 38% higher than in universal-law states. Motorcycle riders aged 12 to 17 in 18 helmet-law states had a higher proportion of serious/severe TBI and higher average Abbreviated Injury Scores for head-region injuries than riders from universal-law states. States with youth-specific laws had an increased risk of TBI that required hospitalization, serious and severe TBI, TBI-related disability, and in-hospital death among the youth they are supposed to protect. The only method known to keep motorcycle-helmet use high among youth is to adopt or maintain universal helmet laws.

Evaluation of Iowa's anti-bullying law.

PubMed

Ramirez, Marizen; Ten Eyck, Patrick; Peek-Asa, Corinne; Onwuachi-Willig, Angela; Cavanaugh, Joseph E

Bullying is the most common form of youth aggression. Although 49 of all 50 states in the U.S. have an anti-bullying law in place to prevent bullying, little is known about the effectiveness of these laws. Our objective was to measure the effectiveness of Iowa's anti-bullying law in preventing bullying and improving teacher response to bullying. Sixth, 8th, and 11th grade children who completed the 2005, 2008 and 2010 Iowa Youth Survey were included in this study ( n  = 253,000). Students were coded according to exposure to the law: pre-law for 2005 survey data, one year post-law for 2008 data, and three years post-law for 2010 data. The outcome variables were: 1) being bullied (relational, verbal, physical, and cyber) in the last month and 2) extent to which teachers/adults on campus intervened with bullying. Generalized linear mixed models were constructed with random effects. The odds of being bullied increased from pre-law to one year post-law periods, and then decreased from one year to three years post-law but not below 2005 pre-law levels. This pattern was consistent across all bullying types except cyberbullying. The odds of teacher intervention decreased 11 % (OR = 0.89, 95 % CL = 0.88, 0.90) from 2005 (pre-law) to 2010 (post-law). Bullying increased immediately after Iowa's anti-bullying law was passed, possibly due to improved reporting. Reductions in bullying occurred as the law matured. Teacher response did not improve after the passage of the law.

Evaluation of Iowa's anti-bullying law.

PubMed

Ramirez, Marizen; Ten Eyck, Patrick; Peek-Asa, Corinne; Onwuachi-Willig, Angela; Cavanaugh, Joseph E

2016-12-01

Bullying is the most common form of youth aggression. Although 49 of all 50 states in the U.S. have an anti-bullying law in place to prevent bullying, little is known about the effectiveness of these laws. Our objective was to measure the effectiveness of Iowa's anti-bullying law in preventing bullying and improving teacher response to bullying. Sixth, 8th, and 11th grade children who completed the 2005, 2008 and 2010 Iowa Youth Survey were included in this study (n = 253,000). Students were coded according to exposure to the law: pre-law for 2005 survey data, one year post-law for 2008 data, and three years post-law for 2010 data. The outcome variables were: 1) being bullied (relational, verbal, physical, and cyber) in the last month and 2) extent to which teachers/adults on campus intervened with bullying. Generalized linear mixed models were constructed with random effects. The odds of being bullied increased from pre-law to one year post-law periods, and then decreased from one year to three years post-law but not below 2005 pre-law levels. This pattern was consistent across all bullying types except cyberbullying. The odds of teacher intervention decreased 11 % (OR = 0.89, 95 % CL = 0.88, 0.90) from 2005 (pre-law) to 2010 (post-law). Bullying increased immediately after Iowa's anti-bullying law was passed, possibly due to improved reporting. Reductions in bullying occurred as the law matured. Teacher response did not improve after the passage of the law.

Variability and Limits of US State Laws Regulating Workplace Wellness Programs.

PubMed

Pomeranz, Jennifer L; Garcia, Andrea M; Vesprey, Randy; Davey, Adam

2016-06-01

We examined variability in state laws related to workplace wellness programs for public and private employers. We conducted legal research using LexisNexis and Westlaw to create a master list of US state laws that existed in 2014 dedicated to workplace wellness programs. The master list was then divided into laws focusing on public employers and private employers. We created 2 codebooks to describe the variables used to examine the laws. Coders used LawAtlas(SM) Workbench to code the laws related to workplace wellness programs. Thirty-two states and the District of Columbia had laws related to workplace wellness programs in 2014. Sixteen states and the District of Columbia had laws dedicated to public employers, and 16 states had laws dedicated to private employers. Nine states and the District of Columbia had laws that did not specify employer type. State laws varied greatly in their methods of encouraging or shaping wellness program requirements. Few states have comprehensive requirements or incentives to support evidence-based workplace wellness programs.

Psychophysical Laws and the Superorganism.

PubMed

Reina, Andreagiovanni; Bose, Thomas; Trianni, Vito; Marshall, James A R

2018-03-12

Through theoretical analysis, we show how a superorganism may react to stimulus variations according to psychophysical laws observed in humans and other animals. We investigate an empirically-motivated honeybee house-hunting model, which describes a value-sensitive decision process over potential nest-sites, at the level of the colony. In this study, we show how colony decision time increases with the number of available nests, in agreement with the Hick-Hyman law of psychophysics, and decreases with mean nest quality, in agreement with Piéron's law. We also show that colony error rate depends on mean nest quality, and difference in quality, in agreement with Weber's law. Psychophysical laws, particularly Weber's law, have been found in diverse species, including unicellular organisms. Our theoretical results predict that superorganisms may also exhibit such behaviour, suggesting that these laws arise from fundamental mechanisms of information processing and decision-making. Finally, we propose a combined psychophysical law which unifies Hick-Hyman's law and Piéron's law, traditionally studied independently; this unified law makes predictions that can be empirically tested.

25 CFR 12.22 - Can Bureau of Indian Affairs law enforcement officers enforce tribal laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Can Bureau of Indian Affairs law enforcement officers enforce tribal laws? 12.22 Section 12.22 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Authority and Jurisdiction § 12.22 Can Bureau of Indian Affairs law enforcement officers enforce tribal...

A Law of Physics in the Classroom: The Case of Ohm's Law

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kipnis, Nahum

2009-01-01

Difficulties in learning Ohm's Law suggest a need to refocus it from the law for a part of the circuit to the law for the whole circuit. Such a revision may improve understanding of Ohm's Law and its practical applications. This suggestion comes from an analysis of the history of the law's discovery and its teaching. The historical materials this…

Strength of smoke-free air laws and indoor air quality.

PubMed

Lee, Kiyoung; Hahn, Ellen J; Robertson, Heather E; Lee, Seongjik; Vogel, Suzann L; Travers, Mark J

2009-04-01

Smoke-free air laws have been implemented in many Kentucky communities to protect the public from the harmful effects of secondhand smoke exposure. The impact of different strengths of smoke-free air laws on indoor air quality was assessed. Indoor air quality in hospitality venues was assessed in seven communities before and after comprehensive smoke-free air laws and in two communities only after partial smoke-free air laws. One community was measured three times: before any smoke-free air law, after the initial partial law, and after the law was strengthened to cover all workplaces and public places with few exemptions. Real-time measurements of particulate matters with 2.5 mum aerodynamic diameter or smaller (PM(2.5)) were obtained. When comprehensive smoke-free air laws were implemented, indoor PM(2.5) concentrations decreased significantly from 161 to 20 microg/m3. In one community that implemented a comprehensive smoke-free law after initially passing a partial law, indoor PM(2.5) concentrations were 304 microg/m3 before the law, 338 microg/m3 after the partial law, and 9 microg/m3 after the comprehensive law. The study clearly demonstrated that partial smoke-free air laws do not improve indoor air quality. A significant linear trend indicated that PM(2.5) levels in the establishments decreased with fewer numbers of burning cigarettes. Only comprehensive smoke-free air laws are effective in reducing indoor air pollution from secondhand tobacco smoke.

Strength of smoke-free air laws and indoor air quality

PubMed Central

Hahn, Ellen J.; Robertson, Heather E.; Vogel, Suzann L.; Travers, Mark J.

2009-01-01

Introduction: Smoke-free air laws have been implemented in many Kentucky communities to protect the public from the harmful effects of secondhand smoke exposure. The impact of different strengths of smoke-free air laws on indoor air quality was assessed. Methods: Indoor air quality in hospitality venues was assessed in seven communities before and after comprehensive smoke-free air laws and in two communities only after partial smoke-free air laws. One community was measured three times: before any smoke-free air law, after the initial partial law, and after the law was strengthened to cover all workplaces and public places with few exemptions. Real-time measurements of particulate matters with 2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter or smaller (PM2.5) were obtained. Results: When comprehensive smoke-free air laws were implemented, indoor PM2.5 concentrations decreased significantly from 161 to 20 μg/m3. In one community that implemented a comprehensive smoke-free law after initially passing a partial law, indoor PM2.5 concentrations were 304 μg/m3 before the law, 338 μg/m3 after the partial law, and 9 μg/m3 after the comprehensive law. Discussion: The study clearly demonstrated that partial smoke-free air laws do not improve indoor air quality. A significant linear trend indicated that PM2.5 levels in the establishments decreased with fewer numbers of burning cigarettes. Only comprehensive smoke-free air laws are effective in reducing indoor air pollution from secondhand tobacco smoke. PMID:19346510

DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE HEALTH LAW: OVERVIEW AND SUGGESTIONS.

PubMed

Liu, Kai; Tang, Daolu

2014-07-01

Health law is a rapidly developing law specialty in China. This article examines the current overall framework and evolution of Chinese health law, as a background to an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of this legal regime. Research suggests that: 1) The independent status of Chinese health law as jurisprudence and a specialty ought to be assured altogether; 2) The convergence between health law and other laws should be strengthened; 3) The current Chinese health law framework ought to be completed. This suggests the necessity to find ways to improve the independence of health law in China by eliminating the convergence and completing the legal framework.

Demonstrating the Gas Laws.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Holko, David A.

1982-01-01

Presents a complete computer program demonstrating the relationship between volume/pressure for Boyle's Law, volume/temperature for Charles' Law, and volume/moles of gas for Avagadro's Law. The programing reinforces students' application of gas laws and equates a simulated moving piston to theoretical values derived using the ideal gas law.…

20 CFR 901.43 - Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Administrative Law Judge. 901.43 Section 901... Termination of Enrollment § 901.43 Administrative Law Judge. (a) Appointment. An administrative law judge... Administrative Law Judge. Among other powers, the Administrative Law Judge shall have authority, in connection...

Patient Perception of Disclosure Performance of Informed Consent Elements in the Preanesthesia Interview

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-12-01

Tort Law............................................................................................................................10 Contract Law ......................................................................................................................20... contract law ..............................22 Figure 3. Military status of patients by rate...Two major areas of the law, tort law and contract law , are relevant when a patient does not receive adequate informed consent. This chapter will

University Students' Views on Political Influences and the Status of Law in Post-Reform China: A Moderation and Mediation Analysis.

PubMed

Jiang, Guoping; Lo, T Wing

2016-07-01

Scholars categorize societies into "rule of man" societies, "rule by law" societies, and "rule of law" societies on the basis of a status of law. After 1978, China's leaders invoked law as an alternative to the arbitrariness of the Cultural Revolution. In this study, we used quantitative methods to explore university students' views on the status of law in post-reform China. Surveys were conducted in three national universities located in different regions of China. Responses from university students show that their perceptions of well-developed legislation and perceptions of the publicity of law are associated with their perceptions of equality before the law, which could be the consequence of a "rule of law" system. However, the study found that university students are of the view that the political nature of legislation and interference in law enforcement moderate the relationship between legislation and equality before the law. The political nature of legislation also moderates the mediation effect of interference in law enforcement between law publicity and equality before the law. As such, the article concludes that although university students are no longer primary movers in China's social and political development after the Tiananmen incident, they are still knowledgeable if not critical about the status of law and its political implications. © The Author(s) 2015.

22 CFR 1421.8 - Administrative law judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 2 2011-04-01 2009-04-01 true Administrative law judge. 1421.8 Section 1421.8... TERMS AS USED IN THIS SUBCHAPTER § 1421.8 Administrative law judge. Administrative law judge means the Chief Administrative Law Judge or any administrative law judge designated by the Chief Administrative...

22 CFR 128.2 - Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Administrative Law Judge. 128.2 Section 128.2... § 128.2 Administrative Law Judge. The Administrative Law Judge referred to in this part is an Administrative Law Judge appointed by the Department of State. The Administrative Law Judge is authorized to...

Administrative Law: The Hidden Comparative Law Course.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Strauss, Peter L.

1996-01-01

Argues that the main contribution of the Administrative Law course to law students is that it presents problems which contrast with those of the standard court-centered curriculum and can illuminate other areas of law, repeatedly confronting students with doctrinal differences. Offers several examples from civil procedure, constitutional law, and…

Registered Charitable Organizations and Paid Solicitors

Science.gov Websites

Alaska Department of Law logo Alaska Department of Law Consumer Protection Unit Search Search the Department of Law's site LAW State of Alaska LAW Home About & Contact Administrative Services Division Consumer Protection LAW Resources Alaska Statutes & Regulations Alaska Constitution Regulations

22 CFR 128.2 - Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Administrative Law Judge. 128.2 Section 128.2... § 128.2 Administrative Law Judge. The Administrative Law Judge referred to in this part is an Administrative Law Judge appointed by the Department of State. The Administrative Law Judge is authorized to...

7 CFR 501.14 - Non-Federal law enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 6 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Non-Federal law enforcement. 501.14 Section 501.14...-Federal law enforcement. Research Center special policemen may be deputized by State or local law... State or local law enforcement agency, the facilities or services of such State or local law enforcement...

7 CFR 501.14 - Non-Federal law enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 6 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Non-Federal law enforcement. 501.14 Section 501.14...-Federal law enforcement. Research Center special policemen may be deputized by State or local law... State or local law enforcement agency, the facilities or services of such State or local law enforcement...

7 CFR 501.14 - Non-Federal law enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 6 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Non-Federal law enforcement. 501.14 Section 501.14...-Federal law enforcement. Research Center special policemen may be deputized by State or local law... State or local law enforcement agency, the facilities or services of such State or local law enforcement...

7 CFR 501.14 - Non-Federal law enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 6 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Non-Federal law enforcement. 501.14 Section 501.14...-Federal law enforcement. Research Center special policemen may be deputized by State or local law... State or local law enforcement agency, the facilities or services of such State or local law enforcement...

[Teaching about Law and Literature].

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ryan, John Paul, Ed.

1993-01-01

This issue of "Focus on Law Studies" contains a special emphasis on teaching about law and literature, in the form of the following six articles: "Law and Literature: New Combinations in Teaching" (John Paul Ryan); "Teaching Law and American Literature" (Janet Eldred); "Teaching Law with Sacco, Vanzetti, and the Rosenbergs" (Susan N. Herman); Ann…

24 CFR 1720.145 - Disqualification of administrative law judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... may file with the administrative law judge a motion that the administrative law judge be disqualified... law judge. 1720.145 Section 1720.145 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing and... administrative law judge. (a) When an administrative law judge feels disqualified from presiding in a particular...

The LIC Planners’s Guide (LPG)

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-03-01

administrative and contract law . 2. ASSIST IN CRIMINAL LAW: Assist Host Nation/Allied governments in filing and processing cases for redress of property and...forces to assist in administrative/ contract law , assist in criminal law, assist in claims, provide legal assistance, and to provide assistance in...SERVICES (LFA): 11-8 ASSIST IN ADMINISTRATIVE/ CONTRACT LAW : 11-8 ASSIST IN CLAIMS: 11-8 ASSIST IN CRIMINAL LAW: 11-8 PROVIDE INTERNATIONAL LAW

China's Marriage Law: a model for family responsibilities and relationships.

PubMed

Hare-Mustin, R T

1982-12-01

China's Marriage Law of 1981 is presented with a brief commentary. The law encompasses the responsibilities of spouses, parents, children, grandparents, and siblings to one another. The new law is contrasted with the 1950 Marriage Law, which prohibited such feudal practices of former times as arranged marriages and child betrothals. The 1981 law is concerned with equality and the lawful needs of women, children, and the aged. Family planning is encouraged. Divorce is made easier to obtain. Adoptees and stepchildren are provided for. The law provides a legislative model for personal relationships.

Motorcycle helmet effectiveness in reducing head, face and brain injuries by state and helmet law.

PubMed

Olsen, Cody S; Thomas, Andrea M; Singleton, Michael; Gaichas, Anna M; Smith, Tracy J; Smith, Gary A; Peng, Justin; Bauer, Michael J; Qu, Ming; Yeager, Denise; Kerns, Timothy; Burch, Cynthia; Cook, Lawrence J

2016-12-01

Despite evidence that motorcycle helmets reduce morbidity and mortality, helmet laws and rates of helmet use vary by state in the U.S. We pooled data from eleven states: five with universal laws requiring all motorcyclists to wear a helmet, and six with partial laws requiring only a subset of motorcyclists to wear a helmet. Data were combined in the Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System's General Use Model and included motorcycle crash records probabilistically linked to emergency department and inpatient discharges for years 2005-2008. Medical outcomes were compared between partial and universal helmet law settings. We estimated adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for head, facial, traumatic brain, and moderate to severe head/facial injuries associated with helmet use within each helmet law setting using generalized log-binomial regression. Reported helmet use was higher in universal law states (88 % vs. 42 %). Median charges, adjusted for inflation and differences in state-incomes, were higher in partial law states (emergency department $1987 vs. $1443; inpatient $31,506 vs. $25,949). Injuries to the head and face, including traumatic brain injuries, were more common in partial law states. Effectiveness estimates of helmet use were higher in partial law states (adjusted-RR (CI) of head injury: 2.1 (1.9-2.2) partial law single vehicle; 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) universal law single vehicle; 1.8 (1.6-2.0) partial law multi-vehicle; 1.2 (1.1-1.4) universal law multi-vehicle). Medical charges and rates of head, facial, and brain injuries among motorcyclists were lower in universal law states. Helmets were effective in reducing injury in both helmet law settings; lower effectiveness estimates were observed in universal law states.

Motorcycle helmet effectiveness in reducing head, face and brain injuries by state and helmet law.

PubMed

Olsen, Cody S; Thomas, Andrea M; Singleton, Michael; Gaichas, Anna M; Smith, Tracy J; Smith, Gary A; Peng, Justin; Bauer, Michael J; Qu, Ming; Yeager, Denise; Kerns, Timothy; Burch, Cynthia; Cook, Lawrence J

Despite evidence that motorcycle helmets reduce morbidity and mortality, helmet laws and rates of helmet use vary by state in the U.S. We pooled data from eleven states: five with universal laws requiring all motorcyclists to wear a helmet, and six with partial laws requiring only a subset of motorcyclists to wear a helmet. Data were combined in the Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System's General Use Model and included motorcycle crash records probabilistically linked to emergency department and inpatient discharges for years 2005-2008. Medical outcomes were compared between partial and universal helmet law settings. We estimated adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for head, facial, traumatic brain, and moderate to severe head/facial injuries associated with helmet use within each helmet law setting using generalized log-binomial regression. Reported helmet use was higher in universal law states (88 % vs. 42 %). Median charges, adjusted for inflation and differences in state-incomes, were higher in partial law states (emergency department $1987 vs. $1443; inpatient $31,506 vs. $25,949). Injuries to the head and face, including traumatic brain injuries, were more common in partial law states. Effectiveness estimates of helmet use were higher in partial law states (adjusted-RR (CI) of head injury: 2.1 (1.9-2.2) partial law single vehicle; 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) universal law single vehicle; 1.8 (1.6-2.0) partial law multi-vehicle; 1.2 (1.1-1.4) universal law multi-vehicle). Medical charges and rates of head, facial, and brain injuries among motorcyclists were lower in universal law states. Helmets were effective in reducing injury in both helmet law settings; lower effectiveness estimates were observed in universal law states.

Chemical Laws, Idealization and Approximation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tobin, Emma

2013-07-01

This paper examines the notion of laws in chemistry. Vihalemm ( Found Chem 5(1):7-22, 2003) argues that the laws of chemistry are fundamentally the same as the laws of physics they are all ceteris paribus laws which are true "in ideal conditions". In contrast, Scerri (2000) contends that the laws of chemistry are fundamentally different to the laws of physics, because they involve approximations. Christie ( Stud Hist Philos Sci 25:613-629, 1994) and Christie and Christie ( Of minds and molecules. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 34-50, 2000) agree that the laws of chemistry are operationally different to the laws of physics, but claim that the distinction between exact and approximate laws is too simplistic to taxonomise them. Approximations in chemistry involve diverse kinds of activity and often what counts as a scientific law in chemistry is dictated by the context of its use in scientific practice. This paper addresses the question of what makes chemical laws distinctive independently of the separate question as to how they are related to the laws of physics. From an analysis of some candidate ceteris paribus laws in chemistry, this paper argues that there are two distinct kinds of ceteris paribus laws in chemistry; idealized and approximate chemical laws. Thus, while Christie ( Stud Hist Philos Sci 25:613-629, 1994) and Christie and Christie ( Of minds and molecules. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 34--50, 2000) are correct to point out that the candidate generalisations in chemistry are diverse and heterogeneous, a distinction between idealizations and approximations can nevertheless be used to successfully taxonomise them.

Network Analysis Planning Model for the Judge Advocate General (NAPM-JAG).

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-09-01

areas. They are: general law, contract law , and a roll-up of other specialty V. areas. (3) The model tracks officers in a schooling account, but... contract law specialists, and other law specialists (i.e., regulatory, labor, and patent). (2) The model assigns officers into a schooling account. The...major level. c. Officer Specialties. The JAG officer specialty areas are: contract law , international law, labor law, claims, and patents. Approximately

Learning the Law: Law Education for Young North Carolinians.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Edwards, Wanda Rushing; Carr, Edward G., Jr.

Arranged in five chapters, this supplementary resource for junior high students contains information on the history, practical applications, and social consequences of the law. In chapter 1, students are introduced to the origin of laws through examination of a fable, the relationship between government and laws, types of laws, and law…

5 CFR 930.209 - Senior Administrative Law Judge Program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Senior Administrative Law Judge Program...) Administrative Law Judge Program § 930.209 Senior Administrative Law Judge Program. (a) OPM administers a Senior Administrative Law Judge Program in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 3323(b)(2). The Senior Administrative Law Judge...

43 CFR 8365.1-7 - State and local laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false State and local laws. 8365.1-7 Section... and local laws. Except as otherwise provided by Federal law or regulation, State and local laws and... not limited to, State and local laws and ordinances governing: (a) Operation and use of motor vehicles...

38 CFR 21.4274 - Law courses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Law courses. 21.4274... Pursuit of Courses § 21.4274 Law courses. (a) Accredited. A law course in an accredited law school leading to a standard professional law degree will be assessed as provided in § 21.4273(a). (b) Nonaccredited...

25 CFR 11.909 - Law enforcement records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Law enforcement records. 11.909 Section 11.909 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER COURTS OF INDIAN OFFENSES AND LAW AND ORDER CODE Children's Court § 11.909 Law enforcement records. (a) Law enforcement records and files...

42 CFR 422.378 - Relationship to State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Relationship to State law. 422.378 Section 422.378....378 Relationship to State law. (a) Preemption of State law. Any provisions of State law that relate to... it were licensed under State law; (ii) Generally apply to other MA organizations and plans in the...

38 CFR 21.4274 - Law courses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Law courses. 21.4274... Pursuit of Courses § 21.4274 Law courses. (a) Accredited. A law course in an accredited law school leading to a standard professional law degree will be assessed as provided in § 21.4273(a). (b) Nonaccredited...

29 CFR 18.302 - Applicability of state law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 1 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Applicability of state law. 18.302 Section 18.302 Labor... OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES Rules of Evidence Presumptions § 18.302 Applicability of state law... State law supplies the rule of decision is determined in accordance with State law. Relevancy and Its...

41 CFR 102-117.145 - What are coastwise laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false What are coastwise laws... coastwise laws? Coastwise laws refer to laws governing shipment of freight, household goods and passengers by water between points in the United States or its territories. The purpose of these laws is to...

38 CFR 21.4274 - Law courses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Law courses. 21.4274... Pursuit of Courses § 21.4274 Law courses. (a) Accredited. A law course in an accredited law school leading to a standard professional law degree will be assessed as provided in § 21.4273(a). (b) Nonaccredited...

31 CFR 212.9 - Preemption of State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Preemption of State law. 212.9 Section... PAYMENTS § 212.9 Preemption of State law. (a) Inconsistent law preempted. Any State or local government law... inconsistency. A State law or regulation is inconsistent with this part if it requires a financial institution...

38 CFR 21.4274 - Law courses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Law courses. 21.4274... Pursuit of Courses § 21.4274 Law courses. (a) Accredited. A law course in an accredited law school leading to a standard professional law degree will be assessed as provided in § 21.4273(a). (b) Nonaccredited...

37 CFR 11.117 - Sale of law practice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Sale of law practice. 11.117... of Professional Conduct Client-Practitioner Relationship § 11.117 Sale of law practice. A practitioner or a law firm may sell or purchase a law practice, or an area of law practice, including good will...

Law Libraries as Special Libraries: An Educational Model.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hazelton, Penny A.

1993-01-01

Summarizes the history of the law library profession and the development of the educational model for law librarians in light of the particular demands and needs of corporate and law firm libraries. Guidelines of the American Association of Law Libraries for graduate programs in law librarianship are discussed. (Contains 17 references.) (LRW)

Chemical Laws, Idealization and Approximation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tobin, Emma

2013-01-01

This paper examines the notion of laws in chemistry. Vihalemm ("Found Chem" 5(1):7-22, 2003) argues that the laws of chemistry are fundamentally the same as the laws of physics they are all "ceteris paribus" laws which are true "in ideal conditions". In contrast, Scerri (2000) contends that the laws of chemistry are…

38 CFR 21.4274 - Law courses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Law courses. 21.4274... Pursuit of Courses § 21.4274 Law courses. (a) Accredited. A law course in an accredited law school leading to a standard professional law degree will be assessed as provided in § 21.4273(a). (b) Nonaccredited...

The Law and Catholic Schools: Approaching the New Millennium.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shaughnessy, Mary Angela

The laws affecting education in the United States today can generally be classified according to four categories: (1) Constitutional law (both state and federal); (2) statutes and regulations; (3) common law principles; and (4) contract law. Students and teachers in private schools are not protected by federal Constitutional law because they are…

NASA STI Database, Aerospace Database and ARIN coverage of 'space law'

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buchan, Ronald L.

1992-01-01

The space-law coverage provided by the NASA STI Database, the Aerospace Database, and ARIN is briefly described. Particular attention is given to the space law content of the two Databases and of ARIN, the NASA Thesauras space law terminology, space law publication forms, and the availability of the space law literature.

Diffusion of Impaired Driving Laws Among US States.

PubMed

Macinko, James; Silver, Diana

2015-09-01

We examined internal and external determinants of state's adoption of impaired driving laws. Data included 7 state-level, evidence-based public health laws collected from 1980 to 2010. We used event history analyses to identify predictors of first-time law adoption and subsequent adoption between state pairs. The independent variables were internal state factors, including the political environment, legislative professionalism, government capacity, state resources, legislative history, and policy-specific risk factors. The external factors were neighboring states' history of law adoption and changes in federal law. We found a strong secular trend toward an increased number of laws over time. The proportion of younger drivers and the presence of a neighboring state with similar laws were the strongest predictors of first-time law adoption. The predictors of subsequent law adoption included neighbor state adoption and previous legislative action. Alcohol laws were negatively associated with first-time adoption of impaired driving laws, suggesting substitution effects among policy choices. Organizations seeking to stimulate state policy changes may need to craft strategies that engage external actors, such as neighboring states, in addition to mobilizing within-state constituencies.

Diffusion of Impaired Driving Laws Among US States

PubMed Central

Silver, Diana

2015-01-01

Objectives. We examined internal and external determinants of state’s adoption of impaired driving laws. Methods. Data included 7 state-level, evidence-based public health laws collected from 1980 to 2010. We used event history analyses to identify predictors of first-time law adoption and subsequent adoption between state pairs. The independent variables were internal state factors, including the political environment, legislative professionalism, government capacity, state resources, legislative history, and policy-specific risk factors. The external factors were neighboring states’ history of law adoption and changes in federal law. Results. We found a strong secular trend toward an increased number of laws over time. The proportion of younger drivers and the presence of a neighboring state with similar laws were the strongest predictors of first-time law adoption. The predictors of subsequent law adoption included neighbor state adoption and previous legislative action. Alcohol laws were negatively associated with first-time adoption of impaired driving laws, suggesting substitution effects among policy choices. Conclusions. Organizations seeking to stimulate state policy changes may need to craft strategies that engage external actors, such as neighboring states, in addition to mobilizing within-state constituencies. PMID:26180969

Modeling and controlling a robotic convoy using guidance laws strategies.

PubMed

Belkhouche, Fethi; Belkhouche, Boumediene

2005-08-01

This paper deals with the problem of modeling and controlling a robotic convoy. Guidance laws techniques are used to provide a mathematical formulation of the problem. The guidance laws used for this purpose are the velocity pursuit, the deviated pursuit, and the proportional navigation. The velocity pursuit equations model the robot's path under various sensors based control laws. A systematic study of the tracking problem based on this technique is undertaken. These guidance laws are applied to derive decentralized control laws for the angular and linear velocities. For the angular velocity, the control law is directly derived from the guidance laws after considering the relative kinematics equations between successive robots. The second control law maintains the distance between successive robots constant by controlling the linear velocity. This control law is derived by considering the kinematics equations between successive robots under the considered guidance law. Properties of the method are discussed and proven. Simulation results confirm the validity of our approach, as well as the validity of the properties of the method. Index Terms-Guidance laws, relative kinematics equations, robotic convoy, tracking.

Men Who have Sex with Men Who Believe that Their State has a HIV Criminal Law Report Higher Condomless Anal Sex than Those Who are Unsure of the Law in Their State.

PubMed

Horvath, Keith J; Meyer, Craig; Rosser, B R Simon

2017-01-01

We assessed the effects of beliefs about state HIV criminal law on condomless anal sex (CAS < 3 months) among men who have sex with men (MSM) residing in 16 US states (n = 2013; M = 36 years old; 75 % White; 82 % HIV-negative) completing an online survey in 2010 and stratified by residency in a state with any or sex-specific HIV criminal law(s) or where a HIV-related arrest, prosecution, or sentence enhancement (APSE) had occurred. Three-quarters of MSM reported that they were unsure of the law in their state. Men who believed there was a HIV law in their state but lived in states without any or a sex-specific HIV criminal law(s) had higher probabilities of CAS compared to those who were unsure of their state's law; men who believed there was a HIV law in their state and lived in a state where an APSE had occurred had higher probabilities of CAS compared to those who were unsure of their state's law. Correct knowledge of state law was not associated with CAS. Findings suggest that HIV criminal laws have little or counter-productive effects on MSM's risk behavior.

20 CFR 641.841 - What policies govern nepotism?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... followed. (c) For purposes of this section, “immediate family” means wife, husband, son, daughter, mother, father, brother, sister, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, mother- in-law, father-in-law, brother-in-law...

Rediscovering Kepler's laws using Newton's gravitation law and NASA data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Springsteen, Paul; Keith, Jason

2010-03-01

Kepler's three laws of planetary motion were originally discovered by using data acquired from Tycho Brache's naked eye observations of the planets. We show how Kepler's third law can be reproduced using planetary data from NASA. We will also be using Newton's Gravitational law to explain why Kepler's three laws exist as they do.

The Gauss and Ampere Laws: Different Laws but Similar Difficulties for Student Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Guisasola, Jenaro; Almudi, Jose M.; Salinas, Julia; Zuza, Kristina; Ceberio, Mikel

2008-01-01

This study aims to analyse university students' reasoning regarding two laws of electromagnetism: Gauss's law and Ampere's law. It has been supposed that the problems seen in understanding and applying both laws do not spring from students' misconceptions. Students habitually use reasoning known in the literature as 'common sense' methodology that…

48 CFR 225.7402-4 - Law of war training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Law of war training. 225... States 225.7402-4 Law of war training. (a) Basic training. Basic law of war training is required for all...=en-US. (b) Advanced law of war training. (1) The types of personnel that must obtain advanced law of...

14 CFR § 1260.59 - Choice of law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Choice of law. § 1260.59 Section § 1260... AGREEMENTS General Special Conditions § 1260.59 Choice of law. Choice of Law October 2000 The rights and... laws of the United States of America. However, it is understood that the laws of the Recipient's...

20 CFR 617.16 - Applicable State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Applicable State law. 617.16 Section 617.16... law. (a) What law governs. The applicable State law for any individual, for all of the purposes of this part 617, is the State law of the State— (1) In which the individual is entitled to UI (whether or...

48 CFR 225.7402-4 - Law of war training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Law of war training. 225... States 225.7402-4 Law of war training. (a) Basic training. Basic law of war training is required for all...= en-US. (b) Advanced law of war training. (1) The types of personnel that must obtain advanced law of...

Laws on Sex Discrimination in Employment. Federal Civil Rights Act, Title VII State Fair Employment Practices Laws, Executive Orders.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Women's Bureau (DOL), Washington, DC.

This report describes the applicable laws regarding sex discrimination in employment. In addition to Federal law and two relevant Executive Orders, the report includes 21 state laws and the District of Columbia's law prohibiting discrimination based on sex. This document is a revision of ED 014 611. (BH)

76 FR 72023 - Notice of Meeting of the Advisory Committee on International Law

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-21

... International Law A meeting of the Advisory Committee on International Law will take place on Thursday, December 8, 2011, from 9:30 a.m. to approximately 5:30 p.m., at the George Washington University Law School...; federalism and international law; and the possibility of a new Restatement of Foreign Relations Law. Members...

42 CFR 422.378 - Relationship to State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Relationship to State law. 422.378 Section 422.378... Relationship to State law. (a) Preemption of State law. Any provisions of State law that relate to the... licensed under State law; (ii) Generally apply to other MA organizations and plans in the State; and (iii...

20 CFR 617.16 - Applicable State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Applicable State law. 617.16 Section 617.16... law. (a) What law governs. The applicable State law for any individual, for all of the purposes of this part 617, is the State law of the State— (1) In which the individual is entitled to UI (whether or...

Chen Ning Yang, Weak Interactions, and Parity Violation

Science.gov Websites

absolute law of parity conservation had been violated." 2 "Yang overturned Paul ... Dirac's explained that symmetry laws generate the law of conservation. The law of right-left symmetry contributed to the formulation of the law of conservation of parity in 1924. Eventually, this law of conservation was

The Golden Arches Meet the Hallowed Halls: Franchise Law and the Law School Curriculum.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wright, Danaya

1995-01-01

A law school course in franchise law focuses on how various legal issues and categories interact within the context of the narrowly defined business relationship of a franchise. Four major topics included federal and state disclosure regulations, trademarks and service marks, common law contract issues, and antitrust law. Class exercises included…

25 CFR 12.22 - Can Bureau of Indian Affairs law enforcement officers enforce tribal laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Can Bureau of Indian Affairs law enforcement officers enforce tribal laws? 12.22 Section 12.22 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Authority and Jurisdiction § 12.22 Can Bureau of Indian...

25 CFR 12.22 - Can Bureau of Indian Affairs law enforcement officers enforce tribal laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true Can Bureau of Indian Affairs law enforcement officers enforce tribal laws? 12.22 Section 12.22 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Authority and Jurisdiction § 12.22 Can Bureau of Indian...

25 CFR 12.22 - Can Bureau of Indian Affairs law enforcement officers enforce tribal laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Can Bureau of Indian Affairs law enforcement officers enforce tribal laws? 12.22 Section 12.22 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Authority and Jurisdiction § 12.22 Can Bureau of Indian...

25 CFR 12.22 - Can Bureau of Indian Affairs law enforcement officers enforce tribal laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Can Bureau of Indian Affairs law enforcement officers enforce tribal laws? 12.22 Section 12.22 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Authority and Jurisdiction § 12.22 Can Bureau of Indian...

Demonstrations of the Action and Reaction Law and the Energy Conservation Law Using Fine Spherical Plastic Beads

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Khumaeni, A.; Tanaka, S.; Kobayashi, A.; Lee, Y. I.; Kurniawan, K. H.; Ishii, K.; Kagawa, K.

2008-01-01

Equipment for demonstrating Newton's third law and the energy conservation law in mechanics have successfully been constructed utilizing fine spherical plastic beads in place of metal ball bearings. To demonstrate Newton's third law, special magnetized Petri dishes were employed as objects, while to examine the energy conservation law, a…

Teaching Comparative Law in the 21st Century: Beyond the Civil/Common Law Dichotomy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Waxman, Michael P.

2001-01-01

Asserts that the inexorable shift to transnational and global legal practice demands a comparable shift in methods of teaching comparative law to move it beyond its current American common law/European civil law myopia. Proposes an introductory course, Law in Comparative Cultures, which exposes students to a panoply of international legal systems.…

Water, law, science

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Narasimhan, T. N.

2008-01-01

SummaryIn a world with water resources severely impacted by technology, science must actively contribute to water law. To this end, this paper is an earth scientist's attempt to comprehend essential elements of water law, and to examine their connections to science. Science and law share a common logical framework of starting with a priori prescribed tenets, and drawing consistent inferences. In science, observationally established physical laws constitute the tenets, while in law, they stem from social values. The foundations of modern water law in Europe and the New World were formulated nearly two thousand years ago by Roman jurists who were inspired by Greek philosophy of reason. Recognizing that vital natural elements such as water, air, and the sea were governed by immutable natural laws, they reasoned that these elements belonged to all humans, and therefore cannot be owned as private property. Legally, such public property was to be governed by jus gentium, the law of all people or the law of all nations. In contrast, jus civile or civil law governed private property. Remarkably, jus gentium continues to be relevant in our contemporary society in which science plays a pivotal role in exploiting vital resources common to all. This paper examines the historical roots of modern water law, follows their evolution through the centuries, and examines how the spirit of science inherent in jus gentium is profoundly influencing evolving water and environmental laws in Europe, the United States and elsewhere. In a technological world, scientific knowledge has to lie at the core of water law. Yet, science cannot formulate law. It is hoped that a philosophical understanding of the relationships between science and law will contribute to their constructively coming together in the service of society.

Design definition of the Laser Atmospheric Wind Sounder (LAWS), phase 2. Volume 2: Final report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilson, D. J.

1992-01-01

Lockheed personnel, along with team member subcontractors and consultants, have performed a preliminary design for the LAWS Instrument. Breadboarding and testing of a LAWS class laser have also been performed. These efforts have demonstrated that LAWS is a feasible Instrument and can be developed with existing state-of-the-art technology. Only a commitment to fund the instrument development and deployment is required to place LAWS in orbit and obtain the anticipated science and operational forecasting benefits. The LAWS Science Team was selected in 1988-89 as were the competing LAWS phase 1/2 contractor teams. The LAWS Science Team developed requirements for the LAWS Instrument, and the NASA/LAWS project office defined launch vehicle and platform design constraints. From these requirements and constraints, the lockheed team developed LAWS Instrument concepts and configurations. A system designed to meet these requirements and constraints is outlined. The LAWS primary subsystem and interfaces - laser, optical, and receiver/processor - required to assemble a lidar are identified. Also identified are the support subsystems required for the lidar to function from space: structures and mechanical, thermal, electrical, and command and data management. The Lockheed team has developed a preliminary design of a LAWS Instrument System consisting of these subsystems and interfaces which will meet the requirements and objectives of the Science Team. This final report provides a summary of the systems engineering analyses and trades of the LAWS. Summaries of the configuration, preliminary designs of the subsystems, testing recommendations, and performance analysis are presented. Environmental considerations associated with deployment of LAWS are discussed. Finally, the successful LAWS laser breadboard effort is discussed along with the requirements and test results.

Fresnel's laws, ceteris paribus.

PubMed

Wright, Aaron Sidney

2017-08-01

This article is about structural realism, historical continuity, laws of nature, and ceteris paribus clauses. Fresnel's Laws of optics support Structural Realism because they are a scientific structure that has survived theory change. However, the history of Fresnel's Laws which has been depicted in debates over realism since the 1980s is badly distorted. Specifically, claims that J. C. Maxwell or his followers believed in an ontologically-subsistent electromagnetic field, and gave up the aether, before Einstein's annus mirabilis in 1905 are indefensible. Related claims that Maxwell himself did not believe in a luminiferous aether are also indefensible. This paper corrects the record. In order to trace Fresnel's Laws across significant ontological changes, they must be followed past Einstein into modern physics and nonlinear optics. I develop the philosophical implications of a more accurate history, and analyze Fresnel's Laws' historical trajectory in terms of dynamic ceteris paribus clauses. Structuralists have not embraced ceteris paribus laws, but they continue to point to Fresnel's Laws to resist anti-realist arguments from theory change. Fresnel's Laws fit the standard definition of a ceteris paribus law as a law applicable only in particular circumstances. Realists who appeal to the historical continuity of Fresnel's Laws to combat anti-realists must incorporate ceteris paribus laws into their metaphysics. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

5 CFR 2421.10 - Chief Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Chief Administrative Law Judge. 2421.10... § 2421.10 Chief Administrative Law Judge. Chief Administrative Law Judge means the Chief Administrative Law Judge of the Authority. ...

The Louisiana State University Law Center's Bijural Program.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Costonis, John J.

2002-01-01

Describes the bijural program of Louisiana State University Law Center. The program educates all first-degree law students in both the common law and civil law traditions, preparing them for the increasing globalization of legal practice. (EV)

Customary law row looming.

PubMed

Khumalo, B

1993-11-01

Married women under customary law in South Africa are perpetual minors; customary law marriages are not of equal status to civil law marriages; women are denied inheritance access to land and property and excluded from decision making in their homes and communities; and Muslim women do not have equal rights under Muslim personal law. As political and civil reforms loom on the horizon in South Africa, however, calls are being made for customary law to be included under the scrutiny of the Bill of Rights. Women under customary law would therefore be protected under an uniform Bill of Rights. Members of the Congress of Traditional Leaders are staunchly opposed to such a move. They argue instead that women under customary law should not be protected in the Bill of Rights. Customary law will therefore be insulated from legislative reform. This paper briefly presents segments of the ongoing debate between law academics, women's pressure groups, and religious and cultural bodies on the issue.

A Transdisciplinary Approach to Public Health Law: The Emerging Practice of Legal Epidemiology

PubMed Central

Burris, Scott; Ashe, Marice; Levin, Donna; Penn, Matthew; Larkin, Michelle

2017-01-01

Public health law has roots in both law and science. For more than a century, lawyers have helped develop and implement health laws; over the past 50 years, scientific evaluation of the health effects of laws and legal practices has achieved high levels of rigor and influence. We describe an emerging model of public health law that unites these two traditions. This transdisciplinary model adds scientific practices to the lawyerly functions of normative and doctrinal research, counseling, and representation. These practices include policy surveillance and empirical public health law research on the efficacy of legal interventions and the impact of laws and legal practices on health and health system operation. A transdisciplinary model of public health law, melding its legal and scientific facets, can help break down enduring cultural, disciplinary, and resource barriers that have prevented the full recognition and optimal role of law in public health. PMID:26667606

A Transdisciplinary Approach to Public Health Law: The Emerging Practice of Legal Epidemiology.

PubMed

Burris, Scott; Ashe, Marice; Levin, Donna; Penn, Matthew; Larkin, Michelle

2016-01-01

Public health law has roots in both law and science. For more than a century, lawyers have helped develop and implement health laws; over the past 50 years, scientific evaluation of the health effects of laws and legal practices has achieved high levels of rigor and influence. We describe an emerging model of public health law that unites these two traditions. This transdisciplinary model adds scientific practices to the lawyerly functions of normative and doctrinal research, counseling, and representation. These practices include policy surveillance and empirical public health law research on the efficacy of legal interventions and the impact of laws and legal practices on health and health system operation. A transdisciplinary model of public health law, melding its legal and scientific facets, can help break down enduring cultural, disciplinary, and resource barriers that have prevented the full recognition and optimal role of law in public health.

Scoring the Strengths and Weaknesses of Underage Drinking Laws in the United States

PubMed Central

Fell, James C.; Thomas, Sue; Scherer, Michael; Fisher, Deborah A.; Romano, Eduardo

2015-01-01

Several studies have examined the impact of a number of minimum legal drinking age 21 (MLDA-21) laws on underage alcohol consumption and alcohol-related crashes in the United States. These studies have contributed to our understanding of how alcohol control laws affect drinking and driving among those who are under age 21. However, much of the extant literature examining underage drinking laws use a “Law/No law” coding which may obscure the variability inherent in each law. Previous literature has demonstrated that inclusion of law strengths may affect outcomes and overall data fit when compared to “Law/No law” coding. In an effort to assess the relative strength of states’ underage drinking legislation, a coding system was developed in 2006 and applied to 16 MLDA-21 laws. The current article updates the previous endeavor and outlines a detailed strength coding mechanism for the current 20 MLDA-21 laws. PMID:26097775

The corruption process of a law enforcement officer: a paradigm of occupational stress and deviancy.

PubMed

McCafferty, F L; Souryal, S; McCafferty, M A

1998-01-01

The public does not want all laws enforced. In the closed society of law enforcement institutions, police discretion, the conspiracy of silence, the lack of an administration with integrity, and susceptible law enforcement officers contribute to the development of corruption from occupational deviance. Corruption in law enforcement agencies may have similar roots in business, law, medicine, and other professions. Understanding the law enforcement corruption paradigm may therefore be helpful in correcting and curbing corruption in other professions.

Young adult support for clean indoor air laws in restaurants and bars.

PubMed

Bernat, Debra H; Klein, Elizabeth G; Fabian, Lindsey E A; Forster, Jean L

2009-07-01

This study examined support for clean indoor air (CIA) laws among 2044 young adults in Minnesota during 2006 and 2007. Two-thirds of young adult participants supported restaurant CIA laws and 40% supported bar/club CIA laws. A higher proportion of young adults living with CIA laws supported the laws compared with young adults living without them. Nonsmokers, college students, those with nonsmoking friends, and those living with home smoking bans were consistently more supportive of both CIA laws.

Young Adult Support for Clean Indoor Air Laws in Restaurants and Bars

PubMed Central

Bernat, Debra H.; Klein, Elizabeth; Fabian, Lindsey; Forster, Jean L.

2009-01-01

This study examined support for clean indoor air (CIA) laws among 2,044 young adults in Minnesota during 2006 and 2007. Two-thirds of young adult participants supported restaurant CIA laws and 40% supported bar/club CIA laws. A higher proportion of young adults living with CIA laws supported the laws, compared to young adults living without them. Nonsmokers, college students, those with nonsmoking friends, and those living with home smoking bans were consistently more supportive of both CIA laws. PMID:19541258

Family law as a means of ensuring gender justice for Indian women.

PubMed

Parashar, A

1997-01-01

This analysis of the use of family law to ensure gender justice for women in India is based on the assumption that law plays an important role in the struggle for gender justice despite problems in accessibility and focuses on how family law can help end the oppression that the compulsion to marry perpetrates on Indian women. It is argued that the colonial construct of the religious nature of personal laws must give way to development of a Uniform Civil Code for India that will seek gender justice. After an introduction, the article uses Australian family law as a model for suggested reforms in Indian family law. The first main section provides the details of Australian family law. The next section explores the suitability of Australian family law as a model for Indian family law through a consideration of the following: 1) whether Australian family law is a flawed model; 2) the difference between Indian society and industrialized societies; 3) economic independence and family law; 4) whether it is possible for family law to reconceptualize marriage as a partnership and whether this concept is desirable for Indian women; 5) whether progressive laws create a disadvantage for most women; 6) whether secular law embodying individualism is suitable for community-oriented Indian society; and 7) whether Indian society should become individualistic. The third section of the article considers the developments in feminist legal theory that raise doubts about the worthiness of legal reform as a feminist strategy and concludes that legal reform is a necessary part of a larger strategy.

McGill's Integrated Civil and Common Law Program.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morissette, Yves-Marie

2002-01-01

Describes the bijural program of McGill University Faculty of Law. The program educates all first-degree law students in both the common law and civil law traditions, preparing them for the increasing globalization of legal practice. (EV)

Investigating Coulomb's Law.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Noll, Ellis; Koehlinger, Mervin; Kowalski, Ludwik; Swackhamer, Gregg

1998-01-01

Describes the use of a computer-linked camera to demonstrate Coulomb's law. Suggests a way of reducing the difficulties in presenting Coulomb's law by teaching the inverse square law of gravity and the inverse square law of electricity in the same unit. (AIM)

12 CFR 557.11 - To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2013-01-01 2012-01-01 true To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit... Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws? (a) Under sections 4(a), 5(a), and 5(b) of the HOLA, 12 U... laws affecting the operations of federal savings associations when appropriate to: (1) Facilitate the...

12 CFR 557.11 - To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2014-01-01 2012-01-01 true To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit... Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws? (a) Under sections 4(a), 5(a), and 5(b) of the HOLA, 12 U... laws affecting the operations of federal savings associations when appropriate to: (1) Facilitate the...

12 CFR 557.11 - To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit... Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws? (a) Under sections 4(a), 5(a), and 5(b) of the HOLA, 12 U... laws affecting the operations of federal savings associations when appropriate to: (1) Facilitate the...

12 CFR 557.11 - To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit... Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws? (a) Under sections 4(a), 5(a), and 5(b) of the HOLA, 12 U... laws affecting the operations of federal savings associations when appropriate to: (1) Facilitate the...

12 CFR 557.11 - To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit... Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws? (a) Under sections 4(a), 5(a), and 5(b) of the HOLA, 12 U... laws affecting the operations of federal savings associations when appropriate to: (1) Facilitate the...

Practical Law in Utah, Second Edition. Utah Supplement to Street Law.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Astin, Katherine, Ed.; And Others

This guide on law education is designed for high school students. Objectives are to give a fundamental understanding of Utah law in those areas that may be encountered personally, show how laws are made, and explain what to do if you become involved with the law. This volume is arranged in seven chapters. Topics include: (1) an introduction to…

26 CFR 1.2-2 - Definitions and special rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... mother, or an ancestor of either; (c) His stepfather or stepmother; (d) A son or a daughter of his brother or sister; (e) A brother or sister of his father or mother; or (f) His son-in-law, daughter-in-law, father-in-law, mother-in-law, brother- in-law, or sister-in-law; if such person has a gross income of...

26 CFR 1.2-2 - Definitions and special rules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... mother, or an ancestor of either; (c) His stepfather or stepmother; (d) A son or a daughter of his brother or sister; (e) A brother or sister of his father or mother; or (f) His son-in-law, daughter-in-law, father-in-law, mother-in-law, brother- in-law, or sister-in-law; if such person has a gross income of...

12 CFR 557.13 - What State laws affecting deposits are not preempted?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... purposes of § 557.11: (1) Contract and commercial law; (2) Tort law; and (3) Criminal law. (b) The OTS will... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What State laws affecting deposits are not... DEPOSITS Deposit Activities of Federal Savings Associations § 557.13 What State laws affecting deposits are...

25 CFR 12.21 - What authority is given to Indian country law enforcement officers to perform their duties?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Authority and Jurisdiction § 12.21 What authority is given to Indian country law enforcement officers to perform their duties? BIA law enforcement officers... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false What authority is given to Indian country law enforcement...

25 CFR 12.2 - What is the role of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Director of Law Enforcement Services?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... of Law Enforcement Services? 12.2 Section 12.2 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Responsibilities § 12.2 What is the role of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Director of Law Enforcement Services? The Director of the Office of Law...

25 CFR 12.2 - What is the role of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Director of Law Enforcement Services?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... of Law Enforcement Services? 12.2 Section 12.2 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Responsibilities § 12.2 What is the role of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Director of Law Enforcement Services? The Director of the Office of Law...

25 CFR 12.21 - What authority is given to Indian country law enforcement officers to perform their duties?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Authority and Jurisdiction § 12.21 What authority is given to Indian country law enforcement officers to perform their duties? BIA law enforcement officers... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true What authority is given to Indian country law enforcement...

25 CFR 12.21 - What authority is given to Indian country law enforcement officers to perform their duties?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Authority and Jurisdiction § 12.21 What authority is given to Indian country law enforcement officers to perform their duties? BIA law enforcement officers... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false What authority is given to Indian country law enforcement...

25 CFR 12.2 - What is the role of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Director of Law Enforcement Services?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... of Law Enforcement Services? 12.2 Section 12.2 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Responsibilities § 12.2 What is the role of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Director of Law Enforcement Services? The Director of the Office of Law...

25 CFR 12.2 - What is the role of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Director of Law Enforcement Services?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... of Law Enforcement Services? 12.2 Section 12.2 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Responsibilities § 12.2 What is the role of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Director of Law Enforcement Services? The Director of the Office of Law...

25 CFR 12.21 - What authority is given to Indian country law enforcement officers to perform their duties?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Authority and Jurisdiction § 12.21 What authority is given to Indian country law enforcement officers to perform their duties? BIA law enforcement officers... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false What authority is given to Indian country law enforcement...

Fiscal Law Course Deskbook (36th)

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-05-01

CONTRACT LAW DIVISION THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL’S SCHOOL UNITED STATES ARMY CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA JA 506...MAY 93 93-13173 CONTRIBUTORS I LTC John T. Jones, Jr. Chief, Contract Law Division LTC Harry L. Dorsey Senior Instructor, Contract Law Division MAJ...Michael A. Killham Instructor, Contract Law Division MAJ Bobby D. Melvin Instructor, Contract Law Division MAJ Michael K. Cameron Instructor, Contract

Is Law a Humanity: (Or Is It More like Engineering)?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Howarth, David

2004-01-01

Law often appears to be in a limbo between the Social Sciences and the Humanities. Movements within legal scholarship itself, the law and economics movement and the law and literature movement, represent efforts to portray law as a social science or as a humanity. But if one looks at what lawyers do, one finds that law is more like…

Immediate impact of smoke-free laws on indoor air quality.

PubMed

Lee, Kiyoung; Hahn, Ellen J; Riker, Carol; Head, Sara; Seithers, Peggy

2007-09-01

Smoke-free laws significantly impact indoor air quality. However, the temporal effects of these laws on indoor air pollution have not been determined. This paper assesses the temporal impact of one smoke-free law on indoor air quality. This quasi-experimental study compared the indoor air quality of nine hospitality venues and one bingo hall in Georgetown, Kentucky, before and after implementation of a 100% smoke-free workplace law. We made real-time measurements of particulate matter with 2.5 microm aerodynamic diameter or smaller (PM2.5). Among the nine Georgetown hospitality venues, the average indoor PM2.5 concentration was 84 microg/m3 before the law took effect. The average indoor PM2.5 concentrations in nine compliant venues significantly decreased to 18 microg/m3 one week after the law took effect. Three venues having 82 microg/m3 before the law had significantly lower levels from the first day the law was implemented, and the low level was maintained. Compliance with the law is critical to achieving clean indoor air. Indoor air pollution in the bingo hall was not reduced until the establishment decided to comply with the law. The smoke-free law showed immediate impact on indoor air quality.

The new battleground: California's experience with smoke-free bars.

PubMed Central

Magzamen, S; Glantz, S A

2001-01-01

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the tobacco industry's tactics in the political, grassroots, and media arenas in attempting to subvert California's smoke-free bar law, and the efforts of health advocates to uphold and promote the law by using the same 3 channels. METHODS: Interviews with key informants involved in the development and implementation of the smoke-free bar law were conducted. Information was gathered from bill analyses, internal memoranda, tobacco industry documents, media articles, and press releases. RESULTS: The tobacco industry worked both inside the legislature and through a public relations campaign to attempt to delay implementation of the law and to encourage noncompliance once the law was in effect. Health groups were able to uphold the law by framing the law as a health and worker safety issue. The health groups were less successful in pressing the state to implement the law. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to enact and defend smoke-free bar laws, but doing so requires a substantial and sustained commitment by health advocates. The tobacco industry will fight this latest generation of clean indoor air laws even more aggressively than general workplace laws. PMID:11211633

25 CFR 12.62 - Who decides what uniform an Indian country law enforcement officer can wear and who pays for it?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Support Functions § 12.62 Who decides what uniform an Indian country law enforcement officer can wear and who pays for it? Each local law... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Who decides what uniform an Indian country law...

25 CFR 12.62 - Who decides what uniform an Indian country law enforcement officer can wear and who pays for it?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Support Functions § 12.62 Who decides what uniform an Indian country law enforcement officer can wear and who pays for it? Each local law... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Who decides what uniform an Indian country law...

25 CFR 12.62 - Who decides what uniform an Indian country law enforcement officer can wear and who pays for it?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Support Functions § 12.62 Who decides what uniform an Indian country law enforcement officer can wear and who pays for it? Each local law... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Who decides what uniform an Indian country law...

25 CFR 12.62 - Who decides what uniform an Indian country law enforcement officer can wear and who pays for it?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Support Functions § 12.62 Who decides what uniform an Indian country law enforcement officer can wear and who pays for it? Each local law enforcement... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true Who decides what uniform an Indian country law enforcement...

25 CFR 12.63 - Do Indian country law enforcement officers perform other duties as well?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Do Indian country law enforcement officers perform other duties as well? 12.63 Section 12.63 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Support Functions § 12.63 Do Indian country law enforcement officers perform other duties as well? Law...

25 CFR 12.51 - Must Indian country law enforcement officers follow a code of conduct?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Must Indian country law enforcement officers follow a code of conduct? 12.51 Section 12.51 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Conduct § 12.51 Must Indian country law enforcement officers follow a code of conduct? All law enforcement...

Economic Impact of Smoke-Free Air Laws in North Dakota on Restaurants and Bars.

PubMed

Shafer, Paul R; Loomis, Brett R

2016-08-01

In late 2012, North Dakota expanded its statewide smoke-free air law to cover all restaurants and bars in the state. Several North Dakota communities also had local ordinances that prohibited smoking in restaurants and bars prior to the statewide law. Previous work found no effect of the initial statewide law or several local laws on restaurant and bar sales. Using quarterly county-level employment data from 1990 to 2014, we examined whether the expanded statewide law or pre-existing local laws were associated with significant changes in employment in restaurants and bars in North Dakota. Separate models were estimated for restaurant and bar employment using two methods of controlling for smoke-free air law coverage. We found no evidence of a significant association between employment in restaurants and bars in North Dakota and the expanded statewide law or pre-existing local laws. Prior employment levels in restaurants and bars and prevailing economic conditions were the main drivers of restaurant and bar employment, not smoke-free air laws. This study examines the economic impact of smoke-free air laws in North Dakota on restaurant and bar employment following the expansion of the statewide law in late 2012 to cover all restaurants and bars. We find no significant adverse effect of smoke-free air laws on restaurants and bars, consistent with results from previous studies conducted in North Dakota and throughout the United States. This study is the first to analyze the economic impact of smoke-free air laws in North Dakota on restaurant and bar employment following the 2012 expansion of the statewide law to cover all restaurants and bars. We find no evidence of a significant adverse effect of smoke-free air laws on restaurants and bars, consistent with results from previous studies conducted in North Dakota and throughout the United States. Prior employment levels and prevailing economic conditions proved to be the main drivers of restaurant and bar employment, not smoke-free air laws. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Assessing the concordance between illicit drug laws on the books and drug law enforcement: Comparison of three states on the continuum from "decriminalised" to "punitive".

PubMed

Belackova, Vendula; Ritter, Alison; Shanahan, Marian; Hughes, Caitlin E

2017-03-01

Variations in drug laws, as well as variations in enforcement practice, exist across jurisdictions. This study explored the feasibility of categorising drug laws "on the books" in terms of their punitiveness, and the extent of their concordance with "laws in practice" in a cross-national comparison. "Law on the books", classified with respect to both cannabis and other drug offences in the Czech Republic, NSW (AU) and Florida (USA) were analysed in order to establish an ordinal relationship between the three states. Indicators to assess the "laws in practice" covered both police (arrests) and court (sentencing) activity between 2002 and 2013. Parametric and non-parametric tests of equality of means, tests of stationarity and correlation analysis were used to examine the concordance between the ordinal categorisation of "laws on the books" and "laws in practice", as well as trends over time. The Czech Republic had the most lenient drug laws; Florida had the most punitive and NSW was in-between. Examining the indicators of "laws in practice", we found that the population adjusted number of individuals sentenced to prison ranked across the three states was concordant with categorisation of "laws on the books", but the average sentence length and percentage of court cases sentenced to prison were not. Also, the de jure decriminalisation of drug possession in the Czech Republic yielded a far greater share of administrative offenses than the de facto decriminalisation of cannabis use / possession in NSW. Finally, the mean value of most "laws in practice" indicators changed significantly over time although the "laws on the books" didn't change. While some indicators of "laws in practice" were concordant with the ordinal categorisation of drug laws, several indicators of "laws in practice" appeared to operate independently from the drug laws as stated. This has significant implications for drug policy analysis and means that research should not assume they are interchangeable and should consider each separately when designing research. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Book Review: Book review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roberts, John T.

Mauro Dorato's new book is subtitled "An Introduction to the History and Philosophy of Laws of Nature". This is a bit misleading: a reader previously unacquainted with any of the literature on the topic of laws of nature and related problems in the philosophy of science will find much of the book prohibitively challenging. But the book does aim for the kind of breadth and generality that one would expect from an introduction to the subject, and it serves well as a compact overview of the issues, views, arguments, and counter-arguments that have shaped the contemporary philosophical debate on laws of nature. Almost no important facet of the debate goes untouched. There are chapters or sections on: recent scholarship on the history of the notion of a law and its role in the study of nature; the characteristics of the things called "laws" in a wide range of sciences; the relations among laws, algorithmic compressibility of information, and the theory of measurement; the puzzling question of why so many laws of nature should be mathematical in form; regularity theories of laws; the universals approach to laws; the necessitarian approach to laws; skeptical eliminativism about laws; non-reductive realism about laws; the question of the supervenience of laws on non-nomic facts; the relations of laws to counterfactuals, causality, dispositions, explanation, chance, symmetry, and necessity; ceteris paribus clauses; the evolutionary contingency thesis and the question of biological laws; Wilhelm Dilthey and the alleged distinction between "nomothetic" sciences and "historical" ones; the question of psychophysical laws and the relation between this question and the problems of mental causation and free will; even the connection between the issue of psychophysical laws and Gibson's ecological theory of perception. This is an impressive range of topics, especially considering that they are all treated in only 174 pages. One result is that not all of them are treated with as much balance and thoroughness as one might like. Another is that readers will have it forcefully brought to their attention just how much is at stake in the philosophical debate over the nature of laws.

Association between state physical education (PE) requirements and PE participation, physical activity, and body mass index change.

PubMed

Taber, Daniel R; Chriqui, Jamie F; Perna, Frank M; Powell, Lisa M; Slater, Sandy J; Chaloupka, Frank J

2013-11-01

To determine if state physical education (PE) laws are associated with student physical education attendance and physical activity (PA), and whether physical education and competitive food laws, in conjunction, are associated with lower BMI change. State laws regarding physical education time requirements and competitive foods in 2003 and 2006 were classified as strong, weak, or none, based on codified law ratings obtained from the Classification of Laws Associated with School Students. Laws were linked to student data on PE attendance and physical activity (8th grade, Spring 2007) and BMI change (5th-8th grade, 2004-2007), obtained from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (n=5510 students in 40 states). Girls reported 0.31 more days of activity (95% CI: 0.02, 0.61) and were more likely to attend physical education ≥ 3 days/week (74.1% versus 52.1%, difference=22.0, 95% CI: 2.1, 42.0) if they resided in states with strong physical education laws compared to no physical education laws. Weak physical education laws had modest associations with PE and activity, and there was no evidence that weak laws reduce BMI gain regardless of competitive food laws. Strong physical education laws with specific time requirements may increase physical education attendance and activity in girls. There is insufficient evidence that physical education laws reduce student weight gain. © 2013.

Booster seat law enforcement : examples from Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Washington.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-02-01

The objective of this study was to evaluate the implementation of State booster seat laws : (enhanced child restraint laws) and examine the most effective strategies that law enforcement agencies can : use to enforce booster seat laws. The research i...

43 CFR 422.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... (CLEO) means the highest level duly authorized law enforcement officer for a non-Department law enforcement agency. (f) Law Enforcement Officer means: (1) A duly authorized Federal law enforcement officer... LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY AT BUREAU OF RECLAMATION PROJECTS § 422.2 Definitions. (a) Department means...

12 CFR 150.136 - To what extent do state laws apply to my fiduciary operations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... law; (4) Criminal law; (5) Probate law; and (6) Any other law that the OCC, upon review, finds: (i) Furthers a vital state interest; and (ii) Either has only an incidental effect on fiduciary operations or...

12 CFR 150.136 - To what extent do state laws apply to my fiduciary operations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... law; (4) Criminal law; (5) Probate law; and (6) Any other law that the OCC, upon review, finds: (i) Furthers a vital state interest; and (ii) Either has only an incidental effect on fiduciary operations or...

12 CFR 150.136 - To what extent do state laws apply to my fiduciary operations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... law; (4) Criminal law; (5) Probate law; and (6) Any other law that the OCC, upon review, finds: (i) Furthers a vital state interest; and (ii) Either has only an incidental effect on fiduciary operations or...

[Developments in civil and disciplinary law. A view of the revision of the Netherlands Society for Dentistry (NMT) administration of justice].

PubMed

Brands, W G

2004-06-01

According to some people, the renewed Dutch civil disciplinary law is not fulfilling the expectations. Some procedures seem to be reductant for accused dentists. Besides the civil disciplinary law, also the professional disciplinary law of Dutch Dental Association is questionable. The Association is planning to change the current professional disciplinary law. However, the proposed amendments may have the consequence that a Dutch dentist more frequently will be faced with a civil disciplinary law procedure or normal civil law procedure.

Rape Beyond Crime.

PubMed

Kaplan, Margo

2017-02-01

Public health experts agree that sexual violence constitutes a significant public health issue. Yet criminal law dominates rape law almost completely, with public health law playing at best a small supporting role. Recent civil law developments, such as university disciplinary proceedings, similarly fixate on how best to find and penalize perpetrators. As a result, rape law continues to spin its wheels in the same arguments and obstacles. This Article argues that, without broader cultural changes, criminal law faces a double bind: rape laws will either be ineffective or neglect the importance of individual culpability. Public health law provides more promising terrain for rape prevention because it is a strong legal framework that can engage the complex causes of rape, including the social norms that promote sexual aggression. While criminal law can only punish bad behavior, public health interventions can use the more effective prevention strategy of promoting positive behaviors and relationships. They can also address the myriad sexual behaviors and social determinants that increase the risk of rape but are outside the scope of criminal law. Perhaps most importantly, public health law relies on evidence-based interventions and the expertise of public health authorities to ensure that laws and policies are effective. Transforming rape law in this way provides a framework for legal feminism to undertake the unmet challenge of "theorizing yes," that is, moving beyond how to protect women’s right to refuse sex and toward promoting and exploring positive models of sex. Criminal law is simply incapable of meeting this challenge because it concerns only what sex should not be. A public health framework can give the law a richer role in addressing the full spectrum of sexual attitudes and behaviors.

ExtLaw_H18: Extinction law code

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hosek, Matthew W., Jr.; Lu, Jessica R.; Anderson, Jay; Do, Tuan; Schlafly, Edward F.; Ghez, Andrea M.; Clarkson, William I.; Morris, Mark R.; Albers, Saundra M.

2018-03-01

ExtLaw_H18 generates the extinction law between 0.8 - 2.2 microns. The law is derived using the Westerlund 1 (Wd1) main sequence (A_Ks 0.6 mag) and Arches cluster field Red Clump at the Galactic Center (A_Ks 2.7 mag). To derive the law a Wd1 cluster age of 5 Myr is assumed, though changing the cluster age between 4 Myr - 7 Myr has no effect on the law. This extinction law can be applied to highly reddened stellar populations that have similar foreground material as Wd1 and the Arches RC, namely dust from the spiral arms of the Milky Way in the Galactic Plane.

Prescription opioid forgery: reporting to law enforcement and protection of medical information.

PubMed

Singh, Naileshni; Fishman, Scott; Rich, Ben; Orlowski, Anna

2013-06-01

To review confidentiality requirements of prescribers who become aware of a forged prescription. A case is reviewed in which a prescriber believes that a prescription has been forged. The literature and law related to prescription forgery and confidentiality are reviewed. Although prescription forgery is a crime, the prescriber's responsibility for reporting to law enforcement is not clear under current state and federal law. Federal laws and regulations, including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), do not permit prescribers in all circumstances to disclose prescription fraud to law enforcement. Under common circumstances, HIPAA may prohibit prescribers from reporting prescription forgery to law enforcement. However, collaborating with a dispensing pharmacist may offer a lawful pathway to reporting prescription forgery. State legislature may consider laws that clarify the reporting responsibilities of prescribers in cases of prescription forgery. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Laws prohibiting the sale of tobacco to minors: impact and adverse consequences.

PubMed

Etter, Jean-François

2006-07-01

This paper discusses the consequences of laws that prohibit the sale of tobacco to minors. When enforced, such laws may decrease tobacco sales to minors, but local authorities are often reluctant to enforce these laws. However, the prohibition of tobacco sales to minors is often followed by an increase in the use of tobacco obtained from social sources, mainly family and friends. Importantly, these laws do not decrease smoking prevalence among minors. Several local laws prohibit youths from purchasing, using, and possessing tobacco. However, these laws shift responsibility from retailers to youth, criminalizing young smokers. Those who advocate this type of approach have not documented the adverse consequences of laws that prohibit minors from purchasing, using, or possessing tobacco. In conclusion, youth access laws are ineffective and are not based on sound science.

22 CFR 1421.9 - Chief Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 2 2011-04-01 2009-04-01 true Chief Administrative Law Judge. 1421.9 Section... OF TERMS AS USED IN THIS SUBCHAPTER § 1421.9 Chief Administrative Law Judge. Chief Administrative Law Judge means the Chief Administrative Law Judge of the Authority. ...

Police accident report forms: safety device coding and enacted laws.

PubMed

Brock, K; Lapidus, G

2008-12-01

Safety device coding on state police accident report (PAR) forms was compared with provisions in state traffic safety laws. PAR forms were obtained from all 50 states and the District of Columbia (states/DC). For seat belts, 22 states/DC had a primary seat belt enforcement law vs 50 with a PAR code. For car seats, all 51 states/DC had a law and a PAR code. For booster seats, 39 states/DC had a law vs nine with a PAR code. For motorcycle helmets, 21 states/DC had an all-age rider helmet law and another 26 a partial-age law vs 50 with a PAR code. For bicycle helmets, 21 states/DC had a partial-age rider helmet law vs 48 with a PAR code. Therefore gaps in the ability of states to fully record accident data reflective of existing state traffic safety laws are revealed. Revising the PAR forms in all states to include complete variables for safety devices should be an important priority, independent of the laws.

Graduate Course Contract Law Deskbook (54th). Volume 2

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-01

GRADUATE COURSE THE FIFTY-FOURTH CONTRACT LAW DESKBOOK Contract and Fiscal Law Department The Judge Advocate General’s School, United States Army...OF ABSTRACT 8. 54th GC Contract Law Deskbook, Volume II, Fall 2005 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 54th Graduate...Louisiana, 1998-1999; Contract Law Attorney, and Chief, Administrative Law, Office of the Staff Judge Advocate, Fort Polk, Louisiana, 1996-1998. Member

The Center for Health Care Law: the legal muscle of home care and hospice.

PubMed

Dombi, Bill

2006-10-01

The Center for Health Care Law is a unique offering for a trade association. Operating as a law firm within NAHC, the Center has strengthened NAHC's advocacy efforts on all fronts. The law provides a useful structure and a rational system for behavior, provided that the law is understood. The Center brings the necessary understanding of the law to home care and hospice.

Political factors affecting the enactment of state-level clean indoor air laws.

PubMed

Tung, Gregory Jackson; Vernick, Jon S; Stuart, Elizabeth A; Webster, Daniel W

2014-06-01

We examined the effects of key political institutional factors on the advancement of state-level clean indoor air laws. We performed an observational study of state-level clean indoor air law enactment among all 50 US states from 1993 to 2010 by using extended Cox hazard models to assess risk of enacting a relevant law. During the 18-year period from 1993 to 2010, 28 states passed a law covering workplaces, 33 states passed a law covering restaurants, 29 states passed a law covering bars, and 16 states passed a law covering gaming facilities. States with term limits had a 2.15 times greater hazard (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.27, 3.65; P = .005) of enacting clean indoor air laws. The presence of state-level preemption of local clean indoor air laws was associated with a 3.26 times greater hazard (95% CI = 1.11, 9.53; P = .031) of state-level policy enactment. In the presence of preemption, increased legislative professionalism was strongly associated (hazard ratio = 3.28; 95% CI = 1.10, 9.75; P = .033) with clean indoor air law enactment. Political institutional factors do influence state-level clean indoor air law enactment and may be relevant to other public health policy areas.

Variability of child access prevention laws and pediatric firearm injuries.

PubMed

Hamilton, Emma C; Miller, Charles C; Cox, Charles S; Lally, Kevin P; Austin, Mary T

2018-04-01

State-level child access prevention (CAP) laws impose criminal liability on adults who negligently allow children access to firearms. The CAP laws can be further divided into strong CAP laws which impose criminal liability for negligently stored firearms and weak CAP laws that prohibit adults from intentionally, knowingly, and/or recklessly providing firearms to a minor. We hypothesized that strong CAP laws would be associated with a greater reduction in pediatric firearm injuries than weak CAP laws. We constructed a cross-sectional national study using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project-Kids Inpatient Database from 2006 and 2009 using weighted counts of firearm-related admissions among children younger than 18 years. Poisson regression was used to estimate the association of CAP laws with pediatric firearm injuries. After adjusting for race, sex, age, and socioeconomic income quartile, strong CAP laws were associated with a significant reduction in all (incidence rate ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.93), self-inflicted (incidence rate ratio, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.79), and unintentional (incidence rate ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.43-0.74) pediatric firearm injuries. Weak CAP laws, which only impose liability for reckless endangerment, were associated with an increased risk of all pediatric firearm injuries. The association of CAP laws on hospitalizations for pediatric firearm injuries differed greatly depending on whether a state had adopted a strong CAP law or a weak CAP law. Implementation of strong CAP laws by each state, which require safe storage of firearms, has the potential to significantly reduce pediatric firearm injuries. Prognostic and epidemiology study, level III.

Removing Firearms From Those Prohibited From Possession by Domestic Violence Restraining Orders: A Survey and Analysis of State Laws.

PubMed

Zeoli, April M; Frattaroli, Shannon; Roskam, Kelly; Herrera, Anastasia K

2017-01-01

Under federal and many state laws, persons under domestic violence restraining orders (DVROs) are prohibited from possession of firearms. Using multiple sources and a Lexis Nexis search, we developed a list of state laws pertaining to the relinquishment or removal of firearms from persons prohibited from possession by DVROs. After downloading the text of each law, we conducted a legal analysis to enumerate provisions of the laws specifying implementation. We found 49 laws in 29 states and Washington, DC. The laws were conceptualized as instructions to the court, the respondent, and law enforcement. We detail the content of each state's law, including such elements as whether it applies to ex parte DVROs; whether certain criteria must be met, such as previous use of a firearm in domestic violence or lack of an employment exemption, before the law can be applied; and whether the application of the law is mandatory. We also detail instructions to the respondent regarding to whom firearms may be relinquished, whether the respondent must seek permission to transfer the firearm to a third party, and the time by which dispossession must occur. Finally, whether law enforcement bears the responsibility for removing the firearm or whether the law gives the court the authority to order a search and seizure for the firearms is discussed. The purpose of the research is to provide an overview of these state laws that can be used by key stakeholders in legislative, judicial, advocacy, or research roles. Implications are discussed.

On the origins of the Mendelian laws.

PubMed

Monaghan, F; Corcos, A

1984-01-01

The two laws usually attributed to Mendel were not considered as laws by him. The first law, the law of independent segregation occurs in Mendel's paper as an assumption or hypothesis. Hugo de Vries refers to this as a law discovered by Mendel. This appears to be the first use of an expression equivalent to Mendel's law. In his paper de Vries did not associate the observable characters with structures having a causitive role. That was done by Correns, who transformed the law of segregation of characters into a law of the segregation of anlagen. The second law, the law of independent assortment, is present in embryonic form in Mendel's paper. Here the independent assortment of characters appears as a secondary conclusion to a series of experiments involving several pairs of traits. Mendel repeats the primary conclusion later in the paper but not the secondary one. This leads us to believe that he considered the secondary conclusion as of lesser importance. We note in this context that the 9:3:3:1 ratio commonly associated with the idea of independent assortment, and attributed to Mendel, also does not occur in his paper. A careful reading of the papers of his discoverers shows it was Correns who first drew attention to this ratio. However, he did not formulate the second Mendelian law even though it was clearly implied. Neither was it stated by de Vries. Indeed, the first clear separation of the two laws and the naming of the second law was by T. H. Morgan some 13 years later.

Water, law, science

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Narasimhan, T.N.

In a world with water resources severely impacted bytechnology, science must actively contribute to water law. To this end,this paper is an earth scientist s attempt to comprehend essentialelements of water law, and to examine their connections to science.Science and law share a common logical framework of starting with apriori prescribed tenets, and drawing consistent inferences. In science,observationally established physical laws constitute the tenets, while inlaw, they stem from social values. The foundations of modern water law inEurope and the New World were formulated nearly two thousand years ago byRoman jurists who were inspired by Greek philosophy of reason.Recognizing thatmore » vital natural elements such as water, air, and the seawere governed by immutable natural laws, they reasoned that theseelements belonged to all humans, and therefore cannot be owned as privateproperty. Legally, such public property was to be governed by jusgentium, the law of all people or the law of all nations. In contrast,jus civile or civil law governed private property. Remarkably, jusgentium continues to be relevant in our contemporary society in whichscience plays a pivotal role in exploiting vital resources common to all.This paper examines the historical roots of modern water law, followstheir evolution through the centuries, and examines how the spirit ofscience inherent in jus gentium is profoundly influencing evolving waterand environmental laws in Europe, the United States and elsewhere. In atechnological world, scientific knowledge has to lie at the core of waterlaw. Yet, science cannot formulate law. It is hoped that a philosophicalunderstanding of the relationships between science and law willcontribute to their constructively coming together in the service ofsociety.« less

Teaching International Law: Concepts in International Relations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Starbird, Caroline; Pettit, Jenny; Singleton, Laurel

2004-01-01

This book is designed to introduce students to public international law. Topics covered include international public organizations, such as the United Nations and World Trade Organization, international courts, international human rights law, international trade law, and international environmental law. The goal of each study is to examine how…

46 CFR 5.19 - Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Administrative Law Judge. 5.19 Section 5.19 Shipping... REGULATIONS-PERSONNEL ACTION Definitions § 5.19 Administrative Law Judge. (a) An Administrative Law Judge... has delegated to Administrative Law Judges the authority to admonish, suspend, with or without...

46 CFR 5.19 - Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Administrative Law Judge. 5.19 Section 5.19 Shipping... REGULATIONS-PERSONNEL ACTION Definitions § 5.19 Administrative Law Judge. (a) An Administrative Law Judge... has delegated to Administrative Law Judges the authority to admonish, suspend, with or without...

7 CFR 766.155 - Conflict with State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Conflict with State law. 766.155 Section 766.155... with State law. If there is a conflict between a borrower's homestead protection rights and any provisions of State law relating to redemption rights, the State law prevails. ...

48 CFR 552.270-8 - Compliance with Applicable Law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Law. 552.270-8 Section 552.270-8 Federal Acquisition Regulations System GENERAL SERVICES....270-8 Compliance with Applicable Law. As prescribed in 570.703, insert the following clause: Compliance With Applicable Law (SEP 1999) Lessor shall comply with all Federal, state and local laws...

46 CFR 5.19 - Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Administrative Law Judge. 5.19 Section 5.19 Shipping... REGULATIONS-PERSONNEL ACTION Definitions § 5.19 Administrative Law Judge. (a) An Administrative Law Judge... has delegated to Administrative Law Judges the authority to admonish, suspend, with or without...

46 CFR 5.19 - Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Administrative Law Judge. 5.19 Section 5.19 Shipping... REGULATIONS-PERSONNEL ACTION Definitions § 5.19 Administrative Law Judge. (a) An Administrative Law Judge... has delegated to Administrative Law Judges the authority to admonish, suspend, with or without...

Civil Law and Catholic Education: Past, Present, and Future

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shaughnessy, Mary Angela

2009-01-01

This article will address the sources of the laws impacting Catholic education, particularly constitutional law, statutory and regulatory law, and contract law. Specific issues related to these areas will be discussed, including discipline, lifestyle and belief, negligence, sexual abuse, boundaries, confidentiality, cyberspace, and safety. The…

Apparatus for Teaching Physics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Connolly, Walter, Ed.

1989-01-01

Describes three activities: "Solar Approach to Ohm's Law," dealing with the Ohm's law and the inverse square law; "Using LED's to Demonstrate Induced Current," showing Faraday's law and Lenz's law by using light emitting diodes (LEDs); and "The Helium-Filled Organ Pipe," discussing a discrepancy between theory and experiment. (YP)

Effects of Dram Shop, Responsible Beverage Service Training, and State Alcohol Control Laws on Underage Drinking Driver Fatal Crash Ratios.

PubMed

Scherer, Michael; Fell, James C; Thomas, Sue; Voas, Robert B

2015-01-01

In this study, we aimed to determine whether three minimum legal drinking age 21 (MLDA-21) laws-dram shop liability, responsible beverage service (RBS) training, and state control of alcohol sales-have had an impact on underage drinking and driving fatal crashes using annual state-level data, and compared states with strong laws to those with weak laws to examine their effect on beer consumption and fatal crash ratios. Using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, we calculated the ratio of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 involved in fatal crashes as our key outcome measure. We used structural equation modeling to evaluate the three MLDA-21 laws. We controlled for covariates known to impact fatal crashes including: 17 additional MLDA-21 laws; administrative license revocation; blood alcohol concentration limits of.08 and.10 for driving; seat belt laws; sobriety checkpoint frequency; unemployment rates; and vehicle miles traveled. Outcome variables, in addition to the fatal crash ratios of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 included state per capita beer consumption. Dram shop liability laws were associated with a 2.4% total effect decrease (direct effects: β =.019, p =.018). Similarly, RBS training laws were associated with a 3.6% total effect decrease (direct effect: β =.048, p =.001) in the ratio of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 involved in fatal crashes. There was a significant relationship between dram shop liability law strength and per capita beer consumption, F (4, 1528) = 24.32, p <.001, partial η(2) =.016, showing states with strong dram shop liability laws (Mean (M) = 1.276) averaging significantly lower per capita beer consumption than states with weak laws (M = 1.340). Dram shop liability laws and RBS laws were both associated with significantly reduced per capita beer consumption and fatal crash ratios. In practical terms, this means that dram shop liability laws are currently associated with saving an estimated 64 lives in the 45 jurisdictions that currently have the law. If the remaining 6 states adopted the dram shop law, an additional 9 lives could potentially be saved annually. Similarly, RBS training laws are associated with saving an estimated 83 lives in the 37 jurisdictions that currently have the laws. If the remaining 14 states adopted these RBS training laws, we estimate that an additional 28 lives could potentially be saved.

The Trials of Culture--Law, Conflict, and Change.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bliss, Pam, Ed.; Kaplan, Howard, Ed.

2002-01-01

This magazine aims to help high school teachers of civics, government, history, and law and law-related education program developers educate students about legal issues. This volume focuses on culture, law, conflict, and change. The first article, "Trying Beliefs: The Law of Cultural Orthodoxy and Dissent" (J. H. Landman), demonstrates…

7 CFR 3560.5 - State, local or tribal laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 15 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false State, local or tribal laws. 3560.5 Section 3560.5 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF..., local or tribal laws. Borrowers must comply with all applicable state and local laws, and laws of...

7 CFR 3560.5 - State, local or tribal laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 15 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false State, local or tribal laws. 3560.5 Section 3560.5 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF..., local or tribal laws. Borrowers must comply with all applicable state and local laws, and laws of...

43 CFR 422.3 - Reclamation law enforcement policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2012-10-01 2011-10-01 true Reclamation law enforcement policy. 422.3..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY AT BUREAU OF RECLAMATION PROJECTS § 422.3 Reclamation law enforcement policy. The law enforcement policy of Reclamation is: (a) To maintain an accountable...

40 CFR 209.18 - Administrative law judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2012-07-01 2011-07-01 true Administrative law judge. 209.18... law judge. (a) General. The administrative law judge shall conduct a fair and impartial hearing in... form whenever in the opinion of the administrative law judge oral testimony is not necessary for full...

46 CFR 4.03-55 - Law enforcement officer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Law enforcement officer. 4.03-55 Section 4.03-55... AND INVESTIGATIONS Definitions § 4.03-55 Law enforcement officer. Law enforcement officer means a Coast Guard commissioned, warrant or petty officer; or any other law enforcement officer authorized to...

12 CFR 615.5453 - Law governing other interests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Law governing other interests. 615.5453 Section... § 615.5453 Law governing other interests. (a) To the extent not inconsistent with these regulations, the law (not including the conflict-of-law rules) of a securities intermediary's jurisdiction governs: (1...

14 CFR 13.205 - Administrative law judges.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Administrative law judges. 13.205 Section... Administrative law judges. (a) Powers of an administrative law judge. In accordance with the rules of this subpart, an administrative law judge may: (1) Give notice of, and hold, prehearing conferences and...

43 CFR 422.3 - Reclamation law enforcement policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Reclamation law enforcement policy. 422.3..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY AT BUREAU OF RECLAMATION PROJECTS § 422.3 Reclamation law enforcement policy. The law enforcement policy of Reclamation is: (a) To maintain an accountable...

46 CFR 4.03-55 - Law enforcement officer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Law enforcement officer. 4.03-55 Section 4.03-55... AND INVESTIGATIONS Definitions § 4.03-55 Law enforcement officer. Law enforcement officer means a Coast Guard commissioned, warrant or petty officer; or any other law enforcement officer authorized to...

46 CFR 4.03-55 - Law enforcement officer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Law enforcement officer. 4.03-55 Section 4.03-55... AND INVESTIGATIONS Definitions § 4.03-55 Law enforcement officer. Law enforcement officer means a Coast Guard commissioned, warrant or petty officer; or any other law enforcement officer authorized to...

20 CFR 655.1035 - Administrative law judge proceedings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Administrative law judge proceedings. 655... Attestations Filed by Employers Utilizing F-1 Students in Off-Campus Work § 655.1035 Administrative law judge....1020 of this part, the Chief Administrative Law Judge shall promptly appoint an administrative law...

40 CFR 209.18 - Administrative law judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Administrative law judge. 209.18... law judge. (a) General. The administrative law judge shall conduct a fair and impartial hearing in... form whenever in the opinion of the administrative law judge oral testimony is not necessary for full...

37 CFR 11.505 - Unauthorized practice of law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Unauthorized practice of law... Rules of Professional Conduct Law Firms and Associations § 11.505 Unauthorized practice of law. A practitioner shall not practice law in a jurisdiction in violation of the regulation of the legal profession in...

43 CFR 422.3 - Reclamation law enforcement policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Reclamation law enforcement policy. 422.3..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY AT BUREAU OF RECLAMATION PROJECTS § 422.3 Reclamation law enforcement policy. The law enforcement policy of Reclamation is: (a) To maintain an accountable...

49 CFR 386.54 - Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Administrative Law Judge. 386.54 Section 386.54... General Rules and Hearings § 386.54 Administrative Law Judge. (a) Powers of an Administrative Law Judge. The Administrative Law Judge may take any action and may prescribe all necessary rules and regulations...

49 CFR 386.54 - Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Administrative Law Judge. 386.54 Section 386.54... General Rules and Hearings § 386.54 Administrative Law Judge. (a) Powers of an Administrative Law Judge. The Administrative Law Judge may take any action and may prescribe all necessary rules and regulations...

20 CFR 655.645 - Administrative law judge proceedings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Administrative law judge proceedings. 655.645... Alien Crewmembers for Longshore Activities in U.S. Ports § 655.645 Administrative law judge proceedings... of this part, the Chief Administrative Law Judge shall promptly appoint an administrative law judge...

46 CFR 4.03-55 - Law enforcement officer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Law enforcement officer. 4.03-55 Section 4.03-55... AND INVESTIGATIONS Definitions § 4.03-55 Law enforcement officer. Law enforcement officer means a Coast Guard commissioned, warrant or petty officer; or any other law enforcement officer authorized to...

5 CFR 1201.125 - Administrative law judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Administrative law judge. 1201.125... § 1201.125 Administrative law judge. (a) An administrative law judge will hear a disciplinary action... administrative law judge will issue an initial decision on the complaint pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 557. The applicable...

20 CFR 655.1035 - Administrative law judge proceedings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Administrative law judge proceedings. 655... Attestations Filed by Employers Utilizing F-1 Students in Off-Campus Work § 655.1035 Administrative law judge....1020 of this part, the Chief Administrative Law Judge shall promptly appoint an administrative law...

45 CFR 302.70 - Required State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Required State laws. 302.70 Section 302.70 Public... PLAN REQUIREMENTS § 302.70 Required State laws. (a) Required Laws. The State plan shall provide that... effect laws providing for, and has implemented procedures to improve, program effectiveness: (1...

50 CFR 10.22 - Law enforcement offices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Law enforcement offices. 10.22 Section 10... GENERAL PROVISIONS Addresses § 10.22 Law enforcement offices. Service law enforcement offices and their areas of responsibility follow. Mail should be addressed: “Assistant Regional Director, Division of Law...

50 CFR 665.2 - Relation to other laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Relation to other laws. 665.2 Section 665.2 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC... other laws. NMFS recognizes that any state law pertaining to vessels registered under the laws of that...

50 CFR 660.2 - Relation to other laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Relation to other laws. 660.2 Section 660.2 Wildlife and Fisheries FISHERY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC... other laws. (a) NMFS recognizes that any state law pertaining to vessels registered under the laws of...

22 CFR 231.16 - Governing law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Governing law. 231.16 Section 231.16 Foreign... EMERGENCY WARTIME SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATIONS ACT OF 2003, PUBLIC LAW 108-11-STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS § 231.16 Governing law. This Guarantee shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of...

45 CFR 152.40 - Relation to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Relation to State laws. 152.40 Section 152.40...-EXISTING CONDITION INSURANCE PLAN PROGRAM Relationship to Existing Laws and Programs § 152.40 Relation to State laws. The standards established under this section shall supersede any State law or regulation...

49 CFR 386.54 - Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Administrative Law Judge. 386.54 Section 386.54... General Rules and Hearings § 386.54 Administrative Law Judge. (a) Powers of an Administrative Law Judge. The Administrative Law Judge may take any action and may prescribe all necessary rules and regulations...

20 CFR 655.645 - Administrative law judge proceedings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Administrative law judge proceedings. 655.645... Alien Crewmembers for Longshore Activities in U.S. Ports § 655.645 Administrative law judge proceedings... of this part, the Chief Administrative Law Judge shall promptly appoint an administrative law judge...

78 FR 70392 - Notice of Meeting of Advisory Committee on International Law

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-25

... Law A meeting of the Department of State's Advisory Committee on International Law will take place on... Law School (Frederick Lawrence Student Conference Center), 2000 H Street NW., Washington, DC. Acting... Director, Advisory Committee on International Law, United States Department of State. [FR Doc. 2013-28232...

14 CFR 155.3 - Applicable law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Applicable law. 155.3 Section 155.3... RELEASE OF AIRPORT PROPERTY FROM SURPLUS PROPERTY DISPOSAL RESTRICTIONS § 155.3 Applicable law. (a... transfer to the requirements of applicable law. Based on the laws cited in this paragraph, the...

49 CFR 1542.217 - Law enforcement personnel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Law enforcement personnel. 1542.217 Section 1542... Law enforcement personnel. (a) Each airport operator must ensure that law enforcement personnel used... the criminal laws of the State and local jurisdictions in which the airport is located— (1) A crime...

25 CFR 11.909 - Law enforcement records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER COURTS OF INDIAN OFFENSES AND LAW AND ORDER CODE Children's Court § 11.909 Law enforcement records. (a) Law enforcement records and files... minor's parents or guardian, the presenting officer, or others by order of the children's court. ...

7 CFR 1900.102 - Applicable law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... GENERAL Applicability of Federal Law § 1900.102 Applicable law. Loans made by FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 are authorized and executed pursuant to Federal programs adopted by Congress to... applicable Federal law. (b) Instruments evidencing a guarantee, conditional commitment to guarantee, or a...

50 CFR 38.8 - Consistency with Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Consistency with Federal law. 38.8 Section... Consistency with Federal law. Any provisions of the laws of the State of Hawaii, as they now appear or as they... are not in conflict with any applicable Federal law or regulation. ...

Profiling Campus Administration: A Demographic Survey of Campus Police Chiefs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Linebach, Jared A.; Kovacsiss, Lea M.; Tesch, Brian P.

2011-01-01

Campus law enforcement faces unique challenges, as there are different societal expectations compared to municipal law enforcement. Municipal law enforcement models typically focus on traditionally reactive law and order, while campus law enforcement models typically focus on proactive responses to crime and its deterrence. Stressors experienced…

42 CFR 422.378 - Relationship to State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Relationship to State law. 422.378 Section 422.378 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... Relationship to State law. (a) Preemption of State law. Any provisions of State law that relate to the...

32 CFR 701.110 - Conditions of disclosure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... jurisdiction within or under the control of the U.S. for a civil or criminal law enforcement activity provided the civil or criminal law enforcement activity is authorized by law; the head of the law enforcement... enforcement purpose (such as criminal investigations, enforcement of a civil law, or a similar purpose) for...

32 CFR 701.110 - Conditions of disclosure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... jurisdiction within or under the control of the U.S. for a civil or criminal law enforcement activity provided the civil or criminal law enforcement activity is authorized by law; the head of the law enforcement... enforcement purpose (such as criminal investigations, enforcement of a civil law, or a similar purpose) for...

Innovations in Law.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Martz, Carlton

2000-01-01

This issue of "Bill of Rights in Action" looks at historical and recent innovations in law. The first article examines the code of laws developed by the ancient Hebrews which influenced Roman law, English law, and the U.S. Declaration of Independence and Constitution. The second article explores Thomas Jefferson's writing of the…

23 CFR 1225.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... above a specified level. (e) Citations to State law means citations to all sections of the State's law... suspension. (c) BAC means either blood or breath alcohol concentration. (d) BAC per se law means a law that... begun to implement the law. (g) Operating a motor vehicle means driving or being in actual physical...

Patient Perception of Disclosure Performance of Informed Consent Elements in the Preanesthesia Interview

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-12-01

10 Contract Law ......................................................................................................................20...20 Figure 2. A summary of the differences between tort and contract law ..............................22 Figure 3. Military...of Anesthesiologists, 1997, p. 406). 10 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE Two major areas of the law, tort law and contract law , are relevant

Derivation of the Ideal Gas Law

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Laugier, Alexander; Garai, Jozsef

2007-01-01

Undergraduate and graduate physics and chemistry books usually state that combining the gas laws results in the ideal gas law. Leaving the derivation to the students implies that this should be a simple task, most likely a substitution. Boyle's law, Charles's law, and the Avogadro's principle are given under certain conditions; therefore, direct…

43 CFR 422.9 - Reclamation law enforcement contracts and cooperative agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Reclamation law enforcement contracts and... PROJECTS Program Requirements § 422.9 Reclamation law enforcement contracts and cooperative agreements. (a... Federal laws. (b) Each contract and cooperative agreement authorizing the exercise of Reclamation law...

Teaching Human Rights Law.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berman, Howard R.

1985-01-01

The international community has developed a system of human rights law relevant to many areas of legal encounter, which American law schools have been slow to incorporate into curricula. Teaching human rights law provides an opportunity for law schools to enrich the learning process and contribute creatively to the respect for rights in society.…

40 CFR 164.40 - Qualifications and duties of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Administrative Law Judge. (1) Any party may, by motion made to the Administrative Law Judge, as soon as... Administrative Law Judge. 164.40 Section 164.40 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Rules of Practice Concerning Proceedings (Other Than Expedited Hearings) Administrative Law Judge § 164...

On a Theme by Rene David: Comparative Law as "Technique Indispensable."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McAuley, Michael

2002-01-01

Explores a text by Rene David relating to the teaching of comparative law and the comparative teaching of law. Discusses bijural education as a way to comprehensively teach the civil and common law traditions. Addresses construction of a bijural curriculum and skills of comparative law teaching. (EV)

Law-Related Education: Trends and Development.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Rosemary V.; Darnley, Susan M.

The report analyzes law-related education programs and materials developed during the period 1968-78. Specifically, it examines program motivations, assumptions, project development, and the relationship of law-related education to civic education. Law-related education is seen to include the study of the role of law in society, the legal…

Recent developments in German health law.

PubMed

Hart, Dieter

2006-06-01

Health law provides the regulatory constitution for the medical and healthcare system. It covers individual medical treatment as well as public healthcare provision and is insofar medical law as well as social security law (statutory health insurance law). The medical and health sciences (public health sciences) are the main complementary disciplines of health law. This article gives an account of some representative developments in both fields which have taken place in the last three years.

Legalman/Legal Clerk Study Guide

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-01-01

law includes those laws passed or enacted by the various legislative bodies such as Congress or state legislatures. 2o These laws come from the...report the laws or cases within the jurisdiction of the legislative body that enacted the statute. For example, there is a federal statute which...statutes enacted by our Congress or other legislative bodies, or administrative law. 3. "Secondary Authority" is not "the law" itself but instead

Mapping the scope and opportunities for public health law in liberal democracies.

PubMed

Magnusson, Roger S

2007-01-01

The two questions, "What is public health law?" and "How can law improve the public's health?" are perennial ones for public health law scholars. This paper proposes a framework for conceptualizing discussion and debate about the scope and opportunities for public health law within liberal democracies. Part 2 of the paper draws selectively on this framework in order to highlight some areas where law's potential role deserves greater acknowledgment and exploration.

JPRS Report, Science & Technology, Japan, Industrial Property Rights

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-11-01

obligation to pay attention to effective management means of civil law ( contract law ) and commercial law is (Section 3, Article 254 of the Commercial...on the basis of legal principles such as contract law , (2) the action of obtaining a business secret, without illegal activities, and breach of...SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY POLICY 21 3. Trend of the International Debate information mainly by contract law and the illegal prac- tices law of the Civil Code

Simple solutions for relativistic generalizations of the Child-Langmuir law and the Langmuir-Blodgett law

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang Yongpeng; Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, P.O. Box 69-13, Xi'an 710024; Liu Guozhi

In this paper, the Child-Langmuir law and Langmuir-Blodgett law are generalized to the relativistic regime by a simple method. Two classical laws suitable for the nonrelativistic regime are modified to simple approximate expressions applicable for calculating the space-charge-limited currents of one-dimensional steady-state planar diodes and coaxial diodes under the relativistic regime. The simple approximate expressions, extending the Child-Langmuir law and Langmuir-Blodgett law to fit the full range of voltage, have small relative errors less than 1% for one-dimensional planar diodes and less than 5% for coaxial diodes.

Dark optical, singular solitons and conservation laws to the nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation with spatio-temporal dispersion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Inc, Mustafa; Aliyu, Aliyu Isa; Yusuf, Abdullahi

2017-05-01

This paper studies the dynamics of solitons to the nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation (NLSE) with spatio-temporal dispersion (STD). The integration algorithm that is employed in this paper is the Riccati-Bernoulli sub-ODE method. This leads to dark and singular soliton solutions that are important in the field of optoelectronics and fiber optics. The soliton solutions appear with all necessary constraint conditions that are necessary for them to exist. There are four types of nonlinear media studied in this paper. They are Kerr law, power law, parabolic law and dual law. The conservation laws (Cls) for the Kerr law and parabolic law nonlinear media are constructed using the conservation theorem presented by Ibragimov.

Effect of drive-through delivery laws on postpartum length of stay and hospital charges.

PubMed

Liu, Zhimei; Dow, William H; Norton, Edward C

2004-01-01

Postpartum hospital length of stay fell rapidly during the 1980s and 1990s, perhaps due to increased managed care penetration. In response, 32 states enacted early postpartum discharge laws between 1995 and 1997, and a federal law took effect in 1998. We analyze how these laws changed length of stay and hospital charges, using a national discharge database. Difference-in-differences models show that the laws increased both length of stay and hospital charges, but the magnitude of this effect is much smaller than has been estimated in previously reported case studies. Furthermore, we find that effects vary by law details, that ERISA diluted the law effects, and that law effects partially spilled over to unregulated Medicaid births.

Reducing tobacco use and access through strengthened minimum price laws.

PubMed

McLaughlin, Ian; Pearson, Anne; Laird-Metke, Elisa; Ribisl, Kurt

2014-10-01

Higher prices reduce consumption and initiation of tobacco products. A minimum price law that establishes a high statutory minimum price and prohibits the industry's discounting tactics for tobacco products is a promising pricing strategy as an alternative to excise tax increases. Although some states have adopted minimum price laws on the basis of statutorily defined price "markups" over the invoice price, existing state laws have been largely ineffective at increasing the retail price. We analyzed 3 new variations of minimum price laws that hold great potential for raising tobacco prices and reducing consumption: (1) a flat rate minimum price law similar to a recent enactment in New York City, (2) an enhanced markup law, and (3) a law that incorporates both elements.

A 'Scottish Poor Law of Lunacy'? Poor Law, Lunacy Law and Scotland's parochial asylums.

PubMed

Farquharson, Lauren

2017-03-01

Scotland's parochial asylums are unfamiliar institutional spaces. Representing the concrete manifestation of the collision between two spheres of legislation, the Poor Law and the Lunacy Law, six such asylums were constructed in the latter half of the nineteenth century. These sites expressed the enduring mandate of the Scottish Poor Law 1845 over the domain of 'madness'. They were institutions whose very existence was fashioned at the directive of the local arm of the Poor Law, the parochial board, and they constituted a continuing 'Scottish Poor Law of Lunacy'. Their origins and operation significantly subverted the intentions and objectives of the Lunacy Act 1857, the aim of which had been to institute a public district asylum network with nationwide coverage.

China's Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Law: the law and the philosophy.

PubMed

Lening Zhang; Jianhong Liu

2007-10-01

The present study introduces and discusses the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Law of the People's Republic of China. The law was promulgated in the context of Chinese socioeconomic reforms and legal reforms in response to the rising delinquency since the early 1980s. The study explains the social and political background of the law with respect to the patterns of delinquency in China. The law has several main features that reflect the Chinese philosophical underpinnings of crime prevention and control, and the study discusses the connection between the law and the traditional Chinese philosophy and thinking. Finally, the study discusses the challenges to the enforcement of the law in Chinese society, which has lacked a legal tradition in its history.

Transitions in state public health law: comparative analysis of state public health law reform following the Turning Point Model State Public Health Act.

PubMed

Meier, Benjamin Mason; Hodge, James G; Gebbie, Kristine M

2009-03-01

Given the public health importance of law modernization, we undertook a comparative analysis of policy efforts in 4 states (Alaska, South Carolina, Wisconsin, and Nebraska) that have considered public health law reform based on the Turning Point Model State Public Health Act. Through national legislative tracking and state case studies, we investigated how the Turning Point Act's model legal language has been considered for incorporation into state law and analyzed key facilitating and inhibiting factors for public health law reform. Our findings provide the practice community with a research base to facilitate further law reform and inform future scholarship on the role of law as a determinant of the public's health.

Some optimal considerations in attitude control systems. [evaluation of value of relative weighting between time and fuel for relay control law

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boland, J. S., III

1973-01-01

The conventional six-engine reaction control jet relay attitude control law with deadband is shown to be a good linear approximation to a weighted time-fuel optimal control law. Techniques for evaluating the value of the relative weighting between time and fuel for a particular relay control law is studied along with techniques to interrelate other parameters for the two control laws. Vehicle attitude control laws employing control moment gyros are then investigated. Steering laws obtained from the expression for the reaction torque of the gyro configuration are compared to a total optimal attitude control law that is derived from optimal linear regulator theory. This total optimal attitude control law has computational disadvantages in the solving of the matrix Riccati equation. Several computational algorithms for solving the matrix Riccati equation are investigated with respect to accuracy, computational storage requirements, and computational speed.

Reconciling the Mitscherlich's law of diminishing returns with Liebig's law of the minimum. Some results on crop modeling.

PubMed

Ferreira, Iuri E P; Zocchi, Silvio S; Baron, Daniel

2017-11-01

Reliable fertilizer recommendations depend on the correctness of the crop production models fitted to the data, but generally the crop models are built empirically, neglecting important physiological aspects related with response to fertilizers, or they are based in laws of plant mineral nutrition seen by many authors as conflicting theories: the Liebig's Law of the Minimum and Mitscherlich's Law of Diminishing Returns. We developed a new approach to modelling the crop response to fertilizers that reconcile these laws. In this study, the Liebig's Law is applied at the cellular level to explain plant production and, as a result, crop models compatible with the Law of Diminishing Returns are derived. Some classical crop models appear here as special cases of our methodology, and a new interpretation for Mitscherlich's Law is also provided. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Can Newton's Third Law Be "Derived" from the Second?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gangopadhyaya, Asim; Harrington, James

2017-04-01

Newton's laws have engendered much discussion over several centuries. Today, the internet is awash with a plethora of information on this topic. We find many references to Newton's laws, often discussions of various types of misunderstandings and ways to explain them. Here we present an intriguing example that shows an assumption hidden in Newton's third law that is often overlooked. As is well known, the first law defines an inertial frame of reference and the second law determines the acceleration of a particle in such a frame due to an external force. The third law describes forces exerted on each other in a two-particle system, and allows us to extend the second law to a system of particles. Students are often taught that the three laws are independent. Here we present an example that challenges this assumption. At first glance, it seems to show that, at least for a special case, the third law follows from the second law. However, a careful examination of the assumptions demonstrates that is not quite the case. Ultimately, the example does illustrate the significance of the concept of mass in linking Newton's dynamical principles.

State-level gonorrhea rates and expedited partner therapy laws: insights from time series analyses.

PubMed

Owusu-Edusei, K; Cramer, R; Chesson, H W; Gift, T L; Leichliter, J S

2017-06-01

In this study, we examined state-level monthly gonorrhea morbidity and assessed the potential impact of existing expedited partner therapy (EPT) laws in relation to the time that the laws were enacted. Longitudinal study. We obtained state-level monthly gonorrhea morbidity (number of cases/100,000 for males, females and total) from the national surveillance data. We used visual examination (of morbidity trends) and an autoregressive time series model in a panel format with intervention (interrupted time series) analysis to assess the impact of state EPT laws based on the months in which the laws were enacted. For over 84% of the states with EPT laws, the monthly morbidity trends did not show any noticeable decreases on or after the laws were enacted. Although we found statistically significant decreases in gonorrhea morbidity within four of the states with EPT laws (Alaska, Illinois, Minnesota, and Vermont), there were no significant decreases when the decreases in the four states were compared contemporaneously with the decreases in states that do not have the laws. We found no impact (decrease in gonorrhea morbidity) attributable exclusively to the EPT law(s). However, these results do not imply that the EPT laws themselves were not effective (or failed to reduce gonorrhea morbidity), because the effectiveness of the EPT law is dependent on necessary intermediate events/outcomes, including sexually transmitted infection service providers' awareness and practice, as well as acceptance by patients and their partners. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Do Juvenile Curfew Laws Reduce Underage Drinking?

PubMed

Grossman, Elyse R; Jernigan, David H; Miller, Nancy A

2016-07-01

Although not originally enacted to deter the problem of underage drinking in the United States, one set of laws that may influence this behavior is juvenile curfew laws. This research asked the following: (a) What is the effect of enacting a juvenile curfew law on youth drinking, and (b) do demographic variables moderate the relation between juvenile curfew law enactment and drinking? This study examined the effect of juvenile curfew laws on underage drinking, using data from 46 U.S. cities from 1991 to 2005. In 2014, we compiled a data set containing alcohol and curfew law data by zip code. It included 63,081 minors (ages 12-17 years) from 1,081 zip codes. We used difference-in-difference regressions to analyze the data. The effect of the enactment of a curfew law on the likelihood of consuming alcohol in the past year or past 30 days or of heavy episodic drinking in the past 2 weeks was not significant when compared with cities without curfew laws during the same periods. Although the likelihood of consuming alcohol over the past year differed depending on an individual's characteristics (e.g., race/ethnicity, age, and gender), none of the interaction terms between these characteristics and curfew laws were significant. Curfew laws appear to have a nonsignificant effect on youth drinking, but these results are unclear without more knowledge as to where and when youth are drinking both before and after the enactment of curfew laws and how these laws are being enforced.

The second laws of quantum thermodynamics.

PubMed

Brandão, Fernando; Horodecki, Michał; Ng, Nelly; Oppenheim, Jonathan; Wehner, Stephanie

2015-03-17

The second law of thermodynamics places constraints on state transformations. It applies to systems composed of many particles, however, we are seeing that one can formulate laws of thermodynamics when only a small number of particles are interacting with a heat bath. Is there a second law of thermodynamics in this regime? Here, we find that for processes which are approximately cyclic, the second law for microscopic systems takes on a different form compared to the macroscopic scale, imposing not just one constraint on state transformations, but an entire family of constraints. We find a family of free energies which generalize the traditional one, and show that they can never increase. The ordinary second law relates to one of these, with the remainder imposing additional constraints on thermodynamic transitions. We find three regimes which determine which family of second laws govern state transitions, depending on how cyclic the process is. In one regime one can cause an apparent violation of the usual second law, through a process of embezzling work from a large system which remains arbitrarily close to its original state. These second laws are relevant for small systems, and also apply to individual macroscopic systems interacting via long-range interactions. By making precise the definition of thermal operations, the laws of thermodynamics are unified in this framework, with the first law defining the class of operations, the zeroth law emerging as an equivalence relation between thermal states, and the remaining laws being monotonicity of our generalized free energies.

The second laws of quantum thermodynamics

PubMed Central

Brandão, Fernando; Horodecki, Michał; Ng, Nelly; Oppenheim, Jonathan; Wehner, Stephanie

2015-01-01

The second law of thermodynamics places constraints on state transformations. It applies to systems composed of many particles, however, we are seeing that one can formulate laws of thermodynamics when only a small number of particles are interacting with a heat bath. Is there a second law of thermodynamics in this regime? Here, we find that for processes which are approximately cyclic, the second law for microscopic systems takes on a different form compared to the macroscopic scale, imposing not just one constraint on state transformations, but an entire family of constraints. We find a family of free energies which generalize the traditional one, and show that they can never increase. The ordinary second law relates to one of these, with the remainder imposing additional constraints on thermodynamic transitions. We find three regimes which determine which family of second laws govern state transitions, depending on how cyclic the process is. In one regime one can cause an apparent violation of the usual second law, through a process of embezzling work from a large system which remains arbitrarily close to its original state. These second laws are relevant for small systems, and also apply to individual macroscopic systems interacting via long-range interactions. By making precise the definition of thermal operations, the laws of thermodynamics are unified in this framework, with the first law defining the class of operations, the zeroth law emerging as an equivalence relation between thermal states, and the remaining laws being monotonicity of our generalized free energies. PMID:25675476

Protocol: mixed-methods study to evaluate implementation, enforcement, and outcomes of U.S. state laws intended to curb high-risk opioid prescribing.

PubMed

McGinty, Emma E; Stuart, Elizabeth A; Caleb Alexander, G; Barry, Colleen L; Bicket, Mark C; Rutkow, Lainie

2018-02-26

The U.S. opioid epidemic has been driven by the high volume of opioids prescribed by healthcare providers. U.S. states have recently enacted four types of laws designed to curb high-risk prescribing practices, such as high-dose and long-term opioid prescribing, associated with opioid-related mortality: (1) mandatory Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) enrollment laws, which require prescribers to enroll in their state's PDMP, an electronic database of patients' controlled substance prescriptions, (2) mandatory PDMP query laws, which require prescribers to query the PDMP prior to prescribing an opioid, (3) opioid prescribing cap laws, which limit the dose and/or duration of opioid prescriptions, and (4) pill mill laws, which strictly regulate pain clinics to prevent nonmedical opioid prescribing. Some pain experts have expressed concern that these laws could negatively affect pain management among patients with chronic non-cancer pain. This paper describes the protocol for a mixed-methods study analyzing the independent effects of these four types of laws on opioid prescribing patterns and chronic non-cancer pain treatment, accounting for variation in implementation and enforcement of laws across states. Many states have enacted multiple opioid prescribing laws at or around the same time. To overcome this issue, our study focuses on 18 treatment states that each enacted a single law of interest, and no other potentially confounding laws, over a 4-year period (2 years pre-/post-law). Qualitative interviews with key leaders in each of the 18 treatment states will characterize the timing, scope, and strength of each state law's implementation and enforcement. This information will inform the design and interpretation of synthetic control models analyzing the effects of each of the two types of laws on two sets of outcomes: measures of (1) high-risk opioid prescribing and (2) non-opioid treatments for chronic non-cancer pain. Study of mandatory PDMP enrollment, mandatory PDMP query, opioid prescribing cap, and pill mill laws is timely given a dynamic policy environment in which numerous states pass, revise, implement, and enforce varied laws to address opioid prescribing each year. Findings will inform enactment, implementation, and enforcement of these laws in additional states.

Safe haven laws as crime control theater.

PubMed

Hammond, Michelle; Miller, Monica K; Griffin, Timothy

2010-07-01

This article examines safe haven laws, which allow parents to legally abandon their infants. The main objective is to determine whether safe haven laws fit the criteria of crime control theater, a term used to describe public policies that produce the appearance, but not the effect, of crime control, and as such are essentially socially constructed "solutions" to socially constructed crime "problems." The analysis will apply the principles of crime control theater to safe haven laws. Specifically, the term crime control theater applies to laws that are reactionary responses to perceived criminal threats and are often widely supported as a way to address the crime in question. Such laws are attractive because they appeal to mythic narratives (i.e., saving an innocent child from a predator); however they are likely ineffective due to the complexity of the crime. These laws can have deleterious effects when policymakers make false claims of success and stunt public discourse (e.g., drawing attention away from more frequent and preventable crimes). This analysis applies these criteria to safe haven laws to determine whether such laws can be classified as crime control theater. Many qualities inherent to crime control theater are present in safe haven laws. For example, the laws are highly publicized, their intentions lack moral ambiguity, rare cases of success legitimize law enforcement and other agencies, and they appeal to the public sense of responsibility in preventing crime. Yet the goal of saving infant lives may be unattainable. These qualities make the effectiveness of the laws questionable and suggest they may be counterproductive. This analysis determined that safe haven laws are socially constructed solutions to the socially constructed problem of child abandonment. Safe haven laws are appropriately classified as crime control theater. It is imperative that further research be conducted to examine the effectiveness and collateral effects of safe haven laws. Longitudinal studies and a nationwide database to better determine the effectiveness of safe haven laws are suggested. It is also crucial that agencies implementing SHLs closely monitor the reasons parents abandon their children, and adopt policies that re-focus the attention safe haven laws receive to address more frequent causes of harm to infants. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Assessing the Impact of Twenty Underage Drinking Laws.

PubMed

Fell, James C; Scherer, Michael; Thomas, Sue; Voas, Robert B

2016-03-01

Over the last two decades, many states have adopted several of the 20 laws that aim to control youth access to and possession of alcohol and prevent underage drinking in the United States. However, many of these laws have not been evaluated since their adoption. The objective of this study was to determine which minimum legal drinking age 21 (MLDA-21) laws currently have an effect on underage drinking-and-driving fatal crashes. We updated the effective dates of the 20 MLDA-21 laws examined in this study and used scores of each law's strengths and weaknesses. Our structural equation model included the 20 MLDA-21 laws, impaired driving laws, seat belt safety laws, economic strength, driving exposure, beer consumption, and fatal crash ratios of drinking-to-nondrinking drivers under age 21. Nine MLDA-21 laws were associated with significant decreases in fatal crash ratios of underage drinking drivers: possession of alcohol (-7.7%), purchase of alcohol (-4.2%), use alcohol and lose your license (-7.9%), zero tolerance .02 blood alcohol concentration limit for underage drivers (-2.9%), age of bartender ≥21 (-4.1%), state responsible beverage service program (-3.8%), fake identification support provisions for retailers (-11.9%), dram shop liability (-2.5%), and social host civil liability (-1.7%). Two laws were associated with significant increases in the fatal crash ratios of underage drinking drivers: prohibition of furnishing alcohol to minors (+7.2%) and registration of beer kegs (+9.6%). The nine effective MLDA-21 laws are estimated to be currently saving approximately 1,135 lives annually, yet only five states have enacted all nine laws. If all states adopted these nine effective MLDA-21 laws, it is estimated that an additional 210 lives could be saved every year.

Factors that influence attitude and enforcement of the smoke-free law in Turkey: a survey of hospitality venue owners and employees.

PubMed

Aherrera, Angela; Çarkoğlu, Asli; Hayran, Mutlu; Ergör, Gül; Eirüder, Toker; Kaplan, Bekir; Susan, Jolie; Zheng, Laura; Cohen, Joanna E; Navas-Acien, Ana

2016-09-01

In 2009, Turkey extended the smoke-free legislation to hospitality venues. Compliance, however, remains low in some hospitality venues. We identified characteristics associated with knowledge of health effects that can be prevented by the smoke-free law, the attitude towards and enforcement of the law. In 2014, we conducted 400 interviews with hospitality venue owners and employees in 7 cities in Turkey. The venues were identified based on a random sampling strategy in a previous phase of the study. Over one-third (37.3%) of hospitality owners and employees had adequate knowledge of the health effects from secondhand smoke (SHS), 71.3% had a positive attitude towards the law and 19.5% had personally enforced the law. Participants who worked 70 hours or more per week were more likely to have a positive attitude towards the law. Older individuals, women, participants working in bars/nightclubs, venue owners receiving fines for non-compliance and current smokers were less likely to have a positive attitude towards the law. Participants working in traditional coffee houses, former smokers, and participants with a high school education or greater were more likely to enforce the law. Smokers who quit or reduced smoking because of the law were more likely to enforce the law compared with those who were not influenced by the law. Although the attitude towards the law was positive, interventions are needed to increase knowledge on the health effects of SHS and facilitate enforcement of the law, particularly among subgroups less likely to have a positive attitude and enforce the law. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

Association between state school nutrition laws and subsequent child obesity.

PubMed

Palakshappa, Deepak; Fiks, Alexander G; Faerber, Jennifer A; Feudtner, Chris

2016-09-01

Many states have enacted laws to improve school nutrition. We tested whether stronger state nutrition laws are associated with subsequently decreased obesity. We conducted a retrospective national multi-year panel data study (analyzed 2014-2016 at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia). The predictors were 2010 laws regarding 9 nutrition categories from the Classification of Laws Associated with School Students, which grades the strength of state laws (none, weak, or strong). The outcome was weight status (healthy weight, overweight, or obese) in elementary, middle, and high school from the 2011/2012 National Survey of Children's Health. We tested the association between the strength of laws and weight using multinomial logistic regression. To further evaluate our main results, we conducted state-level longitudinal analyses testing the association between competitive food and beverage laws on the change in obesity from 2003-2011. In main analyses of 40,177 children ages 10-17years, we found strong state laws restricting the sale of competitive food and beverages in elementary school (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.48, 0.96) and strong advertising laws across all grades (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.86) were associated with reduced odds of obesity. In longitudinal analyses, states with strong competitive food and beverage laws from 2003-2010 had small but significant decreases in obesity, compared to states with no laws. Although further research is needed to determine the causal effect of these laws, this study suggests that strong state laws limiting the sale and advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages in schools are associated with decreased obesity rates. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The development of health law as a way to change traditional attitudes in national legal systems. The influence of international human rights law: what is left for the national legislator?

PubMed

Birmontiene, Toma

2010-03-01

The development of health law as a sovereign subject of law could be seen as a correlative result of the development of international human rights law. From the perspectives of human rights law, health law gives us a unique possibility to change the traditional point of reference - from the regulation of medical procedures, to the protection of human rights as the main objective of law. At the end of the twentieth and the beginning of this century, human rights law and the most influential international instrument--the European Convention on Human Rights (and the jurisprudence of the ECHR) has influenced health care so much that it has became difficult to draw a line between these subjects. Health law sometimes directly influences and even aspires to change the content of Convention rights that are considered to be traditional. However, certain problems of law linked to health law are decided without influencing the essence of rights protected by the Convention, but just by construing the particularities of application of a certain right. In some cases by further developing the requirements of protection of individual rights that are also regulated by the health law, the ECHR even "codifies" some fields of health law (e.g., the rights of persons with mental disorders). The recognition of worthiness and diversity of human rights and the development of their content raise new objectives for national legislators when they regulate the national legal system. Here the national legislator is often put into a quandary whether to implement the standards of human rights that are recognized by the international community, or to refuse to do so, taking account of the interests of a certain group of the electorate.

The trespasses of property law.

PubMed

Wall, Jesse

2014-01-01

The purpose of this article is to identify a limit to the appropriate application of property law to the use and storage of bodily material. I argue here that property law ought to be limited to protecting 'contingent rights' and that recent cases where property rights have been recognised in semen represent the application of property law beyond this limit. I also suggest how the law ought to develop in order to avoid the overextensive use of property law.

Strong advocacy led to successful implementation of smokefree Mexico City.

PubMed

Crosbie, Eric; Sebrié, Ernesto M; Glantz, Stanton A

2011-01-01

To describe the approval process and implementation of the 100% smokefree law in Mexico City and a competing federal law between 2007 and 2010. Reviewed smokefree legislation, published newspaper articles and interviewed key informants. Strong efforts by tobacco control advocacy groups and key policymakers in Mexico City in 2008 prompted the approval of a 100% smokefree law following the WHO FCTC. As elsewhere, the tobacco industry utilised the hospitality sector to block smokefree legislation, challenged the City law before the Supreme Court and promoted the passage of a federal law that required designated smoking areas. These tactics disrupted implementation of the City law by causing confusion over which law applied in Mexico City. Despite interference, the City law increased public support for 100% smokefree policies and decreased the social acceptability of smoking. In September 2009, the Supreme Court ruled in favour of the City law, giving it the authority to go beyond the federal law to protect the fundamental right of health for all citizens. Early education and enforcement efforts by tobacco control advocates promoted the City law in 2008 but advocates should still anticipate continuing opposition from the tobacco industry, which will require continued pressure on the government. Advocates should utilise the Supreme Court's ruling to promote 100% smokefree policies outside Mexico City. Strong advocacy for the City law could be used as a model of success throughout Mexico and other Latin American countries.

Country watch. Brazil.

PubMed

Turra, M D

1994-01-01

Persons who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or who suffer from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) often have their civil rights violated in Brazil. To remedy this, the Candido Mendes College in Rio de Janeiro introduced a voluntary course, "AIDS - Legal Approaches", into its law curriculum. Incentive was provided by the college's Model Law Office (MLO), where students learn to defend the rights of people in need. Class size is about 25; law professors use recent magazine and newspaper articles, and documentation on lawsuits concerning persons with HIV to teach the class. Course topics include relevant civil law (suits against blood banks), contract law (suits against private health insurance companies which refuse to cover treatment expenses related to HIV or AIDS), family law, inheritance law, labor law (unjust dismissal of persons with HIV), criminal law (intentional transmission of AIDS), violations of basic human rights, and comparative jurisprudence and constitutional law (a comparison of Brazilian law in this area to the laws of other countries). Students, during their field practice periods at the MLO, provide legal assistance to persons with HIV. Approximately 150 cases have been handled, often with positive outcomes, to date. Clients hear about the program via television, radio, and newspapers. Materials and information about lawsuits handled by the MLO are available to other colleges and universities with the hope of stimulating the formation of similar programs elsewhere.

How Important are the Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions in Chemistry and Teaching Chemistry? A History and Philosophy of Science Perspective

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Niaz, Mansoor

The main objectives of this study are:(1) to elaborate a framework based on a rational reconstruction of developments that led to the formulation of the laws of definite and multiple proportions; (2) to ascertain students' views of the two laws; (3) to formulate criteria based on the framework for evaluating chemistry textbooks' treatment of the two laws; and (4) to provide a rationale for chemistry teachers to respond to the question: Can we teach chemistry without the laws of definite and multiple proportions? Results obtained show that most of the textbooks present the laws of definite and multiple proportions within an inductivist perspective, characterized by the following sequence: experimental findings showed that chemical elements combined in fixed/multiple proportions, followed by the formulation of the laws of definite and multiple proportions, and finally Dalton's atomic theory was postulated to explain the laws. Students were found to be reluctant to question the laws that they learnt as the building blocks of chemistry. It is concluded that by emphasizing the laws of definite and multiple proportions, textbooks inevitably endorse the dichotomy between theories and laws, which is questioned by philosophers of science (Lakatos 1970; Giere 1995a, b). An alternative approach is presented which shows that we can teach chemistry without the laws of definite and multiple proportions.

Stepping Up to the Bar.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stanton, Michael

1991-01-01

Describes various ways to practice law such as private practice, corporate law, public interest law, and government law. Talks about salaries, promotion potential, workload, and typical days for lawyers. (JOW)

Stalking

MedlinePlus

... and Untested Kits About Sexual Assault Backlog Resources Laws About the Sexual Assault Kit Backlog Evidence Retention ... in the News Training Trainings Webinar Archive Stalking Laws Criminal Stalking Laws by State Civil Stalking Laws ...

State Maternity/Parental Leave Laws. Facts on Working Women No. 90-1.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Women's Bureau (DOL), Washington, DC.

The status of state maternity/parental leave laws throughout the United States is depicted in eight figures and three tables. Information is reported by state for maternity/parental leave laws, months of available leave, maternity/family illness laws, days of leave for family illness, temporary disability insurance laws, temporary disability…

Education Law. Course Outline. Casenote Education Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aquila, Frank D.

The material included in this book--case briefs, outlines, and textbook/treatise reference information--provides a summary of the most important aspects of the law regarding education. At the heart of this body of knowledge, commonly identified as education law or school law, is statutory and case law. The book serves as a comprehensive guide to…

77 FR 52784 - U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on Private International Law: Notice of Annual Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-30

... International Law: Notice of Annual Meeting The Department of State's Advisory Committee on Private International Law (ACPIL) will hold its annual meeting on developments in private international law on Thursday.... Young Faculty Conference Center, George Washington University Law School, 2000 H Street NW., Washington...

20 CFR 222.13 - Common-law marriage relationship.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Relationship as Wife, Husband, or Widow(er) § 222.13 Common-law marriage relationship. Under the laws of some States, a common-law marriage is one which is not solemnized in a formal... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Common-law marriage relationship. 222.13...

20 CFR 222.13 - Common-law marriage relationship.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Relationship as Wife, Husband, or Widow(er) § 222.13 Common-law marriage relationship. Under the laws of some States, a common-law marriage is one which is not solemnized in a formal... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2013-04-01 2012-04-01 true Common-law marriage relationship. 222.13...

20 CFR 222.13 - Common-law marriage relationship.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Relationship as Wife, Husband, or Widow(er) § 222.13 Common-law marriage relationship. Under the laws of some States, a common-law marriage is one which is not solemnized in a formal... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Common-law marriage relationship. 222.13...

20 CFR 222.13 - Common-law marriage relationship.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Relationship as Wife, Husband, or Widow(er) § 222.13 Common-law marriage relationship. Under the laws of some States, a common-law marriage is one which is not solemnized in a formal... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2014-04-01 2012-04-01 true Common-law marriage relationship. 222.13...

24 CFR 4.36 - Action by the Ethics Law Division.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Action by the Ethics Law Division... the Ethics Law Division. (a) After review of the Inspector General's report, the Ethics Law Division... that a violation of Section 103 or this subpart B has occurred. (b) If the Ethics Law Division...

43 CFR 8365.1-7 - State and local laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false State and local laws. 8365.1-7 Section... and local laws. Except as otherwise provided by Federal law or regulation, State and local laws and ordinances shall apply and be enforced by the appropriate State and local authorities. This includes, but is...

32 CFR 842.66 - Applicable law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Applicable law. 842.66 Section 842.66 National... CLAIMS Foreign Claims (10 U.S.C. 2734) § 842.66 Applicable law. This paragraph provides guidance to determine the applicable law for assessment of liability. (a) A claim is settled under the law and standards...

50 CFR 10.22 - Law enforcement offices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Law enforcement offices. 10.22 Section 10... GENERAL PROVISIONS Addresses § 10.22 Law enforcement offices. (a) Service law enforcement offices are... addressed to “Special Agent in Charge, Office of Law Enforcement, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service” at the...

12 CFR 202.11 - Relation to state law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Relation to state law. 202.11 Section 202.11... OPPORTUNITY ACT (REGULATION B) § 202.11 Relation to state law. (a) Inconsistent state laws. Except as otherwise provided in this section, this regulation alters, affects, or preempts only those state laws that...

31 CFR 210.3 - Governing law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Governing law. 210.3 Section 210.3... CLEARING HOUSE § 210.3 Governing law. (a) Federal law. The rights and obligations of the United States and..., are governed by this part, which has the force and effect of Federal law. (b) Incorporation by...

12 CFR 1270.13 - Law governing other interests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Law governing other interests. 1270.13 Section... Procedure for Consolidated Obligations § 1270.13 Law governing other interests. (a) To the extent not inconsistent with this part 1270, the law (not including the conflict-of-law rules) of a Securities...

36 CFR 4.2 - State law applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false State law applicable. 4.2... AND TRAFFIC SAFETY § 4.2 State law applicable. (a) Unless specifically addressed by regulations in this chapter, traffic and the use of vehicles within a park area are governed by State law. State law...

48 CFR 1352.209-73 - Compliance with the laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Compliance with the laws... Compliance with the laws. As prescribed in 48 CFR 1309.507-2(c), insert the following clause: Compliance With the Laws (APR 2010) The contractor shall comply with all applicable laws, rules and regulations which...

12 CFR 40.17 - Relation to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Relation to State laws. 40.17 Section 40.17... INFORMATION Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 40.17 Relation to State laws. (a) In general. This part.... (b) Greater protection under State law. For purposes of this section, a State statute, regulation...

36 CFR 1004.2 - State law applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false State law applicable. 1004.2... State law applicable. (a) Unless specifically addressed by regulations in this chapter, traffic and the... State law. State law that is now or may later be in effect is adopted and made a part of the regulations...

48 CFR 1352.209-73 - Compliance with the laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Compliance with the laws... Compliance with the laws. As prescribed in 48 CFR 1309.507-2(c), insert the following clause: Compliance With the Laws (APR 2010) The contractor shall comply with all applicable laws, rules and regulations which...

12 CFR 573.17 - Relation to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2014-01-01 2012-01-01 true Relation to State laws. 573.17 Section 573.17... INFORMATION Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 573.17 Relation to State laws. (a) In general. This part.... (b) Greater protection under State law. For purposes of this section, a State statute, regulation...

17 CFR 160.17 - Relation to state laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Relation to state laws. 160.17... FINANCIAL INFORMATION Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 160.17 Relation to state laws. (a) In general... the inconsistency. (b) Greater protection under state law. For purposes of this section, a state...

24 CFR 291.520 - Eligible law enforcement officers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Eligible law enforcement officers... Neighbor Next Door Sales Program § 291.520 Eligible law enforcement officers. A person qualifies as a law... law enforcement agency of the federal government, a state, a unit of general local government, or an...

14 CFR 1260.59 - Choice of law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Choice of law. 1260.59 Section 1260.59... Special Conditions § 1260.59 Choice of law. Choice of Law October 2000 The rights and obligations of the parties to the grant (or cooperative agreement) shall be ascertainable by recourse to the laws of the...

7 CFR 1900.102 - Applicable law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 12 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Applicable law. 1900.102 Section 1900.102 Agriculture... GENERAL Applicability of Federal Law § 1900.102 Applicable law. Loans made by FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 are authorized and executed pursuant to Federal programs adopted by Congress to...

12 CFR 1511.3 - Law governing other interests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Law governing other interests. 1511.3 Section... § 1511.3 Law governing other interests. (a) To the extent not inconsistent with the regulations in this part, the law (not including the conflict-of-law rules) of a Securities Intermediary's jurisdiction...

32 CFR 842.66 - Applicable law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Applicable law. 842.66 Section 842.66 National... CLAIMS Foreign Claims (10 U.S.C. 2734) § 842.66 Applicable law. This paragraph provides guidance to determine the applicable law for assessment of liability. (a) A claim is settled under the law and standards...

12 CFR 160.2 - Applicability of law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Applicability of law. 160.2 Section 160.2 Banks... Applicability of law. State law applies to the lending activities of Federal savings associations and their subsidiaries to the same extent and in the same manner that those laws apply to national banks and their...

12 CFR 716.17 - Relation to state laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Relation to state laws. 716.17 Section 716.17... CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 716.17 Relation to state laws. (a... extent of the inconsistency. (b) Greater protection under state law. For purposes of this section, a...

7 CFR 1900.102 - Applicable law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 12 2014-01-01 2013-01-01 true Applicable law. 1900.102 Section 1900.102 Agriculture... GENERAL Applicability of Federal Law § 1900.102 Applicable law. Loans made by FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 are authorized and executed pursuant to Federal programs adopted by Congress to...

32 CFR 842.66 - Applicable law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Applicable law. 842.66 Section 842.66 National... CLAIMS Foreign Claims (10 U.S.C. 2734) § 842.66 Applicable law. This paragraph provides guidance to determine the applicable law for assessment of liability. (a) A claim is settled under the law and standards...

7 CFR 1900.102 - Applicable law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 12 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Applicable law. 1900.102 Section 1900.102 Agriculture... GENERAL Applicability of Federal Law § 1900.102 Applicable law. Loans made by FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 are authorized and executed pursuant to Federal programs adopted by Congress to...

12 CFR 40.17 - Relation to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Relation to State laws. 40.17 Section 40.17... INFORMATION Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 40.17 Relation to State laws. (a) In general. This part.... (b) Greater protection under State law. For purposes of this section, a State statute, regulation...

32 CFR 776.57 - Unauthorized practice of law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Unauthorized practice of law. 776.57 Section 776... Rules of Professional Conduct § 776.57 Unauthorized practice of law. (a) Unauthorized practice of law. A... law in a jurisdiction where doing so is prohibited by the regulations of the legal profession in that...

32 CFR 842.66 - Applicable law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Applicable law. 842.66 Section 842.66 National... CLAIMS Foreign Claims (10 U.S.C. 2734) § 842.66 Applicable law. This paragraph provides guidance to determine the applicable law for assessment of liability. (a) A claim is settled under the law and standards...

31 CFR 210.3 - Governing law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Governing law. 210.3 Section 210.3... CLEARING HOUSE § 210.3 Governing law. (a) Federal law. The rights and obligations of the United States and..., are governed by this part, which has the force and effect of Federal law. (b) Incorporation by...

20 CFR 655.435 - Administrative law judge proceedings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Administrative law judge proceedings. 655.435... law judge proceedings. (a) Upon receipt of a timely request for a hearing filed pursuant to and in accordance with § 655.420, the Chief Administrative Law Judge shall appoint an administrative law judge to...

31 CFR 210.3 - Governing law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Governing law. 210.3 Section 210.3... CLEARING HOUSE § 210.3 Governing law. (a) Federal law. The rights and obligations of the United States and..., are governed by this part, which has the force and effect of Federal law. (b) Incorporation by...

36 CFR 1004.2 - State law applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false State law applicable. 1004.2... State law applicable. (a) Unless specifically addressed by regulations in this chapter, traffic and the... State law. State law that is now or may later be in effect is adopted and made a part of the regulations...

Zeroth Law, Entropy, Equilibrium, and All That

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Canagaratna, Sebastian G.

2008-01-01

The place of the zeroth law in the teaching of thermodynamics is examined in the context of the recent discussion by Gislason and Craig of some problems involving the establishment of thermal equilibrium. The concept of thermal equilibrium is introduced through the zeroth law. The relation between the zeroth law and the second law in the…

Tax Law System

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tsindeliani, Imeda A.

2016-01-01

The article deals with consideration of the actual theoretic problems of the subject and system of tax law in Russia. The theoretical approaches to determination of the nature of separate institutes of tax law are represented. The existence of pandect system intax law building as financial law sub-branch of Russia is substantiated. The goal of the…

78 FR 75251 - Changes To Implement the Patent Law Treaty; Correction

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-11

...-2013-0007] RIN 0651-AC85 Changes To Implement the Patent Law Treaty; Correction AGENCY: United States... Law Treaty (PLT) and provisions of the Patent Law Treaties Implementation Act of 2012 (PLTIA) that... practice in patent cases for consistency with the changes in the Patent Law Treaty (PLT) and provisions of...

Thoughts on the Law, Gatekeepers, and Rerooting

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shevock, Daniel J.

2017-01-01

This essay extends an open philosophy with a philosophy of music education on soil. An open philosophy emerges from analysis of Kafka's parable "Before the Law." I explore what "the law" might be, what it could mean for how people relate to "the law," and how critiquing "the law" allows music teachers and…

Employee perceptions of protected area law enforcement

Treesearch

Christopher J. Wynveen; Robert D. Bixler; William E. Hammitt

2006-01-01

It is widely accepted that criminal activity negatively impacts visitors? recreation experiences in the nation?s parks and forests (Fletcher 1983). To further understand how law enforcement can effectively manage criminal activity in protected areas, this study was designed to describe law enforcement and non-law enforcement rangers? perceptions of a range of law...

20 CFR 655.435 - Administrative law judge proceedings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Administrative law judge proceedings. 655.435... law judge proceedings. (a) Upon receipt of a timely request for a hearing filed pursuant to and in accordance with § 655.420, the Chief Administrative Law Judge shall appoint an administrative law judge to...

32 CFR 842.66 - Applicable law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Applicable law. 842.66 Section 842.66 National... CLAIMS Foreign Claims (10 U.S.C. 2734) § 842.66 Applicable law. This paragraph provides guidance to determine the applicable law for assessment of liability. (a) A claim is settled under the law and standards...

44 CFR 15.17 - Other laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Other laws. 15.17 Section 15... TRAINING CENTER § 15.17 Other laws. Nothing in the rules and regulations in this part will be construed to abolish any other Federal laws or any State and local laws and regulations applicable to Mt. Weather or...

32 CFR 776.57 - Unauthorized practice of law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Unauthorized practice of law. 776.57 Section 776... Rules of Professional Conduct § 776.57 Unauthorized practice of law. (a) Unauthorized practice of law. A... law in a jurisdiction where doing so is prohibited by the regulations of the legal profession in that...

48 CFR 1352.209-73 - Compliance with the laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Compliance with the laws... Compliance with the laws. As prescribed in 48 CFR 1309.507-2(c), insert the following clause: Compliance With the Laws (APR 2010) The contractor shall comply with all applicable laws, rules and regulations which...

14 CFR 1260.59 - Choice of law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Choice of law. 1260.59 Section 1260.59... Special Conditions § 1260.59 Choice of law. Choice of Law October 2000 The rights and obligations of the parties to the grant (or cooperative agreement) shall be ascertainable by recourse to the laws of the...

7 CFR 1900.102 - Applicable law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Applicable law. 1900.102 Section 1900.102 Agriculture... GENERAL Applicability of Federal Law § 1900.102 Applicable law. Loans made by FmHA or its successor agency under Public Law 103-354 are authorized and executed pursuant to Federal programs adopted by Congress to...

76 FR 4366 - Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel Liquor Control Law

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-25

... Law AGENCY: Bureau of Indian Affairs, Interior. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: This notice publishes Liquor Control Law No. LB-06-08 of the Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel (Nation). The Liquor Control Law regulates... are located in Indian country and this Liquor Control Law allows for possession and sale of alcoholic...

31 CFR 210.3 - Governing law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Governing law. 210.3 Section 210.3... CLEARING HOUSE § 210.3 Governing law. (a) Federal law. The rights and obligations of the United States and..., are governed by this part, which has the force and effect of Federal law. (b) Incorporation by...

17 CFR 248.17 - Relation to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Relation to State laws. 248.17... Information Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 248.17 Relation to State laws. (a) In general. This... inconsistency. (b) Greater protection under State law. For purposes of this section, a State statute, regulation...

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Federal and State Laws and Incentives

Science.gov Websites

in this section... Search Federal State Local Examples Summary Tables Federal and State Laws and Legislation Find Local Laws and Incentives Find examples of laws and incentives from local governments. For ) Requirements by Year More Laws & Incentives Data | All Maps & Data Case Studies Deploying Clean Buses

31 CFR 212.9 - Preemption of State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Preemption of State law. 212.9 Section 212.9 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FISCAL SERVICE... PAYMENTS § 212.9 Preemption of State law. (a) Inconsistent law preempted. Any State or local government law...

24 CFR 4.36 - Action by the Ethics Law Division.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Action by the Ethics Law Division... the Ethics Law Division. (a) After review of the Inspector General's report, the Ethics Law Division... that a violation of Section 103 or this subpart B has occurred. (b) If the Ethics Law Division...

Student Teaching and the Law. SCIP No. 5.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hazard, William R.

This document explains some aspects of the law which affect teachers in general and student teachers in particular. Five issues are examined. The first issue concerns state laws which affect student teachers, with Illinois and Indiana laws used as examples. Some of these laws have to do with liability insurance, credentialling, clinical training,…

29 CFR 500.262 - Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. 500.262...-Hearing Procedures § 500.262 Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. (a) The Administrative Law... Act, modifies or vacates the decision and order of the Administrative Law Judge. (h) Except as...

29 CFR 580.12 - Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge. 580.12....12 Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge. (a) The Administrative Law Judge shall render a... of the parties. (e) The decision of the Administrative Law Judge shall constitute the final order of...

29 CFR 530.406 - Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. 530.406... Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. (a) The Administrative Law Judge shall prepare, after... Law Judge shall constitute the final order of the Department of Labor unless the Secretary, as...

29 CFR 500.262 - Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. 500.262...-Hearing Procedures § 500.262 Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. (a) The Administrative Law... Act, modifies or vacates the decision and order of the Administrative Law Judge. (h) Except as...

29 CFR 530.406 - Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. 530.406... Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. (a) The Administrative Law Judge shall prepare, after... Law Judge shall constitute the final order of the Department of Labor unless the Secretary, as...

29 CFR 801.67 - Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge. 801.67... Procedures Before Administrative Law Judge § 801.67 Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge. (a) The...) The decision of the Administrative Law Judge shall constitute the final order of the Secretary unless...

29 CFR 580.12 - Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge. 580.12....12 Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge. (a) The Administrative Law Judge shall render a... of the parties. (e) The decision of the Administrative Law Judge shall constitute the final order of...

29 CFR 801.67 - Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge. 801.67... Procedures Before Administrative Law Judge § 801.67 Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge. (a) The...) The decision of the Administrative Law Judge shall constitute the final order of the Secretary unless...

29 CFR 530.406 - Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. 530.406... Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. (a) The Administrative Law Judge shall prepare, after... Law Judge shall constitute the final order of the Department of Labor unless the Secretary, as...

29 CFR 500.262 - Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. 500.262...-Hearing Procedures § 500.262 Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. (a) The Administrative Law... Act, modifies or vacates the decision and order of the Administrative Law Judge. (h) Except as...

29 CFR 500.262 - Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. 500.262...-Hearing Procedures § 500.262 Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. (a) The Administrative Law... Act, modifies or vacates the decision and order of the Administrative Law Judge. (h) Except as...

29 CFR 530.406 - Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. 530.406... Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. (a) The Administrative Law Judge shall prepare, after... Law Judge shall constitute the final order of the Department of Labor unless the Secretary, as...

29 CFR 580.12 - Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge. 580.12....12 Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge. (a) The Administrative Law Judge shall render a... of the parties. (e) The decision of the Administrative Law Judge shall constitute the final order of...

29 CFR 580.12 - Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge. 580.12....12 Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge. (a) The Administrative Law Judge shall render a... of the parties. (e) The decision of the Administrative Law Judge shall constitute the final order of...

29 CFR 530.406 - Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. 530.406... Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. (a) The Administrative Law Judge shall prepare, after... Law Judge shall constitute the final order of the Department of Labor unless the Secretary, as...

29 CFR 801.67 - Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge. 801.67... Procedures Before Administrative Law Judge § 801.67 Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge. (a) The...) The decision of the Administrative Law Judge shall constitute the final order of the Secretary unless...

29 CFR 580.12 - Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge. 580.12....12 Decision and Order of Administrative Law Judge. (a) The Administrative Law Judge shall render a... of the parties. (e) The decision of the Administrative Law Judge shall constitute the final order of...

29 CFR 500.262 - Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. 500.262...-Hearing Procedures § 500.262 Decision and order of Administrative Law Judge. (a) The Administrative Law... Act, modifies or vacates the decision and order of the Administrative Law Judge. (h) Except as...

25 CFR 11.1003 - Law enforcement officer's duties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Law enforcement officer's duties. 11.1003 Section 11.1003... LAW AND ORDER CODE Juvenile Offender Procedure § 11.1003 Law enforcement officer's duties. A law... verbal advice or warning as may be appropriate, unless shelter care or detention is necessary. (c) If the...

27 CFR 478.134 - Sale of firearms to law enforcement officers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... AMMUNITION Records § 478.134 Sale of firearms to law enforcement officers. (a) Law enforcement officers... complete Form 4473 or Form 5300.35. The law enforcement officer purchasing the firearm may purchase a...) In Federal law enforcement offices, the supervisor in charge of the office to which the Federal...

49 CFR 801.57 - Records compiled for law enforcement purposes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Records compiled for law enforcement purposes. 801... compiled for law enforcement purposes. Pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552(b)(7), any records compiled for law or..., would disclose investigative procedures and practices, or would endanger the life or security of law...

20 CFR 222.13 - Common-law marriage relationship.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Common-law marriage relationship. 222.13... FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Relationship as Wife, Husband, or Widow(er) § 222.13 Common-law marriage relationship. Under the laws of some States, a common-law marriage is one which is not solemnized in a formal...

24 CFR 4.36 - Action by the Ethics Law Division.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Action by the Ethics Law Division... the Ethics Law Division. (a) After review of the Inspector General's report, the Ethics Law Division... that a violation of Section 103 or this subpart B has occurred. (b) If the Ethics Law Division...

24 CFR 4.36 - Action by the Ethics Law Division.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Action by the Ethics Law Division... the Ethics Law Division. (a) After review of the Inspector General's report, the Ethics Law Division... that a violation of Section 103 or this subpart B has occurred. (b) If the Ethics Law Division...

24 CFR 4.36 - Action by the Ethics Law Division.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Action by the Ethics Law Division... the Ethics Law Division. (a) After review of the Inspector General's report, the Ethics Law Division... that a violation of Section 103 or this subpart B has occurred. (b) If the Ethics Law Division...

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Hydrogen Laws and Incentives

Science.gov Websites

Hydrogen Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to Alternative Fuels Data Center : Hydrogen Laws and Incentives to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Hydrogen Laws and Laws and Incentives on Digg Find More places to share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Hydrogen Laws and

14 CFR 13.205 - Administrative law judges.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... party may file a motion, pursuant to § 13.218(f)(6), requesting that an administrative law judge be... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Administrative law judges. 13.205 Section... Administrative law judges. (a) Powers of an administrative law judge. In accordance with the rules of this...

14 CFR 13.205 - Administrative law judges.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... party may file a motion, pursuant to § 13.218(f)(6), requesting that an administrative law judge be... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Administrative law judges. 13.205 Section... Administrative law judges. (a) Powers of an administrative law judge. In accordance with the rules of this...

A Note on Weak Solutions of Conservation Laws and Energy/Entropy Conservation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gwiazda, Piotr; Michálek, Martin; Świerczewska-Gwiazda, Agnieszka

2018-03-01

A common feature of systems of conservation laws of continuum physics is that they are endowed with natural companion laws which are in such cases most often related to the second law of thermodynamics. This observation easily generalizes to any symmetrizable system of conservation laws; they are endowed with nontrivial companion conservation laws, which are immediately satisfied by classical solutions. Not surprisingly, weak solutions may fail to satisfy companion laws, which are then often relaxed from equality to inequality and overtake the role of physical admissibility conditions for weak solutions. We want to answer the question: what is a critical regularity of weak solutions to a general system of conservation laws to satisfy an associated companion law as an equality? An archetypal example of such a result was derived for the incompressible Euler system in the context of Onsager's conjecture in the early nineties. This general result can serve as a simple criterion to numerous systems of mathematical physics to prescribe the regularity of solutions needed for an appropriate companion law to be satisfied.

How to choose a calving law

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Leary, M.

2014-12-01

Any model of an ocean-terminating ice mass requires a frontal boundary condition, often referred to as a "calving law". The choice of this boundary condition can have complex and poorly-understood effects on the behaviour of the system. Despite this, calving laws are often chosen based on numerical convenience or fashions in the literature. This can often lead to predictions which have "hidden dependencies" on the particular choice of calving law. As an attempt to alleviate this problem, I will show results from a wide variety of calving laws, applied to tidewater glacier scenarios. I will demonstrate how the decadal-scale stability of a tidewater system can put constraints on possible calving laws, and how certain observational phenomena, such as the presence of "pinning points" are largely independent of the choice of calving law. These results can be used by practitioners to decide on appropriate calving laws for the specific problems at hand. They should also be useful to help direct research into new calving laws, and to guide our conception of what an ideal calving law should look like.

State Indoor Tanning Laws and Adolescent Indoor Tanning

PubMed Central

Guy, Gery P.; Berkowitz, Zahava; Jones, Sherry Everett; O’Malley Olsen, Emily; Miyamoto, Justin N.; Michael, Shannon L.; Saraiya, Mona

2014-01-01

Objectives. Recently, several state indoor tanning laws, including age restrictions, were promulgated to reduce indoor tanning among minors. We examined the effects of these laws on adolescent indoor tanning. Methods. We used nationally representative data from the 2009 and 2011 national Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (n = 31 835). Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined the association between state indoor tanning laws and indoor tanning among US high school students. Results. Female students in states with indoor tanning laws were less likely to engage in indoor tanning than those in states without any laws. We observed a stronger association among female students in states with systems access, parental permission, and age restriction laws than among those in states without any laws. We found no significant association among female students in states with only systems access and parental permission laws or among male students. Conclusions. Indoor tanning laws, particularly those including age restrictions, may be effective in reducing indoor tanning among female high school students, for whom rates are the highest. Such reductions have the potential to reduce the health and economic burden of skin cancer. PMID:24524515

Power-law versus log-law in wall-bounded turbulence: A large-eddy simulation perspective

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, W.; Samtaney, R.

2014-01-01

The debate whether the mean streamwise velocity in wall-bounded turbulent flows obeys a log-law or a power-law scaling originated over two decades ago, and continues to ferment in recent years. As experiments and direct numerical simulation can not provide sufficient clues, in this study we present an insight into this debate from a large-eddy simulation (LES) viewpoint. The LES organically combines state-of-the-art models (the stretched-vortex model and inflow rescaling method) with a virtual-wall model derived under different scaling law assumptions (the log-law or the power-law by George and Castillo ["Zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer," Appl. Mech. Rev. 50, 689 (1997)]). Comparison of LES results for Reθ ranging from 105 to 1011 for zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer flows are carried out for the mean streamwise velocity, its gradient and its scaled gradient. Our results provide strong evidence that for both sets of modeling assumption (log law or power law), the turbulence gravitates naturally towards the log-law scaling at extremely large Reynolds numbers.

Effects of Dram Shop, Responsible Beverage Service Training, and State Alcohol Control Laws on Underage Drinking Driver Fatal Crash Ratios

PubMed Central

Scherer, Michael; Fell, James C.; Thomas, Sue; Voas, Robert B.

2015-01-01

Objectives In this study, we aimed to determine whether three minimum legal drinking age 21 (MLDA-21) laws—dram shop liability, responsible beverage service (RBS) training, and state control of alcohol sales—have had an impact on underage drinking-and-driving fatal crashes using annual state-level data, and compared states with strong laws to those with weak laws to examine their effect on beer consumption and fatal crash ratios. Methods Using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, we calculated the ratio of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 involved in fatal crashes as our key outcome measure. We used structural equation modeling to evaluate the three MLDA-21 laws. We controlled for covariates known to impact fatal crashes including: 17 additional MLDA-21 laws; administrative license revocation; blood alcohol concentration limits of .08 and .10 for driving; seat belt laws; sobriety checkpoint frequency; unemployment rates; and vehicle miles traveled. Outcome variables, in addition to the fatal crash ratios of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 included state per capita beer consumption. Results Dram shop liability laws were associated with a 2.4% total effect decrease (direct effects: β = .019, p = .018). Similarly, RBS training laws were associated with a 3.6% total effect decrease (direct effects: β = .048, p = .001) in the ratio of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 involved in fatal crashes. There was a significant relationship between dram shop liability law strength and per capita beer consumption, F (4, 1528) = 24.32, p < .001, partial η2 = .016, showing states with strong dram shop liability laws (Mean (M) = 1.276) averaging significantly lower per capita beer consumption than states with weak laws (M = 1.340). Conclusions Dram shop liability laws and RBS laws were both associated with significantly reduced per capita beer consumption and fatal crash ratios. In practical terms, this means that dram shop liability laws are currently associated with saving an estimated 64 lives in the 45 jurisdictions that currently have the law. If the remaining 6 states adopted the dram shop law, an additional 9 lives could potentially be saved annually. Similarly, RBS training laws are associated with saving an estimated 83 lives in the 37 jurisdictions that currently have the law. If the remaining 14 states adopted these RBS training laws, we estimate that an additional 28 lives could potentially be saved. PMID:26436244

Dating Violence

MedlinePlus

... and Untested Kits About Sexual Assault Backlog Resources Laws About the Sexual Assault Kit Backlog Evidence Retention ... in the News Training Trainings Webinar Archive Stalking Laws Criminal Stalking Laws by State Civil Stalking Laws ...

Transitions in State Public Health Law: Comparative Analysis of State Public Health Law Reform Following the Turning Point Model State Public Health Act

PubMed Central

Meier, Benjamin Mason; Gebbie, Kristine M.

2009-01-01

Given the public health importance of law modernization, we undertook a comparative analysis of policy efforts in 4 states (Alaska, South Carolina, Wisconsin, and Nebraska) that have considered public health law reform based on the Turning Point Model State Public Health Act. Through national legislative tracking and state case studies, we investigated how the Turning Point Act's model legal language has been considered for incorporation into state law and analyzed key facilitating and inhibiting factors for public health law reform. Our findings provide the practice community with a research base to facilitate further law reform and inform future scholarship on the role of law as a determinant of the public's health. PMID:19150900

Does Protecting Older Workers From Discrimination Make It Harder to Get Hired? Evidence From Disability Discrimination Laws.

PubMed

Neumark, David; Song, Joanne; Button, Patrick

2017-01-01

We explore the effects of disability discrimination laws on hiring of older workers. A concern with antidiscrimination laws is that they may reduce hiring by raising the cost of terminations and-in the specific case of disability discrimination laws-raising the cost of employment because of the need to accommodate disabled workers. Moreover, disability discrimination laws can affect nondisabled older workers because they are fairly likely to develop work-related disabilities, but are generally not protected by these laws. Using state variation in disability discrimination protections, we find little or no evidence that stronger disability discrimination laws lower the hiring of nondisabled older workers. We similarly find no evidence of adverse effects of disability discrimination laws on hiring of disabled older workers.

Therapeutic jurisprudence and outpatient commitment law: Kendra's Law and case study.

PubMed

Perlin, Michael L

2003-01-01

This article considers the implications of assisted outpatient commitment laws (OPC), with specific focus on New York's "Kendra's Law" through the lens of therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ). In this article, the author offers perspectives on the relationship between involuntary civil commitment, outpatient commitment, and the concept of the "least restrictive alternative"; considers pertinent empirical research, and looks at OPC's controversial relationship to forced drugging. Here, the civil libertarian critique is briefly considered, as well as the MacArthur Research Network research. Finally, the author looks closely at Kendra's Law, providing a brief overview of the law itself, and identifying some "pressure points" and pivotal issues, and considers the TJ implications of Kendra's Law, to determine how it "fits" into the public's "take" on all of mental disability law.

Reducing Tobacco Use and Access Through Strengthened Minimum Price Laws

PubMed Central

Pearson, Anne; Laird-Metke, Elisa; Ribisl, Kurt

2014-01-01

Higher prices reduce consumption and initiation of tobacco products. A minimum price law that establishes a high statutory minimum price and prohibits the industry’s discounting tactics for tobacco products is a promising pricing strategy as an alternative to excise tax increases. Although some states have adopted minimum price laws on the basis of statutorily defined price “markups” over the invoice price, existing state laws have been largely ineffective at increasing the retail price. We analyzed 3 new variations of minimum price laws that hold great potential for raising tobacco prices and reducing consumption: (1) a flat rate minimum price law similar to a recent enactment in New York City, (2) an enhanced markup law, and (3) a law that incorporates both elements. PMID:25121820

Integrated structure/control law design by multilevel optimization

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gilbert, Michael G.; Schmidt, David K.

1989-01-01

A new approach to integrated structure/control law design based on multilevel optimization is presented. This new approach is applicable to aircraft and spacecraft and allows for the independent design of the structure and control law. Integration of the designs is achieved through use of an upper level coordination problem formulation within the multilevel optimization framework. The method requires the use of structure and control law design sensitivity information. A general multilevel structure/control law design problem formulation is given, and the use of Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control law design and design sensitivity methods within the formulation is illustrated. Results of three simple integrated structure/control law design examples are presented. These results show the capability of structure and control law design tradeoffs to improve controlled system performance within the multilevel approach.

Do Juvenile Curfew Laws Reduce Underage Drinking?

PubMed Central

Grossman, Elyse R.; Jernigan, David H.; Miller, Nancy A.

2016-01-01

Objective: Although not originally enacted to deter the problem of underage drinking in the United States, one set of laws that may influence this behavior is juvenile curfew laws. This research asked the following: (a) What is the effect of enacting a juvenile curfew law on youth drinking, and (b) do demographic variables moderate the relation between juvenile curfew law enactment and drinking? This study examined the effect of juvenile curfew laws on underage drinking, using data from 46 U.S. cities from 1991 to 2005. Method: In 2014, we compiled a data set containing alcohol and curfew law data by zip code. It included 63,081 minors (ages 12–17 years) from 1,081 zip codes. We used difference-in-difference regressions to analyze the data. Results: The effect of the enactment of a curfew law on the likelihood of consuming alcohol in the past year or past 30 days or of heavy episodic drinking in the past 2 weeks was not significant when compared with cities without curfew laws during the same periods. Although the likelihood of consuming alcohol over the past year differed depending on an individual’s characteristics (e.g., race/ethnicity, age, and gender), none of the interaction terms between these characteristics and curfew laws were significant. Conclusions: Curfew laws appear to have a non-significant effect on youth drinking, but these results are unclear without more knowledge as to where and when youth are drinking both before and after the enactment of curfew laws and how these laws are being enforced. PMID:27340963

The Latin American laws of correct nutrition: Review, unified interpretation, model and tools.

PubMed

Chávez-Bosquez, Oscar; Pozos-Parra, Pilar

2016-03-01

The "Laws of Correct Nutrition": the Law of Quantity, the Law of Quality, the Law of Harmony and the Law of Adequacy, provide the basis of a proper diet, i.e. one that provides the body with the energy required and nutrients it needs for daily activities and maintenance of vital functions. For several decades, these Laws have been the basis of nourishing menus designed in Latin America; however, they are stated in a colloquial language, which leads to differences in interpretation and ambiguities for non-experts and even experts in the field. We present a review of the different interpretations of the Laws and describe a consensus. We represent concepts related to nourishing menu design employing the Unified Modeling Language (UML). We formalize the Laws using the Object Constraint Language (OCL). We design a nourishing menu for a particular user through enforcement of the Laws. We designed a domain model with the essential elements to plan a nourishing menu and we expressed the necessary constraints to make the model׳s behavior conform to the four Laws. We made a formal verification and validation of the model via USE (UML-based Specification Environment) and we developed a software prototype for menu design under the Laws. Diet planning is considered as an art but consideration should be given to the need for a set of strict rules to design adequate menus. Thus, we model the "Laws of Nutrition" as a formal basis and standard framework for this task. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Logarithmic and power law input-output relations in sensory systems with fold-change detection.

PubMed

Adler, Miri; Mayo, Avi; Alon, Uri

2014-08-01

Two central biophysical laws describe sensory responses to input signals. One is a logarithmic relationship between input and output, and the other is a power law relationship. These laws are sometimes called the Weber-Fechner law and the Stevens power law, respectively. The two laws are found in a wide variety of human sensory systems including hearing, vision, taste, and weight perception; they also occur in the responses of cells to stimuli. However the mechanistic origin of these laws is not fully understood. To address this, we consider a class of biological circuits exhibiting a property called fold-change detection (FCD). In these circuits the response dynamics depend only on the relative change in input signal and not its absolute level, a property which applies to many physiological and cellular sensory systems. We show analytically that by changing a single parameter in the FCD circuits, both logarithmic and power-law relationships emerge; these laws are modified versions of the Weber-Fechner and Stevens laws. The parameter that determines which law is found is the steepness (effective Hill coefficient) of the effect of the internal variable on the output. This finding applies to major circuit architectures found in biological systems, including the incoherent feed-forward loop and nonlinear integral feedback loops. Therefore, if one measures the response to different fold changes in input signal and observes a logarithmic or power law, the present theory can be used to rule out certain FCD mechanisms, and to predict their cooperativity parameter. We demonstrate this approach using data from eukaryotic chemotaxis signaling.

Thou Shalt Not Kill: Conscientious Objection and the Decalogue

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-01

fo llowing conclusion, namely the sixth commandment does not forbid all killing. In fact, the Hebrew term, ratsach, is never used in contexts of war...Distinctive Nature of Biblical Law Biblical laws have been classified according to content and form. Regarding content, the laws of the Bible are...the laws of the Bible are viewed as either apodictic or casuistic. Commands that begin with "do" or "do not" are called apodictic laws.3 These laws

A Genetic Algorithm for UAV Routing Integrated with a Parallel Swarm Simulation

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-03-01

Metrics. 2.3.5.1 Amdahl’s, Gustafson-Barsis’s, and Sun-Ni’s Laws . At the heart of parallel computing is the ratio of communication time to...parallel execution. Three ‘ laws ’ in particular are of interest with regard to this ratio: Amdahl’s Law , the Gustafson-Barsis’s Law , and Sun-Ni’s Law ...Amdahl’s Law makes the case for fixed size speedup. This conjecture states that speedup saturates and efficiency drops as a consequence of holding the

Effects of Maine's 1981 and Massachusetts' 1982 driving-under-the-influence legislation.

PubMed Central

Hingson, R; Heeren, T; Kovenock, D; Mangione, T; Meyers, A; Morelock, S; Lederman, R; Scotch, N A

1987-01-01

In 1981, Maine passed a drunk driving law with mandatory penalties and a new civil charge to increase the conviction rate. One year later, Massachusetts increased drunk driving penalties, particularly for repeat offenders and intoxicated drivers involved in fatal crashes. In Maine, single-vehicle nighttime fatal crashes declined 22 per cent the year before passage of the law, and 33 per cent the year after. Maine's rates returned to pre-law levels by the third post-law year. Prior to Massachusetts' new law, single-vehicle nighttime and overall fatal crashes there also declined 20% and 22%, whereas after this law fatal crash rates did not decline further compared with the pre-law year or other New England states. Pre- and post-law surveys indicate that both laws were followed by some increases in public perceptions that drunk drivers stopped by police would be arrested, convicted, and receive automatic penalties. But, few believed it was very likely that drunk drivers would be stopped. For only two of three years studied after Maine's law did more people there report decisions not to drive because they had drunk too much. In Massachusetts, reported driving after heavy drinking declined as much the year before as the three years after its law. PMID:3565654

Multitude scaling laws in axisymmetric turbulent wake

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Layek, G. C.; Sunita

2018-03-01

We establish theoretically multitude scaling laws of a self-similar (statistical) axisymmetric turbulent wake. At infinite Reynolds number limit, the flow evolves as general power law and a new exponential law of streamwise distance, consistent with the criterion of equilibrium similarity hypothesis. We found power law scalings for components of the homogeneous dissipation rate (ɛ) obeying the non-Richardson-Kolmogorov cascade as ɛu˜ku3 /2/(l R elm ) , ɛv˜kv3 /2/l , kv˜ku/R el2 m, 0 < m < 3. Here ku and kv are the components of the Reynolds normal stress, l is the local length scale, and Rel is the Reynolds number. The Richardson-Kolmogorov cascade corresponds to m = 0. For m ≈ 1, the power law agrees with non-equilibrium scaling laws observed in recent experiments of the axisymmetric wake. On the contrary, the exponential scaling law follows the above dissipation law with different regions of existence for power index m = 3. At finite Reynolds number with kinematic viscosity ν, scalings obey the dissipation laws ɛu ˜ νku/l2 and ɛv ˜ νkv/l2 with kv˜ku/R eln. The value of n is preferably 0 and 2. Different possibilities of scaling laws and symmetry breaking process are discussed at length.

Not bound by the law: legal disobedience in Israeli society.

PubMed

Rattner, A; Yagil, D; Pedahzur, A

2001-01-01

The issue of whether there is a 'prima facie obligation to obey the law' has intrigued human society since the days of Socrates. However, most of the writings in this field have dealt with theoretical aspects of the issue, such as the boundaries of legal obedience and frameworks defining the circumstances under which a citizen is not obliged to obey the law. Very few studies have investigated the phenomenon of legal disobedience empirically. The current study is based on a survey of Israeli citizens belonging to three sectors of the population (Jews in the general population, Israeli Arabs, and orthodox Jewish students enrolled in religious yeshiva seminaries). Respondents' attitudes towards the judicial system, the rule of law, and the duty to obey state laws were examined by means of a questionnaire especially designed for the study. The findings point to gaps between the three groups: Compared to the Arab population and the yeshiva students, support for state laws and the rule of law was stronger among Jews in the general population and, conversely, belief in the supremacy of other laws (i.e. religious laws) over state laws and readiness to take the law into one's own hands were stronger among the Arabs and the yeshiva students, compared to the general Jewish population. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Searching the Future for the Legal Regime of Space Activities: the Need for Unification of National Space Legislation' Provisions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Negoda, S. A.

2002-01-01

space activities. For the future legal regime of space activities it is vital to preserve the existed principles and main provisions of the international space law. related legislations are developing rapidly. They become serious instrument for legal regulation of space activities. those projects with a foreign party involvement. Quite often partners in international space projects agree to choice a domestic law of one of them. They do this for defining a certain organizational and/or contractual issue (disputes settlement, for example) of the project. that such practice will spread widely. could help to preserve the existed important provisions of international space law (responsibility of states for their national activities, for instance). development of international space private law. We believe that solely special laws and regulations of national legislations could not regulate modern space activities. Being more and more commercial, space activities are becoming a real part of "downed to Earth" commercial activities. Therefore, in many countries provisions of civil, commercial, investment and other branches of national law are applied to such activities. which could low possible risks of such activities and to control them. Such unification seems to be suitable in the following fields: 1)implementation of provisions of international space law in national space laws; 2)definition of unified terminology, accepted by national laws of all parties; 3)unification in national legislations of a certain standards (insurance rates and rules, for instance); 4)unification in national laws of issues related to liability (for instance, a mutual wave of liability in certain types of 5)implementation in national laws of unified rules and procedures of space-related commercial disputes settlement; 6)unification of mechanisms for protection of space-related intellectual property. unification of their provisions. Special attention is paid to provisions of private law (including collision norms). conflicts between parties and national laws in light of expanding of application of national laws' provisions to space activities, 2) unification and further development of international space private law will help to maintain the authority of international public space law and to keep a proper hierarchy between these branches.

Separating Batterers and Guns: A Review and Analysis of Gun Removal Laws in 50 States

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Frattaroli, Shannon; Vernick, Jon S.

2006-01-01

Firearms play an important role in lethal domestic violence incidents. The authors review state laws regarding two policies to separate batterers from firearms: laws authorizing police to remove firearms when responding to a domestic violence complaint ("police gun removal laws") and laws authorizing courts to order guns removed from batterers…

Tackling the Law and Raising the Issues: Summer Program Prepares Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bowannie, Mary

2003-01-01

An intensive 8-week summer program in New Mexico prepares American Indian and Alaska Native students to succeed in law school, focusing on law research, analysis, and writing. Two program graduates who went on to complete law school discuss the complexities of federal Indian law and the Native lawyers' responsibility to their communities--an…

78 FR 17229 - Notice of Lodging of Proposed Consent Decree Amendment Under the Clean Air Act; the Clean Water...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-20

... Act; the Clean Water Act; the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; the Missouri Air Conservation Law; the Missouri Clean Water Law and the Missouri Hazardous Waste Management Law On March 14, 2013..., the Missouri Air Conservation Law, the Clean Water Act, the Missouri Clean Water Law, the Resource...

36 CFR 327.26 - State and local laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false State and local laws. 327.26... § 327.26 State and local laws. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this part or by Federal law or regulation, state and local laws and ordinances shall apply on project lands and waters. This includes, but...

36 CFR 327.26 - State and local laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false State and local laws. 327.26... § 327.26 State and local laws. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this part or by Federal law or regulation, state and local laws and ordinances shall apply on project lands and waters. This includes, but...

36 CFR 327.26 - State and local laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false State and local laws. 327.26... § 327.26 State and local laws. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this part or by Federal law or regulation, state and local laws and ordinances shall apply on project lands and waters. This includes, but...

36 CFR 327.26 - State and local laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false State and local laws. 327.26... § 327.26 State and local laws. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this part or by Federal law or regulation, state and local laws and ordinances shall apply on project lands and waters. This includes, but...

12 CFR Appendix C to Part 1030 - Effect on State Laws

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Effect on State Laws C Appendix C to Part 1030.... C Appendix C to Part 1030—Effect on State Laws (a) Inconsistent Requirements State law requirements... inconsistency. A state law is inconsistent if it requires a depository institution to make disclosures or take...

29 CFR 458.76 - Duties and powers of the Administrative Law Judge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Duties and powers of the Administrative Law Judge. 458.76... of the Administrative Law Judge. It shall be the duty of the Administrative Law Judge to inquire... the Assistant Secretary, the Administrative Law Judge shall have the authority to: (a) Grant requests...

Law Schools Expect a Record Number of Applicants, but Interest in Public-Service Jobs May Be Waning.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mangan, Katherine S.

1989-01-01

Decline in interest and employment in public-interest law may be due to cuts in legal services funding, heightened recruiting by private firms, mounting law student debt burdens, growing salary disparities in public-interest and corporate law, inadequate curricular attention to public-interest issues, and private law firm prestige. (MSE)

32 CFR 935.20 - Applicable law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Applicable law. 935.20 Section 935.20 National... WAKE ISLAND CODE Civil Law § 935.20 Applicable law. Civil acts and deeds taking place on Wake Island... June 15, 1950 (64 Stat. 217) (48 U.S.C. 644a), according to the laws of the United States relating to...

50 CFR 600.1201 - Relation to other laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Relation to other laws. 600.1201 Section... laws. (a) The relation of this subpart to other laws is set forth in §§ 600.514 and 600.705 and in...) Nothing in this regulation supercedes more restrictive state laws or regulations regarding shark finning...

76 FR 6171 - U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on Private International Law (ACPIL): Public Meeting...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-03

... International Law (ACPIL): Public Meeting on Family Law The Department of State, Office of Legal Adviser, Office of Private International Law would like to give notice of a public meeting to discuss preparations for the upcoming Special Commission of the Hague Conference on Private International Law on the 1980...

Alternative Fuels Data Center: CNG Powers Law Enforcement in Arkansas

Science.gov Websites

CNG Powers Law Enforcement in Arkansas to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center : CNG Powers Law Enforcement in Arkansas on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: CNG Powers Law Enforcement in Arkansas on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: CNG Powers Law

76 FR 30229 - Notice of Meeting of the Advisory Committee on International Law

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-24

... International Law A meeting of the Advisory Committee on International Law will take place on Monday, June 6, 2011, from 9:30 a.m. to approximately 5:30 p.m., at the George Washington University Law School... accountability mechanisms; the Arctic region and the Law of the Sea Convention; and national security in the...

75 FR 32532 - Notice of Meeting of the Advisory Committee on International Law

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-08

... International Law A meeting of the Advisory Committee on International Law will take place on Monday, June 21, 2010, from 9:30 a.m. to approximately 5:30 p.m., at the George Washington University Law School... Criminal Court review conference and ad hoc international criminal tribunals; the law of war regarding...

Towards "Law Education for All": Teaching School Students about the Law in Australia and Pakistan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vlaardingerbroek, Barend; Traikovski, Louie; Hussain, Irshad

2014-01-01

Law-related topics arise in the school curricula of both developed and developing countries. Civics/citizenship education and social studies tend to be the curricular mediums into which law topics are inserted. This paper details law education at school level in Australia (State of Victoria) and Pakistan. The main challenge facing the…

The perception of DWI laws : a study of the general awareness and the attitudes of public and official groups towards the drinking driving laws

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1971-11-01

"The Perception of DWI Laws: A Study of the General Awareness and the Attitudes of Public and Official Groups toward Drinking Driving Laws" includes two tasks. The first is a survey of the perception of laws dealing with driving while under the influ...

25 CFR 12.42 - Do Indian country law enforcement programs share information with their own communities or other...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Records and Information § 12.42 Do Indian country law enforcement programs share information with their own communities or other agencies... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true Do Indian country law enforcement programs share...

28 CFR 68.53 - Review of an interlocutory order of an Administrative Law Judge in cases arising under section...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., within thirty (30) days of the date of an Administrative Law Judge's interlocutory order, issue an order... an Administrative Law Judge's interlocutory order if: (1) An Administrative Law Judge, when issuing... proceedings. Review of an Administrative Law Judge's interlocutory order will not stay the proceeding unless...

25 CFR 12.51 - Must Indian country law enforcement officers follow a code of conduct?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Must Indian country law enforcement officers follow a code of conduct? 12.51 Section 12.51 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Conduct § 12.51 Must Indian country law enforcement officers...

25 CFR 12.63 - Do Indian country law enforcement officers perform other duties as well?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Do Indian country law enforcement officers perform other duties as well? 12.63 Section 12.63 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Support Functions § 12.63 Do Indian country law enforcement...

28 CFR 68.53 - Review of an interlocutory order of an Administrative Law Judge in cases arising under section...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., within thirty (30) days of the date of an Administrative Law Judge's interlocutory order, issue an order... an Administrative Law Judge's interlocutory order if: (1) An Administrative Law Judge, when issuing... proceedings. Review of an Administrative Law Judge's interlocutory order will not stay the proceeding unless...

25 CFR 12.51 - Must Indian country law enforcement officers follow a code of conduct?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Must Indian country law enforcement officers follow a code of conduct? 12.51 Section 12.51 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Conduct § 12.51 Must Indian country law enforcement officers...

25 CFR 12.63 - Do Indian country law enforcement officers perform other duties as well?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Do Indian country law enforcement officers perform other duties as well? 12.63 Section 12.63 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Support Functions § 12.63 Do Indian country law enforcement...

25 CFR 12.42 - Do Indian country law enforcement programs share information with their own communities or other...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Records and Information § 12.42 Do Indian country law enforcement programs share information with their own communities or other agencies... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Do Indian country law enforcement programs share...

25 CFR 12.63 - Do Indian country law enforcement officers perform other duties as well?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true Do Indian country law enforcement officers perform other duties as well? 12.63 Section 12.63 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Support Functions § 12.63 Do Indian country law enforcement...

25 CFR 12.63 - Do Indian country law enforcement officers perform other duties as well?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Do Indian country law enforcement officers perform other duties as well? 12.63 Section 12.63 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Support Functions § 12.63 Do Indian country law enforcement...

28 CFR 68.53 - Review of an interlocutory order of an Administrative Law Judge in cases arising under section...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., within thirty (30) days of the date of an Administrative Law Judge's interlocutory order, issue an order... an Administrative Law Judge's interlocutory order if: (1) An Administrative Law Judge, when issuing... proceedings. Review of an Administrative Law Judge's interlocutory order will not stay the proceeding unless...

25 CFR 12.42 - Do Indian country law enforcement programs share information with their own communities or other...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Records and Information § 12.42 Do Indian country law enforcement programs share information with their own communities or other agencies... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Do Indian country law enforcement programs share...

25 CFR 12.51 - Must Indian country law enforcement officers follow a code of conduct?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Must Indian country law enforcement officers follow a code of conduct? 12.51 Section 12.51 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Conduct § 12.51 Must Indian country law enforcement officers...

28 CFR 68.53 - Review of an interlocutory order of an Administrative Law Judge in cases arising under section...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., within thirty (30) days of the date of an Administrative Law Judge's interlocutory order, issue an order... an Administrative Law Judge's interlocutory order if: (1) An Administrative Law Judge, when issuing... proceedings. Review of an Administrative Law Judge's interlocutory order will not stay the proceeding unless...

25 CFR 12.42 - Do Indian country law enforcement programs share information with their own communities or other...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Records and Information § 12.42 Do Indian country law enforcement programs share information with their own communities or other agencies... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Do Indian country law enforcement programs share...

27 CFR 31.4 - Relation to State and municipal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... business contrary to the laws of such State or in places prohibited by municipal law; nor shall such... municipal law. 31.4 Section 31.4 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE... State and municipal law. Compliance with the requirements of this part shall not be held to exempt any...

25 CFR 11.500 - Law applicable to civil actions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Law applicable to civil actions. 11.500 Section 11.500 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER COURTS OF INDIAN OFFENSES AND LAW AND ORDER CODE Civil Actions § 11.500 Law applicable to civil actions. (a) In all civil cases, the...

25 CFR 11.500 - Law applicable to civil actions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Law applicable to civil actions. 11.500 Section 11.500 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER COURTS OF INDIAN OFFENSES AND LAW AND ORDER CODE Civil Actions § 11.500 Law applicable to civil actions. (a) In all civil cases, the...

32 CFR 935.20 - Applicable law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... WAKE ISLAND CODE Civil Law § 935.20 Applicable law. Civil acts and deeds taking place on Wake Island... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Applicable law. 935.20 Section 935.20 National... June 15, 1950 (64 Stat. 217) (48 U.S.C. 644a), according to the laws of the United States relating to...

25 CFR 11.500 - Law applicable to civil actions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true Law applicable to civil actions. 11.500 Section 11.500 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER COURTS OF INDIAN OFFENSES AND LAW AND ORDER CODE Civil Actions § 11.500 Law applicable to civil actions. (a) In all civil cases, the...

32 CFR 935.20 - Applicable law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... WAKE ISLAND CODE Civil Law § 935.20 Applicable law. Civil acts and deeds taking place on Wake Island... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Applicable law. 935.20 Section 935.20 National... June 15, 1950 (64 Stat. 217) (48 U.S.C. 644a), according to the laws of the United States relating to...

32 CFR 935.20 - Applicable law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... WAKE ISLAND CODE Civil Law § 935.20 Applicable law. Civil acts and deeds taking place on Wake Island... 32 National Defense 6 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Applicable law. 935.20 Section 935.20 National... June 15, 1950 (64 Stat. 217) (48 U.S.C. 644a), according to the laws of the United States relating to...

25 CFR 11.500 - Law applicable to civil actions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Law applicable to civil actions. 11.500 Section 11.500 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER COURTS OF INDIAN OFFENSES AND LAW AND ORDER CODE Civil Actions § 11.500 Law applicable to civil actions. (a) In all civil cases, the...

25 CFR 11.500 - Law applicable to civil actions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Law applicable to civil actions. 11.500 Section 11.500 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER COURTS OF INDIAN OFFENSES AND LAW AND ORDER CODE Civil Actions § 11.500 Law applicable to civil actions. (a) In all civil cases, the...

32 CFR 935.20 - Applicable law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... WAKE ISLAND CODE Civil Law § 935.20 Applicable law. Civil acts and deeds taking place on Wake Island... 32 National Defense 6 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Applicable law. 935.20 Section 935.20 National... June 15, 1950 (64 Stat. 217) (48 U.S.C. 644a), according to the laws of the United States relating to...

25 CFR 12.36 - Does other law enforcement training count?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Does other law enforcement training count? 12.36 Section 12.36 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Qualifications and Training Requirements § 12.36 Does other law enforcement training count? All requests for evaluation of equivalent...

76 FR 81525 - Notice of Proposed Withdrawal Extension and Notification of a Public Meeting; Utah

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-28

....56 acres of public land from settlement, sale, location, or entry under the general land laws, including the United States mining laws, to protect the Bonneville Salt Flats (BSF). This notice also... laws, including the United States mining laws, but not from leasing under the mineral leasing laws, to...

Navigating Law School: Paths in Legal Education. Annual Survey Results, 2011

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Law School Survey of Student Engagement, 2011

2011-01-01

The Law School Survey of Student Engagement (LSSSE) focuses on activities that affect learning in law school. This year's results show how law students spend their time, what they think about their experience in law school, and guide schools in their efforts to improve engagement and learning. The selected results are based on responses from more…

Summary Report: Visitor Safety and Security at Corps of Engineers Projects.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-10-01

23 Incident Reporting System. ..... .............. 23 Contract Law Enforcement ...... .............. 25 Project Management...average length of stay being 3.3 days. Contract Law Enforcement Conclusions , The Corps’ contract law enforcement program is extremely fragile in terms...to prohibit the public display alcoholic beverages and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Use contract law initiate law enforcement contracts

48 CFR 52.233-4 - Applicable Law for Breach of Contract Claim.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Provisions and Clauses 52.233-4 Applicable Law for Breach of Contract Claim. As prescribed in 33.215(b), insert the following clause: Applicable Law for Breach of Contract Claim (OCT 2004) United States law... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Applicable Law for Breach...

Basic School Law. "What Every School Board Member Should Know" Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Martinez, Robert P.; And Others

Designed to tell the school board member what New Jersey school law requires and permits, this second edition of "Basic School Law" avoids exploring the complex legal issues that gave rise to the regulations discussed. Dropping the first edition's chapter on labor law, this edition adds material on the sunshine laws regarding the conduct…

The effect of internal possession laws on underage drinking among high school students: a 12-state analysis.

PubMed

Disney, Lynn D; LaVallee, Robin A; Yi, Hsiao-Ye

2013-06-01

We assessed the effect of internal possession (IP) laws, which allow law enforcement to charge underage drinkers with alcohol possession if they have ingested alcohol, on underage drinking behaviors. We examined Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data from 12 states with IP laws and with YRBS data before and after each law's implementation. We used logistic regression models with fixed effects for state to assess the effects of IP laws on drinking and binge drinking among high school students. Implementation of IP laws is associated with reductions in the odds of past-month drinking. This reduction was bigger among male than among female adolescents (27% vs 15%) and only significant among younger students aged 14 and 15 years (15% and 11%, respectively). Male adolescents also reported a significant reduction (24%) in the odds of past-month binge drinking under IP laws. These findings suggest that IP laws are effective in reducing underage drinking, particularly among younger adolescents.

Governmental efforts to improve quality of care for nursing home residents and to protect them from mistreatment: a survey of federal and state laws.

PubMed

Gittler, Josephine

2008-10-01

There are many federal and state laws addressing, directly and indirectly, the quality of care provided to nursing home residents and the protection of residents from mistreatment. They include: (a) state laws that govern the licensing of nursing homes, (b) federal laws that govern the certification of nursing homes for participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs, (c) elder abuse laws prohibiting mistreatment of older adults in nursing homes and other settings, (d) health care fraud abuse laws that are increasingly being used to combat the provision of substandard care to Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries in nursing homes, and (e) laws that have established long-term care ombudsman programs to promote the health, safety, well-being, and rights of nursing home residents. While these laws are generally viewed as having improved the care and treatment of nursing home residents, much remains to be done, particularly with respect to the implementation of these laws.

Elder law and Alzheimer's disease.

PubMed

Overman, W H; McCormick, W A

1998-04-27

The elder-law practice focuses on the particular needs of older individuals and their families. Thus, elder law is truly "family" law because the needs of older clients are inextricably interwoven with the needs of their families. This is particularly true for the client who is chronically ill or has some form of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease. Elder-law attorneys may now be certified to identify to the public those lawyers who demonstrate enhanced knowledge, skills, experience, and proficiency in elder law. Elder law draws from many substantive areas, such as trust, real property, agency, health care, tax, guardianship, will and probate, Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid law. Together, the client and family are educated on legal options and are assisted in making decisions, formalized through legal documentation. The emphasis is on advance planning. Among legal practitioners, elder-law attorneys understand most clearly that the client's needs must be understood in the context of cultural and family dynamics, and addressed through a team approach involving other professions.

3, 2, 1 … Discovering Newton's Laws

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lutz, Joe; Sylvester, Kevin; Oliver, Keith; Herrington, Deborah

2017-03-01

"For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction." "Except when a bug hits your car window, the car must exert more force on the bug because Newton's laws only apply in the physics classroom, right?" Students in our classrooms were able to pick out definitions as well as examples of Newton's three laws; they could recite the laws and even solve for force, mass, and acceleration. However, when given "real world" questions, they would quickly revert to naive explanations. This frustration led to an examination of our approach to teaching Newton's laws. Like many, we taught Newton's laws in their numerical order—first, second, and then third. Students read about the laws, copied definitions, and became proficient with vocabulary before they applied the laws in a lab setting. This paper discusses how we transformed our teaching of Newton's laws by flipping the order (3, 2, 1) and putting the activity before concept, as well as how these changes affected student outcomes.

[The role of law in human rights: illustrations in the field of healthcare].

PubMed

Liendle, Marie

2012-09-01

This work gives the opportunity to search where the law stands in the question of right in the philosophical modern and contemporain reflection. This step is not neutral because to accept a confrontation betwenn law and right, is also to choose putting down the following hypothesis, law is not right, although the proposal of the juridical positivism maintains that right exists only by law, even though right, it is what complies with law. When we assume that the right equals the law, we allow to maintain that law puts down a guarantee. This assumption is totally different from the law is the right. The boarder betwen the two ideas is very thin, changing according to ideological meanings and the relationships, thus there are questions on the maining and the shape. Reflection suggestions in the health field and more particularly the ones related to the decision-making process could be drawn from the essay dealing with the understanding of the norms on the individual or on groups of individuals.

National Down Syndrome Society

MedlinePlus

... individuals with Down syndrome. Help us fix the law and end #LawSyndrome. Law Syndrome affects 100% of people with Down syndrome. It’s a series of antiquated laws that impede the pursuit of a career or ...

Soil erosion and sediment control laws. A review of state laws and their natural resource data requirements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Klein, S. B.

1980-01-01

Twenty states, the District of Columbia, and the Virgin Islands enacted erosion and sediment control legislation during the past decade to provide for the implementation or the strengthening of statewide erosion and sediment control plans for rural and/or urban lands. That legislation and the state programs developed to implement these laws are quoted and reviewed. The natural resource data requirements of each program are also extracted. The legislation includes amendments to conservation district laws, water quality laws, and erosion and sediment control laws. Laws which provides for legislative review of administrative regulations and LANDSAT applications and/or information systems that were involved in implementing or gathering data for a specific soil erosion and sediment control program are summarized as well as principal concerns affecting erosion and sediment control laws.

Scaling laws and bulk-boundary decoupling in heat flow.

PubMed

del Pozo, Jesús J; Garrido, Pedro L; Hurtado, Pablo I

2015-03-01

When driven out of equilibrium by a temperature gradient, fluids respond by developing a nontrivial, inhomogeneous structure according to the governing macroscopic laws. Here we show that such structure obeys strikingly simple scaling laws arbitrarily far from equilibrium, provided that both macroscopic local equilibrium and Fourier's law hold. Extensive simulations of hard disk fluids confirm the scaling laws even under strong temperature gradients, implying that Fourier's law remains valid in this highly nonlinear regime, with putative corrections absorbed into a nonlinear conductivity functional. In addition, our results show that the scaling laws are robust in the presence of strong finite-size effects, hinting at a subtle bulk-boundary decoupling mechanism which enforces the macroscopic laws on the bulk of the finite-sized fluid. This allows one to measure the marginal anomaly of the heat conductivity predicted for hard disks.

Darwin's laws.

PubMed

Haufe, Chris

2012-03-01

There is widespread agreement among contemporary philosophers of biology and philosophically-minded biologists that Darwin's insights about the intrusion of chance processes into biological regularities undermines the possibility of there being biological laws. Darwin made references to "designed laws." He also freely described some laws as having exceptions. This paper provides a philosophical analysis of the notion of scientific laws that was dominant in Darwin's time, and in all probability the one which he inherited. The analysis of laws is then used to show how it could have been natural for Darwin to believe in designed laws that had exceptions, and to highlight the continuity between the metaphysics of pre-Darwinian, Darwinian, and contemporary biological science. One important result is the removal of one motivation for the anti-laws sentiment in philosophy and biology. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Correction to the Beer-Lambert-Bouguer law for optical absorption.

PubMed

Abitan, Haim; Bohr, Henrik; Buchhave, Preben

2008-10-10

The Beer-Lambert-Bouguer absorption law, known as Beer's law for absorption in an optical medium, is precise only at power densities lower than a few kW. At higher power densities this law fails because it neglects the processes of stimulated emission and spontaneous emission. In previous models that considered those processes, an analytical expression for the absorption law could not be obtained. We show here that by utilizing the Lambert W-function, the two-level energy rate equation model is solved analytically, and this leads into a general absorption law that is exact because it accounts for absorption as well as stimulated and spontaneous emission. The general absorption law reduces to Beer's law at low power densities. A criterion for its application is given along with experimental examples. (c) 2008 Optical Society of America

New approach for simulating groundwater flow in discrete fracture network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fang, H.; Zhu, J.

2017-12-01

In this study, we develop a new approach to calculate groundwater flowrate and hydraulic head distribution in two-dimensional discrete fracture network (DFN) where both laminar and turbulent flows co-exist in individual fractures. The cubic law is used to calculate hydraulic head distribution and flow behaviors in fractures where flow is laminar, while the Forchheimer's law is used to quantify turbulent flow behaviors. Reynolds number is used to distinguish flow characteristics in individual fractures. The combination of linear and non-linear equations is solved iteratively to determine flowrates in all fractures and hydraulic heads at all intersections. We examine potential errors in both flowrate and hydraulic head from the approach of uniform flow assumption. Applying the cubic law in all fractures regardless of actual flow conditions overestimates the flowrate when turbulent flow may exist while applying the Forchheimer's law indiscriminately underestimate the flowrate when laminar flows exist in the network. The contrast of apertures of large and small fractures in the DFN has significant impact on the potential errors of using only the cubic law or the Forchheimer's law. Both the cubic law and Forchheimer's law simulate similar hydraulic head distributions as the main difference between these two approaches lies in predicting different flowrates. Fracture irregularity does not significantly affect the potential errors from using only the cubic law or the Forchheimer's law if network configuration remains similar. Relative density of fractures does not significantly affect the relative performance of the cubic law and Forchheimer's law.

Strong advocacy led to successful implementation of smokefree Mexico City

PubMed Central

Crosbie, Eric; Sebrié, Ernesto M; Glantz, Stanton A

2011-01-01

Objective To describe the approval process and implementation of the 100% smokefree law in Mexico City and a competing federal law between 2007 and 2010. Methods Reviewed smokefree legislation, published newspaper articles and interviewed key informants. Results Strong efforts by tobacco control advocacy groups and key policymakers in Mexico City in 2008 prompted the approval of a 100% smokefree law following the WHO FCTC. As elsewhere, the tobacco industry utilised the hospitality sector to block smokefree legislation, challenged the City law before the Supreme Court and promoted the passage of a federal law that required designated smoking areas. These tactics disrupted implementation of the City law by causing confusion over which law applied in Mexico City. Despite interference, the City law increased public support for 100% smokefree policies and decreased the social acceptability of smoking. In September 2009, the Supreme Court ruled in favour of the City law, giving it the authority to go beyond the federal law to protect the fundamental right of health for all citizens. Conclusions Early education and enforcement efforts by tobacco control advocates promoted the City law in 2008 but advocates should still anticipate continuing opposition from the tobacco industry, which will require continued pressure on the government. Advocates should utilise the Supreme Court’s ruling to promote 100% smokefree policies outside Mexico City. Strong advocacy for the City law could be used as a model of success throughout Mexico and other Latin American countries. PMID:21059606

Impact of U.S. Smoke-free Air Laws on Restaurant and Bar Employment, 1990-2015.

PubMed

Shafer, Paul

2017-12-23

Secondhand smoke exposure is responsible for an estimated 50,000 deaths per year among nonsmokers in the U.S. Smoke-free air laws reduce secondhand smoke exposure but often encounter opposition over concerns about their economic impact. Expansion of these laws has stagnated and efforts to weaken existing laws may exacerbate existing disparities in exposure. Studies at the state and local levels have found that smoke-free air laws do not generally have an adverse effect, but there are no recent estimates of the impact of these laws nationally. Employment and sales are two measures commonly used to estimate the economic impact of smoke-free air laws. Sales data are gathered by state and local taxing authorities but not uniformly across jurisdictions. Dynamic panel models are used to estimate a population-weighted national average treatment effect of smoke-free air laws on restaurant and bar employment using data from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages for 1990 to 2015. A one-percentage point increase in population covered by a restaurant smoke-free air law is associated with a small increase (approximately 0.01%) in restaurant employment (b=0.0001, P<0.001). The percentage of state population covered by a bar smoke-free air law was not associated with bar employment. Smoke-free air laws are a powerful tool for protecting hospitality workers and patrons from the dangers of secondhand smoke. Using data over more than two decades, these results suggest that smoke-free air laws in the U.S. do not generally have any meaningful effect on restaurant and bar employment. Smoke-free air laws are associated with reductions in negative health outcomes and decreased smoking prevalence. Despite this clear public health argument and strong public support, passage of new laws has stagnated and exemptions are being used to weaken existing laws. The ability to make both a health and business case in support of existing laws may also bolster the case for expansion. This study provides an updated look at the economic impact of smoke-free air laws nationally through 2015. The lack of adverse findings provides additional support for these laws as public health win-win. © The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Zipf law: an extreme perspective

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eliazar, Iddo

2016-04-01

Extreme value theory (EVT) asserts that the Fréchet law emerges universally from linearly scaled maxima of collections of independent and identically distributed random variables that are positive-valued. Observations of many real-world sizes, e.g. city-sizes, give rise to the Zipf law: if we rank the sizes decreasingly, and plot the log-sizes versus the log-ranks, then an affine line emerges. In this paper we present an EVT approach to the Zipf law. Specifically, we establish that whenever the Fréchet law emerges from the EVT setting, then the Zipf law follows. The EVT generation of the Zipf law, its universality, and its associated phase transition, are analyzed and described in detail.

Dentistry and criminal law.

PubMed

Khoury, B S; Khoury, J N

2017-09-01

Criminal law in dentistry, as shaped and moulded by the prevailing views of society, defines what is or is not socially acceptable. It applies in both personal and professional contexts with the intended consequence of protecting the public from unacceptable conduct and potential imbalances of power. At its centre, a patient's consent plays a pivotal role in transforming unlawful conduct into lawful conduct. This literature review considers the current law and the trend of utilizing criminal law in addition to non-criminal law alternatives of reprimanding clinicians for failure to achieve consent in the course of dental practice. Dentists must appreciate this change and the prosecuting authority's increasing willingness to resort to criminal law. © 2017 Australian Dental Association.

Law, ethics, and the clinical neurologist.

PubMed

Nora, Lois Margaret

2013-01-01

There is dynamic interplay between the disciplines of law and ethics, and the result is often laws and regulation that impact the practice of clinical neurology. This chapter explores how the disciplines of law and ethics inform and intersect with each other, and how resulting law impacts the everyday work of the clinical neurologist. Examples of how the core bioethical principles of nonmaleficence, beneficence, respect for autonomy, and justice are manifest in legislative, common, and administrative laws are presented. Examples of how these laws, in turn, impact the practice of neurology through protection of patient privacy, the avoidance of conflict of interest, and informed consent and other issues are offered. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Discovering Trigonometric Relationships Implied by the Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Skurnick, Ronald; Javadi, Mohammad

2006-01-01

The Law of Sines and The Law of Cosines are of paramount importance in the field of trigonometry because these two theorems establish relationships satisfied by the three sides and the three angles of any triangle. In this article, the authors use these two laws to discover a host of other trigonometric relationships that exist within any…

We the People: Law Day USA 1987. 1987 Planning Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Bar Association, Chicago, IL.

"We the People" is the theme for the 1987 American Bar Association's 30th annual Law Day USA, observed May 1. This guide brings together information to help plan and execute programs which call attention to the principles and practices of United States law and justice. The guide contains facts about Law Day; tips for planning a Law Day…

77 FR 39503 - Notice of Availability of the Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed Rawlins Resource...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-03

... 1872 Mining Law, but not the Mineral Leasing or Mineral Material Acts, for a period of 2 years from the... land laws, including the mining laws, if one of the following events occurs: (1) Upon the BLM's... the public land laws, including location and entry under the United States mining laws, but not from...

BENEVOLENT NEUTRALITY AND THE ’IGNORAMUS’S VETO’: RELIGIOUS EXPRESSION IN THE MILITARY

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

Brauch, Is Higher Law Common Law? Readings on the Influence of Christian Thought in Anglo-American Law. According to William Blackstone in his...and the law of revelation. Blackstone’s explanation of "natural law" can also be found in Brauch’s book. To both Aquinas and Blackstone , any human

21 CFR 1314.10 - Effect on State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Effect on State laws. 1314.10 Section 1314.10 Food... CHEMICAL PRODUCTS General § 1314.10 Effect on State laws. Nothing in this part preempts State law on the same subject matter unless there is a positive conflict between this part and a State law so that the...

12 CFR 229.20 - Relation to state law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Relation to state law. 229.20 Section 229.20... Availability Policies § 229.20 Relation to state law. (a) In general. Any provision of a law or regulation of...; and (2) Apply to all federally insured banks located within the state. No amendment to a state law or...

12 CFR Appendix A to Part 1026 - Effect on State Laws

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Effect on State Laws A Appendix A to Part 1026.... A Appendix A to Part 1026—Effect on State Laws Request for Determination A request for a determination that a state law is inconsistent or that a state law is substantially the same as the Act and...

Preschool Education in Portugal: Development, Innovation and Changes. A True Mobilising Contract.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vasconcelos, Teresa

Changes in the preschool education system are provided for by a new federal law in Portugal, Law 5/97, Law for Preschool Education. This law calls for a new role for the State that involves fewer direct services, less bureaucracy, more efficient supervision, and a greater regulating and compensating role. The law requires parents to participate in…

29 CFR 102.35 - Duties and powers of administrative law judges; stipulations of cases to administrative law...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Duties and powers of administrative law judges; stipulations of cases to administrative law judges or to the Board; assignment and powers of settlement judges... Practices 1 Hearings § 102.35 Duties and powers of administrative law judges; stipulations of cases to...

Do Pre-Entry Tests Predict Competencies Required to Excel Academically in Law School?: An Empirical Investigation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wamala, Robert

2016-01-01

Purpose: Prospective students of law are required to demonstrate competence in certain disciplines to attain admission to law school. The grounding in the disciplines is expected to demonstrate competencies required to excel academically in law school. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relevance of the law school admission test to…

20 CFR 10.735 - When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer... EMPLOYEES' COMPENSATION ACT, AS AMENDED Special Provisions Non-Federal Law Enforcement Officers § 10.735 When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA? (a) A law enforcement...

20 CFR 10.735 - When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2013-04-01 2012-04-01 true When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer... EMPLOYEES' COMPENSATION ACT, AS AMENDED Special Provisions Non-Federal Law Enforcement Officers § 10.735 When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA? (a) A law enforcement...

20 CFR 10.735 - When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2014-04-01 2012-04-01 true When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer... EMPLOYEES' COMPENSATION ACT, AS AMENDED Special Provisions Non-Federal Law Enforcement Officers § 10.735 When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA? (a) A law enforcement...

20 CFR 10.735 - When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer... EMPLOYEES' COMPENSATION ACT, AS AMENDED Special Provisions Non-Federal Law Enforcement Officers § 10.735 When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA? (a) A law enforcement...

20 CFR 10.735 - When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer... EMPLOYEES' COMPENSATION ACT, AS AMENDED Special Provisions Non-Federal Law Enforcement Officers § 10.735 When is a non-Federal law enforcement officer (LEO) covered under the FECA? (a) A law enforcement...

12 CFR 560.2 - Applicability of law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... purposes of paragraph (a) of this section: (1) Contract and commercial law; (2) Real property law; (3... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Applicability of law. 560.2 Section 560.2 Banks... Applicability of law. (a) Occupation of field. Pursuant to sections 4(a) and 5(a) of the HOLA, 12 U.S.C. 1463(a...

24 CFR 570.601 - Public Law 88-352 and Public Law 90-284; affirmatively furthering fair housing; Executive Order...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Public Law 90-284; affirmatively furthering fair housing; Executive Order 11063. (a) The following... 24 Housing and Urban Development 3 2011-04-01 2010-04-01 true Public Law 88-352 and Public Law 90-284; affirmatively furthering fair housing; Executive Order 11063. 570.601 Section 570.601 Housing and...

24 CFR 570.601 - Public Law 88-352 and Public Law 90-284; affirmatively furthering fair housing; Executive Order...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Public Law 90-284; affirmatively furthering fair housing; Executive Order 11063. (a) The following... 24 Housing and Urban Development 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Public Law 88-352 and Public Law 90-284; affirmatively furthering fair housing; Executive Order 11063. 570.601 Section 570.601 Housing and...

25 CFR 12.51 - Must Indian country law enforcement officers follow a code of conduct?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true Must Indian country law enforcement officers follow a code of conduct? 12.51 Section 12.51 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Conduct § 12.51 Must Indian country law enforcement officers follow...

25 CFR 12.55 - Are there any limits on how much force an officer can use when performing law enforcement duties?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... when performing law enforcement duties? 12.55 Section 12.55 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Conduct § 12.55 Are there any limits on how much force an officer can use when performing law enforcement duties? The Director will...

25 CFR 12.55 - Are there any limits on how much force an officer can use when performing law enforcement duties?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... when performing law enforcement duties? 12.55 Section 12.55 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Conduct § 12.55 Are there any limits on how much force an officer can use when performing law enforcement duties? The Director will...

25 CFR 12.55 - Are there any limits on how much force an officer can use when performing law enforcement duties?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... when performing law enforcement duties? 12.55 Section 12.55 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Conduct § 12.55 Are there any limits on how much force an officer can use when performing law enforcement duties? The Director will...

24 CFR 570.601 - Public Law 88-352 and Public Law 90-284; affirmatively furthering fair housing; Executive Order...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Public Law 90-284; affirmatively furthering fair housing; Executive Order 11063. (a) The following... 24 Housing and Urban Development 3 2014-04-01 2013-04-01 true Public Law 88-352 and Public Law 90-284; affirmatively furthering fair housing; Executive Order 11063. 570.601 Section 570.601 Housing and...

24 CFR 570.601 - Public Law 88-352 and Public Law 90-284; affirmatively furthering fair housing; Executive Order...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Public Law 90-284; affirmatively furthering fair housing; Executive Order 11063. (a) The following... 24 Housing and Urban Development 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Public Law 88-352 and Public Law 90-284; affirmatively furthering fair housing; Executive Order 11063. 570.601 Section 570.601 Housing and...

25 CFR 12.55 - Are there any limits on how much force an officer can use when performing law enforcement duties?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... when performing law enforcement duties? 12.55 Section 12.55 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Conduct § 12.55 Are there any limits on how much force an officer can use when performing law enforcement duties? The Director will...

25 CFR 12.35 - Do Indian country law enforcement officers complete any special training?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Do Indian country law enforcement officers complete any special training? 12.35 Section 12.35 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Qualifications and Training Requirements § 12.35 Do Indian country law enforcement officers complete any...

Substance Abuse and the Law: A Technical Assistance Paper for the Street Law Substance Abuse Lessons.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Inst. for Citizen Education in the Law, Washington, DC.

This technical assistance paper is designed to give trainers guidance on teaching the development and use of substance-abuse lessons found in "Street Law: A Course in Practical Law." The paper provides background on the lessons, a rationale for using the lessons, and sample agendas to use in training. "Street Law" contains…

Recommendations for Changes in Laws, Resources and Programs Related to Drug Law Enforcement. Discussion Paper 89-2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Matthias, Mary

This document lists recommendations for changes in laws, resources and programs relating to drug law enforcement made to the Wisconsin Special Committee on Drug Law Enforcement, as of August 25, 1989. Some of the recommendations are based on comments of Committee members, rather than persons testifying to the Committee. Each recommendation is…

Questions to Consider When Creating or Modifying Charter School Laws. ECS Education Policy Analysis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aragon, Stephanie

2015-01-01

The first charter school law surfaced in Minnesota in 1991, and since then, 42 additional states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico have passed laws governing charter schools. Yet still today, the details within those state laws vary significantly, and seven states do not have a law at all. Legislation permitting charter schools was…

25 CFR 12.33 - Are Indian country law enforcement officers paid less than other law enforcement officers?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... ensure that all BIA law enforcement officer positions are established at no lower grade level on the... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Are Indian country law enforcement officers paid less than other law enforcement officers? 12.33 Section 12.33 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT...

Workplace compliance with a no-smoking law: a randomized community intervention trial.

PubMed Central

Rigotti, N A; Bourne, D; Rosen, A; Locke, J A; Schelling, T C

1992-01-01

BACKGROUND. Compliance with state and local laws restricting smoking in public places and workplaces has not been systematically evaluated. METHODS. We assessed workplace compliance with a comprehensive no-smoking law adopted in Brookline, Mass, and tested whether mailing information to businesses increased awareness of and compliance with the law. We conducted a random sample telephone survey of 299 businesses (87% response rate). Self-reported compliance was validated by direct observations. RESULTS. One year after its adoption, the law was popular with businesses. The prevalence of smoking restrictions, smoking policies, and no-smoking signs was 80%, 59%, and 40%, respectively. One third of businesses banned smoking. Full compliance with the law was low, however, because few businesses posted a copy of their smoking policy as required. The mailing increased employers' awareness of the law. Employers sent the mailing also reported better compliance, but this was not confirmed by direct observations. CONCLUSIONS. The law was popular and contributed to a high prevalence of workplace smoking restrictions. Different interpretations of the law by policymakers and businesses seemed to explain why formal compliance was low. The mailing increased awareness of, but not compliance with, the law. PMID:1739153

Significant improvements of electrical discharge machining performance by step-by-step updated adaptive control laws

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Ming; Wu, Jianyang; Xu, Xiaoyi; Mu, Xin; Dou, Yunping

2018-02-01

In order to obtain improved electrical discharge machining (EDM) performance, we have dedicated more than a decade to correcting one essential EDM defect, the weak stability of the machining, by developing adaptive control systems. The instabilities of machining are mainly caused by complicated disturbances in discharging. To counteract the effects from the disturbances on machining, we theoretically developed three control laws from minimum variance (MV) control law to minimum variance and pole placements coupled (MVPPC) control law and then to a two-step-ahead prediction (TP) control law. Based on real-time estimation of EDM process model parameters and measured ratio of arcing pulses which is also called gap state, electrode discharging cycle was directly and adaptively tuned so that a stable machining could be achieved. To this end, we not only theoretically provide three proved control laws for a developed EDM adaptive control system, but also practically proved the TP control law to be the best in dealing with machining instability and machining efficiency though the MVPPC control law provided much better EDM performance than the MV control law. It was also shown that the TP control law also provided a burn free machining.

Reducing Traumatic Brain Injuries in Youth Sports: Youth Sports Traumatic Brain Injury State Laws, January 2009–December 2012

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Objectives. I sought to describe current state-wide youth sports traumatic brain injury (TBI) laws and their relationship to prevailing scientific understandings of youth sports TBIs, and to facilitate further research by creating an open-source data set of current laws. Methods. I used Westlaw and LexisNexis databases to create a 50-state data set of youth sports TBI laws enacted between January 2009 and December 2012. I collected and coded the text and citations of each law and developed a protocol and codebook to facilitate future research. Results. Forty-four states and Washington, DC, passed youth sports TBI laws between 2009 and 2012. No state’s youth sports TBI law focuses on primary prevention. Instead, such laws focus on (1) increasing coaches’ and parents’ ability to identify and respond to TBIs and (2) reducing the immediate risk of multiple TBIs. Conclusions. Existing youth sports TBI laws were not designed to reduce initial TBIs. Evaluation is required to assess their effectiveness in reducing the risk and consequences of multiple TBIs. Continued research and evaluation of existing laws will be needed to develop a more comprehensive youth TBI-reduction solution. PMID:23678903

The Contingency of Laws of Nature in Science and Theology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jaeger, Lydia

2010-10-01

The belief that laws of nature are contingent played an important role in the emergence of the empirical method of modern physics. During the scientific revolution, this belief was based on the idea of voluntary creation. Taking up Peter Mittelstaedt’s work on laws of nature, this article explores several alternative answers which do not overtly make use of metaphysics: some laws are laws of mathematics; macroscopic laws can emerge from the interplay of numerous subsystems without any specific microscopic nomic structures (John Wheeler’s “law without law”); laws are the preconditions of scientific experience (Kant); laws are theoretical abstractions which only apply in very limited circumstances (Nancy Cartwright). Whereas Cartwright’s approach is in tension with modern scientific methodology, the first three strategies count as illuminating, though partial answers. It is important for the empirical method of modern physics that these three strategies, even when taken together, do not provide a complete explanation of the order of nature. Thus the question of why laws are valid is still relevant. In the concluding section, I argue that the traditional answer, based on voluntary creation, provides the right balance of contingency and coherence which is in harmony with modern scientific method.

Assessing the Impact of Twenty Underage Drinking Laws

PubMed Central

Fell, James C.; Scherer, Michael; Thomas, Sue; Voas, Robert B.

2016-01-01

Objective: Over the last two decades, many states have adopted several of the 20 laws that aim to control youth access to and possession of alcohol and prevent underage drinking in the United States. However, many of these laws have not been evaluated since their adoption. The objective of this study was to determine which minimum legal drinking age 21 (MLDA-21) laws currently have an effect on underage drinking-and-driving fatal crashes. Method: We updated the effective dates of the 20 MLDA-21 laws examined in this study and used scores of each law’s strengths and weaknesses. Our structural equation model included the 20 MLDA-21 laws, impaired driving laws, seat belt safety laws, economic strength, driving exposure, beer consumption, and fatal crash ratios of drinking-to-nondrinking drivers under age 21. Results: Nine MLDA-21 laws were associated with significant decreases in fatal crash ratios of underage drinking drivers: possession of alcohol (-7.7%), purchase of alcohol (-4.2%), use alcohol and lose your license (-7.9%), zero tolerance .02 blood alcohol concentration limit for under-age drivers (-2.9%), age of bartender ≥21 (-4.1%), state responsible beverage service program (-3.8%), fake identification support provisions for retailers (-11.9%), dram shop liability (-2.5%), and social host civil liability (-1.7%). Two laws were associated with significant increases in the fatal crash ratios of underage drinking drivers: prohibition of furnishing alcohol to minors (+7.2%) and registration of beer kegs (+9.6%). Conclusions: The nine effective MLDA-21 laws are estimated to be currently saving approximately 1,135 lives annually, yet only five states have enacted all nine laws. If all states adopted these nine effective MLDA-21 laws, it is estimated that an additional 210 lives could be saved every year. PMID:26997183

The Optical/Near-infrared Extinction Law in Highly Reddened Regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hosek, Matthew W., Jr.; Lu, Jessica R.; Anderson, Jay; Do, Tuan; Schlafly, Edward F.; Ghez, Andrea M.; Clarkson, William I.; Morris, Mark R.; Albers, Saundra M.

2018-03-01

A precise extinction law is a critical input when interpreting observations of highly reddened sources such as young star clusters and the Galactic Center (GC). We use Hubble Space Telescope observations of a region of moderate extinction and a region of high extinction to measure the optical and near-infrared extinction law (0.8–2.2 μm). The moderate-extinction region is the young massive cluster Westerlund 1 (Wd1; A Ks ∼ 0.6 mag), where 453 proper-motion selected main-sequence stars are used to measure the shape of the extinction law. To quantify the shape, we define the parameter {{ \\mathcal S }}1/λ , which behaves similarly to a color-excess ratio, but is continuous as a function of wavelength. The high-extinction region is the GC (A Ks ∼ 2.5 mag), where 819 red clump stars are used to determine the normalization of the law. The best-fit extinction law is able to reproduce the Wd1 main-sequence colors, which previous laws misestimate by 10%–30%. The law is inconsistent with a single power law, even when only the near-infrared filters are considered, and has A F125W/A Ks and A F814W/A Ks values that are 18% and 24% higher than the commonly used Nishiyama et al. law, respectively. Using this law, we recalculate the Wd1 distance to be 3905 ± 422 pc from published observations of the eclipsing binary W13. This new extinction law should be used for highly reddened populations in the Milky Way, such as the Quintuplet cluster and Young Nuclear Cluster. A python code is provided to generate the law for future use.

Florida's weakened motorcycle helmet law: effects on death rates in motorcycle crashes.

PubMed

Kyrychenko, Sergey Y; McCartt, Anne T

2006-03-01

Effective July 1, 2000, Florida's universal helmet law was amended to exclude riders ages 21 and older with insurance coverage providing at least 10,000 US dollars in medical benefits for injuries sustained in a motorcycle crash. Observed helmet use in Florida was reported to have declined from nearly 100% in 1998, before the law change, to 53% after. This study examined the effects of the law change on the likelihood of death, given involvement in a motorcycle crash. Rates of motorcyclist deaths per crash involvement in Florida for 2001-2002 (after the law change) were compared with those for 1998-1999 (before the law change). Before/after death rate ratios (95% CIs) were examined, and logistic regression models estimated the effect of the helmet law change on the odds of death in a crash, while controlling for rider gender, age, and seating position, and number of vehicles. The motorcyclist death rate increased significantly after the law change, from 30.8 to 38.8 deaths per 1,000 crash involvements. Motorcyclist death rates increased for single- and multiple-vehicle crashes, for male and female operators, and for riders of all ages including those younger than 21. After controlling for gender and age, the likelihood of death given involvement in a motorcycle crash was 25% higher than expected after the law change. It is estimated that 117 motorcyclist deaths could have been avoided during 2001-2002 if Florida's universal helmet law had remained in place. This study provides evidence of the life-saving benefits of universal helmet laws. The results also suggest that age-specific helmet laws are not effective in protecting the youngest drivers. This is not surprising, as these laws are largely unenforceable.

Hydrodynamics-based functional forms of activity metabolism: a case for the power-law polynomial function in animal swimming energetics.

PubMed

Papadopoulos, Anthony

2009-01-01

The first-degree power-law polynomial function is frequently used to describe activity metabolism for steady swimming animals. This function has been used in hydrodynamics-based metabolic studies to evaluate important parameters of energetic costs, such as the standard metabolic rate and the drag power indices. In theory, however, the power-law polynomial function of any degree greater than one can be used to describe activity metabolism for steady swimming animals. In fact, activity metabolism has been described by the conventional exponential function and the cubic polynomial function, although only the power-law polynomial function models drag power since it conforms to hydrodynamic laws. Consequently, the first-degree power-law polynomial function yields incorrect parameter values of energetic costs if activity metabolism is governed by the power-law polynomial function of any degree greater than one. This issue is important in bioenergetics because correct comparisons of energetic costs among different steady swimming animals cannot be made unless the degree of the power-law polynomial function derives from activity metabolism. In other words, a hydrodynamics-based functional form of activity metabolism is a power-law polynomial function of any degree greater than or equal to one. Therefore, the degree of the power-law polynomial function should be treated as a parameter, not as a constant. This new treatment not only conforms to hydrodynamic laws, but also ensures correct comparisons of energetic costs among different steady swimming animals. Furthermore, the exponential power-law function, which is a new hydrodynamics-based functional form of activity metabolism, is a special case of the power-law polynomial function. Hence, the link between the hydrodynamics of steady swimming and the exponential-based metabolic model is defined.

Smoke-free laws in bars and restaurants: does support among teens and young adults change after a statewide smoke-free law?

PubMed

Fabian, Lindsey E A; Bernat, Debra H; Lenk, Kathleen M; Shi, Qun; Forster, Jean L

2011-01-01

We assessed changes in levels of support for smoke-free bars and restaurants among teens and young adults before and after implementation of a statewide smoke-free law. We measured support for smoke-free bars and restaurants among teens and young adults aged 16-24 years living in Minnesota (n=2,785) and five comparison states (n=404), up to 12 months before and up to six months after Minnesota's smoke-free law went into effect in October 2007. We compared changes in support among three subgroups-Minnesota participants who lived with a previous local smoke-free law, Minnesota participants who did not live with a previous local smoke-free law, and participants from the comparison states-before and after Minnesota's statewide smoke-free law went into effect. Support for smoke-free restaurants and bars among participants in Minnesota and comparison states increased after Minnesota's smoke-free law went into effect. Minnesotans, both those living with and without a previous local smoke-free law, showed similar increases in support for smoke-free restaurants as participants in comparison states. However, Minnesotans living without a previous local law showed larger increases in support for smoke-free bars than both those in comparison states and those living in Minnesota with a previous local smoke-free law. Our study employed a more robust design than similar studies and focused on the teen and young adult population. Our results will help advocates and policy makers demonstrate how public support for smoke-free laws increases following smoke-free legislation, particularly among those who were not previously living with a local smoke-free law.

Smoke-Free Laws in Bars and Restaurants: Does Support Among Teens and Young Adults Change After a Statewide Smoke-Free Law?

PubMed Central

Fabian, Lindsey E. A.; Bernat, Debra H.; Lenk, Kathleen M.; Shi, Qun; Forster, Jean L.

2011-01-01

Objective We assessed changes in levels of support for smoke-free bars and restaurants among teens and young adults before and after implementation of a statewide smoke-free law. Methods We measured support for smoke-free bars and restaurants among teens and young adults aged 16–24 years living in Minnesota (n=2,785) and five comparison states (n=404), up to 12 months before and up to six months after Minnesota's smoke-free law went into effect in October 2007. We compared changes in support among three subgroups—Minnesota participants who lived with a previous local smoke-free law, Minnesota participants who did not live with a previous local smoke-free law, and participants from the comparison states—before and after Minnesota's statewide smoke-free law went into effect. Results Support for smoke-free restaurants and bars among participants in Minnesota and comparison states increased after Minnesota's smoke-free law went into effect. Minnesotans, both those living with and without a previous local smoke-free law, showed similar increases in support for smoke-free restaurants as participants in comparison states. However, Minnesotans living without a previous local law showed larger increases in support for smoke-free bars than both those in comparison states and those living in Minnesota with a previous local smoke-free law. Conclusions Our study employed a more robust design than similar studies and focused on the teen and young adult population. Our results will help advocates and policy makers demonstrate how public support for smoke-free laws increases following smoke-free legislation, particularly among those who were not previously living with a local smoke-free law. PMID:21886327

Outer space law: A problem of astronautics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mandl, V.

1984-01-01

The theory of space law is discussed from the point of view of similarities and differences between hypothetical space law and current (1932) aviation law. International legal aspects and economic and cultural effects are also addressed.

The Situation of ICT Usage in Nagoya University Law School

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaneko, Daisuke; Sugawara, Ikuo

Since the introduction of a new legal education system in 2004, some of Japanese legal educational institutions have changed into professional schools which names are Law School. These law schools are required not only theoretical studies but also professional skills training. Law students, however, have limited time to complete this agenda, so law professors have to teach courses effectively. In this paper, the authors present the situation of ICT usage in Nagoya University Law School as a case study to describe and to critique systems to support theoretical studies and professional skills training.

The Utility of Including the Strengths of Underage Drinking Laws in Determining Their Effect on Outcomes

PubMed Central

Fell, James C.; Scherer, Michael; Voas, Robert

2015-01-01

Background To control underage drinking in the United States, which has been associated with an estimated 5,000 deaths and 2.6 million injuries or other harm annually, each state has developed a unique set of laws. Previous research examining these laws’ effectiveness has frequently focused on the laws’ existence without considering variance in sanctions, enforcement, or exemptions. Methods We scored 20 minimum legal drinking age 21 (MLDA-21) laws for their strengths and weaknesses based on (1) sanctions for violating the law, (2) exceptions or exemptions affecting application, and (3) provisions affecting the law or enforcement. We then replicated a 2009 study of the effects of six MLDA-21 laws in three different ways (using identical structural equation modeling): Study 1—eight additional years of data, no law strengths; Study 2—years from the original study, added law strengths; Study 3—additional years, law strengths, serving as an update of the six laws’ effects. Results In all three studies—and the original study—keg registration laws were associated with both an unexpected significant increase (+11%, p < .001) in underage drinking-driver ratios and a notable 25% reduction in per capita beer consumption—opposing results that are difficult to explain. In Study 3, possession and purchase laws were associated with a significant decrease in underage drinking-driver fatal crash ratios (−4.9%, p < .001; −3.6%, p < .001, respectively). Similarly, zero tolerance and use and lose laws were associated with reductions in underage drinking-driver ratios (−2.8%, p < .001; −5.3%, p < .001, respectively). Conclusions Including strengths and weaknesses of underage drinking laws is important when examining their effects on various outcomes as the model fit statistics indicated. We suggest that this will result in more accurate and more reliable estimates of the impact of the laws on various outcome measures. PMID:26148047

Impact of a new mandatory reporting law on reporting and identification of child sexual abuse: A seven year time trend analysis.

PubMed

Mathews, Ben; Lee, Xing Ju; Norman, Rosana E

2016-06-01

Child sexual abuse is widespread and difficult to detect. To enhance case identification, many societies have enacted mandatory reporting laws requiring designated professionals, most often police, teachers, doctors and nurses, to report suspected cases to government child welfare agencies. Little research has explored the effects of introducing a reporting law on the number of reports made, and the outcomes of those reports. This study explored the impact of a new legislative mandatory reporting duty for child sexual abuse in the State of Western Australia over seven years. We analyzed data about numbers and outcomes of reports by mandated reporters, for periods before the law (2006-2008) and after the law (2009-2012). Results indicate that the number of reports by mandated reporters of suspected child sexual abuse increased by a factor of 3.7, from an annual mean of 662 in the three year pre-law period to 2448 in the four year post-law period. The increase in the first two post-law years was contextually and statistically significant. Report numbers stabilized in 2010-2012, at one report per 210 children. The number of investigated reports increased threefold, from an annual mean of 451 in the pre-law period to 1363 in the post-law period. Significant decline in the proportion of mandated reports that were investigated in the first two post-law years suggested the new level of reporting and investigative need exceeded what was anticipated. However, a subsequent significant increase restored the pre-law proportion, suggesting systemic adaptive capacity. The number of substantiated investigations doubled, from an annual mean of 160 in the pre-law period to 327 in the post-law period, indicating twice as many sexually abused children were being identified. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

From Undang-undang Melaka to federal constitution: the dynamics of multicultural Malaysia.

PubMed

Nor, Mohd Roslan Mohd; Abdullah, Ahmad Termizi; Ali, Abdul Karim

2016-01-01

Malaysia is a multicultural state comprising three main races: Malays, Chinese and Indians. The three main religions are Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism. Other religions such as Sikhism and Christianity are also practised. Muslims are the majority comprising 67 % of the population. This paper is qualitative in nature. It applies historical comparative method in presenting its data. The Undang - undang Melaka (Malacca Laws) was obtained from the monograph available at National Library of Malaysia under the name of Hukum Kanun Melaka. Analysis was done on selected examples from this document. This paper highlights that had there been no introduction to a common law system, Malaysia would have remained with its traditional laws influenced by Islam and its local customs as evident from Undang - undang Melaka (Malacca laws). The Undang - undang Melaka was practised from 1422 to 1444 and the law of the country was developed to accommodate the introduction of civil law during the colonial period. One of the unique aspects of multicultural Malaysia is the fact that it has a parallel legal system: sharia and civil law. This paper examines histo-cultural development of the Islamic law as practised in pre-independent Malaysia, as well as the coexistence between these two laws after the independence of Malaya in 1957. This paper concludes that Islamic law in Malaysia is confined to Muslim family matters, while civil law covers all other matters.

Failure of policy regarding smoke-free bars in the Netherlands.

PubMed

Gonzalez, Mariaelena; Glantz, Stanton A

2013-02-01

Tobacco companies consistently work to prevent and undermine smoke-free laws. The tobacco industry and its allies have funded hospitality associations and other third parties to oppose smoke-free laws, argue that smoke-free laws will economically damage hospitality venues, promote ventilation and voluntary smoker 'accommodation' as an alternative to smoke-free laws, and to challenge smoke-free laws in court. In 2008, the Netherlands extended its smoke-free law to hospitality venues. We triangulated news articles, government documents, scientific papers, statistical reports and interviews to construct this case study. Despite widespread public support for smoke-free hospitality venues, opponents successfully represented these laws as unpopular and damaging to small bars. These challenges and related smokers' rights activities resulted in non-compliance among all bars and reinstating an exemption for small, owner-run venues. This policy reversal was the result of a weak implementing media campaign (which failed to present the law as protecting nonsmokers), smoking room exemptions and reactive (vs. proactive) measures by the Ministry of Health and civil society. The policy failure in the Netherlands is the result of poor implementation efforts and the failure to anticipate and deal with opposition to the law. When implementing smoke-free laws it is important to anticipate opposition, used the media to target non-smokers to reinforce public support, and actively enforce the law.

Minimum Marriage Age Laws and the Prevalence of Child Marriage and Adolescent Birth: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.

PubMed

Maswikwa, Belinda; Richter, Linda; Kaufman, Jay; Nandi, Arijit

2015-06-01

The relationship of national laws that prohibit child marriage with the prevalence of child marriage and adolescent birth is not well understood. Data from Demographic and Health Surveys and from the Child Marriage Database created by the MACHEquity program at McGill University were used to examine the relationship between laws that consistently set the age for marriage for girls at 18 or older and the prevalence of child marriage and teenage childbearing in 12 Sub-Saharan African countries. Countries were considered to have consistent laws against child marriage if they required females to be 18 or older to marry, to marry with parental consent and to consent to sex. Associations between consistent laws and the two outcomes were identified using multivariate regression models. Four of the 12 countries had laws that consistently set the minimum age for marriage at 18 or older. After adjustment for covariates, the prevalence of child marriage was 40% lower in countries with consistent laws against child marriage than in countries without consistent laws against the practice (prevalence ratio, 0.6). The prevalence of teenage childbearing was 25% lower in countries with consistent minimum marriage age laws than in countries without consistent laws (0.8). Our results support the hypothesis that consistent minimum marriage age laws protect against the exploitation of girls.

Fatal crash involvement and laws against alcohol-impaired driving.

PubMed

Zador, P L; Lund, A K; Fields, M; Weinberg, K

1989-01-01

It is estimated that in 1985 about 1,560 fewer drivers were involved in fatal crashes because of three types of drinking-driving laws. The laws studied were per se laws that define driving under the influence using blood alcohol concentration (BAC) thresholds; laws that provide for administrative license suspension or revocation prior to conviction for driving under the influence (often referred to as "administrative per se" laws); and laws that mandate jail or community service for first convictions of driving under the influence. It is estimated that if all 48 of the contiguous states adopted laws similar to those studied here, and if these new laws had effects comparable to those reported here, another 2,600 fatal driver involvements could be prevented each year. During hours when typically at least half of all fatally injured drivers have a BAC over 0.10 percent, administrative suspension/revocation is estimated to reduce the involvement of drivers in fatal crashes by about 9 percent; during the same hours, first offense mandatory jail/community service laws are estimated to have reduced driver involvement by about 6 percent. The effect of per se laws was estimated to be a 6 percent reduction during hours when fatal crashes typically are less likely to involve alcohol. These results are based on analyses of drivers involved in fatal crashes in the 48 contiguous states of the United States during the years 1978 to 1985.

The impact of Indonesia’s food law reform on the concept of food sovereignty in Indonesia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soetoto, E. O. H.

2018-03-01

Food sovereignty, since first articulated in 1996, evaluations of the practice and potential of this emerging concept and its sub-elements got fast popularity, which first emerged from civil society publications. Indonesia experienced food law reform from Law number 7 of 1996 to Law number 18 of 2012. The purposes of the work were: (1) to understand the reform process from the old to the new Indonesia’s food law, (2) to investigate the impact of Indonesia’s food law reform on the concept of food sovereignty in Indonesia. The approach was doctrinal research. The paper used secondary data with primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The scientific innovation of this paper is the use of legal systems to strengthen the food sovereignty in Indonesia, suggesting that the law is needed to ensure the food sovereignty in Indonesia. The results show that there is a paradigm shift in the Indonesia’s food law from food security and food self-sufficiency towards food sovereignty and in the content materials of new Indonesia’s food law which include the concept of food sovereignty. The present reasearch concluded that there is a reform in Indonesia’s food law and there is an impact - in term of legal substance, legal structure, and legal culture- of Indonesia’s food law reform on the concept of food sovereignty in Indonesia.

Failure of policy regarding smoke-free bars in the Netherlands*

PubMed Central

Gonzalez, Mariaelena

2013-01-01

Background: Tobacco companies consistently work to prevent and undermine smoke-free laws. The tobacco industry and its allies have funded hospitality associations and other third parties to oppose smoke-free laws, argue that smoke-free laws will economically damage hospitality venues, promote ventilation and voluntary smoker ‘accommodation’ as an alternative to smoke-free laws, and to challenge smoke-free laws in court. In 2008, the Netherlands extended its smoke-free law to hospitality venues. Methods: We triangulated news articles, government documents, scientific papers, statistical reports and interviews to construct this case study. Results: Despite widespread public support for smoke-free hospitality venues, opponents successfully represented these laws as unpopular and damaging to small bars. These challenges and related smokers’ rights activities resulted in non-compliance among all bars and reinstating an exemption for small, owner-run venues. This policy reversal was the result of a weak implementing media campaign (which failed to present the law as protecting nonsmokers), smoking room exemptions and reactive (vs. proactive) measures by the Ministry of Health and civil society. Conclusion: The policy failure in the Netherlands is the result of poor implementation efforts and the failure to anticipate and deal with opposition to the law. When implementing smoke-free laws it is important to anticipate opposition, used the media to target non-smokers to reinforce public support, and actively enforce the law. PMID:22143826

State-level school competitive food and beverage laws are associated with children’s weight status

PubMed Central

Oh, April; Agurs-Collins, Tanya; Chriqui, Jamie F.; Mâsse, Louise C.; Moser, Richard P.; Perna, Frank

2014-01-01

BACKGROUND This study attempted to determine whether state laws regulating low nutrient, high energy-dense foods and beverages sold outside of the reimbursable school meals program (referred to as ‘competitive foods’) are associated with children’s weight status. METHODS We use the Classification of Laws Associated with School Students (CLASS) database of state codified law(s) relevant to school nutrition. States were classified as having strong, weak, or no competitive food laws in 2005 based on strength and comprehensiveness. Parent-reported height and weight along with demographic, behavioral, family, and household characteristics were obtained from the 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses estimated the association between states’ competitive food laws and children’s overweight and obesity status (BMI-for-age ≥ 85th percentile). Children (n=16271) between the ages of 11–14 years with a BMI for age ≥ 5th percentile who attended public school were included. RESULTS Children living in states with weak competitive food laws for middle schools had over a 20% higher odds of being overweight or obese than children living in states with either no or strong school competitive food laws. CONCLUSION State-level school competitive food and beverage laws merit attention with efforts to address the childhood obesity epidemic. Attention to the specificity and requirements of these laws should also be considered. PMID:25117896

Investigating a New Way To Teach Law: A Computer-based Commercial Law Course.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lloyd, Robert M.

2000-01-01

Describes the successful use of an interactive, computer-based format supplemented by online chats to provide a two-credit-hour commercial law course at the University of Tennessee College of Law. (EV)

43 CFR 2650.3 - Lawful entries, lawful settlements, and mining claims.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Lawful entries, lawful settlements, and mining claims. 2650.3 Section 2650.3 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands... mining claims. ...

Bad risk? An overview of laws prohibiting possession of firearms by individuals with a history of treatment for mental illness.

PubMed

Simpson, Joseph R

2007-01-01

For nearly 40 years, federal law has barred certain individuals with a history of mental health treatment from purchasing, receiving, or possessing firearms. State laws are a patchwork of different regulations, some much more inclusive than the federal statute, others that parallel it closely. In some states, such laws are nonexistent. For the past 20 years, it has been possible to petition for relief from the federal prohibition; however, this is not the case with all state laws. The mechanisms for relief under state laws, when present, vary significantly, and not all require the input of a mental health professional or even of any physician. This article provides an overview of federal and state laws, a discussion of implications of these laws for mental health clinicians and forensic practitioners, and suggestions of directions for future research.

The role of law in public health: the case of family planning in the Philippines.

PubMed

Mello, Michelle Marie; Powlowski, Marcus; Nañagas, Juan M P; Bossert, Thomas

2006-07-01

Compared to neighboring countries, the Philippines has high fertility rates and a low prevalence of modern-method contraception use. The Philippine government faces political and cultural barriers to addressing family planning needs, but also legal barriers erected by its own policies. We conducted a review of laws and policies relating to family planning in the Philippines in order to examine how the law may facilitate or constrain service provision. The methodology consisted of three phases. First, we collected and analyzed laws and regulations relating to the delivery of family planning services. Second, we conducted a qualitative interview study. Third, we synthesized findings to formulate policy recommendations. We present a conceptual model for understanding the impact of law on public health and discuss findings in relation to the roles of health care provider regulation, drug regulation, tax law, trade policies, insurance law, and other laws on access to modern-method contraceptives.

Predictor laws for pictorial flight displays

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grunwald, A. J.

1985-01-01

Two predictor laws are formulated and analyzed: (1) a circular path law based on constant accelerations perpendicular to the path and (2) a predictor law based on state transition matrix computations. It is shown that for both methods the predictor provides the essential lead zeros for the path-following task. However, in contrast to the circular path law, the state transition matrix law furnishes the system with additional zeros that entirely cancel out the higher-frequency poles of the vehicle dynamics. On the other hand, the circular path law yields a zero steady-state error in following a curved trajectory with a constant radius. A combined predictor law is suggested that utilizes the advantages of both methods. A simple analysis shows that the optimal prediction time mainly depends on the level of precision required in the path-following task, and guidelines for determining the optimal prediction time are given.

Laws prohibiting over-the-counter syringe sales to injection drug users: relations to population density, HIV prevalence, and HIV incidence.

PubMed

Friedman, S R; Perlis, T; Des Jarlais, D C

2001-05-01

This study sought to assess relations of laws prohibiting over-the-counter syringe sales (anti-OTC laws) to population prevalence of injection drug users and HIV prevalence or incidence among 96 US metropolitan areas. A cross-sectional analysis was used. Metropolitan areas with anti-OTC laws had a higher mean HIV prevalence (13.8% vs 6.7%) than other metropolitan areas (pseudo-P < .001). In 83 metropolitan areas with HIV prevalence of less than 20%, anti-OTC laws were associated with HIV incidence rates of 1% or greater (pseudo-P < .001). Population proportions of injection drug users did not vary by presence of anti-OTC laws. Anti-OTC laws are not associated with lower population proportions of injection drug users. Laws restricting syringe access are associated with HIV transmission and should be repealed.

A Control Model: Interpretation of Fitts' Law

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Connelly, E. M.

1984-01-01

The analytical results for several models are given: a first order model where it is assumed that the hand velocity can be directly controlled, and a second order model where it is assumed that the hand acceleration can be directly controlled. Two different types of control-laws are investigated. One is linear function of the hand error and error rate; the other is the time-optimal control law. Results show that the first and second order models with the linear control-law produce a movement time (MT) function with the exact form of the Fitts' Law. The control-law interpretation implies that the effect of target width on MT must be a result of the vertical motion which elevates the hand from the starting point and drops it on the target at the target edge. The time optimal control law did not produce a movement-time formula simular to Fitt's Law.

Supervising and the Law. Supervising: Industrial Relations. The Choice Series #88. A Self Learning Opportunity.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McCall, Matthew S.

This student guide is intended to assist persons employed as supervisors in understanding the legal aspects of supervision. Discussed in the first four sections are the following topics: the nature of the law (criminal and civil law, why people obey the law, and the law and supervisors); health and safety at work (safety in the workplace, ways of…

12 CFR Appendix A to Part 226 - Effect on State Laws

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Effect on State Laws A Appendix A to Part 226... TRUTH IN LENDING (REGULATION Z) Pt. 226, App. A Appendix A to Part 226—Effect on State Laws Request for Determination A request for a determination that a State law is inconsistent or that a State law is...

18 CFR 1314.4 - Law governing the rights and obligations of TVA and Reserve Banks; law governing the rights of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Law governing the rights and obligations of TVA and Reserve Banks; law governing the rights of any Person against TVA and Reserve Banks; law governing other interests. 1314.4 Section 1314.4 Conservation of Power and Water...

LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER TRAINING, BASIC COURSE, UNIT II, A UNIT OF THE OHIO LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS' TRAINING PROGRAM, LEARNER'S MANUAL.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

REESE, ROBERT M.; AND OTHERS

STUDENTS MAY USE THIS MANUAL IN A LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING PROGRAM FOR INSERVICE LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS AND RECRUITS. IT WAS DEVELOPED BY A STATEWIDE COMMITTEE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING CONSULTANTS, SPECIALISTS, AND AN ADVISORY COMMITTEE AND WAS TESTED BY A SUBJECT MATTER SPECIALIST IN A PILOT-CLASS STUDY. THE PROGRAM IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE…

25 CFR 115.812 - Is a tribe responsible for its expenditures of trust funds that are not made in compliance with...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... that are not made in compliance with statutory language or other federal law? 115.812 Section 115.812... other federal law? If a tribe's use of trust funds is limited by statutory language or other federal law(s) and a tribe uses those trust funds in direct violation of those laws, absent an approved...

25 CFR 12.14 - Where can I find specific policies and standards for law enforcement functions in Indian country?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Policies and Standards § 12.14 Where can I find specific policies and standards for law enforcement functions in Indian country? BIA will ensure... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Where can I find specific policies and standards for law...

25 CFR 12.14 - Where can I find specific policies and standards for law enforcement functions in Indian country?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Policies and Standards § 12.14 Where can I find specific policies and standards for law enforcement functions in Indian country? BIA will ensure... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true Where can I find specific policies and standards for law...

25 CFR 12.14 - Where can I find specific policies and standards for law enforcement functions in Indian country?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Policies and Standards § 12.14 Where can I find specific policies and standards for law enforcement functions in Indian country? BIA will ensure... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Where can I find specific policies and standards for law...

25 CFR 12.14 - Where can I find specific policies and standards for law enforcement functions in Indian country?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... THE INTERIOR LAW AND ORDER INDIAN COUNTRY LAW ENFORCEMENT Policies and Standards § 12.14 Where can I find specific policies and standards for law enforcement functions in Indian country? BIA will ensure... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Where can I find specific policies and standards for law...

Studying Scientific Discovery by Computer Simulation.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-03-30

Mendel’s laws of inheritance, the law of Gay- Lussac for gaseous reactions, tile law of Dulong and Petit, the derivation of atomic weights by Avogadro...neceseary mid identify by block number) scientific discovery -ittri sic properties physical laws extensive terms data-driven heuristics intensive...terms theory-driven heuristics conservation laws 20. ABSTRACT (Continue on revere. side It necessary and identify by block number) Scientific discovery

Changing the Order of Newton's Laws--Why & How the Third Law Should Be First

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stocklmayer, Sue; Rayner, John P.; Gore, Michael M.

2012-01-01

Newton's laws are difficult both for teachers and students at all levels. This is still the case despite a long history of critique of the laws as presented in the classroom. For example, more than 50 years ago Eisenbud and Weinstock proposed reformulations of the laws that put them on a sounder, more logically consistent base than is presented in…

Government Contract Law (9th Edition)

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-04-01

This Ninth Edition, like its predecessors, will serve as the textbook for the Government Contract Law taught at the School of Systems and Logistics...drawn from Government Contract Law -Cases, 1987 edition, for a rounded approach to the subject. This edition of the text includes coverage of the...Government Contract Law complements the Federal Acquisition Regulation and provides a preventive law treatment for contracting personnel. While it may

Research on the Legislation of Chinese Space Laws

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Dongwen

2002-01-01

1 Need and necessity for the legislation of Chinese space activities --Complying with UN treaties and principles on outer space --Adapting to the requirements of market economy --Promoting the further development of Chinese space activities --Developing international space cooperation 2 Research method for legislation of Chinese space activities The research method is ROCCIPI. This method was introduced into China with the project "Legislation Supports Economy Reform" supported by the UN Office of Development Planning - By analyzing the correlations among the seven factors: Rule, Opportunity, Capacity, Communication, Interest, Process and Ideology, the optimal legal measures can be found . Such analysis and research works on the master law of Chinese space activities have been made in the paper. 3 Research of international treaties &principles on outer space, and of national space laws of other countries. Studies have been made in this paper on many aspects of international outer space laws, such as framework, development stage, current characteristics, new problems will be faced with in new century, and development tendency in the future, etc. Based on the investigation and study of national space laws of other countries, analyses and researches on national space law have been made in the paper from some aspects, such as legislative purpose, legislative aim, legislative form, legislative content and etc, and some enlightenments, which can be used for reference in the legislation of Chinese Space Laws, are found. 4 Framework of Chinese Space Laws The jurisdiction of Chinese Space Laws lies in three areas: space technology - space applications and space science. Chinese Space Laws are divided into 3 levels: Master law, Administration Regulations of the State Council of the P.R.C, Rules of governmental sectors. 5 Conclusions and Suggestions --The legislation of Chinese Space Activities should be strengthened --More attentions should be paid to the research work in the policies &laws of Chinese space --The international exchanges and cooperation in the research work of space laws should be --The system of Chinese Space Laws should be constructed by the master law of Chinese space

Alcohol consumption among high-risk Thai youth after raising the legal drinking age.

PubMed

Sherman, Susan G; Srirojn, Bangorn; Patel, Shivani A; Galai, Noya; Sintupat, Kamolrawee; Limaye, Rupali J; Manowanna, Sutassa; Celentano, David D; Aramrattana, A

2013-09-01

Methamphetamine and alcohol are the leading substances abused by Thai youth. In 2008 the government passed laws that limited alcohol availability and increased the legal drinking age from 18 to 20. We assessed whether the law reduced drinking among methamphetamine-using 18-19 year olds in Chiang Mai. The study compares drinking patterns among methamphetamine smokers aged 18-19 years (n=136) collected prior to the legal changes, to a comparable post-law sample (n=142). Statistical tests for differences between the pre- and post-law samples on problem drinking and recent drinking frequency and drunkenness were conducted. Logistic regression modeled the relative odds of frequent drunkenness, controlling for demographic characteristics. A high prevalence of problematic drinking was present in both samples, with no difference detected. The post-law sample reported a significantly higher median days drunk/month (9 vs. 4, p≤0.01); in adjusted analysis, frequent drunkenness (>5.5 days/month) was more common in the post-law compared to pre-law period in the presence of other variables (AOR: 2.2; 95%CI: 1.3, 3.9). Post-law participants demonstrated a low level of knowledge about the law's components. The study suggests that the new laws did not reduce drinking among high-risk, methamphetamine-smoking 18-19 year olds; rather, the post-law period was associated with increased drinking levels. The data indicate that the law is not reaching high-risk under-aged youth who are at risk of a number of deleterious outcomes as a result of their substance use. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Legitimacy versus morality: Why do the Chinese obey the law?

PubMed

Gao, Jingkang; Zhao, Jinhua

2018-04-01

This study explored two aspects of the rule of law in China: (1) motivations for compliance with 4 groups of everyday laws and regulations and (2) determinants of the legitimacy of legal authorities. We applied a structural equations model, constructed from Tyler's conceptual process-based self-regulation model with morality added as a motivation, to online questionnaire responses from 1,000 Shanghai drivers. We explored the compliance with four particular groups of laws: public disturbance; conventional traffic laws; illegal downloading; and distracted driving. The results were threefold. First, for all four groups of laws, the perceived morality influenced compliance consistently and more strongly than the perceived legitimacy of the authorities and all other motivations. The influence of perceived legitimacy of authorities was inconsistent across the four groups of laws tested. Second, the influence of perceived severity of punishment was consistent and significant across all four groups of laws, whereas perceived risk of apprehension had no significant impact on compliance. Third, evaluations of procedural fairness, not those concerning the equitable distribution of law enforcement services and effectiveness of law enforcement, were most strongly linked to legitimacy. In addition to showing that China is a law-abiding society governed by morality, these results underscore the importance of examining morality and magnitude of punishment as potential motivations for compliance in addition to legitimacy and certainty of punishment. They also illustrate the necessity to examine different groups of laws separately when studying compliance. Finally, these results challenge the linkage between legitimacy and compliance previously established in the literature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

A Comprehensive Review of State Laws Governing Internet and Other Delivery Sales of Cigarettes in the USA

PubMed Central

Chriqui, Jamie F.; Ribisl, Kurt M.; Wallace, Raedell M.; Williams, Rebecca S.; O’Connor, Jean C.; el Arculli, Regina

2014-01-01

All U.S. states regulate face-to-face tobacco sales at retail outlets. However, the recent growth of delivery sales of tobacco products by Internet and mail order vendors has prompted new state regulations focused on preventing youth access and tax evasion. To date, there are no comprehensive and systematic analyses of these laws. The objectives of this study were to: (1) document the historical enactment of the laws; (2) assess the nature and extent of the laws; and (3) conduct preliminary analyses to examine the relationship between states with laws and other factors that might predict enactment of or be impacted by these laws. Between 1995 and 2006, thirty-four states (67%) enacted a relevant law, with 23 states’ laws (45%) enacted between 2003 and 2006. Four states banned direct-to-consumer shipment of cigarettes. The remaining 30 states’ laws included a combination of requirements addressing minimum age/ID, payment issues, shipping, vendor licensure and related issues, tax collection/remittance, and penalties/enforcement. States with delivery sales laws also have stronger state excise tax rates, youth access to tobacco policies, and state tobacco control environments as well as higher cigarette excise tax revenue, past month cigarette use rates, and perceptions of risk of use by adolescents. This paper provides the policy context for understanding Internet and other cigarette delivery sales laws in the U.S. It also provides a systematic framework for ongoing policy surveillance and will contribute to future analyses of the impact of these laws on successfully reducing youth access to cigarettes and preventing tax evasion. PMID:18236290