31 CFR 570.403 - Termination and acquisition of an interest in blocked property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... transfer of property (including any property interest) away from the Government of Libya or a person, such... transferred or attempted to be transferred to the Government of Libya or any other person whose property and... which the Government of Libya or that person has an interest and therefore blocked. ...

75 FR 16226 - Waiver of Restriction on Assistance to the Government of Libya

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-31

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice 6937] Waiver of Restriction on Assistance to the Government of Libya Pursuant to section 7086(c)(2) of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related... of Libya, and I hereby waive such restriction. This determination shall be reported to the Congress...

76 FR 21801 - Designation of Five Individuals and Two Entities Pursuant to Executive Order 13566

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-18

... Property and Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Libya.'' DATES: The designation by the Director of... Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Libya'' (the ``Order'') pursuant to, inter alia, the International.... AL BAGHDADI, Ali Al-Mahmoudi (a.k.a. MAHMUDI, Baghdadi); DOB 1950; POB Al Jamil, Libya; Prime...

31 CFR 570.403 - Termination and acquisition of an interest in blocked property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... transfer of property (including any property interest) away from the Government of Libya or a person, such... transferred or attempted to be transferred to the Government of Libya or any other person whose property and... which the Government of Libya or that person has an interest and therefore blocked. ...

15 CFR 762.2 - Records to be retained.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... prior approval on a BIS or DDTC license (STA). (c) Special recordkeeping requirement—(1) Libya. Persons... Control (OFAC) for the export to Libya of any item subject to the EAR must maintain a record of those items transferred to Libya pursuant to such specific license and record when the items are consumed or...

78 FR 56768 - Waiver of Restriction on Assistance to the Central Government of Libya

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-13

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice 8470] Waiver of Restriction on Assistance to the Central Government of Libya Pursuant to Section 7031(b)(3) of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and... year Acts with respect to Libya, and I hereby waive this restriction. This determination and the...

77 FR 10036 - Designation of One Individual Pursuant to Executive Order 13566 of February 25, 2011

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-21

... to Libya.'' DATES: The designation by the Acting Director of OFAC of the individual identified in... Executive Order 13566, ``Blocking Property and Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Libya,'' (the.... ABDUSSALAM, Ahmid; a.k.a. ``ABDULHADI''; a.k.a. ``HUMAYD''); DOB 30 Dec 1965; Passport 55555 (Libya...

31 CFR 570.403 - Termination and acquisition of an interest in blocked property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... transfer of property (including any property interest) away from the Government of Libya or a person, such... transferred or attempted to be transferred to the Government of Libya or any other person whose property and... which the Government of Libya or that person has an interest and therefore blocked. ...

3 CFR - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Libya

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Libya Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of February 23, 2012 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Libya On February 25, 2011, by Executive Order 13566, I declared a national emergency pursuant to the...

3 CFR - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Libya

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Libya Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Notice of February 13, 2013 Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Libya On February 25, 2011, by Executive Order 13566, I declared a national emergency pursuant to the...

3 CFR - Unexpected Urgent Refugee and Migration Needs Related to Libya

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Unexpected Urgent Refugee and Migration Needs Related to Libya Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Presidential Determination No. 2011-8 of March 7, 2011 Unexpected Urgent Refugee and Migration Needs Related to Libya Memorandum for the Secretary of State By the authority vested in me...

31 CFR 570.508 - Libyan diplomatic missions in the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... missions of the Government of Libya to the United States and the United Nations is authorized, provided... the Government of Libya to the United States and the United Nations. (b) The provision of goods or services in the United States to the employees of the diplomatic missions of the Government of Libya to the...

31 CFR 570.506 - Provision of certain legal services authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... authorized. (a) The provision of the following legal services to or on behalf of the Government of Libya or...) Representation of the Government of Libya or persons named as defendants in or otherwise made parties to domestic...) Representation of the Government of Libya or persons before any U.S. Federal, state, or local court or agency...

31 CFR 570.508 - Libyan diplomatic missions in the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... missions of the Government of Libya to the United States and the United Nations is authorized, provided... the Government of Libya to the United States and the United Nations. (b) The provision of goods or services in the United States to the employees of the diplomatic missions of the Government of Libya to the...

31 CFR 570.508 - Libyan diplomatic missions in the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... missions of the Government of Libya to the United States and the United Nations is authorized, provided... the Government of Libya to the United States and the United Nations. (b) The provision of goods or services in the United States to the employees of the diplomatic missions of the Government of Libya to the...

31 CFR 570.506 - Provision of certain legal services authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... authorized. (a) The provision of the following legal services to or on behalf of the Government of Libya or...) Representation of the Government of Libya or persons named as defendants in or otherwise made parties to domestic...) Representation of the Government of Libya or persons before any U.S. Federal, state, or local court or agency...

78 FR 23626 - Waiver of Restriction on Assistance to the Central Government of Libya

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-19

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice 8283] Waiver of Restriction on Assistance to the Central Government of Libya Pursuant to Section 7031(b)(3) of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and... United States to waive the requirements of Section 7031(b)(1) of the Act with respect to Libya and I...

31 CFR 570.508 - Libyan diplomatic missions in the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... missions of the Government of Libya to the United States and the United Nations is authorized, provided... the Government of Libya to the United States and the United Nations. (b) The provision of goods or services in the United States to the employees of the diplomatic missions of the Government of Libya to the...

31 CFR 570.506 - Provision of certain legal services authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... authorized. (a) The provision of the following legal services to or on behalf of the Government of Libya or...) Representation of the Government of Libya or persons named as defendants in or otherwise made parties to domestic...) Representation of the Government of Libya or persons before any U.S. Federal, state, or local court or agency...

31 CFR 570.506 - Provision of certain legal services authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... authorized. (a) The provision of the following legal services to or on behalf of the Government of Libya or...) Representation of the Government of Libya or persons named as defendants in or otherwise made parties to domestic...) Representation of the Government of Libya or persons before any U.S. Federal, state, or local court or agency...

Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium spp. in Libya: 2000-2015.

PubMed

Ghenghesh, Khalifa Sifaw; Ghanghish, Khaled; BenDarif, Elloulu T; Shembesh, Khaled; Franka, Ezzadin

2016-01-01

The intestinal protozoa Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium spp. are the causative agents of giardiasis, amebiasis, and cryptosporidiosis, respectively. Adequate knowledge of the geographical distribution of parasites and the demographic variables that influence their prevalence is important for effective control of infection in at-risk populations. The data were obtained by an English language literature search of Medline and PubMed for papers using the search terms 'intestinal parasites and Libya, G. lamblia and Libya, E. histolytica and Libya and Cryptosporidium and Libya' for the period 2000-2015. The data obtained for the period 2000-2015 showed prevalence rates of 0.8-36.6% (mean 19.9%) for E. histolytica/dispar, 1.2-18.2% (mean 4.6%) for G. lamblia and 0.9-13% (mean 3.4%) for Cryptosporidium spp. among individuals in Libya with gastroenteritis (GE). On the other hand, prevalence rates of 0.8-16.3% (mean 8.3%), 1.8-28.8% (mean 4.8%), and 1.0-2.5% (mean=2.4), respectively, were observed for individuals without GE. The mean prevalence rate of E. histolytica/dispar was significantly higher among individuals with GE compared with those without GE (p<0.0000001, OR=2.74). No significant difference in prevalence rate of the three organisms was found according to gender, but most of infections were observed in children aged 10 years or younger. The reviewed data suggest that E. histolytica, G. lamblia, and Cryptosporidium spp. may play a minor role in GE in Libya. The observed high prevalence rates of E. histolytica/dispar reported from Libya could be due mainly to the non-pathogenic E. dispar and E. moshkovskii. However, more studies are needed in the future using E. histolytica-specific enzyme immunoassays and/or molecular methods to confirm this observation.

Assessment of the Spectral Stability of Libya 4, Libya 1, and Mauritania 2 Sites Using Earth Observing One Hyperion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Choi, Taeyoung; Xiong, Xiaoxiong; Angal, Amit; Chander, Gyanesh; Qu, John J.

2014-01-01

The objective of this paper is to formulate a methodology to assess the spectral stability of the Libya 4, Libya 1, and Mauritania 2 pseudo-invariant calibration sites (PICS) using Earth Observing One (EO-1) Hyperion sensor. All the available Hyperion collections, downloaded from the Earth Explorer website, were utilized for the three PICS. In each site, a reference spectrum is selected at a specific day in the vicinity of the region of interest (ROI) defined by Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS). A series of ROIs are predefined in the along-track direction with 196 spectral top-of-atmosphere reflectance values in each ROI. Based on the reference ROI spectrum, the spectral stability of these ROIs is evaluated by average deviations (ADs) and spectral angle mapper (SAM) methods in the specific ranges of time and geo-spatial locations. Time and ROI location-dependent SAM and AD results are very stable within +/- 2 deg and +/-1.7% of 1sigma standard deviations. Consequently, the Libya 4, Mauritania 2, and Libya 1 CEOS selected PICS are spectrally stable targets within the time and spatial swath ranges of the Hyperion collections.

A New Vision of Professional Development for University Teachers in Libya "It's Not an Event, It Is a Process"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Suwaed, Hameda; Rahouma, Wesam

2015-01-01

Being a university teacher in the Libya is most of the time described as a challenge. In the case of the current unstable situation in Libya, the task is formidable in many cases. This paper investigates the challenges encountered by Alzawia university teachers in four colleges. It attempts to answer the following questions: what are the…

3 CFR - Unexpected Urgent Refugee and Migration Needs Related to Libya and Côte d'Ivoire

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 3 The President 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Unexpected Urgent Refugee and Migration Needs Related to Libya and Côte d'Ivoire Presidential Documents Other Presidential Documents Presidential Determination No. 2011-11 of June 8, 2011 Unexpected Urgent Refugee and Migration Needs Related to Libya and Côte d'Ivoire Memorandum for the Secretary of...

A human case of urogenital myiasis caused by Psychoda sp. larvae in Tripoli, Libya

PubMed

Saadawi, Walid K; Shaibi, Taher; Annajar, Badereddin B

2017-01-01

Urogenital myiasis caused by Psychoda spp. involving human are very rare and present with unusual symptoms. Larvae belonging to Psychoda sp. (Diptera: Psychodidae) were found in the urogenital tract of a 9-year-old girl, who lives in Tajoura, Libya, and had suffered from genital pruritus and moving larvae in urine. This is the first record of such case in Libya.

Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium spp. in Libya: 2000-2015.

PubMed

Ghenghesh, Khalifa Sifaw; Ghanghish, Khaled; BenDarif, Elloulu T; Shembesh, Khaled; Franka, Ezzadin

2016-01-01

Introduction The intestinal protozoa Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium spp. are the causative agents of giardiasis, amebiasis, and cryptosporidiosis, respectively. Adequate knowledge of the geographical distribution of parasites and the demographic variables that influence their prevalence is important for effective control of infection in at-risk populations. Methods The data were obtained by an English language literature search of Medline and PubMed for papers using the search terms 'intestinal parasites and Libya, G. lamblia and Libya, E. histolytica and Libya and Cryptosporidium and Libya' for the period 2000-2015. Results The data obtained for the period 2000-2015 showed prevalence rates of 0.8-36.6% (mean 19.9%) for E. histolytica/dispar, 1.2-18.2% (mean 4.6%) for G. lamblia and 0.9-13% (mean 3.4%) for Cryptosporidium spp. among individuals in Libya with gastroenteritis (GE). On the other hand, prevalence rates of 0.8-16.3% (mean 8.3%), 1.8-28.8% (mean 4.8%), and 1.0-2.5% (mean=2.4), respectively, were observed for individuals without GE. The mean prevalence rate of E. histolytica/dispar was significantly higher among individuals with GE compared with those without GE (p<0.0000001, OR=2.74). No significant difference in prevalence rate of the three organisms was found according to gender, but most of infections were observed in children aged 10 years or younger. Conclusion The reviewed data suggest that E. histolytica, G. lamblia, and Cryptosporidium spp. may play a minor role in GE in Libya. The observed high prevalence rates of E. histolytica/dispar reported from Libya could be due mainly to the non-pathogenic E. dispar and E. moshkovskii. However, more studies are needed in the future using E. histolytica-specific enzyme immunoassays and/or molecular methods to confirm this observation.

Libya: World Oil Report 1991

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1991-08-01

This paper reports that Libya is moving forward with plans to sell most of its crude as refined products and should have the capacity to handle most of its production, about 1.3 million bpd, by the mid-90s. Production was increased after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, and peak capacity could be over 1.5 million bopd. Exploration pace is still increasing but U.S. sanctions have taken their toll. Gas projects are advancing as officials push to develop and utilize more domestic gas reserves. Libya has commissioned a new gas processing plant in Sahl gas field in Sirte basin and plans aremore » under way for development of Tahaddi field, Libya's largest gas field with 9 Tcf.« less

Center Pivot Irrigated Agriculture, Libya

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1981-01-01

A view of the Faregh Agricultural Station in the Great Calanscio Sand Sea, Libya (26.5N, 22.0E) about 300 miles southeast of Benghazi. A pattern of water wells have been drilled several miles apart to support a quarter mile center-pivot-swing-arm agricultural irrigation system. The crop grown is alfalfa which is eaten on location by flocks of sheep following the swing arm as it rotates. At maturity, the sheep are flown to market throughout Libya.

From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect: From Kosovo to Libya and Beyond

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

attacking bridges, highways, airports, telecommunications facilities, electrical production, factories, and oil refineries. 13 Many of these targets...22, no. 3 (September 2008): 285. 29 MAJ Helene E. Caras , ―Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo: The Importance of Legal and Moral Issues‖ (monograph...Libya resolution to crusades.‖ reuters.com. 21 March 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/21/us-libya-russia-idUSTRE72K3JR20110321. Caras

PubMed Medical publications from Libya

PubMed Central

Bakoush, O; Al-Tubuly, AA; Ashammakhi, N; Elkhammas, EA

2007-01-01

Medical research and publications are the back-bone for advancing the medical field. We identified the Pubmed medical publications that are affiliated with Libya to shed some light on the contribution of this country's medical community to the PubMed database. All publications affiliated with Libya in the PubMed were counted over a five year period ending December 2006. We also used the same method to obtain data on the PubMed medical publications from Tunisia, Morocco and Yemen. Tunisia had the largest number of PubMed publications among the studied countries: 20.4 publications per million population per year and 7.2 publications per year per one billion US$ GDP. Libya had much fewer publications: 2.4 publications per million population per year and 0.4 publications per one billion US$ GDP. The citation frequency for Libyan published research was very low compared to Tunisian and Moroccan related research. Conclusion: This preliminary analysis shows that medical research output in Libya is about twenty times less than in other countries with similar backgrounds, and that it needs to be enhanced. PMID:21503210

Obesity in Libya: a review

PubMed Central

Elmehdawi, Rafik R.; Albarsha, Abdulwahab M.

2012-01-01

Obesity is a global epidemic resulting in major morbidity and premature death. About 64% of Libyan adults are either overweight or obese, obesity progressively increasing with age, and two times more common among Libyan women than men. Cases of obesity and overweight are increasing in Libya as well as all over the world, with genetic and environmental factors playing a contributory role. With its known significant morbidity and mortality, obesity should draw the attention of the healthcare community, researchers, and policy makers in Libya. PMID:22899968

Characterization of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Viruses from Poultry in Libya.

PubMed

Kammon, Abdulwahab; Heidari, Alireza; Dayhum, Abdunaser; Eldaghayes, Ibrahim; Sharif, Monier; Monne, Isabela; Cattoli, Giovanni; Asheg, Abdulatif; Farhat, Milad; Kraim, Elforjani

2015-09-01

On March 2013, the Libyan poultry industry faced severe outbreaks due to mixed infections of APMV-1 (Newcastle disease) and low pathogenic avian influenza (AI) of the H9N2 subtype which were causing high mortality and great economic losses. APMV-1 and H9N2 were isolated and characterized. Genetic sequencing of the APMV-1/chicken/Libya/13VIR/ 7225-1/2013 isolate revealed the presence of a velogenic APMV-1 belonging to lineage 5 (GRRRQKR*F Lin.5) or genotype VII in class II, according to the nomenclature in use. Three AI viruses of the H9N2 subtype, namely A/avian/Libya/13VIR7225-2/2013, A/avian/Libya/13VIR7225-3/2013, and A/avian/Libya/13VIR7225-5/2013, were isolated and found to belong to the G1 lineage. Analysis of amino acid sequences showed that the analyzed H9N2 viruses contained the amino acid Leu at position 226 (H3 numbering) at the receptor binding site of the HA, responsible for human virus-like receptor specificity. On March 2014, an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of the H5N1 subtype was diagnosed in a backyard poultry farm in an eastern region of Libya. The H5N1 isolate (A/chicken/Libya/14VIR2749-16/2014) was detected by real time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). Genetic characterization of the HA gene revealed that the identified subtype was highly pathogenic, belonged to the 2.2.1 lineage, and clustered with recent Egyptian viruses. This study revealed the presence of a velogenic APMV-1 genotype and of two influenza subtypes, namely HPAI H5N1 and H9N2, which are of major interest for public and animal health. Considering these findings, more investigations must be undertaken to establish and implement adequate influenza surveillance programs; this would allow better study of the epidemiology of APMV-1 genotype VII in Libya and evaluation of the current vaccination strategies.

77 FR 26316 - Sunshine Act Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-03

... Proposed Decisions in claims against Libya. Thursday, May 17, 2012: 9:00 a.m.--Issuance of Proposed Decisions in claims against Libya. Status: Open. All meetings are held at the Foreign Claims Settlement...

Vascular access in patients receiving hemodialysis in Libya.

PubMed

Alashek, Wiam A; McIntyre, Christopher W; Taal, Maarten W

2012-01-01

A native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) represents the optimal form of Vascular Access (VA) for patients receiving hemodialysis (HD). In Libya there are several barriers to AVF creation including lack of adequate preparation for dialysis and surgical services. We aimed to conduct the first comprehensive study of VA utilisation in HD patients in Libya. A prospective observational study included all adult patients receiving HD treatment in 25 HD facilities in Libya from May 2009 to Nov 2011. Researchers gathered data regarding VA through interviews with staff and patients as well as medical records. Patients with definitive VA were re-interviewed after 1 year. At baseline the majority of patients (91.9%; n=1573) were using permanent VA in the form of AVF or arteriovenous graft. Patients with permanent VA were more likely to be male and less likely to be diabetic than those with CVCs. Most patients had commenced HD using a temporary CVC (91.8%). VA-related complications were: thrombosis (46.7%), aneurysm (22.6%), infection (11.5%) and haemorrhage (10.2%). Incident VA thrombosis was reported by 14.7% in 1 year. Independent risk factors for incident thrombosis were female gender and diabetes. Hospitalisation for VA related complications was reported by 31.4%. Few patients in Libya initiate HD with definitive VA, but most achieve it thereafter. Improved dialysis preparation and increased provision of surgical services are required to increase the proportion of patients initiating HD with definitive VA and should be a priority in rebuilding health services in Libya after the recent conflict.

A negative trend of biomedical research in Libya: a bibliometric study.

PubMed

Benamer, Hani T S; Bredan, Amin; Bakoush, Omran

2009-09-01

It is well established that Libya is lagging behind its peers in biomedical research. The aim of this study is to analyse all the original biomedical publications affiliated with Libya from 1973 to 2007. PubMed and the Science Citation Index Expanded were searched for 'original research' biomedical studies affiliated with Libya. The generated data were hand searched and 329 'original research' studies were included in the analysis. The first study was published in 1973. Publication rate peaked to an average of 15.2 studies per year during 1986-1996 and dropped to an average of 8.8 studies per year during 1997-2007. Of 166 first authors; 41% were Libyans and 59% were expatriates. The latter contributed 104 studies between 1986 and 1996 and 36 studies between 1997 and 2007, while the Libyans contributed 63 and 61 studies in the two respective periods. Authors affiliated with Benghazi produced 67% of the published studies, while authors from Tripoli produced 30% and other medical schools, hospitals and research centres from other Libyan cities produced only 3%. This study showed a decline in biomedical research publication in Libya. We propose that the lack of a research culture among the Libyan medical professionals is one of the factors contributing to this decline, which coincided with the departure of expatriate doctors from Libya. Raising awareness of the importance of research and improving research skills among Libyan medical professionals may help to reverse the current trend.

Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium spp. in Libya: 2000–2015

PubMed Central

Ghenghesh, Khalifa Sifaw; Ghanghish, Khaled; BenDarif, Elloulu T.; Shembesh, Khaled; Franka, Ezzadin

2016-01-01

Introduction The intestinal protozoa Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium spp. are the causative agents of giardiasis, amebiasis, and cryptosporidiosis, respectively. Adequate knowledge of the geographical distribution of parasites and the demographic variables that influence their prevalence is important for effective control of infection in at-risk populations. Methods The data were obtained by an English language literature search of Medline and PubMed for papers using the search terms ‘intestinal parasites and Libya, G. lamblia and Libya, E. histolytica and Libya and Cryptosporidium and Libya’ for the period 2000–2015. Results The data obtained for the period 2000–2015 showed prevalence rates of 0.8–36.6% (mean 19.9%) for E. histolytica/dispar, 1.2–18.2% (mean 4.6%) for G. lamblia and 0.9–13% (mean 3.4%) for Cryptosporidium spp. among individuals in Libya with gastroenteritis (GE). On the other hand, prevalence rates of 0.8–16.3% (mean 8.3%), 1.8–28.8% (mean 4.8%), and 1.0–2.5% (mean=2.4), respectively, were observed for individuals without GE. The mean prevalence rate of E. histolytica/dispar was significantly higher among individuals with GE compared with those without GE (p<0.0000001, OR=2.74). No significant difference in prevalence rate of the three organisms was found according to gender, but most of infections were observed in children aged 10 years or younger. Conclusion The reviewed data suggest that E. histolytica, G. lamblia, and Cryptosporidium spp. may play a minor role in GE in Libya. The observed high prevalence rates of E. histolytica/dispar reported from Libya could be due mainly to the non-pathogenic E. dispar and E. moshkovskii. However, more studies are needed in the future using E. histolytica-specific enzyme immunoassays and/or molecular methods to confirm this observation. PMID:27363524

77 FR 65604 - Designation of One Individual Pursuant to Executive Order 13566 of February 25, 2011

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-29

... Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Libya.'' DATES: The designation by the Director of OFAC of the... issued Executive Order 13566, ``Blocking Property and Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Libya...

Plague Outbreak in Libya, 2009, Unrelated to Plague in Algeria

PubMed Central

Cabanel, Nicolas; Leclercq, Alexandre; Chenal-Francisque, Viviane; Annajar, Badereddin; Rajerison, Minoarisoa; Bekkhoucha, Souad; Bertherat, Eric

2013-01-01

After 25 years of no cases of plague, this disease recurred near Tobruk, Libya, in 2009. An epidemiologic investigation identified 5 confirmed cases. We determined ribotypes, Not1 restriction profiles, and IS100 and IS1541 hybridization patterns of strains isolated during this outbreak. We also analyzed strains isolated during the 2003 plague epidemic in Algeria to determine whether there were epidemiologic links between the 2 events. Our results demonstrate unambiguously that neighboring but independent plague foci coexist in Algeria and Libya. They also indicate that these outbreaks were most likely caused by reactivation of organisms in local or regional foci believed to be dormant (Libya) or extinct (Algeria) for decades, rather than by recent importation of Yersinia pestis from distant foci. Environmental factors favorable for plague reemergence might exist in this area and lead to reactivation of organisms in other ancient foci. PMID:23347743

Plague outbreak in Libya, 2009, unrelated to plague in Algeria.

PubMed

Cabanel, Nicolas; Leclercq, Alexandre; Chenal-Francisque, Viviane; Annajar, Badereddin; Rajerison, Minoarisoa; Bekkhoucha, Souad; Bertherat, Eric; Carniel, Elisabeth

2013-02-01

After 25 years of no cases of plague, this disease recurred near Tobruk, Libya, in 2009. An epidemiologic investigation identified 5 confirmed cases. We determined ribotypes, Not1 restriction profiles, and IS100 and IS1541 hybridization patterns of strains isolated during this outbreak. We also analyzed strains isolated during the 2003 plague epidemic in Algeria to determine whether there were epidemiologic links between the 2 events. Our results demonstrate unambiguously that neighboring but independent plague foci coexist in Algeria and Libya. They also indicate that these outbreaks were most likely caused by reactivation of organisms in local or regional foci believed to be dormant (Libya) or extinct (Algeria) for decades, rather than by recent importation of Yersinia pestis from distant foci. Environmental factors favorable for plague reemergence might exist in this area and lead to reactivation of organisms in other ancient foci.

Breast cancer patients in Libya: Comparison with European and central African patients

PubMed Central

BODER, JAMELA MOSTAFA E.; ELMABROUK ABDALLA, FATHI B.; ELFAGEIH, MOHAMED AHMED; ABUSAA, ABUAGELA; BUHMEIDA, ABDELBASET; COLLAN, YRJÖ

2011-01-01

The present study evaluated the incidence of breast cancer in Libya and described the clinicopathological and demographic features. These features were then compared with corresponding data from patients from sub-Saharan Africa (Nigeria) and Europe (Finland). The study consisted of 234 patients with breast carcinoma, admitted to the African Oncology Institute in Sabratha, Libya, during the years 2002–2006. The pathological features were collected from pathology reports, patient histories from hospital files and the Sabratha Cancer Registry. The demographic differences between the Libyan, Nigerian and Finnish populations were prominent. The mean age of breast cancer patients in Libya was 46 years which was almost identical to that of Nigeria, but much lower than that of Finland. The Libyan breast cancer incidence was evaluated as 18.8 per 100,000 female individuals. This incidence was markedly higher in Finland, but was also high in Nigeria. Libyan and Nigerian breast cancer is predominantly of premenopausal type and exhibits unfavorable characteristics such as high histological grade and stage, large tumor size and frequent lymph node metastases. However, the histological types and histopathological risk features show similar importance regarding survival as European breast cancer cases. Survival in Libya ranks between the rates of survival in Nigeria (lowest) and Finland (highest). In conclusion, in Libya and other African countries, premenopausal breast cancer is more common than postmenopausal breast cancer. However, the opposite is true for Europe. Population differences may be involved, as suggested by the known variation, in the distribution of genetic markers in these populations. Different types of environmental impacts, however, cannot be excluded. PMID:22866085

Libya: Background and U.S. Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-13

for nuclear weapons designs or enrichment equipment disclosed by Libya. Leslie Lopez, “Libyans Got Nuclear Training at Malaysian Company, Police Say...characterized by continuous bargaining and rivalry among the provincial governments over taxation , development, and constitutional issues. In 1963, King

76 FR 38620 - International Fisheries; Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; Bluefin Tuna Import, Export, Re-Export

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-01

...: Libya's inability to participate in the ICCAT regional observer program this year as confirmed by the... the bluefin tuna fishery. Thus, any product taken by Libya's purse seine fleet under these conditions...

31 CFR 570.301 - Blocked account; blocked property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Government of Libya or any other person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to § 570.201, or in which the Government of Libya or such person has an interest, and with respect to which...

31 CFR 570.301 - Blocked account; blocked property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Government of Libya or any other person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to § 570.201, or in which the Government of Libya or such person has an interest, and with respect to which...

31 CFR 570.301 - Blocked account; blocked property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Government of Libya or any other person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to § 570.201, or in which the Government of Libya or such person has an interest, and with respect to which...

31 CFR 570.301 - Blocked account; blocked property.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Government of Libya or any other person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to § 570.201, or in which the Government of Libya or such person has an interest, and with respect to which...

Libya: Background and U.S. Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-13

nuclear weapons designs or enrichment equipment disclosed by Libya. Leslie Lopez, “Libyans Got Nuclear Training at Malaysian Company, Police Say,” Wall...characterized by continuous bargaining and rivalry among the provincial governments over taxation , development, and constitutional issues. In 1963, King Idris

Oral cancer in Libya and development of regional oral cancer registries: A review.

PubMed

BenNasir, E; El Mistiri, M; McGowan, R; Katz, R V

2015-10-01

The aims of this paper are three-fold: (1) to summarize the current epidemiological data on oral cancer in Libya as reported in the published literature and as compared to other national oral cancer rates in the region; (2) to present both the history of the early development, and future goals, of population-based oral cancer tumor registries in Libya as they partner with the more established regional and international population-based cancer tumor registries; and, (3) to offer recommendations that will likely be required in the near future if these nascent, population-based Libyan oral cancer registries are to establish themselves as on-going registries for describing the oral cancer disease patterns and risk factors in Libya as well as for prevention and treatment. This comprehensive literature review revealed that the current baseline incidence of oral cancer in Libya is similar to those of other North Africa countries and China, but is relatively low compared to the United Kingdom, the United States, and India. The recently established Libyan National Cancer Registry Program, initiated in 2007, while envisioning five cooperating regional cancer registries, continues to operate at a relatively suboptimal level. Lack of adequate levels of national funding continue to plague its development…and the accompanying quality of service that could be provided to the Libyan people.

Absorptive capacity of Libya: a constrained expenditure approach. [Policy of max-minimize oil exports

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

El-Jehaimi, T.

This paper is concerned with estimating the absorptive capacity of Libya as it relates to the country's development objectives. Specifically, the paper will attempt, on the bases of analytical assumptions and a model of econometric relationships, to estimate the levels of oil exports which will be required in order to finance the economic development of Libya over the next ten years. By emphasizing the requirements of domestic development, the question of surplus will not arise and, unlike in some other works, the absorption problem will not be met. This approach, explained in detail, should give more realistic results since itmore » has been the policy of Libya to max-minimize oil exports since 1970, i.e., to export high enough to pay for imports and other foreign obligations such as foreign aid but low enough to not generate excess revenues. Excess revenues are revenues in excess of what is required to maintain the reserves/imports ratio at an optimum level. The conservation policy adopted by Libya has resulted in lowering production levels from a peak of 3.2 million barrels per day (mb/d) in 1970 to a little over 1 mb/d in 1975. This policy is expected to continue. (From Introduction)« less

Crude production still jumping in Libya

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wells, M.J.

1969-03-01

With the continued shutdown of the Suez Canal, Libya may become the world's fourth largest crude producer within the next few months, and become the leading Arab oil producing nation. Big field and terminal expansions now on hand for nearly all producing companies will raise crude capacity to over 3.8 million bpd by the end of 1969. The current year also is likely to be marked by some important changes in Libyan petroleum legislation and the basis of crude postings. All this is being reflected in Libya's growing voice in Arab oil councils. The steepness in the upward oil productionmore » curve is such that the 1968 average output of 2,599,800 bpd was a jump of 49.4% over the previous years. This gain raised Libya to sixth among the world's oil producers. A breakdown of production figures shows the amount of oil in barrels produced by the various companies in Libya for 1968. In addition to large capacity expansions now on hand for existing fields, virtually all of the producing companies, there are now several concessionaires which have made field discoveries in the past few months and who are negotiating with neighboring producers in the hopes of tying in with an existing pipeline system.« less

Biostratigraphic interpretation for the cyclic sedimentation in northwestern Libya

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tekbali, A.O.; Cornell, W.C.

1993-02-01

Mesozoic sediments in western Libya are best exposed along the Jabal Nafusah escarpment. This northeast-southwest trending structure overlooks the Al Jifarah plain and extends more than 300 km westward to connect with a T-shaped anticlinorium in Algeria and Tunisia. The Al Aziziyan fault (normal, north side down) parallels the northern edge of the escarpment and marks its initial position. Alternate deposition of marine and continental sediments began in the Triassic before the formation of a major monocline in the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous time. Subsequent epiorogenic movements and isostatic adjustments initiated a westward sloping shelf along the southern edge of themore » Tethys. As a result, the eastern and central regions of western Libya were subjected to severe erosion and coalescing of unconformities towards the topographic highs, prior to the deposition of the overstepping Kiklah Formation. Geometrical and physical interpretation of the Mesozoic sediments in the region, combined with paleogeographic reconstruction indicate that the post-Hercynian epiorogenic adjustments and fluctuations of the Tethys resulted in local cyclic sedimentation. Accurate age assessment of the boundaries between the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous facies in northwestern Libya can be carried out on the basis of microfloral and faunal distribution and makes possible correlation of aquifers and probable oil-bearing sequences in western Libya.« less

Defense.gov Special Report: U.S. Military Aids Middle East Evacuees

Science.gov Websites

Egyptians Home From Tunisia WASHINGTON, March 11, 2011 - A Marine Corps KC-130 aircraft has airlifted 45 , Libya U.S. Military Aircraft to Deliver Libya-related Aid U.S. Military Aircraft to Aid Egyptians

Cancers in Eastern Libya: First results from Benghazi Medical Center

PubMed Central

Bodalal, Zuhir; Azzuz, Raouf; Bendardaf, Riyad

2014-01-01

AIM: To study the pattern of cancer incidence and determine the incidence rates in Eastern Libya (for the first time in a decade). METHODS: A hospital-based registry of cancer patients was formed using records from the primary oncology center in eastern Libya - focusing on those diagnosed in the year 2012. RESULTS: The most common malignancies in men were cancers of the colon (22.3%, n = 90), lung (20.3%, n = 82), prostate (16.1%, n = 65), pancreas (4.2%, n = 17) and liver (4.2%, n = 17). For women, they were found to be cancers of the breast (41.5%, n = 213), colon (16.4%, n = 84), uterus (8%, n = 41), ovary (5.5%, n = 28) and pancreas (3.1%, n = 16). Additionally age-standardized rates (ASR) were determined for Libya. The different cities and towns in eastern Libya were compared for any variation. The city of Beida in particular was found to have a remarkably high incidence of gastric cancer. The different findings were discussed and comparisons were made with past literature as well as the incidence rates for neighbouring countries. The incidence rates given for the eastern region showed differences from previously reported values (i.e., the rate of colon cancer was the highest in North Africa whereas other malignancies occurred less frequently). Potential explanations for the urban-rural difference as well as the difference in incidence rates were put forth. The significance of this study is that it establishes a baseline of cancer incidence which should be the backbone for any future national cancer plan in Libya. CONCLUSION: Proper surveillance programs need to be in place and healthcare policy should be adjusted to take into account the more prevalent and pressing cancers in society. PMID:24876750

Cancers in Eastern Libya: first results from Benghazi Medical Center.

PubMed

Bodalal, Zuhir; Azzuz, Raouf; Bendardaf, Riyad

2014-05-28

To study the pattern of cancer incidence and determine the incidence rates in Eastern Libya (for the first time in a decade). A hospital-based registry of cancer patients was formed using records from the primary oncology center in eastern Libya - focusing on those diagnosed in the year 2012. The most common malignancies in men were cancers of the colon (22.3%, n = 90), lung (20.3%, n = 82), prostate (16.1%, n = 65), pancreas (4.2%, n = 17) and liver (4.2%, n = 17). For women, they were found to be cancers of the breast (41.5%, n = 213), colon (16.4%, n = 84), uterus (8%, n = 41), ovary (5.5%, n = 28) and pancreas (3.1%, n = 16). Additionally age-standardized rates (ASR) were determined for Libya. The different cities and towns in eastern Libya were compared for any variation. The city of Beida in particular was found to have a remarkably high incidence of gastric cancer. The different findings were discussed and comparisons were made with past literature as well as the incidence rates for neighbouring countries. The incidence rates given for the eastern region showed differences from previously reported values (i.e., the rate of colon cancer was the highest in North Africa whereas other malignancies occurred less frequently). Potential explanations for the urban-rural difference as well as the difference in incidence rates were put forth. The significance of this study is that it establishes a baseline of cancer incidence which should be the backbone for any future national cancer plan in Libya. Proper surveillance programs need to be in place and healthcare policy should be adjusted to take into account the more prevalent and pressing cancers in society.

Mechanical interaction between volcanic systems in Libya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elshaafi, Abdelsalam; Gudmundsson, Agust

2018-01-01

The spatial distributions of monogenetic volcanoes, primarily volcanic craters, within the four principal volcanic provinces of Libya are examined and presented on a volcano-density map. Six main volcanic clusters have been identified, referred to as volcanic systems. Remarkably, the Al Haruj (AHVP) and Nuqay (NVP) volcanic provinces have double-peak volcano-density distributions, while the Gharyan (GVP) and As Sawda (SVP) volcanic provinces have single-peak volcano-density distributions. We interpret each volcano-density peak as corresponding to a separate volcanic system, so that there is a total of six systems in these four provinces. There was an overlap in volcanic activity in these provinces with at least three simultaneously active. We propose that each of the 6 volcanic systems was/is supplied with magma from a large sill-like reservoir - similar in lateral dimensions to the systems/clusters themselves. Numerical results show zones of high tensile and shear stresses between the reservoirs that coincide roughly with the main swarms of extension (dykes and volcanic fissures) and shear (faults) fractures in the areas. The most recent volcanic eruptions in Libya fall within the modelled high-stress concentration zones, primarily eruptions in the volcano Waw an Namus and the Holocene Al Mashaqaq lava flow. There are no known eruptions in Libya in historical time, but some or all the volcanic systems may have had one or more arrested historical dyke injections. In particular, part of the recurrent seismic events in the Hun Graben in the northwest Libya may be related to dyke propagation and arrest. If some of the inferred magma reservoirs are still fluid, as is likely, they pose earthquake and volcanic hazards to parts of Libya, particularly to the city of Gharyan and Zallah town, as well as to many oil-field operations.

Environmental Technological Education in a Developing Country--Libya.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Walters, A. H.; And Others

1981-01-01

Presents an overview of environmental and developmental issues and concerns of Libya focusing on water resources, agriculture, and industrialization. Identifies the need for an environmental program coordinated by a council and for environmental technological education programs and materials specifically designed for Libyan students. (DC)

U.S. Geological Survey Assessment of Undiscovered Petroleum Resources of the Hamra Basin, Libya, 2006

USGS Publications Warehouse

,

2007-01-01

The Hamra Basin Province encompasses approximately 244,100 square kilometers (94,250 square miles) and is entirely within Libya. One composite total petroleum system (TPS) was defined for this assessment; it extends from Libya westward into adjacent parts of Algeria and southern Tunisia. The Hamra Basin part of the TPS was subdivided into four assessment units for the purpose of resource assessment. The assessment units cover only 172,390 square kilometers of the Hamra Basin Province; the remaining area has little potential for undiscovered petroleum resources because of the absence of petroleum source rocks. Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated mean volumes of 784 million barrels of crude oil, 4,748 billion cubic feet of natural gas, and 381 million barrels of natural gas liquids in the Hamra Basin of northwestern Libya. Most of the undiscovered crude oil and natural gas are interpreted to be in deeper parts of the Hamra Basin.

Libya: a dynamic Arab oil power

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hobbs, M.

1965-06-01

Libya has become the most dynamic oil-producing nation in the world. Less than 4 yr ago, Libya exported only peanuts, olive oil, and hides. Today, in crude-oil production Libya ranks eighth in the world, with daily production of 1.2 million bbl. Twenty-five oil companies hold concessions and have spent $1.3 billion developing reserves. Petroleum has brought new wealth to the country- an estimated $272 million in 1965. Some 2.75 million ft of hole was drilled in 1964, resulting in 97 oil fields and 4 major basins. Lost circulation has been a problem Transportation and communication are difficult in the vastmore » Libyan desert. Water-contaminated crude and high salt content have plagued production. These problems are being solved. With 45 drillings rigs active, crude production is expected to reach 2 million bpd by 1966. Most of the rigs used are trailer-mounted, unitized 8,000-12,000 ft capacity, that have been specially adapted to work in the Sahara. The drilling-completion programs are briefly described.« less

Natural Infection of Phlebotomus sergenti by Leishmania tropica in Libya.

PubMed

Dokhan, Mostafa Ramadhan; Jaouadi, Kaouther; Salem, Sadok; Zenbil, Osama; Gonzalez, Jean Paul; Ben Salah, Afif; Annajar, Badreddin Bashir

2018-03-12

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a public health concern caused by Leishmania ( L. ) major and ( L. ) tropica in Libya. Information on sandfly vectors, as well as their associated Leishmania species, is of paramount importance because vector dispersion is one of the major factors responsible for pathogen dissemination. A number of 515 sandflies (275 males and 240 females) were collected during June-November 2012 using the CDC miniature light traps from Al Rabta, northwest of Libya. Two hundred and forty unfed females were identified; Phlebotomus ( Ph. ) papatasi ( N = 97), Ph. sergenti ( N = 27), Ph. longicuspis ( N = 32), Sergentomyia ( Se. ) minuta ( N = 38), and Se. fallax ( N = 46). These flies were screened for Leishmania DNA using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the internal transcribed spacer 1 and sequencing. Two Ph. sergenti were found positive to L. tropica DNA. This finding should be considered for any further vector surveillance and epidemiological studies of CL in endemic areas across Libya.

Libya: A Future Arab Democracy

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-21

with the Berber tribes of North Africa. The eastern region of Cyrenaica is more closely associated with the Arab states of the Middle East...Springborg’s analysis is nationalism. Libya has a strong sense of national identity as well as a very homogeneous population that is 97% Berber /Arab

76 FR 27845 - Drawdown Pursuant to Section 552(c)(2) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended, of up...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-13

... Civilian-Populated Areas Under Threat of Attack in Libya Memorandum for the Secretary of State [and] the... civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in Libya. The Secretary of State is authorized...

Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection in Libya: results from a national population based survey.

PubMed

Daw, Mohamed A; El-Bouzedi, Abdallah

2014-01-09

Libya is one of the largest countries in Africa and has the longest coast in the Mediterranean basin facing southern Europe. High rates of prevalence of viral hepatitis have been observed in various regions in Africa, but the prevalence in Libya is not well documented. We report on a large-scale nationwide study that evaluated the epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in Libya and assessed the risk factors involved. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2008 on 65,761 individuals all over Libya. The country was divided into 12 regions according to the population density and sampling within each region was carried out under the supervision of the National Centre for Prevention of Infectious Diseases. Serum samples were collected from both males and females of all ages in both urban and rural areas and tested for HBsAg for hepatitis B and anti-HCV antibody for hepatitis C. Prevalence rates were determined in regions and in different groups and correlated with different demographic and risk factors involved in the spread of these viruses. The prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses varied regionally across the country. The overall prevalence of hepatitis B was 2.2% (95% CI 2.1%-2.3%) and was higher among males than females (1.4:1.0). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence was 1.2% (95% CI 1.1-1.3) and it increased gradually after the age of 30 years (0.7-0.9% for < 30 years; 3.6% for ≥ 60 years). Prevalence of HBsAg was 0.8-0.9% below the age of 10 years, and higher but similar in older age groups (2.3-2.7%). There was an association between literacy and prevalence of hepatitis, particularly for HCV. Hospital admission, surgical operation, blood transfusion, and intravenous drug use were the main risk factors, and they were associated independently with a higher prevalence rate of viral hepatitis. Libya may be considered an area of low-intermediate endemicity for hepatitis B virus infection, with lower rates in young age groups, and an area of low endemicity for hepatitis C. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C across Libya is not homogeneous, with indications of the effect of the higher rates in some neighbouring countries. Libya should adopt full coverage national plans and guidelines to face the future consequences of viral hepatitis, particularly hepatitis C virus.

Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection in Libya: results from a national population based survey

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background Libya is one of the largest countries in Africa and has the longest coast in the Mediterranean basin facing southern Europe. High rates of prevalence of viral hepatitis have been observed in various regions in Africa, but the prevalence in Libya is not well documented. We report on a large-scale nationwide study that evaluated the epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in Libya and assessed the risk factors involved. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2008 on 65,761 individuals all over Libya. The country was divided into 12 regions according to the population density and sampling within each region was carried out under the supervision of the National Centre for Prevention of Infectious Diseases. Serum samples were collected from both males and females of all ages in both urban and rural areas and tested for HBsAg for hepatitis B and anti-HCV antibody for hepatitis C. Prevalence rates were determined in regions and in different groups and correlated with different demographic and risk factors involved in the spread of these viruses. Results The prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses varied regionally across the country. The overall prevalence of hepatitis B was 2.2% (95% CI 2.1%-2.3%) and was higher among males than females (1.4:1.0). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence was 1.2% (95% CI 1.1-1.3) and it increased gradually after the age of 30 years (0.7-0.9% for < 30 years; 3.6% for ≥ 60 years). Prevalence of HBsAg was 0.8-0.9% below the age of 10 years, and higher but similar in older age groups (2.3-2.7%). There was an association between literacy and prevalence of hepatitis, particularly for HCV. Hospital admission, surgical operation, blood transfusion, and intravenous drug use were the main risk factors, and they were associated independently with a higher prevalence rate of viral hepatitis. Conclusions Libya may be considered an area of low-intermediate endemicity for hepatitis B virus infection, with lower rates in young age groups, and an area of low endemicity for hepatitis C. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C across Libya is not homogeneous, with indications of the effect of the higher rates in some neighbouring countries. Libya should adopt full coverage national plans and guidelines to face the future consequences of viral hepatitis, particularly hepatitis C virus. PMID:24405790

Attitudes towards people with intellectual disability in the UK and Libya: A cross-cultural comparison.

PubMed

Benomir, Aisha M; Nicolson, Roderick I; Beail, Nigel

2016-01-01

The attitude of the general population towards people with intellectual disability (ID) provides important background for policy development. Furthermore, because of changes in attitudes across cultures, it is vital to ground policy development for each country in data from that country. This paper aimed to undertake a cross-cultural study, investigating attitudes to people with ID in Libya in the year 2011, and to compare the Libyan data with those for the UK. This paper provides a cross-cultural analysis of attitudes to people with ID, using a questionnaire study of three groups in Libya and in the UK: science students, psychology students and professionals in ID support. The questionnaire used was the established Community Living Attitude Scales for Mental Retardation (CLAS-MR). In terms of the four CLAS-MR sub-scales, the Libyan sample showed significantly less favourable scores on Empowerment, Similarity and Exclusion than the UK sample, but no significant difference on the Sheltering sub-scale. Within-country analysis indicated no main effects of gender on all four sub-scales in Libya and the UK. This study is the first to undertake quantitative analysis of attitudes to people with ID in Libya. The attitudes were in general less favourable than in the UK and other Western countries, but showed similarities with studies of attitudes to people with ID in Pakistan. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Performance analysis of rain attenuation on earth-to-satellite microwave links design in Libya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rafiqul Islam, Md; Hussein Budalal, Asma Ali; Habaebi, Mohamed H.; Badron, Khairayu; Fadzil Ismail, Ahmad

2017-11-01

Performances of earth-to-satellite microwave links operating in Ku, Ka, and V-bands are degraded by the environment and strongly attenuated by rain. Rain attenuation is the most significant consideration and challenge to design a reliable earth-to-satellite microwave links for these frequency bands. Hence, it is essential for satellite link designer to take into account rain fade margin accurately before system implementation. Rain rate is the main measured parameter to predict of rain attenuation. Rainfall statistical data measured and recorded in Libya for the period of 30 years are collected from 5 locations. The prediction methods require one minute integration time rain intensity. Therefore, collected data were analyzed and processed to convert into one-minute rain rate cumulative distribution in Libya. The model proposed by ITU-R is used to predict and investigate rain fade based on converted 1-minute rain rate data. Rain fade predicted at two locations are used for performance analysis in terms of link spectral efficiency and throughput. V-band downlink shows that 99.99% availability is possible in all the Southern part stations in Libya at 0.29 bps/Hz spectral efficiency and 20.74 Mbps throughput when 72 MHz transponder band width is used which is not feasible in Northern part. Results of this paper will be a very useful resource to design highly reliable earth-to-satellite communication links in Libya.

Completion of the 1:1,500,000-Scale Geologic Map of Western Libya Montes and Northwestern Tyrrhena Terra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huff, A. E.; Skinner, J. A.

2018-06-01

Final progress report on the 1:1,500,000-scale mapping of western Libya Montes and northwestern Tyrrhena Terra. The final unit names, labels, and descriptions are reported as well as the methodology for age determinations and brief geologic history.

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

A 100-item bibliography with abstracts of books, newspaper articles, and periodical articles in English and French published predominantly in 1970 offers information on various aspects of education in Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia. Emphasis is placed on sections dealing with: (1) educational philosophy, administration, statistics, and…

From Oasis to Mirage: The Aquifers That Won't Replenish.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gardner, Gary

1995-01-01

Tells the story of three fossil aquifers, in Saudi Arabia, Libya, and the United States, that are mined at nonrenewable rates for agricultural irrigation. Examines the consequences of a collision between rising consumption and falling groundwater supplies. Charts Libya's projected water needs compared to renewable supply, 1985-2030. (LZ)

Modern Professionalism in Libya: Attitudes of University Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Al-Nouri, Qais N.

1975-01-01

This article discusses research which studies the attitudes of university students in Libya toward various aspects of occupational life. Findings include 1) that students have a limited enthusiasm for higher education and professional training, and 2) that female students have a high receptivity and readiness to venture into male dominated…

Energy Crisis: Libya's and Nigeria's Role. Resource Packet.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

African-American Inst., New York, NY. School Services Div.

This resource packet contains practical suggestions and resource materials to help secondary teachers teach about Libya's and Nigeria's roles in the energy crisis. Students become acquainted with the governments and cultures of the two countries, examine their social problems, and learn how the Libyan and Nigerian governments are using money from…

78 FR 11547 - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Libya

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-15

... the people of Libya, including by using weapons of war, mercenaries, and wanton violence against... continue in effect beyond February 25, 2013. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National... Vol. 78 Friday, No. 32 February 15, 2013 Part VII The President Notice of February 13, 2013...

76 FR 28503 - Identification of Three Entities as Government of Libya Entities Pursuant to Executive Order 13566

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-17

... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of Foreign Assets Control Identification of Three Entities as Government of Libya Entities Pursuant to Executive Order 13566 AGENCY: Department of the Treasury. ACTION... names of three entities identified on May 5, 2011 as persons whose property and interests in property...

Defense.gov Special Report: Travels with Gates - June 2011

Science.gov Websites

Endorses Decision to Extend Libya Operation Through Early Fall BRUSSELS, June 8, 2011 - NATO Secretary Operation Unified Protector in Libya by 90 days. Story Gates Says Coalition, Afghans Can Turn Corner in Available jobs with DOD Top Issues Targeted Operations Against ISIL Terrorists Operation Atlantic Resolve

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Vol. 1 No. 3 1967.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

This annotated compilation of 108 educational publications in Arabic, French, and English includes texts and data on elementary and secondary school curricula in the Maghreb countries (Tunisia, Morroco, Algeria, and Libya). Categories in this bibliography include--(1) Philosophy and Theory of Education, (2) Administration of the Educational…

Selected Bibliography of Materials; Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Volume 1, Number 2, 1967.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

A bibliography with abstracts of 106 items from books and articles covers materials on education in the Maghreb countries of Tunisia, Libya, Algeria, and Morocco. Special emphasis is given to the two problems besetting the area's educational system: illiteracy and multilingualism. The entries cover philosophy and theory of education,…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Volume 8, Number 1, 1974.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

This annotated bibliography contains 100 English-language annotations of newspapers and government publications covering educational topics of interest to North Africans. The majority of the items cited were published in 1974. Citations are categorized by country: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia. Within these major categories are subtopics…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Vol. 4, No. 2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

A 100-item bibliography with abstracts of books, newspaper articles, and periodical articles in English and French published predominantly in 1970 offers information on various aspects of education in Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia. Emphasis is placed on sections dealing with educational organization in primary, secondary, vocational, and…

Dysgenic Fertility, Intelligence and Family Size in Libya

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Al-Shahomee, Alsedig Abdalgadr; Lynn, Richard; Abdalla, Saleh El-ghmary

2013-01-01

The Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) was administered to a sample of 592 16 year old school students in Libya. There was a small negative correlation of -0.14 between SPM scores and the number of siblings, indicating only marginal dysgenic fertility. Supplementary material giving the data is given online. (Contains 1 table.)

Clinical Pattern of Bullous Disorders in Eastern Libya.

PubMed

Kanwar, A T; Singh, M; Ei-Mangoush, I M; Bharija, S C; Belhaj, M S

1987-01-01

A retrospective clinical analysis of 66 patients with various bullous disorders seen over a period of 5 years in Benghazi, Libya showed that pemphigus vulgaris was the commonest disorder followed by buuous' petaphigoid. Other bullous dermatoses were rare. The clinical picture and treatment schedule with follow up of some patient is presented.

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Volume 4, Number 1, 1970.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine, Comp.; And Others

A 100-item bibliography with abstracts of books, newspaper articles, and periodical articles in English and French published predominantly in 1969 offers information on various aspects of education in Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia. Emphasis is placed on sections dealing with educational organization in primary, secondary, vocational, and…

Non-Linearities in Returns to Education in Libya.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arabsheibani, Reza G.; Manfor, Lamine

2001-01-01

Results of study of personal return on investment in years of schooling in Libya indicate that association is nonlinear, unlike the results of similar studies, which found a linear association between level of schooling and earnings. Finds largest marginal return after 8 years of schooling, a nondiploma year. (Contains 17 references.) (PKP)

76 FR 14271 - Unexpected Urgent Refugee and Migration Needs Related to Libya

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-16

... March 7, 2011 Unexpected Urgent Refugee and Migration Needs Related to Libya Memorandum for the... States, including section 2(c)(1) of the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962 (the ``Act''), as... million from the United States Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance Fund, for the purpose of meeting...

Reevaluation of the Seismicity and seismic hazards of Northeastern Libya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ben Suleman, abdunnur; Aousetta, Fawzi

2014-05-01

Libya, located at the northern margin of the African continent, underwent many episodes of orogenic activities. These episodes of orogenic activities affected and shaped the geological setting of the country. This study represents a detailed investigation that aims to focus on the seismicity and its implications on earthquake hazards of Northeastern Libya. At the end of year 2005 the Libyan National Seismological Network starts functioning with 15 stations. The Seismicity of the area under investigation was reevaluated using data recorded by the recently established network. The Al-Maraj earthquake occurred in May 22nd 2005was analyzed. This earthquake was located in a known seismically active area. This area was the sight of the well known 1963 earthquake that kills over 200 people. Earthquakes were plotted and resulting maps were interpreted and discussed. The level of seismic activity is higher in some areas, such as the city of Al-Maraj. The offshore areas north of Al-Maraj seem to have higher seismic activity. It is highly recommended that the recent earthquake activity is considered in the seismic hazard assessments for the northeastern part of Libya.

A new species of Apidium (Anthropoidea, Parapithecidae) from the Sirt Basin, central Libya: First record of Oligocene primates from Libya.

PubMed

Beard, K Christopher; Coster, Pauline M C; Salem, Mustafa J; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques

2016-01-01

A new species of Apidium is the most common primate currently known from a newly discovered site near Zallah Oasis in the Sirt Basin of central Libya. Based on current knowledge of the associated fauna, this new species of Apidium is early Oligocene in age, being roughly contemporaneous with faunas from Quarries G and V in the upper part of the Jebel Qatrani Formation in Egypt that also contain species of Apidium. A phylogenetic analysis based on dental characters indicates that the new species of Apidium from Libya is the sister group of Apidium phiomense. Apidium bowni and Apidium moustafai from the Jebel Qatrani Formation in the Fayum are similar in age to the new species of Apidium from Libya, but both of these Egyptian species are more distantly related to A. phiomense from younger stratigraphic levels in the Fayum. This phylogenetic pattern underscores the benefit of enhanced geographic sampling of the fossil record, even in cases where local records are thought to be reasonably comprehensive and well documented. Oligocene parapithecids can be partitioned into two clades corresponding to the subfamilies Parapithecinae (containing Parapithecus and Simonsius) and Qatraniinae (including Qatrania and Apidium). Climatic deterioration during the early Oligocene may have impacted the macroevolutionary dynamics of early Afro-Arabian anthropoids by fostering the fragmentation of forest habitats, thereby promoting allopatric speciation among widespread populations of Apidium and other arboreal taxa. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

First Molecular Epidemiological Study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Libya

PubMed Central

Amro, Ahmad; Gashout, Aisha; Al-Dwibe, Hamida; Zahangir Alam, Mohammad; Annajar, Badereddin; Hamarsheh, Omar; Shubar, Hend; Schönian, Gabriele

2012-01-01

Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health problem in Libya. The objective of this study was to investigate, for the first time, epidemiological features of CL outbreaks in Libya including molecular identification of parasites, the geographical distribution of cases and possible scenarios of parasite transmission. Methodology/Principal Findings We studied 450 patients that came from 49 areas distributed in 12 districts in north-west Libya. The patients' ages ranged from 9 months to 87 years (median age 25 years); 54% of the cases were males. Skin scrapings spotted on glass slides were collected for molecular identification of causative agent. The ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) was amplified and subsequently characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. In total, 195 samples were successfully identified of which 148 (75.9%) were Leishmania major, and 47 (24.1%) Leishmania tropica. CL cases infected with L. major were found in all CL areas whereas L. tropica cases came mainly from Al Jabal Al Gharbi (46.4%), Misrata (17.8%) and Tarhuna districts (10.7%). A trend of seasonality was noticed for the infections with L. major which showed a clear peak between November and January, but was less pronounced for infections by L. tropica. Conclusion The first molecular study on CL in Libya revealed that the disease is caused by L. major and L. tropica and the epidemiological patterns in the different foci were the same as in other Mediterranean foci of CL. PMID:22724036

First molecular epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Libya.

PubMed

Amro, Ahmad; Gashout, Aisha; Al-Dwibe, Hamida; Zahangir Alam, Mohammad; Annajar, Badereddin; Hamarsheh, Omar; Shubar, Hend; Schönian, Gabriele

2012-01-01

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health problem in Libya. The objective of this study was to investigate, for the first time, epidemiological features of CL outbreaks in Libya including molecular identification of parasites, the geographical distribution of cases and possible scenarios of parasite transmission. We studied 450 patients that came from 49 areas distributed in 12 districts in north-west Libya. The patients' ages ranged from 9 months to 87 years (median age 25 years); 54% of the cases were males. Skin scrapings spotted on glass slides were collected for molecular identification of causative agent. The ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) was amplified and subsequently characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. In total, 195 samples were successfully identified of which 148 (75.9%) were Leishmania major, and 47 (24.1%) Leishmania tropica. CL cases infected with L. major were found in all CL areas whereas L. tropica cases came mainly from Al Jabal Al Gharbi (46.4%), Misrata (17.8%) and Tarhuna districts (10.7%). A trend of seasonality was noticed for the infections with L. major which showed a clear peak between November and January, but was less pronounced for infections by L. tropica. The first molecular study on CL in Libya revealed that the disease is caused by L. major and L. tropica and the epidemiological patterns in the different foci were the same as in other Mediterranean foci of CL.

Disease Mapping for Stomach Cancer in Libya Based on Besag– York– Mollié (BYM) Model

PubMed

Alhdiri, Maryam Ahmed Salem; Samat, Nor Azah; Mohamed, Zulkifley

2017-06-25

Globally, Cancer is the ever-increasing health problem and most common cause of medical deaths. In Libya, it is an important health concern, especially in the setting of an aging population and limited healthcare facilities. Therefore, the goal of this research is to map of the county’ cancer incidence rate using the Bayesian method and identify the high-risk regions (for the first time in a decade). In the field of disease mapping, very little has been done to address the issue of analyzing sparse cancer diseases in Libya. Standardized Morbidity Ratio or SMR is known as a traditional approach to measure the relative risk of the disease, which is the ratio of observed and expected number of accounts in a region that has the greatest uncertainty if the disease is rare or small geographical region. Therefore, to solve some of SMR’s problems, we used statistical smoothing or Bayesian models to estimate the relative risk for stomach cancer incidence in Libya in 2007 based on the BYM model. This research begins with a short offer of the SMR and Bayesian model with BYM model, which we applied to stomach cancer incidence in Libya. We compared all of the results using maps and tables. We found that BYM model is potentially beneficial, because it gives better relative risk estimates compared to SMR method. As well as, it has can overcome the classical method problem when there is no observed stomach cancer in a region. Creative Commons Attribution License

Antimicrobial resistance in Libya: 1970–2011

PubMed Central

Ghenghesh, Khalifa Sifaw; Rahouma, Amal; Tawil, Khaled; Zorgani, Abdulaziz; Franka, Ezzedin

2013-01-01

Resistance to antimicrobial agents is a major health problem that affects the whole world. Providing information on the past state of antimicrobial resistance in Libya may assist the health authorities in addressing the problem more effectively in the future. Information was obtained mainly from Highwire Press (including PubMed) search for the period 1970–2011 using the terms ‘antibiotic resistance in Libya’, ‘antimicrobial resistance in Libya’, ‘tuberculosis in Libya’, and ‘primary and acquired resistance in Libya’ in title and abstract. From 1970 to 2011 little data was available on antimicrobial resistance in Libya due to lack of surveillance and few published studies. Available data shows high resistance rates for Salmonella species in the late 1970s and has remained high to the present day. High prevalence rates (54–68%) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were reported in the last decade among S. aureus from patients with burns and surgical wound infections. No reports were found of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) or vancomycin-intermediate-resistant S. aureus (VISA) using standard methods from Libya up to the end of 2011. Reported rates of primary (i.e. new cases) and acquired (i.e. retreatment cases) multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) from the eastern region of Libya in 1971 were 16.6 and 33.3% and in 1976 were 8.6 and 14.7%, in western regions in 1984–1986 were 11 and 21.5% and in the whole country in 2011 were estimated at 3.4 and 29%, respectively. The problem of antibiotic resistance is very serious in Libya. The health authorities in particular and society in general should address this problem urgently. Establishing monitoring systems based on the routine testing of antimicrobial sensitivity and education of healthcare workers, pharmacists, and the community on the health risks associated with the problem and benefits of prudent use of antimicrobials are some steps that can be taken to tackle the problem in the future. PMID:23537612

31 CFR 570.304 - Government of Libya.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Blocked Persons List (“SDN List”) with the identifier “[LIBYA2].” The SDN List is accessible through the following page on OFAC's Web site: http://www.treasury.gov/sdn. However, the property and interests in... incorporated into the SDN List. Note 2 to § 570.304: Section 501.807 of this chapter describes the procedures...

Situation Report--Bahrain, Central African Republic, Gabon, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lesotho, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Swaziland, Syria, Yemen Arab Republic.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

International Planned Parenthood Federation, London (England).

Data relating to population and family planning in twelve foreign countries are presented in these situation reports. Countries included are Bahrain, Central African Republic, Gabon, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lesotho, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Swaziland, Syria, and Yemen Arab Republic. Information is provided, where appropriate and available, under two…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Maghreb, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Vol. 10, No. 4, 1976.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

Ninety-one English language annotations are presented of newspaper articles and government publications about education in Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia. Most of the entries were published during the period October-December 1976. Organized by country, the references cover topics of philosophy and theory of education, teacher training,…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Maghreb, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Vol. 9, No. 3, 1975.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine, Comp.; And Others

The bibliography presents 91 English language annotations of newspaper articles, journals, and government publications about education in Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia. Although the title also includes Maghreb, this issue does not contain any annotations for that country. All articles were published during the period July-September 1975.…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Volume 6, Number 2, 1972.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

Annotations of articles, written in English, provide the content for an annotated bibliography of educational materials written in French useful to those with an interest in North Africa. Sections on Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia cover topics such as the philosophy and theory of education, educational organization, adult education, teacher…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Vol. 4 No. 3, 1970.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine, Comp.; And Others

This report, part of a series of educational bibliographies from the Maghreb countries (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) and Libya, consists of excerpts from periodicals published in those countries. Each entry is marked to indicate the particular country. The articles are organized under 13 major subjects that include: the structure of educational…

76 FR 11315 - Blocking Property and Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Libya

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-02

... Secretary of State: (i) to be a senior official of the Government of Libya; (ii) to be a child of Colonel... otherwise directing, or to have participated in, the commission of human rights abuses related to political...) to be a spouse or dependent child of any person whose property and interests in property are blocked...

Factors Influencing the Acceptance of E-Learning Adoption in Libya's Higher Education Institutions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Benghet, Mahfoud; Helfert, Markus

2014-01-01

The growing influence of technologies on all aspects of life, including the education sector, requires developing countries to follow the example of the developed countries and adopt technology in their education systems. Libya has been able to boost its economic and educational position over the years, and this brings it to the concern of…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Volume 6, Number 1, 1972.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

Annotations of articles, written in English, provide the content for a bibliography of educational materials written in French useful to those with an interest in North Africa. Sections on Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia are preceded by a section on the Maghreb which deals with the special problems of illiteracy, multilingualism, and rapid…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Volume 3, Numbers 2, 3, 1969.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

A two volume, 200-item bibliography with English abstracts of books and articles in English and French dating from 1957 offers information on various aspects of education in Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia. Emphasis is placed on sections dealing with educational organization in primary, secondary, vocational, and higher education; and…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Volume 3, Number 4, 1969.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

A 100-item bibliography with abstracts of books, newspaper articles, and periodical articles in English and French dating from 1953 offers information on various aspects of education in Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia. Emphasis is placed on sections dealing with educational organization in primary, secondary, vocational and higher education;…

Oral health in Libya: addressing the future challenges.

PubMed

Peeran, Syed Wali; Altaher, Omar Basheer; Peeran, Syed Ali; Alsaid, Fatma Mojtaba; Mugrabi, Marei Hamed; Ahmed, Aisha Mojtaba; Grain, Abdulgader

2014-01-01

Libya is a vast country situated in North Africa, having a relatively better functioning economy with a scanty population. This article is the first known attempt to review the current state of oral health care in Libya and to explore the present trends and future challenges. Libyan health system, oral health care, and human resources with the present status of dental education are reviewed comprehensively. A bibliographic study of oral health research and publications has been carried out. The results point toward a common indicator that oral health-related research is low. Strategies have to be developed to educate the medical and dental professionals, to update the current curriculum and enable the system to be competent in all aspects of oral health care management.

Oral health in Libya: addressing the future challenges

PubMed Central

Peeran, Syed Wali; Altaher, Omar Basheer; Peeran, Syed Ali; Alsaid, Fatma Mojtaba; Mugrabi, Marei Hamed; Ahmed, Aisha Mojtaba; Grain, Abdulgader

2014-01-01

Libya is a vast country situated in North Africa, having a relatively better functioning economy with a scanty population. This article is the first known attempt to review the current state of oral health care in Libya and to explore the present trends and future challenges. Libyan health system, oral health care, and human resources with the present status of dental education are reviewed comprehensively. A bibliographic study of oral health research and publications has been carried out. The results point toward a common indicator that oral health–related research is low. Strategies have to be developed to educate the medical and dental professionals, to update the current curriculum and enable the system to be competent in all aspects of oral health care management. PMID:24666627

Epidemiology and aetiology of dialysis-treated end-stage kidney disease in Libya.

PubMed

Alashek, Wiam A; McIntyre, Christopher W; Taal, Maarten W

2012-06-08

The extent and the distribution of end stage kidney disease (ESKD) in Libya have not been reported despite provision of dialysis over 4 decades. This study aimed to develop the first comprehensive description of the epidemiology of dialysis-treated ESKD in Libya. Structured demographic and clinical data were obtained regarding all adult patients treated at all maintenance dialysis facilities (n=39) in Libya from May to September 2009. Subsequently data were collected prospectively on all new patients who started dialysis from September 2009 to August 2010. Population estimates were obtained from the Libyan national statistics department. The age and gender breakdown of the population in each region was obtained from mid-2009 population estimates based on 2006 census data. The prevalence of dialysis-treated ESKD was 624 per million population (pmp). 85% of prevalent patients were aged <65 years and 58% were male. The prevalence of ESKD varied considerably with age with a peak at 55-64 years (2475 pmp for males; 2197 pmp for females). The annual incidence rate was 282 pmp with some regional variation and a substantially higher rate in the South (617 pmp). The most common cause of ESKD among prevalent and incident patients was diabetes. Other important causes were glomerulonephritis, hypertensive nephropathy and congenital or hereditary diseases. Libya has a relatively high prevalence and incidence of dialysis-treated ESKD. As the country prepares to redevelop its healthcare system it is hoped that these data will guide strategies for the prevention of CKD and planning for the provision of renal replacement therapy.

Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-13

country’s public finances , or create a viable framework for post-conflict justice and reconciliation. Elections for legislative bodies and a...significant pressure on government finances . The Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook estimates that Libya’s 2015 budget deficit was 49% of GDP...and effective oversight over the National Oil Corporation , the Central Bank of Libya, and the Libyan Investment Authority.” United Nations and

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Volume 3, Number 1, 1969.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

A 130-item bibliography with abstracts of books and articles in English and French provides information on various aspects of education (many of them language-related) in the Maghreb countries of Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia. Each entry identifies the country with which it is concerned, and French titles are translated into English.…

An Adaptive Methodological Inquiry: Exploring a TESOL Teacher Education Program's Affordances and Constraints in Libya as a Conflict Zone

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Elsherif, Entisar

2017-01-01

This adaptive methodological inquiry explored the affordances and constraints of one TESOL teacher education program in Libya as a conflict zone. Data was collected through seven documents and 33 questionnaires. Questionnaires were gathered from the investigated program's teacher-educators, student-teachers, and graduates, who were in-service…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Volume 2, Numbers 1, 2, 3, 1968.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

Three volumes comprise a 375-item bibliography with abstracts of books and articles in English, French, Italian, and Arabic that provides information on various aspects of education in the Maghreb countries of Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia. Each entry identifies the country with which it is concerned, and foreign language titles are…

An Analysis of the Content and Questions of the Physics Textbooks of the Basic Education Level (Ages 13-15) in Libya.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Khoja, Suleiman; Ventura, Frank

1997-01-01

Determines the extent physics textbooks contribute to physics teaching objectives and knowledge acquisition in Libya. Analysis of seventh- through ninth-grade physics textbooks and cognitive demand shows a limited effect of textbook content on knowledge acquisition and educational objectives. Suggestions are made for promoting the acquisition of…

76 FR 35719 - Unexpected Urgent Refugee and Migration Needs Related to Libya and C[ocirc]te d'Ivoire

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-20

... June 8, 2011 Unexpected Urgent Refugee and Migration Needs Related to Libya and C[ocirc]te d'Ivoire... laws of the United States, including section 2(c)(1) of the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of... amount not to exceed $15 million from the United States Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance Fund...

Political economy of Maghribi oil: Change and development in Algeria and Libya

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vandewalle, D.J.

1988-01-01

In the wake of rapidly growing oil and natural gas revenues, Algeria and Libya during the 1970s adopted a state capitalist strategy in order to minimize the dislocations caused by continued reliance on the international economy and, in the long run, to move toward more self-reliant local economies. International political economy theories until now have paid relatively little attention to the impact of the state in the development process, assuming that state formation and bureaucratic development go hand in hand. But in Libya and Algeria they remained disjointed. This was further exacerbated by the rentier nature of their economies whichmore » allowed for the distribution of assets without real political participation. In Algeria a techno-bureaucratic elite, to which the state quickly lost control during the 1970s, was put in charge of development. By 1976 the inefficiencies of the public sector and the alignment of the techno-bureaucratic elite with an expanding private sector led Algeria back toward a more market-oriented development strategy. In Libya a much smaller population and larger revenues have allowed the Qadhdhafi government to prolong the state capitalists experiment without paying serious attention to either economic or political development.« less

Oil and gas developments in North Africa in 1986

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Michel, R.C.

1987-10-01

Licensed oil acreage in the 6 North Africa countries (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia) totaled 1,500,000 km/sup 2/ at the end of 1986, down 290,000 km/sup 2/ from 1985. About 50% of the relinquishments were in Libya. Most oil and gas discoveries were made in Egypt (16 oil and 2 gas). Several oil finds were reported in onshore Libya, and 1 was reported in Algeria in the southeastern Sahara. According to available statistics, development drilling decreased from 1985 levels, except in Tunisia. A 6.3% decline in oil production took place in 1986, falling below the 3 million bblmore » level (2,912,000 b/d). Only sparse data are released on the gas output in North Africa. 6 figures, 27 tables.« less

An integrated geophysical study of the lithospheric structure beneath Libya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brown, Wesley A.

This doctoral dissertation constitutes an integrated geophysical investigation of the lithospheric structure in the region of Libya. It is separated into three sections, each of which will be submitted to different scientific journals for publication. In the first part of the study, I utilized a seamless mosaicking approach based on the commercial Environment for Visualizing Images (ENVI) software package to create mosaics of two geologically interesting portions of Libya. In this study I present a step by step method of mosaicking Landsat 4 satellite images. Firstly, I performed histogram matching to give images the same color scale, then I used a cutline feathering technique to blend suture areas and finally I overlaid the images to form the two mosaics. The resulting mosaics were then combined with structural features and the seismicity map of the area. The resulting mosaics were proven to be useful in identifying recently active faults and shows great potential for verification of other faults and in natural hazard assessment. For the second portion of my research, I made use of over 6,000 free air corrected gravity data in conjunction with other geological and geophysical data to develop a 3D density model for northern Libya. I used a gravity modeling program (SURFGRAV) to develop the 3D density model by manipulating it to accurately predict large areas of Free Air anomaly shown in the data. The residual gravity anomaly values were calculated by subtracting predicted Free Air anomaly from the observed Free Air anomaly. The results were satisfactory for uplifted areas of Libya while there were significant mismatches in basin areas. The density model was iterated and used as a starting model for the final portion of the study. In the last part of this research, I used the Nafe-Drake relationship along with other geological data to convert the 3D density model to a 3D velocity model (LIBYA3D) for the region. Two earthquakes having source receiver paths sampling much of the modeled area were used to perform 1D and 1.5D validation tests, and the results were compared to those from previous studies. The results showed that the new 3D velocity model is valid and superior to the global model. However, until there is sufficient earthquake data acquired, and we are able to perform 2D and 3D modeling we may not be able to see the true improvement of LIBYA3D as compared to the other regional models.

Libya: Background and U.S. Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-11-18

the Libyan-sponsored airliner bombings of the late 1980s, Libya entered a period of increasing international isolation. The compounded effects of a loss...However, their activities and effectiveness have been largely limited by disorganization, rivalry, and ideological differences. New efforts to...forces as poor and identify a lack of combined arms and joint service planning as factors that limit their overall effectiveness . The Qadhafi government

Assessment of the Knowledge of Blast Injuries Management among Physicians Working in Tripoli Hospitals (Libya).

PubMed

Oun, Abdulhakim M; Hadida, Elmokhtar M; Stewart, Charles

2017-06-01

Introduction No study on hospital staff preparedness for managing blast injuries has been conducted in Libya. The internal conflict in Libya since 2011 and the difficulties faced by the hospitals has highlighted the need for such studies. Hypothesis Physicians working in Tripoli (capital city Libya) hospitals are inadequately prepared for the management of blast injuries. A survey was conducted in all 13 hospitals in Tripoli between June 2014 and May 2015 by using interviews based on a questionnaire consisting of 29 questions covering physicians' education related to blast injury, hospital management of mass casualties, and aspects of hospital preparedness for such incidents. Of 3,799 physicians working in Tripoli hospitals, 607 physicians were interviewed (16.0%). All but one of the physicians reported that there was no disaster response plan, none of them had read such a plan, 496 (81.7%) reported that hospitals were not prepared, and 471 (77.6%) that hospitals were not equipped for blast injuries. Though 414 (68.2%) reported that radiological equipment was available, 597 (98.3%) revealed that hospitals do not adopt training for blast injury. Only 39 (6.4%) had received professional training, though 183 (30.1%) were seeing blast injury patients at least once a week in their daily practice. Nevertheless, 185 (30.5%) had previous knowledge and experience in blast injuries management and 338 (55.70%) were aware of the major physical findings, but only 75 (12.4%) were following specific guidelines. According to approximately one-third of the physicians (192; 31%), staff and patient safety were not priorities for the hospital administration. Almost all (606; 99.9%) revealed that personal protective equipment for chemical and nuclear accidents was not available. Preparedness for blast injuries in Tripoli hospitals is seriously deficient. Planning optimized blast and disaster management in Libya is essential. Oun AM , Hadida EM , Stewart C . Assessment of the knowledge of blast injuries management among physicians working in Tripoli hospitals (Libya). Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(3):311-316.

Geographic distribution of HCV genotypes in Libya and analysis of risk factors involved in their transmission.

PubMed

Daw, Mohamed A; El-Bouzedi, Abdallah; Dau, Aghnaya A

2015-08-21

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes have been shown to be differently distributed between distinct geographical areas. Libya is a large country has the longest coast in the Mediterranean basin. Information regarding hepatitis C genotypes and subtypes circulating in Libya are not well known. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of various HCV genotypes cross Libya and the demographic and attributable risk factors associated with HCV transmission among Libyan population. A cross-sectional study was carried out on patients with recently confirmed HCV infection. A total of 3,227 serum samples enrolled at 19 collection center cross Libya. 1,756 belonged to Tripoli region, 452 to West region 355 to North region, 181 South regions and 483 East region. The samples were tested by type specific genotyping assay and correlated with demographic and potential risk factors within the studied populations. A total of 20 discrete genotypes and subtypes were identified among the Libyan population ranging from 11.5 to 0.3% cross the country. Genotype 1 was the most frequent among all regions (19.7-40.5%), reaching the highest value in Tripoli region, followed by genotype 4 which was more prevalent in the South (49.3%) and West (40.0%) regions. Genotype 3, was higher in Tripoli (21.3%) and East (15.9%) regions while genotype 2, common in North (23.6%) and South (22.5%) regions. However, we found evidence that there is a changing relative prevalence of HCV genotypes in relation to age, gender and the mode of transmission which is reflected in the predominance of certain genotypes among Libyan population. Different HCV genotypes were isolated form Libyan population including newly emerged ones. The prevalence of the genotypes varied by geographic region and influenced by demographic and risk factors. Knowing the frequency and distribution of the genotypes would provide key information on understanding the spread of HCV in Libya and this could be greatly reflected on national plans and future strategies for infection prevention.

"Now drugs in Libya are much cheaper than food": A qualitative study on substance use among young Libyans in post-revolution Tripoli, Libya.

PubMed

Elamouri, Fauzi Muftah; Musumari, Patou Masika; Techasrivichien, Teeranee; Farjallah, Anwer; Elfandi, Sufian; Alsharif, Osama Fathi; Benothman, Hussein; Suguimoto, S Pilar; Ono-Kihara, Masako; Kihara, Masahiro

2018-03-01

Libya is facing a rapidly growing epidemic of illicit drug use and HIV. This situation is fueled by a complex array of factors, mainly the consequences of the political and military turmoil of the Arab Spring. Although it is extensively documented in other settings that young people are one of the most vulnerable groups to both HIV and illicit drug use, no study has explored this issue among young people in Libya. The current study addresses this research gap. This study is a qualitative study using in-depth interviews guided by a semi-structured questionnaire. We used a maximum variation, purposive sampling strategy to recruit male and female participants, aged 14-18 years, from schools, prisons, and community-based informal re-education and rehabilitation centers in Tripoli, Libya. In total, 31 participants were recruited: 6 females and 25 males. Sixteen participants were prisoners and residents of community-based informal re-education and rehabilitation centers, and 15 were recruited in schools. Risk factors for drug use included peer influence, the increased availability and affordability of drugs, disruption of social life and healthy recreational activities, and the distress and casualties of the war. Protective factors were religious beliefs and practices, good parent-child connectedness, and high self-esteem and future aspiration. Risk factors for HIV were insufficient knowledge related to HIV transmission and unsafe injection practices, such as sharing needles and syringes. We found individual, interpersonal, family, and structural-level factors that interplayed to shape the vulnerability of young people to drug use and HIV infection in Tripoli, Libya. Structural factors, including the increased availability and affordability of drugs, provided the frame within which other factors, such as peer influence, insufficient knowledge of substance use, and HIV, operated to increase the vulnerability of young people to drugs and HIV, while religious beliefs and parent-child connectedness acted as protective factors. Multisectoral efforts and studies to quantitatively evaluate the magnitude and distribution of these problems are urgently needed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Validation of S-NPP VIIRS Day-Night Band and M Bands Performance Using Ground Reference Targets of Libya 4 and Dome C

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, Xuexia; Wu, Aisheng; Xiong, Xiaoxiong; Lei, Ning; Wang, Zhipeng; Chiang, Kwofu

2015-01-01

This paper provides methodologies developed and implemented by the NASA VIIRS Calibration Support Team (VCST) to validate the S-NPP VIIRS Day-Night band (DNB) and M bands calibration performance. The Sensor Data Records produced by the Interface Data Processing Segment (IDPS) and NASA Land Product Evaluation and Algorithm Testing Element (PEATE) are acquired nearly nadir overpass for Libya 4 desert and Dome C snow surfaces. In the past 3.5 years, the modulated relative spectral responses (RSR) change with time and lead to 3.8% increase on the DNB sensed solar irradiance and 0.1% or less increases on the M4-M7 bands. After excluding data before April 5th, 2013, IDPS DNB radiance and reflectance data are consistent with Land PEATE data with 0.6% or less difference for Libya 4 site and 2% or less difference for Dome C site. These difference are caused by inconsistent LUTs and algorithms used in calibration. In Libya 4 site, the SCIAMACHY spectral and modulated RSR derived top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectance are compared with Land PEATE TOA reflectance and they indicate a decrease of 1.2% and 1.3%, respectively. The radiance of Land PEATE DNB are compared with the simulated radiance from aggregated M bands (M4, M5, and M7). These data trends match well with 2% or less difference for Libya 4 site and 4% or less difference for Dome C. This study demonstrate the consistent quality of DNB and M bands calibration for Land PEATE products during operational period and for IDPS products after April 5th, 2013.

Reassessment of the Seismicity and seismic hazards of Libya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ben Suleman, A.; Elmeladi, A.

2009-04-01

The tectonic evolution of Libya, located at the northern extreme of the African continent, has yielded a complex crustal structure that is composed of a series of basins and uplifts. The present day deformation of Libya is the result of the Eurasia-Africa continental collision. At the end of the year 2005, The Libyan National Seismological Network was established to monitor local, regional and teleseismic activities, as well as to provide high quality data for research projects both locally and on the regional and global scale. This study aims to discuss the seismicity of Libya by using the new data from the Libyan national seismological network and to focus on the seismic hazards. At first glance the seismic activity map shows dominant trends of seismicity with most of the seismic activity concentrated along the northern coastal areas. Four major seismic trends were quite noticeable. A first trend is a NW-SE direction coinciding with the eastern boarder of the Hun Graben. A second trend is also a NW-SE direction in the offshore area and might be a continuation of this trend. The other two trends were located in the western Gulf of Sirt and Cyrenaica platform. The rest of seismicity is diffuse either offshore or in land, with no good correlation with well-mapped faults. Detailed investigations of the Libyan seismicity indicates that the Libya has experienced earthquakes of varying magnitudes and that there is definitely a certain amount of seismic risk involved in engineering projects, particularly in the northern regions. Detailed investigation of the distribution of the Libyan earthquakes in space and time along with all other geological considerations suggested the classification of the country into four seismic zones with the Hun graben zone being the most seismically active zone.

Dialysis-treated end-stage kidney disease in Libya: epidemiology and risk factors.

PubMed

Goleg, Fathea Abobker; Kong, Norella Chiew-Tong; Sahathevan, Ramesh

2014-08-01

End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is now a worldwide pandemic. In concert with this, ESKD in Libya has also increased exponentially in recent decades. This review aims to define the magnitude of and risks for this ESKD epidemic among Libyans as there is a dearth of published data on this subject. A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed, EMBASE and Google scholar databases to identify all relevant papers published in English from 2003 to 2012, using the following keywords: end stage, terminal, chronic, renal, kidney, risk factors, Arab, North Africa and Libya. In 2003, the reported incidence of ESKD and prevalence of dialysis-treated ESKD in Libya were the same at 200 per million population (pmp). In 2007, the prevalence of dialysis-treated ESKD was 350 pmp, but the true incidence of ESKD was not available. The most recent published WHO data in 2012 showed the incidence of dialysis-treated ESKD had risen to 282 pmp and the prevalence of dialysis-treated ESKD had reached 624 pmp. The leading causes of ESKD were diabetic kidney disease (26.5 %), chronic glomerulonephritis (21.1 %), hypertensive nephropathy (14.6 %) and congenital/hereditary disease (12.3 %). The total number of dialysis centers was 40 with 61 nephrologists. Nephrologist/internist to patient ratio was 1:40, and nurse to patient ratio was 1:3.7. Only 135 living-related kidney transplants had been performed between 2004 and 2007. There were no published data on most macroeconomic and renal service factors. ESKD is a major public health problem in Libya with diabetic kidney disease and chronic glomerulonephritis being the leading causes. The most frequent co-morbidities were hypertension, obesity and the metabolic syndrome. In addition to provision of RRT, preventive strategies are also urgently needed for a holistic integrated renal care system.

New evidence on the HIV epidemic in Libya: why countries must implement prevention programs among people who inject drugs.

PubMed

Mirzoyan, Lusine; Berendes, Sima; Jeffery, Caroline; Thomson, Joanna; Ben Othman, Hussain; Danon, Leon; Turki, Abdullah A; Saffialden, Rabea; Valadez, Joseph J

2013-04-15

Libya had one of the world's largest nosocomial HIV outbreaks in the late 1990 s leading to the detention of 6 foreign medical workers. They were released in 2007 after the Libyan Government and the European Union agreed to humanitarian cooperation that included the development of Libya's first National HIV Strategy and the research reported in this article. Despite the absence of sound evidence on the status and dynamics of Libya's HIV epidemic, some officials posited that injecting drug use was the main mode of transmission. We therefore sought to assess HIV prevalence and related risk factors among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Tripoli. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 328 PWID in Tripoli using respondent-driven sampling. We collected behavioral data and blood samples for HIV, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus testing. We estimate an HIV prevalence of 87%, hepatitis C virus prevalence of 94%, and hepatitis B virus prevalence of 5%. We detected injecting drug use-related and sexual risk factors in the context of poor access to comprehensive services for HIV prevention and mitigation. For example, most respondents (85%) reported having shared needles. In this first biobehavioral survey among PWID in Libya, we detected one of the highest (or even the highest) levels of HIV infection worldwide in the absence of a comprehensive harm-reduction program. There is an urgent need to implement an effective National HIV Strategy informed by the results of this research, especially because recent military events and related sociopolitical disruption and migration might lead to a further expansion of the epidemic.

Ground-water resources of the Bengasi area, Cyrenaica, United Kingdom of Libya

USGS Publications Warehouse

Doyel, William Watson; Maguire, Frank J.

1964-01-01

The Benpsi area of Libya, in the northwestern part of the Province of Cyrenaica (Wilayat Barqah), is semiarid, and available ground-water supplies in the area are relatively small. Potable ground water from known sources is reserved for the present and future needs of the city, and no surface-water supplies are available in the area. This investigation to evaluate known, as well as potential, water supplies in the area was undertaken as part of a larger program of ground-water investigations in Libya under the auspices of the U. S. Operations Mission to Libya and the Government of Libya. A ground-water reservoir underlies the Bengasi area, in which the water occurs in solution channels, cavities, and other openings in Miocene limestone. The reservoir is recharged directly by rainfall on the area and by infiltration from ephemeral streams (wadis) rising in Al Jabal al Akhar to the east. In the Baninah and Al Fuwayhit areas the ground-water reservoir yields water of fair quality and in sufficient quantity for the current (1959) needs. of the Bengasi city supply. The test-drilling program in the area south and southeast of Bengasi indicates that water in sufficient quantity for additional public supply probably can be obtained in some localities from wells. The water, however, is moderately to highly mineralized and would require treatment or demineralization before it could be used for additional public supply. Much of the water could be used directly for irrigation, but careful attention would have to be given to cultivation, drainage, and cropping practices. The hazard of saltwater encroachment also exists if large-scale withdrawals are undertaken in the coastal zones.

Exploration limited since '70s in Libya's Sirte basin

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thomas, D.

1995-03-13

Esso Standard made the first Libyan oil discovery in the western Ghadames basin in 1957. The Atshan-2 well tested oil from Devonian sandstones, and the play was a continuation of the Paleozoic trend found productive in the neighboring Edjeleh region of eastern Algeria. Exploration in the Sirte basin began in earnest in 1958. Within the next 10 years, 16 major oil fields had been discovered, each with recoverable reserves greater than 500 million bbl of oil. Libya currently produces under OPEC quota approximately 1.4 million b/d of oil, with discovered in-place reserves of 130 billion bbl of oil. The papermore » describes the structural framework, sedimentary basins of Libya, the Sirte basin, petroleum geology, play types, source rocks, generation and migration of hydrocarbons, oil reserves, potential, and acreage availability.« less

Libyan nationalizations: TOPCO/CALASIATIC vs Libya arbitration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Von Mehren, R.B.; Kourides, P.N.

1979-01-01

Nine international oil companies operating in Libya were informed in 1973 and early 1974 that their interests and properties would be nationalized. This event followed four years after a military takeover of the Libyan government by Colonel Muammar el-Qadhafi, whose actions led to a major international arbitration. This article describes the background of the Libyan nationalization, the steps toward arbitration, the arbitration proceeding, the awards of the Sole Arbitrator, and the significance of those awards. The TOPCO/CALASIATIC vs Libya arbitration not only provides an excellent example of the process of arbitration, but also it confirms the effectiveness of the processmore » in leading to eventual settlement of the dispute. Basic fundamental principles of law were considered, articulated, and reaffirmed throughout the process, adding percedent to the small body of international case law. 38 references.« less

Viewpoint: methanol poisoning outbreak in Libya: a need for policy reforms.

PubMed

Taleb, Ziyad Ben; Bahelah, Raed

2014-11-01

We address the controversies surrounding a 2013 outbreak of methanol poisoning in Tripoli, Libya. We critically examine and systematically analyze the outbreak to highlight the lessons learned from this disaster and how to act properly to prevent similar outbreaks in future. Many health problems have been directly attributed to drinking alcohol; the type and quality of alcohol determines the detrimental effects. An unregulated and flourishing black market in alcohol is among the factors behind the Libyan tragedy, where approximately 90 deaths and about 1000 hospital admissions were reported. We reviewed gaps in local and regional alcohol policy, and highlighted the issue of illegally produced and home-made alcohol. Collaboration between countries in the region plus critical health and policy reforms in Libya, with emphasis on public health preparedness, can dramatically decrease morbidity and mortality associated with such outbreaks.

Combating ISIS and Securing the Peace in Libya

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-04-01

West agree that Libya has become fertile ground for ISIS or similar organizations to thrive. Historically, the US has prioritized stability in the Arab...U.S. military personnel, using names and publicly available information, particularly those who have spoken critically of the organization or offered...public suggestions of how to defeat the terror organization . As such, the author’s last name has been redacted. DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public

Is There a Need for a Focused Health Care Service for Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders? A Keyhole Look at This Problem in Tripoli, Libya

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zeglam, Adel M.; Maouna, Ameena

2012-01-01

Background: Autism is a global disorder, but relatively little is known about its presentation and occurrence in many developing countries, including Libya. Aims: 1.) To estimate the prevalence of autistic spectrum disorders in children referred to Al-Khadra hospital (KH). 2.) To increase the awareness among pediatrician and primary health care…

Libya: Background and U.S. Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-19

entered a period of increasing international isolation. The compounded effects of a loss of oil revenue, restrictions on the travel of senior officials...his 27- CRS-8 10 Sunday Times (London), “Focus: Was Justice Done?” October 23, 2005; Magnus Linklater, “It’s Time To Look Again at Lockerbie,” The...operate more effectively and capitalize on new opportunities” in Libya. The Administration also requests $300,000 in Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism & De

Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-04

agreement in principle in late January but refused to endorse the first cabinet slate proposed by Prime Minister- designate Fayez al Sarraj. HOR members... designate Sarraj and HOR leaders about the way forward continued. Negotiations are ongoing with regard to these issues, but some Libyans have... theatre for ISIL outside of the Syria-Iraq theatre , they have several thousand members there, they have absorbed some of the groups inside of Libya

The potential distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Libya based on ecological niche model.

PubMed

Abdel-Dayem, M S; Annajar, B B; Hanafi, H A; Obenauer, P J

2012-05-01

The increased cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis vectored by Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) in Libya have driven considerable effort to develop a predictive model for the potential geographical distribution of this disease. We collected adult P. papatasi from 17 sites in Musrata and Yefern regions of Libya using four different attraction traps. Our trap results and literature records describing the distribution of P. papatasi were incorporated into a MaxEnt algorithm prediction model that used 22 environmental variables. The model showed a high performance (AUC = 0.992 and 0.990 for training and test data, respectively). High suitability for P. papatasi was predicted to be largely confined to the coast at altitudes <600 m. Regions south of 300 degrees N latitude were calculated as unsuitable for this species. Jackknife analysis identified precipitation as having the most significant predictive power, while temperature and elevation variables were less influential. The National Leishmaniasis Control Program in Libya may find this information useful in their efforts to control zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Existing records are strongly biased toward a few geographical regions, and therefore, further sand fly collections are warranted that should include documentation of such factors as soil texture and humidity, land cover, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data to increase the model's predictive power.

Coarse-resolution Ecology of Etiological Agent, Vector, and Reservoirs of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Libya.

PubMed

Samy, Abdallah M; Annajar, Badereddin B; Dokhan, Mostafa Ramadhan; Boussaa, Samia; Peterson, A Townsend

2016-02-01

Cutaneous leishmaniasis ranks among the tropical diseases least known and most neglected in Libya. World Health Organization reports recognized associations of Phlebotomus papatasi, Psammomys obesus, and Meriones spp., with transmission of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL; caused by Leishmania major) across Libya. Here, we map risk of ZCL infection based on occurrence records of L. major, P. papatasi, and four potential animal reservoirs (Meriones libycus, Meriones shawi, Psammomys obesus, and Gerbillus gerbillus). Ecological niche models identified limited risk areas for ZCL across the northern coast of the country; most species associated with ZCL transmission were confined to this same region, but some had ranges extending to central Libya. All ENM predictions were significant based on partial ROC tests. As a further evaluation of L. major ENM predictions, we compared predictions with 98 additional independent records provided by the Libyan National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC); all of these records fell inside the belt predicted as suitable for ZCL. We tested ecological niche similarity among vector, parasite, and reservoir species and could not reject any null hypotheses of niche similarity. Finally, we tested among possible combinations of vector and reservoir that could predict all recent human ZCL cases reported by NCDC; only three combinations could anticipate the distribution of human cases across the country.

Sand dune ridge alignment effects on surface BRF over the Libya-4 CEOS calibration site.

PubMed

Govaerts, Yves M

2015-02-03

The Libya-4 desert area, located in the Great Sand Sea, is one of the most important bright desert CEOS pseudo-invariant calibration sites by its size and radiometric stability. This site is intensively used for radiometer drift monitoring, sensor intercalibration and as an absolute calibration reference based on simulated radiances traceable to the SI standard. The Libya-4 morphology is composed of oriented sand dunes shaped by dominant winds. The effects of sand dune spatial organization on the surface bidirectional reflectance factor is analyzed in this paper using Raytran, a 3D radiative transfer model. The topography is characterized with the 30 m resolution ASTER digital elevation model. Four different regions-of-interest sizes, ranging from 10 km up to 100 km, are analyzed. Results show that sand dunes generate more backscattering than forward scattering at the surface. The mean surface reflectance averaged over different viewing and illumination angles is pretty much independent of the size of the selected area, though the standard deviation differs. Sun azimuth position has an effect on the surface reflectance field, which is more pronounced for high Sun zenith angles. Such 3D azimuthal effects should be taken into account to decrease the simulated radiance uncertainty over Libya-4 below 3% for wavelengths larger than 600 nm.

Coarse-resolution Ecology of Etiological Agent, Vector, and Reservoirs of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Libya

PubMed Central

Samy, Abdallah M.; Annajar, Badereddin B.; Dokhan, Mostafa Ramadhan; Boussaa, Samia; Peterson, A. Townsend

2016-01-01

Abstract Cutaneous leishmaniasis ranks among the tropical diseases least known and most neglected in Libya. World Health Organization reports recognized associations of Phlebotomus papatasi, Psammomys obesus, and Meriones spp., with transmission of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL; caused by Leishmania major) across Libya. Here, we map risk of ZCL infection based on occurrence records of L. major, P. papatasi, and four potential animal reservoirs (Meriones libycus, Meriones shawi, Psammomys obesus, and Gerbillus gerbillus). Ecological niche models identified limited risk areas for ZCL across the northern coast of the country; most species associated with ZCL transmission were confined to this same region, but some had ranges extending to central Libya. All ENM predictions were significant based on partial ROC tests. As a further evaluation of L. major ENM predictions, we compared predictions with 98 additional independent records provided by the Libyan National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC); all of these records fell inside the belt predicted as suitable for ZCL. We tested ecological niche similarity among vector, parasite, and reservoir species and could not reject any null hypotheses of niche similarity. Finally, we tested among possible combinations of vector and reservoir that could predict all recent human ZCL cases reported by NCDC; only three combinations could anticipate the distribution of human cases across the country. PMID:26863317

Area Handbook Series: Libya, a Country Study

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-01-01

matched by imports primarily of manufactures and food - stuffs worth US$5 billion. Currency: Libyan dinar; in mid-1987 LD1 equaled US$3.16. Fiscal...petroleum reserves had been exhausted. Agriculture was slated to receive the largest share of aid in an effort to make Libya self-sufficient in food ...This period also brought new government facilities, apartment buildings, and the first public housing projects as well as such industries as food

Libya: Background and U.S. Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-12-03

of the late 1980s, Libya entered a period of increasing international isolation. The compounded effects of a loss of oil revenue, restrictions on the...Was Justice Done?” October 23, 2005; Magnus Linklater, “It’s Time To Look Again at Lockerbie,” The Times (London), October 26, 2005. cooperating with...funds will support a Commercial Law Development Program, that “will help U.S. companies operate more effectively and capitalize on new opportunities” in

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the United States, and International Legitimacy

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-22

with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1...and Libya in 2011. NATO’s Operation Allied Force intervention campaign in Kosovo, demonstrated NATO’s application of political and military pressure...case studies: Kosovo from 1998-1999, the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 2008, and Libya in 2011. NATO’s Operation Allied Force intervention campaign

Economic development: the need for an alternative approach. [Case of Libya

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pinches, C.R.

1977-10-01

The economic growth of Libya is used to illustrate the need for a more relevant way of assessing development so that it includes an appreciation for the process of change. It is shown that many changes do not appear in the traditional economic statistics. A new approach is suggested that would enable a society to handle changes in ways that are in accord with its national goals and traditions. This would take into account future developments, international relations, the basic skill levels, and other factors rather than a limited measurement of the country's ability to absorb capital. Libya has chosen,more » as an alternative to increased consumption, policies for developing self-sufficiency, a limited foreign investment, and an emphasis on education as a basis for modernization. The goal is to evolve a national identity and ideology that will be unique to the Arab world. (DCK)« less

Libya: Background and U.S. Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-08-06

international isolation. The compounded effects of a loss of oil revenue, restrictions on the travel of senior officials, an international air travel...London), “Focus: Was Justice Done?” October 23, 2005; Magnus Linklater, “It’s Time To Look Again at Lockerbie,” The Times (London), October 26, 2005. 11...had a chilling effect ” on U.S. and Libyan firms considering new business relationships.31 Both groups warn of the potential for Libya to pursue business

The Arab Spring: Comparing U.S. Reactions in Libya and Syria

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-22

UNSCR 1973, jointly written by the United Kingdom, France and Lebanon was less strongly worded proposing simply a ban on all flights in Libya...supports and arms Hezbollah in Lebanon and until recently Hamas in Gaza, in its “cold war” against Israel. Hamas 20 maintained a strong leadership...continues to maintain close ties to Iran through its offices in Syria as well as in Lebanon . In Syria, reports surfaced of Iranian intelligence

New Media: The Key to Influence in Irregular Warfare

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-20

Pew-Internet-Social-Networking-full-detail.aspx. 13 May 2013. 5 Most Global Internet Users Turn to the Web for Emails (85%) and Social Networking Sites (62...sent from within Libya on various social networking sites after his friends within Libya had recorded them on his cell phone. 33 When cell...to the Web for Emails (85%) and Social Networking Sites (62%), New York, http://www.ipsos-na.com/news- polls/pressrelease.aspx?id=5564. May 4, 2013

Sinkholes Due to Groundwater Withdrawal in Tazerbo Wellfield, SE Libya.

PubMed

Alfarrah, Nawal; Berhane, Gebremedhin; Hweesh, Abdelrahim; Walraevens, Kristine

2017-07-01

The desert of eastern Libya forms one of the most arid regions of the Sahara. The Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) was established. It transports millions of cubic meters of water a day from desert wellfields to the coastal cities, where over 80% of the population lives. The Tazerbo Wellfield is one of the wellfields designed within the GMRP, delivering water to the eastern coast of Libya through an underground pipe network. Tazerbo Wellfield consists of 108 production wells; each well was designed to pump 100 L/s. The planned total groundwater withdrawal from all wells is 1 million m 3 /d. The deep sandstone aquifer (Nubian sandstone) is covered by a thick mudstone-siltstone aquitard and is being heavily pumped. The aquifer and fine-grained sediments of the aquitard may be compacted resulting in land subsidence as a result of high exploitation. Local sinkholes have developed in the area of Tazerbo since the start of the pumping from the wellfield in 2004. These sinkholes have been caused mainly by lowering of the piezometric heads due to the withdrawal of groundwater. In this study, a hydrogeological investigation is presented about the effect of large groundwater pumping from the Nubian sandstone aquifer in Tazerbo Wellfield, SE Libya, based on physical parameters for 108 production wells and 23 observation wells. © 2017, National Ground Water Association.

A multidisciplinary study on Palaeozoic rocks of southern Libya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meinhold, G.; Howard, J.; Le Heron, D. P.; Morton, A.; Abutarruma, Y.; Elgadry, M.; Phillips, R. J.; Strogen, D.; Thusu, B.; Whitham, A.

2009-04-01

Southern Libya is dominated by the intracratonic Murzuq and Kufra basins, separated by the Tibesti Massif. The Murzuq Basin, located in southwest Libya, extends into northwestern Chad, northern Niger and eastern Algeria and has been the focus of great interest for gas and oil exploration in recent years since the discovery of the El Sharara and the NC-174 (Elephant) fields in the western Murzuq Basin. Based on these discoveries, recent focus has shifted to the Kufra Basin, in southeast Libya, which extends into northern Chad, northwestern Sudan and straddles the border with Egypt. Although, the centre of the Murzuq Basin has been relatively well investigated by drilling and seismic profiles, the basin margins, however, lack a detailed geological investigation. In comparison, the Kufra Basin is underexplored with few boreholes drilled. Our studies focus on the eastern margin of the Murzuq Basin and the northern, eastern and western flanks of the Kufra Basin. Siliciclastic sediments of Infracambrian to Carboniferous age dominate the studied areas. Our objectives were to characterise the Infracambrian-Lower Palaeozoic stratigraphy, deduce the structural evolution of each study area, and to collect samples for follow-up analyses including provenance studies and biostratigraphy. In addition to outcrop-based fieldwork shallow boreholes up to 50 m depth were successfully drilled in the Silurian Tanezzuft Formation: a major hydrocarbon source rock unit in North Africa. The unweathered mudstones retrieved from one of the boreholes are rich in organic matter and have been used for biostratigraphical and geochemical investigations. The provenance study of the sandstone succession with heavy mineral analysis together with U-Pb zircon dating provides, for the first time, an understanding of the ancient source areas. Moreover, it is a useful test of the stratigraphic framework where biostratigraphic data are scarce. New data from this study are expected to lead to new stratigraphic concepts for the Palaeozoic in southern Libya and thus will shed light on the geological history of hydrocarbon-bearing basins in this part of North Africa.

Sero-prevalence and epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants in Libya.

PubMed

Dayhum, A; Sharif, M; Eldaghayes, I; Kammon, A; Calistri, P; Danzetta, M L; Di Sabatino, D; Petrini, A; Ferrari, G; Grazioli, S; Pezzoni, G; Brocchi, E

2018-02-01

We conducted a cross-sectional study during 2013 to quantify the serological prevalence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) infection and to investigate host factors associated with PPR infection in small ruminants in Libya. A two-stage sampling design was carried out. A total number of 148 flocks owning at least 100 heads each were randomly selected. Sixteen to forty-eight samples were collected from each selected flock. A total number of 3,508 serum samples from unvaccinated animals were collected and analysed at IZSLER Brescia, Italy, by using competitive ELISA, IDvet innovative diagnostics (IDvet 310, France). The overall serological prevalence among SR was 33% (95% CI: 31.4-34.5). Significant differences between the prevalence in the geographical branches were observed. The lowest prevalence level was observed in Zawiyah branch (16.1%), whereas the highest value was obtained for the Sabha branch (56.8%). Considering the age, a serological prevalence of 24.7%, 31.5% and 42.1% was observed in SR <1 year, between 1 and 2 years and more than 2 years, respectively. Statistically significant differences (p < .001) in the sero-prevalence levels were also observed between the age groups. Our findings suggest that the southern part of Libya could be more exposed to the infections coming from the neighbouring countries and this should be better investigated to correctly identify wherever specific entry points can be considered at higher risk than others. The results also confirmed the endemic status of PPR in Libya, with a constant exposure to the infection of the animals during their life. In the framework of the global strategy for control and eradication of PPR, our results, even if obtained by a preliminary study, can contribute to the assessment of the epidemiological situation of PPR in Libya as required by the Stage 1 of the plan. © 2017 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

A resolution commending the 4 American public servants who died in Benghazi, Libya, United States Ambassador to Libya John Christopher Stevens, Sean Smith, Tyrone Woods, and Glen Doherty, for their tireless efforts on behalf of the American people, and condemning the violent attack on the United States consulate in Benghazi.

THOMAS, 112th Congress

Sen. Lugar, Richard G. [R-IN

2012-09-22

Senate - 09/22/2012 Submitted in the Senate, considered, and agreed to without amendment and with a preamble by Unanimous Consent. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status Agreed to in SenateHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Distribution of terrestrial age and petrologic type of meteorites from western Libya

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jull, A.J.T.; Donahue, D.J.; Wlotzka, F.

1990-10-01

A group of 54 meteorites have been recovered from Daraj, Western Libya. After assessment of pairing of samples, using petrologic criteria, {sup 14}C terrestrial ages were obtained on 13 samples selected from 9 different fall events. Eleven of the ages range from 3,500 to 7,600 years, with only two samples having ages in excess of 10,000 years. The cut-off in ages may be related to the timing of climatic changes in the Hammadah al Hamra.

Mesozoic evolution of the northeast African shelf margin, Libya and Egypt

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aadland, R.K.; Schamel, S.

1988-08-01

The present tectonic features of the northeast African shelf margin between the Nile delta and the Gulf of Sirte are products of (1) precursory late Paleozoic basement arches, (2) early Mesozoic rifting and plate separation, and (3) Late Cretaceous structural inversion. Isopach and structural maps, cross sections, and sediment accumulation (geohistory) curves constructed from 89 wells in the Western Desert and 27 wells in northeastern Libya depict the structural and stratigraphic development of the northeast African shelf margin.

Parental involvement and bullying among middle-school students in North Africa.

PubMed

Abdirahman, H; Fleming, L C; Jacobsen, K H

2013-03-01

Bullying, especially in developing countries, has not been much examined, especially the influence of parents on the risk of being bullied. The aim of this study was to determine whether active parenting is associated with reduced peer victimization among middle-school students in North Africa. A secondary analysis of data from more than 13,000 middle-school students who participated in the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) in Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia between 2006 and 2008, was conducted using multiple logistic regression models. About 60% of students in Egypt and one-third of students in Libya, Morocco and Tunisia reported having been bullied in the past month. In all 4 countries, boys reported more peer victimization than girls. In Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia, students who reported that their parents checked their homework, were understanding, and knew how the student spent free time had a reduced likelihood of peer victimization but this association was not significant in Libya. Interventions for reducing bullying should consider the positive impact of involved parents.

Geology, Murzuk oil development could boost S. W. Libya prospects

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thomas, D.

1995-03-06

With the recent involvement of Repsol, Total, and OMV in developing the 2 billion bbl oil-in-place Murzuk field complex, an infrastructure will be finally constructed in western Libya which will act as a precursor to more exploration activity and development projects in the Murzuk and Ghadames basins. Murzuk, an intra-cratonic sag basin, is a huge ladle-shaped structural basin covering more than 400,000 sq km and extending beyond the borders of southern Libya. The structure of the area is quite simple. The sub-horizontal or gently dipping strata are faulted and the faults are most frequently parallel to the anticlinal axis. Tectonicmore » movements affected the basin to a greater or lesser degree from early Paleozoic (Caledonian) to post-Eocene (Alpine) times. The paper describes the exploration history; stratigraphy; the Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian, and Carboniferous reservoirs; source rocks; oil gravity and gas content; hydrogeologic constraints; aquifer influence on hydrocarbon accumulation; geologic structures; Murzuk field development; and acreage availability.« less

Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infections and their related risk factors in Libya: a national seroepidemiological survey.

PubMed

Elzouki, A-N; Smeo, M-N; Sammud, M; Elahmer, O; Daw, M; Furarah, A; Abudher, A; Mohamed, M K

2013-07-01

A high prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus (HCV) infections has been reported among specific patient groups in Libya; a survey was thus designed to determine the extent of the problem at the national level. A multi-stage sampling design covering all administrative areas of Libya was applied, covering > 65,000 individuals of all age groups. All subjects gave a blood sample and completed a questionnaire on demographic and risk behaviour data. The prevalence of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV were 2.2% and 1.3% respectively. The prevalence of anti-HCV increased with age, rising gradually after age 30 years, in contrast to a stable prevalence of HBsAg in all age groups 10+ years. Age-adjusted risk factors for HCV infection were previous hospitalization, surgical operations, previous blood transfusions and intravenous drug use; for HBV infection only family exposure or contact with HBV case were identified.

Isolation, Identification and Molecular Typing of Cryptococcus neoformans from Pigeon Droppings and Other Environmental Sources in Tripoli, Libya.

PubMed

Ellabib, Mohamed S; Aboshkiwa, Mohamed A; Husien, Walid M; D'Amicis, Roberta; Cogliati, Massimo

2016-08-01

Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii are the major cause of fungal meningitis, a potentially lethal mycosis. Since pigeon excreta and other environmental sources can be considered a significant environmental reservoir of this species in urban areas, 100 samples of pigeon excreta and 420 samples from Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Olea europaea (olive tree) around the city of Tripoli, Libya, were collected. C. neoformans was isolated and identified using standard biochemical assays from 46 samples: 34 from pigeon droppings, 3 from Eucalyptus trees and 9 from olive trees. Molecular typing revealed that all isolates from pigeon droppings belonged to molecular type VNI (C. neoformans var. grubii) and mating type αA, whereas those from trees included also the molecular type VNII and VNIII (AD hybrids). The present study reports, for the first time, information about the distribution of species, mating types and molecular types of C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex in Libya.

Oil Fires in Libya

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-01-28

The oil refinery fires in Libya that were started by attacks on oil terminals in Libya in very early January continue. The stream of black smoke that emanates from the refinery has grown tremendously as the fires caused by the initial shelling have spread to giant storage tanks. These fires are reported to be raging in Sidra, on the coast between Sirte and Benghazi. Actively burning areas, detected by MODIS’s thermal bands, are outlined in red. The initial image of the fires taken on January 07, 2016 can be found here for comparison: www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2016/terra-captures-im... NASA image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram

A need for the standardization of the pharmaceutical sector in Libya

PubMed Central

Mustafa, Asma Abubakr; Kowalski, Stefan Robert

2010-01-01

Medicines are health technologies that can translate into tangible benefits for numerous acute as well as chronic health conditions. A nation's pharmaceutical sector needs to be appropriately structured and managed in order to ensure a safe, effective and quality supply of medicines to society. The process of medicines management involves the sequential management of five critical activity areas; namely; registration, selection, procurement, distribution and use. Formalized and standardized management of all five critical activity areas positively influences the availability, quality and affordability of medicines and ultimately increases the reliability and quality of the national healthcare system. Aim The aim of this review is to examine the current structure and operation of medicines management (i.e. the pharmaceutical sector) in Libya. Conclusion In the Libyan healthcare system all five critical activity areas are compromised. Restructuring of the pharmaceutical sector in Libya is required in order to provide and sustain sound pharmaceutical services for Libyan society and improve the national public health outcomes. PMID:21483563

Geology and hydrocarbon potential of the Hamada and Murzuq basins in western Libya

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kirmani, K.U.; Elhaj, F.

1988-08-01

The Hamada and Murzuq intracratonic basins of western Libya form a continuation of the Saharan basin which stretches from Algeria eastward into Tunisia and Libya. The tectonics and sedimentology of this region have been greatly influenced by the Caledonian and Hercynian orogenies. Northwest- and northeast-trending faults are characteristic of the broad, shallow basins. The Cambrian-Ordovician sediments are fluvial to shallow marine. The Silurian constitutes a complete sedimentary cycle, ranging from deep marine shales to shallow marine and deltaic sediments. The Devonian occupies a unique position between two major orogenies. The Mesozoic strata are relatively thin. The Triassic consists of well-developedmore » continental sands, whereas the Jurassic and Cretaceous sediments are mainly lagoonal dolomites, evaporites, and shales. Silurian shales are the primary source rock in the area. The quality of the source rock appears to be better in the deeper part of the basin than on its periphery. The Paleozoic has the best hydrocarbon potential. Hydrocarbons have also been encountered in the Triassic and Carboniferous. In the Hamada basin, the best-known field is the El Hamra, with reserves estimated at 155 million bbl from the Devonian. Significant accumulations of oil have been found in the Silurian. Tlacsin and Tigi are two fields with Silurian production. In the Murzuq basin the Cambrian-Ordovician has the best production capability. However, substantial reserves need to be established before developing any field in this basin. Large areas still remain unexplored in western Libya.« less

Understanding the risk and protective factors associated with obesity amongst Libyan adults - a qualitative study.

PubMed

Lemamsha, H; Papadopoulos, C; Randhawa, G

2018-04-13

There are a range of multifaceted behavioural and societal factors that combine to contribute to the causes of obesity. However, it is not yet known how particularly countries' cultural norms are contributing to the global obesity epidemic. Despite obesity reaching epidemic proportions in Libya, since the discovery of oil in 1959, there is a lack of information about obesity in Libyan adults. This study sought to explore the views of key informants about the risk and protective factors associated with obesity among Libyan men and women. A series of qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with Libyan healthcare professionals and community leaders. Eleven main themes (risk and protective factors) were identified, specifically: socio-demographic and biological factors, socioeconomic status, unhealthy eating behaviours, knowledge about obesity, social-cultural influences, Libya's healthcare facilities, physical activity and the effect of the neighbourhood environment, sedentary behaviour, Libyan food-subsidy policy, and suggestions for preventing and controlling obesity. Key recommendations are that an electronic health information system needs to be implemented and awareness about obesity and its causes and consequences needs to be raised among the public in order to dispel the many myths and misconceptions held by Libyans about obesity. The current political instability within Libya is contributing to a less-active lifestyle for the population due to security concerns and the impact of curfews. Our findings have implications for Libyan health policy and highlight the urgent need for action towards mitigating against the obesity epidemic in Libya.

View of portion of Libya and Arab Republic of Egypt

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-07-20

AST-02-130 (20 July 1975) --- An oblique view of a portion of Libya and the Arab Republic of Egypt, as photographed from the Apollo spacecraft in Earth orbit during the joint U.S.-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission. The geological features are the Jebel Uweinat and Jebel Arkenu basaltic mountains in the Libyan sand sea. This picture was taken with a 70mm Hasselblad camera using medium-speed Ektachrome QX-807 type film. The spacecraft was at an altitude of 219 kilometers (136 statute miles).

Libya Montes

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-11-23

This image by NASA Mars Odyssey spacecraft shows the rugged cratered highland region of Libya Montes, which forms part of the rim of an ancient impact basin called Isidis. This region of the highlands is fairly dissected with valley networks. There is still debate within the scientific community as to how valley networks themselves form: surface runoff (rainfall/snowmelt) or headward erosion via groundwater sapping. The degree of dissection here in this region suggests surface runoff rather than groundwater sapping. Small dunes are also visible on the floors of some of these channels. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA04008

Brucellosis update in Libya and regional prospective

PubMed Central

Ahmed, Mohamed O; Abouzeed, Yousef M; Bennour, Emad M; van Velkinburgh, Jennifer C

2015-01-01

Brucellosis is a global bacterial zoonosis responsible for high morbidity in humans and significant livestock economic losses. While brucellosis remains a public health concern worldwide, its global geographic distribution is variable, largely due to different management schemes; however, paucity of information renders the status of brucellosis unclear and incomplete in many countries, especially those with low income and under-developed infrastructure. This short article summarizes and discusses recent important updates on brucellosis from the North African countries, with a particular brief emphasis on the current status and recent updates in Libya. PMID:25578285

Brucellosis update in Libya and regional prospective.

PubMed

Ahmed, Mohamed O; Abouzeed, Yousef M; Bennour, Emad M; van Velkinburgh, Jennifer C

2015-02-01

Brucellosis is a global bacterial zoonosis responsible for high morbidity in humans and significant livestock economic losses. While brucellosis remains a public health concern worldwide, its global geographic distribution is variable, largely due to different management schemes; however, paucity of information renders the status of brucellosis unclear and incomplete in many countries, especially those with low income and under-developed infrastructure. This short article summarizes and discusses recent important updates on brucellosis from the North African countries, with a particular brief emphasis on the current status and recent updates in Libya.

Prevalence of hydatid cysts in slaughtered animals in Sirte, Libya.

PubMed

Kassem, Hamed H; Abdel-Kader, Abdel-Kader M; Nass, Sedigh Ahmed

2013-04-01

The prevalence of cystic echinococcosis was studied among the livestock slaughtered in abattoir of Sirte, Libya during the period July 2004 to May 2005. The overall infection rate of 4.9% in sheep, 2.4% in goats, 2.7% in camels and 15% in cattle were observed. The increase in prevalence with age of the animals was statistically significant in the four species. In female goats, examined infection was higher in the male. Liver had higher hydatid cysts than lungs in sheep, goat while infected lungs had higher in camel.

Characterizing Mafic, Clay, and Carbonate Components found in MRO/CRISM Images in Libya Montes, Mars, using Advances in Automated Gaussian Modeling of Spectral Features

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Makarewicz, H. D.; Parente, M.; Perry, K. A.; McKeown, N. K.; Bishop, J. L.

2009-12-01

Aqueous processes have been inferred at the Libya Montes rim/terrace complex of the southern Isidis Basin due to the dense concentration of valley networks [1]. Coordinated CRISM-HiRISE investigations of this region characterized discrete units of ancient phyllosilicate deposits covered by an olivine-rich material and a pyroxene caprock [2]. CRISM mapping data show minor phyllosilicate abundances widespread throughout the Southern Highlands [3], which are dominated by low-Ca pyroxene bearing material [4,5]. The carbonate magnesite has also been located throughout this area [6] and at Libya Montes [7]. Our current study involves detailed characterization of the minerals present at Libya Montes through implementation of improved automated Gaussian modeling methods. We have developed an automated procedure for modeling spectral features using Gaussians that has been successfully applied to laboratory studies and hyperspectral analyses of Mars [8,9,10,11]. Several studies are being conducted to improve and validate these models. These include a comparison of initialization methods, continuum methods, optimization algorithms, and modeled functions. The modeled functions compared include Gaussians, saturated Gaussians, and Lorentzians. This algorithm and the modeling studies are currently being applied towards analyses of CRISM hyperspectral images of Libya Montes and laboratory spectra of mineral mixtures. Specifically, olivine, pyroxene, phyllosilicate, and carbonate deposits are being modeled and classified by composition in CRISM images. References [1]Crumpler, L. S., and K. L. Tanaka (2003) J. Geophys. Res., 108, DOI: 8010.1029/2002JE002040. [2]Bishop, J. L., et al. (2007) 7th Int'l Mars Conf. [3]Mustard, J. F., et al. (2008) Nature, 454, 07305. [4]Bibring, J.-P., et al. (2005) Science, 307,1576. [5]Mustard, J. F., et al.(2005) Science, 307, 1594. [6]Ehlmann, B. L., et al. (2008) Science, 322, 1828. [7]Perry, K., et al. (2009) AGU Fall Mtng. [8]Makarewicz, H. D., et al. (2009) IEEE Whispers Wkshp. [9]Makarewicz, H. D., et al. (2008) AGU Fall Mtng. [10]Makarewicz, H. D., et al. (2009) LPSC. [11]Makarewicz, H. D., et al. (2009) Lunar Sci Forum.

Using Ground Targets to Validate S-NPP VIIRS Day-Night Band Calibration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, Xuexia; Wu, Aisheng; Xiong, Xiaoxiong; Lei, Ning; Wang, Zhipeng; Chiang, Kwofu

2016-01-01

In this study, the observations from S-NPP VIIRS Day-Night band (DNB) and Moderate resolution bands (M bands) of Libya 4 and Dome C over the first four years of the mission are used to assess the DNB low gain calibration stability. The Sensor Data Records produced by NASA Land Product Evaluation and Algorithm Testing Element (PEATE) are acquired from nearly nadir overpasses for Libya 4 desert and Dome C snow surfaces. A kernel-driven bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) correction model is used for both Libya 4 and Dome C sites to correct the surface BRDF influence. At both sites, the simulated top-of-atmosphere (TOA) DNB reflectances based on SCIAMACHY spectral data are compared with Land PEATE TOA reflectances based on modulated Relative Spectral Response (RSR). In the Libya 4 site, the results indicate a decrease of 1.03% in Land PEATE TOA reflectance and a decrease of 1.01% in SCIAMACHY derived TOA reflectance over the period from April 2012 to January 2016. In the Dome C site, the decreases are 0.29% and 0.14%, respectively. The consistency between SCIAMACHY and Land PEATE data trends is good. The small difference between SCIAMACHY and Land PEATE derived TOA reflectances could be caused by changes in the surface targets, atmosphere status, and on-orbit calibration. The reflectances and radiances of Land PEATE DNB are also compared with matching M bands and the integral M bands based on M4, M5, and M7. The fitting trends of the DNB to integral M bands ratios indicate a 0.75% decrease at the Libya 4 site and a 1.89% decrease at the Dome C site. Part of the difference is due to an insufficient number of sampled bands available within the DNB wavelength range. The above results indicate that the Land PEATE VIIRS DNB product is accurate and stable. The methods used in this study can be used on other satellite instruments to provide quantitative assessments for calibration stability.

The epidemiology of chronic pain in Libya: a cross-sectional telephone survey.

PubMed

Elzahaf, Raga A; Johnson, Mark I; Tashani, Osama A

2016-08-11

Chronic pain is a public health problem although there is a paucity of prevalence data from countries in the Middle East and North Africa. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of chronic pain and neuropathic pain in a sample of the general adult population in Libya. A cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted before the onset of the Libyan Civil War (February 2011) on a sample of self-declared Libyans who had a landline telephone and were at least 18 years of age. Random sampling of household telephone number dialling was undertaken in three major cities and interviews conducted using an Arabic version of the Structured Telephone Interviews Questionnaire on Chronic Pain previously used to collect data in Europe. In addition, an Arabic version of S-LANSS was used. 1212 individuals were interviewed (response rate = 95.1 %, mean age = 37.8 ± 13.9 years, female = 54.6 %). The prevalence of chronic pain ≥ 3 months was 19.6 % (95 % CI 14.6 % to 24.6 %) with a mean ± SD duration of pain of 6 · 5 ± 5 · 7 years and a higher prevalence for women. The prevalence of neuropathic pain in the respondents reporting chronic pain was 19 · 7 % (95 % CI 14 · 6-24 · 7), equivalent to 3 · 9 % (95 % CI 2 · 8 to 5 · 0 %) of the general adult population. Only, 71 (29 · 8 %) of respondents reported that their pain was being adequately controlled. The prevalence of chronic pain in the general adult population of Libya was approximately 20 % and comparable with Europe and North America. This suggests that chronic pain is a public health problem in Libya. Risk factors are being a woman, advanced age and unemployment. There is a need for improved health policies in Libya to ensure that patients with chronic pain receive effective management.

Prevalence, predictors and clinical significance of Blastocystis sp. in Sebha, Libya

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Blastocystis sp. has a worldwide distribution and is often the most common human intestinal protozoan reported in children and adults in developing countries. The clinical relevance of Blastocystis sp. remains controversial. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Blastocystis infection and its association with gastrointestinal symptoms among outpatients in Sebha city, Libya. Methods A total of 380 stool samples were collected from outpatients attending the Central Laboratory in Sebha, Libya for routine stool examination. The presence of Blastocystis sp. was screened comparing light microscopy of direct smears against in vitro cultivation. Demographic and socioeconomic information were collected with a standardized questionnaire. Results The overall prevalence of Blastocystis infection was 22.1%. The prevalence was significantly higher among patients aged ≥18 years compared to those aged < 18 years (29.4% vs 9.9%; x2 = 19.746; P < 0.001), and in males compared to females (26.4% vs 17.5%; x2 = 4.374; P = 0.036). Univariate analysis showed significant associations between Blastocystis infection and the occupational status (P = 0.017), family size (P = 0.023) and educational level (P = 0.042) of the participants. Multiple logistic regression analysis confirmed that the age of ≥ 18 years (OR = 5.7; 95% CI = 2.21; 9.86) and occupational status (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.02, 4.70) as significant predictors of Blastocystis infection among this population. In those who had only Blastocystis infection but no other gastrointestinal parasitic infections, the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms was higher compared to those without Blastocystis infection (35.3% vs 13.2%; x2 = 25.8; P < 0.001). The most common symptoms among these patients were abdominal pain (76.4%), flatulence (41.1%) and diarrhoea (21.5%). Conclusions Blastocystis sp. is prevalent and associated with gastrointestinal symptoms among communities in Sebha city, Libya. Age and occupational status were the significant predictors of infection. However, more studies from different areas in Libya are needed in order to delineate the epidemiology and clinical significance of this infection. PMID:23566585

Prevalence, predictors and clinical significance of Blastocystis sp. in Sebha, Libya.

PubMed

Abdulsalam, Awatif M; Ithoi, Init; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M; Khan, Abdul Hafeez; Ahmed, Abdulhamid; Surin, Johari; Mak, Joon Wah

2013-04-08

Blastocystis sp. has a worldwide distribution and is often the most common human intestinal protozoan reported in children and adults in developing countries. The clinical relevance of Blastocystis sp. remains controversial. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Blastocystis infection and its association with gastrointestinal symptoms among outpatients in Sebha city, Libya. A total of 380 stool samples were collected from outpatients attending the Central Laboratory in Sebha, Libya for routine stool examination. The presence of Blastocystis sp. was screened comparing light microscopy of direct smears against in vitro cultivation. Demographic and socioeconomic information were collected with a standardized questionnaire. The overall prevalence of Blastocystis infection was 22.1%. The prevalence was significantly higher among patients aged ≥18 years compared to those aged < 18 years (29.4% vs 9.9%; x² = 19.746; P < 0.001), and in males compared to females (26.4% vs 17.5%; x² = 4.374; P = 0.036). Univariate analysis showed significant associations between Blastocystis infection and the occupational status (P = 0.017), family size (P = 0.023) and educational level (P = 0.042) of the participants. Multiple logistic regression analysis confirmed that the age of ≥ 18 years (OR = 5.7; 95% CI = 2.21; 9.86) and occupational status (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.02, 4.70) as significant predictors of Blastocystis infection among this population. In those who had only Blastocystis infection but no other gastrointestinal parasitic infections, the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms was higher compared to those without Blastocystis infection (35.3% vs 13.2%; x² = 25.8; P < 0.001). The most common symptoms among these patients were abdominal pain (76.4%), flatulence (41.1%) and diarrhoea (21.5%). Blastocystis sp. is prevalent and associated with gastrointestinal symptoms among communities in Sebha city, Libya. Age and occupational status were the significant predictors of infection. However, more studies from different areas in Libya are needed in order to delineate the epidemiology and clinical significance of this infection.

Geology of Libya Montes and the Interbasin Plains of Northern Tyrrhena Terra, Mars: Project Introduction and First Year Work Plan

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Skiner, J. A., Jr.; Rogers, A. D.; Seelos, K. D.

2009-01-01

The highland-lowland boundary (HLB) of Mars is interpreted to be a complex tectonic and erosional transition that may hold evidence for past geologic processes and environments. The HLB-abutting margin of the Libya Montes and the interbasin plains of northern Tyrrhena Terra display an exceptional view of the earliest to middle history of Mars that has yet to be fully characterized. This region contains some of the oldest exposed materials on the Martian surface as well as aqueous mineral signatures that may be potential chemical artifacts of early highland formational processes. However, a full understanding of the regions geologic and stratigraphic evolution is remarkably lacking. Some outstanding questions regarding the geologic evolution of Libya Montes and northern Tyrrhena Terra in-clude: Does combining geomorphology and composition advance our understanding of the region s evolution? Can highland materials be subdivided into stratigraphically discrete rock and sediment sequences? What do major physiographic transitions imply about the balanced tectonism, climate change, and erosion? Where is the erosional origin and what is the post-depositional history of channel and plains units? When and in what types of environments did aqueous mineral signatures arise? This abstract introduces the geologic setting, science rationale, and first year work plan of a recently-funded 4-year geologic mapping proposal (project year = calendar year). The objective is to delineate the geologic evolution of Libya Montes and northern Tyrrhena Terra at 1:1M scale using both classical geomorphological and compositional mapping techniques. The funded quadrangles are MTMs 00282, -05282, -10282, 00277, -05277, and -10277.

Psychometric Properties of an Arabic Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-20 (PASS-20) in Healthy Volunteers and Patients Attending a Physiotherapy Clinic.

PubMed

Tashani, Osama A; AlAbas, Oras A; Kabil, Raafat A M; Johnson, Mark I

2017-06-01

The aim of this study was to cross-culturally adapt the PASS-20 questionnaire for use in Libya. Participants were 71 patients (42 women) attending the physiotherapy clinic, Ibn Sina Hospital, Sirt, Libya for management of persistent pain and 137 healthy unpaid undergraduate students (52 women) from the University of Sirt, Libya. The English PASS-20 was translated into Arabic. Patients completed the Arabic PASS-20 and the Arabic Pain Rating Scales on two occasions separated by a 14-day interval. Healthy participants completed the Arabic PASS-20 on one occasion. The internal consistency (ICC) for pain patient and healthy participant samples yielded a good reliability for the total score, cognitive anxiety, fear of pain, and physiological anxiety. The test-retest reliability of the Arabic PASS-20 score showed high reliability for the total score (ICC = 0.93, p < 0.001), escape/avoidance (ICC = 0.93, p < 0.001), fear of pain (ICC = 0.94, p < 0.001), and physiological anxiety subscales (ICC = 0.96, p < 0.001) and good reliability for the cognitive anxiety (ICC = 0.85, p < 0.001). Inspection of the Promax rotation showed that each factor comprised of five items were consistent with the theoretical constructs of the original PASS-20 subscales. The Arabic PASS-20 retained internal consistency and reliability with the original English version and can be used to measure pain anxiety symptoms in both pain and healthy individual samples in Libya.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a tertiary surgical and trauma hospital in Benghazi, Libya.

PubMed

Buzaid, Najat; Elzouki, Abdel-Naser; Taher, Ibrahim; Ghenghesh, Khalifa Sifaw

2011-10-13

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a multidrug resistant organism that threatens the continued effectiveness of antibiotics worldwide and causes a threat almost exclusively in hospitals and long-term care settings. This study investigated the prevalence of MRSA strains and their sensitivity patterns against various antibiotics used for treating hospitalized patients in a major tertiary surgical hospital in Benghazi, Libya. We investigated 200 non-duplicate S. aureus strains isolated from different clinical specimens submitted to the Microbiology Laboratory at Aljala Surgical and Trauma Hospital, Benghazi, Libya from April to July 2007. Isolates were tested for methicillin resistance by the oxacillin disc-diffusion assay according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. MRSA strains were tested for antimicrobial resistance (i.e., vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol and fusidic acid) using commercial discs. Information on patient demographics and clinical disease was also collected. Of the isolates examined 31% (62/200) were MRSA. No significant differences were observed in the prevalence of MRSA among S. aureus from females or males or from different age groups. Most MRSA were isolated from burns and surgical wound infections. Antibiotic resistance patterns of 62 patients with MRSA to vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, fusidic acid, chloramphenicol and erythromycin were 17.7%, 33.9%, 41.9%, 38.7% and 46.8% of cases, respectively. MRSA prevalence in our hospital was high and this may be the case for other hospitals in Libya. A sound surveillance program of nosocomial infections is urgently needed to reduce the incidence of infections due to MRSA and other antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in Libyan hospitals.

Cervical cancer in north-eastern Libya: 2000-2008.

PubMed

Ben Khaial, F; Bodalal, Z; Elramli, A; Elkhwsky, F; Eltaguri, A; Bendardaf, R

2014-08-01

Libya is a country with a low population, listed under the EMRO. Using registers and patient records from a major primary oncology clinic, data was gathered from Libyan cervical cancer patients and various parameters were studied across 9 years. Out of 4,090 female cancer cases during the study period, 1.8% were cervical cancer (n = 74). The average age of presentation was 53 years, with most of the cases (60%, n = 44) being premenopausal. Approximately 65% (n = 48) of cervical cancer patients are diagnosed at later stages (i.e. stages III and IV). The majority of these cases are squamous cell carcinoma (83.8%, n = 62), while 16.2% (n = 12) were found to be adenocarcinoma. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma presented at later stages more often than those with adenocarcinoma. Human papilloma virus was strongly implicated in cervical cancer, with 94% (n = 63) of those who were tested being positive for HPV-16 (82.5%, n = 52) and HPV-18 (12.7%, n = 8). Diagnosis was most frequently made through biopsy (97.3%, n = 72) as opposed to Pap smears (2.7%, n = 2). Most Libyan patients were put through chemotherapy (75%, n = 55) and triple therapy (surgery with combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy) was the most common (38%, n = 28) modality of treatment. Comparisons were made between Libya and other nations, either in the developed world or neighbouring countries. The major problem of cervical cancer in Libya is delayed presentation and hence, all the recommendations focus on increased awareness for the populace, implementation of a national cancer control plan and a national screening programme.

Geology of Libya Montes and the Interbasin Plains of Northern Tyrrhena Terra, Mars: First Year Results and Second Year Work Plan

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Skinner, J. A., Jr.; Rogers, A. D.; Seelos, K. D.

2010-01-01

The Libya Montes-Tyrrhena Terra highland-lowland transitional zone of Mars is a complex tectonic and erosional region that contains some of the oldest exposed materials on the Martian surface as well as aqueous mineral signatures that may be potential chemical artifacts of early highland formational processes. Our 1:1M scale mapping project includes the geologic materials and landforms contained within MTMs 00282, -05282, -10282, 00277, - 05277, and -10277, which cover the highland portion of the transitional zone. The map region extends from the Libya Montes southward into Tyrrhena Terra and to the northern rim of Hellas basin and includes volcanic rocks of Syrtis Major Planum and a broad lowlying plain (palus) that forms a topographic divide between Isidis and Hellas basins. The objective of this project is to describe the geologic history of regional massif and plains materials by combining geomorphological and compositional mapping observations. This abstract summarizes the technical approaches and interim scientific results of Year 1 efforts and the expected work plan for Year 2 efforts.

Mrar formation of western Libya - evolution of an early Carboniferous delta system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Whitbread, T.; Kelling, G.

1982-08-01

The Lower Carboniferous Mrar Formation is exposed extensively along the southern margin of the Ghadames basin in northwest Libya. The basal part of the Mrar forms the cap rock and possible hydrocarbon source for many of the producing reservoirs in the underlying Tahara sandstones. Furthermore, the Mrar itself is known to contain significant gas shows southwest of the outcrop, associated with some oil potential. The Mrar formation was deposited in a deltaic environment which developed on the northern part of the stable Saharan platform. The history of the Mrar formation's deposition is discussed. (JMT)

AIR SHIPMENT OF HIGHLY ENRICHED URANIUM SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL FROM ROMANIA AND LIBYA

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Christopher Landers; Igor Bolshinsky; Ken Allen

2010-07-01

In June 2009 Romania successfully completed the world’s first air shipment of highly enriched uranium (HEU) spent nuclear fuel transported in Type B(U) casks under existing international laws and without special exceptions for the air transport licenses. Special 20-foot ISO shipping containers and cask tiedown supports were designed to transport Russian TUK 19 shipping casks for the Romanian air shipment and the equipment was certified for all modes of transport, including road, rail, water, and air. In December 2009 Libya successfully used this same equipment for a second air shipment of HEU spent nuclear fuel. Both spent fuel shipments weremore » transported by truck from the originating nuclear facilities to nearby commercial airports, were flown by commercial cargo aircraft to a commercial airport in Yekaterinburg, Russia, and then transported by truck to their final destinations at the Production Association Mayak facility in Chelyabinsk, Russia. Both air shipments were performed under the Russian Research Reactor Fuel Return Program (RRRFR) as part of the U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI). The Romania air shipment of 23.7 kg of HEU spent fuel from the VVR S research reactor was the last of three HEU fresh and spent fuel shipments under RRRFR that resulted in Romania becoming the 3rd RRRFR participating country to remove all HEU. Libya had previously completed two RRRFR shipments of HEU fresh fuel so the 5.2 kg of HEU spent fuel air shipped from the IRT 1 research reactor in December made Libya the 4th RRRFR participating country to remove all HEU. This paper describes the equipment, preparations, and license approvals required to safely and securely complete these two air shipments of spent nuclear fuel.« less

Translation and cultural adaptation of the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) pain scale into Arabic for use with patients with diabetes in Libya.

PubMed

Garoushi, Sabri; Johnson, Mark I; Tashani, Osama A

2017-12-01

In Libya neuropathic pain is rarely assessed in patients with diabetes. The Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) pain scale is used worldwide to screen for neuropathic pain. There is no Arabic version of LANSS for use in Libya. The aim of this study was to develop an Arabic version of LANSS and to assess its validity and reliability in diabetic patients in Benghazi, Libya. LANSS was translated into Arabic by four bilingual translators and back translated to English by a university academic. Validity and reliability of the Arabic LANSS was assessed on 110 patients attending a Diabetes Centre in Benghazi. Concurrent validity was tested and compared with the Self-completed Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (S-LANSS). Test-retest reliability was conducted 1-2 weeks later. Internal consistency and inter-class correlation (ICC) between LANSS and S-LANSS was also tested. Internal consistency within first completion of the Arabic LANSS was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha = 0.793) and similar to the Arabic S-LANSS (0.796) and the second completion of the Arabic LANSS (0.795). ICC between the Arabic LANSS and the Arabic S-LANSS was 0.999 (p < 0.001). Test-retest reliability (ICC) between first and second completions of the Arabic LANSS was 0.999 (p < 0.001). Kappa measurement of agreement between the two Arabic LANSS completions and S-LANSS was high on all seven items (Kappa >0.95, p < 0.0001). We concluded that the Arabic version of LANSS pain scale was valid and reliable for use on Libyan diabetic patients. This study provided results suggesting that the S-LANSS could also be used on diabetic patients.

Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori infection in the eastern Libya: a descriptive epidemiological study.

PubMed

Elzouki, Abdel-Naser Y; Buhjab, Soad I; Alkialani, Akram; Habel, Salah; Sasco, Annie J

2012-06-01

The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of histologically-proven gastric cancer in Eastern Libya and explore its association with Helicobacter pylori infection. The registries of the Departments of Histopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Benghazi University and Oncology, Al-Jomhoria Hospital, Benghazi, were reviewed for cases with primary gastrointestinal cancer from January 2000 to December 2002 (sole Histopathology and Oncology Departments in Eastern Libya). Slides of hematoxylin and eosin stain of gastric cancer patients were re-stained to detect H. pylori. The American Joint Committee on Cancer Tumor, Node, Metastasis staging was used for clinical and pathologic staging. Gastric cancer biopsy materials were classified into intestinal or diffuse type according to Lauren criteria. One hundred and fourteen cases of gastric cancer were diagnosed. Tumor stages were: 2 (14%), 3 (21%), 4 (57%) and unknown (8%). Most common site of involvement was the antrum (48%). Diffuse adenocarcinoma occurred in 56 patients (49.1%), intestinal adenocarcinoma in 46 (40.4%) and malignant gastric lymphoma in 12 (10.5%). The overall frequency of H. pylori infection was 63.2% (72/114), more frequent in intestinal adenocarcinoma (71.7%) and malignant lymphoma (66.6%) than diffuse adenocarcinoma (55.3%). The frequency of gastric cancer increased throughout the three years of study. The majority of the patients were diagnosed in locally advanced or metastatic stage. Clearly more efforts need to be given to early detection. We showed a stronger association of H. pylori infection with intestinal type gastric adenocarcinoma and malignant lymphoma than diffuse adenocarcinoma suggesting that H. pylori infection is the most probable causal factor of gastric cancer in this part of Libya. Copyright © 2012 Arab Journal of Gastroenterology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Exploiting serological data to understand the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes circulating in Libya

PubMed Central

Eldaghayes, Ibrahim; Dayhum, Abdunaser; Kammon, Abdulwahab; Sharif, Monier; Ferrari, Giancarlo; Bartels, Christianus; Sumption, Keith; King, Donald P.; Grazioli, Santina; Brocchi, Emiliana

2017-01-01

Sporadic outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) have occurred in Libya for almost fifty years. During the spring of 2013, a countrywide serosurvey was undertaken to assess the level of FMD virus circulation and identify FMD virus serotypes in the country. A total of 4221 sera were collected, comprising samples from large ruminants (LR; n=1428 samples from 357 farms) and small ruminants (SR; n=2793 samples from 141 farms). FMD sero-prevalence of NSP antibodies determined by ELISA were 19.0% (271/1428) with 95% CI (16.9 – 21.0) and 13.5% (378/2793) with 95% CI (12.3 – 14.8) for LR and SR samples, respectively. The sero-prevalence of NSP antibodies in LR was 12.3% and 19.8% for age group < 1 year and ≥ 1 year, respectively (X2= 4.95, P= 0.026), while in SR was 3.7%, 13.6% and 21.3% for age group < 1 year, 1-2 year and > 2 year, respectively (X2= 118.1, P= 0.000). These observed NSP serologic profiles support the hypothesis of an endemic level of FMD circulation in Libya. All positive sera were tested for SP antibodies for O, A and SAT-2 FMD virus serotypes. Serotype O was the dominant circulating serotype followed by serotype A, while evidence of SAT-2 was not found. These data provide an insight into the wider epidemiology of FMD in Libya, and contribute to field and laboratory investigations that during 2013 serotype O (O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage) was isolated from clinical samples collected from the country. PMID:28180094

Determinants of survival in patients receiving dialysis in Libya.

PubMed

Alashek, Wiam A; McIntyre, Christopher W; Taal, Maarten W

2013-04-01

Maintenance dialysis is associated with reduced survival when compared with the general population. In Libya, information about outcomes on dialysis is scarce. This study, therefore, aimed to provide the first comprehensive analysis of survival in Libyan dialysis patients. This prospective multicenter study included all patients in Libya who had been receiving dialysis for >90 days in June 2009. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected upon enrollment and survival status after 1 year was determined. Two thousand two hundred seventy-three patients in 38 dialysis centers were followed up for 1 year. The majority were receiving hemodialysis (98.8%). Sixty-seven patients were censored due to renal transplantation, and 46 patients were lost to follow-up. Thus, 2159 patients were followed up for 1 year. Four hundred fifty-eight deaths occurred, (crude annual mortality rate of 21.2%). Of these, 31% were due to ischemic heart disease, 16% cerebrovascular accidents, and 16% due to infection. Annual mortality rate was 0% to 70% in different dialysis centers. Best survival was in age group 25 to 34 years. Binary logistic regression analysis identified age at onset of dialysis, physical dependency, diabetes, and predialysis urea as independent determinants of increased mortality. Patients receiving dialysis in Libya have a crude 1-year mortality rate similar to most developed countries, but the mean age of the dialysis population is much lower, and this outcome is thus relatively poor. As in most countries, cardiovascular disease and infection were the most common causes of death. Variation in mortality rates between different centers suggests that survival could be improved by promoting standardization of best practice. © 2012 The Authors. Hemodialysis International © 2012 International Society for Hemodialysis.

Prevalence and causes of visual impairment and blindness, cataract surgical coverage and outcomes of cataract surgery in Libya.

PubMed

Rabiu, Muhammad Mansur; Jenf, Mansour; Fituri, Suad; Choudhury, Abdulhanan; Agbabiaka, Idris; Mousa, Ahmed

2013-01-01

To assess the major causes of avoidable blindness, and outcomes and barriers to cataract services in Libya. A stratified multistage cluster random sample study was conducted in the four regions of Libya. Visual acuity and lens assessment were performed on all subjects. Those with presenting visual acuity <6/18 in either or both eyes were further investigated to determine cause(s) of impairment. Barriers to cataract surgery were investigated. Visual outcomes of subjects with surgery performed were assessed. A total of 8538 persons aged ≥50 years were examined across the four regions. The prevalence of blindness was 3.25% (3.15% with best correction), which varied across the regions (2.94-3.80%); after adjustment for age and sex, the prevalence was 2.66%. Major causes of blindness were cataract (29%), glaucoma (24%) and other corneal scars (14%). Causes were similar across all regions except in the south. Avoidable causes were responsible for 60.6% of blindness. Major causes of visual impairment were cataract (31.2%), diabetic retinopathy (16.6%) and posterior segment diseases (15.1%). Cataract surgical coverage among those with visual acuity <3/60 was 95.4%, with no sex differences. About 38% of cataract-operated eyes had poor outcome even after best correction (35%). There was poor outcome in 33% of pseudophakic eyes with best correction. The major barriers to service uptake were "waiting for maturity" (26%), "unaware of treatment" (24%) and "God's will/destiny" (17%). Libya needs to improve the quality of cataract surgery across all the regions. The southern region needs improvement in both quality and coverage of services.

Paternal lineages in Libya inferred from Y-chromosome haplogroups.

PubMed

Triki-Fendri, Soumaya; Sánchez-Diz, Paula; Rey-González, Danel; Ayadi, Imen; Carracedo, Ángel; Rebai, Ahmed

2015-06-01

Many studies based on genetic diversity of North African populations have contributed to elucidate the modelling of the genetic landscape in this region. North Africa is considered as a distinct spatial-temporal entity on geographic, archaeological, and historical grounds, which has undergone the influence of different human migrations along its shaping. For instance, Libya, a North African country, was first inhabited by Berbers and then colonized by a variety of ethnic groups like Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs and, in recent times, Italians. In this study, we contribute to clarify the genetic variation of Libya and consequently, of North African modern populations, by the study of Libyan male lineages. A total of 22 Y-chromosome-specific SNPs were genotyped in a sample of 175 Libyan males, allowing the characterization of 18 Y-chromosomal haplogroups. The obtained data revealed a predominant Northwest African component represented by haplogroup E-M81 (33.7%) followed by J(xJ1a,J2)-M304 (27.4%), which is postulated to have a Middle Eastern origin. The comparative study with other populations (∼5,400 individuals from North Africa, Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Europe) revealed a general genetic homogeneity among North African populations (FST = 5.3 %; P-value < 0.0001). Overall, the Y-haplogroup diversity in Libya and in North Africa is characterized by two genetic components. The first signature is typical of Berber-speaking people (E-M81), the autochthonous inhabitants, whereas the second is (J(xJ1a,J2)-M304), originating from Arabic populations. This is in agreement with the hypothesis of an Arabic expansion from the Middle East, shaping the North African genetic landscape. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Stratigraphy of the Neogene Sahabi units in the Sirt Basin, northeast Libya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

El-Shawaihdi, M. H.; Mozley, P. S.; Boaz, N. T.; Salloum, F.; Pavlakis, P.; Muftah, A.; Triantaphyllou, M.

2016-06-01

A revision of the nomenclature of lithostratigraphic units of Neogene strata at As Sahabi, northeast Libya, is presented, based on new fieldwork conducted during 2006-2008. The Sahabi units are correlated across the Ajdabya Sheet (NH 34-6) in northeastern Libya. Major conclusions are: (1) Miocene (Langhian through Messinian) strata are predominantly carbonate and should be referred to as formation "M"; (2) A local unconformity of Miocene (early Messinian) age overlies strata of the formation "M"; (3) This unconformity is overlain by Messinian gypsiferous sand and mud (formerly formation "P" and partially member "T"), which are designated as the "lower member" (gypsiferous) of the Sahabi Formation; (4) The "lower member" is overlain by sand and mud of late Messinian age (formerly partially member "T" and members "U1", "UD", and "U2") in a generally fining-upwards sequence, and are designated as the "upper member" (non-gypsiferous) of the Sahabi Formation; (5) The latest Miocene sand and mud of the "upper member" are capped by an unconformity that is correlated with the regression and desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea during the Messinian Salinity Crisis and with Eosahabi Channel cutting; (6) The unconformity is overlain by Pliocene medium, coarse, and pebbly sands, which are referred to as the Qarat Weddah Formation (formerly Garet Uedda Formation); (7) The Pliocene sands of Qarat Weddah Formation are overlain by carbonate soil (calcrete) of Late Pliocene age, which is referred to as formation "Z" (formerly member "Z"). The major outcome of this study is a revised stratigraphic description and nomenclature of the Sahabi units that helps to provide a formal and unified context for understanding paleontological discoveries in northeastern Libya, which will serve to facilitate a broader correlation of the Sahabi units with their equivalents elsewhere in Africa and in Europe and Asia.

Anticipating rotavirus vaccines--a pre-vaccine assessment of incidence and economic burden of rotavirus hospitalizations among children < 5 year of age in Libya, 2012-13.

PubMed

Alkoshi, Salem; Leshem, Eyal; Parashar, Umesh D; Dahlui, Maznah

2015-01-24

Libya introduced rotavirus vaccine in October 2013. We examined pre-vaccine incidence of rotavirus hospitalizations and associated economic burden among children < 5 years in Libya to provide baseline data for future vaccine impact evaluations. Prospective, hospital-based active surveillance for rotavirus was conducted at three public hospitals in two cities during August 2012 - April 2013. Clinical, demographic and estimated cost data were collected from children <5 hospitalized for diarrhea; stool specimens were tested for rotavirus with a commercial enzyme immunoassay. Annual rotavirus hospitalization incidence rate estimates included a conservative estimate based on the number of cases recorded during the nine months and an extrapolation to estimate 12 months incidence rate. National rotavirus disease and economic burden were estimated by extrapolating incidence and cost data to the national population of children aged < 5 years. A total of 410 children < 5 years of age with diarrhea were enrolled, of whom 239 (58%) tested positive rotavirus, yielding an incidence range of 418-557 rotavirus hospitalizations per 100,000 children < 5 years of age. Most (86%) rotavirus cases were below two years of age with a distinct seasonal peak in winter (December-March) months. The total cost of treatment for each rotavirus patient was estimated at US$ 679 (range: 200-5,423). By extrapolation, we estimated 2,948 rotavirus hospitalizations occur each year in Libyan children < 5 years of age, incurring total costs of US$ 2,001,662 (range: 1,931,726-2,094,005). Rotavirus incurs substantial morbidity and economic burden in Libya, highlighting the potential value of vaccination of Libyan children against rotavirus.

Plate tectonics and offshore boundary delimitation: Tunisia-Libya case at the International Court of Justice

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stanley, D.J.

1983-03-01

Advances in the technology for exploiting resources of the oceans, particularly recovery of hydrocarbons and minerals in deep water, is benefiting a growing number of nations. At the same time, however, economic and political pressures have induced concern and there is now a much increased emphasis on jurisdiction to divide the offshore areas between the 132 coastal nations. Negotiations affect research operations at sea and, in consequence, marine scientists have been made aware of offshore problems as highlighted by the Law of the Sea Treaty (UNCLOS III) and complications arising from the legal versus scientific definitions of continental shelves andmore » margins. The first major offshore boundary case of international scope where plate tectonics has constituted a significant argument is the one recently brought before the International Court of Justice by Libya and Tunisia concerning the delimitation of their continental shelves. Of the two parties, Libya placed the greatest emphasis on this concept as a means to determine natural prolongation of its land territory into and under the sea. Tunisia contested Libya's use of the whole of the African continental landmass as a reference unit; in Tunisia's view, considerations of geography, geomorphology, and bathymetry are at least as relevant as are those of geology. In its landmark judgment (February 1982) - which almost certainly will have far-reaching consequences in future such boundary delimitation cases - the court pronounced that It is the outcome, not the evolution in the long-distant past, which is of importance, and that it is the present-day configuration of the coasts and sea bed which are the main factors to be considered, not geology.« less

Seismicity and gravimetric studies of Cyrenaica platform and adjacent regions, northeastern Libya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ben Suleman, abdunnur

2013-04-01

Cyrenaica, located in northeastern Libya, consists of two distinct tectonic provinces; the tectonically unstable northern Cyrenaica and the more stable Cyernaican platform to the south. This study represents detailed investigations that aim to focus on the structure and tectonic setting through a detailed Seismicity and gravity analysis. Seismicity of northeastern Libya is documented back to 262 A.D. when an earthquake destroyed the city of Ceryne. The same area was destroyed by an earthquake in 365 A.D, The city of Al-Maraj was heavily damaged in 1963 by an earthquake measuring 5,3 in the Richter scale. Data collected by the recently established Libyan National Seismograph Network confirms that northeastern Libya is seismically active with most of the activity concentrates on the northern part particularly in the city of Al-Maraj area. Seismic activity is also noticeable in the offshore area. Focal mechanism studies for a number of earthquakes recorded by the Libyan National Seismograph Network suggest that normal faulting is predominant. A gravity data base collected from a variety of sources was compiled to generate a Bouguer gravity anomaly map that represents the basic map used in the overall interpretations, as well as in generating more specialized gravity maps used in the detailed investigations. The Bouguer gravity map demonstrates that the northern inverted basins of Cyrenaica and the coastal plain of Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar show a raped northward increase in gravity values to up to 130 Mgal. In addition a series of steep faults that separates the unstable Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar from the more stable Cyrenaica platform as well as other faults within the platform were well delineated.

A Regional View of the Libya Montes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

[figure removed for brevity, see original site]

The Libya Montes are a ring of mountains up-lifted by the giant impact that created the Isidis basin to the north. During 1999, this region became one of the top two that were being considered for the now-canceled Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander. The Isidis basin is very, very ancient. Thus, the mountains that form its rims would contain some of the oldest rocks available at the Martian surface, and a landing in this region might potentially provide information about conditions on early Mars. In May 1999, the wide angle cameras of the Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera system were used in what was called the 'Geodesy Campaign' to obtain nearly global maps of the planet in color and in stereo at resolutions of 240 m/pixel (787 ft/pixel) for the red camera and 480 m/pixel (1575 ft/pixel) for the blue. Shown here are color and stereo views constructed from mosaics of the Geodesy Campaign images for the Libya Montes region of Mars. After they formed by giant impact, the Libya Mountains and valleys were subsequently modified and eroded by other processes, including wind, impact cratering, and flow of liquid water to make the many small valleys that can be seen running northward in the scene. The pictures shown here cover nearly 122,000 square kilometers (47,000 square miles) between latitudes 0.1oN and 4.0oN, longitudes 271.5oW and 279.9oW. The mosaics are about 518 km (322 mi) wide by 235 km (146 mi)high. Red-blue '3-D' glasses are needed to view the stereo image.

A film producer focuses on issues of social justice and nurses: an interview with Richard Harding. Interviewed by Kathleen McHugh.

PubMed

Harding, Richard

2012-01-01

This case study of Richard Harding, a producer currently making a film about the Benghazi Six, includes an introductory biography, an interview with the producer, and a brief conclusion. Harding's commitments to both filmmaking and social justice issues led him to The Benghazi Six and the injustices suffered by these Bulgarian nurses, who were persecuted and imprisoned in Libya for 9 years on false charges of infecting Libyan children with HIV. The film production ran alongside of and aided international efforts to free the nurses and one physician from Libya. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

U.S. Navy Crisis Response Activity, 1946-1989: Preliminary Report

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-11-29

177 La Belle Disco , Libya 4/10/86 6 A6 2 N N Y N 178 Pakistan Hijacking Sep-86 1 A6 1 N N N N 179 Persian Gulf Ops Jan-87 579 A7 2 Y Y Y Y 180...operations as no hostages were released. 177 La Belle Disco , Libya 4/10/86 6 A6 2 N N Y N On 5 April, the La Belle Discotheque in the Federal Republic of...naval units were damaged or sunk; and, on 3 July 1988, in the midst of a surface engagement, CG-49 Vincennes shot down an Iran Air Airbus , killing all

Comments on the paper of Bodin et al. (2010). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 58, pp. 489-506

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tlig, Saïd

2016-06-01

Bodin et al. (2010) produced an important paper in the Journal of African Earth Sciences. The main goals of this paper were: (1) the petrological and sedimentological treatment of the upper Jurassic and Cretaceous series in southern Tunisia and northern Ghadames Basin including the Hamada El Hamra area and Nafussah Mountain of Libya; (2) the reconstruction of tectonic controls on deposition and basin-fill; (3) the correlation of poorly dated lithostratigraphic columns, poor in diagnostic fauna, from northwestern Libya to southern Tunisia; and (4) the comparison between the authors' findings and assignments of global eustatic and plate tectonic events.

Bladder cancer mapping in Libya based on standardized morbidity ratio and log-normal model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alhdiri, Maryam Ahmed; Samat, Nor Azah; Mohamed, Zulkifley

2017-05-01

Disease mapping contains a set of statistical techniques that detail maps of rates based on estimated mortality, morbidity, and prevalence. A traditional approach to measure the relative risk of the disease is called Standardized Morbidity Ratio (SMR). It is the ratio of an observed and expected number of accounts in an area, which has the greatest uncertainty if the disease is rare or if geographical area is small. Therefore, Bayesian models or statistical smoothing based on Log-normal model are introduced which might solve SMR problem. This study estimates the relative risk for bladder cancer incidence in Libya from 2006 to 2007 based on the SMR and log-normal model, which were fitted to data using WinBUGS software. This study starts with a brief review of these models, starting with the SMR method and followed by the log-normal model, which is then applied to bladder cancer incidence in Libya. All results are compared using maps and tables. The study concludes that the log-normal model gives better relative risk estimates compared to the classical method. The log-normal model has can overcome the SMR problem when there is no observed bladder cancer in an area.

Petroleum resources of Libya, Algeria, and Egypt. Foreign energy supply assessment series

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1984-03-01

Part 1 of the report is a synopsis of each country's location, its exploration and development history, crude oil field production history, and markets. Part 2 discusses the production and reserve characteristics of the oil fields and status of the known crude oil resources. Part 3 provides an assessment of the ultimately recoverable crude oil and the possible future rate of availability of the crude oil. Part 4 discusses the status of the known and undiscovered natural gas resources, production, and markets. Part 5 is an overview of the petroleum geology of the three countries and the physical characteristics ofmore » their crude oils. Appendix A presents an annual resume of historical production by field and by basin for Libya; Appendix B shows the historical production by field and by basin for Algeria; Appendix C shows the historical production by field and by basin for Egypt; Appendix D provides production tables for each country. Data presented in Appendixes A through D are derived mostly from the April 1982 publication, Libya, Algeria and Egypt-Crude Oil Potential From Known Deposits DOE/EIA-0338, by William D. Dietzman, Naim R. Rafidi, and Thomas A. Ross. Appendix E is a geologic timetable.« less

A new early Oligocene mammal fauna from the Sirt Basin, central Libya: Biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coster, Pauline M. C.; Beard, K. Christopher; Salem, Mustafa J.; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Brunet, Michel; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques

2015-04-01

We report the discovery of a new early Oligocene vertebrate fauna from the vicinity of Zallah Oasis in the Sirt Basin of central Libya. The Zallah Incision local fauna has been recovered from the base of a fluvial channel within a rock unit that has been mapped as "Continental and Transitional Marine Deposits." This rock unit has produced fossil vertebrates sporadically since the 1960s, but the Zallah Incision local fauna is the most diverse assemblage of fossil mammals currently known from this unit. In addition to lower vertebrates, the fauna includes an indeterminate sirenian, the anthracothere Bothriogenys, a new species of the hyracoid genus Thyrohyrax, new species of the hystricognathous rodent genera Metaphiomys and Neophiomys, Metaphiomys schaubi, and a new species of the parapithecid primate genus Apidium. The Zallah Incision local fauna from Libya appears to be close in age to Fayum quarries V and G in the Jebel Qatrani Formation of Egypt and the Taqah locality in the Ashawq Formation of Oman. Considered together, these early Oligocene faunas support a modest level of faunal provincialism across the northern part of Afro-Arabia during the early Oligocene.

Evaluation of the Main Ceos Pseudo Calibration Sites Using Modis Brdf/albedo Products

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kharbouche, Said; Muller, Jan-Peter

2016-06-01

This work describes our findings about an evaluation of the stability and the consistency of twenty primary PICSs (Pseudo-Invariant Calibration Sites). We present an analysis of 13 years of 8-daily MODIS products of BRDF parameters and white-sky-albedos (WSA) over the shortwave band. This time series of WSA and BRDFs shows the variation of the "stability" varies significantly from site to site. Using a 10x10 km window size over all the sites, the change in of WSA stability is around 4% but the isotropicity, which is an important element in inter-satellite calibration, can vary from 75% to 98%. Moreover, some PICS, especially, Libya-4 which is one of the PICS which is most employed, has significant and relatively fast changes in wintertime. PICS observations of BRDF/albedo shows that the Libya-4 PICS has the best performance but it is not too far from some sites such as Libya-1 and Mali. This study also reveals that Niger-3 PICS has the longest continuous period of high stability per year, and Sudan has the most isotropic surface. These observations have important implications for the use of these sites.

Gravity study of Libya;Evaluation and Integration with Geological Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ben Suleman, abdunnur; Saheel, Ahmed

2016-04-01

Libya is located on the Mediterranean foreland of the African Shield and covers an area of approximately 1.8 million square kilometers. Since Early Paleozoic time, Libya has been a site of deposition of large sheets of continental clastics and several transgressions and regressions by the seas with consequent accumulations of a wide variety of sedimentary rocks. Several tectonic cycles affected the area and shaped the geological setting of the country. However, the regional geology and the structural framework have been highly influenced by the Caledonian, Hercynian, and Alpine tectonic events. As a result, a total of seven sedimentary basins, namely Ghadames, Murzuq, Al Kufra, Al Butnan, Sirt, and the Offshore Pelagian Basin, were developed and were separated by intervening uplifts and platforms ( Gargaf, Tibesti, Nafusah and Cyrenaica platform). Apart from Sirt and the offshore basins, all the above mentioned basins are active since Early Paleozoic time and received several thousand feet of sediments. The capability of providing regional information on the structure of sedimentary basins makes gravity mapping, in conjunction with geological information, potentially powerful tools. In this study we used gravity mapping as our primary tool of investigation however, we also used all available geological information to better understand the regional tectonics. The gravity dataset that were used in the Gravity compilation project of Libya is not homogenous. As a result, some irregularities, apparent spikes or misties, and large shifts were obtained and were taken into consideration. Evaluation of gravity Maps of Libya and their integration with geological data provide a better understanding of the role that gravity mapping plays in the geological exploration of sedimentary basins. Results confirm the known Sirt Basin regional tectonic elements and the possible presence of NW-SE lateral wrench tectonics, crossing Ajdabiya Trough at the center of Sirt Basin. The residual gravity map supports new interpretation of the Sirwal Trough in Northern Cyrenaica. Results also indicate shallow crust along the present day coast line of Al Jabal Al Akhdar, steeply dipping toward the offshore. The depo-center of Ghadames Basin cannot be precisely defined due to the lack of gravity coverage. However, Murzuq Basin is well defined regionally, in spite of gravity gaps which make the overall coverage in the southern basins inadequate for precise interpretation.

Jebels Awenat and Arkenu, Libya

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-02-22

In the far southeast corner of Libya, in the Libyan Desert, lie the uplifted massifs of Jebel Awenat and Jebel Arkenu. Both expose ancient Precambrian rocks, intruded by granites, and then overlain with sandstones. Folding and doming have produced these interesting shapes, rising above the surrounding sand sea. Presently, the area receives less than one inch of rain per year. Thousands of years ago, rainfall was more plentiful, and the Jebels were occupied by people, as attested by the numerous rock drawings. The images were acquired July 19, 2012, and July 31, 2013, cover an area of 66 by 67 kilometers, and are located at 22.1 degrees north, 24.8 degrees east. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22283

A survey of mites on farm animals in Libya.

PubMed

Gabaj, M M; Beesley, W N; Awan, M A

1992-10-01

In 1985-1988, 2287 farm animals (cattle, camels, sheep, goats, horses, donkeys, dogs and rabbits) suspected of carrying parasitic mites were examined at 58 farms throughout Libya. Mites were identified on 1303 of these animals. The commonest parasites on cattle were Psoroptes and Chorioptes, on camels and sheep were Sarcoptes and Psoroptes, and on goats were Sarcoptes and Demodex. Infested horses carrier Psoroptes or Chorioptes, and one donkey carried Sarcoptes. Otodectes was common on dogs, but Sarcoptes was rare and no Demodex were seen. Rabbits often had psoroptic ear mange or sarcoptic body mange. Dermanyssus gallinae and Ornithonyssus bursa were seen on chickens, but no mites were found on pigeons, ducks or turkeys.

Impacts of heavy groundwater pumping on hydrogeological conditions in Libya: Past and present development and future prognosis on a regional scale

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elgzeli, Yousef M.; Ondovčin, Tomáš; Hrkal, Zbyněk; Krásný, Jiří; Mls, Jiří

2013-06-01

Elgzeli, Y.M., Ondovčin, T., Hrkal, Z., Krasny, J. and Mls, J. 2011. Impacts of heavy groundwater pumping on hydrogeological conditions in Libya: Past and present development and future prognosis on a regional scale. Acta Geologica Polonica, 63 (2), 283-296. Warszawa. Libya, like many other regions with arid climates, suffers from inadequate water resources to cover all the needs of this rapidly developing country. Increasing amounts of water are needed to supply the population, as well as for agricultural irrigation and industrial use. As groundwater is the main water source in the country, it represents a natural resource of the highest economic and social importance. Conceptual and numerical models were implemented on a regional scale to show how the natural situation has changed following heavy groundwater abstraction during the last decades in the northwestern part of the country. The results of the numerical model indicated that the current zones of depression of the piezometric surface could have been caused by smaller withdrawn amounts than previously estimated. The differences in the assessed withdrawn groundwater volumes seem to be quite high and might have a considerable influence on the future possibilities of groundwater use in the study region.

Is there a need for a focused health care service for children with autistic spectrum disorders? A keyhole look at this problem in Tripoli, Libya.

PubMed

Zeglam, Adel M; Maouna, Ameena

2012-07-01

Autism is a global disorder, but relatively little is known about its presentation and occurrence in many developing countries, including Libya. To estimate the prevalence of autistic spectrum disorders in children referred to Al-Khadra hospital (KH). To increase the awareness among pediatrician and primary health care providers of the importance of considering autism in children presenting with speech and language disorders. Prospective hospital-based study of all children referred to a neurodevelopment clinic between 2005 and 2009 with the diagnosis of either speech and language difficulties or behavioral difficulties. A total of 38,508 children were seen in the pediatric outpatient clinics of KH, Tripoli, between 2005 and 2009. Of these, 180 children were referred to the neurodevelopment clinic with history of delayed speech and language and or behavioral difficulties. A diagnosis of autism was made in 128 children, which gives a prevalence of approximately 1 in 300. The prevalence of autism in Libya is probably similar to that seen in the USA and the UK. No data were available for comparison from either Arab or other developing countries. Autism is an important differential diagnosis of any language disorder 'and behavioral difficulties'.

The monetary approach to the balance of payments: The case of the oil-based, small, open, developing economies of Libya, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Buzakuk, M.R.

1988-01-01

This study explores the determinants of foreign reserves flow in light of the oil-based small open economies of Libya, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. The period of study encompasses the major oil price increases of the 1970s and early 1980s, which had led to the huge transfers of foreign exchanges towards these, among other, developing economies. The framework of analysis is basically a monetary approach to the balance of payments. This study is of both a theoretical and empirical nature. It utilizes the monetary forces in the domestic money market to derive a basic balance of payments (BOP) equation that explainsmore » the monetary nature of the balance of payments. The study found that the data from those countries support the monetary relationships as hypothesized by the monetary approach, especially the negative one-to-one relation between domestic credit (DC) and the BOP. Results from the simultaneous estimations of the BOP and DC reported better estimates than the single-equation model. Findings from the reaction function indicated that the monetary authorities of these oil-based economies were actively sterilizing the effect of foreign reserve flows. Findings supported the integrated market hypothesis in Kuwait and Libya, but not in the Saudi case.« less

Legal improvements brighten North Africa production outlook

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1997-05-12

North Africa`s three main oil producing countries soon will reap benefits of past moves by their governments to encourage investment by international companies. Production of crude oil and natural gas in Algeria, Egypt, and Libya is ready to increase from suppressed levels of the recent past, says International Energy Agency, Paris. The gains are possible despite political risks, total reserves accounting for only 4% of the world`s crude reserves, and oil prices well below levels of the 1980s, when the countries` flow rates peaked. The reason: producing oil in North Africa is profitable. In a recent study entitled North Africamore » Oil and Gas, IEA attributes the bright production outlook to improvements that the countries` governments have made in the past decade to hydrocarbon laws and the fiscal terms they offer international investors. According to announced plans, the three countries` combined capacity to produce crude oil will rise 18% by the year 2000 to 3.65 million b/d, and a further gain of 700,000 b/d is possible. IEA expects production capacity for natural gas to increase 50% from its 1995 level by 2000 to a combined 139.4 billion cu m/year. This paper discusses production capacities, Algeria`s record, improvements in Egypt, and Libya`s changes.« less

Optimal Maintenance Works for the Aborshada Road in the Western Region of Libya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Youssef, Medhat Abdelrahman; Elbasher, Abdelbary Altayb

2014-09-01

In this research, the condition of a road pavement was investigated for the Aborshada Road in the Gharian region of Libya to determine the optimal maintenance works. Previously, a simple engineering judgment was the only procedure followed by the Gharian municipal engineers for evaluating pavements and prioritizing maintenance. The surface condition of the Aborshada Road pavement was investigated using "the Pavement Condition Index (PCI)" visual technique. The pavement was inspected to survey the different distresses in each sample unit. Ninteen pavement distresses were classified according to the PCI standards (PCI for roads and parking lots became an ASTM standard in 2007 (D6433-07)). It was necessary to know the most common distresses of the Aborshada Road to provide assistance for the decision maker in his evaluation of the pavement and the optimum repair method to be selected. This study reveals the actual performance of the pavements and suggests the research required for dealing with the pavement maintenance problem in Libya, especially in the western region. The best maintenance alternative for Aborshada Road was Case No. 3 (Potholes, Long. & Trans. Cracking and Alligator Crack Maintenance). Also, the most common pavement distresses on the Aborshada Road were Distress Nos. 1, 3, 6, 7, 10 and 13 according to the ASTM - D6433-07 classification

Translation and cultural adaptation of the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) pain scale into Arabic for use with patients with diabetes in Libya

PubMed Central

Garoushi, Sabri; Johnson, Mark I.; Tashani, Osama A.

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT In Libya neuropathic pain is rarely assessed in patients with diabetes. The Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) pain scale is used worldwide to screen for neuropathic pain. There is no Arabic version of LANSS for use in Libya. The aim of this study was to develop an Arabic version of LANSS and to assess its validity and reliability in diabetic patients in Benghazi, Libya. LANSS was translated into Arabic by four bilingual translators and back translated to English by a university academic. Validity and reliability of the Arabic LANSS was assessed on 110 patients attending a Diabetes Centre in Benghazi. Concurrent validity was tested and compared with the Self-completed Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (S-LANSS). Test-retest reliability was conducted 1–2 weeks later. Internal consistency and inter-class correlation (ICC) between LANSS and S-LANSS was also tested. Internal consistency within first completion of the Arabic LANSS was acceptable (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.793) and similar to the Arabic S-LANSS (0.796) and the second completion of the Arabic LANSS (0.795). ICC between the Arabic LANSS and the Arabic S-LANSS was 0.999 (p < 0.001). Test-retest reliability (ICC) between first and second completions of the Arabic LANSS was 0.999 (p < 0.001). Kappa measurement of agreement between the two Arabic LANSS completions and S-LANSS was high on all seven items (Kappa >0.95, p < 0.0001). We concluded that the Arabic version of LANSS pain scale was valid and reliable for use on Libyan diabetic patients. This study provided results suggesting that the S-LANSS could also be used on diabetic patients. PMID:28971737

Risk Estimation for Lung Cancer in Libya: Analysis Based on Standardized Morbidity Ratio, Poisson-Gamma Model, BYM Model and Mixture Model

PubMed

Alhdiri, Maryam Ahmed; Samat, Nor Azah; Mohamed, Zulkifley

2017-03-01

Cancer is the most rapidly spreading disease in the world, especially in developing countries, including Libya. Cancer represents a significant burden on patients, families, and their societies. This disease can be controlled if detected early. Therefore, disease mapping has recently become an important method in the fields of public health research and disease epidemiology. The correct choice of statistical model is a very important step to producing a good map of a disease. Libya was selected to perform this work and to examine its geographical variation in the incidence of lung cancer. The objective of this paper is to estimate the relative risk for lung cancer. Four statistical models to estimate the relative risk for lung cancer and population censuses of the study area for the time period 2006 to 2011 were used in this work. They are initially known as Standardized Morbidity Ratio, which is the most popular statistic, which used in the field of disease mapping, Poisson-gamma model, which is one of the earliest applications of Bayesian methodology, Besag, York and Mollie (BYM) model and Mixture model. As an initial step, this study begins by providing a review of all proposed models, which we then apply to lung cancer data in Libya. Maps, tables and graph, goodness-of-fit (GOF) were used to compare and present the preliminary results. This GOF is common in statistical modelling to compare fitted models. The main general results presented in this study show that the Poisson-gamma model, BYM model, and Mixture model can overcome the problem of the first model (SMR) when there is no observed lung cancer case in certain districts. Results show that the Mixture model is most robust and provides better relative risk estimates across a range of models. Creative Commons Attribution License

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 in milk and dairy products from Libya: Isolation and molecular identification by partial sequencing of 16S rDNA

PubMed Central

Garbaj, Aboubaker M.; Awad, Enas M.; Azwai, Salah M.; Abolghait, Said K.; Naas, Hesham T.; Moawad, Ashraf A.; Gammoudi, Fatim T.; Barbieri, Ilaria; Eldaghayes, Ibrahim M.

2016-01-01

Aim: The aim of this work was to isolate and molecularly identify enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 in milk and dairy products in Libya, in addition; to clear the accuracy of cultural and biochemical identification as compared with molecular identification by partial sequencing of 16S rDNA for the existing isolates. Materials and Methods: A total of 108 samples of raw milk (cow, she-camel, and goat) and locally made dairy products (fermented cow’s milk, Maasora, Ricotta and ice cream) were collected from some regions (Janzour, Tripoli, Kremiya, Tajoura and Tobruk) in Libya. Samples were subjected to microbiological analysis for isolation of E. coli that was detected by conventional cultural and molecular method using polymerase chain reaction and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA. Results: Out of 108 samples, only 27 isolates were found to be EHEC O157 based on their cultural characteristics (Tellurite-Cefixime-Sorbitol MacConkey) that include 3 isolates from cow’s milk (11%), 3 isolates from she-camel’s milk (11%), two isolates from goat’s milk (7.4%) and 7 isolates from fermented raw milk samples (26%), isolates from fresh locally made soft cheeses (Maasora and Ricotta) were 9 (33%) and 3 (11%), respectively, while none of the ice cream samples revealed any growth. However, out of these 27 isolates, only 11 were confirmed to be E. coli by partial sequencing of 16S rDNA and E. coli O157 Latex agglutination test. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that majority of local E. coli isolates were related to E. coli O157:H7 FRIK944 strain. Conclusion: These results can be used for further studies on EHEC O157 as an emerging foodborne pathogen and its role in human infection in Libya. PMID:27956766

Risk Estimation for Lung Cancer in Libya: Analysis Based on Standardized Morbidity Ratio, Poisson-Gamma Model, BYM Model and Mixture Model

PubMed Central

Alhdiri, Maryam Ahmed; Samat, Nor Azah; Mohamed, Zulkifley

2017-01-01

Cancer is the most rapidly spreading disease in the world, especially in developing countries, including Libya. Cancer represents a significant burden on patients, families, and their societies. This disease can be controlled if detected early. Therefore, disease mapping has recently become an important method in the fields of public health research and disease epidemiology. The correct choice of statistical model is a very important step to producing a good map of a disease. Libya was selected to perform this work and to examine its geographical variation in the incidence of lung cancer. The objective of this paper is to estimate the relative risk for lung cancer. Four statistical models to estimate the relative risk for lung cancer and population censuses of the study area for the time period 2006 to 2011 were used in this work. They are initially known as Standardized Morbidity Ratio, which is the most popular statistic, which used in the field of disease mapping, Poisson-gamma model, which is one of the earliest applications of Bayesian methodology, Besag, York and Mollie (BYM) model and Mixture model. As an initial step, this study begins by providing a review of all proposed models, which we then apply to lung cancer data in Libya. Maps, tables and graph, goodness-of-fit (GOF) were used to compare and present the preliminary results. This GOF is common in statistical modelling to compare fitted models. The main general results presented in this study show that the Poisson-gamma model, BYM model, and Mixture model can overcome the problem of the first model (SMR) when there is no observed lung cancer case in certain districts. Results show that the Mixture model is most robust and provides better relative risk estimates across a range of models. PMID:28440974

Earth Observation

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-08-20

Earth observation taken during day pass by an Expedition 36 crew member on board the International Space Station (ISS). Per Twitter message: Looking southwest over northern Africa. Libya, Algeria, Niger.

Typhoid fever: misuse of Widal test in Libya.

PubMed

Zorgani, Abdulaziz; Ziglam, Hisham

2014-06-11

The worldwide gold standard of diagnosing of enteric fever depends on the isolation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from a patient's bone marrow and/or blood culture. In Libya clinicians are heavily dependent on the Widal test for diagnosis of enteric fever which has been used without determining the locally appropriate threshold titer, because the laboratories lack the skilled, experienced personnel and appropriate facilities to detect and serotype Salmonella isolates. To improve the diagnosis process, clinical management and reliability of public health measures, there is an urgent need for the effective training of laboratory technicians and to provide resources to culture Salmonella species according to published guidelines. Clinicians should understand the limitations of Widal test and recognize that it cannot be expected to give a reliable diagnosis.

Secondary ferroan dolomite rhombs in oil reservoirs, Chadra Sands, Gialo field, Libya

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Al-Shaieb, Z.; Shelton, J.W.

1978-03-01

Oil-productive, Oligocene Chadra sands in Gialo field, Libya, at depths of 600 to 750 m contain small dolomite rhombs. The rhombs are present as single crystals on detrital grains and as nonmosaic aggregates in pore space. The dolomite is calcium-rich and contains up to 10% iron but not measurable sodium or strontium. Total dissolved solids of produced interstitial water from the Chadra sand range from about 4,500 to 10,000 ppM. Introduction of fresh (meteoric) water into the Chadra sands, which were deposited in shallow-marine (shelf) environment, was responsible for formation of the dolomite rhombs. Iron in the dolomite rhombs wasmore » derived from alteration of galuconite.« less

Descriptive analysis of toothbrushing used as an aid for primary prevention: a population-based study in Sebha, Libya.

PubMed

Peeran, Syed Wali; Singh, A J A Ranjith; Alagamuthu, G; Abdalla, Khaled Awidat; Naveen Kumar, P G

2013-01-01

This study aimed to assess toothbrushing behavior and descriptively analyze the effect of age and gender. Two thousand and six people from the city of Sebha, Libya, aged 1 to 64 years (mean age 26.9 ± 11.6 years, 1,463 females and 543 males) constituted the study sample. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Overall, 85.3% were using a toothbrush and toothpaste as a cleaning aid, whereas 6.3% never brushed their teeth. Only 36.1% brushed twice daily. Age and gender were significantly associated with use of a toothbrush and frequency of toothbrushing. This data serves as a baseline to implement a "preventive self-care instruction program."

Equatorial Gullies

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-02-26

This impact crater in the region of Mars called Libya Montes, observed by NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, shows typical gullies with alcoves at the top, channels, and depositional fans at the bottom.

Geology of central Libya Montes, Mars: Aqueous alteration history from mineralogical and morphological mapping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tirsch, D.; Bishop, J. L.; Voigt, J. R. C.; Tornabene, L. L.; Erkeling, G.; Jaumann, R.

2018-11-01

We analyze the emplacement chronology and aqueous alteration history of distinctive mineral assemblages and related geomorphic units near Hashir and Bradbury impact craters located within the Libya Montes, which are part of the southern rim of the Isidis Basin on Mars. We derive our results from a spectro-morphological mapping project that combines spectral detections from CRISM near-infrared imagery with geomorphology and topography from HRSC, CTX, and HiRISE imagery. Through this combination of data sets, we were able to use the morphology associated with specific mineral detections to extrapolate the possible extent of the units hosting these compositions. We characterize multiple units consistent with formation through volcanic, impact, hydrothermal, lacustrine and evaporative processes. Altered pyroxene-bearing basement rocks are unconformably overlain by an olivine-rich unit, which is in turn covered by a pyroxene-bearing capping unit. Aqueously altered outcrops identified here include nontronite, saponite, beidellite, opal, and dolomite. The diversity of mineral assemblages suggests that the nature of aqueous alteration at Libya Montes varied in space and time. This mineralogy together with geologic features shows a transition from Noachian aged impact-induced hydrothermal alteration and the alteration of Noachian bedrock by neutral to slightly basic waters via Hesperian aged volcanic emplacements and evaporative processes in lacustrine environments followed by Amazonian resurfacing in the form of aeolian erosion.

Changing pattern and etiology of maxillofacial fractures during the civil uprising in Western Libya

PubMed Central

Elarabi, Mohammed S.

2018-01-01

Background The purpose of the present study was to evaluate changing pattern in characteristics of maxillofacial fractures and concomitant injuries in Western Libya During revolution and to assess the association between mechanism of injury and fracture patterns. Material and Methods A retrospective review of medical records and radiographs of 187 patients treated for maxillofacial fractures from January 2010 to December 2012 was performed, there were 326 fractures in 187 patients. Results The male: female ratio was 6:1. Most fractures occurred in patients aged 11 to 40 years, and few injuries occurred in patients aged > 50 years. Most fractures occurred from motor vehicle accidents, and other most frequent causes included assault, gunshot, and fall injuries. Most maxillofacial fractures involved the mandible, zygomatic complex, or maxilla. Most mandibular fractures occurred at the parasymphysis, angle, or condyle. Associated injuries most frequently involved the head, chest, and extremities. Most patients were treated with open reduction (132 patients [71%]), and 26 patients (14%) were treated nonoperatively. There were 21 complications (11%). Conclusions In summary, motor vehicle accidents were the most frequent cause of maxillofacial fracture in western Libya, possibly because of the lack of seat belt legislation. Interpersonal violence was a less frequent cause of maxillofacial fracture, possibly because of the religious restriction on alcohol consumption. Key words:Tauma, mandible, zygomatic complex, maxilla, treatment, complications. PMID:29476683

High frequency detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in human neonatal tissue from Libya.

PubMed

Haq, Sameena Z H; Abushahama, Muftah S; Gerwash, Omar; Hughes, Jacqueline M; Wright, Elizabeth A; Elmahaishi, Mohamed S; Lun, Zhao-Rong; Thomasson, Denise; Hide, Geoff

2016-09-01

Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that causes significant disease in humans. Toxoplasmosis is normally asymptomatic, unless associated with congenital transmission, or in immunocompromised people. Congenital transmission generally occurs at low frequencies. In this study, we use PCR to investigate possible congenital transmission of T. gondii during pregnancy in a cohort of mothers from Libya. Two hundred and seventy two pregnant women (producing 276 neonates) were recruited to obtain umbilical cord tissue from their neonates at birth; DNA was extracted from that tissue and tested for T. gondii DNA using two specific PCR protocols based on the sag 1 and sag 3 genes. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in the umbilical cord DNA from 27 of the 276 neonates giving a prevalence of 9.9% (95% CI 6.8-13.9%). Compared with more commonly reported rates of congenital transmission of 0.1% of live births, this is high. There was no association of infection with unsuccessful pregnancy. This study shows a high frequency presence of T. gondii DNA associated with neonatal tissue at birth in this cohort of 276 neonates from Libya. Although PCR cannot detect living parasites, there is the possibility that this indicates a higher than usual frequency of congenital transmission. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Evidence of ongoing brucellosis in livestock animals in North West Libya.

PubMed

Al-Griw, Huda H; Kraim, Elfurgani Salem; Farhat, Milad E; Perrett, Lorraine L; Whatmore, Adrian M

2017-12-01

Animal brucellosis is thought to be present in small ruminants, cattle, and camels in Libya, particularly in the west coastal strip. Before the system collapsed due to political unrest in 2011, prevalence of the disease did not exceed 0.2% in cattle, 0.1% in camels, 8.3% in sheep, and 14.8% in goats. The aim of this study was to highlight outbreaks of disease that took place during the 18-month period from November 2014 to April 2016. A total of 1612 serum samples, collected opportunistically from 29 herds in 12 different localities in the northwest region of Libya, were investigated for brucellosis. The samples were screened for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal test, and confirmed with either indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in the case of sheep, and/or a serum agglutination test, followed with a complement fixation test, in the case of cattle and camels. Our results showed the highest rates of brucellosis seropositivity in goats (33.4%) and sheep (9.2%). The overall percentage of brucellosis seropositivity was 21%. The high level of brucellosis identified by this study, particularly in small ruminants, strongly suggests re-emergence of the disease in the region. Re-evaluation of intervention measures applied to the control of brucellosis is highly recommended. Copyright © 2017 Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

76 FR 38562 - Libyan Sanctions Regulations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-01

..., Foreign trade, Investments, Libya, Loans, Securities, Services. For the reasons set forth in the preamble.... David S. Cohen, Acting Under Secretary, Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence, Department of...

Murzuk Sand Sea, Sahara Desert, Libya, Africa

NASA Image and Video Library

1993-01-19

STS054-152-189 (13-19 Jan. 1993) --- This near-vertical color photograph shows the very diverse landscape that is part of the great Sahara Desert of north Africa. Specifically, the vast expanse of sand dunes, located in the extreme southwestern corner of Libya, is known as the Murzuk Sand Sea. Close inspection of this photograph shows the agricultural village of Murzuk as evidenced by the numerous center pivot irrigation patterns at the edge of the Murzuk Sand Sea. The very rugged, dissected terrain to the west of this sand sea is the eastern tip of the Tassili N'ajjer Mountains and the Tadrart Plateau that are in neighboring Algeria. Several smaller areas of sand dunes are interspersed between the major areas of rock outcrops. The photograph was taken with a Linhof camera.

OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky isolate of sequence type 198 in a patient transferred from Libya to Switzerland.

PubMed

Seiffert, Salome N; Perreten, Vincent; Johannes, Sönke; Droz, Sara; Bodmer, Thomas; Endimiani, Andrea

2014-01-01

Here, we report a case of OXA-48-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky of sequence type 198 (ST198) from perianal screening cultures of a patient transferred from Libya to Switzerland. The blaOXA-48 gene was carried by Tn1999.2 and located on an ∼60-kb IncL/M plasmid. This Salmonella strain also possessed the blaVEB-8, aac(6)-Ib, tet(A), sul1, and mphA resistance genes and substitutions in GyrA (Ser83Phe and Asp87Asn) and ParC (Ser80Ile). This finding emphasizes that prompt screening strategies are essential to prevent the dissemination of carbapenemase producers imported from countries where they are endemic.

Outbreaks of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Libya and Saudi Arabia During 2013 Due to an Exotic O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 Lineage Virus.

PubMed

Knowles, N J; Bachanek-Bankowska, K; Wadsworth, J; Mioulet, V; Valdazo-González, B; Eldaghayes, I M; Dayhum, A S; Kammon, A M; Sharif, M A; Waight, S; Shamia, A M; Tenzin, S; Wernery, U; Grazioli, S; Brocchi, E; Subramaniam, S; Pattnaik, B; King, D P

2016-10-01

Foot-and-mouth disease viruses are often restricted to specific geographical regions and spread to new areas may lead to significant epidemics. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences of the VP1 genome region of recent outbreak viruses from Libya and Saudi Arabia has revealed a lineage, O-Ind-2001, normally found in the Indian subcontinent. This paper describes the characterization of field viruses collected from these cases and provides information about a new real-time RT-PCR assay that can be used to detect viruses from this lineage and discriminate them from other endemic FMD viruses that are co-circulating in North Africa and western Eurasia. © 2014 The Authors. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Published by Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

15 CFR 746.1 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... (Iraq) and 746.4 (North Korea). (2) The countries subject to United Nations Security Council arms..., Liberia, Libya, North Korea, Somalia, and Sudan. (3) A license is required to export or reexport items...

An integrated remote sensing and GIS analysis of the Kufrah Paleoriver, Eastern Sahara

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghoneim, Eman; Benedetti, Michael; El-Baz, Farouk

2012-02-01

A combined remote sensing (optical and radar imagery) and GIS (hydrologic network delineation) analysis allows mapping of the Kufrah Paleoriver of Libya and sheds light on its geomorphic evolution during the Neogene. The Kufrah system, which is now largely buried beneath the windblown sands of the Eastern Sahara, drained an area of about 236,000 km 2 in central and southern Libya. The river discharged across a large inland delta to the Al-Jaghbub depression in northern Libya, and ultimately through the Sirt Basin to the Mediterranean Sea. Radar imagery reveals buried features of the landscape including drainage divides, locations of possible stream capture, deeply-incised valleys, and the distal margins of the inland delta. Previous studies have shown that the Kufrah Paleoriver is the successor of the Sahabi River, which drained most of central Libya during the late Tertiary. Satellite imagery supports the concept of large-scale drainage rearrangement in the Quaternary, driven by tectonic subsidence that diverted streamflow and sediment discharge away from the Sahabi basin toward the inland delta of the lower Kufrah basin. Paleochannels crossing the delta suggest that at various times during the Quaternary, the Kufrah Paleoriver either drained externally through the deeply-incised Sahabi Paleochannel to the Mediterranean Sea, or drained internally to paleolakes in the Al-Jaghbub depression. Thick alluvial deposits on the delta and lake margins likely provided a major sediment source to build the Great Sand Sea, which covers the region today. The southwestern branch of the Kufrah drainage is aligned with an elongated trough that connects to the Amatinga River system in Chad. Thus the Kufrah watershed may have served as an outlet from Megalake Chad to the Mediterranean Sea during humid phases of the Neogene. If so, the combined Amatinga/Kufrah system may have served as one of the proposed natural corridors used by human and animal populations to cross the Sahara during the Pleistocene. These findings hold promise for modeling past lake levels and paleoclimates, locating groundwater sources in the region, and exploring for reservoirs of oil and natural gas in the region.

ERCP in a cohort of 759 cases: A 6-year experience of a single tertiary centre in Libya.

PubMed

Tumi, Ali; Magadmi, Masoud; Elfageih, Salah; Rajab, Abdul-Fatah; Azzabi, Masoud; Elzouki, Abdel-Naser

2015-03-01

The aim of this study was to review the indications, findings, technical success, and outcomes of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedures in a large cohort of patients admitted to a single tertiary centre in Libya. A total of 759 consecutive ERCP procedures were performed in 704 patients from January 2005 through December 2010 at the Endoscopy Unit of Central Hospital, Tripoli, Libya. The patients' demographic characteristics, clinical information, ERCP indications, laboratory parameters, and post-ERCP complications were reviewed. Formal written consent was obtained from all patients prior to each procedure. The study included 280 (36.9%) males and 479 (63.1%) females with mean age ± standard deviation (SD) of 56.8 ± 18.7 years. Papillotomy was performed in 670 (88.3%) cases of the ERCP procedures. Common bile duct (CBD) stones were reported in 389 (51.3%) cases and were more frequent in females (234 cases, 60.1%) than males (155, 39.9%) (p = 0.01). The majority of the CBD stones were successfully retrieved with balloon extraction (304 cases, 78.2%), while mechanical lithotripsy (67 cases, 17.2%) and Dormia basket (11 cases, 2.8%) were used for difficult stones. Only seven (1.8%) cases were referred for surgery. Malignancy was found in 151 (19.9%) of the cases and was significantly more common in males than females (102, 67.5% vs. 49, 32.5%, respectively, p = 0.001). Stents for bile drainage were inserted in 26 (17.2%) of these cases. The complications encountered were acute pancreatitis in 30 cases (3.9%), minor bleeding in nine cases (1.2%), major bleeding in one case (0.15%), cholangitis in four cases (0.52%), and perforation in one case (0.15). Mortality was reported in three cases (0.4%). The ERCP indications and the related complications, in our centre in Libya, are comparatively consistent with those reported data in other countries. Successful biliary cannulation was achieved in most of the patients, and post-ERCP complications were uncommon except for pancreatitis, which occurred more frequently. Copyright © 2015 Arab Journal of Gastroenterology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Preliminary Look at the Crust and Upper Mantle of North Africa Using Libyan Seismic Data

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pasyanos, M

2005-08-05

In recent years, LLNL has been developing methods to jointly invert both surface wave dispersion data and teleseismic receiver functions. The technique holds great promise in accurately estimating seismic structure, including important tectonic parameters such as basin thickness, crustal thickness, upper mantle velocity, etc. We proposed applying this method to some recently available data from several Libyan stations, as we believe the technique has not been applied to any stations in Libya. The technique holds the promise of improving our understanding of the crust and upper mantle in Libya and North Africa. We recently requested seismic data from stations GHARmore » (Gharyan) and MARJ (Al Marj) in Libya for about 20 events. The events were large events at regional distances suitable for making dispersion measurements. An example of waveforms recorded at the two stations from an earthquake in Italy is shown in Figure 1. The paths traverse the Ionian Sea. Notice the slow short period group velocities of the surface waves across the Mediterranean, particularly to the easternmost station MARJ. However, because of data availability, signal-to-noise ratio, etc. we were unable to make measurements for every one of these events at both stations. Figure 2 shows a map of paths for 20 sec Rayleigh waves in the eastern Mediterranean region. Paths measured at the two Libyan stations are shown in green. Rayleigh wave dispersion measurements at 20 sec period are sensitive to velocities in the upper 20 km or so, and reveal sediment thickness, crustal velocity, and crustal thickness. Tomographic inversions reveal the sharp group velocity contrast between regions with deep sedimentary basins and those without. Figure 3, the result of an inversion made before adding the new dispersion measurements, shows slow group velocities in the Black Sea, Adriatic Sea, and Eastern Mediterranean. In general, these features correspond well with the sediment thickness model from Laske, shown in Figure 4. Details in and around the Sirt (Sirte) Basin in northern Libya, however, are poorly defined.« less

Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis D virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection attending the three main tertiary hospitals in Libya.

PubMed

Elzouki, Abdel-Naser; Bashir, Saleh M; Elahmer, Omar; Elzouki, Islam; Alkhattali, Fathi

2017-12-01

Globally, More than 350 million individuals are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), and >20 million of them are co-infected with hepatitis D virus (HDV). The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of HDV infection in patients with chronic hepatitis B in three main tertiary hospitals in Tripoli and Benghazi, Libya. This cross sectional and descriptive study was conducted on 162 patients with chronic hepatitis B positive for more than six months) who were followed up at hepatitis clinics of the three main tertiary hospitals in Tripoli city (88 patients from Tripoli Medical Centre and Tripoli Central Hospital) and Benghazi city (74 patients from Aljomhoria Hospital) during the period from January 2010 to June 2012. HBV and HDV markers were detected by enzyme linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and HBV-DNA was quantified by real-time PCR techniques. The mean age of patients was 36,92 ± 15,35. One hundred and three (63.6%) of them were males and 59 (36,4%) were females. Four patients (2,5%) were tested positive for anti-HD antibodies, all of them have had clinical and/or histological diagnosis of cirrhosis. In multivariable regression analysis, age (p = .04), elevation of serum ALT (p = .03), elevation of serum AST (p = .04), and presence of cirrhosis (p = .003) were significantly related to HDV seropositivity. Although the study demonstrated that Libya has low to moderate prevalence of HDV (2,5%), it is important for policy makers and health care providers to continue the preventive measures for HDV spread, and HBV prevention program including utilization of HBV vaccine. Furthermore, it is imperative to screen chronic HBV patients for HDV for close observation for early diagnosis of subsequent development of liver cirrhosis. Moreover, further epidemiologic and genetic studies are needed to explore the trend for HDV infection in Libya. Copyright © 2017 Pan-Arab Association of Gastroenterology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

7 CFR 319.59-3 - Articles prohibited importation pending risk evaluation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Libya, Lithuania, Moldova, Morocco, Nepal, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan... Korea, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Venezuela. [70 FR 8231, Feb. 18, 2005, as amended at 70 FR 71212, Nov...

7 CFR 319.59-3 - Articles prohibited importation pending risk evaluation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Libya, Lithuania, Moldova, Morocco, Nepal, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan... Korea, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Venezuela. [70 FR 8231, Feb. 18, 2005, as amended at 70 FR 71212, Nov...

7 CFR 319.59-3 - Articles prohibited importation pending risk evaluation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Libya, Lithuania, Moldova, Morocco, Nepal, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan... Korea, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Venezuela. [70 FR 8231, Feb. 18, 2005, as amended at 70 FR 71212, Nov...

Space Radar Image of Wadi Kufra, Libya

NASA Image and Video Library

1998-04-14

The ability of a sophisticated radar instrument to image large regions of the world from space, using different frequencies that can penetrate dry sand cover, produced the discovery in this image: a previously unknown branch of an ancient river, buried under thousands of years of windblown sand in a region of the Sahara Desert in North Africa. This area is near the Kufra Oasis in southeast Libya, centered at 23.3 degrees north latitude, 22.9 degrees east longitude. The image was acquired by the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-band Synthetic Aperture (SIR-C/X-SAR) imaging radar when it flew aboard the space shuttle Endeavour on its 60th orbit on October 4, 1994. This SIR-C image reveals a system of old, now inactive stream valleys, called "paleodrainage systems, http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01310

Hydrocarbon source potential of the Tanezzuft Formation, Murzuq Basin, south-west Libya: An organic geochemical approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

El Diasty, W. Sh.; El Beialy, S. Y.; Anwari, T. A.; Batten, D. J.

2017-06-01

A detailed organic geochemical study of 20 core and cuttings samples collected from the Silurian Tanezzuft Formation, Murzuq Basin, in the south-western part of Libya has demonstrated the advantages of pyrolysis geochemical methods for evaluating the source-rock potential of this geological unit. Rock-Eval pyrolysis results indicate a wide variation in source richness and quality. The basal Hot Shale samples proved to contain abundant immature to early mature kerogen type II/III (oil-gas prone) that had been deposited in a marine environment under terrigenous influence, implying good to excellent source rocks. Strata above the Hot Shale yielded a mixture of terrigenous and marine type III/II kerogen (gas-oil prone) at the same maturity level as the Hot Shale, indicating the presence of only poor to fair source rocks.

Simultaneous use of geological, geophysical, and LANDSAT digital data in uranium exploration. [Libya

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Missallati, A.; Prelat, A.E.; Lyon, R.J.P.

1979-08-01

The simultaneous use of geological, geophysical and Landsat data in uranium exploration in southern Libya is reported. The values of 43 geological, geophysical and digital data variables, including age and type of rock, geological contacts, aeroradio-metric and aeromagnetic values and brightness ratios, were used as input into a geomathematical model. Stepwise discriminant analysis was used to select grid cells most favorable for detailed mineral exploration and to evaluate the significance of each variable in discriminating between the anomalous (radioactive) and nonanomalous (nonradioactive) areas. It is found that the geological contact relationships, Landsat Bands 6 and Band 7/4 ratio values weremore » most useful in the discrimination. The procedure was found to be statistically and geologically reliable, and applicable to similar regions using only the most important geological and Landsat data.« less

Middle Miocene benthic foraminifera from the Al Khums area, northwestern Libya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

El Baz, Sherif M.; Al Furjany, Ahmed

2018-02-01

The present study deals with the benthic foraminifera from three sections cropping out in the Al Khums area, northwestern Libya. Lithostratigraphically, these outcrops belong to the Al Khums Formation, which is locally subdivided into two informal members: An Naggazah and Ras Al Mannubiyah. Detailed investigation of the foraminiferal content led to the recognition of 27 species belonging to 16 genera and 13 families. The absence of index planktonic foraminifera does not enable the recognition of any planktonic biozone within the Al Khums Formation. The presence of the larger benthic foraminifera Borelis melo melo enables the assignment of a Middle Miocene age to this rock unit. The studied sections characterized by the common occurrence of benthic foraminiferal species living in a shallow neritic environment. This conclusion is corroborated by the co-occurrence of large oysters, corals and algae.

The North Korean missile program: How advanced is it?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wright, D.; Kadyshev, T.

1994-04-01

For the past three years there have been increasing numbers of reports that North Korea is developing a 1,000-1,300-kilometer range missile generally referred to as the NoDongg-1. Pyongyang`s missile program has generated international concern because of North Korea`s potential nuclear capabilities, its proximity to South Korea and Japan and its reported missile sales to Iran, Syria and Libya. In June 1993, Japanese and South Korean wire services reported that North Korea had test fired several missiles into the Sea of Japan in late May, at least two of which were though to be NoDong-1 missiles. A missile with a 1,300-kilometermore » range would give North Korea the capability to reach all of Japan, and give Iran and Libya the capability to reach all of Israel.« less

Dental erosion among 12 year-old Libyan schoolchildren.

PubMed

Huew, R; Waterhouse, P J; Moynihan, P J; Maguire, A

2012-12-01

As there are limited data on dental erosion in Libya, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and severity of dental erosion in a sample of 12 year-old children in Benghazi, Libya. Cross-sectional observational study. Elementary schools in Benghazi, Libya. A random sample of 791 12 year-old children (397 boys and 394 girls) attending 36 schools. Clinical dental examination for erosion using UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2000) criteria and self-completion questionnaire. The area and depth of dental erosion affecting the labial and palatal surfaces of the upper permanent incisors and occlusal surfaces of the first permanent molars. Dental erosion was observed in 40.8% of subjects; into enamel affecting 32.5%, into dentine affecting 8.0% and into pulp affecting 0.3% of subjects. Based on area affected, 323 subjects (40.8%) exhibited dental erosion (code > 0), with 32.6% of these subjects having erosion affecting more than two thirds of one or more surfaces examined. Mean total scores for dental erosion for all surfaces per mouth by area and by depth were both 2.69 (sd 3.81). Of the 9492 tooth surfaces examined, 2128 surfaces (22.4%) had dental erosion. Girls had more experience of erosion than boys at all levels of severity (p = 0.001). In a cohort of 12 year-old Libyan schoolchildren, more than one third of children examined showed dental erosion, requiring clinical preventive counselling. Significantly more erosion occurred in girls than boys.

Knowledge, attitude, and practices of pregnant women towards antenatal care in primary healthcare centers in Benghazi, Libya.

PubMed

Ibrahim, Hala K; El Borgy, Mohamed D; Mohammed, Huda O

2014-12-01

Many underlying factors influence the capacity of women to survive from complications emerging during pregnancy and childbirth, including women's health and nutritional status starting from childhood and during pregnancy. Also, women's access to and the use of appropriate health services according to their knowledge, attitude, and behavior during pregnancy. This study was designed to assess the knowledge, the attitude, and practices of pregnant women toward antenatal care in primary healthcare centers in Benghazi, Libya. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 300 pregnant women, who were chosen from three primary healthcare centers with the highest attendance rate of pregnant women in Benghazi, Libya, using a structured interview questionnaire. The highest percentage (85.3%) of pregnant women had a high knowledge score regarding antenatal care, and most of them (96.0%) showed a positive attitude; the highest percentage (76.4%) of pregnant women also had good practice scores.The level of overall knowledge had a significant direct correlation with the practices towards antenatal care (r=0.228, P≤0.001), whereas it had an insignificant correlation with the attitude (r=0.029, P=0.619). The majority of the participants of the study tended to have a high level of knowledge and practices. Also, most of them had a positive attitude towards antenatal care. These findings can be used to plan a customized health intervention program aiming to improve maternal health practices regarding antenatal care and eventually improve the health status of Libyan women.

Detection of CTX-M-15 Among Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Five Major Hospitals in Tripoli, Libya.

PubMed

Zorgani, Abdulaziz; Almagatef, Asma; Sufya, Najib; Bashein, Abdulla; Tubbal, Abdullatif

2017-07-01

Multidrug resistance (MDR) and emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) among uropathogenic Escherichia coli have been reported worldwide, but there was no information on the detection of bla CTX-M-15 in major teaching hospitals in Libya. The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of CTX-M-15 β-lactamases producers isolated from five teaching hospitals in Tripoli, Libya. A total of 346 urine samples were collected from hospitalized patients in five teaching hospitals with a diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI). Phenotypic confirmation of ESBLs was confirmed by E-test strip; all ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were screened for the bla CTX-M-15 gene. The distribution of ESBL-producing E. coli varied among the five hospitals. The highest proportion was identified in Tripoli Medical Centre (67.6%). There were extremely high proportions of isolates resistant to ceftriaxone, cefepime, and ceftazidime (93.0-100.0%) among ESBL producers compared to non-ESBL producers (2.2-4.7%). MDR was detected in 22.2% of isolates. The majority of isolates (85.9%) in which bla CTX-M-15 was identified were ESBL producers. There was a correlation ( p < 0.001) between expression of CTX-M-15 and resistance to ceftazidime. The isolation of MDR ESBL-producing uropathogens expressing the CTX-M-15 gene will limit the choices clinicians have to treat their patients with UTIs. Continued surveillance and implementation of efficient infection control measures are required.

Emergence of Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates Collected from Some Libyan Hospitals.

PubMed

Mathlouthi, Najla; Areig, Zaynab; Al Bayssari, Charbel; Bakour, Sofiane; Ali El Salabi, Allaaeddin; Ben Gwierif, Salha; Zorgani, Abdulaziz A; Ben Slama, Karim; Chouchani, Chedly; Rolain, Jean-Marc

2015-06-01

The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates recovered from Libyan hospitals between April 2013 and April 2014. In total, 49 strains (24 P. aeruginosa and 25 A. baumannii) were isolated, including 21 P. aeruginosa and 22 A. baumannii isolates (87.75%) resistant to imipenem (minimum inhibitory concentrations ≥16 μg/ml). The blaVIM-2 gene was detected in 19 P. aeruginosa isolates. All imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates showed the presence of OprD mutations. Acquired OXA-carbapenemase-encoding genes were present in all A. baumannii isolates: blaOXA-23 (n=19) and blaOXA-24 (n=3). Finally, a total of 13 and 17 different sequence types were assigned to the 21 P. aeruginosa and the 22 A. baumannii carbapenem-resistant isolates, respectively. This study is the first report describing imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii isolated from patients in Libya. We report the first case of co-occurrence of blaVIM-2 with oprD porin loss in identical isolates of P. aeruginosa in Libya and demonstrate that these oprD mutations can be used as a tool to study the clonality in P. aeruginosa isolates. We also report the first identification of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii isolates harboring blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-24-like, and blaOXA-48-like genes in Libya.

78 FR 47179 - Amendment to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations: Libya and UNSCR 2095

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-05

... 13132 This rulemaking will not have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship... and safety effects, distributed impacts, and equity). These executive orders stress the importance of...

iss042e275153

NASA Image and Video Library

2015-02-15

ISS042E275153 (02/15/2015) --- Expedition 42 Flight Engineer Terry Virts on the International Space Station tweeted his followers this earth observation image on Feb. 15, 2015. He commented that it was "Extensive #Africa desert of #Libya and #Chad".

76 FR 68313 - Amendment to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations: Libya and UNSCR 2009

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-04

... solely for security or disarmament assistance to the Libyan authorities, and small arms, light weapons... training, intended solely for security or disarmament assistance to the Libyan authorities and notified in...

Rumen ciliate protozoal fauna of native sheep, friesian cattle and dromedary camel in Libya.

PubMed

Selim, H M; Imai, S; el Sheik, A K; Attia, H; Okamoto, E; Miyagawa, E; Maede, Y

1999-03-01

Rumen ciliate species and composition were surveyed on the native sheep, Friesian-cattle and dromedary (one-humped) camels kept in Libya. As a result of survey, 5 genera including 14 species with 5 formae in native sheep, 9 genera including 27 species with 6 formae in Friesian-cattle and 6 genera including 13 species and 7 formae in dromedary camels were identified. All of the ciliate species and their percentage composition detected from the Libyan sheep and cattle in this examination were similar to those found from corresponding animals in the other countries. Libyan camels lacked some peculiar ciliate species found from camels in the other countries, but had many cosmopolitan species common with those in the domestic ruminants, suggesting that ciliate faunae of camel are easily affected by the other domestic ruminants kept together. The ciliate density was estimated as 105/ml in every host species.

Seismic stratigraphy and deformational styles of the offshore Cyrenaica (Libya) and bordering Mediterranean Ridge

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yem, Lionel Mbida; Camera, Laurent; Mascle, Jean; Ribodetti, Alessandra

2011-04-01

Off northwest Libya the Cyrenaica foreland basin domain and its Pan-African continental crust, which constitute the African promontory, are overthrusted by the Mediterranean Ridge Complex. The thrust belt contact and its seismic stratigraphy have been analysed using pre-stack depth-migrated multichannel seismic (MCS) lines recorded during the MEDISIS survey (2002). The geometry and sedimentary distribution analysis through the wedge-top depocentres allow reconstruction of schematic cross-sections of the tectono-sedimentary wedge that includes two major thrust sequences separated by an apparently poorly deformed transition zone. Based on time-space variation of several piggyback basins, we propose that these thrust sequences relate to distinct phases of shortening. (1) A first event, which probably occurred just prior to the Messinian crisis in latest Miocene (Tortonian times?) and (2) A second event, that has finally led to the present-day overthrusting of the Mediterranean Ridge over the Libyan continental slope.

Plague in Arab Maghreb, 1940–2015: A Review

PubMed Central

Malek, Maliya Alia; Bitam, Idir; Drancourt, Michel

2016-01-01

We reviewed the epidemiology of 49 plague outbreaks that resulted in about 7,612 cases in 30 localities in the Arabic Maghreb (Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt) over 75 years. Between 1940 and 1950, most cases recorded in Morocco (75%) and Egypt (20%), resulted from plague imported to Mediterranean harbors and transmitted by rat ectoparasites. By contrast, the re-emergence of plague in the southern part of Western Sahara in 1953 and in northeast Libya in 1976 was traced to direct contact between nomadic populations and infected goats and camels in natural foci, including the consumption of contaminated meat, illustrating this neglected oral route of contamination. Further familial outbreaks were traced to human ectoparasite transmission. Efforts to identify the factors contributing to natural foci may guide where to focus the surveillance of sentinel animals in order to eradicate human plague, if not Yersinia pestis from the Arab Maghreb. PMID:27376053

Secondary carbonate porosity as related to early teritiary depositional facies, Zelten field, Libya

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bebout, D.G.; Pendexter, C.

1975-04-01

Production from the Zelten field, Libya, is from the highly porous shelf limestones of the Zelten Member (Main Pay) of the Paleocene and lower Eocene Ruaga Limestone. Fifteen facies are recognized, mapped, and predicted. Seven of the facies comprise the larger part of the Zelten Member. These include miliolid-foraminiferal micrite, argillaceous bryozoan/echinoid micrite, argillaceous-molluscan micrite, coralgal micrite. Discocyclina-foraminiferal calcarenite, foraminiferal calcarenite and micrite, and Discocyclina-foraminiferal micrite. In the Zelten field secondary porosity is recorded as much as 40%; this porosity is related to the original depositional fabric of the sediment and, therefore, is facies controlled. Porosity is highest in themore » coralgal micrite and Discocyclina-foraminiferal calcarenite, which together form a NW.-SE. trend across the N. part of the field, and in the formaniniferal calcarenite and micrite. (10 refs.)« less

Unique electric power and water desalination scheme underway in Libya. Student essay

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eason, C.N.

1975-02-21

With continuing interest in the Mediterranean and the Middle East as a backdrop, focus is put on the basic necessities of water and power in Libya. An analysis is made, on a national basis, of the choice of means for meeting an urgent need for both power and potable water in an economy, exploding in development with limited skills, but with unlimited funds. This could be typical of situations in several Mid-East nations. A discussion includes factors of fuels, fuel costs, capital costs, efficiency, reliability, potential for local operation and timing. These several elements are weighed by the Libyans. Themore » resulting decisions are sound, however, they have adopted a highly sophisticated combination of gas turbine-generators (GT), and heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) to produce steam for water desalination plants at several locations. (GRA)« less

Tobacco advertising/promotions and adolescents' smoking risk in Northern Africa.

PubMed

Madkour, Aubrey Spriggs; Ledford, E Cannon; Andersen, Lori; Johnson, Carolyn C

2014-05-01

Comprehensive tobacco advertising/promotion bans are effective against adolescent smoking but many developing countries have implemented only partial bans. This study examines the association between advertising/promotions exposure and adolescent cigarette smoking risk in North Africa, and possible mediation of this association by parent and peer smoking. Adolescent data (n=12 329) from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey were analyzed (Libya, 2007; Egypt, 2005; Morocco, 2006; Tunisia 2007; and Sudan, 2005). Current smoking (any cigarette use in the past 30 days) and never-smokers' initiation susceptibility (composite of openness to accepting a cigarette from a friend and intention to start smoking in the next year) outcomes were examined. Advertising/promotion exposures included media and in-person contacts. Weighted univariate, bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted. Current smoking prevalence ranged from 5.6% (Egypt) to 15.3% (Tunisia) among boys, and 1.1% (Libya and Egypt) to 2.0% (Morocco and Sudan) among girls. Initiation susceptibility ranged from 14.1% (Sudan) to 25.0% (Tunisia) among boys, and from 13.3% (Sudan) to 15.0% (Libya) among girls. Ninety-eight percent of adolescents reported exposure to at least one type of advertising/promotion. In multivariable analyses adjusting for demographics, each type of advertising/promotion was significantly and positively associated with boys' current smoking status; most advertising/promotion exposure types were also positively associated with initiation susceptibility among boys and girls. Peer smoking only partially mediated these associations. Tobacco advertising/promotion exposure was highly prevalent and associated with adolescents' smoking risk in these countries. The comprehensiveness and enforcement of advertising/promotion bans needs to be enhanced.

Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in a group of school-aged children in Benghazi, Libya.

PubMed

Fteita, D; Ali, A; Alaluusua, S

2006-06-01

Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is common in many countries and it has significant impact on treatment need. The aim of the present study was to assess developmental enamel defects with an emphasis to MIH in children from four primary schools in Benghazi, Libya. Permanent first molars of a total of 378 (188 females) 7.0-8.9-year-old children were examined for demarcated opacities, diffuse opacities and hypoplasia in their schools using a portable light, a mirror, and a probe. A subgroup of children attending two of the four schools and having all incisors and first molars erupted (N = 154) was examined for enamel defects in these teeth. Eleven children (2.9%) had MIH. The mean value of demarcated opacities in their first molars was 1.5. MIH lesions were found only in 1.1% of the children's first molars (tooth prevalence) and all lesions were mild. Six children (1.6%) had diffuse opacities and 3 (0.8%) had hypoplastic defects in their first molars. Fourteen out of 154 children (9%) who had both incisors and molars examined had some kind of developmental enamel defect: 11 children (7.1%) had demarcated opacities, 3 (1.9%) had diffuse opacities, and none had hypoplasia. MIH was rare in Benghazi, Libya. The prevalence was clearly lower than in comparable studies performed in Italy or in Nordic countries, where, according to the earlier reports, MIH is seen in every fifth or sixth child. Our result may be valuable when so far mostly unknown etiology behind MIH is investigated.

The evolutionary history of Afrocanarian blue tits inferred from genomewide SNPs.

PubMed

Gohli, Jostein; Leder, Erica H; Garcia-Del-Rey, Eduardo; Johannessen, Lars Erik; Johnsen, Arild; Laskemoen, Terje; Popp, Magnus; Lifjeld, Jan T

2015-01-01

A common challenge in phylogenetic reconstruction is to find enough suitable genomic markers to reliably trace splitting events with short internodes. Here, we present phylogenetic analyses based on genomewide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of an enigmatic avian radiation, the subspecies complex of Afrocanarian blue tits (Cyanistes teneriffae). The two sister species, the Eurasian blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) and the azure tit (Cyanistes cyanus), constituted the out-group. We generated a large data set of SNPs for analysis of population structure and phylogeny. We also adapted our protocol to utilize degraded DNA from old museum skins from Libya. We found strong population structuring that largely confirmed subspecies monophyly and constructed a coalescent-based phylogeny with full support at all major nodes. The results are consistent with a recent hypothesis that La Palma and Libya are relic populations of an ancient Afrocanarian blue tit, although a small data set for Libya could not resolve its position relative to La Palma. The birds on the eastern islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote are similar to those in Morocco. Together they constitute the sister group to the clade containing the other Canary Islands (except La Palma), in which El Hierro is sister to the three central islands. Hence, extant Canary Islands populations seem to originate from multiple independent colonization events. We also found population divergences in a key reproductive trait, viz. sperm length, which may constitute reproductive barriers between certain populations. We recommend a taxonomic revision of this polytypic species, where several subspecies should qualify for species rank. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Geological history of the west Libyan offshore and adjoining regions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Benniran, M.M.; Taleb, T.M.; McCrossan, R.G.

1988-08-01

The continental margin of the African plate north of Libya is separated from the Saharan platform to the south by a major Variscan fault system running along the coastline. The structural evolution of three sedimentary basins within the margin is discussed. The Jeffara basin, onshore western Libya-southern Tunisia, formed as a right-lateral pull-part late in the Variscan event. When the strike-slip motion ceased in the Late Permian, the basin continued to subside thermally. The Sabratah (Tripolitanian) basin, offshore western Libya-southern Tunisia, and the Benghazi basin in the Sirte rise were both formed as left-lateral pull-aparts in the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic.more » From the Middle Jurassic to the present they have subsided thermally. Onshore the lower Mesozoic is characterized by continental and nearshore clastics, separated by an evaporite sequence of Late Triassic-Early Jurassic age. Offshore this sequence is thought to grade northward into open marine carbonates. Uplift along the edge of the Saharan platform during the Early Cretaceous sourced coarse clastics, which grade northward into a thick sequence of shallow-water carbonates. Throughout the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary, high-energy carbonates were deposited around the flanks of the Sabratah basin, grading into deeper-water, fine-grained clastics and carbonates toward the center of the basin. The late Tertiary succession is dominated by clastics derived from the growing Tellian Atlas to the northwest. During the Mesozoic and Tertiary a thick sequence of carbonates was deposited on the Pelagian platform to the north of the Sabratah basin. Periodically the platform was exposed subaerially.« less

Prevalence of IgG antibodies for the West Nile virus in human population in Tripoli, Libya.

PubMed

Shaibi, Taher; Saadawi, Walid K; Aghila, H; Annajar, Badereddin B

2017-01-01

West Nile fever (WNF) is a mosquito-borne viral infection, circulated in natural cycles between birds and mosquitoes, particularly Culex species. It is transmitted to humans through mosquito bites, and causes a variety of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic or mild febrile illness to severe men in go encepha- litis with some fatalities observed in older or immunocompromised patients. West Nile virus (WNV) transmission is considerably influenced by environmental conditions; and abundance of avifauna and mosquitoes.There are very few reports on WNV exposure in individuals from Tripoli City in Libya. The main objective was to provide basic epidemiological information about the WNV seroprevalence in the human population of Tripoli. A total of 400 serum samples were collected from persons (123 females, 277 males; age range: 15-78 yr) approaching the Tripoli Reference Laboratory for the purpose of obtaining health certificate; during the period from August to October 2013. The presence of WNV IgG antibodies was evaluated by a commercial kit based on WNV immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It was observed that 2.75% (11/400) samples were found reactive in the WNV ELISA assay. This result suggests that WNV has a low prevalence in the study area. Seropositivity rates of WNV in Tripoli region of Libya were low. However, continu- ous monitoring of population is important to keep track of the disease prevalence, risk factors, reservoir hosts and vectors for better understaning of the disease epidemiology and designing appropriate control strategies.

Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV & HIV co-infection and risk factors analysis in Tripoli-Libya.

PubMed

Daw, Mohamed A; Shabash, Amira; El-Bouzedi, Abdallah; Dau, Aghnya A

2014-01-01

In 1998 Libya experienced a major outbreak of multiple blood borne viral hepatitis and HIV infections. Since then, no studies have been done on the epidemic features and risk factors of HBV, HCV, HIV and co-infection among the general population. A prospective study was carried out using a multi-centre clustering method to collect samples from the general population. The participants were interviewed, and relevant information was collected, including socio-demographic, ethnic, and geographic variables. This information was correlated with the risk factors involved in the transmission of HBV, HCV and HIV. Blood samples were collected and the sera were tested for HBsAg, anti-HCV and anti-HIV using enzyme immunoassay. A total of 9,170 participants from the nine districts of Tripoli were enrolled. The average prevalence of HBsAg was 3.7%, anti-HCV 0.9%, anti-HIV 0.15% and co-infection 0.02%. The prevalence varied from one district to another. HBV was more prevalent among those aged over 50 years and was associated with family history. Anti-HCV and anti-HIV were more prevalent among those aged 20-40 years. Intravenous drug use and blood transfusion were the main risk factors for HCV and HIV infection. HBV, HCV, HIV and co-infection are relatively common in Libya. High prevalence was associated with geographic, ethnic and socioeconomic variability within the community. HCV and HIV infections among the younger age groups are becoming an alarming issue. Regulations and health care education need to be implemented and longer term follow-up should be planned.

Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV & HIV Co-Infection and Risk Factors Analysis in Tripoli-Libya

PubMed Central

Daw, Mohamed A.; Shabash, Amira; El-Bouzedi, Abdallah; Dau, Aghnya A.

2014-01-01

Background In 1998 Libya experienced a major outbreak of multiple blood borne viral hepatitis and HIV infections. Since then, no studies have been done on the epidemic features and risk factors of HBV, HCV, HIV and co-infection among the general population. Methods A prospective study was carried out using a multi-centre clustering method to collect samples from the general population. The participants were interviewed, and relevant information was collected, including socio-demographic, ethnic, and geographic variables. This information was correlated with the risk factors involved in the transmission of HBV, HCV and HIV. Blood samples were collected and the sera were tested for HBsAg, anti-HCV and anti-HIV using enzyme immunoassay. Results A total of 9,170 participants from the nine districts of Tripoli were enrolled. The average prevalence of HBsAg was 3.7%, anti-HCV 0.9%, anti-HIV 0.15% and co-infection 0.02%. The prevalence varied from one district to another. HBV was more prevalent among those aged over 50 years and was associated with family history. Anti-HCV and anti-HIV were more prevalent among those aged 20–40 years. Intravenous drug use and blood transfusion were the main risk factors for HCV and HIV infection. Conclusion HBV, HCV, HIV and co-infection are relatively common in Libya. High prevalence was associated with geographic, ethnic and socioeconomic variability within the community. HCV and HIV infections among the younger age groups are becoming an alarming issue. Regulations and health care education need to be implemented and longer term follow-up should be planned. PMID:24936655

Detection of CTX-M-15 Among Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Five Major Hospitals in Tripoli, Libya

PubMed Central

Zorgani, Abdulaziz; Almagatef, Asma; Sufya, Najib; Bashein, Abdulla; Tubbal, Abdullatif

2017-01-01

Objectives Multidrug resistance (MDR) and emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) among uropathogenic Escherichia coli have been reported worldwide, but there was no information on the detection of blaCTX-M-15 in major teaching hospitals in Libya. The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of CTX-M-15 β-lactamases producers isolated from five teaching hospitals in Tripoli, Libya. Methods A total of 346 urine samples were collected from hospitalized patients in five teaching hospitals with a diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI). Phenotypic confirmation of ESBLs was confirmed by E-test strip; all ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were screened for the blaCTX-M-15 gene. Results The distribution of ESBL-producing E. coli varied among the five hospitals. The highest proportion was identified in Tripoli Medical Centre (67.6%). There were extremely high proportions of isolates resistant to ceftriaxone, cefepime, and ceftazidime (93.0–100.0%) among ESBL producers compared to non-ESBL producers (2.2–4.7%). MDR was detected in 22.2% of isolates. The majority of isolates (85.9%) in which blaCTX-M-15 was identified were ESBL producers. There was a correlation (p < 0.001) between expression of CTX-M-15 and resistance to ceftazidime. Conclusions The isolation of MDR ESBL-producing uropathogens expressing the CTX-M-15 gene will limit the choices clinicians have to treat their patients with UTIs. Continued surveillance and implementation of efficient infection control measures are required. PMID:28804585

7 CFR 987.112a - Grade, size, and container requirements for each outlet category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... is in effect. That order, among other things, prohibits the exports to Libya of any goods, technology... donations of articles intended to relieve human suffering, such as food, clothing, medicine and medical...

7 CFR 987.112a - Grade, size, and container requirements for each outlet category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... is in effect. That order, among other things, prohibits the exports to Libya of any goods, technology... donations of articles intended to relieve human suffering, such as food, clothing, medicine and medical...

7 CFR 987.112a - Grade, size, and container requirements for each outlet category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... is in effect. That order, among other things, prohibits the exports to Libya of any goods, technology... donations of articles intended to relieve human suffering, such as food, clothing, medicine and medical...

Earth observation taken by the Expedition 43 crew

NASA Image and Video Library

2015-05-08

ISS043E182380 (05/08/2015) --- NASA astronaut Scott Kelly aboard the International Space Station captured this desert scene in northern Africa on May 8th, 2015. The area shown is the Calanscio Sand Sea, in northeastern Libya.

Strategic Issues for Training.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pollitt, David, Ed.

1998-01-01

Includes 21 short articles on a variety of subjects: Internet for management development, lifelong learning in virtual universities, high performance organizations, National Vocational Qualifications, cost effectiveness and training effectiveness, mind maps, Generation X training, Japanese vocational training, management development in Libya, and…

Effects of Ramadan upon fluid and food intake, fatigue, and physical, mental, and social activities: a comparison between the UK and Libya.

PubMed

Waterhouse, Jim; Alkib, Lotfia; Reilly, Thomas

2008-09-01

Two studies were performed during Ramadan, one in the UK (N=31) and the other in Libya (N=33). The aims were to assess some changes to lifestyle that are produced by fasting as well as effects due to culture. Subjects were studied on eight separate occasions: four control days (two before and two after Ramadan) and four days during the four weeks of Ramadan itself. A questionnaire was answered that asked about naps and fluid and food intake. The questions elicited if an individual had slept, drank, or eaten, plus the reasons for doing or not doing so. Also, subjects were asked to describe their physical, mental, and social activities, their fatigue, and their perceived abilities to perform physical or mental work. The questionnaire was answered five times per day: at sunrise, at 10:00 h, at 14:00 h, at sunset, and on retiring to sleep at night. Urine samples were collected at sunset and measured for osmolality. Differences between control and Ramadan days, as well as between subjects studied in UK and Libya, were assessed by analysis of variance. Correlations between fatigue and physical, mental, and social activities were also assessed, as were differences in urine osmolality. Fasting during Ramadan resulted in fewer activities and increased fatigue and frequency of napping during daytime. Changes in fluid and food intake indicated some degree of preparation for fasting before sunrise and a marked "recuperation" from fasting after sunset. The reasons given for napping in the daytime, for drinking or not drinking, and for eating or not eating, changed during Ramadan compared with control days; as a result, links between fatigue and activities, and fatigue and fluid and food intake, were all altered during Ramadan, particularly after sunset. Subjects become dehydrated during the daytime, but this was not reduced when females who were menstruating drank during this time. Several differences between the two studies were found. There was a greater frequency of napping during the daytime in the Libya study, and evidence for the conservation of energy during the daytime and reduced physical, mental, and social activities. Subjects' preparations for fasting and recovering from it--their fluid and food intakes and associated reasons for these--also differed. Possible explanations of these differences are discussed.

Spatiotemporal and molecular epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Libya.

PubMed

Amro, Ahmad; Al-Dwibe, Hamida; Gashout, Aisha; Moskalenko, Olga; Galafin, Marlena; Hamarsheh, Omar; Frohme, Marcus; Jaeschke, Anja; Schönian, Gabriele; Kuhls, Katrin

2017-09-01

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health problem in Libya. In this paper, we describe the eco-epidemiological parameters of CL during the armed conflict period from January 2011 till December 2012. Current spatiotemporal distributions of CL cases were explored and projected to the future using a correlative modelling approach. In addition the present results were compared with our previous data obtained for the time period 1995-2008. We investigated 312 CL patients who presented to the Dermatology Department at the Tripoli Central Hospital and came from 81 endemic areas distributed in 10 districts. The patients presented with typical localized lesions which appeared commonly on the face, arms and legs. Molecular identification of parasites by a PCR-RFLP approach targeting the ITS1 region of the rDNA was successful for 81 patients with two causative species identified: L. major and L. tropica comprised 59 (72.8%) and 22 (27.2%) cases, respectively. Around 77.3% of L. tropica CL and 57.7% of L. major CL caused single lesions. Five CL patients among our data set were seropositive for HIV. L. tropica was found mainly in three districts, Murqub (27.3%), Jabal al Gharbi (27.3%) and Misrata (13.7%) while L. major was found in two districts, in Jabal al Gharbi (61%) and Jafara (20.3%). Seasonal occurrence of CL cases showed that most cases (74.2%) admitted to the hospital between November and March, L. major cases from November till January (69.4%), and L. tropica cases mainly in January and February (41%). Two risk factors were identified for the two species; the presence of previously infected household members, and the presence of rodents and sandflies in patient's neighborhoods. Spatiotemporal projections using correlative distribution models based on current case data and climatic conditions showed that coastal regions have a higher level of risk due to more favourable conditions for the transmitting vectors. Future projection of CL until 2060 showed a trend of increasing incidence of CL in the north-western part of Libya, a spread along the coastal region and a possible emergence of new endemics in the north-eastern districts of Libya. These results should be considered for control programs to prevent the emergence of new endemic areas taking also into consideration changes in socio-economical factors such as migration, conflicts, urbanization, land use and access to health care.

Hepatitis B and C infection in haemodialysis patients in Libya: prevalence, incidence and risk factors.

PubMed

Alashek, Wiam A; McIntyre, Christopher W; Taal, Maarten W

2012-10-20

Patients receiving maintenance haemodialysis (HD) are at higher risk for acquiring Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infections than the general population. Strict infection control measures are essential to prevent nosocomial transmission. We aimed to investigate the incidence and prevalence of HBV and HCV infection in the HD population of Libya as well as risk factors for infection. All adult patients receiving maintenance HD (n=2382) in Libyan dialysis centres (n=39) were studied between May 2009 and October 2010. Testing for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV antibodies was performed at initiation of dialysis and every 3-6 months thereafter. Patients who were sero-negative for HBV and HCV (n=1160) were followed up for 1 year to detect sero-conversions. Participant median age was 49 years and 58% were male. 831 patients (34.9%) were sero-positive for HBV and/or HCV (anti-HCV positive 31.1%; HBsAg positive 2.6%; both positive 1.2%). Of the sero-positive patients 4.7% were known to be infected before the initiation of HD. The prevalence of HBV±HCV infection varied widely between HD centres from 0% to 75.9%. Sero-positive patients were younger, had longer time on dialysis and more previous blood transfusions. Prospective follow-up revealed an incidence of sero-conversion of 7.7% during 1 year (7.1% HCV; 0.6% HBV). Wide variation in rates of newly acquired infections was observed between dialysis centres. All new HBV cases were referred from centres already treating HBV infected patients. New HCV infections were reported in most centres but the rate of HCV sero-conversion varied widely from 1.5% to 31%. Duration of dialysis, history of previous renal transplant and history of receiving HD in another centre in Libya were significantly associated with sero-conversion. Patients on maintenance HD in Libya have a high incidence and prevalence of HCV infection and lower rates of HBV infection. The factors associated with HBV and HCV infection are highly suggestive of nosocomial transmission within HD units. Urgent action is required to improve infection control measures in HD centres and to reduce dependence on blood transfusions for the treatment of anaemia.

77 FR 56985 - Honoring the Victims of the Attack in Benghazi, Libya

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-17

... the United States shall be flown at half-staff at the White House and upon all public buildings and..., including all military facilities and naval vessels and stations. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my...

10 CFR 110.29 - Restricted destinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Restricted destinations. 110.29 Section 110.29 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (CONTINUED) EXPORT AND IMPORT OF NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL Licenses § 110.29 Restricted destinations. Afghanistan Andorra Angola Burma (Myanmar) Djibouti India Israel Libya...

10 CFR 110.29 - Restricted destinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Restricted destinations. 110.29 Section 110.29 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (CONTINUED) EXPORT AND IMPORT OF NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL Licenses § 110.29 Restricted destinations. Afghanistan Andorra Angola Burma (Myanmar) Djibouti India Israel Libya...

10 CFR 110.29 - Restricted destinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Restricted destinations. 110.29 Section 110.29 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (CONTINUED) EXPORT AND IMPORT OF NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL Licenses § 110.29 Restricted destinations. Afghanistan Andorra Angola Burma (Myanmar) Djibouti India Israel Libya...

10 CFR 110.29 - Restricted destinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Restricted destinations. 110.29 Section 110.29 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (CONTINUED) EXPORT AND IMPORT OF NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL Licenses § 110.29 Restricted destinations. Afghanistan Andorra Angola Burma (Myanmar) Djibouti India Israel Libya...

10 CFR 110.29 - Restricted destinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Restricted destinations. 110.29 Section 110.29 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (CONTINUED) EXPORT AND IMPORT OF NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL Licenses § 110.29 Restricted destinations. Afghanistan Andorra Angola Burma (Myanmar) Djibouti India Israel Libya...

7 CFR 305.17 - Authorized treatments; exceptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Authorized treatments; exceptions. 305.17 Section 305.17 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH..., Libya, Malta, Macedonia, Morocco, Sardinia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, and...

A Selective Chronology of Terrorist and Counter-Terrorist Incidents.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Totten, Sam

1986-01-01

Beginning with the July 22, 1966, Palestinian hijacking of an El Al airliner and ending with the April 5, 1986, bombing raid on Libya by the United States, this chronology details 56 terrorist events which were covered in the world press. (JDH)

Country and Gender-Specific Achievement of Healthy Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines: Latent Class Analysis of 6266 University Students in Egypt, Libya, and Palestine.

PubMed

El Ansari, Walid; Berg-Beckhoff, Gabriele

2017-07-11

Research on healthy behaviour such as physical activity and healthy nutrition and their combination is lacking among university students in Arab countries. The current survey assessed healthy nutrition, and moderate/vigorous physical activity (PA) of 6266 students in Egypt, Libya, and Palestine. We computed a nutrition guideline achievement index using WHO recommendation, as well as the achievement of PA recommendations using guidelines for adults of the American Heart Association guidelines. Latent class regression analysis identified homogenous groups of male and female students, based on their achievements of both guidelines. We examined associations between group membership and achievement of guidelines. A three-class solution model best fitted the data, generating three student Groups: "Healthy Eaters" (7.7% of females, 10.8% of males), "Physically Active" (21.7% of females, 25.8% of males), and "Low Healthy Behaviour" (70.6% of females, 63.4% of males). We did not observe a latent class that exhibited combined healthy behaviours (physically active and healthy eaters), and there were no major differences between countries. We observed a very low rate of healthy nutrition (≈10% of students achieved greater than four of the eight nutrition guidelines), with little gender differences across the countries. About 18-47% of students achieved the PA guidelines, depending on country and gender, more often among males. Few females achieved the PA guidelines, particularly in Libya and Palestine. Culturally adapted multi-behavioural interventions need to encourage healthy lifestyles, nutrition and PA behaviours. National policies need to promote active living while addressing cultural, geographic, and other barriers to young adults' engagement in PA.

Crustal Thickness Beneath Libya and the Origin of Partial Melt Beneath AS Sawda Volcanic Province From Receiver Function Constraints

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lemnifi, Awad A.; Elshaafi, Abdelsalam; Browning, John; Aouad, Nassib S.; El Ebaidi, Saad K.; Liu, Kelly K.; Gudmundsson, Agust

2017-12-01

This study investigates crustal thickness and properties within the Libyan region. Results obtained from 15 seismic stations belonging to the Libyan Center for Remote Sensing and Space Science are reported, in addition to 3 seismic stations publically available, using receiver functions. The results show crustal thicknesses ranging from 24 km to 36 km (with uncertainties ranging between ±0.10 km and ±0.90 km). More specifically, crustal thickness ranges from 32 km to 36 km in the southern portion of the Libyan territory then becomes thinner, between 24 km and 30 km, in the coastal areas of Libya and thinnest, between 24 km and 28 km, in the Sirt Basin. The observed high Vp/Vs value of 1.91 at one station located at the AS Sawda Volcanic Province in central Libya indicates the presence of either partial melt or an abnormally warm area. This finding suggests that magma reservoirs beneath the Libyan territory may still be partially molten and active, thereby posing significant earthquake and volcanic risks. The hypothesis of an active magma source is further demonstrated though the presence of asthenospheric upwelling and extension of the Sirt Basin. This study provides a new calculation of unconsolidated sediment layers by using the arrival time of the P to S converted phases. The results show sediments thicknesses of 0.4 km to 3.7 km, with the Vp/Vs values ranging from 2.2 to 4.8. The variations in crustal thickness throughout the region are correlated with surface elevation and Bouguer gravity anomalies, which suggest that they are isostatically compensated.

Spatiotemporal investigation of long-term seasonal temperature variability in Libya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elsharkawy, S. G.; Elmallah, E. S.

2016-09-01

Throughout this work, spatial and temporal variations of seasonal surface air temperature have been investigated. Moreover, the effects of relative internal (teleconnection) and external (solar) forcing on surface air temperature variability have been examined. Seasonal temperature time series covering 30 different meteorological locations and lasting over the last century are considered. These locations are classified into two groups based on their spatial distribution. One represents Coast Libya Surface Air Temperature (CLSAT), contains 19 locations, and the other represents Desert Libya Surface Air Temperature (DLSAT), contains 11 locations. Average temperature departure test is applied to investigate the nature of temperature variations. Temperature trends are analyzed using the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test and their coefficients are calculated using Sen's slope estimate. Cross-correlation and spectral analysis techniques are also applied. Our results showed temperature deviation from average within a band of ± 2°C at coast region, while ± 4°C at desert region. Extreme behavior intensions between summer and winter temperatures at coast region are noticed. Segmentation process declared reversal cooling/warming behavior within temperature records for all seasons. Desert region shows warming trend for all seasons with higher coefficients than obtained at coast region. Results obtained for spectral analysis show different short and medium signals and concluded that not only the spectral properties are different for different geographical regions but also different for different climatic seasons on regional scale as well. Cross-correlation results showed that highest influence for Rz upon coastal temperature is always in conjunction with highest influence of NAO upon coastal temperature during the period 1981-2010. Desert region does not obey this phenomenon, where highest temperature-NAO correlations at desert during autumn and winter seasons are not accompanied with highest correlations for temperature-Rz.

Cross-sectional pilot study about the health status of diabetic patients in city of Misurata, Libya.

PubMed

Elhwuegi, A S; Darez, A A; Langa, A M; Bashaga, N A

2012-03-01

Being a leading cause of death worldwide, epidemiological studies about diabetes mellitus have encouraged governments to initiate or improve local diabetes monitoring and prevention strategies. The main objective of this study was to examine the profile of diabetic patients in the city of Misurata, the third largest city in Libya. 260 diabetic cases of both gender randomly selected from the total number of patients admitted to the centre of diabetes and endocrine disorders, Misurata -Libya for the period between January to March 2008. Data collected from patients' files and by directly questioning the patients. SPSS software version 13 was used for the statistical analysis and presentation of the data. 87% of all patients were type 2 diabetics, while only 9.9% were type 1. 73% of all patients had family history of diabetes. 52% of all diabetic patients were obese, with more obesity in females (70% of females) than males (33.8% of males). Obesity was more pronounced in type 2 patients (56.8%) than in type 1 patients (11.5%). 38% of all patients were treated with insulin while 35.4% were treated with oral hypoglycemics. Meanwhile 32.6% of type 2 diabetic patients were treated with insulin. Only 9.2% of all patients had fasting blood sugar below 140 mg/dl, whereas 55% had levels in the range of 140-180 mg/dl, while 35.8% had levels above 180 mg/dl. Microvascular complications included retinopathy (16.2% of all patients), neuropathy (11.2%), nephropathy (1.5%) and combination of neuropathy and retinopathy (6.5%). High percentage of risk factors including obesity, family history of diabetes, hypertension and microvascular complications requires a Libyan national policy for the surveillance, prevention and control of diabetes and its complications.

Cancer incidence, mortality, and survival in Eastern Libya: updated report from the Benghazi Cancer Registry.

PubMed

El Mistiri, Mufid; Salati, Massimiliano; Marcheselli, Luigi; Attia, Adel; Habil, Salah; Alhomri, Faraj; Spika, Devon; Allemani, Claudia; Federico, Massimo

2015-08-01

Despite the increasing burden of cancer occurred over recent years in the African continent, epidemiologic data from Northern Africa area have been so far sparse or absent. We present most recently available data from the Benghazi Cancer Registry concerning cancer incidence and mortality as well as the most comprehensive survival data set so far generated for cases diagnosed during 2003 to 2005 in Eastern Libya. We collected and analyzed data on cancer incidence, mortality and survival that were obtained over a 3-year study period from January 1st 2003 to December 31st 2005 from the Benghazi Cancer Registry. A total of 3307 cancer patients were registered among residents during the study period. The world age-standardized incidence rate for all sites was 135.4 and 107.1 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively. The most common malignancies in men were cancers of lung (18.9%), colorectum (10.4%), bladder (10.1%), and prostate (9.4%); among women, they were breast (23.2%), colorectum (11.2%), corpus uteri (6.7%), and leukemia (5.1%). A total of 1367 deaths for cancer were recorded from 2003 to 2005; the leading causes of cancer death were cancers of the lung (29.3%), colorectum (8.2%), and brain (7.3%) in males and cancers of breast (14.8%), colorectum (10.6%), and liver (7%) in females. The 5-year relative survival for all cancer combined was 22.3%; survival was lower in men (19.8%) than in women (28.2%). This study provides an updated report on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival, in Eastern Libya which may represent a useful tool for planning future interventions toward a better cancer control. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The Methanol Poisoning Outbreaks in Libya 2013 and Kenya 2014.

PubMed

Rostrup, Morten; Edwards, Jeffrey K; Abukalish, Mohamed; Ezzabi, Masoud; Some, David; Ritter, Helga; Menge, Tom; Abdelrahman, Ahmed; Rootwelt, Rebecca; Janssens, Bart; Lind, Kyrre; Paasma, Raido; Hovda, Knut Erik

2016-01-01

Outbreaks of methanol poisoning occur frequently on a global basis, affecting poor and vulnerable populations. Knowledge regarding methanol is limited, likely many cases and even outbreaks go unnoticed, with patients dying unnecessarily. We describe findings from the first three large outbreaks of methanol poisoning where Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) responded, and evaluate the benefits of a possible future collaboration between local health authorities, a Non-Governmental Organisation and international expertise. Retrospective study of three major methanol outbreaks in Libya (2013) and Kenya (May and July 2014). Data were collected from MSF field personnel, local health personnel, hospital files, and media reports. In Tripoli, Libya, over 1,000 patients were poisoned with a reported case fatality rate of 10% (101/1,066). In Kenya, two outbreaks resulted in approximately 341 and 126 patients, with case fatality rates of 29% (100/341) and 21% (26/126), respectively. MSF launched an emergency team with international experts, medications and equipment, however, the outbreaks were resolving by the time of arrival. Recognition of an outbreak of methanol poisoning and diagnosis seem to be the most challenging tasks, with significant delay from time of first presentations to public health warnings being issued. In spite of the rapid response from an emergency team, the outbreaks were nearly concluded by the time of arrival. A major impact on the outcome was not seen, but large educational trainings were conducted to increase awareness and knowledge about methanol poisoning. Based on this training, MSF was able to send a local emergency team during the second outbreak, supporting that such an approach could improve outcomes. Basic training, simplified treatment protocols, point-of-care diagnostic tools, and early support when needed, are likely the most important components to impact the consequences of methanol poisoning outbreaks in these challenging contexts.

Absolute Radiometric Calibration of KOMPSAT-3A

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahn, H. Y.; Shin, D. Y.; Kim, J. S.; Seo, D. C.; Choi, C. U.

2016-06-01

This paper presents a vicarious radiometric calibration of the Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite-3A (KOMPSAT-3A) performed by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) and the Pukyong National University Remote Sensing Group (PKNU RSG) in 2015.The primary stages of this study are summarized as follows: (1) A field campaign to determine radiometric calibrated target fields was undertaken in Mongolia and South Korea. Surface reflectance data obtained in the campaign were input to a radiative transfer code that predicted at-sensor radiance. Through this process, equations and parameters were derived for the KOMPSAT-3A sensor to enable the conversion of calibrated DN to physical units, such as at-sensor radiance or TOA reflectance. (2) To validate the absolute calibration coefficients for the KOMPSAT-3A sensor, we performed a radiometric validation with a comparison of KOMPSAT-3A and Landsat-8 TOA reflectance using one of the six PICS (Libya 4). Correlations between top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiances and the spectral band responses of the KOMPSAT-3A sensors at the Zuunmod, Mongolia and Goheung, South Korea sites were significant for multispectral bands. The average difference in TOA reflectance between KOMPSAT-3A and Landsat-8 image over the Libya 4, Libya site in the red-green-blue (RGB) region was under 3%, whereas in the NIR band, the TOA reflectance of KOMPSAT-3A was lower than the that of Landsat-8 due to the difference in the band passes of two sensors. The KOMPSAT-3Aensor includes a band pass near 940 nm that can be strongly absorbed by water vapor and therefore displayed low reflectance. Toovercome this, we need to undertake a detailed analysis using rescale methods, such as the spectral bandwidth adjustment factor.

A survey of pharmaceutical company representative interactions with doctors in Libya

PubMed Central

Alssageer, Mustafa A.; Kowalski, Stefan R.

2012-01-01

Objectives To examine the frequency of pharmaceutical company representative (PCR) interactions with doctors in Libya and review possible associations between these interactions and the personal and practice setting characteristics of doctors. Method An anonymous survey questionnaire was circulated to 1,000 Libyan doctors in selected public and private practice settings in Tripoli, Benghazi and Sebha. Results A questionnaire return rate of 61% (608 returned questionnaires) was achieved. Most respondents (94%) reported that they had been visited by PCRs at least ‘once’ in the last year. Fifty per cent of respondents met with PCRs at least once a month, and 20% at least once a week. The following characteristics were significantly associated with meeting with a representative more than once a week: age, gender (male > female), years of practice, being a specialist (other than an anaesthesiologist) or working in private practice. Ninety-one per cent of doctors reported that they had received at least one kind of relationship gift during the last year. Printed materials (79%), simple gifts (73%) and drug samples (69%) were the most common relationship products given to respondents. Reimbursements or sponsored items were reported by 33% of respondents. Physician specialists were more likely to receive drug samples or sponsored items than residents, general practitioners, anaesthesiologists or surgeons (P<0.01). Participants working in private practice alone or in both sectors were more likely to receive printed materials, simple gifts or free samples from PCRs than doctors working in the public sector (P<0.05). Conclusion Libyan doctors are frequently visited by PCRs. Doctors, working in private practice or specialist practice, are especially targeted by promotional activities. An agreed code of conduct for pharmaceutical promotion in Libya between doctors and PCRs should be created. PMID:23002397

Absolute Calibration of Optical Satellite Sensors Using Libya 4 Pseudo Invariant Calibration Site

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mishra, Nischal; Helder, Dennis; Angal, Amit; Choi, Jason; Xiong, Xiaoxiong

2014-01-01

The objective of this paper is to report the improvements in an empirical absolute calibration model developed at South Dakota State University using Libya 4 (+28.55 deg, +23.39 deg) pseudo invariant calibration site (PICS). The approach was based on use of the Terra MODIS as the radiometer to develop an absolute calibration model for the spectral channels covered by this instrument from visible to shortwave infrared. Earth Observing One (EO-1) Hyperion, with a spectral resolution of 10 nm, was used to extend the model to cover visible and near-infrared regions. A simple Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution function (BRDF) model was generated using Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations over Libya 4 and the resulting model was validated with nadir data acquired from satellite sensors such as Aqua MODIS and Landsat 7 (L7) Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+). The improvements in the absolute calibration model to account for the BRDF due to off-nadir measurements and annual variations in the atmosphere are summarized. BRDF models due to off-nadir viewing angles have been derived using the measurements from EO-1 Hyperion. In addition to L7 ETM+, measurements from other sensors such as Aqua MODIS, UK-2 Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC), ENVISAT Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) onboard Landsat 8 (L8), which was launched in February 2013, were employed to validate the model. These satellite sensors differ in terms of the width of their spectral bandpasses, overpass time, off-nadir-viewing capabilities, spatial resolution and temporal revisit time, etc. The results demonstrate that the proposed empirical calibration model has accuracy of the order of 3% with an uncertainty of about 2% for the sensors used in the study.

Country and Gender-Specific Achievement of Healthy Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines: Latent Class Analysis of 6266 University Students in Egypt, Libya, and Palestine

PubMed Central

El Ansari, Walid; Berg-Beckhoff, Gabriele

2017-01-01

Research on healthy behaviour such as physical activity and healthy nutrition and their combination is lacking among university students in Arab countries. The current survey assessed healthy nutrition, and moderate/vigorous physical activity (PA) of 6266 students in Egypt, Libya, and Palestine. We computed a nutrition guideline achievement index using WHO recommendation, as well as the achievement of PA recommendations using guidelines for adults of the American Heart Association guidelines. Latent class regression analysis identified homogenous groups of male and female students, based on their achievements of both guidelines. We examined associations between group membership and achievement of guidelines. A three-class solution model best fitted the data, generating three student Groups: “Healthy Eaters” (7.7% of females, 10.8% of males), “Physically Active” (21.7% of females, 25.8% of males), and “Low Healthy Behaviour” (70.6% of females, 63.4% of males). We did not observe a latent class that exhibited combined healthy behaviours (physically active and healthy eaters), and there were no major differences between countries. We observed a very low rate of healthy nutrition (≈10% of students achieved greater than four of the eight nutrition guidelines), with little gender differences across the countries. About 18–47% of students achieved the PA guidelines, depending on country and gender, more often among males. Few females achieved the PA guidelines, particularly in Libya and Palestine. Culturally adapted multi-behavioural interventions need to encourage healthy lifestyles, nutrition and PA behaviours. National policies need to promote active living while addressing cultural, geographic, and other barriers to young adults’ engagement in PA. PMID:28696407

76 FR 65211 - Sunshine Act Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-20

... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Foreign Claims Settlement Commission [F.C.S.C. Meeting and Hearing Notice No. 11-11] Sunshine Act Meeting The Foreign Claims Settlement Commission, pursuant to its regulations (45... claims against Libya Status: Open. All meetings are held at the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission, 600...

USSR Report, International Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-03-11

among states. In turn, General Edgardo Mercado Jarrin sharply condemned the interventionist actions of the CIA against Libya and Nicaragua, and...activities in the municipalities . We have no practical experience in these kinds of matters, and this shows that we are poorly prepared; we have not able to

iss042e243192

NASA Image and Video Library

2015-02-11

ISS042E243192 (02/11/2015) --- This huge Desert in northern Africa is an image tweeted by NASA astronaut Terry Virts on Feb. 11, 2015 from the International Space Station. He wanted to share with his Twitter fans the enormous size of the " Murzuq Desert #Libya #Africa".

77 FR 9267 - Sunshine Act Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-16

... Proposed Decisions in claims against Libya. 4:00 p.m.--Oral hearing on Objection to Commission's Proposed.... 2012-3843 Filed 2-14-12; 4:15 pm] BILLING CODE 4410-BA-P ... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Foreign Claims Settlement Commission Sunshine Act Meeting F.C.S.C. Meeting...

Developing Urban Environment Indicators for Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment in Tripoli-Libya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elgadi, Ahmed. A.; Hakim Ismail, Lokman; Abass, Fatma; Ali, Abdelmuniem

2016-11-01

Sustainability assessment frameworks are becoming increasingly important to assist in the transition towards a sustainable urban environment. The urban environment is an effective system and requires regular monitoring and evaluation through a set of relevant indicators. The indicator provides information about the state of the environment through the production value of quantity. The indicator creates sustainability assessment requests to be considered on all spatial scales to specify efficient information of urban environment sustainability in Tripoli-Libya. Detailed data is necessary to assess environmental modification in the urban environment on a local scale and ease the transfer of this information to national and global stages. This paper proposes a set of key indicators to monitor urban environmental sustainability developments of Libyan residential neighborhoods. The proposed environmental indicator framework measures the sustainability performance of an urban environment through 13 sub-categories consisting of 21 indicators. This paper also explains the theoretical foundations for the selection of all indicators with reference to previous studies.

Total petroleum systems of the Illizi Province, Algeria and Libya; Tanezzuft-Illizi

USGS Publications Warehouse

Klett, T.R.

2000-01-01

Undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources were assessed within a total petroleum system of the Illizi Province (2056) as part of the U.S. Geological Survey World Petroleum Assessment 2000. The Illizi Province is in eastern Algeria and a small portion of western Libya. The province and its total petroleum system coincide with the Illizi Basin. Although several total petroleum systems may exist within the Illizi Province, only one “composite” total petroleum system is identified. This total petroleum system comprises a single assessment unit. The main source rocks are the Silurian Tanezzuft Formation (or lateral equivalents) and Middle to Upper Devonian mudstone. The total petroleum system was named after the oldest major source rock and the basin in which it resides. The estimated means of the undiscovered conventional petroleum volumes in the Tanezzuft-Illizi Total Petroleum System are 2,814 million barrels of oil (MMBO), 27,785 billion cubic feet of gas (BCFG), and 873 million barrels of natural gas liquids (MMBNGL).

Evaluation of risk factors in acute myocardial infarction patients admitted to the coronary care unit, Tripoli Medical Centre, Libya.

PubMed

Abduelkarem, A R; El-Shareif, H J; Sharif, S I

2012-04-01

The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in patients attending Tripoli Medical Centre, Libya. Records were reviewed for 622 patients with a mean age of 58.3 (SD 12.9) years. Diabetes mellitus (48.2%), hypertension (35.7%) and smoking (50.6%) were among the risk factors reported. There were 110 patients (17.7%) who died during hospitalization, mainly suffering cardiogenic shock (48.0%). The rate of use of thrombolytic therapy was low in patients who were female (40.4% versus 58.4% for males), older age (31.6% for those > 85 years versus 63.3% for patients < 55 years), diabetics (45.3% versus 62.0% for non-diabetic patients) and hypertensives (47.3% versus 57.8% for non-hypertensive patients). Prevention strategies should be implemented in order to improve the long-term prognosis and decrease overall morbidity and mortality from coronary artery disease in Libyan patients.

An assessment of African test sites in the context of a global network of quality-assured reference standards

USGS Publications Warehouse

Chander, G.; Xiong, X.; Angal, A.; Choi, T.

2009-01-01

The Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Infrared and Visible Optical Sensors (IVOS) subgroup members established a set of CEOS-endorsed globally distributed reference standard test sites for the postlaunch calibration of space-based optical imaging sensors. This paper discusses the top five African pseudo-invariant sites (Libya 4, Mauritania 1/2, Algeria 3, Libya 1, and Algeria 5) that were identified by the IVOS subgroup. This paper focuses on monitoring the long-term radiometric stability of the Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Landsat 7 (L7) Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensors using near-simultaneous and cloud-free image pairs acquired from launch to December 2008 over the five African desert sites. Residual errors and coefficients of determination were also generated to support the quality assessment of the calibration differences between the two sensors. An effort was also made to evaluate the relative stability of these sites for long-term monitoring of the optical sensors. ??2009 IEEE.

Trapping or tethering stones (TS): A multifunctional device in the Pastoral Neolithic of the Sahara

PubMed Central

di Lernia, Savino

2018-01-01

The Pierres de Ben Barour, also known as trapping or tethering stones (TS), are stone artefacts with notches or grooves usually interpreted as hunting devices on the basis of rock art engravings. Though their presence is a peculiar feature of desert landscapes from the Sahara to the Arabian Peninsula, we know little about their age, context and function. Here we present a new approach to the study of these artefacts based on a large dataset (837 items) recorded in the Messak plateau (SW Libya). A statistically-based geoarchaeological survey carried out between 2007 and 2011 in Libya, alongside landscape and intra-site analyses of specific archaeological features (such as rock art, settlement and ceremonial contexts), reveal that these artefacts were used for a prolonged period, probably from the early Holocene. This was followed by a multifunctional use of these devices, particularly during the Pastoral Neolithic phase (ca. 6400–3000 cal BC), with the highest concentrations being found near ceremonial contexts related to cattle burials. PMID:29370242

Pregnancy outcomes in Benghazi, Libya, before and during the armed conflict in 2011.

PubMed

Bodalal, Z; Agnaeber, K; Nagelkerke, N; Stirling, B; Temmerman, M; Degomme, O

2014-04-03

Stressful life events experienced by pregnant women may lead to adverse obstetric outcomes. This study in Benghazi compared the rates of preterm, low-birth-weight and caesarean-section births at Al-Jamhouria hospital in the months before and during the armed conflict in Libya in 2011. Data were collected on all women admitted to the delivery ward during February to May 2011 (the months of the most active fighting in the city) (n = 7096), and October to December 2010 (the months immediately before the war) (n = 5935). Compared with the preceding months there was a significant rise during the conflict in the rate of deliveries involving preterm (3.6% versus 2.5%) and low-birth-weight (10.1% versus 8.5%) infants and caesarean sections (26.9% versus 25.3%). Psychosocial stress may have been a factor (among others) in an increase in negative pregnancy outcomes, and obstetric hospitals should be aware of these issues in times of war.

First evaluation of the serum level of anti-hepatitis B surface antigen after vaccination in Libya.

PubMed

Madour, A; Alkout, A; Vanin, S

2013-12-01

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination schedule in Libya follows international recommendations (1st dose at birth, 2nd after 1 month and 3rd after 6 months). This research aimed to evaluate the long-term protection of the HBV immunization programme in Tripoli and to determine the best age to administer booster doses. Serum levels of hepatitis B surface antigen were determined in 277 randomly selected children aged 1-12 years. The response to HBV vaccine in 1-3-year-olds was 93.2%, but this declined with age and at 7-9 years after initial vaccination only 53.1% of children had protective titres (> or = 10 mIU/mL). No significant differences between males and females in antibody persistence or response to vaccine were observed. We recommend continuing the HBV vaccination programme and that a booster dose be given to 6-year-old children to ensure maximum protection during the period of school entry and beyond.

Skin diseases among internally displaced Tawerghans living in camps in Benghazi, Libya.

PubMed

Elfaituri, Safa S

2016-09-01

Benghazi has received many internally displaced persons (IDPs) from other Libyan cities as a result of the armed conflict in Libya. These groups have significant health problems associated with their displacement, including skin diseases. This study aimed to determine the spectrum and frequency of skin diseases among people living in IDP camps in Benghazi. A total of 480 IDP camp residents with complaints of skin diseases were studied over a period of 6 months. All subjects were ethnic Tawerghans; about three-quarters were female and half were adults. The disease types found to occur at the highest frequencies were skin infections (40.0%), followed by xerosis (31.3%), eczema (18.3%), acne (17.0%), hair-related diseases (6.7%), and psychosomatic diseases (3.0%). People who are resident in IDP camps have skin problems similar to those of other populations in similar circumstances. They have increased vulnerability to infections, environment-associated disorders such as xerosis cutis and eczema, and diseases of psychosomatic origin. © 2015 The International Society of Dermatology.

Association between mental well-being, depression, and periodontal attachment level among young adults of the postwar Sebha city, Libya: A pilot study.

PubMed

Peeran, Syed Wali; Kumar, Naveen P G; Azaruk, Faiza Abdelkader Ahmed; Alsaid, Fatma Mojtaba; Abdalla, Khaled Awidat; Mugrabi, Marei Hamed; Peeran, Syed Ali

2014-07-01

The present study was aimed to investigate the association of mental well-being and depression with periodontal clinical attachment loss among young adults in postwar urban population of Sebha city, Libya. Mental well-being and depression were assessed using Arabic versions of World Health Organization (WHO) five well-being index and major depression inventory (ICD-10), respectively. Random sample of 149 subjects were studied. Degree of periodontal attachment was measured at six sites per tooth using a rigid manual periodontal probe. A total of 59.11% of the studied samples had healthy mental well-being state, whereas 40.81% had poor mental well-being. The severity of depression was stronger in males than in females. In the present study mental well-being, depression, and all its categories did not have any significant effect on periodontal attachment loss. Further studies and health interventions can be planned based on this data.

Improving patient safety in Libya: insights from a British health system perspective.

PubMed

Elmontsri, Mustafa; Almashrafi, Ahmed; Dubois, Elizabeth; Banarsee, Ricky; Majeed, Azeem

2018-04-16

Purpose Patient safety programmes aim to make healthcare safe for both patients and health professionals. The purpose of this paper is to explore the UK's patient safety improvement programmes over the past 15 years and explore what lessons can be learnt to improve Libyan healthcare patient safety. Design/methodology/approach Publications focusing on UK patient safety were searched in academic databases and content analysed. Findings Several initiatives have been undertaken over the past 15 years to improve British healthcare patient safety. Many stakeholders are involved, including regulatory and professional bodies, educational providers and non-governmental organisations. Lessons can be learnt from the British journey. Practical implications Developing a national patient safety strategy for Libya, which reflects context and needs is paramount. Above all, Libyan patient safety programmes should reference internationally approved guidelines, evidence, policy and learning from Britain's unique experience. Originality/value This review examines patient safety improvement strategies adopted in Britain to help developing country managers to progress local strategies based on lessons learnt from Britain's unique experience.

76 FR 17152 - Sunshine Act Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-28

... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Foreign Claims Settlement Commission [F.C.S.C. Meeting Notice No. 1-11] Sunshine Act Meeting The Foreign Claims Settlement Commission, pursuant to its regulations (45 CFR part 504... claims against Albania and Libya. Status: Open. All meetings are held at the Foreign Claims Settlement...

78 FR 36538 - 36(b)(1) Arms Sales Notification

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-18

... training equipment, U.S. Government and contractor engineering, technical and logistics support services... equipment, U.S. Government and contractor engineering, technical and logistics support services, and other... central government and the country's outlying areas. The sale of these C-130Js to Libya will significantly...

76 FR 25783 - Identification of Thirty Entities as Governemnt of Libya Entities Pursuant to Executive Order 13566

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-05

... SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT FUND COMPANY (a.k.a. ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND DEVELOPMENT FUND; a.k.a. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC.... BREGA PETROLEUM MARKETING COMPANY (a.k.a. BPMC; a.k.a. BREGA MARKETING COMPANY), P.O. Box 402, Tripoli...

Spatiotemporal and molecular epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Libya

PubMed Central

Al-Dwibe, Hamida; Gashout, Aisha; Moskalenko, Olga; Galafin, Marlena; Hamarsheh, Omar; Frohme, Marcus; Jaeschke, Anja; Schönian, Gabriele; Kuhls, Katrin

2017-01-01

Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health problem in Libya. In this paper, we describe the eco-epidemiological parameters of CL during the armed conflict period from January 2011 till December 2012. Current spatiotemporal distributions of CL cases were explored and projected to the future using a correlative modelling approach. In addition the present results were compared with our previous data obtained for the time period 1995–2008. Methodology/Principal findings We investigated 312 CL patients who presented to the Dermatology Department at the Tripoli Central Hospital and came from 81 endemic areas distributed in 10 districts. The patients presented with typical localized lesions which appeared commonly on the face, arms and legs. Molecular identification of parasites by a PCR-RFLP approach targeting the ITS1 region of the rDNA was successful for 81 patients with two causative species identified: L. major and L. tropica comprised 59 (72.8%) and 22 (27.2%) cases, respectively. Around 77.3% of L. tropica CL and 57.7% of L. major CL caused single lesions. Five CL patients among our data set were seropositive for HIV. L. tropica was found mainly in three districts, Murqub (27.3%), Jabal al Gharbi (27.3%) and Misrata (13.7%) while L. major was found in two districts, in Jabal al Gharbi (61%) and Jafara (20.3%). Seasonal occurrence of CL cases showed that most cases (74.2%) admitted to the hospital between November and March, L. major cases from November till January (69.4%), and L. tropica cases mainly in January and February (41%). Two risk factors were identified for the two species; the presence of previously infected household members, and the presence of rodents and sandflies in patient’s neighborhoods. Spatiotemporal projections using correlative distribution models based on current case data and climatic conditions showed that coastal regions have a higher level of risk due to more favourable conditions for the transmitting vectors. Conclusion Future projection of CL until 2060 showed a trend of increasing incidence of CL in the north-western part of Libya, a spread along the coastal region and a possible emergence of new endemics in the north-eastern districts of Libya. These results should be considered for control programs to prevent the emergence of new endemic areas taking also into consideration changes in socio-economical factors such as migration, conflicts, urbanization, land use and access to health care. PMID:28880944

Molecular diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Libya.

PubMed

Gashout, Aisha; Amro, Ahmad; Erhuma, Mabruk; Al-Dwibe, Hamida; Elmaihub, Eanas; Babba, Hamouda; Nattah, Nabil; Abudher, Abdalhafid

2016-04-16

Toxoplasma gondii infections are prevalent in humans and animals throughout Libya. Current diagnosis is based on detection of Toxoplasma-specific IgM and IgG. In this study, we established and optimized a diagnostic PCR assay for molecular diagnosis of T. gondii in Libya. From January to December, 2010, 177 blood and serum samples were collected from suspected patients. This includes: 140 women who have had spontaneous abortions, 26 HIV-positive patients, nine patients with leukemia and lymphoma, and two infants with ocular infection. Samples were screened for anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies before DNA extraction. The surface antigen gene 2 (SAG2) was targeted in a semi-nested PCR to amplify a 999 bp and a 614 bp fragment in the first and the second run respectively. A total of 54/140 (38.5 %) women who have had spontaneous abortions, 23/26 (88 %) HIV patients, 6/9 (66.6 %) of the leukaemia and lymphoma patients, and one child with ocular infection were seropositive for anti-Toxoplasma IgG and/or IgM. Genomic DNA was extracted from 38 selected seropositive samples. The PCR was sensitive enough to detect DNA concentration of 12 ng/μL. PCR analysis was performed for 38 selected seropositive patients (16 women who have had spontaneous abortions, 15 positive HIV patients, six leukaemia patients and one child with ocular infection). Our designed primers were successfully amplified in 22/38 (57.9 %) samples; 5/12 (35.7 %) from serum and 17/26 (65.8 %) from whole blood samples. All PCR positive samples were IgG-positive except two samples which were IgM and IgG & IgM-positive serum samples respectively. The semi-nested PCR confirmed five more samples. These included two leukaemia and two HIV-positive whole blood samples and one serum sample from an aborted woman. The ability of PCR to diagnose active toxoplasmosis is needed in immunocompromised patients and congenital toxoplasmosis cases, especially when serological techniques fail. For the first time in Libya, we established and optimized semi-nested PCR of SAG2 gene. The developed PCR method was able to detect as little as 12 ng/μL of T. gondii DNA and was useful to diagnose the diseases in women who have had spontaneous abortions, HIV-positive patients, patients with leukemia and lymphoma, and infants with ocular infection.

Libya: The Transition Clock

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

particularly important aspect will be the treat- ment of minorities such as the Berbers , who played an important role in the fighting apparently sup- ported by...will insist on the adoption of a strict inter- pretation of Shariah law, a position that led to Berber representatives walking out of at least one

76 FR 60530 - Sunshine Act Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-29

... FOREIGN CLAIMS SETTLEMENT COMMISSION [F.C.S.C. Meeting and Hearing Notice No. 9-11] Sunshine Act Meeting The Foreign Claims Settlement Commission, pursuant to its regulations (45 CFR Part 503.25) and the... claims against Libya Status: Open. All meetings are held at the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission, 600...

75 FR 5629 - Sunshine Act Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-03

... FOREIGN CLAIMS SETTLEMENT COMMISSION [F.C.S.C. Meeting Notice No. 1-10] Sunshine Act Meeting The Foreign Claims Settlement Commission, pursuant to its regulations (45 CFR part 504) and the Government in... Libya. STATUS: Open. All meetings are held at the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission, 600 E Street, NW...

Libya After Qaddafi: Lessons and Implications for the Future

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-01-01

research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors . All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer...8 The Need for Far-Reaching Security Sector Reform...World Bank , International Monetary Fund, IHS, Inter- national Foundation for Electoral Systems, Dartmouth College, the National Endowment for

Defense.gov Special Report: Travels with Gates - March 2011

Science.gov Websites

Troops Expand Security in Afghanistan NATO Ministers to Discuss Afghanistan, Libya Secretary Addresses , Karzai Discuss Civilian Casualties Secretary Fields Questions at Bagram Airfield Gates Arrives in FEAR Act Plain Writing Act of 2010 Accessibility/Section 508 Join the Military Careers Web Policy Stay

76 FR 33993 - Exchange Visitor Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-10

... political turmoil in Libya has affected Exchange Visitor Program college and university students studying in... employment for J-1 Libyan students does not apply to Federal Work-Study jobs. College and university students... program status and on-campus and off- campus employment for J-1 Libyan students. This action is necessary...

15 CFR 764.7 - Activities involving items that may have been illegally exported or reexported to Libya.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... paragraph (b)(1) of this section must submit to BIS's Office of Export Enforcement (OEE) a report including... be submitted to OEE at the address identified in § 764.4(a) of the EAR within ninety (90) days of the...

15 CFR 764.7 - Activities involving items that may have been illegally exported or reexported to Libya.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... paragraph (b)(1) of this section must submit to BIS's Office of Export Enforcement (OEE) a report including... be submitted to OEE at the address identified in § 764.4(a) of the EAR within ninety (90) days of the...

15 CFR 764.7 - Activities involving items that may have been illegally exported or reexported to Libya.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... paragraph (b)(1) of this section must submit to BIS's Office of Export Enforcement (OEE) a report including... be submitted to OEE at the address identified in § 764.4(a) of the EAR within ninety (90) days of the...

15 CFR 764.7 - Activities involving items that may have been illegally exported or reexported to Libya.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... paragraph (b)(1) of this section must submit to BIS's Office of Export Enforcement (OEE) a report including... be submitted to OEE at the address identified in § 764.4(a) of the EAR within ninety (90) days of the...

15 CFR 764.7 - Activities involving items that may have been illegally exported or reexported to Libya.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... paragraph (b)(1) of this section must submit to BIS's Office of Export Enforcement (OEE) a report including... be submitted to OEE at the address identified in § 764.4(a) of the EAR within ninety (90) days of the...

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Maghreb, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Vol. 10, No. 2, 1976.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine, Comp.; And Others

The bibliography contains 92 English language annotations of newspaper articles and government publications about education in selected North African countries. All entries were published during 1976. Organized by country, the bibliography presents sources relating to educational philosophy and theory, educational administration, adult education,…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Volume 1 Number 4 1967.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

This is an annotated bibliography with abstracts of 110 entries including materials in English, French, and Arabic on educational organization, philosophy and theory, school administration, higher education, adult education, special problems, and structure of North Africa's educational organization. Vocational, religious, fine arts, and special…

15 CFR 746.1 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... (Iraq) and 746.4 (North Korea). (2) The countries subject to United Nations Security Council arms..., Liberia, Libya, North Korea, Somalia, and Sudan. (3) A license is required to export or reexport items... paragraph does not apply to Iraq, which is governed by § 746.3(c) of this part; North Korea, which is...

The Impact of Levant Basin Oil and Natural Gas Discoveries on Lebanese-Israeli Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-12

leak, could pollute Israeli beaches (which are vital to its tourist industry) and even endanger its marine natural life. The Israeli government ...has twelve member countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, the United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador , and...

Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of Libya and Tunisia, 2010

USGS Publications Warehouse

Whidden, Katherine J.; Lewan, Michael; Schenk, Christopher J.; Charpentier, Rondald R.; Cook, Troy A.; Klett, Timothy R.; Pitman, Janet K.

2011-01-01

Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated means of 3.97 billion barrels of undiscovered oil, 38.5 trillion cubic feet of undiscovered natural gas, and 1.47 billion barrels of undiscovered natural gas liquids in two provinces of North Africa.

Characterization of Libyan olive, olea europaea L., cultivars using morpholigical data

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Olive (Olea europaea L.) consumption and production are important socially and economically in Libya. Olive cultivars that are adapted to local conditions produce olives that have high quality and quantities of oil. Many of the important Libyan olive cultivars were included in this research. One goa...

Dar Al Gani 872: Yet Another Eucrite, Yet Another Lesson to Learn?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Patzer, A.; Hill, D. H.; Boynton, W. V.; Sipiera, P. P.; Jerman, G. A.

2002-01-01

We present chemical and mineralogical data on a new monomict basaltic eucrite recovered from Libya. In contrast to most other eucrites, it exhibits high shock features, unusually heterogeneous exsolution of pigeonite, and interesting melt pockets. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.

Mokhtar Belmokhtar: One-Eyed Firebrand of North Africa and the Sahel

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-02-01

2010). 8 Philippe Migaux, “The Roots of Islamic Radicalism,” in The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda, ed. Gérard Chaliand and...and obeyed.59 AQIM then indicts Belmokhtar for botching several kidnapping operations (including the Fowler case), shopping for weapons in Libya

76 FR 72502 - Removal From the List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons of Certain Entities...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-23

..., Kayseri, Turkey; Incilipinar Mah., Kibris Cad., Zeugma Is Merkezi, No: 13-14, 27090 Sehitkamil, Gaziantep... Address [email protected] ; Email Address [email protected] [LIBYA2] 13. GLAHCO HOTELS AND TOURISM..., SAR Bldg, Beirut, Lebanon; Registration ID 30199 (Lebanon) issued 13 Oct 1973; SWIFT/BIC NACBLBBE...

Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-29

carried a report on March 9 from the government General Bureau for Criminal Investigation offering, “A reward of half a million Libyan dinars [about...entire city to run.”52 • Ahmed al Zubayr al Sanusi. Serves as a Council member. He is known as “Libya’s longest-serving ‘prisoner of conscience

31 CFR Appendix A to Part 570 - Executive Order 13566

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... measures against the people of Libya, including by using weapons of war, mercenaries, and wanton violence... Annex to this order, and to take necessary action to give effect to that determination. Sec. 12. The... FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY LIBYAN SANCTIONS REGULATIONS Pt. 570, App. A Appendix A...

31 CFR Appendix A to Part 570 - Executive Order 13566

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... measures against the people of Libya, including by using weapons of war, mercenaries, and wanton violence... Annex to this order, and to take necessary action to give effect to that determination. Sec. 12. The... FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY LIBYAN SANCTIONS REGULATIONS Pt. 570, App. A Appendix A...

31 CFR Appendix A to Part 570 - Executive Order 13566

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... measures against the people of Libya, including by using weapons of war, mercenaries, and wanton violence... Annex to this order, and to take necessary action to give effect to that determination. Sec. 12. The... FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY LIBYAN SANCTIONS REGULATIONS Pt. 570, App. A Appendix A...

31 CFR Appendix A to Part 570 - Executive Order 13566

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... measures against the people of Libya, including by using weapons of war, mercenaries, and wanton violence... Annex to this order, and to take necessary action to give effect to that determination. Sec. 12. The... FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY LIBYAN SANCTIONS REGULATIONS Pt. 570, App. A Appendix A...

Defense.gov Special Report: Travels with Hagel - May 2013

Science.gov Websites

Singapore Flag of Belgium May 2013 News Stories Secretary Describes Post-ISAF Afghanistan Mission The United NATO defense ministers, Pentagon Press Secretary George Little said. Story NATO Ministers Set Post-2014 Afghanistan, Cyber, Libya Too Early for Post-2014 NATO Troop Numbers, Dunford Says Hagel Arrives in Brussels

31 CFR 570.201 - Prohibited transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Blocked Persons List (“SDN List”) with the identifier “[LIBYA2].” The SDN List is accessible through the following page on the Office of Foreign Assets Control's Web site: http://www.treasury.gov/sdn. Additional information pertaining to the SDN List can be found in Appendix A to this chapter. See § 570.406 concerning...

31 CFR 570.201 - Prohibited transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Blocked Persons List (“SDN List”) with the identifier “[LIBYA2].” The SDN List is accessible through the following page on the Office of Foreign Assets Control's Web site: http://www.treasury.gov/sdn. Additional information pertaining to the SDN List can be found in Appendix A to this chapter. See § 570.406 concerning...

31 CFR 570.201 - Prohibited transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Blocked Persons List (“SDN List”) with the identifier “[LIBYA2].” The SDN List is accessible through the following page on the Office of Foreign Assets Control's Web site: http://www.treasury.gov/sdn. Additional information pertaining to the SDN List can be found in Appendix A to this chapter. See § 570.406 concerning...

31 CFR 570.201 - Prohibited transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Blocked Persons List (“SDN List”) with the identifier “[LIBYA2].” The SDN List is accessible through the following page on the Office of Foreign Assets Control's Web site: http://www.treasury.gov/sdn. Additional information pertaining to the SDN List can be found in Appendix A to this chapter. See § 570.406 concerning...

Defense Threat Reduction Agency > About > Media > News > News Archive

Science.gov Websites

into pulmonary research -- DTRA's ATHENA developing cutting-edge technology that benefits soldiers and civilians Dec 15 - Germany to fund more surveillance along Tunisia-Libya border -- DTRA project aims to help 27 - Modern border facility opens thanks to US support -- DTRA working with Georgian Ministry of

Korean Spring? An Analysis of the Arab Spring and Its Relevance for North Korea

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-08

Spring. North Korea is undergoing a transition following the death of Kim Jong II. This research thesis analyzed the conditions that existed during the...transition following the death of Kim Jong II. This research thesis analyzed the conditions that existed during the Arab Spring in Egypt, Libya and Syria...

What Arab Students Say about Their Linguistic and Educational Experiences in Canadian Universities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Abukhattala, Ibrahim

2013-01-01

In this inquiry, I examine the cross educational experiences of ten Arab undergraduate students in two English-language universities in Montreal. Participants were from Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco and have been in Canada for three to seven years. Classic qualitative methodological tools of in-depth interviews, participant observation and…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Volume 7, Number 4, 1973.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

This annotated bibliography contains 108 English language annotations of newspapers and government publications covering educational materials of interest to North Africans. The materials relate a clear trend toward increased awareness of Arab and Islamic heritage and the adaptation of education to a multilingual population. Citations are…

An Evolving Research Culture: Analysis of Biomedical Publications from Libya, 2003-13

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ahmed, Mohamed O.; Daw, Mohamed A.; van Velkinburgh, Jennifer C.

2017-01-01

Understanding the publication output of a country's biomedical research can provide information for strengthening its policies, economy, and educational systems. Yet, this is the first bibliometric study to date to analyze and provide an in-depth discussion of the biomedical research productivity from Libyan academic institutions. The biomedical…

Libya’s Post-Qaddafi Transition: The Nation-Building Challenge

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

corruption,  and enable private enterprise to flourish in other areas,  such as  tourism . •  The countries that helped Libya oust Qaddafi must com- mit to... gover - nance. International partners will continue to have a key role to play across all issues. The Benghazi attacks have focused both Libyan and

A Survey of Library Services to Children and Young Adults in Selected Developing Countries in Africa and Asia.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Craver, Kathleen W.

1985-01-01

Review of developments in children and young adult library services since 1979 discusses three factors that complicate methods used to combat illiteracy problem: population growth, language, and undeveloped readership. Countries studied are Libya, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Ghana, Nigeria, Gambia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines,…

Arabic Sign Language: A Perspective

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Abdel-Fattah, M. A.

2005-01-01

Sign language in the Arab World has been recently recognized and documented. Many efforts have been made to establish the sign language used in individual countries, including Jordan, Egypt, Libya, and the Gulf States, by trying to standardize the language and spread it among members of the Deaf community and those concerned. Such efforts produced…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Maghreb, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Vol. 10, No. 3, 1976.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

The bibliography contains 94 English language annotations of newspaper articles and government publications about education in selected North African countries. Most of the entries were published during the period July-September 1976. Organized by country, the bibliography presents sources relating to educational philosophy and theory, teacher…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Volume 7, Number 3, 1973.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

This bibliography includes English language annotations of newspapers and government publications covering educational materials of interest to North Africans (1) to raise the consciousness of their Islamic and Arabic heritages and (2) to adapt education to the problems of the multilingual population. Citations are categorized by country. Within…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Vol. 7, No. 1, 1973.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

English language annotations of newspapers and government publications covering educational materials of interest to North Africans to (1) raise the consciousness of their Islamic and Arabic heritages (Arabization) and (2) to adapt education to the problems of the multilingual population are included in this bibliography. Citations are categorized…

Earth observation taken by the Expedition 35 crew

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-04-18

ISS035-E-023422 (18 April 2013) --- One of the Expedition 35 crew members aboard the Earth-orbiting International Space Station photographed this night image of Tripoli, Libya on April 18, 2013. The spacecraft was orbiting approximately 215 miles above a point centered at 32.3 degrees north latitude and 11.8 degrees east longitude.

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Vol. 7, No. 2, 1973.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

English language annotations of newspapers and government publications covering educational materials of interest to North Africans to 1) raise the consciousness of their Islamic and Arabic heritages (Arabization) and 2) to adapt education to the problems of the multilingual population are included in this bibliography. Citations are categorized…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Volume 6, Number 4, 1972.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine

English language annotations of newspapers and government publications covering educational materials of interest to North Africans to (1) raise the consciousness of their Islamic and Arabic heritages (Arabization) and (2) to adapt education to the problems of the multilingual population are included in this bibliography. Citations are categorized…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Volume 8, Number 2, 1974.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

This bibliography contains 100 English-language annotations of newspaper articles and government publications from four North African nations. Most of the items were published in 1974. Annotations are categorized by topic: philosophy and theory of education, educational level, adult education, teacher training, teaching methods and aids, artistic…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Vol. 6, No. 3. 1972.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine; And Others

English language annotations of articles from 13 French language periodicals covering educational materials of interest to North Africans are included in this annotated bibliography. Citations are categorized by country. Topics touch on philosophy and theory of education, educational statistics, education organization by grade and type, adult…

Selected Bibliography of Educational Materials: Maghreb, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Vol. 10, No. 1, 1976.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azzouz, Azzedine, Comp.; And Others

Ninety English-language annotations of newspaper articles and government publications about education in five north African countries are contained in this bibliography. Drawing from materials published during the early months of 1976, the bibliography examines all aspects of education in those countries. Organized by country, the bibliography…

2011 Year in Review

Science.gov Websites

Pressures Demise of Bin Laden Battling al-Qaida Libya Cyber & Space Defense 10th Anniversary of 9/11 A ensuring national security in cyber and space defense. And on the financial front, the department, along reached a near-crisis point, and defense budget growth prospects were sharply limited. Defense Secretaries

Retaking the Lead from Behind: A New Role for America in Libya

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-01

the militias, but it would increase its legitimacy in the eyes of Libyan citizens, and the Army’s militia competitors . Just as important, it would...prevent the illegal appropriation military vehicles. As a Libyan general described, if a thief repaints a Libyan army Toyota 4x4, it becomes untraceable

Russia’s Energy Policies and Ukraine’s NATO Candidacy

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-06-01

Government of Ukraine, “WTO protocol approved una voce nearly,” Web Portal of Ukrainian Government, April 10, 2008, http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control...with Eni into Libya fuels EU security fears.” Financial Times, April 3, 2008, 25. Government of Ukraine. “WTO protocol approved una voce nearly

76 FR 62850 - Sunshine Act Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-11

... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Foreign Claims Settlement Commission [F.C.S.C. Meeting and Hearing Notice No... CFR part 503.25) and the Government in the Sunshine Act (5 U.S.C. 552b), hereby gives notice in regard... Proposed Decisions in claims against Libya; 3 p.m.--Oral hearings on objections to Commission's Proposed...

76 FR 69764 - Sunshine Act Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-09

... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Foreign Claims Settlement Commission [F.C.S.C. Meeting and Hearing Notice No... CFR 503.25) and the Government in the Sunshine Act (5 U.S.C. 552b), hereby gives notice in regard to... Proposed Decisions in claims against Libya. 1 p.m.--Oral hearings on objections to Commission's Proposed...

A joint resolution declaring that the President has exceeded his authority under the War Powers Resolution as it pertains to the ongoing military engagement in Libya.

THOMAS, 112th Congress

Sen. Paul, Rand [R-KY

2011-05-23

Senate - 05/24/2011 Read the second time. Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 68. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Earth Observations taken by the Expedition 10 crew

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-10-28

ISS010-E-05266 (28 October 2004) --- The Al Khufrah Oasis is featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 10 crewmember on the International Space Station (ISS). Green circles in the desert frequently indicate tracts of agriculture supported by center-pivot irrigation. The Al Khufrah Oasis in southeastern Libya (near the Egyptian border) is one of Libya’s largest agricultural projects, and is an easy-to-recognize landmark for orbiting crewmembers aboard the Station. The center-pivot irrigation system pumps water under pressure into a gantry or tubular arm from a central source. Anchored by a central pivot, the gantry slowly rotates over the area to be irrigated, thereby producing the circular patterns. Although the field diameters vary, these fields are approximately 0.6 mile (1 kilometer) in diameter. Darker colors indicate fields where such crops as wheat and alfalfa are grown. Lighter colors can indicate a variety of agricultural processes: fields that have been harvested recently; fields that are lying fallow; fields that have just been planted; or fields that have been taken out of production.

Ectoparasites infestation of free-ranging hedgehog (Etelerix algirus) in north western Libya

PubMed Central

Hosni, M.M.; Maghrbi, A.A. El

2014-01-01

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of ectoparasites in hedgehogs (Etelerix algirus) in north western region of Libya. Seventy hedgehogs were sampled, and 39 (55.7%) were infested with external parasites. A total of 44 ticks, 491 fleas were collected from the infested hedgehogs and four species of ectoparasites were identified, one mite (Sarcoptes scabiei), one tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) and two fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis and Ctenocephalides canis). For ectoparasites, 10/39 (25.6%) were infested by S. scabiei, 8/39 (20.5%) by Rh. appendiculatus and 11/39 (28.2%) by fleas. The prevalence of mixed infestation with S. scabiei and C. canis was 3(7.7%), Rh. appendiculatus and C. canis was 2 (5.1%) and infestation by two species of fleas was 5 (12.8%). The overall mixed infestation was 10 (25.6%). We concluded that the hedgehogs may play an important role in spreading external parasites and transmission of diseases from one region to another and from wildlife animals to domestic animals and human. PMID:26623333

Human Alu insertion polymorphisms in North African populations.

PubMed

Cherni, Loth; Frigi, Sabeh; Ennafaa, Hajer; Mtiraoui, Nabil; Mahjoub, Touhami; Benammar-Elgaaied, Amel

2011-10-01

Several features make Alu insertions a powerful tool used in population genetic studies: the polymorphic nature of many Alu insertions, the stability of an Alu insertion event and, furthermore, the ancestral state of an Alu insertion is known to be the absence of the Alu element at a particular locus and the presence of an Alu insertion at the site that forward mutational change. This study analyses seven Alu insertion polymorphisms in a sample of 297 individuals from the autochthonous population of Tunisia (Thala, Smar, Zarzis, and Bou Salem) and Libya with the aim of studying their genetic structure with respect to the populations of North Africa, Western, Eastern and Central Europe. The comparative analyses carried out using the MDS and AMOVA methods reveal the existence of spatial heterogeneity, and identify four population groups. Study populations (Libya, Smar, Zarzis, and Bou Salem) are closest to North African populations whereas Thala is isolated and is closest to Western European populations. In conclusion, Results of the present study support the important role that migratory movements have played in the North African gene pool, at least since the Neolithic period.

Hydrocarbon provinces and productive trends in Libya and adjacent areas

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Missallati, A.A.

1988-08-01

According to the age of major reservoirs, hydrocarbon occurrences in Libya and adjacent areas can be grouped into six major systems which, according to their geographic locations, can be classified into two major hydrocarbon provinces: (1) Sirte-Pelagian basins province, with major reservoirs ranging from middle-late Mesozoic to early Tertiary, and (2) Murzog-Ghadames basins province, with major reservoirs ranging from early Paleozoic to early Mesozoic. In the Sirte-Pelagian basins province, hydrocarbons have been trapped in structural highs or in stratigraphic wedge-out against structural highs and in carbonate buildups. Here, hydrocarbon generation is characterized by the combined effect of abundant structural reliefmore » and reservoir development in the same hydrocarbon systems of the same age, providing an excellent example of hydrocarbon traps in sedimentary basins that have undergone extensive tensional fracturing in a shallow marine environment. In the Murzog-Ghadames basins province, hydrocarbons have been trapped mainly in structural highs controlled by paleostructural trends as basement arches which acted as focal points for oil migration and accumulation.« less

Kaiy (traditional cautery) in Benghazi, Libya: complications versus effectiveness

PubMed Central

Farid, Mona Kamal; El-Mansoury, Abdulla

2015-01-01

Introduction The practice of Kaiy (Cautery) as a traditional therapy is not science based though it is widely practiced worldwide. In Libya, in particular, it is commonly used with no any report or publication to emphasis on its positive or negative impact. This work was undertaken to highlight the complications and disadvantages of kaiy in the Libyan societies as it seems to cause more harm than benefit for the patient. Methods We conducted a questionnaire-based survey in the period from the first of March to the end of April (two months) of the year 2013, on fifty patients who were collected from different hospitals in Benghazi city, and who had experienced Kaiy therapy for different diseases. Results We found that kaiy application is more common among non educated patients (30 patients, 60%). Most of patients (45 cases, 90%) followed their relatives’ advice and that 32 cases (63.5%) did not improve and show undesirable manifestations and complications. Conclusion This study has shown that Kaiy therapy is associated with considerable health risks; therefore, we recommend discouraging and restricting its application. PMID:26848345

Clinical profile and factors associated with mortality in hospitalized patients with HIV/AIDS: a retrospective analysis from Tripoli Medical Centre, Libya, 2013.

PubMed

Shalaka, N S; Garred, N A; Zeglam, H T; Awasi, S A; Abukathir, L A; Altagdi, M E; Rayes, A A

2015-10-02

In Libya, little is known about HIV-related hospitalizations and in-hospital mortality. This was a retrospective analysis of HIV-related hospitalizations at Tripoli Medical Centre in 2013. Of 227 cases analysed, 82.4% were males who were significantly older (40.0 versus 36.5 years), reported injection drug use (58.3% versus 0%) and were hepatitis C virus co-infected (65.8% versus 0%) compared with females. Severe immunosuppression was prevalent (median CD4 count = 42 cell/μL). Candidiasis was the most common diagnosis (26.0%); Pneumocystis pneumonia was the most common respiratory disease (8.8%), while cerebral toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in 8.4% of patients. Current HAART use was independently associated with low risk of in-hospital mortality (OR 0.33), while central nervous system symptoms (OR 4.12), sepsis (OR 6.98) and low total lymphocyte counts (OR 3.60) were associated with increased risk. In this study, late presentation with severe immunosuppression was common, and was associated with significant in-hospital mortality.

US defensive operations against Libya and the nuclear accident at Chernobyl. Markup before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-Ninth Congress, Second Session on H. Res. 424 and H. Res 440, May 1, 1986

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1986-01-01

The House Foreign Affairs Committee met to mark up two resolutions: H. Res. 424 and H. Res. 440. H. Res. 424 thanks the United Kingdom for its assistance in the April 14, 1986 operation against Libya. Despite objections to the raid and to including the British, as well as questions about the quality of the US response and about the President's compliance with the Constitution and the War Powers Resolution, the resolution passed. H. Res. 440 expresses sympathy to the victims of the Chernobyl accident and asks the Soviet Union to relax restrictions on communications and the transfer of whatevermore » technology and assistance will be helpful. It also criticizes the Soviet handling of information about the accident. An amendment strengthened the wording of the criticism, and the resolution passed. The report includes the committee discussion and the tests of the two resolutions.« less

Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated at Tripoli Medical Center, Libya, between 2008 and 2014.

PubMed

BenDarif, Elloulu; Khalil, Asma; Rayes, Abdunnabi; Bennour, Emad; Dhawi, Abdulgader; Lowe, John J; Gibbs, Shawn; Goering, Richard V

2016-12-01

Bacterial pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represent a well-known public health problem affecting both healthcare-associated and community populations. Past studies have clearly shown the value of characterizing problem organisms including MRSA through the use of molecular techniques (i.e. strain typing), with the aim of informing local, regional and national efforts in epidemiological analysis and infection control. The country of Libya represents a challenge for such analysis due to limited historical infectious disease information and major political unrest culminating in the Libyan Civil War (Libyan Revolution) in 2011. A MRSA study population of 202 isolates, cultured from patients in Tripoli Medical Center through this historical period (2008-2014), was characterized by both phenotypic and molecular methods. The results revealed a diversification of epidemic MRSA strains over time with generally increasing resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics. The study identified prevalent MRSA in comparison to known global epidemic types, providing unique insight into the change of strains and/or characteristics over time especially with reference to the potential influence of the political revolution (i.e. pre- and post-2011).

Front-loaded smear microscopy for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB in Tripoli, Libya.

PubMed

Gammo, Mohamed; Lamaric, Widad; Hadida, Mukhtar; Abuazza, Aida; Askar, Nabil A; Yassin, Mohammed A; Cuevas, Luis E

2013-02-01

Diagnosis of pulmonary TB by conventional smear microscopy requires patient attendance on 2 consecutive days. We investigated whether collecting sputum on-the-spot for smear microscopy on the day the patient presented was as sensitive and specific for diagnosis as the conventional spot-morning-spot scheme. We enrolled 412 adults who presented between January 2009 and October 2010 at the National Centre for TB Control in Tripoli, Libya, with cough of >2 weeks' duration, into a cross-sectional survey collecting four sputum specimens: on-the-spot and Xspot on Day 1; morning and on-the-spot on Day 2. 97 (24%) of 401 culture results were culture positive. Spot-Xspot and spot-morning smear microscopy had, respectively, 65% and 66% sensitivity and 97% and 96% specificity (p > 0.5). Spot-Xspot-morning and Spot-morning-spot smear-microscopy had, respectively, 67% and 66% sensitivity and 96% and 96% specificity (p > 0.5). For the diagnosis of pulmonary TB, the sensitivity and specificity of front-loaded (same-day) smear microscopy is similar to that of the standard smear microscopy scheme.

Mesozoic evolution of northeast African shelf margin, Libya and Egypt

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aadland, R.K.; Schamel, S.

1989-03-01

The present tectonic features of the northeast African shelf margin between the Nile delta and the Gulf of Sirte are products of (1) precursory late Paleozoic basement arches, (2) early Mesozoic rifting and plate separation, and (3) Late Cretaceous structural inversion. The 250 km-wide and highly differentiated Mesozoic passive margin in the Western Desert region of Egypt is developed above a broad northwest-trending Late Carboniferous basement arch. In northeastern Libya, in contrast, the passive margin is restricted to just the northernmost Cyrenaica platform, where subsidence was extremely rapid in the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. The boundary between the Western Desertmore » basin and the Cyrenaica platform is controlled by the western flank of the basement arch. In the middle Cretaceous (100-90 Ma), subsidence accelerated over large areas of the Western desert, further enhancing a pattern of east-west-trending subbasins. This phase of rapid subsidence was abruptly ended about 80 Ma by the onset of structural inversion that uplifted the northern Cyrenaica shelf margin and further differentiated the Western Desert subbasin along a northeasterly trend.« less

Kaiy (traditional cautery) in Benghazi, Libya: complications versus effectiveness.

PubMed

Farid, Mona Kamal; El-Mansoury, Abdulla

2015-01-01

The practice of Kaiy (Cautery) as a traditional therapy is not science based though it is widely practiced worldwide. In Libya, in particular, it is commonly used with no any report or publication to emphasis on its positive or negative impact. This work was undertaken to highlight the complications and disadvantages of kaiy in the Libyan societies as it seems to cause more harm than benefit for the patient. We conducted a questionnaire-based survey in the period from the first of March to the end of April (two months) of the year 2013, on fifty patients who were collected from different hospitals in Benghazi city, and who had experienced Kaiy therapy for different diseases. We found that kaiy application is more common among non educated patients (30 patients, 60%). Most of patients (45 cases, 90%) followed their relatives' advice and that 32 cases (63.5%) did not improve and show undesirable manifestations and complications. This study has shown that Kaiy therapy is associated with considerable health risks; therefore, we recommend discouraging and restricting its application.

Quantifying Libya-4 Surface Reflectance Heterogeneity With WorldView-1, 2 and EO-1 Hyperion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Neigh, Christopher S. R.; McCorkel, Joel; Middleton, Elizabeth M.

2015-01-01

The land surface imaging (LSI) virtual constellation approach promotes the concept of increasing Earth observations from multiple but disparate satellites. We evaluated this through spectral and spatial domains, by comparing surface reflectance from 30-m Hyperion and 2-m resolution WorldView-2 (WV-2) data in the Libya-4 pseudoinvariant calibration site. We convolved and resampled Hyperion to WV-2 bands using both cubic convolution and nearest neighbor (NN) interpolation. Additionally, WV-2 and WV-1 same-date imagery were processed as a cross-track stereo pair to generate a digital terrain model to evaluate the effects from large (>70 m) linear dunes. Agreement was moderate to low on dune peaks between WV-2 and Hyperion (R2 <; 0.4) but higher in areas of lower elevation and slope (R2 > 0.6). Our results provide a satellite sensor intercomparison protocol for an LSI virtual constellation at high spatial resolution, which should start with geolocation of pixels, followed by NN interpolation to avoid tall dunes that enhance surface reflectance differences across this internationally utilized site.

Overview of the 2015 Algodones Sand Dunes field campaign to support sensor intercalibration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McCorkel, Joel; Bachmann, Charles M.; Coburn, Craig; Gerace, Aaron; Leigh, Larry; Czapla-Myers, Jeff; Helder, Dennis; Cook, Bruce

2018-01-01

Several sites from around the world are being used operationally and are suitable for vicarious calibration of space-borne imaging platforms. However, due to the proximity of these sites (e.g., Libya 4), a rigorous characterization of the landscape is not feasible, limiting their utility for sensor intercalibration efforts. Due to its accessibility and similarities to Libya 4, the Algodones Sand Dunes System in California, USA, was identified as a potentially attractive intercalibration site for space-borne, reflective instruments such as Landsat. In March 2015, a 4-day field campaign was conducted to develop an initial characterization of Algodones with a primary goal of assessing its intercalibration potential. Five organizations from the US and Canada collaborated to collect both active and passive airborne image data, spatial and temporal measurements of spectral bidirectional reflectance distribution function, and in-situ sand samples from several locations across the Algodones system. The collection activities conducted to support the campaign goal is summarized, including a summary of all instrumentation used, the data collected, and the experiments performed in an effort to characterize the Algodones site.

Obtaining Electron Temperatures and Flow Speeds from Thomson Scattered Coronal Emission Observed during the 29 March 2006 Total Solar Eclipse in Libya

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davila, Joseph M.; Geginald, Nelson L.; Gashut, Hadi; Guhathakurta, Madhulika; Hassler, Donald M.

2008-01-01

An experiment to measure the electron temperature and flow speed in the solar corona by observing the visible K-coronal spectrum was conducted during the total solar eclipse on 29 March 2006 in Libya. New corona1 models accounting for the effect of electron temperature and flow on the resulting K-corona spectrum were used to interpret the observations. Results show electron temperatures of 1.10 +/- 0.05, 0.98 +/- 0.12, and 0.70 +/- 0.08 MK, at l.l{\\it R)$-{\\odot)$ in the solar north, east and west, respectively, and 0.93 +/- 0.12 MK, at 1.2 R(sub sun) in the solar east. The corresponding outflow speeds obtained from the spectral fit are 103 +/- 92, 0 + 10, 0 + 10, and 0 + 10 km/s. Since the observations are taken only at 1.1 and 1.2 R(sub sun) these velocities , consistent with zero outflow, are in agreement with expectations and provide additional confirmation that the spectral fitting method is working.

Clinical experience with biphasic insulin aspart in people with type 2 diabetes: Results from the Libya cohort of the A1chieve study.

PubMed

Hajjaji, Issam M; Sherif, Ibrahim; Elazrag, Aisha; Jaber, Suhair; Chakkarwar, Praful N; Eltabal, Salem

2013-11-01

The A1chieve, a multicentric (28 countries), 24-week, non-interventional study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of insulin detemir, biphasic insulin aspart and insulin aspart in people with T2DM (n = 66,726) in routine clinical care across four continents. Data was collected at baseline, at 12 weeks and at 24 weeks. This short communication presents the results for patients enrolled in biphasic insulin aspart sub group from Libya. A total of 179 patients were enrolled in the biphasic insulin aspart subgroup. All the patients were prior insulin users. At baseline glycaemic control was poor (mean HbA1c: 9.3%). After 24 weeks of treatment there was an improvement in HbA1c (-0.9%). Hypoglycaemic events reduced from 7.2 events/patient-year to 3.7 events/patient-year in 24 weeks. SADRs did not occur in any of the study patients. Starting or switching to biphasic insulin aspart was associated with improvement in glycaemic control with a low rate of hypoglycaemia.

Earth Observations taken by the Expedition 18 Crew

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-12-20

ISS018-E-014770 (20 Dec. 2008) --- Sand dunes in the Marzuq Sand Sea, southwest Libya are featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 18 crewmember on the International Space Station. This detailed view, taken from low Earth orbit, shows classic large and small sand masses of the Central Sahara where wind is a more powerful land-forming agent than water. ?Draa? dunes (from the Arabic for ?arm?) are very large masses of sand and appear here as the broad network of yellow-orange sand masses (the image covers a region approximately 9.4 kilometers wide), with smooth-floored, almost sand-free basins between them. These sand masses lie in the western part of Libya?s vast Marzuq Sand Sea (greater than 60,000 square kilometers, centered at 24.5N 12W). Geologists think that the draa of the Marzuq have probably been formed by winds different from the dominant north/northeast winds of today. Numerous smaller dunes can be seen developed on the backs of the draa. Three distinct dune types can be identified: longitudinal dunes (formed essentially parallel with formative winds from the north); transverse dunes, usually more curved, formed at right angles to the formative wind; and star dunes, in which several linear arms converge towards a single peak. The upwind side of the sand masses appears smoother than the more rippled downwind side. Wind is moving sand grains almost all the time. This means that the draa and the dunes are all moving -- as sand is added on the upwind side and blown off the downwind side. It is well known that small sand masses move much faster than large sand masses. This means that the draa are almost stationary, but that the smaller dunes are moving relatively quickly across their backs. When the dunes reach the downwind side of the draa they are obliterated, their sand being blown across the basins as individual grains.

Ground water in the Sirte area, Tripolitania, United Kingdom of Libya

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ogilbee, William

1964-01-01

The present study of the ground-water conditions in the Sirte area was made during December 1961 and March-April 1962 at the request of officials of the Government of Libya. Particular attention was given to the potential of the fresh-water aquifer near Qasr Bu Itadi as a source of water for Sirte. The Sirte area lies on the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea about 450 kilometers east-southeast of Tripoli, cocapital of Libya. Although the area receives some winter precipitation, the climate is arid. The surface rocks of the area are chiefly Miocene limestone containing marl, clay, and some sandstone, though Quaternary deposits occur along the wadis and mantle the Miocene rocks in the coastal plain. Fresh ground water occurs locally in Recent sand dunes near Zaafran and in Miocene limestone near Qasr Bu Hadi, south of a probable fault. Elsewhere in the Sirte area, ground water occurs generally in Tertiary rocks but contains 3,000 or more parts per million of dissolved solids. To establish the hydraulic characteristics of the fresh-water aquifer in the Qasr Bu Itadi area, two test wells were drilled and a controlled pumping test was made. The coefficient of transmissibility was found to be about 25,000 gallons per day per foot (13.68 cubic meters per hour per meter), and the coefficient of storage, about 0.00055. The pumping test also established the presence of two barrier-type hydraulic boundaries for the aquifer, one about 250 meters westward and another about 535 meters northward from well 9a. The first boundary is probably the small anticline on which stands the fort of Qasr Bu Itadi; the second boundary is probably a northwest trending fault. Using the transmissibility and storage coefficients derived from the pumping test, the writer concludes that (1) the total draft from the fresh-water aquifer should not exceed 13.5 cubic meters per hour and (2) production wells should be at least 3 kilometers south of well 9a.

An epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al-jabal Al-gharbi, Libya.

PubMed

Abdellatif, Manal Z M; El-Mabrouk, Khamis; Ewis, Ashraf A

2013-02-01

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an endemic parasitic infection in the Mediterranean region, including Libya and its Al-jabal Al-gharbi province. We aimed at studying the occupational relevance as well as other epidemiological aspects of CL. We investigated 140 CL cases who attended at Gharyan outpatient polyclinic during a period of 6 months in 2009. CL infection was clinically diagnosed and confirmed by demonstration of Leishmania parasites on smears from lesions. Our findings showed that males were more affected than females (P=0.04), and people above 10-years were more affected than younger ones (P=0.0001). A significant percent of CL cases belonged to Al-Kawasem subprovince (P=0.0001). Farm-related activities were the most frequent occupations among CL cases (P=0.04). In addition to farm workers, housewives and students are at risk groups since they are engaged at farm activities. Moreover, those who have occupations that require staying outdoors for a part of night, e.g., policemen, are also at risk. Compared to children, adult CL patients had multiple lesions (P=0.001) that were more prevalent in their upper and lower extremities than the face (P=0.0001). We conclude that CL is a major health problem in Al-jabal Al-gharbi province of Libya. The presence of rodents and sandflies makes it a suitable environment for Leishmania to spread in an endemic epidemiological pattern. Being engaged in farming activities or outdoor occupations increases the risk of infection. Various clinical patterns of CL suggest the presence of more than 1 species of Leishmania at Al-jabal Al-gharbi province. We propose that the 2 species responsible for CL in this area are L. major and L. tropica. Further investigations to identify the leishmanial species responsible for CL at Al-jabal Al-gharbi together with adoption of preventive and control programs are needed.

The Methanol Poisoning Outbreaks in Libya 2013 and Kenya 2014

PubMed Central

Rostrup, Morten; Edwards, Jeffrey K.; Abukalish, Mohamed; Ezzabi, Masoud; Some, David; Ritter, Helga; Menge, Tom; Abdelrahman, Ahmed; Rootwelt, Rebecca; Janssens, Bart; Lind, Kyrre; Paasma, Raido; Hovda, Knut Erik

2016-01-01

Background Outbreaks of methanol poisoning occur frequently on a global basis, affecting poor and vulnerable populations. Knowledge regarding methanol is limited, likely many cases and even outbreaks go unnoticed, with patients dying unnecessarily. We describe findings from the first three large outbreaks of methanol poisoning where Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) responded, and evaluate the benefits of a possible future collaboration between local health authorities, a Non-Governmental Organisation and international expertise. Methods Retrospective study of three major methanol outbreaks in Libya (2013) and Kenya (May and July 2014). Data were collected from MSF field personnel, local health personnel, hospital files, and media reports. Findings In Tripoli, Libya, over 1,000 patients were poisoned with a reported case fatality rate of 10% (101/1,066). In Kenya, two outbreaks resulted in approximately 341 and 126 patients, with case fatality rates of 29% (100/341) and 21% (26/126), respectively. MSF launched an emergency team with international experts, medications and equipment, however, the outbreaks were resolving by the time of arrival. Interpretation Recognition of an outbreak of methanol poisoning and diagnosis seem to be the most challenging tasks, with significant delay from time of first presentations to public health warnings being issued. In spite of the rapid response from an emergency team, the outbreaks were nearly concluded by the time of arrival. A major impact on the outcome was not seen, but large educational trainings were conducted to increase awareness and knowledge about methanol poisoning. Based on this training, MSF was able to send a local emergency team during the second outbreak, supporting that such an approach could improve outcomes. Basic training, simplified treatment protocols, point-of-care diagnostic tools, and early support when needed, are likely the most important components to impact the consequences of methanol poisoning outbreaks in these challenging contexts. PMID:27030969

Physical activity and gender differences: correlates of compliance with recommended levels of five forms of physical activity among students at nine universities in Libya.

PubMed

El Ansari, Walid; Khalil, Khalid; Crone, Diane; Stock, Christiane

2014-06-01

This cross-sectional survey assessed and compared by gender the levels and correlates of achieving the international guidelines recommendations on five forms of physical activity (PA) (walking, moderate PA, vigorous PA, moderate or vigorous PA- MVPA, and muscle-strengthening PA). We examined the associations between achieving the international guidelines recommendations on five forms of PA and a variety of sociodemographic, health and academic performance variables. Data was collected across nine Libyan universities (2008-2009, representative sample of 1,300 undergraduates). A self-administered questionnaire assessed frequency and duration of PA/week for each form of PA. Cut-offs for recommended guidelines were set according to the American Heart Association. About 43.7% of students achieved the guidelines for muscle strengthening PA, 20.7% for walking, 11.2% for vigorous PA, 28.5% for MVPA, and 4.8% for moderate PA (excluding walking). Binary logistic regression showed that except for walking, males were consistently associated with achieving the guidelines recommendations for all other forms of PA. Students with higher health awareness were more likely to achieve the guidelines for vigorous PA and muscle strengthening PA. Better academic performance was associated with higher levels of muscle strengthening PA. Students at institutions in the East of Libya were less likely to achieve the guidelines for walking, vigorous PA or muscle strengthening PA as compared to students from the North. Students from the West of Libya were also less likely to walk or to engage in moderate PA than their peers from the North. Overall, relatively low proportions of students achieved the recommended guidelines of PA. Female students were particularly at risk for low level of PA. Attention is required to national policies that promote active living, along with addressing the cultural, geographic and other barriers to engagement of young adult males and females in PA.

An Epidemiological Study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi, Libya

PubMed Central

Abdellatif, Manal Z. M.; El-Mabrouk, Khamis

2013-01-01

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an endemic parasitic infection in the Mediterranean region, including Libya and its Al-jabal Al-gharbi province. We aimed at studying the occupational relevance as well as other epidemiological aspects of CL. We investigated 140 CL cases who attended at Gharyan outpatient polyclinic during a period of 6 months in 2009. CL infection was clinically diagnosed and confirmed by demonstration of Leishmania parasites on smears from lesions. Our findings showed that males were more affected than females (P=0.04), and people above 10-years were more affected than younger ones (P=0.0001). A significant percent of CL cases belonged to Al-Kawasem subprovince (P=0.0001). Farm-related activities were the most frequent occupations among CL cases (P=0.04). In addition to farm workers, housewives and students are at risk groups since they are engaged at farm activities. Moreover, those who have occupations that require staying outdoors for a part of night, e.g., policemen, are also at risk. Compared to children, adult CL patients had multiple lesions (P=0.001) that were more prevalent in their upper and lower extremities than the face (P=0.0001). We conclude that CL is a major health problem in Al-jabal Al-gharbi province of Libya. The presence of rodents and sandflies makes it a suitable environment for Leishmania to spread in an endemic epidemiological pattern. Being engaged in farming activities or outdoor occupations increases the risk of infection. Various clinical patterns of CL suggest the presence of more than 1 species of Leishmania at Al-jabal Al-gharbi province. We propose that the 2 species responsible for CL in this area are L. major and L. tropica. Further investigations to identify the leishmanial species responsible for CL at Al-jabal Al-gharbi together with adoption of preventive and control programs are needed. PMID:23467624

Cross-calibration of the Oceansat-2 Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) with Terra and Aqua MODIS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Angal, Amit; Brinkmann, Jake; Kumar, A. Senthil; Xiong, Xiaoxiong

2016-05-01

The Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) sensor on-board the Oceansat-2 spacecraft has been operational since its launch in September, 2009. The Oceansat 2 OCM primary design goal is to provide continuity to Oceansat-1 OCM to obtain information regarding various ocean-colour variables. OCM acquires Earth scene measurements in eight multi-spectral bands in the range from 402 to 885 nm. The MODIS sensor on the Terra and Aqua spacecraft has been successfully operating for over a decade collecting measurements of the earth's land, ocean surface and atmosphere. The MODIS spectral bands, designed for land and ocean applications, cover the spectral range from 412 to 869 nm. This study focuses on comparing the radiometric calibration stability of OCM using near-simultaneous TOA measurements with Terra and Aqua MODIS acquired over the Libya 4 target. Same-day scene-pairs from all three sensors (OCM, Terra and Aqua MODIS) between August, 2014 and September, 2015 were chosen for this analysis. On a given day, the OCM overpass is approximately an hour after the Terra overpass and an hour before the Aqua overpass. Due to the orbital differences between Terra and Aqua, MODIS images the Libya 4 site at different scan-angles on a given day. Some of the high-gain ocean bands for MODIS tend to saturate while viewing the bright Libya 4 target, but bands 8-10 (412 nm - 486 nm) provide an unsaturated response and are used for comparison with the spectrally similar OCM bands. All the standard corrections such as bidirectional reflectance factor (BRDF), relative spectral response mismatch, and impact for atmospheric water-vapor are applied to obtain the reflectance differences between OCM and the two MODIS instruments. Furthermore, OCM is used as a transfer radiometer to obtain the calibration differences between Terra and Aqua MODIS reflective solar bands.

Cross-Calibration of the Oceansat-2 Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) with Terra and Aqua MODIS

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Angal, Amit; Brinkmann, Jake; Kumar, A. Senthil; Xiong, Xiaoxiong

2016-01-01

The Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) sensor on-board the Oceansat-2 spacecraft has been operational since its launch in September, 2009. The Oceansat 2 OCM primary design goal is to provide continuity to Oceansat-1 OCM to obtain information regarding various ocean-colour variables. OCM acquires Earth scene measurements in eight multi-spectral bands in the range from 402 to 885 nm. The MODIS sensor on the Terra and Aqua spacecraft has been successfully operating for over a decade collecting measurements of the earth's land, ocean surface and atmosphere. The MODIS spectral bands, designed for land and ocean applications, cover the spectral range from 412 to 869 nm. This study focuses on comparing the radiometric calibration stability of OCM using near-simultaneous TOA measurements with Terra and Aqua MODIS acquired over the Libya 4 target. Same-day scene-pairs from all three sensors (OCM, Terra and Aqua MODIS) between August, 2014 and September, 2015 were chosen for this analysis. On a given day, the OCM overpass is approximately an hour after the Terra overpass and an hour before the Aqua overpass. Due to the orbital differences between Terra and Aqua, MODIS images the Libya 4 site at different scan-angles on a given day. Some of the high-gain ocean bands for MODIS tend to saturate while viewing the bright Libya 4 target, but bands 8-10 (412 nm - 486 nm) provide an unsaturated response and are used for comparison with the spectrally similar OCM bands. All the standard corrections such as bidirectional reflectance factor (BRDF), relative spectral response mismatch, and impact for atmospheric water-vapor are applied to obtain the reflectance differences between OCM and the two MODIS instruments. Furthermore, OCM is used as a transfer radiometer to obtain the calibration differences between Terra and Aqua MODIS reflective solar bands.

Libya: A Contemporary Conflict in a Failing State

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-01

Lack of Political Dialogue ......................................................78 b. Lack of Security Sector Reform...SPLAJ Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya SSC Supreme Security Committee SSR Security Sector Reform STDS Special Tribunal for the Defense of... banks , and social 16 Natasha Ezrow and Erica Frantz, “Revisiting the Concept of the Failed State: Bringing the State Back In,” Third World Quarterly

A resolution strongly condemning the gross and systematic violations of human rights in Libya, including violent attacks on protesters demanding democratic reforms, and for other purposes.

THOMAS, 112th Congress

Sen. Menendez, Robert [D-NJ

2011-03-01

Senate - 03/01/2011 Submitted in the Senate, considered, and agreed to without amendment and with a preamble by Unanimous Consent. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status Agreed to in SenateHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

The Role of Education and Training in Enhancing Labour Productivity in Arab Countries in Africa

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

ElObeidy, Ahmed A.

2016-01-01

Labour productivity in Arab countries is low by international standards and this problem occurs in Arab countries both inside and outside Africa. There are 10 Arab countries in Africa: Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania, Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti and Comoros. Enhancing labour productivity is a major challenge for Arab countries.…

Defense.gov Special Report: Travels with Panetta - December 2011

Science.gov Websites

Critical to Afghanistan Success News Photos Photo Essay Panetta Visits Libya, Meets With Leaders More Photo Today in DOD About DOD Leaders Biographies Organization Mission History Frequently Asked Questions Secretary Leon E. Panetta today joined Libyan leaders in welcoming a new chapter in U.S.-Libyan relations

Conjunctions in Argumentative Writing of Libyan Tertiary Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hamed, Muftah

2014-01-01

The aim of this study was an attempt to investigate the use of conjunctions in argumentative essays written by English as a Foreign Language fourth-year undergraduate Libyan students majoring in English at Omar Al-Mukhtar University in Libya. A corpus of 32 argumentative essays was collected from a sample of 16 students in order to be investigated…

NATO’s Air War in Libya: A Template for Future American Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-08

Misner and Lt Col Krishna, thank you for the lessons in leadership and mentoring that allowed me the opportunity to attend this school. I would also...him at odds with the United States civilian leadership who did not want to commit ground forces. Lastly, the book exposes some of the tensions...

A joint resolution declaring that a state of war exists between the Government of Libya and the Government and people of the United States, and making provision to prosecute the same.

THOMAS, 112th Congress

Sen. Paul, Rand [R-KY

2011-05-23

Senate - 05/24/2011 Read the second time. Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 67. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Digital Spring? New Media and New Politics on the Campus

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bessant, Judith

2014-01-01

Whilst the dynamics informing processes have taken time to become clear, civic resistance initiated by young people using new media began in Egypt in 2010 against the Mubarak regime, soon widened to Tunisia, Yemen and Libya. Known as the "Arab Spring", this phenomenon re-ignited discussion about the political role of digital space and…

A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate that the Government of Libya should apologize for the welcome home ceremony held to celebrate the release of convicted Lockerbie bomber Abdel Baset al-Megrahi.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Sen. Schumer, Charles E. [D-NY

2009-09-08

Senate - 09/23/2009 Resolution agreed to in Senate without amendment by Unanimous Consent. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status Agreed to in SenateHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Correlates of Life Satisfaction for Old Libyans Compared with the Judgments of Libyan Youth.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shebani, Bashir L.; And Others

1987-01-01

Libyan undergraduates (N=106) and their aged relatives (N=109) completed questionnaires measuring life satisfaction in old age. Younger subjects rated social relationships outside the family and having basic physical needs met in old age as more important than did older subjects. Findings and implications for services to Libya's elderly are…

"Do You Speak English?": Resistance to Linguistic Acculturation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Adger, Carolyn Temple

American expatriates, particularly those in business who are assigned abroad, often learn very little of the language and culture of the countries to which they are assigned. Some explanations of this phenomenon are offered based on observation of two U.S. communities in Tripoli, Libya, and Medan (Sumatra) from 1965 to 1973. First, the needs for…

The Islamic State and U.S. Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-14

has conducted operations against the group in Iraq, Syria, and Libya. Parallel U.S. diplomatic efforts are designed to promote political...governments in support of those governments’ operations against Islamic State affiliates. Evolving counterterrorism cooperation and intelligence sharing...attacks. The interdependent nature of conflicts and political crises in Iraq, Syria, and other countries where the Islamic State operates complicates

Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-04-20

the country’s public finances , or create a viable framework for post-conflict justice and reconciliation. Elections for legislative bodies and a...revenue earned from each barrel sold, putting significant pressure on government finances . The Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook estimates...FY2015 Request Complex Crises Fund (CCF-OCO) 15,000 - - Foreign Military Financing (FMF) 150 - 150 949 - - International Military Education

Difficulties of Academic Achievement in Principles of Accounting Courses from the Student Perspective: Evidence from Libya

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tailab, Mohamed M.

2013-01-01

Many studies by researchers and accounting educators explore various factors associated with the success or failure of accounting majors in college level accounting courses. This paper identifies and summarizes the main obstacles associated with low student academic achievement in introductory courses in the College of Accounting at Al-Jabal…

Cyberactivisim in the Process of Political and Social Change in Arab Countries

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Soengas-Pérez, Xosé; Assif, Mohamed

2017-01-01

This research analyses the contribution of cyberactivism to the political and social change in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya, as well as the opinion of young Arabs on the present context. Meaningful information has been extracted from regular interviews to 30 undergraduates over a five-year period. These students had already participated in the process…

3 CFR 13566 - Executive Order 13566 of February 25, 2011. Blocking Property and Prohibiting Certain...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... against the people of Libya, including by using weapons of war, mercenaries, and wanton violence against... Annex to this order, and to take necessary action to give effect to that determination. Sec. 12. The... 3 The President 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Executive Order 13566 of February 25, 2011. Blocking...

Loglines. July - August 2012

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-08-01

ammunition ship USNS Sacagawea (left) and the amphibious transport dock ship USS Mesa Verde conduct an underway replenishment in the Mediterranean Sea...Odyssey Dawn and Unified Protector in Libya, for example, the organization went from supporting one ship in the Mediterranean Sea to 28. “They all...a combination of nutritional food groups including vegetables, beverages, meat, poultry, desserts and condiments, which provide a balanced diet

Worldwide Report, Telecommunications Policy, Research and Development.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-02-01

Bahrain, Bangladesh, Cuba, North Korea, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Laos, Libya, Madagascar, Malaysia , Maldives...communication as in economic development, television and film banks could be built up. Each country could draw material of interest to it. "We have...personalities, includ- ing Prof. Yashpal, consultant to the Planning Commission, and film director Mrinal Sen at the plenary session. Technologies

Open-Source Data Collection Techniques for Weapons Transfer Information

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

IR Infrared ISO International Organization for Standardization ITAR International Traffic in Arms Regulations NER Named Entity Recognition NLP ...Control Protocol UAE United Arab Emirates URI Uniform Resource Identifier URL Uniform Resource Locator USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics UTF...KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF North Korea KOREA, REPUBLIC OF South Korea LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA Libya RUSSIAN FEDERATION Russia Table 3

Classroom Management: A Study on the Training Needs of Primary School Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

El Warfali, Faida Imhemid Salem; Yusoff, Nik Mohd Rahimi Nik

2014-01-01

This study aimed to identify the training needs of the in-service primary school teachers in the city of Benghazi, Libya. Data collection involved the administration of a set of questionnaire to 420 teachers and interviews with ten of them. The study found that the most important training needs of the primary school teachers in terms of classroom…

Libyan Children's Views on the Importance of School Factors Which Contributed to Their Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gadour, Abdelbasit

2006-01-01

A group of 34 children from mainstream schools in Libya representing four Local Education Authorities (LEAs) were interviewed about their emotional and behavioral difficulties (EBD) and the factors which might be responsible for their EBD. Although, in general, children's views of EBD did not yield remarkably different accounts to those already…

Third World Radical Regimes: U.S. Policy under Carter and Reagan. Foreign Policy Association Headline Series, No. 272.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lake, Anthony

One in a series of booklets on world issues, this document evaluates United States policy toward the nations of Nicaragua, Afghanistan, Vietnam, South Africa, Libya, and Iran. Chapter one reviews United States relations with six radical regimes during the administrations of presidents Carter and Reagan and offers a number of lessons about the…

The Wealth of Nations and the Poverty of Analysts

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Horowitz, Irving Louis

2012-01-01

Now that Colonel Muammar Gaddafi is dead and his forty-two years as despotic ruler of Libya and fomenter of international disorder has come to a permanent halt, it is a good time for governments--both in and beyond the NATO alliance--to review accommodations and agreements made with his regime. It is also time for the academic social policy…

On the (Im)Possibility of Democratic Citizenship Education in the Arab and Muslim World

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Waghid, Yusef; Davids, Nuraan

2014-01-01

The euphoria of the recent Arab Spring that was initiated in northern African countries such as Tunisia, Egypt and Libya and spilled over to Bahrain, Yemen and Syria brings into question as to whether democratic citizenship education or more pertinently, education for democratic citizenship can successfully be cultivated in most of the Arab and…

Protecting the U.S. Petroleum Market Against Future Denials of Imports

DTIC Science & Technology

1974-10-01

34 said in an interview with Al- Akhbar , Cairo, on March 14, 1974: "We pursue a policy of the ’stick and carrot’ or more clearly a policy of ’threats...day) 1973 | 1974 Country of Shipment Origin Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Arab countries Algeria Bahrein Egypt Iraq Kuwa i t Libya Oman

Male breast cancer in Tripoli, Libya.

PubMed

El-Habbash, Manal M; Alwindi, Abukris A

2009-08-01

To study the epidemiology, characteristics, and survival of male breast cancer patients. This non-randomized retrospective study includes male patients with breast cancer confirmed by biopsy. A total of 1568 breast cancer patients were registered in the Oncology Department, Tripoli Medical Center, Tripoli, Libya between January 1990 to June 2008. Twenty-two patients were male (1.4%). The mean age of male breast cancer patients was 61 years. They tend to have advanced local disease, as 65% of them were tumor (T)3 and T4, and 93.3% have positive lymph nodes. The preferred surgical treatment was mastectomy and axillary clearance in 65%, and 85% had invasive duct carcinoma. Regarding hormone receptor status, 70% were estrogen and progesterone positive. A total of 71% received chemotherapy as anthracycline based. During follow up, the overall recurrence rate was 47%. The bone was the most common site of relapse (37.5%). Overall survival rate was 82.4% at first, 76.5% at second, and 57% at fifth year. Two patients were brothers, and one of them developed multiple myeloma during follow up. In comparison to female patients with breast cancer, male patients are older, and have more advanced and more hormone positive disease.

Mercury pollution for marine environment at Farwa Island, Libya.

PubMed

Banana, Adel A S; Mohamed, R M S Radin; Al-Gheethi, A A S

2016-01-01

Farwa is an Island in Libya receives petrochemical wastes generated from General Company of Chemical Industries (GCCI) since more than 40 years. The present work aimed to determine the concentrations of mercury (Hg(+2)) in fish, marine plants and sediment collected from Farwa lagoon to evaluate effect of industrial wastewater from GCCI on the marine environment. Hundred and twelve samples of fish, pearl oyster, cuttlefish sediments and marine plants were analyzed to determine Hg(2+) concentration during the period from January to August 2014 by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The highest concentration of Hg(2+) was detected in Pinctada radiata (11.67 ± 3.30 μgg (-1)) followed by Serranus scriba (6.37 ± 0.11 μg g (-1)) and Epinephelus marginatus (6.19 ± 0.02 μg g (-1)). About 75 % of marine plants contained the maximum contaminations during the summer season. In fish samples Hg(2+) concentrations exceeded the levels provided by international standards. The fish at Farwa lagoon is heavily contaminated with Hg(2+) which may represent a source for mercury poisoning for human.

Monitoring Orbital Precession of EO-1 Hyperion with Three Atmospheric Correction Models in the Libya-4 PICS

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Neigh, Christopher; McCorkel, Joel; Campbell, Petya; Ong, Laurence; Ly, Vuong; Landis, David; Fry, Stuart; Middleton, Elizabeth

2016-01-01

Spaceborne spectrometers require spectral-temporal stability characterization to aid validation of derived data products. EO-1 began orbital precession in 2011 after exhausting onboard fuel resources. In the Libya-4 Pseudo Invariant Calibration Site (PICS) this resulted in a progressive shift from a mean local equatorial crossing time of approx. 10:00 AM in 2011 to approx. 8:30 AM in late 2015. Here, we studied precession impacts to Hyperion surface reflectance products using three atmospheric correction approaches from 2004 to 2015. Combined difference estimates of surface reflectance were < 5% in the visible near infrared (VNIR) and < 10% for most of the shortwave infrared (SWIR). Combined coefficient of variation (CV) estimates in the VNIR ranged from 0.025 ? 0.095, and in the SWIR ranged from 0.025 ? 0.06, excluding bands near atmospheric absorption features. Reflectances produced with different atmospheric models were correlated (R2) in VNIR from 0.25 ? 0.94 and SWIR from 0.12 ? 0.88 (p < 0.01). The uncertainties in all models increased with terrain slope up to 15deg and selecting dune flats could reduce errors. We conclude that these data remain a useful resource over this period.

Crew Earth Observations (CEO) taken during Expedition Five on the ISS

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-08-25

ISS005-E-11189 (25 August 2002) --- Calanscio Sand Sea, Libya is featured in this digital image photographed by an Expedition 5 crewmember on the International Space Station (ISS). A plume of black smoke blowing westward is silhouetted against yellow linear dunes in the great sand sea of northeast Libya. Smoke from flares at remote well heads is commonly seen by astronauts flying over the Sahara Desert. NASA scientists studying the Station imagery had the following observations about the image. The plume dispersal pattern visible at the left edge of the image may be due to upper-level winds or gravitational settling of heavier particulates. The regular pattern of linear dunes is generated by two major winds: the dominant north wind (north is towards the top right) determines the orientation of the sand dunes. Gentler easterly winds, as were blowing when this view was taken, make the dunes asymmetric, with a gentle windward (west) slope and an over steeped downwind slope. Some over steepened slopes even cast shadows in the early morning light. One mound of sand (top right), due north of the well head, does not fit the pattern of linear dunes. This type is known as a star dune.

Subsurface thermal regime to delineate the paleo-groundwater flow system in an arid area, Al Kufra, Libya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Salem, Zenhom El-Said

2016-12-01

The purpose of this study was to understand the groundwater flow system in Al Kufra basin, Libya, as a case study of arid areas using subsurface temperature. The temperature-depth profiles and water levels were measured in eight boreholes in the area. Well 6 is considered a recharge type profile with low geothermal gradient (0.0068 °C/m) and an estimated paleo-temperature around 19.5 °C. The other profiles are of discharge type with higher geothermal gradient (0.0133 to 0.0166 °C/m). The constructed horizontal 2D distribution maps of the hydraulic heads and the subsurface temperature measurements reveal that the main recharge area is located to the south with low temperature while the main discharge area is located to the north with higher temperature. Vertical 2D distribution maps show that location of well 4 has low hydraulic heads and higher temperature indicating that the fault defined in the area may have affected the groundwater flow system. The estimated groundwater flux ranges from 0.001 to 0.1 mm/day for the recharge area and from -0.3 to -0.7 mm/day in average in the discharge area.

Fetal gender and pregnancy outcomes in Libya: a retrospective study.

PubMed

Khalil, Mounir M; Alzahra, Esgair

2013-01-01

The relationship between pregnancy outcomes and fetal gender is well reported from different areas in the world, but not from Africa. In this study, we try to understand whether the recorded phenomenon of association of adverse pregnancy outcomes with a male fetus applies to our population. A total of 29,140 patient records from 2009 and 2010 were retrieved from Aljalaa Maternity Hospital, Tripoli, Libya. Analysis was carried out to find the correlation between fetal gender and different pregnancy outcomes. A male fetus was associated with an increased incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (odds risk 1.4), preterm delivery (6.7% for males, 5.5% for females, odds risk 1.24), cesarean section (23.9% for males, 20% for females, odds risk 1.25), and instrumental vaginal delivery (4.4% for males, 3.1% for females, odds risk 1.48), p<0.005. Preeclampsia was more frequent among preterm females and postterm males, p<0.005. It was also more frequent in male-bearing primigravids, p<0.01. We confirm the existence of an adverse effect of a male fetus on pregnancy and labor in our population. We recommend further research to understand the mechanisms and clinical implications of this phenomenon.

Nutritional Status Of Under-Five Children In Libya; A National Population-Based Survey

PubMed Central

Adel, El Taguri; Marie-Françoise, Rolland-Cachera; Mahmud Salaheddin, M; Najeeb, Elmrzougi; Ahmed, Abdel Monem; Ibrahim, Betilmal; Gerard, Lenoir

2008-01-01

Aim To describe the nutritional status of children under-five years of age in Libya. Population and methods A secondary analysis of data of 5348 children taken from a national representative, two-stage, cluster-sample survey that was performed in 1995. Results: Prevalence rates of underweight, wasting, stunting, and overweight were determined using standard definitions in reference to newly established WHO growth charts. The study revealed that 4.3% of children were underweight, 3.7% wasted, 20.7% stunted, and 16.2% overweight. Seventy percent of children had normal weight. Undernutrition was more likely to be found in males, in rural areas, and in underprivileged groups. Overweight was more likely found in urban, privileged groups. Wasting was more common in arid regions; stunting was more common in mountainous regions of Al-Akhdar, Al-Gharbi, and in Sirt. Al-Akhdar had the highest prevalence of overweight. Conclusion The country had a low prevalence of underweight and wasting, moderate prevalence of stunting, and high prevalence of overweight. The country is in the early stages of transition with evidence of dual-burden in some regions. Similar surveys are needed to verify secular trends of these nutritional problems, particularly overweight. PMID:21499476

Cost-effectiveness analysis of rotavirus vaccination among Libyan children using a simple economic model

PubMed Central

Alkoshi, Salem; Maimaiti, Namaitijiang; Dahlui, Maznah

2014-01-01

Background Rotavirus infection is a major cause of childhood diarrhea in Libya. The objective of this study is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in that country. Methods We used a published decision tree model that has been adapted to the Libyan situation to analyze a birth cohort of 160,000 children. The evaluation of diarrhea events in three public hospitals helped to estimate the rotavirus burden. The economic analysis was done from two perspectives: health care provider and societal. Univariate sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess uncertainty in some values of the variables selected. Results The three hospitals received 545 diarrhea patients aged≤5 with 311 (57%) rotavirus positive test results during a 9-month period. The societal cost for treatment of a case of rotavirus diarrhea was estimated at US$ 661/event. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio with a vaccine price of US$ 27 per course was US$ 8,972 per quality-adjusted life year gained from the health care perspective. From a societal perspective, the analysis shows cost savings of around US$ 16 per child. Conclusion The model shows that rotavirus vaccination could be economically a very attractive intervention in Libya. PMID:25499622

Distribution and enrichment of heavy metals in Sabratha coastal sediments, Mediterranean Sea, Libya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nour, Hamdy E.; El-Sorogy, Abdelbaset S.

2017-10-01

In order to assess heavy metal pollutants in Sabratha coastal sediments, Mediterranean Sea, Libya, 30 sediment samples were collected for Fe, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, Co, Ni and Zn analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The analysis indicated that, the Sabratha 's coastal sediments were enriched with Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Co and Zn (EF = 81.48, 17.26, 12.80, 11.42, 9.85 and 8.56 respectively). The highest levels of Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Co were recorded nearby the Mellitah complex oil and gas station in the western Libyan region, while the highest levels of Zn and Cd were recorded at the central part of the study area nearby fishing port and Sabratha hospital. Average values of Cd, Pb and Co were mostly higher than the ones recorded from the Arabian and Oman gulfs, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba, the Caspian Sea, coast of Tanzania and the background shale and the earth's crust. The high levels of most of the studied heavy metals suggested significant anthropogenic sources along Sabratha coast. The results of the present study provide a useful background for further marine studies on the Mediterranean area.

Genetic characterization of clade B measles viruses isolated in Tunisia and Libya 2002-2009 and a proposed new subtype within the B3 genotype.

PubMed

Haddad-Boubaker, Sondes; Rezq, Moftah; Smeo, Mohamed-Najeb; Ben Yahia, Ahlem; Abudher, Abdulhafid; Slim, Amin; Ben Ghorbel, Mohamed; Ahmed, Hinda; Rota, Paul; Triki, Hinda

2010-11-01

Genetic characterization was conducted on 18 wild-type measles viruses, detected in Tunisia and Libya from 2002 to 2009. Sequence analysis of the 456 nucleotides in the carboxy terminus of the nucleoprotein (N) gene and the entire hemagglutinin (H) gene indicated that all isolates were in genotype B3. All of the viruses from 2002 to 2007 and some of the isolates from 2009 belonged to subtype B3.1. In contrast, 7 of the viruses isolated during 2008 and 2009 were quite divergent from all B3 isolates. The nucleotide sequences of the N gene of these 7 isolates differed from the sequences of the Ibadan and New York reference strain by an average of 3.1 and 4.4%, respectively. The H gene sequences differed by 1.1 and 2.6% with the same reference strains. This is the first report describing the genetic characteristics of measles viruses from clade B isolated in North Africa; the results suggest that these viruses represent a new subtype of genotype B3. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Italy, the European Union, and Mediterranean Migrants: Opportunity from Crisis

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-01

member states to bail out banks .164 Thus, the outlook for Italy is bleak without major reforms in a variety of sectors of the economy and society...95  ix LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AIS Automatic Identification Services ARCI...security sector reform.”52 Marking the formal end of Operation Unified Protector on October 31, 2011, Rasmussen made an historic visit to Libya to

A bill to require the Secretary of State to offer rewards of up to $5,000,000 for information regarding the attacks on the United States diplomatic mission at Benghazi, Libya that began on September 11, 2012.

THOMAS, 113th Congress

Sen. Cruz, Ted [R-TX

2013-11-07

Senate - 11/12/2013 Read the second time. Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 242. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

World Epidemiology Review, Number 91

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-02-09

50 LIBYA 53 MALAYSIA 54 MEXICO 54 MOZAMBIQUE 55 NEW ZEALAND 57 NIGERIA. 58 a - [III - INT - 134] CONTENTS (Continued) Page...Editorial: "Mass Immunization"] [Text] Afghanistan was declared a small- pox free country at the begin- ning of this year after the assessment and...Afghanistan and inter- national organisations. For eradication of small- pox mass immunisation was a major weapon and the program was implemented in most

Operationalizing Dissuasion

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-01

agents or proxies—including the bombing of a west Berlin disco in 1986 that killed two U.S. servicemen and wounded 229 others. In 1986, Presidential...weapons materials, and coercive strikes—ultimately only proved successful when additional positive incentives were offered. Granted, the virtual ...is the insistence on regime change in the latter two cases. When Undersecretary John Bolton lumped Libya in with the “Axis of Evil” it virtually

Libya: Background and U.S. Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-16

The compounded effects of a loss of oil revenue, restrictions on the travel of senior officials, an international air travel ban, and an arms...movements can be categorized broadly as Islamist, royalist, or democratic in orientation. However, their activities and effectiveness have been...Libyan forces as poor and identify a lack of combined arms and joint service planning as factors that limit their overall effectiveness . The Qadhafi

Libya: Background and U.S. Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-07-16

international isolation. The compounded effects of a loss of oil revenue, restrictions on the travel of senior officials, an international air...14 Sunday Times (London), “Focus: Was Justice Done?” October 23, 2005; Magnus Linklater, “It’s Time To Look Again at Lockerbie,” The...However, their activities and effectiveness have been largely limited by disorganization, rivalry, and ideological differences. New efforts to coordinate

Near East/South Asia Report, No. 2841.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-10-24

28. Sudan 29. 600 kilo- meters 30. Zaire Benin Algeria Niger Nigeria Cameroon Tunesia Libya Chad Central African Republic Eredominantly...direction of the Libyan president. Nigeria The government in Nigeria holds Qadhdhafi responsible for unrest in the north of the country. President Shehu...interfere in the internal affairs of Nigeria for the time being. Ghana One of the few African politicians who after their Libyan-supported

ACE/AACE Inspection and Analysis Handbook. Part 3. Profiling

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-06-30

Peso Liberia Dollar Australia Dollar Libya Dinar Austria Schilling Liechtenstein Franc Bahamas Dollar Luxembourg Franc Bahrain Dinar Madagascar Franc...Dollar Mauritania Ouguiya Bolivia Peso Mauritius Rupee Botswana Pula Mexico Peso Brazil Cruzeiro Monaco Franc Bulgaria Lev Mongolia Tugrik Burma Kyat...Zealand Dollar Chad CFA Franc Nicaragua Cordoba Chile Peso Niger CFA Franc China Yuan Nigeria Naira Colombia Peso Norway Krone Congo CFA Franc Chan Rial

The Role of Social Evaluation in Influencing Public Speaking Anxiety of English Foreign Language Learners at Omar Al-Mukhtar University

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Elmenfi, Fadil; Gaibani, Ahmed

2016-01-01

This study investigates the effect of social evaluation on Public Speaking Anxiety of English foreign language learners at Omar Al-Mukhtar University in Libya. A random sample of 111 students was used in the study. To analyse the collected data, means, standard deviations, a three-way ANOVA analysis, and the correlation coefficients were used with…

Analysis of Variance in Vocabulary Learning Strategies Theory and Practice: A Case Study in Libya

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Khalifa, Salma H. M.; Shabdin, Ahmad Affendi

2016-01-01

The present study is an outcome of a concern for the teaching of English as a foreign language (EFL) in Libyan schools. Learning of a foreign language is invariably linked to learners building a good repertoire of vocabulary of the target language, which takes us to the theory and practice of imparting training in vocabulary learning strategies…

International Survey in Eight Countries about Teachers and Teaching Profession: Belgium, Cyprus, Italy, Libya, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, United States of America

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chistolini, Sandra

2010-01-01

An international team of experts from Belgium, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey and the USA employed a questionnaire to identify the deontology of teachers from infant to secondary school in eight countries. The survey was implemented between 2004 and 2007. The socio-cultural concept of "Verstehen" (understanding) as described in the work…

A New Paradigm for British Airpower

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

airborne C2 and surveillance, SIGINT aircraft and complementary Remotely Piloted Air Systems. - Canceling the updated Nimrod Maritime Reconnaissance (MR...fighters and 6 Nimrod maritime patrol aircraft (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Telic_order_of_battle ), post-SDSR the UK has 30 Tornado ground...the SDSR reflect these issues. Furthermore, operations in Libya involved aircraft capabilities, Sentinel and Nimrod R1, which will be removed and

Intercomparison of 30+ years of AVHRR and Landsat-5 TM Surface Reflectance using Multiple Pseudo-Invariant Calibration Sites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Santamaría-Artigas, A. E.; Franch, B.; Vermote, E.; Roger, J. C.; Justice, C. O.

2017-12-01

The 30+ years daily surface reflectance long term data record (LTDR) from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is a valuable source of information for long-term studies of the Earth surface. This LTDR was generated by combining observations from multiple AVHRR sensors aboard different NOAA satellites starting from the early 1980s, and due to the lack of on-board calibration its quality should be evaluated. Previous studies have used observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) over pseudo-invariant calibration sites (PICS) as a calibrated reference to assess the performance of AVHRR products. However, this limits the evaluation to the period after MODIS launch. In this work, the AVHRR surface reflectance LTDR was evaluated against Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) data using observations from 4 well known pseudo-invariant calibration sites (i.e. Sonoran, Saharan, Sudan1, and Libya4) over an extended time period (1984-2011). For the intercomparison, AVHRR and TM observations of each site were extracted and averaged over a 20 km x 20 km area and aggregated to monthly mean values. In order to account for the spectral differences between sensors, Hyperion hyperspectral data from the Sonoran and Libya4 sites were convolved with sensor-specific relative spectral responses, and used to compute spectral band adjustment factors (SBAFs). Results of the intercomparison are reported in terms of the root mean square difference (RMSD) and determination coefficient (r2). In general, there is good agreement between the surface reflectance products from both sensors. The overall RMSD and r2 for all the sites and AVHRR/TM combinations were 0.03 and 0.85 for the red band, and 0.04 and 0.81 for the near-infrared band. These results show the strong performance of the AVHRR surface reflectance LTDR through all of the considered period. Thus, remarking its usefulness and value for long term Earth studies. Figure 1 shows the red (filled markers) and near-infrared (empty markers) surface reflectance from AVHRR and TM for the complete evaluation period over the Saharan (diamond), Libya4 (square), Sudan1 (triangle), and Sonoran (circle) PICS.

Impact of the 2011 Libyan conflict on road traffic injuries in Benghazi, Libya.

PubMed

Bodalal, Zuhir; Bendardaf, Riyad; Ambarek, Mohammed; Nagelkerke, Nico

2015-01-01

Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a major public health concern in Libya. In the light of the armed conflict in Libya that broke out on February 2011 and the subsequent instability, the rate and pattern of RTIs was studied. RTI patient data were gathered from Al-Jalaa hospital, the main trauma center in Benghazi, from 2010 to 2011. Various parameters [i.e. age, gender, nationality, method of entry, receiving department, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, duration of stay, method of discharge, and fatalities] were compared with data from the previous year (2010), and statistical analyses were performed (t-test, chi-square, and Poisson regression). During the conflict period, 15.8% (n=2,221) of hospital admissions were RTIs, that is, a rate of 6.08 RTI cases per day, levels not seen for 5 years (t=-5.719, p<0.001). The presence of armed conflict was found to have caused a significant 28% decrease in the trend of RTIs over the previous 10 years (B=-0.327, CI=-0.38--0.28, p<0.001). February and March, the peak period of active combat in Benghazi, witnessed the lowest number of RTIs during the conflict period. The average age of an RTI decreased to 28.35±16.3 years (t=-7.257, p<0.001) with significantly more males (84.1%, n=1,755) being affected (χ(2)=4.595, p=0.032, df=1). There was an increase in the proportion of younger aged patients (from 0 to 29 years) (χ(2)=29.874, p<0.001, df=8). More patients required admission to the ICU (χ(2)=36.808, p<0.001, df=8), and the mortality of an RTI increased to 5.2% (n=116) (χ(2)=48.882, p<0.001, df=6). There were fewer RTIs during the conflict period; however, those that occurred had higher morbidity and mortality. The profile of an RTI victims also changed to an increased prominence of young males and motorcyclists. Further research is required to propose and analyze possible interventions.

Impact of the 2011 Libyan conflict on road traffic injuries in Benghazi, Libya

PubMed Central

Bodalal, Zuhir; Bendardaf, Riyad; Ambarek, Mohammed; Nagelkerke, Nico

2015-01-01

Background Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a major public health concern in Libya. In the light of the armed conflict in Libya that broke out on February 2011 and the subsequent instability, the rate and pattern of RTIs was studied. Methods RTI patient data were gathered from Al-Jalaa hospital, the main trauma center in Benghazi, from 2010 to 2011. Various parameters [i.e. age, gender, nationality, method of entry, receiving department, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, duration of stay, method of discharge, and fatalities] were compared with data from the previous year (2010), and statistical analyses were performed (t-test, chi-square, and Poisson regression). Results During the conflict period, 15.8% (n=2,221) of hospital admissions were RTIs, that is, a rate of 6.08 RTI cases per day, levels not seen for 5 years (t=−5.719, p<0.001). The presence of armed conflict was found to have caused a significant 28% decrease in the trend of RTIs over the previous 10 years (B=−0.327, CI=−0.38–−0.28, p<0.001). February and March, the peak period of active combat in Benghazi, witnessed the lowest number of RTIs during the conflict period. The average age of an RTI decreased to 28.35±16.3 years (t=−7.257, p<0.001) with significantly more males (84.1%, n=1,755) being affected (χ2=4.595, p=0.032, df=1). There was an increase in the proportion of younger aged patients (from 0 to 29 years) (χ2=29.874, p<0.001, df=8). More patients required admission to the ICU (χ2=36.808, p<0.001, df=8), and the mortality of an RTI increased to 5.2% (n=116) (χ2=48.882, p<0.001, df=6). Conclusion There were fewer RTIs during the conflict period; however, those that occurred had higher morbidity and mortality. The profile of an RTI victims also changed to an increased prominence of young males and motorcyclists. Further research is required to propose and analyze possible interventions. PMID:25673038

Lower Silurian `hot shales' in North Africa and Arabia: regional distribution and depositional model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lüning, S.; Craig, J.; Loydell, D. K.; Štorch, P.; Fitches, B.

2000-03-01

Lowermost Silurian organic-rich (`hot') shales are the origin of 80-90% of Palaeozoic sourced hydrocarbons in North Africa and also played a major role in petroleum generation on the Arabian Peninsula. In most cases, the shales were deposited directly above upper Ordovician (peri-) glacial sandstones during the initial early Silurian transgression that was a result of the melting of the late Ordovician icecap. Deposition of the main organic-rich shale unit in the North African/Arabian region was restricted to the earliest Silurian Rhuddanian stage ( acuminatus, atavus and probably early cyphus graptolite biozones). During this short period (1-2 m.y.), a favourable combination of factors existed which led to the development of exceptionally strong oxygen-deficiency in the area. In most countries of the study area, the post-Rhuddanian Silurian shales are organically lean and have not contributed to petroleum generation. The distribution and thickness of the basal Silurian `hot' shales have been mapped in detail for the whole North African region, using logs from some 300 exploration wells in Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. In addition, all relevant, accessible published and unpublished surface and subsurface data of the lower Silurian shales in North Africa and Arabia have been reviewed, including sedimentological, biostratigraphic and organic geochemical data. The lowermost Silurian hot shales of northern Gondwana are laterally discontinuous and their distribution and thickness were controlled by the early Silurian palaeorelief which was shaped mainly by glacial processes of the late Ordovician ice age and by Pan-African and Infracambrian compressional and extensional tectonism. The thickest and areally most extensive basal Silurian organic-rich shales in North Africa occur in Algeria, Tunisia and western Libya, while on the Arabian Peninsula they are most prolific in Saudi Arabia, Oman, Jordan and Iraq. The hot shales were not deposited in Egypt, which was a large palaeohigh at that time. The depositional model presented may help in better understanding the source potential of the basal Silurian shales in less-explored regions of North Africa and Arabia including Morocco, northern Niger and the Kufra Basin in southeast Libya.

Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-25

Service 7 known, and may change as the conflict continues. The United Nations has negotiated an agreement with Libyan government to provide food and...point of contention has been that only half of NATO’s 28 member states are offering military support to the mission. French and British officials...Libyan Muslim Brotherhood Group Supports ‘ Glorious Revolution,’” February 28, 2011. 77 In 2007, Abdel Qadir responded to political reform statements

Korean Affairs Report.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-08-14

Plan 86 Libya Receives DPRK Economic Delegation 86 Ethiopian Envoy Received 86 Peruvian Visitor Received 87 - d Egyptian Anniversary 87 Kim Il...in the designing of the hotel is a cinema house with several hundreds of seats. Guest flats will be arranged from the third floor. Each flat will... PERUVIAN VISITOR RECEIVED—Pyongyang, July 22 (KCNA)—Comrade Pak Song-chol, member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Workers

Libya: Background and U.S. Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-17

isolation. The compounded effects of a loss of oil revenue, restrictions on the travel of senior officials, an international air travel ban, and an...23, 2005; Magnus Linklater, “It’s Time To Look Again at Lockerbie,” The Times (London), October 26, 2005. 11 Derek Lambie, “Diplomat ‘Evidence’ May...myriad opposition movements can be categorized broadly as Islamist, royalist, or democratic in orientation. However, their activities and effectiveness

An Inspiration for Democratization in the Middle East: Turkey

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

toward three social groups: the army, the bourgeoisie , and the state-employed middle class.126 Moreover, in Saudi Arabia and Libya, governments use...especially during the Cold War, the socialist and nationalist policies in the Middle Eastern countries affected the bourgeoisie and hindered its...and Egypt, the state destroyed the bourgeoisie either because it was foreign and perceived as a colonial remnant, or because it was not ready to

77 FR 11377 - Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Cuba and of the Emergency Authority...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-24

... Vol. 77 Friday, No. 37 February 24, 2012 Part VI The President Notice of February 23, 2012--Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Cuba and of the Emergency Authority Relating to the Regulation of the Anchorage and Movement of Vessels Notice of February 23, 2012--Continuation of the National Emergency With Respect to Libya #0; #0; #0;...

ACE/AACE Inspection and Analysis Handbook. Part 2. Engineering

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-06-30

Albania Lek Lebanon Pound Algeria Diner Lsotho Lott Argentina New Peso Liberia Dollar Australia Dollar Libya Diner Austria Schilling Liechtenstein...Maldives Rupee Bllize Doll ar Mali Franc Benin CFA Franc Malta Pound eruda Dollar Mauritania OgutyaBolivia Peso Mauritius Rupee Botswana Pula Mx io Peso ...Canada Dollar Netherlands Guilder Central African Eap. CFA Franc New Zealand Dollar Chad CFA Franc Niceragua Cordoba Chile Peso Niger CFA Franc China Yuan

Esmeraldas-Class Corvettes,

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-04-25

The series of ships, named after all the provinces of Ecuador , include: --CA 11 ESMERALDAS, laid down 27 September 1979, launched 11 October 1980... LOJA , laid down 25 March 1981, launched 27 February 1982; fitting out at CNR Ancona. The building program, on schedule so far, calls for the entire class...built and are still building in 16 units for foreign navies (Libya, Ecuador , Iraq) with four possible armament alternatives. In particular, they

Reference Aid: Abbreviations, Acronyms and Special Terms in the Turkish Press of Turkey and the TFSC

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-07-18

Sirketi Cypriot Mines Corporation Kibris Mulkiyeciler Birligi Civil Servants Union of Cyprus Kadikoy Musik Dernegi Kadikoy Music Association (of...8217 Union (Cyprus) Lefkosa Turk Lisesi Musik Toplulugu Nicosia Turkish Lycee Musical Society Liman Harbor, port Libya Insaat ve Yatirim AS Libyan... Music Society KTMK Kaynak Teknigi Turk Mill! Komitesi Yonetmeligi Turkish National Committee for Welding Techniques 77 KTMMOB Kibris Turk Muhendis

A Concise National Report on Educational Developments in the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahirya during the Two Academic Years 1974/75-1975/76.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Secretariat of Education, Tripoli (Libya).

The educational system of Libya is based upon principles set down in the constitution of 1969 and revised by a philosophy of education document in 1974. In accordance with these principles, education is compulsory on the primary and intermediate levels, free on all levels, and should be in accordance with national political and religious…

Libyan Military Power Projection in Sub-Saharan Area.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-06-12

countries; and where there is a natural linkage, we can find possible contacts in many different spheres, economical, political, ethical, cultural , etc...6th century. The Berber cultural substratem was totally submerged in Libya in the ninth and tenth centuries by large-scale immigration of Arabic...was won mainly against the western world (Italy) with its different culture and religion. The present-day adventure represents something quite new

The A. Q. Khan Network: Causes and Implications

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-12-01

relations battle to win popular esteem (and discredit the opposing laboratory) and a competition over responsibilities and resources between the two...technology was, we bought it with money,” she said.194 Bhutto is savvy and self -serving politician, whose statements should be taken with a grain...Pakistan, which then converted it and transferred it Libya.226 B.S.A. Tahir told Malaysian investigators that uranium hexafluoride was shipped

The Filipino Way of War: Irregular Warfare through the Centuries

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

exercised liberalism during his tenure. He encouraged the freedom of speech, abolished the censorship of the press, and most importantly, dealt with...Matalam, a Cotabato politician, to organize the Mindanao Independence Movement (MIM). Hundreds of MIM members underwent training in Malaysia .339 This...or through pilferage by AFP scalawags. The support from known sympathetic countries (e.g., Libya, Saudi Arabia, and Malaysia ) gained by the MILF in

How Military Actions Affected Citizen Security During Plan Colombia

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-01

Defense or the U.S. Government . IRB Protocol number ____N/A____. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release...for teaching. xii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 1 I. INTRODUCTION “From Failed State to Tourist Haven: If only Iraq, Russia, and Libya...labels “failed state” and/or “ tourist haven,” the article’s title nonetheless captures the sense of dramatic turnaround that many hold concerning

JPRS Report, Near East & South Asia: India

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-08-27

staff cruelly sent back to Baghdad some Indian nurses. On the Libya-Egypt border recently, a dozen Indian managers were handcuffed by Egyptians for...carrying "bogus" visas issued by the Egyptian mission in Tripoli. Indians entering Cairo with a valid visa still encounter obstacles. Western help...generation is emphasized. In our education curriculum, we must include brahamcbharya [total abstina- tion], yoga , and physical control to lead a

Political Culture and Risk Analysis: An Outline of Somalia, Tunisia, and Libya

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-11-21

analysis, risk assessment, national maturity, independence move- ments, extremists, national violence , Africa, Somalia, Somaliland, Puntland, Tunisia...changed in terms of actors, but not in any appreciable reduction of violence . In the north, any episodes of conflict were negligible in scale and...duration, never approaching that of the south. The continuous violence in the south, in fact, is unprecedented in Somali history.21 Despite any

Effect of the Brazilian Arms Industry on U.S. Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-05-01

ever turbulent Middle East and Africa, IlaMph Sanders, Arms Industries; New Suppliers and Reigonal Securily . Washington, D.C.: National Defense...security and economic issues to consider. This was especially valid when one considered the growing interdependence of the U.S. in economic relations...normally big buyers, Iraq, Iran, and Libya, went broke (with no financing available) or were outlawed to receive arm sles.6 Considering the growing

The Audio-Visual Services in Fifteen African Countries. Comparative Study on the Administration of Audio-Visual Services in Advanced and Developing Countries. Part Four. First Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jongbloed, Harry J. L.

As the fourth part of a comparative study on the administration of audiovisual services in advanced and developing countries, this UNESCO-funded study reports on the African countries of Cameroun, Republic of Central Africa, Dahomey, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Swaziland, Tunisia, Upper Volta and Zambia. Information…

The Air War in Libya: Implications for the US, NATO, and the Future Role of Airpower

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-23

Nimrod and Sentinel, which comprise two of the three parts of the ISTAR (intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance) cross-cueing...Hercules C4/C5 YES NO YES YES YES Nimrod R1 YES YES YES YES YES Sentinel R1 YES YES YES YES YES E-3D YES YES YES YES YES Tornado GR4 NO NO YES YES YES

Lessons from psychiatry in the Arab world--a Lebanese trainee psychiatrist's qualitative views on the provision of mental healthcare services for Palestinian refugees in Lebanon and an interview with a consultant psychiatrist on the effects of the Arab spring on the mental health of Libyans.

PubMed

Hankir, Ahmed; Sadiq, Asad

2013-09-01

In this manuscript, a Lebanese trainee psychiatrist qualitatively analyses and discusses the provision of mental healthcare services for Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. There are more than 250,000 Palestinian people sporadically dispersed in the refugee camps in Sidon, Beirut and other major cities in the Levant. Displacement, conflict, trauma, unemployment and poverty are but some of the myriad factors that influence Palestinian refugee mental health. This article traces the historical, political and socioeconomic determinants of health for Palestinians exiled in Lebanon and describes the pivotal role that the non-Govenmental Organisation Medical Aid for Palestinians is playing in helping to alleviate the psychiatric distress of Palestinian sufferers of mental illness. The latter half of the manuscript contains an interview with a consultant psychiatrist about his experiences volunteering in the war-torn lands of Libya post Arab Spring. He expounds on how he feels mental healthcare services in Libya are woefully inadequate and broaches on his perception of how the resilience and the 'family-centric' model of the Libyan people has conferred a certain degree of protection towards developing severe psychiatric illness.

Initial Stability Assessment of S-NPP VIIRS Reflective Solar Band Calibration Using Invariant Desert and Deep Convective Cloud Targets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bhatt, Rajendra; Doelling, David R.; Wu, Aisheng; Xiong, Xiaoxiong (Jack); Scarino, Benjamin R.; Haney, Conor O.; Gopalan, Arun

2014-01-01

The latest CERES FM-5 instrument launched onboard the S-NPP spacecraft will use the VIIRS visible radiances from the NASA Land Product Evaluation and Analysis Tool Elements (PEATE) product for retrieving the cloud properties associated with its TOA flux measurement. In order for CERES to provide climate quality TOA flux datasets, the retrieved cloud properties must be consistent throughout the record, which is dependent on the calibration stability of the VIIRS imager. This paper assesses the NASA calibration stability of the VIIRS reflective solar bands using the Libya-4 desert and deep convective clouds (DCC). The invariant targets are first evaluated for temporal natural variability. It is found for visible (VIS) bands that DCC targets have half of the variability of Libya-4. For the shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands, the desert has less variability. The brief VIIRS record and target variability inhibits high confidence in identifying any trends that are less than 0.6yr for most VIS bands, and 2.5yr for SWIR bands. None of the observed invariant target reflective solar band trends exceeded these trend thresholds. Initial assessment results show that the VIIRS data have been consistently calibrated and that the VIIRS instrument stability is similar to or better than the MODIS instrument.

The Sahara's Diverse Landscape

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

Vast stretches of uninterrupted sand are only one kind of Saharan landscape. This true-color MODIS image from November 9, 2001, reveals a diversity of land surface features, including ancient lava flows and volcanoes. Beginning at upper left and moving clockwise are the countries of Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Chad, and Niger. Evidence of previous volcanic activity in the Sahara can be found in northeastern Chad, in particular, in a region known as Tibesti. Reaching up out of the surrounding desert, the dark rock of the Tibesti Plateau stands out in dark brown against the sand. Scattered throughout the region are the circular cones and calderas of several volcanoes. The dark remains of a lava flow mark the location of the Tousside volcano. North of Tibesti, in Libya, more dark-colored lava beds leave their mark on the landscape. Variety exists in Algeria, where the Grand Erg Oriental desert (far upper left) is hemmed in to the south by the Tinrhert Plateau. South of the Plateau, desert resumes briefly, only to give way to a mountainous region traced with impermanent rivers. In northern Niger, a sinuous gray-green line marks the edge of an escarpment that separates the Mangueni Plateau to the north from the rock deserts to the south. Image courtesy Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC

[Problems of demographic data collecting in Arab countries of the Middle East].

PubMed

Chasteland, J C

1970-06-01

12 Middle Eastern Arab countries can be divided into 5 northern countries with demographic data from census or survey and 7 southern countries primarily in the Arabian peninsula (Bahrien excepted) with no data. Obstacles include lack of information on tribes, migrations, and even nomadic status, large areas with sparse population, low socioeconom ic and literacy levels, and cumbersome registration systems. The author computed the index of regularity of age and sex, age distribution by sex, and crude birth-, death, and infant mortality rates to estimate the validity of existing data in each country. These estimates showed that for birthrates registration was about 100% complete for Kuwait and Jordan, 80% for Libya, 60% for Syria, 40% for Iraq. For mortality the registration was so poor that it is only about 30%-40% complete, even in Kuwait and Libya. Data on infant mortality are also poor and have apparently worsened in the 1960s compared with the 1950s. Bias probably exists in birth place, marital status, education, and profession. The author suggested that in southern countries a census should proceed over several years in steps: 1) lists of towns and tribes, 2) simple head count, and 3) complete census. valid vital statistics are urgently needed for national economic planning.

Proterozoic deformation of the East Saharan Craton in Southeast Libya, South Egypt and North Sudan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schandelmeier, H.; Richter, A.; Harms, U.

1987-09-01

The basement areas in Southeast Libya, South Egypt and North Sudan, west of the Nile, between Gebel Uweinat and the Bayuda Desert, are part of an approximately 1000-km-wide, complexly folded, polymetamorphic zone with a regional N-NNE-NE-ENE trend of foliation and fold axis. Since this belt extends southwestward into the area of Zalingei in the southern Darfur block (West Sudan), it is named the Northern Zalingei fold zone. Sr and Nd isotopic studies suggest that this zone is older than Pan-African and further indicate that, apart from Archean rocks in the Gebel Uweinat area, this belt is of Early-Middle Proterozoic age. An Early-Middle Proterozoic three-stage deformational and anatectic event established the present-day fold and fault geometry in the western parts of this zone in the Gebel Uweinat—Gebel Kamil area. The Pan-African tectono-thermal episode was most effective in the eastern part of the belt, near the boundary with the Nubian Shield volcano-sedimentary-ophiolite-granitoid assemblages. It caused migmatization, granite emplacement, mylonitization and large-scale wrench faulting which was related to Late Proterozoic accretionary and collisional events of the Arabian-Nubian Shield with the margin of the East Saharan Craton.

Carbon and oxygen isotope variations of the Middle-Late Triassic Al Aziziyah Formation, northwest Libya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moustafa, Mohamed S. H.; Pope, Michael C.; Grossman, Ethan L.; Mriheel, Ibrahim Y.

2016-06-01

This study presents the δ13C and δ18O records from whole rock samples of the Middle-Late Triassic (Ladinian-Carnian) Al Aziziyah Formation that were deposited on a gently sloping carbonate ramp within the Jifarah Basin of Northwest Libya. The Al Aziziyah Formation consists of gray limestone, dolomite, and dolomitic limestone interbedded with shale. The Ghryan Dome and Kaf Bates sections were sampled and analyzed for carbon and oxygen isotope chemostratigraphy to integrate high-resolution carbon isotope data with an outcrop-based stratigraphy, to provide better age control of the Al Aziziyah Formation. This study also discusses the relation between the facies architecture of the Al Aziziyah Formation and the carbon isotope values. Seven stages of relative sea level rise and fall within the Ghryan Dome were identified based on facies stacking patterns, field observations and carbon stable isotopes. The Al Aziziyah Formation δ13C chemostratigraphic curve can be partially correlated with the Triassic global δ13C curve. This correlation indicates that the Al Aziziyah Formation was deposited during the Ladinian and early Carnian. No straight-forward relationship is seen between δ13C and relative sea level probably because local influences complicated systematic environmental and diagenetic isotopic effects associated with sea level change.

Fetal gender and pregnancy outcomes in Libya: a retrospective study

PubMed Central

Khalil, Mounir M.; Alzahra, Esgair

2013-01-01

Objective The relationship between pregnancy outcomes and fetal gender is well reported from different areas in the world, but not from Africa. In this study, we try to understand whether the recorded phenomenon of association of adverse pregnancy outcomes with a male fetus applies to our population. Materials and methods A total of 29,140 patient records from 2009 and 2010 were retrieved from Aljalaa Maternity Hospital, Tripoli, Libya. Analysis was carried out to find the correlation between fetal gender and different pregnancy outcomes. Results A male fetus was associated with an increased incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (odds risk 1.4), preterm delivery (6.7% for males, 5.5% for females, odds risk 1.24), cesarean section (23.9% for males, 20% for females, odds risk 1.25), and instrumental vaginal delivery (4.4% for males, 3.1% for females, odds risk 1.48), p<0.005. Preeclampsia was more frequent among preterm females and postterm males, p<0.005. It was also more frequent in male-bearing primigravids, p<0.01. Conclusion We confirm the existence of an adverse effect of a male fetus on pregnancy and labor in our population. We recommend further research to understand the mechanisms and clinical implications of this phenomenon. PMID:23308081

A comparison of abdominal and vaginal hysterectomies in Benghazi, Libya.

PubMed

Agnaeber, K; Bodalal, Z

2013-08-01

We performed a comparative study between abdominal and vaginal hysterectomies using clinical data from Al-Jamhouria hospital (one of the largest maternity hospitals in Eastern Libya). Various parameters were taken into consideration: the rates of each type (and their subtypes); average age of patients; indications; causes; postoperative complications; and duration of stay in the hospital afterwards. Conclusions and recommendations were drawn from the results of this study. In light of the aforementioned parameters, it was found that: (1) abdominal hysterectomies were more common than vaginal hysterectomies (p < 0.001); (2) patients admitted for abdominal hysterectomies are younger than those admitted for vaginal hysterectomies (p < 0.001); (3) the most common indication for an abdominal hysterectomy was menstrual disturbances, while for vaginal hysterectomies it was vaginal prolapse; (4) the histopathological cause for abdominal and vaginal hysterectomies were observed and the most common were found to be leiomyomas and atrophic endometrium; (5) there was no significant difference between the two routes in terms of postoperative complications; (6) patients who were admitted for abdominal hysterectomies spent a longer amount of time in the hospital (p < 0.01). It was concluded that efforts should be made to further pursue vaginal and laparoscopic hysterectomies as a viable option to the more conventional abdominal route.

Reproductive, morphological, and phytochemical responses of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes to enhanced UV-B radiation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Trumbull, V.L.; McCloud, E.S.; Paige, K.N.

1994-06-01

Two ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana, collected from Libya and Norway, were grown in the greenhouse under. UV-B doses of 0 and 10.5 kJ m[sup [minus]2] UV-B[sub BE]. The high UV-B dose simulated midsummer ambient conditions over Libya and a 40% reduction in stratospheric ozone over Norway. The Libyan ectotype, which originated from latitudes where solar UV-B is high, showed no UV-B induced damage to plant growth. However the Norwegian ecotype, which originated from latitudes where solar UV-B is low, showed a significant reduction in plant height, inflorescence weight, and rosette weight in response to enhanced UV-B. Although fruit and seedmore » number for both ecotypes were unaffected by enhanced UV-B radiation the germination success of the seeds harvested from the irradiated Norwegian plants were significantly reduced. The two ecotypes also differed with respect to their accumulation of kaempferol, a putative UV-B protective filter. The Libyan ecotype increased kaempferol concentration by 38% over the 0 kJ treatment whereas the Norwegian ecotype increased by only 15%. These data suggest that, for these ecotypes, variation in UV-B sensitivity may be explained by the differential induction of UV-absorbing leaf pigments.« less

Hepatitis B vaccination status among healthcare workers in a tertiary care hospital in Tripoli, Libya.

PubMed

Ziglam, Hisham; El-Hattab, Mabrouk; Shingheer, Noura; Zorgani, Abdulaziz; Elahmer, Omar

2013-08-01

The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) among healthcare workers (HCWs) in hospitals in developing countries is high. However, the vaccination status of these workers and its relationship with occupational factors are not well documented. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of HCWs to HBV infection in the representative Tripoli Central Hospital in Libya and prepare a practical guideline to protect HCWs from occupational exposure. In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire survey was administered to 2705 healthcare workers of a university hospital in Tripoli. The questionnaire included vaccination status. Compliance with preventive practices against HBV infection was also assessed. The overall vaccination coverage (anti-HBs) was 78.1%. Furthermore, 82.6% of HCWs had received at least one dose of vaccine, but only 72% reported that they were fully vaccinated. The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen was 1.1%. The mean prevalence of hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) was 17.3%. HCWs at hospitals are frequently exposed to blood-borne infections. Vaccines should be more readily available for Libyan HCWs, and current vaccination programs should be enforced. Copyright © 2013 King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chemical and Antimicrobial Profiling of Propolis from Different Regions within Libya.

PubMed

Siheri, Weam; Zhang, Tong; Ebiloma, Godwin Unekwuojo; Biddau, Marco; Woods, Nicola; Hussain, Muattaz Yassein; Clements, Carol J; Fearnley, James; Ebel, RuAngelie Edrada; Paget, Timothy; Muller, Sylke; Carter, Katharine C; Ferro, Valerie A; De Koning, Harry P; Watson, David G

2016-01-01

Extracts from twelve samples of propolis collected from different regions of Libya were tested for their activity against Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania donovani, Plasmodium falciparum, Crithidia fasciculata and Mycobacterium marinum and the cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested against mammalian cells. All the extracts were active to some degree against all of the protozoa and the mycobacterium, exhibiting a range of EC50 values between 1.65 and 53.6 μg/ml. The toxicity against mammalian cell lines was only moderate; the most active extract against the protozoan species, P2, displayed an IC50 value of 53.2 μg/ml. The extracts were profiled by using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. The data sets were extracted using m/z Mine and the accurate masses of the features extracted were searched against the Dictionary of Natural Products (DNP). A principal component analysis (PCA) model was constructed which, in combination with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), divided the samples into five groups. The outlying groups had different sets of dominant compounds in the extracts, which could be characterised by their elemental composition. Orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) analysis was used to link the activity of each extract against the different micro-organisms to particular components in the extracts.

Chemical and Antimicrobial Profiling of Propolis from Different Regions within Libya

PubMed Central

Siheri, Weam; Zhang, Tong; Ebiloma, Godwin Unekwuojo; Biddau, Marco; Woods, Nicola; Hussain, Muattaz Yassein; Clements, Carol J.; Fearnley, James; Ebel, RuAngelie Edrada; Paget, Timothy; Muller, Sylke; Carter, Katharine C.; Ferro, Valerie A.; De Koning, Harry P.; Watson, David G.

2016-01-01

Extracts from twelve samples of propolis collected from different regions of Libya were tested for their activity against Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania donovani, Plasmodium falciparum, Crithidia fasciculata and Mycobacterium marinum and the cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested against mammalian cells. All the extracts were active to some degree against all of the protozoa and the mycobacterium, exhibiting a range of EC50 values between 1.65 and 53.6 μg/ml. The toxicity against mammalian cell lines was only moderate; the most active extract against the protozoan species, P2, displayed an IC50 value of 53.2 μg/ml. The extracts were profiled by using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. The data sets were extracted using m/z Mine and the accurate masses of the features extracted were searched against the Dictionary of Natural Products (DNP). A principal component analysis (PCA) model was constructed which, in combination with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), divided the samples into five groups. The outlying groups had different sets of dominant compounds in the extracts, which could be characterised by their elemental composition. Orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) analysis was used to link the activity of each extract against the different micro-organisms to particular components in the extracts. PMID:27195790

Health-care providers' perceptions, attitudes towards and recommendation practice of cervical cancer screening.

PubMed

Hweissa, N Ab; Lim, J N W; Su, T T

2016-09-01

In Libya, cervical cancer is ranked third as the most frequent cancer among women with early diagnosis being shown to reduce morbidity and mortality. Health-care providers can influence women's screening behaviours, and their lack of recommendations for screening can be one of the barriers that affect women's participation in screening programmes. This study aims to assess the health-care provider's perception around cervical cancer screening. In-depth, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 16 health-care providers, from both public and private sectors in Az-Zawiya city, Libya, between February and July of 2014. The interviews were recorded and transcribed, then analysed using thematic analysis. Our findings suggest that health-care providers did not provide sufficient information regarding cervical cancer screening for women who attend health-care facilities. The results highlight the role played by health-care professionals in motivating women to attend cervical cancer screening programs, and the need for health education of health-care providers to offer a precious advice regarding the screening. On the other hand, health-care providers highlighted that implementation of reminding system of cervical cancer screening will support them to improve screening attendance. In addition, health-care providers stressed the necessity for educational and awareness campaigns of cervical cancer screening among Libyan women. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Consultation on the Libyan health systems: towards patient-centred services

PubMed Central

El Oakley, Reida M.; Ghrew, Murad H.; Aboutwerat, Ali A.; Alageli, Nabil A.; Neami, Khaldon A.; Kerwat, Rajab M.; Elfituri, Abdulbaset A.; Ziglam, Hisham M.; Saifenasser, Aymen M.; Bahron, Ali M.; Aburawi, Elhadi H.; Sagar, Samir A.; Tajoury, Adel E.; Benamer, Hani T.S.

2013-01-01

The extra demand imposed upon the Libyan health services during and after the Libyan revolution in 2011 led the ailing health systems to collapse. To start the planning process to re-engineer the health sector, the Libyan Ministry of Health in collaboration with the World Health Organisation (WHO) and other international experts in the field sponsored the National Health Systems Conference in Tripoli, Libya, between the 26th and the 30th of August 2012. The aim of this conference was to study how health systems function at the international arena and to facilitate a consultative process between 500 Libyan health experts in order to identify the problems within the Libyan health system and propose potential solutions. The scientific programme adopted the WHO health care system framework and used its six system building blocks: i) Health Governance; ii) Health Care Finance; iii) Health Service Delivery; iv) Human Resources for Health; v) Pharmaceuticals and Health Technology; and vi) Health Information System. The experts used a structured approach starting with clarifying the concepts, evaluating the current status of that health system block in Libya, thereby identifying the strengths, weaknesses, and major deficiencies. This article summarises the 500 health expert recommendations that seized the opportunity to map a modern health systems to take the Libyan health sector into the 21st century. PMID:23359277

Textural and compositional characteristics of mantle xenoliths from southeastern Libya: Evidence of mantle refertilization processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Radivojević, Maša; Erić, Suzana; Turki, Salah M.; Toljić, Marinko; Cvetković, Vladica

2014-05-01

The study presents the very first data on mantle xenoliths of the Wādi Eghei area, southeastern Libya. These dm- to cm-sized xenoliths are found in a small volcanic cone of Pliocene basalts, which is situated on the northeastern slopes of the Tibesti Mountains. The host basalts originated from near primary magmas derived by melting of an enriched and garnet-bearing mantle source in within-plate geotectonic settings. Generally, the Wādi Eghei xenoliths can be divided into two texturally different groups: i) well-equilibrated, undeformed protogranular xenoliths, and ii) moderately/strongly sheared, porphyroclastic/equigranular types. Despite their textural diversity, all xenoliths are anhydrous clinopyroxene (cpx)-rich lherzolites, except one protogranular sample (V-5) that can be classified as cpx-poor lherzolite or harzburgite (≡5% of modal cpx). In terms of mineral chemistry, the protogranular xenoliths display only slightly more depleted compositions compared to sheared xenoliths, with sample V-5 as always the most depleted of the whole suite. Fo contents in olivine from protogranular and sheared xenoliths range 90.5-91.0 (V-5~91.5). Orthopyroxene (opx) from protogranular samples has higher Mg#(Mg#=100*Mg/[Mg+Fetot]mol%) from 90.5 to 91.2 (91.8 for V-5 opx), than those from deformed xenoliths (Mg#=89.5-90.5). The composition of spinel also correlates with the texture of the xenoliths. Spinel from the undeformed samples has Cr#s(Cr#=100*Cr/[Cr+Al]mol%) mostly ranging 12-14 (V-5~16), whereas Cr# in spinel occurring in sheared xenoliths is always <10. The variations in cpx composition do not show discernible textural dependences. They display a wide compositional range: En=45.5-50.2; Fs=3.7-5.7; Wo=42.0-50.1. The contents of Al2O3, Na2O and TiO2 range from 2.32-7.75 wt.%, 0.96-1.79 wt.%, and 0.2-0.84 wt.%, respectively. Calculated temperatures indicate that the undeformed types of xenoliths equilibrated at slightly higher temperatures (with minimal and maximal temperatures ranging from 850-950°C, and from 1000 to 1130 °C, respectively), than deformed types (757-923°C and 900-980°C). In addition, among the protogranular xenoliths, a clear dependence of degree of fertility and calculated temperatures is established, with the most fertile samples having the highest equilibrium temperatures. The first data on modal and mineral chemistry compositions of mantle xenoliths from the Wādi Eghei area indicate that this mantle segment underneath southeastern Libya is too fertile to represent a 'normal' subcontinental mantle. The enrichment is most probably related to mafic metasomatisic processes, i.e. to percolations of mafic alkaline magma, similar in composition to the host basalts. The effects of similar mafic metasomatism are also recorded in mantle xenoliths from other localities in Libya. Further analyses, including whole rock, trace element and isotope compositions are in progress and will provide more details about these refertilization processes.

State-Building Challenges in a Post-Revolution Libya

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-10-01

for the Army, the Department of De - fense, and the larger national security community. In addition to its studies, SSI publishes special reports on...addition, his publications include com- mentaries and research papers for the Centro de Es- tudios y Documentacion Internacionales de Barcelona (CIDOB...and the Centre d’Études Internationales de Rabat, as well as various newspaper articles in and about the region. He is a frequent commentator in the

Joint Force Quarterly. Issue 65, 2nd Quarter 2012

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-01

but other times misfortune arrives unan- nounced. Strong organizations build on the mutual support of every member of the unit. This is the essence of...devote themselves to putting themselves into others’ heads. They concen- trate on boring down to a character’s essence , stripping away pretext to...style ‘ jasmine revolution’ circulated on the internet.”17 A postscript on developments in Libya makes clear that economic deprivation is at the

The Saudi-Iranian Rivalry and the Future of Middle East Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

gain a variety of allies, Da- mascus established dramatically improved relations with Turkey prior to the Arab Spring, although these relations...air force, including F-16 fighter aircraft.162 The Iranian Air Force, which is based on older Russian /Soviet and Chinese aircraft, could never compete...liberal, dem- ocratic government. Nevertheless, the last chapter may not have been written in this story . The examples of Egypt, Tunisia, and Libya are

Considerations in Establishing an Economic Community of West African States’ Defense Pact.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-03-01

AU-AWC-87-062 UNCLASSIFIED F/G 5/2 ElhEEEEElhhhlE E ~hEEEllEllhlE IEEEEEEEllEEEE EIIEEEEEEEEEEE EllEEEEEE~lEEE ElllEEllEIh~hE 11111L2 1.0 1 6 Ma...33 Political Instability ....... .. .. . .. o .. . .. 34 Economnics ....... ... *... e ... ......... 34 A c r s. . . . . . o...41 Role and Policy.. .... . .. o . .. . .. . . .. . .. 41 Economic............................ 42 Accords, France and Libya... .......... 43 N i g e

Future Foreign Perceptions of Chemical Weapons Utility

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-10-01

Iraq’s and Syria’s nuclear weapons programs, and the specter of such action may have precipitated Libya to abandon its program. North Korea and Iran ...declared as such. Today, only seven states have not acceded to the CWC: Angola, Egypt, Israel, Myanmar , North Korea , Somalia, and Syria.1 Of those...seven, Syria and North Korea most evidently maintain active offensive CW programs. Of CWC state par- ties, the United States has expressed compliance

CTC Sentinel. Volume 6, Issue 2, February 2013

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-02-01

Use of Militias to Maintain Stability in Abyan Province By Casey L. Coombs 7 Deciphering the Jihadist Presence in Syria: An Analysis of...and impose their authority in their communities . This poses particular challenges for Libya as i t moves through the transit ion process...IssUE 2 5 Yemen’s Use of Militias to Maintain Stability in Abyan Province By Casey L. Coombs in 2011, militants from al-Qa`ida in the Arabian

Churning Historic Waters: Maritime And National Security In The Palk Bay And Sri Lanka

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-12-01

protects U.S. sovereignty and maritime resources, supports free and open seaborne commerce, and counters weapons proliferation, terrorism...organizations use the sea as an economic asset.86In Libya, for example, an extremist movement in 2014 allied with Al Qaeda earned colossal amounts of money ...traffickers because this lucrative business generates great sums of money , allowing terrorists to fund their campaigns.127 He points out the LTTE engaged

76 FR 17188 - Additional Identifying Information Associated With Persons Whose Property and Interests in...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-28

... circa 1975 (individual) [LIBYA2] QADHAFI, Saif al-Islam (a.k.a. AL-GADDAFI, Saif al-Islam; a.k.a. AL- QADHAFI, Saif al-Islam; a.k.a. ELKADDAFI, Saif al-Islam; a.k.a. EL- QADDAFI, Seif al-Islam; a.k.a. GADDAFI, Saif al-Islam; a.k.a. GADHAFI, Saif al-Islam; a.k.a. GHADAFFI, Saif al-Islam; a.k.a. GHATHAFI, Saif al...

A resolution commending the 4 American public servants who died in Benghazi, Libya, including Ambassador J. Christopher Stevens, for their tireless efforts on behalf of the American people and condemning the violent attack on the United States consulate in Benghazi.

THOMAS, 112th Congress

Sen. Lugar, Richard G. [R-IN

2012-09-12

Senate - 09/12/2012 Submitted in the Senate, considered, and agreed to without amendment and with a preamble by Unanimous Consent. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status Agreed to in SenateHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Chad: World Oil Report 1991

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1991-08-01

This paper reports on Mango 1, which is an exploration well started in September 1990 on a block adjacent to Lake Chad by Esso, Chevron and Shell was suspended after the coup in that nation's capital later in the year. The small Sedigi oil field, discovered in the 70s, will be developed with a pipeline to a 3,000-bpd refinery. Improved relations with Libya and future internal stability may further open the door to exploration.

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Foreign Military Review, No. 11, November 1986

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-07-13

Tactical Fighter (pp 44-46) (V. Kuzmin)(not translated) FRG Air Force Third Technical School (pp 46-48) (L. KonstantinovKnot translated) NAVAL FORCES...administration presented a map of Libya marked with 44 objectives passed off as special schools in which terrorists from various regions of the world...to the DMA. The Army Cartographic School (Fort Belvoir, Virginia) trains specialists in preparing the topographic,air navigation and maritime charts

Post-Arab Spring Governments in North Africa: Identifying Focus Areas for Economic Advancement

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

Areas in which improvement is required to create positive change that are specific to the country being studied are thereby determined. The cases ...being studied are thereby determined. The cases of pre-Arab Spring Libya, Tunisia and Egypt were examined in an attempt to provide guidance and focus...to occur in countries wherein authoritarian regimes appear to have, in many cases , stifled economic advancement through corruption, power-hoarding

76 FR 20450 - Designation of Nine Individuals Pursuant to Executive Order 13566

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-12

...) [LIBYA2] 7. GADDAFI, Saif Al-Arab (a.k.a. AL-GADDAFI, Saif Al-Arab; a.k.a. AL- QADHAFI, Saif Al-Arab; a.k.a. ELKADDAFI, Saif Al-Arab; a.k.a. EL- QADDAFI, Saif Al-Arab; a.k.a. GADDAFI, Seif Al-Arab; a.k.a. GADHAFI, Saif Al-Arab; a.k.a. GHATHAFI, Saif Al-Arab; a.k.a. QADDAFI, Saif Al- Arab; a.k.a. QADHAFI, Saif...

View of Spacelab 2 pallet in the open payload bay

NASA Image and Video Library

1985-07-29

51F-33-005 (29 July - 6 August 1985) --- Experiments and the instrument pointing system (IPS) for Spacelab 2 are backdropped against the Libya/Tunisia Mediterranean coast and black space in this 70mm view photographed through the aft flight deck windows of the Space Shuttle Challenger. Also partially visible among the cluster of Spacelab 2 hardware are the solar optical universal polarimeter (SOUP) experiment and the coronal helium abundance experiment (CHASE).

Planning for Post-Regime Change Environments: The Introduction of a Post-Regime Environment Planning Partnership (PREPP)

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-26

makers. The third case study, on Nigeria , will provide an analysis of a peaceful transition of power. Finally, the structure for a proposed Post...15. SUBJECT TERMS Regime Change, National Security Council, Kosovo, Libya, Nigeria , transition of power, post-regime change planning. 16. SECURITY...conflation that exists between the planning element and politically appointed decision makers. The third case study, on Nigeria , will provide an analysis of

How Much Ocean Is Left Between Libya and Crete

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Makris, J.; Yegorova, T.

The intense deformation of the Hellenides is due to crustal shortening and the collision between the European and African Plates. This processes creates the Mediterranean accretionary wedge known as Mediterranean Ridge, which is composed of thick sedi- mentary sequences exceeding 10 km in thickness. The stage of this collision has been under dispute for many years. We performed wide aperture seismic soundings between Crete and Libya along 5 seismic lines. The results were used to constrain gravity mod- elling and develop density models in 2D and 3D between Libya and the Cretan Sea. We identified the limits of the European continental crust extending south of Crete for more than 100 km and building the backstop of the sediment accumulation . The African continental crust extends to the north for about 80 to 100 km, so that the remaining space floored by the oceanic Thethian basement is at its narrowest point not more than 100 to 120 km wide. By modelling in 3D the gravity field of the sedi- ments, crust and uppermost mantle we identified significant variations of the density distribution of the upper mantle. The young intensely deforming area of the Aegean domain is floored by low density upper mantle due to the mobilization of magma and the activation of the thermal regime. The subducted cold oceanic slab sinks below the Cretan crust in NE orientation and is decupled from the continental crust between central Crete and the southeastern edge of the Peloponnese. The deformation of the sediments controlled by the compressional processes have their maximum accumu- lation at the limits of the backstop. Here the transition of the deep trough to the flat and nearly undeformed sedimentary sequence is very abrupt and the transition oc- curs along vertical displacements of 6 to 8 km near vertical throw. Near the southern transition of the oceanic crust to the African continental domain obducted ophiolites extend over large areas explaining gravity highs and also observed intense magnetic anomalies. The computed gravity field fits the observed one in all its low frequency spectrum. We avoided modelling the high frequency part of the field since the seismic 1 information was not dense enough to justify the effort. 2

Molecular and epidemiological characterization of HIV-1 subtypes among Libyan patients.

PubMed

Daw, Mohamed A; El-Bouzedi, Abdallah; Ahmed, Mohamed O; Dau, Aghnyia A

2017-04-28

The epidemiological and clinical aspects of human immunodeficiency virus subtypes are of great interest worldwide. These subtypes are rarely studied in North African countries. Libya is a large country with the longest coast on the Mediterranean Sea, facing the Southern European countries. Studies on the characterization of HIV-1 subtypes are limited in Libya. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of the HIV problem among the Libyan population and to better understand the genetic diversity and the epidemiologic dynamics of HIV 1, as well as to correlate that with the risk factors involved. A total of 159 HIV-1 strains were collected from 814 HIV positive patients from the four Libyan regions during a 16-year period (1995-2010). To determine the HIV-1 subtypes, genetic analysis and molecular sequencing were carried out using provirus polygene. Epidemiologic and demographic information was obtained from each participant and correlated with HIV-1 subtypes using logistic regression. The overall prevalence of HIV among Libyans ranged from 5 to 10 per 100,000 during the study period. It was higher among intravenous drug users (IVDUs) (53.9%), blood recipients (25.9%) and heterosexuals (17.6%) than by vertical transmission (2.6%). Prevalence was higher among males aged 20-40 years (M:F 1:6, P > 0.001). Among the 159 strains of HIV-1 available for typing, 117 strains (73.6%) were subtype B, 29 (18.2%) were CRF02_AG, and 13 (8.2%) were subtype A. HIV-1 subtype B was the most prevalent all over the country, and it was more prevalent in the Northern region, particularly among IVDUs (P < 0.001). GRF02_AG was common in the Eastern region, particularly among blood recipients while subtype A emerged in the Western region, particularly among IVDUs. HIV-1 infection is emerging in Libya with a shifting prevalence of subtypes associated with the changing epidemiology of HIV-1 among risk groups. A genetic analysis of HIV-1 strains demonstrated low subtype heterogeneity with the evolution of subtype B, and CRF_20 AG, as well as HIV-1 subtype A. Our study highlights the importance of expanded surveillance programs to control HIV infection and the necessity of introducing public health strategies to target the risk groups, particularly IVDUs.

Starting Point: A Proposed Framework for Unconventional Warfare Planning

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

beginning in 2010 saw regime changes in numerous Middle Eastern countries such as; Egypt , Tunisia and Libya. In 2013, Thailand saw uprisings...Poland, 22. 114 Peggy Noonan, “We Want God ,” Wall Street Journal, April 7, 2005, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB122479408458463941. 115 Ibid... ancient and contemporary history of Poland this tomb has a special basis, a special reason for its existence. In how many places in our native land has

U.S. Leading from Behind in Libya? Thoughts for NATO before the Chicago Summit

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-25

degli anni 1990, la linea di base della tecnologia e business divenne inglese. Paesi come la Francia abbandonarono la loro resistenza e ha ceduto...bene." 20 I social media su internet e il progresso della tecnologia smart phone ha dato vita a un linguaggio comune delle informazioni 24/7. Un...appello rivolto su NATO Review del Vice Segretario generale aggiunto per gli armamenti, e coordinatore della tecnologia per l‘antiterrorismo

An Arab NATO in the Making Middle Eastern Military Cooperation Since 2011

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-01

with a focus on strategy and security. In addition to monitoring post -conflict devel- opments in Iraq, Lebanon, and Libya, she researches Arab...non-Arab states such as Iran, Turkey, or post -conflict Israel. Announced at the 2010 Sirte Summit, the League’s Arab Neighbor- hood Policy has failed...preceding de- cade. For example, Saudi Arabia had increased its air 14 force to 305 fighter jets—and currently has a de facto monopoly on Airborne

Turning Point: Operation Allied Force and the Allure of Air Power

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-13

naval bombardments that disfigure the history of Great Britain in the late eighteenth century. ― H.G. Wells, The War in the Air, 1908 Herbert ...over Libya. He found the right moment to end the campaign through the same medium that galvanized its beginnings. Spencer Ackerman of Wired...Hugh. Without Hesitation: The Odyssey of an American Warrior. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2010. Wells, Herbert George. The War in the Air. London

Understanding A Special Operations Role: Network Caretakers Of Knowledge-Based Communities Of Practice

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-12-01

people eagerly anticipated failed to materialize. Instead, the country fractured into a collection of well- organized Islamic militias armed with...is continuously updated in near real time. When applied to certain models, ICEWS can be a powerful predictive tool to “forecast select events of...project would be incomplete without you. It is possible that through your work, and the work of dedicated people like you, Libya will see better days

The Growing Complexity of Sino-Indian Ties

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

with a record of dealing with North Korea , Iran , and Libya, reflects China’s growing diplomatic confidence and underscores its view of Pakistan as a...issues. Dr. Pant’s most recent books include The US-India Nuclear Pact: Policy, Process and Great Power Politics (Oxford Univer- sity Press, 2011...membership at the United Nations (UN) but also opposed attempts to condemn the PRC for its actions in Korea . Yet, the issue of Tibet soon emerged as the

Force Health Protection: The Strategic Challenges of Protecting the ’Total Force’ in U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM)

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-03-14

illness lasting 1-2 weeks to a severely disabling disease lasting several months. 46 Hepatitis A vaccine is available and required for all military...suffering under the world’s heaviest disease burden , has a very low ratio of healthcare providers to the population, in addition the healthcare...Chickyungunya Egypt Malaria Crimean-Congo Fever Libya Dengue Fever Japanese Encephalitis Madeira Islands Leishmaniasis Rickettsioses Morocco Rabies Sand

Anzio to Libya: Strategic Direction in Coalition Warfare

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-22

and Nettuno—2,300 British, 7,862 Americans, a cross or star bearing their names. A list in marble contains the names of 3,094 Americans missing in...Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty. Article 5 specifies that an attack on one nation is considered an attack on all. The impact of the Greek debt...the Jordanians and Qataris provided airlift, the Italians, French, and Greeks hosted the air armada and Germany provided logistics and access to United

West Europe Report

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-04-08

in another religion, as the Scottish Ian Dallas. The life of Abdelkader reads like an adventure novel. First he recorded music for The Beatles , the...publication, such as the Indonesian dictator Suharto. He recently spent a month in Libya writing a work on Qadhdhafi, "a man who will go down in history ...decisive in the history of Spain throughout the past 150 years, has been in part the problem of "the military," that of a group of human beings

Initial Special Reports Submitted by Member States on the Action Taken by Them Upon the Recommendation Concerning the International Standardization of Library Statistics, Adopted by the General Conference During its Sixteenth Session. Item 21 of the Provisional Agenda.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France).

Reports, some only partial, from the member states regarding their action on the topic of international standards for library statistics are presented. The 22 countries represented in this report are: Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Cuba, Dahomey, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Libya, Nepal,…

The Alliance Decides the Mission? Multilateral Decision Making at the UN and NATO on Libya, 2010-2011

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

Bruce D. Jones, Shepard Forman, and Richard Gowan, 20-44, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010). 65 Steve Weber, “Shaping the Postwar Balance...because the United States provided strong counterbalancing leadership, it also enabled increased French- German cooperation, wherein French concerns of... German military power were somewhat mitigated by the U.S. promise of continued involvement.93 An investigation of a few key articles in the North

CTC Sentinel. Volume 5, Issue 9

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

security forces reportedly arrested 32 members of the group, which they said is intent upon sowing discord in the country and determined to discredit...on this hitlist came from a personal con - tact of the author who is based in Benghazi. 10 Kareem Fahim, “2 Die in Libya as Car Bombs Strike Capital...and totalistic ideas, the more it will be willing or determined to use exceptionally lethal tactics. Second, while the skinheads and KKK members are

NATO and the Challenges of Austerity

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

Navy’s participation in operations in Libya in 2011. The The Impact of Defense Cuts on Key NATO Allies 7 elimination of the Nimrod MRA.4 maritime... Nimrod MRA. Mk2. The CSR cuts included the entire fleet of Harrier GR.9 combat aircraft. The Harrier cut has joint implications because the RAF Har- riers...overlap of its replacement. The Boeing RC-135 “Rivet Joint” signals intelligence (SIGINT) aircraft will replace the two remaining Nimrod R.1 platforms