Application of Internal Standard Method for Several 3d-Transition Metallic Elements in Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using a Multi-wavelength High-resolution Spectrometer.

PubMed

Toya, Yusuke; Itagaki, Toshiko; Wagatsuma, Kazuaki

2017-01-01

We investigated a simultaneous internal standard method in flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), in order to better the analytical precision of 3d-transition metals contained in steel materials. For this purpose, a new spectrometer system for FAAS, comprising a bright xenon lamp as the primary radiation source and a high-resolution Echelle monochromator, was employed to measure several absorption lines at a wavelength width of ca. 0.3 nm at the same time, which enables the absorbances of an analytical line and also an internal standard line to be estimated. In considering several criteria for selecting an internal standard element and the absorption line, it could be suggested that platinum-group elements: ruthenium, rhodium, or palladium, were suitable for an internal standard element to determine the 3d-transition metal elements, such as titanium, iron, and nickel, by measuring an appropriate pair of these absorption lines simultaneously. Several variances of the absorption signal, such as a variation in aspirated amounts of sample solution and a short-period drift of the primary light source, would be corrected and thus reduced, when the absorbance ratio of the analytical line to the internal standard line was measured. In Ti-Pd, Ni-Rh, and Fe-Ru systems chosen as typical test samples, the repeatability of the signal respnses was investigated with/without the internal standard method, resulting in better precision when the internal standard method was applied in the FAAS with a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame rather than an air-acetylene flame.

OLED lighting devices having multi element light extraction and luminescence conversion layer

DOEpatents

Krummacher, Benjamin Claus; Antoniadis, Homer

2010-11-16

An apparatus such as a light source has a multi element light extraction and luminescence conversion layer disposed over a transparent layer of the light source and on the exterior of said light source. The multi-element light extraction and luminescence conversion layer includes a plurality of light extraction elements and a plurality of luminescence conversion elements. The light extraction elements diffuses the light from the light source while luminescence conversion elements absorbs a first spectrum of light from said light source and emits a second spectrum of light.

Device structure for OLED light device having multi element light extraction and luminescence conversion layer

DOEpatents

Antoniadis,; Homer, Krummacher [Mountain View, CA; Claus, Benjamin [Regensburg, DE

2008-01-22

An apparatus such as a light source has a multi-element light extraction and luminescence conversion layer disposed over a transparent layer of the light source and on the exterior of said light source. The multi-element light extraction and luminescence conversion layer includes a plurality of light extraction elements and a plurality of luminescence conversion elements. The light extraction elements diffuses the light from the light source while luminescence conversion elements absorbs a first spectrum of light from said light source and emits a second spectrum of light.

[Rare earth elements contents and distribution characteristics in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissue].

PubMed

Zhang, Xiangmin; Lan, Xiaolin; Zhang, Lingzhen; Xiao, Fufu; Zhong, Zhaoming; Ye, Guilin; Li, Zong; Li, Shaojin

2016-03-01

To investigate the rare earth elements(REEs) contents and distribution characteristics in nasopharyngeal carcinoma( NPC) tissue in Gannan region. Thirty patients of NPC in Gannan region were included in this study. The REEs contents were measured by tandem mass spectrometer inductively coupled plasma(ICP-MS/MS) in 30 patients, and the REEs contents and distribution were analyzed. The average standard deviation value of REEs in lung cancer and normal lung tissues was the minimum mostly. Light REEs content was higher than the medium REEs, and medium REEs content was higher than the heavy REEs content. REEs contents changes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma were variable obviously, the absolute value of Nd, Ce, Pr, Gd and other light rare earth elements were variable widely. The degree of changes on Yb, Tb, Ho and other heavy rare earth elements were variable widely, and there was presence of Eu, Ce negative anomaly(δEu=0. 385 5, δCe= 0. 523 4). The distribution characteristic of REEs contents in NPC patients is consistent with the parity distribution. With increasing atomic sequence, the content is decline wavy. Their distribution patterns were a lack of heavy REEs and enrichment of light REEs, and there was Eu , Ce negative anomaly.

A new spectrometer for total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis of light elements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Streli, Christina; Wobrauschek, Peter; Unfried, Ernst; Aiginger, Hannes

1993-10-01

A new spectrometer for total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis (TXRF) of light elements as C, N, O, F, Na,… has been designed, constructed and realized. This was done under the aspect of optimizing all relevant parameters for excitation and detection under the conditions of Total Reflection in a vacuum chamber. A commercially available Ge(HP) detector with a diamond window offering a high transparency for low energy radiation was used. As excitation sources a special self-made windowless X-ray tube with Cu-target as well as a standard fine-focus Cr-tube were applied. Detection limits achieved are in the ng range for Carbon and Oxygen.

BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS WITH A NON-MAXWELLIAN DISTRIBUTION

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bertulani, C. A.; Fuqua, J.; Hussein, M. S.

The abundances of light elements based on the big bang nucleosynthesis model are calculated using the Tsallis non-extensive statistics. The impact of the variation of the non-extensive parameter q from the unity value is compared to observations and to the abundance yields from the standard big bang model. We find large differences between the reaction rates and the abundance of light elements calculated with the extensive and the non-extensive statistics. We found that the observations are consistent with a non-extensive parameter q = 1{sub -} {sub 0.12}{sup +0.05}, indicating that a large deviation from the Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics (q = 1)more » is highly unlikely.« less

Emotion and interior space design: an ergonomic perspective.

PubMed

Reddy, Swathi Matta; Chakrabarti, Debkumar; Karmakar, Sougata

2012-01-01

Interaction between the users and their environment is spontaneous and unavoidable. This interaction can be positive or negative. A good interior space is about considering all the physical, environmental and cognitive elements and harmonizing them to make it a space that feels right, functionally and emotionally. The important element that has to be considered the most in an interior space is the "user". Balancing all these elements is a challenging job and results in a perfect interior space design. This paper intends to bring to light the necessity of designing an optimum interior space, which is a balance of the user's choice and the mandatory standards that ought to be followed for user safety and convenience. There has to be an intervening domain of ergonomics which will guide to bring out a balance between the personal choice of the user and the usual standards followed. It should also provide a step-by-step information, guidance and direction to act to the specifications and standards systematically to adapt an integrated approach of handling all the elements holistically which will indeed result in a good interior space.

Isotope reference materials

USGS Publications Warehouse

Coplen, Tyler B.

2010-01-01

Measurement of the same isotopically homogeneous sample by any laboratory worldwide should yield the same isotopic composition within analytical uncertainty. International distribution of light element isotopic reference materials by the International Atomic Energy Agency and the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology enable laboratories to achieve this goal.

Hybrid numerical method for solution of the radiative transfer equation in one, two, or three dimensions.

PubMed

Reinersman, Phillip N; Carder, Kendall L

2004-05-01

A hybrid method is presented by which Monte Carlo (MC) techniques are combined with an iterative relaxation algorithm to solve the radiative transfer equation in arbitrary one-, two-, or three-dimensional optical environments. The optical environments are first divided into contiguous subregions, or elements. MC techniques are employed to determine the optical response function of each type of element. The elements are combined, and relaxation techniques are used to determine simultaneously the radiance field on the boundary and throughout the interior of the modeled environment. One-dimensional results compare well with a standard radiative transfer model. The light field beneath and adjacent to a long barge is modeled in two dimensions and displayed. Ramifications for underwater video imaging are discussed. The hybrid model is currently capable of providing estimates of the underwater light field needed to expedite inspection of ship hulls and port facilities.

Extended Glauert tip correction to include vortex rollup effects

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maniaci, David; Schmitz, Sven

Wind turbine loads predictions by blade-element momentum theory using the standard tip-loss correction have been shown to over-predict loading near the blade tip in comparison to experimental data. This over-prediction is theorized to be due to the assumption of light rotor loading, inherent in the standard tip-loss correction model of Glauert. A higher- order free-wake method, WindDVE, is used to compute the rollup process of the trailing vortex sheets downstream of wind turbine blades. Results obtained serve an exact correction function to the Glauert tip correction used in blade-element momentum methods. Lastly, it is found that accounting for the effectsmore » of tip vortex rollup within the Glauert tip correction indeed results in improved prediction of blade tip loads computed by blade-element momentum methods.« less

Extended Glauert tip correction to include vortex rollup effects

DOE PAGES

Maniaci, David; Schmitz, Sven

2016-10-03

Wind turbine loads predictions by blade-element momentum theory using the standard tip-loss correction have been shown to over-predict loading near the blade tip in comparison to experimental data. This over-prediction is theorized to be due to the assumption of light rotor loading, inherent in the standard tip-loss correction model of Glauert. A higher- order free-wake method, WindDVE, is used to compute the rollup process of the trailing vortex sheets downstream of wind turbine blades. Results obtained serve an exact correction function to the Glauert tip correction used in blade-element momentum methods. Lastly, it is found that accounting for the effectsmore » of tip vortex rollup within the Glauert tip correction indeed results in improved prediction of blade tip loads computed by blade-element momentum methods.« less

Determination of low-Z elements in individual environmental particles using windowless EPMA.

PubMed

Ro, C U; Osán, J; Van Grieken, R

1999-04-15

The determination of low-Z elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in atmospheric aerosol particles is of interest in studying environmental pollution. Conventional electron probe microanalysis technique has a limitation for the determination of the low-Z elements, mainly because the Be window in an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) detector hinders the detection of characteristic X-rays from light elements. The feasibility of low-Z element determination in individual particles using a windowless EDX detector is investigated. To develop a method capable of identifying chemical species of individual particles, both the matrix and the geometric effects of particles have to be evaluated. X-rays of low-Z elements generated by an electron beam are so soft that important matrix effects, mostly due to X-ray absorption, exist even within particles in the micrometer size range. Also, the observed radiation, especially that of light elements, experiences different extents of absorption, depending on the shape and size of the particles. Monte Carlo calculation is applied to explain the variation of observed X-ray intensities according to the geometric and chemical compositional variation of individual particles, at different primary electron beam energies. A comparison is carried out between simulated and experimental data, collected for standard individual particles with chemical compositions as generally observed in marine and continental aerosols. Despite the many fundamental problematic analytical factors involved in the observation of X-rays from low-Z elements, the Monte Carlo calculation proves to be quite reliable to evaluate those matrix and geometric effects. Practical aspects of the Monte Carlo calculation for the determination of light elements in individual particles are also considered.

System for diffusing light from an optical fiber or light guide

DOEpatents

Maitland, Duncan J [Pleasant Hill, CA; Wilson, Thomas S [San Leandro, CA; Benett, William J [Livermore, CA; Small, IV, Ward [

2008-06-10

A system for diffusing light from an optical fiber wherein the optical fiber is coupled to a light source, comprising forming a polymer element adapted to be connected to the optical fiber and incorporating a scattering element with the polymer element wherein the scattering element diffuses the light from the polymer element. The apparatus of the present invention comprises a polymer element operatively connected to the optical fiber and a scattering element operatively connected with the shape polymer element that diffuses the light from the polymer element.

Legal Considerations in Clinical Decision Making.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ursu, Samuel C.

1992-01-01

Discussion of legal issues in dental clinical decision making looks at the nature and elements of applicable law, especially malpractice, locus of responsibility, and standards of care. Greater use of formal decision analysis in clinical dentistry and better research on diagnosis and treatment are recommended, particularly in light of increasing…

Two modulator generalized ellipsometer for complete mueller matrix measurement

DOEpatents

Jellison, Jr., Gerald E.; Modine, Frank A.

1999-01-01

A two-modulator generalized ellipsometer (2-MGE) comprising two polarizer-photoelastic modulator (PEM) pairs, an optical light source, an optical detection system, and associated data processing and control electronics, where the PEMs are free-running. The input light passes through the first polarizer-PEM pair, reflects off the sample surface or passes through the sample, passes through the second PEM-polarizer pair, and is detected. Each PEM is free running and operates at a different resonant frequency, e.g., 50 and 60 kHz. The resulting time-dependent waveform of the light intensity is a complicated function of time, and depends upon the exact operating frequency and phase of each PEM, the sample, and the azimuthal angles of the polarizer-PEM pairs, but can be resolved into a dc component and eight periodic components. In one embodiment, the waveform is analyzed using a new spectral analysis technique that is similar to Fourier analysis to determine eight sample Mueller matrix elements (normalized to the m.sub.00 Mueller matrix element). The other seven normalized elements of the general 4.times.4 Mueller matrix can be determined by changing the azimuthal angles of the PEM-polarizer pairs with respect to the plane of incidence. Since this instrument can measure all elements of the sample Mueller matrix, it is much more powerful than standard ellipsometers.

A study of methods to predict and measure the transmission of sound through the walls of light aircraft. Integration of certain singular boundary element integrals for applications in linear acoustics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zimmerle, D.; Bernhard, R. J.

1985-01-01

An alternative method for performing singular boundary element integrals for applications in linear acoustics is discussed. The method separates the integral of the characteristic solution into a singular and nonsingular part. The singular portion is integrated with a combination of analytic and numerical techniques while the nonsingular portion is integrated with standard Gaussian quadrature. The method may be generalized to many types of subparametric elements. The integrals over elements containing the root node are considered, and the characteristic solution for linear acoustic problems are examined. The method may be generalized to most characteristic solutions.

Research and Simulation in Support of Near Real Time/Real Time Reconnaissance RPV Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-06-01

Image 4,5.2 Raster Lines Across Image 4.5.3 Angle Projected by Displayed Image 4.6 Optical Defocusing SIMULATION CONSIDERATIONS PAGE 162 162 162...television and infrared, there are a finite number of resolution elements across the format. As a consequence, selection of a shorter optical focal...light that is scanned across and down the CRT to form a raster similar to that seen in a standard television tube. The light is optically projected

Scanned Image Projection System Employing Intermediate Image Plane

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

DeJong, Christian Dean (Inventor); Hudman, Joshua M. (Inventor)

2014-01-01

In imaging system, a spatial light modulator is configured to produce images by scanning a plurality light beams. A first optical element is configured to cause the plurality of light beams to converge along an optical path defined between the first optical element and the spatial light modulator. A second optical element is disposed between the spatial light modulator and a waveguide. The first optical element and the spatial light modulator are arranged such that an image plane is created between the spatial light modulator and the second optical element. The second optical element is configured to collect the diverging light from the image plane and collimate it. The second optical element then delivers the collimated light to a pupil at an input of the waveguide.

The finite element model for the propagation of light in scattering media: a direct method for domains with nonscattering regions.

PubMed

Arridge, S R; Dehghani, H; Schweiger, M; Okada, E

2000-01-01

We present a method for handling nonscattering regions within diffusing domains. The method develops from an iterative radiosity-diffusion approach using Green's functions that was computationally slow. Here we present an improved implementation using a finite element method (FEM) that is direct. The fundamental idea is to introduce extra equations into the standard diffusion FEM to represent nondiffusive light propagation across a nonscattering region. By appropriate mesh node ordering the computational time is not much greater than for diffusion alone. We compare results from this method with those from a discrete ordinate transport code, and with Monte Carlo calculations. The agreement is very good, and, in addition, our scheme allows us to easily model time-dependent and frequency domain problems.

Determining radiated sound power of building structures by means of laser Doppler vibrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roozen, N. B.; Labelle, L.; Rychtáriková, M.; Glorieux, C.

2015-06-01

This paper introduces a methodology that makes use of laser Doppler vibrometry to assess the acoustic insulation performance of a building element. The sound power radiated by the surface of the element is numerically determined from the vibrational pattern, offering an alternative for classical microphone measurements. Compared to the latter the proposed analysis is not sensitive to room acoustical effects. This allows the proposed methodology to be used at low frequencies, where the standardized microphone based approach suffers from a high uncertainty due to a low acoustic modal density. Standardized measurements as well as laser Doppler vibrometry measurements and computations have been performed on two test panels, a light-weight wall and a gypsum block wall and are compared and discussed in this paper. The proposed methodology offers an adequate solution for the assessment of the acoustic insulation of building elements at low frequencies. This is crucial in the framework of recent proposals of acoustic standards for measurement approaches and single number sound insulation performance ratings to take into account frequencies down to 50 Hz.

Prism-type holographic optical element design and verification for the blue-light small-form-factor optical pickup head.

PubMed

Shih, Hsi-Fu; Chiu, Yi; Cheng, Stone; Lee, Yuan-Chin; Lu, Chun-Shin; Chen, Yung-Chih; Chiou, Jin-Chern

2012-08-20

This paper presents the prism-type holographic optical element (PT-HOE) design for a small-form-factor (SFF) optical pickup head (OPH). The surface of the PT-HOE was simulated by three steps of optimization and generated by binary optics. Its grating pattern was fabricated on the inclined plane of a microprism by using the standard photolithography and specific dicing procedures. The optical characteristics of the device were verified. Based on the virtual image method, the SFF-OPH with the device was assembled and realized.

$$B^0_{(s)}$$-mixing matrix elements from lattice QCD for the Standard Model and beyond

DOE PAGES

Bazavov, A.; Bernard, C.; Bouchard, C. M.; ...

2016-06-28

We calculate—for the first time in three-flavor lattice QCD—the hadronic matrix elements of all five local operators that contribute to neutral B 0- and B s-meson mixing in and beyond the Standard Model. We present a complete error budget for each matrix element and also provide the full set of correlations among the matrix elements. We also present the corresponding bag parameters and their correlations, as well as specific combinations of the mixing matrix elements that enter the expression for the neutral B-meson width difference. We obtain the most precise determination to date of the SU(3)-breaking ratio ξ=1.206(18)(6), where themore » second error stems from the omission of charm-sea quarks, while the first encompasses all other uncertainties. The threefold reduction in total uncertainty, relative to the 2013 Flavor Lattice Averaging Group results, tightens the constraint from B mixing on the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) unitarity triangle. Our calculation employs gauge-field ensembles generated by the MILC Collaboration with four lattice spacings and pion masses close to the physical value. We use the asqtad-improved staggered action for the light-valence quarks and the Fermilab method for the bottom quark. We use heavy-light meson chiral perturbation theory modified to include lattice-spacing effects to extrapolate the five matrix elements to the physical point. We combine our results with experimental measurements of the neutral B-meson oscillation frequencies to determine the CKM matrix elements |V td| = 8.00(34)(8)×10 -3, |V ts| = 39.0(1.2)(0.4)×10 -3, and |V td/V ts| = 0.2052(31)(10), which differ from CKM-unitarity expectations by about 2σ. In addition, these results and others from flavor-changing-neutral currents point towards an emerging tension between weak processes that are mediated at the loop and tree levels.« less

Design of optical element combining Fresnel lens with microlens array for uniform light-emitting diode lighting.

PubMed

Wang, Guangzhen; Wang, Lili; Li, Fuli; Kong, Depeng

2012-09-01

One kind of optical element combining Fresnel lens with microlens array is designed simply for LED lighting based on geometrical optics and nonimaging optics. This design method imposes no restriction on the source intensity pattern. The designed element has compact construction and can produce multiple shapes of illumination distribution. Taking square lighting as an example, tolerance analysis is carried out to determine tolerance limits for applying the element in the assembly process. This element can produce on-axis lighting and off-axis lighting.

Modeling Ponderomotive Squeezed Light in Gravitational-Wave Laser Interferometers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beckey, Jacob; Miao, Haixing; Töyrä, Daniel; Brown, Daniel; Freise, Andreas

2018-01-01

Earth-based gravitational wave detectors are plagued by many sources of noise. The sensitivity of these detectors is ultimately limited by Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle once all other noise sources (thermal, seismic, etc.) are mitigated. When varying laser power, the standard quantum limit of laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors is a trade-off between photon shot noise (due to statistical arrival times of photons) and radiation pressure noise. This project demonstrates a method of using squeezed states of light to lower noise levels below the standard quantum limit at certain frequencies. The squeezed state can be generated by either using nonlinear optics or the ponderomotive squeezer. The latter is the focus of this project. Ponderomotive squeezing occurs due to amplitude fluctuations in the laser being converted into phase fluctuations upon reflecting off of the interferometer’s end test masses. This correlated noise allows the standard quantum limit to be surpassed at certain frequencies. The ponderomotive generation of squeezed states is modeled using FINESSE, an open source interferometer modelling software. The project resulted in a stand-alone element to be implemented in the FINESSE code base that will allow users to model ponderomotive squeezing in their optical setups. Upcoming work will explore the effects of higher order modes of light and more realistic mirror surfaces on the ponderomotive squeezing of light.

A Metalens with a Near-Unity Numerical Aperture.

PubMed

Paniagua-Domínguez, Ramón; Yu, Ye Feng; Khaidarov, Egor; Choi, Sumin; Leong, Victor; Bakker, Reuben M; Liang, Xinan; Fu, Yuan Hsing; Valuckas, Vytautas; Krivitsky, Leonid A; Kuznetsov, Arseniy I

2018-03-14

The numerical aperture (NA) of a lens determines its ability to focus light and its resolving capability. Having a large NA is a very desirable quality for applications requiring small light-matter interaction volumes or large angular collections. Traditionally, a large NA lens based on light refraction requires precision bulk optics that ends up being expensive and is thus also a specialty item. In contrast, metasurfaces allow the lens designer to circumvent those issues producing high-NA lenses in an ultraflat fashion. However, so far, these have been limited to numerical apertures on the same order of magnitude as traditional optical components, with experimentally reported NA values of <0.9. Here we demonstrate, both numerically and experimentally, a new approach that results in a diffraction-limited flat lens with a near-unity numerical aperture (NA > 0.99) and subwavelength thickness (∼λ/3), operating with unpolarized light at 715 nm. To demonstrate its imaging capability, the designed lens is applied in a confocal configuration to map color centers in subdiffractive diamond nanocrystals. This work, based on diffractive elements that can efficiently bend light at angles as large as 82°, represents a step beyond traditional optical elements and existing flat optics, circumventing the efficiency drop associated with the standard, phase mapping approach.

A Metalens with a Near-Unity Numerical Aperture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paniagua-Domínguez, Ramón; Yu, Ye Feng; Khaidarov, Egor; Choi, Sumin; Leong, Victor; Bakker, Reuben M.; Liang, Xinan; Fu, Yuan Hsing; Valuckas, Vytautas; Krivitsky, Leonid A.; Kuznetsov, Arseniy I.

2018-03-01

The numerical aperture (NA) of a lens determines its ability to focus light and its resolving capability. Having a large NA is a very desirable quality for applications requiring small light-matter interaction volumes or large angular collections. Traditionally, a large NA lens based on light refraction requires precision bulk optics that ends up being expensive and is thus also a specialty item. In contrast, metasurfaces allow the lens designer to circumvent those issues producing high NA lenses in an ultra-flat fashion. However, so far, these have been limited to numerical apertures on the same order of traditional optical components, with experimentally reported values of NA <0.9. Here we demonstrate, both numerically and experimentally, a new approach that results in a diffraction limited flat lens with a near-unity numerical aperture (NA>0.99) and sub-wavelength thickness (~{\\lambda}/3), operating with unpolarized light at 715 nm. To demonstrate its imaging capability, the designed lens is applied in a confocal configuration to map color centers in sub-diffractive diamond nanocrystals. This work, based on diffractive elements able to efficiently bend light at angles as large as 82{\\deg}, represents a step beyond traditional optical elements and existing flat optics, circumventing the efficiency drop associated to the standard, phase mapping approach.

Organic solution-processible electroluminescent molecular glasses for non-doped standard red OLEDs with electrically stable chromaticity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bi, Xiaoman; Zuo, Weiwei; Liu, Yingliang, E-mail: liuylxn@sohu.com

Highlights: • The D–A–D electroluminescent molecular glasses are synthesized. • Non-doped red electroluminescent film is fabricated by spin-coating. • Red OLED shows stable wavelength, luminous efficiency and chromaticity. • CIE1931 coordinate is in accord with standard red light in PAL system. - Abstract: Organic light-emitting molecular glasses (OEMGs) are synthesized through the introduction of nonplanar donor and branched aliphatic chain into electroluminescent emitters. The target OEMGs are characterized by {sup 1}H NMR, {sup 13}C NMR, IR, UV–vis and fluorescent spectra as well as elemental analysis, TG and DSC. The results indicated that the optical, electrochemical and electroluminescent properties of OEMGsmore » are adjusted successfully by the replacement of electron-donating group. The non-doped OLED device with a standard red electroluminescent emission is achieved by spin-coating the THF solution of OEMG with a triphenylamine moiety. This non-doped red OLED device takes on an electrically stable electroluminescent performance, including the stable maximum electroluminescent wavelength of 640 nm, the stable luminous efficiency of 2.4 cd/A and the stable CIE1931 coordinate of (x, y) = (0.64, 0.35), which is basically in accord with the CIE1931 coordinate (x, y) = (0.64, 0.33) of standard red light in PAL system.« less

The cognitive dismantling of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

PubMed

Cusack, K; Spates, C R

1999-01-01

Twenty-seven subjects were exposed to standard Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment or a similar treatment without the explicit cognitive elements found in EMDR. Standardized psychometric assessments were administered (Structured Interview for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Impact of Event Scale, Revised Symptom Checklist-90) by independent assessors at pretest, posttest and two separate follow-up periods. Potential subjects met specific inclusion/exclusion criteria. Subjective measures including Subjective Units of Disturbance and Validity of Cognition assessments were also conducted. A two-factor repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that both treatments produced significant symptom reductions and were comparable on all dependent measures across assessment phases. The present findings are discussed in light of previous dismantling research that converges to suggest that several elements in the EMDR protocol may be superfluous in terms of the contribution to treatment outcome. These same elements have nevertheless entered unparsimoniously into consideration as possible explanatory variables.

Refining the chemical composition of the inner core with multicomponent alloys: from first-principles to thermodynamics and seismology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Caracas, R.; Asimow, P. D.; Wolf, A. S.; Harvey, J. P.; Martin, A.; Torrent, M.

2015-12-01

We compute the solubility limits of Si in the hexagonal-close packed (hcp) phase of iron using standard thermodynamical treatment of solid solutions with data obtained from first-principles calculations. For this, we consider the system with end-members hcp Fe and the B2 phase of FeSi. Si and Fe enter both structures in substitution of one another. The system is characterized by an immiscibility gap, which according to our results widens with pressure. At core conditions about 5 wt.% Si can be dissolved into the hcp phase of Fe. Comparatively there is much more Fe that can enter the FeSi B2 phase. In a second step we start with the hcp Fe-Si alloys and add the most probable light elements found in the core: H, C, O, and S. The light elements can enter the hcp structure either as interstitial impurities, in case of H, C, O, or in substitution of Fe, in case of S. We consider several insertion patterns with the light elements both adjacent and far apart. For each of these new phases we compute the elastic constants tensors and the seismic properties. Based on our theoretical results and the comparisons with PREM we discuss in detail the possible composition of the Earth's inner core, we rule out certain light elements, like H, and we show that the distribution pattern is not important. This is also the first time the elastic constants tensor is computed from lattice dynamics using the response function in the Planar Augmented Wavefunction approach of the Density Functional Theory [1]. [1] A. Martin, M. Torrent, R. Caracas, submitted (2015); A. Martin, PhD thesis (2015).

Determination of rare earth elements concentration at different depth profile of Precambrian pegmatites using instrumental neutron activation analysis.

PubMed

Sadiq Aliyu, Abubakar; Musa, Yahaya; Liman, M S; Abba, Habu T; Chaanda, Mohammed S; Ngene, Nnamani C; Garba, N N

2018-01-01

The Keffi area hosts abundant pegmatite bodies as a result of the surrounding granitic intrusions. Keffi is part of areas that are geologically classified as North Central Basement Complex. Data on the mineralogy and mineralogical zonation of the Keffi pegmatite are scanty. Hence the need to understand the geology and mineralogical zonation of Keffi pegmatites especially at different depth profiles is relevant as a study of the elemental composition of the pegmatite is essential for the estimation of its economic viability. Here, the relative standardization method of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) has been used to investigate the vertical deviations of the elemental concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) at different depth profile of Keffi pegmatite. This study adopted the following metrics in investigating the vertical variations of REEs concentrations. Namely, the total contents of rare earth elements (∑REE); ratio of light to heavy rare earth elements (LREE/HREE), which defines the enrichment or depletion of REEs; europium anomaly (Eu/Sm); La/Lu ratio relative to chondritic meteorites. The study showed no significant variations in the total content of rare elements between the vertical depth profiles (100-250m). However, higher total concentrations of REEs (~ 92.65ppm) were recorded at the upper depth of the pegmatite and the europium anomaly was consistently negative at all the depth profiles suggesting that the Keffi pegmatite is enriched with light REEs. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Modeling boundary measurements of scattered light using the corrected diffusion approximation

PubMed Central

Lehtikangas, Ossi; Tarvainen, Tanja; Kim, Arnold D.

2012-01-01

We study the modeling and simulation of steady-state measurements of light scattered by a turbid medium taken at the boundary. In particular, we implement the recently introduced corrected diffusion approximation in two spatial dimensions to model these boundary measurements. This implementation uses expansions in plane wave solutions to compute boundary conditions and the additive boundary layer correction, and a finite element method to solve the diffusion equation. We show that this corrected diffusion approximation models boundary measurements substantially better than the standard diffusion approximation in comparison to numerical solutions of the radiative transport equation. PMID:22435102

Rapid and highly reproducible analysis of rare earth elements by multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baker, Joel; Waight, Tod; Ulfbeck, David

2002-10-01

A method has been developed for the rapid chemical separation and highly reproducible analysis of the rare earth elements (REE) by isotope dilution analysis by means of a multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS). This technique is superior in terms of the analytical reproducibility or rapidity of analysis compared with quadrupole ICP-MS or with thermal ionization mass spectrometric isotope dilution techniques. Samples are digested by standard hydrofluoric-nitric acid-based techniques and spiked with two mixed spikes. The bulk REE are separated from the sample on a cation exchange column, collecting the middle-heavy and light REE as two groups, which provides a middle-heavy REE cut with sufficient separation of the light from the heavier REE to render oxide interferences trivial, and a Ba-free light REE cut. The heavy (Er-Lu), middle (Eu-Gd), and light REE (La-Eu) concentrations are determined by three short (1 to 2 min) analyses with a CETAC Aridus desolvating nebulizer introduction system. Replicate digestions of international rock standards demonstrate that concentrations can be reproduced to <1%, which reflects weighing errors during digestion and aliquotting as inter-REE ratios reproduce to ≤0.2% (2 SD). Eu and Ce anomalies reproduce to <0.15%. In addition to determining the concentrations of polyisotopic REE by isotope dilution analysis, the concentration of monoisotopic Pr can be measured during the light REE isotope dilution run, by reference to Pr/Ce and Pr/Nd ratios measured in a REE standard solution. Pr concentrations determined in this way reproduce to <1%, and Pr/REE ratios reproduce to <0.4%. Ce anomalies calculated with La and Pr also reproduce to <0.15% (2 SD). The precise Ce (and Eu) anomaly measurements should allow greater use of these features in studying the recycling of materials with these anomalies into the mantle, or redox-induced effects on the REE during recycling and dehydration of oceanic lithosphere, partial melting, metamorphism, alteration, or sedimentation processes. Moreover, this technique consumes very small amounts (subnanograms) of the REE and will allow precise REE determinations to be made on much smaller samples than hitherto possible.

Search for sterile neutrino mixing using three years of IceCube DeepCore data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aartsen, M. G.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J.; Aguilar, J. A.; Ahlers, M.; Ahrens, M.; Al Samarai, I.; Altmann, D.; Andeen, K.; Anderson, T.; Ansseau, I.; Anton, G.; Archinger, M.; Argüelles, C.; Auffenberg, J.; Axani, S.; Bai, X.; Barwick, S. W.; Baum, V.; Bay, R.; Beatty, J. J.; Becker Tjus, J.; Becker, K.-H.; BenZvi, S.; Berley, D.; Bernardini, E.; Besson, D. Z.; Binder, G.; Bindig, D.; Blaufuss, E.; Blot, S.; Bohm, C.; Börner, M.; Bos, F.; Bose, D.; Böser, S.; Botner, O.; Braun, J.; Brayeur, L.; Bretz, H.-P.; Bron, S.; Burgman, A.; Carver, T.; Casier, M.; Cheung, E.; Chirkin, D.; Christov, A.; Clark, K.; Classen, L.; Coenders, S.; Collin, G. H.; Conrad, J. M.; Cowen, D. F.; Cross, R.; Day, M.; de André, J. P. A. M.; De Clercq, C.; del Pino Rosendo, E.; Dembinski, H.; De Ridder, S.; Desiati, P.; de Vries, K. D.; de Wasseige, G.; de With, M.; DeYoung, T.; Díaz-Vélez, J. C.; di Lorenzo, V.; Dujmovic, H.; Dumm, J. P.; Dunkman, M.; Eberhardt, B.; Ehrhardt, T.; Eichmann, B.; Eller, P.; Euler, S.; Evenson, P. A.; Fahey, S.; Fazely, A. R.; Feintzeig, J.; Felde, J.; Filimonov, K.; Finley, C.; Flis, S.; Fösig, C.-C.; Franckowiak, A.; Friedman, E.; Fuchs, T.; Gaisser, T. K.; Gallagher, J.; Gerhardt, L.; Ghorbani, K.; Giang, W.; Gladstone, L.; Glauch, T.; Glüsenkamp, T.; Goldschmidt, A.; Gonzalez, J. G.; Grant, D.; Griffith, Z.; Haack, C.; Hallgren, A.; Halzen, F.; Hansen, E.; Hansmann, T.; Hanson, K.; Hebecker, D.; Heereman, D.; Helbing, K.; Hellauer, R.; Hickford, S.; Hignight, J.; Hill, G. C.; Hoffman, K. D.; Hoffmann, R.; Hoshina, K.; Huang, F.; Huber, M.; Hultqvist, K.; In, S.; Ishihara, A.; Jacobi, E.; Japaridze, G. S.; Jeong, M.; Jero, K.; Jones, B. J. P.; Kang, W.; Kappes, A.; Karg, T.; Karle, A.; Katz, U.; Kauer, M.; Keivani, A.; Kelley, J. L.; Kheirandish, A.; Kim, J.; Kim, M.; Kintscher, T.; Kiryluk, J.; Kittler, T.; Klein, S. R.; Kohnen, G.; Koirala, R.; Kolanoski, H.; Konietz, R.; Köpke, L.; Kopper, C.; Kopper, S.; Koskinen, D. J.; Kowalski, M.; Krings, K.; Kroll, M.; Krückl, G.; Krüger, C.; Kunnen, J.; Kunwar, S.; Kurahashi, N.; Kuwabara, T.; Kyriacou, A.; Labare, M.; Lanfranchi, J. L.; Larson, M. J.; Lauber, F.; Lennarz, D.; Lesiak-Bzdak, M.; Leuermann, M.; Lu, L.; Lünemann, J.; Madsen, J.; Maggi, G.; Mahn, K. B. M.; Mancina, S.; Mandelartz, M.; Maruyama, R.; Mase, K.; Maunu, R.; McNally, F.; Meagher, K.; Medici, M.; Meier, M.; Menne, T.; Merino, G.; Meures, T.; Miarecki, S.; Micallef, J.; Momenté, G.; Montaruli, T.; Moulai, M.; Nahnhauer, R.; Naumann, U.; Neer, G.; Niederhausen, H.; Nowicki, S. C.; Nygren, D. R.; Obertacke Pollmann, A.; Olivas, A.; O'Murchadha, A.; Palczewski, T.; Pandya, H.; Pankova, D. V.; Peiffer, P.; Penek, Ö.; Pepper, J. A.; Pérez de los Heros, C.; Pieloth, D.; Pinat, E.; Price, P. B.; Przybylski, G. T.; Quinnan, M.; Raab, C.; Rädel, L.; Rameez, M.; Rawlins, K.; Reimann, R.; Relethford, B.; Relich, M.; Resconi, E.; Rhode, W.; Richman, M.; Riedel, B.; Robertson, S.; Rongen, M.; Rott, C.; Ruhe, T.; Ryckbosch, D.; Rysewyk, D.; Sabbatini, L.; Sanchez Herrera, S. E.; Sandrock, A.; Sandroos, J.; Sarkar, S.; Satalecka, K.; Schlunder, P.; Schmidt, T.; Schoenen, S.; Schöneberg, S.; Schumacher, L.; Seckel, D.; Seunarine, S.; Soldin, D.; Song, M.; Spiczak, G. M.; Spiering, C.; Stachurska, J.; Stanev, T.; Stasik, A.; Stettner, J.; Steuer, A.; Stezelberger, T.; Stokstad, R. G.; Stößl, A.; Ström, R.; Strotjohann, N. L.; Sullivan, G. W.; Sutherland, M.; Taavola, H.; Taboada, I.; Tatar, J.; Tenholt, F.; Ter-Antonyan, S.; Terliuk, A.; Tešić, G.; Tilav, S.; Toale, P. A.; Tobin, M. N.; Toscano, S.; Tosi, D.; Tselengidou, M.; Tung, C. F.; Turcati, A.; Unger, E.; Usner, M.; Vandenbroucke, J.; van Eijndhoven, N.; Vanheule, S.; van Rossem, M.; van Santen, J.; Vehring, M.; Voge, M.; Vogel, E.; Vraeghe, M.; Walck, C.; Wallace, A.; Wallraff, M.; Wandkowsky, N.; Waza, A.; Weaver, Ch.; Weiss, M. J.; Wendt, C.; Westerhoff, S.; Whelan, B. J.; Wickmann, S.; Wiebe, K.; Wiebusch, C. H.; Wille, L.; Williams, D. R.; Wills, L.; Wolf, M.; Wood, T. R.; Woolsey, E.; Woschnagg, K.; Xu, D. L.; Xu, X. W.; Xu, Y.; Yanez, J. P.; Yodh, G.; Yoshida, S.; Zoll, M.; IceCube Collaboration

2017-06-01

We present a search for a light sterile neutrino using three years of atmospheric neutrino data from the DeepCore detector in the energy range of approximately 10-60 GeV. DeepCore is the low-energy subarray of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. The standard three-neutrino paradigm can be probed by adding an additional light (Δ m412˜1 eV2 ) sterile neutrino. Sterile neutrinos do not interact through the standard weak interaction and, therefore, cannot be directly detected. However, their mixing with the three active neutrino states leaves an imprint on the standard atmospheric neutrino oscillations for energies below 100 GeV. A search for such mixing via muon neutrino disappearance is presented here. The data are found to be consistent with the standard three-neutrino hypothesis. Therefore, we derive limits on the mixing matrix elements at the level of |Uμ 4|2<0.11 and |Uτ 4|2<0.15 (90% C.L.) for the sterile neutrino mass splitting Δ m412=1.0 eV2 .

Comparison of two confocal micro-XRF spectrometers with different design aspects

PubMed Central

Smolek, S; Nakazawa, T; Tabe, A; Nakano, K; Tsuji, K; Streli, C; Wobrauschek, P

2014-01-01

Two different confocal micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometers have been developed and installed at Osaka City University and the Vienna University of Technology Atominstitut. The Osaka City University system is a high resolution spectrometer operating in air. The Vienna University of Technology Atominstitut spectrometer has a lower spatial resolution but is optimized for light element detection and operates under vacuum condition. The performance of both spectrometers was compared. In order to characterize the spatial resolution, a set of nine specially prepared single element thin film reference samples (500 nm in thickness, Al, Ti, Cr, Fe Ni, Cu, Zr, Mo, and Au) was used. Lower limits of detection were determined using the National Institute of Standards and Technology standard reference material glass standard 1412. A paint layer sample (cultural heritage application) and paint on automotive steel samples were analyzed with both instruments. The depth profile information was acquired by scanning the sample perpendicular to the surface. © 2013 The Authors. X-Ray Spectrometry published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. PMID:26430286

Comparison of two confocal micro-XRF spectrometers with different design aspects.

PubMed

Smolek, S; Nakazawa, T; Tabe, A; Nakano, K; Tsuji, K; Streli, C; Wobrauschek, P

2014-03-01

Two different confocal micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometers have been developed and installed at Osaka City University and the Vienna University of Technology Atominstitut. The Osaka City University system is a high resolution spectrometer operating in air. The Vienna University of Technology Atominstitut spectrometer has a lower spatial resolution but is optimized for light element detection and operates under vacuum condition. The performance of both spectrometers was compared. In order to characterize the spatial resolution, a set of nine specially prepared single element thin film reference samples (500 nm in thickness, Al, Ti, Cr, Fe Ni, Cu, Zr, Mo, and Au) was used. Lower limits of detection were determined using the National Institute of Standards and Technology standard reference material glass standard 1412. A paint layer sample (cultural heritage application) and paint on automotive steel samples were analyzed with both instruments. The depth profile information was acquired by scanning the sample perpendicular to the surface. © 2013 The Authors. X-Ray Spectrometry published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Probing neutrino physics with a self-consistent treatment of the weak decoupling, nucleosynthesis, and photon decoupling epochs

DOE PAGES

Grohs, E.; Fuller, George M.; Kishimoto, Chad T.; ...

2015-05-11

In this study, we show that a self-consistent and coupled treatment of the weak decoupling, big bang nucleosynthesis, and photon decoupling epochs can be used to provide new insights and constraints on neutrino sector physics from high-precision measurements of light element abundances and Cosmic Microwave Background observables. Implications of beyond-standard-model physics in cosmology, especially within the neutrino sector, are assessed by comparing predictions against five observables: the baryon energy density, helium abundance, deuterium abundance, effective number of neutrinos, and sum of the light neutrino mass eigenstates. We give examples for constraints on dark radiation, neutrino rest mass, lepton numbers, andmore » scenarios for light and heavy sterile neutrinos.« less

Hybrid chip-on-board LED module with patterned encapsulation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Soer, Wouter Anthon; Helbing, Rene; Huang, Guan

Different wavelength conversion materials, or different concentrations of a wavelength conversion material are used to encapsulate the light emitting elements of different colors of a hybrid light emitting module. In an embodiment of this invention, second light emitting elements (170) of a particular color are encapsulated with a transparent second encapsulant (120;420;520), while first light emitting elements (160) of a different color are encapsulated with a wavelength conversion first encapsulant (110;410;510). In another embodiment of this invention, a particular second set of second and third light emitting elements (170,580) of different colors is encapsulated with a different encapsulant than anothermore » first set of first light emitting elements (160).« less

Relevancies of multiple-interaction events and signal-to-noise ratio for Anger-logic based PET detector designs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peng, Hao

2015-10-01

A fundamental challenge for PET block detector designs is to deploy finer crystal elements while limiting the number of readout channels. The standard Anger-logic scheme including light sharing (an 8 by 8 crystal array coupled to a 2×2 photodetector array with an optical diffuser, multiplexing ratio: 16:1) has been widely used to address such a challenge. Our work proposes a generalized model to study the impacts of two critical parameters on spatial resolution performance of a PET block detector: multiple interaction events and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The study consists of the following three parts: (1) studying light output profile and multiple interactions of 511 keV photons within crystal arrays of different crystal widths (from 4 mm down to 1 mm, constant height: 20 mm); (2) applying the Anger-logic positioning algorithm to investigate positioning/decoding uncertainties (i.e., "block effect") in terms of peak-to-valley ratio (PVR), with light sharing, multiple interactions and photodetector SNR taken into account; and (3) studying the dependency of spatial resolution on SNR in the context of modulation transfer function (MTF). The proposed model can be used to guide the development and evaluation of a standard Anger-logic based PET block detector including: (1) selecting/optimizing the configuration of crystal elements for a given photodetector SNR; and (2) predicting to what extent additional electronic multiplexing may be implemented to further reduce the number of readout channels.

A New Standard Pulsar Magnetosphere

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Contopoulos, Ioannis; Kalapotharakos, Constantinos; Kazanas, Demosthenes

2014-01-01

In view of recent efforts to probe the physical conditions in the pulsar current sheet, we revisit the standard solution that describes the main elements of the ideal force-free pulsar magnetosphere. The simple physical requirement that the electric current contained in the current layer consists of the local electric charge moving outward at close to the speed of light yields a new solution for the pulsar magnetosphere everywhere that is ideal force-free except in the current layer. The main elements of the new solution are as follows: (1) the pulsar spindown rate of the aligned rotator is 23% larger than that of the orthogonal vacuum rotator; (2) only 60% of the magnetic flux that crosses the light cylinder opens up to infinity; (3) the electric current closes along the other 40%, which gradually converges to the equator; (4) this transfers 40% of the total pulsar spindown energy flux in the equatorial current sheet, which is then dissipated in the acceleration of particles and in high-energy electromagnetic radiation; and (5) there is no separatrix current layer. Our solution is a minimum free-parameter solution in that the equatorial current layer is electrostatically supported against collapse and thus does not require a thermal particle population. In this respect, it is one more step toward the development of a new standard solution. We discuss the implications for intermittent pulsars and long-duration gamma-ray bursts. We conclude that the physical conditions in the equatorial current layer determine the global structure of the pulsar magnetosphere.

New Methods for B Decay Constants and Form Factors from Lattice NRQCD

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Davies, Christine; Hughes, Ciaran; Monahan, Christopher

We determine the normalisation of scalar and pseudo scalar current operators made from NonRelativistic QCD (NRQCD) b quarks and Highly Improved Staggered (HISQ) light quarks through O(αs∧QCD/mb). We use matrix elements of these operators to extract B meson decay constants and form factors and compare to those obtained using the standard vector and axial vector operators. We work on MILC second-generation 2+1+1 gluon field configurations, including those with physical light quarks in the sea. This provides a test of systematic uncertainties in these calculations and we find agreement between the results to the 2% level of uncertainty previously quoted.

New methods for B decay constants and form factors from Lattice NRQCD

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davies, Christine; Hughes, Ciaran; Monahan, Christopher

2018-03-01

We determine the normalisation of scalar and pseudo scalar current operators made from NonRelativistic QCD (NRQCD) b quarks and Highly Improved Staggered (HISQ) light quarks through O(αs∧QCD/mb). We use matrix elements of these operators to extract B meson decay constants and form factors and compare to those obtained using the standard vector and axial vector operators. We work on MILC second-generation 2+1+1 gluon field configurations, including those with physical light quarks in the sea. This provides a test of systematic uncertainties in these calculations and we find agreement between the results to the 2% level of uncertainty previously quoted.

A nonperturbative light-front coupled-cluster method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hiller, J. R.

2012-10-01

The nonperturbative Hamiltonian eigenvalue problem for bound states of a quantum field theory is formulated in terms of Dirac's light-front coordinates and then approximated by the exponential-operator technique of the many-body coupled-cluster method. This approximation eliminates any need for the usual approximation of Fock-space truncation. Instead, the exponentiated operator is truncated, and the terms retained are determined by a set of nonlinear integral equations. These equations are solved simultaneously with an effective eigenvalue problem in the valence sector, where the number of constituents is small. Matrix elements can be calculated, with extensions of techniques from standard coupled-cluster theory, to obtain form factors and other observables.

International Workshop on Light Emission and Electronic Properties of Nanoscale Silicon

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-04-01

matrix elements, quantum confinement, surface effects ? CHARLOTFE STANDARD R. Tsu Comparison of Luminescence Efficiency ROLE OF NANOSCALE Si-DEVICES...confinement effects in microcrystalline silicon [2,3] may lead to revolutionary advances in speed and dramatically reduced energy consumption of silicon...Formation: A Quantum Wire Effect ," Avpl. Phys. Lett., 58, 856 (1991). 5. R. Tsu, H. Shen, and M. Dutta, "Correlation of Raman and Photoluminescence

New generation all-silica based optical elements for high power laser systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tolenis, T.; GrinevičiÅ«tÄ--, L.; Melninkaitis, A.; Selskis, A.; Buzelis, R.; MažulÄ--, L.; Drazdys, R.

2017-08-01

Laser resistance of optical elements is one of the major topics in photonics. Various routes have been taken to improve optical coatings, including, but not limited by, materials engineering and optimisation of electric field distribution in multilayers. During the decades of research, it was found, that high band-gap materials, such as silica, are highly resistant to laser light. Unfortunately, only the production of anti-reflection coatings of all-silica materials are presented to this day. A novel route will be presented in materials engineering, capable to manufacture high reflection optical elements using only SiO2 material and GLancing Angle Deposition (GLAD) method. The technique involves the deposition of columnar structure and tailoring the refractive index of silica material throughout the coating thickness. A numerous analysis indicate the superior properties of GLAD coatings when compared with standard methods for Bragg mirrors production. Several groups of optical components are presented including anti-reflection coatings and Bragg mirrors. Structural and optical characterisation of the method have been performed and compared with standard methods. All researches indicate the possibility of new generation coatings for high power laser systems.

Limiting the effective mass and new physics parameters from 0 ν β β

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Awasthi, Ram Lal; Dasgupta, Arnab; Mitra, Manimala

2016-10-01

In the light of the recent result from KamLAND-Zen (KLZ) and GERDA Phase-II, we update the bounds on the effective mass and the new physics parameters, relevant for neutrinoless double beta decay (0 ν β β ). In addition to the light Majorana neutrino exchange, we analyze beyond standard model contributions that arise in left-right symmetry and R-parity violating supersymmetry. The improved limit from KLZ constrains the effective mass of light neutrino exchange down to sub-eV mass regime 0.06 eV. Using the correlation between the 136Xe and 76 half-lives, we show that the KLZ limit individually rules out the positive claim of observation of 0 ν β β for all nuclear matrix element compilation. For the left-right symmetry and R-parity violating supersymmetry, the KLZ bound implies a factor of 2 improvement of the effective mass and the new physics parameters. The future ton scale experiments such as, nEXO will further constrain these models, in particular, will rule out standard as well as Type-II dominating LRSM inverted hierarchy scenario.

Analysis of coke beverages by total-reflection X-ray fluorescence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fernández-Ruiz, Ramón; von Bohlen, Alex; Friedrich K, E. Josue; Redrejo, M. J.

2018-07-01

The influence of the organic content, sample preparation process and the morphology of the depositions of two types of Coke beverage, traditional and light Coke, have been investigated by mean of Total-reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF) spectrometry. Strong distortions of the nominal concentration values, up to 128% for P, have been detected in the analysis of traditional Coke by different preparation methods. These differences have been correlated with the edge X-ray energies of the elements analyzed being more pronounced for the lighter elements. The influence of the organic content (mainly sugar) was evaluated comparing traditional and light Coke analytical TXRF results. Three sample preparation methods have been evaluated as follows: direct TXRF analysis of the sample only adding internal standard, TXRF analysis after open vessel acid digestion and TXRF analysis after high pressure and temperature microwave-assisted acid digestion. Strong correlations were detected between quantitative results, methods of preparation and energies of the X-ray absorption edges of quantified elements. In this way, a decay behavior for the concentration differences between preparation methods and the energies of the X-ray absorption edges of each element were observed. The observed behaviors were modeled with exponential decay functions obtaining R2 correlation coefficients from 0.989 to 0.992. The strong absorption effect observed, and even possible matrix effect, can be explained by the inherent high organic content of the evaluated samples and also by the morphology and average thickness of the TXRF depositions observed. As main conclusion of this work, the analysis of light elements in samples with high organic content by TXRF, i.e. medical, biological, food or any other organic matrixes should be taken carefully. In any case, the direct analysis is not recommended and a previous microwave-assisted acid digestion, or similar, is mandatory, for the correct elemental quantification by TXRF.

Lighting Control System for Premises with Display Screen Equipment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kudryashov, A. V.

2017-11-01

The use of Display Screen Equipment (DSE) at enterprises allows one to increase the productivity and safety of production, minimize the number of personnel and leads to the simplification of the work of specialists, but on the other side, changes usual working conditions. If the personnel works with displays, visual fatigue develops more quickly which contributes to the emergence of nervous tension, stress and possible erroneous actions. Low interest of the lighting control system developers towards the rooms with displays is dictated by special requirements for coverage by sanitary and hygienic standards (limiting excess workplace illumination). We decided to create a combined lighting system which works considering daylight illumination and artificial light sources. The brightness adjustment of the LED lamps is carried out according to the DALI protocol, adjustment of the natural illumination by means of smart glasses. The technical requirements for a lighting control system, the structural-functional scheme and the algorithm for controlling the operation of the system have been developed. The elements of control units, sensors and actuators have been selected.

Apparatus and Method for Focusing a Light Beam in a Three-Dimensional Recording Medium by a Dynamic Holographic Device

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Juday, Richard D. (Inventor)

1998-01-01

An apparatus is disclosed for reading and/or writing information or to from an optical recording medium having a plurality of information storage layers. The apparatus includes a dynamic holographic optical element configured to focus light on the optical recording medium. a control circuit arranged to supply a drive signal to the holographic optical element, and a storage device in communication with the control circuit and storing at least a first drive signal and a second drive signal. The holographic optical element focusses light on a first one of the plurality of information storage layers when driven by the first drive signal on a second one of the plurality of information storage layers when driven by the second drive signal. An optical switch is also disclosed for connecting at least one light source in a source array to at least one light receiver in a receiver array. The switch includes a dynamic holographic optical element configured to receive light from the source array and to transmit light to the receiver array, a control circuit arranged to supply a drive signal to the holographic optical element, and a storage device in communication with the control circuit and storing at least a first drive signal and a second drive signal. The holographic optical element connects a first light source in the source array to a first light receiver in the receiver array when driven by the first drive signal and the holographic optical element connects the first light source with the first light receiver and a second light receiver when driven by the second drive signal.

How to Collect National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Traceable Fluorescence Excitation and Emission Spectra.

PubMed

Gilmore, Adam Matthew

2014-01-01

Contemporary spectrofluorimeters comprise exciting light sources, excitation and emission monochromators, and detectors that without correction yield data not conforming to an ideal spectral response. The correction of the spectral properties of the exciting and emission light paths first requires calibration of the wavelength and spectral accuracy. The exciting beam path can be corrected up to the sample position using a spectrally corrected reference detection system. The corrected reference response accounts for both the spectral intensity and drift of the exciting light source relative to emission and/or transmission detector responses. The emission detection path must also be corrected for the combined spectral bias of the sample compartment optics, emission monochromator, and detector. There are several crucial issues associated with both excitation and emission correction including the requirement to account for spectral band-pass and resolution, optical band-pass or neutral density filters, and the position and direction of polarizing elements in the light paths. In addition, secondary correction factors are described including (1) subtraction of the solvent's fluorescence background, (2) removal of Rayleigh and Raman scattering lines, as well as (3) correcting for sample concentration-dependent inner-filter effects. The importance of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable calibration and correction protocols is explained in light of valid intra- and interlaboratory studies and effective spectral qualitative and quantitative analyses including multivariate spectral modeling.

Photovoltaic device with increased light absorption and method for its manufacture

DOEpatents

Glatfelter, Troy; Vogeli, Craig; Call, Jon; Hammond, Ginger

1993-07-20

A photovoltaic cell having a light-directing optical element integrally formed in an encapsulant layer thereof. The optical element redirects light to increase the internal absorption of light incident on the photovoltaic device.

Gallium isotopic evidence for the fate of moderately volatile elements in planetary bodies and refractory inclusions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kato, Chizu; Moynier, Frédéric

2017-12-01

The abundance of moderately volatile elements, such as Zn and Ga, show variable depletion relative to CI between the Earth and primitive meteorite (chondrites) parent bodies. Furthermore, the first solar system solids, the calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs), are surprisingly rich in volatile element considering that they formed under high temperatures. Here, we report the Ga elemental and isotopic composition of a wide variety of chondrites along with five individual CAIs to understand the origin of the volatile elements and to further characterize the enrichment of the volatile elements in high temperature condensates. The δ71Ga (permil deviation of the 71Ga/69Ga ratio from the Ga IPGP standard) of carbonaceous chondrites decreases in the order of CI >CM >CO >CV and is inversely correlated with the Al/Ga ratio. This implies that the Ga budget of the carbonaceous chondrites parent bodies were inherited from a two component mixing of a volatile rich reservoir enriched in heavy isotope of Ga and a volatile poor reservoir enriched in light isotope of Ga. Calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions are enriched in Ga and Zn compared to the bulk meteorite and are both highly isotopically fractionated with δ71Ga down to -3.56‰ and δ66Zn down to -0.74‰. The large enrichment in the light isotopes of Ga and Zn in the CAIs implies that the moderately volatile elements were introduced in the CAIs during condensation in the solar nebula as opposed to secondary processing in the meteorite parent body and supports a change in gas composition in which CAIs were formed.

Development of a Certified Reference Material (NMIJ CRM 7203-a) for Elemental Analysis of Tap Water.

PubMed

Zhu, Yanbei; Narukawa, Tomohiro; Inagaki, Kazumi; Miyashita, Shin-Ichi; Kuroiwa, Takayoshi; Ariga, Tomoko; Kudo, Izumi; Koguchi, Masae; Heo, Sung Woo; Suh, Jung Ki; Lee, Kyoung-Seok; Yim, Yong-Hyeon; Lim, Youngran

2017-01-01

A certified reference material (CRM), NMIJ CRM 7203-a, was developed for the elemental analysis of tap water. At least two independent analytical methods were applied to characterize the certified value of each element. The elements certified in the present CRM were as follows: Al, As, B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sr, and Zn. The certified value for each element was given as the (property value ± expanded uncertainty), with a coverage factor of 2 for the expanded uncertainty. The expanded uncertainties were estimated while considering the contribution of the analytical methods, the method-to-method variance, the sample homogeneity, the long-term stability, and the concentrations of the standard solutions for calibration. The concentration of Hg (0.39 μg kg -1 ) was given as the information value, since loss of Hg was observed when the sample was stored at room temperature and exposed to light. The certified values of selected elements were confirmed by a co-analysis carried out independently by the NMIJ (Japan) and the KRISS (Korea).

OOM - OBJECT ORIENTATION MANIPULATOR, VERSION 6.1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goza, S. P.

1994-01-01

The Object Orientation Manipulator (OOM) is an application program for creating, rendering, and recording three-dimensional computer-generated still and animated images. This is done using geometrically defined 3D models, cameras, and light sources, referred to collectively as animation elements. OOM does not provide the tools necessary to construct 3D models; instead, it imports binary format model files generated by the Solid Surface Modeler (SSM). Model files stored in other formats must be converted to the SSM binary format before they can be used in OOM. SSM is available as MSC-21914 or as part of the SSM/OOM bundle, COS-10047. Among OOM's features are collision detection (with visual and audio feedback), the capability to define and manipulate hierarchical relationships between animation elements, stereographic display, and ray-traced rendering. OOM uses Euler angle transformations for calculating the results of translation and rotation operations. OOM provides an interactive environment for the manipulation and animation of models, cameras, and light sources. Models are the basic entity upon which OOM operates and are therefore considered the primary animation elements. Cameras and light sources are considered secondary animation elements. A camera, in OOM, is simply a location within the three-space environment from which the contents of the environment are observed. OOM supports the creation and full animation of cameras. Light sources can be defined, positioned and linked to models, but they cannot be animated independently. OOM can simultaneously accommodate as many animation elements as the host computer's memory permits. Once the required animation elements are present, the user may position them, orient them, and define any initial relationships between them. Once the initial relationships are defined, the user can display individual still views for rendering and output, or define motion for the animation elements by using the Interp Animation Editor. The program provides the capability to save still images, animated sequences of frames, and the information that describes the initialization process for an OOM session. OOM provides the same rendering and output options for both still and animated images. OOM is equipped with a robust model manipulation environment featuring a full screen viewing window, a menu-oriented user interface, and an interpolative Animation Editor. It provides three display modes: solid, wire frame, and simple, that allow the user to trade off visual authenticity for update speed. In the solid mode, each model is drawn based on the shading characteristics assigned to it when it was built. All of the shading characteristics supported by SSM are recognized and properly rendered in this mode. If increasing model complexity impedes the operation of OOM in this mode, then wireframe and simple modes are available. These provide substantially faster screen updates than solid mode. The creation and placement of cameras and light sources is under complete control of the user. One light source is provided in the default element set. It is modeled as a direct light source providing a type of lighting analogous to that provided by the Sun. OOM can accommodate as many light sources as the memory of the host computer permits. Animation is created in OOM using a technique called key frame interpolation. First, various program functions are used to load models, load or create light sources and cameras, and specify initial positions for each element. When these steps are completed, the Interp function is used to create an animation sequence for each element to be animated. An animation sequence consists of a user-defined number of frames (screen images) with some subset of those being defined as key frames. The motion of the element between key frames is interpolated automatically by the software. Key frames thus act as transition points in the motion of an element. This saves the user from having to individually define element data at each frame of a sequence. Animation frames and still images can be output to videotape recorders, film recorders, color printers, and disk files. OOM is written in C-language for implementation on SGI IRIS 4D series workstations running the IRIX operating system. A minimum of 8Mb of RAM is recommended for this program. The standard distribution medium for OOM is a .25 inch streaming magnetic IRIX tape cartridge in UNIX tar format. OOM is also offered as a bundle with a related program, SSM (Solid Surface Modeler). Please see the abstract for SSM/OOM (COS-10047) for information about the bundled package. OOM was released in 1993.

Big bang nucleosynthesis - The standard model and alternatives

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schramm, David N.

1991-01-01

The standard homogeneous-isotropic calculation of the big bang cosmological model is reviewed, and alternate models are discussed. The standard model is shown to agree with the light element abundances for He-4, H-2, He-3, and Li-7 that are available. Improved observational data from recent LEP collider and SLC results are discussed. The data agree with the standard model in terms of the number of neutrinos, and provide improved information regarding neutron lifetimes. Alternate models are reviewed which describe different scenarios for decaying matter or quark-hadron induced inhomogeneities. The baryonic density relative to the critical density in the alternate models is similar to that of the standard model when they are made to fit the abundances. This reinforces the conclusion that the baryonic density relative to critical density is about 0.06, and also reinforces the need for both nonbaryonic dark matter and dark baryonic matter.

Performance of a Borehole X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kelliher, Warren C.; Carlberg, Ingrid A.; Elam, W. T.; Willard-Schmoe, Ella

2008-01-01

We have designed and constructed a borehole X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRFS) as part of the Mars Subsurface Access program [1]. It can be used to determine the composition of the Mars regolith at various depths by insertion into a pre-drilled borehole. The primary requirements and performance metrics for the instrument are to obtain parts-per-million (ppm) lower limits of detection over a wide range of elements in the periodic table (Magnesium to Lead). Power consumption during data collection was also measured. The prototype instrument is complete and preliminary testing has been performed. Terrestrial soil Standard Reference Materials were used as the test samples. Detection limits were about 10 weight ppm for most elements, with light elements being higher, up to 1.4 weight percent for magnesium. Power consumption (excluding ground support components) was 12 watts.

A new standard pulsar magnetosphere

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Contopoulos, Ioannis; Kalapotharakos, Constantinos; Kazanas, Demosthenes, E-mail: icontop@academyofathens.gr

2014-01-20

In view of recent efforts to probe the physical conditions in the pulsar current sheet, we revisit the standard solution that describes the main elements of the ideal force-free pulsar magnetosphere. The simple physical requirement that the electric current contained in the current layer consists of the local electric charge moving outward at close to the speed of light yields a new solution for the pulsar magnetosphere everywhere that is ideal force-free except in the current layer. The main elements of the new solution are as follows: (1) the pulsar spindown rate of the aligned rotator is 23% larger thanmore » that of the orthogonal vacuum rotator; (2) only 60% of the magnetic flux that crosses the light cylinder opens up to infinity; (3) the electric current closes along the other 40%, which gradually converges to the equator; (4) this transfers 40% of the total pulsar spindown energy flux in the equatorial current sheet, which is then dissipated in the acceleration of particles and in high-energy electromagnetic radiation; and (5) there is no separatrix current layer. Our solution is a minimum free-parameter solution in that the equatorial current layer is electrostatically supported against collapse and thus does not require a thermal particle population. In this respect, it is one more step toward the development of a new standard solution. We discuss the implications for intermittent pulsars and long-duration gamma-ray bursts. We conclude that the physical conditions in the equatorial current layer determine the global structure of the pulsar magnetosphere.« less

Apparatus, system, and method for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

DOEpatents

Effenberger, Jr., Andrew J; Scott, Jill R; McJunkin, Timothy R

2014-11-18

In laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), an apparatus includes a pulsed laser configured to generate a pulsed laser signal toward a sample, a constructive interference object and an optical element, each located in a path of light from the sample. The constructive interference object is configured to generate constructive interference patterns of the light. The optical element is configured to disperse the light. A LIBS system includes a first and a second optical element, and a data acquisition module. The data acquisition module is configured to determine an isotope measurement based, at least in part, on light received by an image sensor from the first and second optical elements. A method for performing LIBS includes generating a pulsed laser on a sample to generate light from a plasma, generating constructive interference patterns of the light, and dispersing the light into a plurality of wavelengths.

Front lighted optical tooling method and apparatus

DOEpatents

Stone, W.J.

1983-06-30

An optical tooling method and apparatus uses a front lighted shadowgraphic technique to enhance visual contrast of reflected light. The apparatus includes an optical assembly including a fiducial mark, such as cross hairs, reflecting polarized light with a first polarization, a polarizing element backing the fiducial mark and a reflective surface backing the polarizing element for reflecting polarized light bypassing the fiducial mark and traveling through the polarizing element. The light reflected by the reflecting surface is directed through a second pass of the polarizing element toward the frontal direction with a polarization differing from the polarization of the light reflected by the fiducial mark. When used as a tooling target, the optical assembly may be mounted directly to a reference surface or may be secured in a mounting, such as a magnetic mounting. The optical assembly may also be mounted in a plane defining structure and used as a spherometer in conjunction with an optical depth measuring instrument.

A master equation for strongly interacting dipoles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stokes, Adam; Nazir, Ahsan

2018-04-01

We consider a pair of dipoles such as Rydberg atoms for which direct electrostatic dipole–dipole interactions may be significantly larger than the coupling to transverse radiation. We derive a master equation using the Coulomb gauge, which naturally enables us to include the inter-dipole Coulomb energy within the system Hamiltonian rather than the interaction. In contrast, the standard master equation for a two-dipole system, which depends entirely on well-known gauge-invariant S-matrix elements, is usually derived using the multipolar gauge, wherein there is no explicit inter-dipole Coulomb interaction. We show using a generalised arbitrary-gauge light-matter Hamiltonian that this master equation is obtained in other gauges only if the inter-dipole Coulomb interaction is kept within the interaction Hamiltonian rather than the unperturbed part as in our derivation. Thus, our master equation depends on different S-matrix elements, which give separation-dependent corrections to the standard matrix elements describing resonant energy transfer and collective decay. The two master equations coincide in the large separation limit where static couplings are negligible. We provide an application of our master equation by finding separation-dependent corrections to the natural emission spectrum of the two-dipole system.

Evaporation Loss of Light Elements as a Function of Cooling Rate: Logarithmic Law

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Xiong, Yong-Liang; Hewins, Roger H.

2003-01-01

Knowledge about the evaporation loss of light elements is important to our understanding of chondrule formation processes. The evaporative loss of light elements (such as B and Li) as a function of cooling rate is of special interest because recent investigations of the distribution of Li, Be and B in meteoritic chondrules have revealed that Li varies by 25 times, and B and Be varies by about 10 times. Therefore, if we can extrapolate and interpolate with confidence the evaporation loss of B and Li (and other light elements such as K, Na) at a wide range of cooling rates of interest based upon limited experimental data, we would be able to assess the full range of scenarios relating to chondrule formation processes. Here, we propose that evaporation loss of light elements as a function of cooling rate should obey the logarithmic law.

Multichannel optical sensing device

DOEpatents

Selkowitz, S.E.

1985-08-16

A multichannel optical sensing device is disclosed, for measuring the outdoor sky luminance or illuminance or the luminance or illuminance distribution in a room, comprising a plurality of light receptors, an optical shutter matrix including a plurality of liquid crystal optical shutter elements operable by electrical control signals between light transmitting and light stopping conditions, fiber optical elements connected between the receptors and the shutter elements, a microprocessor based programmable control unit for selectively supplying control signals to the optical shutter elements in a programmable sequence, a photodetector including an optical integrating spherical chamber having an input port for receiving the light from the shutter matrix and at least one detector element in the spherical chamber for producing output signals corresponding to the light, and output units for utilizing the output signals including a storage unit having a control connection to the microprocessor based programmable control unit for storing the output signals under the sequence control of the programmable control unit.

Multichannel optical sensing device

DOEpatents

Selkowitz, Stephen E.

1990-01-01

A multichannel optical sensing device is disclosed, for measuring the outr sky luminance or illuminance or the luminance or illuminance distribution in a room, comprising a plurality of light receptors, an optical shutter matrix including a plurality of liquid crystal optical shutter elements operable by electrical control signals between light transmitting and light stopping conditions, fiber optic elements connected between the receptors and the shutter elements, a microprocessor based programmable control unit for selectively supplying control signals to the optical shutter elements in a programmable sequence, a photodetector including an optical integrating spherical chamber having an input port for receiving the light from the shutter matrix and at least one detector element in the spherical chamber for producing output signals corresponding to the light, and output units for utilizing the output signals including a storage unit having a control connection to the microprocessor based programmable control unit for storing the output signals under the sequence control of the programmable control unit.

Polarization selecting optical element using a porro prism incorporating a thin film polarizer in a single element

DOEpatents

Hendrix, James Lee

2001-05-08

A Porro prism and a light polarizer are combined in a single optical element termed a Hendrix Prism. The design provides retro-reflection of incoming light of a predetermined polarization in a direction anti-parallel to the direction of light incidence, while reflecting undesired light, i.e., that having a polarization orthogonal to the predetermined polarization, from the surface of the light polarizer. The undesired light is reflected in a direction that does not interfere with the intended operation of the device in which the Hendrix Prism is installed yet provides feedback to the system in which it is used.

Double-beta decay processes from lattice quantum chromodynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davoudi, Zohreh; Tiburzi, Brian; Wagman, Michael; Winter, Frank; Chang, Emmanuel; Detmold, William; Orginos, Kostas; Savage, Martin; Shanahan, Phiala; Nplqcd Collaboration

2017-09-01

While an observation of neutrinoless double-beta decay in upcoming experiments will establish that the neutrinos are Majorana particles, the underlying new physics responsible for this decay can only be constrained if the theoretical predictions of the rate are substantially refined. This talk demonstrates the roadmap in connecting the underlying high-scale theory to the corresponding nuclear matrix elements, focusing mainly on the nucleonic matrix elements in the simplest extension of Standard Model in which a light Majorana neutrino is mediating the process. The role of lattice QCD and effective field theory in this program, in particular, the prospect of a direct matching of the nn to pp amplitude to lattice QCD will be discussed. As a first step towards this goal, the results of the first lattice QCD calculation of the relevant matrix element for neutrinofull double-beta decay will be presented, albeit with unphysical quark masses, along with important lessons that could impact the calculations of nuclear matrix elements involved in double-beta decays of realistic nuclei.

Modules and methods for all photonic computing

DOEpatents

Schultz, David R.; Ma, Chao Hung

2001-01-01

A method for all photonic computing, comprising the steps of: encoding a first optical/electro-optical element with a two dimensional mathematical function representing input data; illuminating the first optical/electro-optical element with a collimated beam of light; illuminating a second optical/electro-optical element with light from the first optical/electro-optical element, the second optical/electro-optical element having a characteristic response corresponding to an iterative algorithm useful for solving a partial differential equation; iteratively recirculating the signal through the second optical/electro-optical element with light from the second optical/electro-optical element for a predetermined number of iterations; and, after the predetermined number of iterations, optically and/or electro-optically collecting output data representing an iterative optical solution from the second optical/electro-optical element.

Holographic Optics for Missile Guidance Systems.

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-12-20

according to SnelPs Law when the ray encounters a change in index of refraction (i.e., a change in the speed of light ). Conventional lenses and prisms are...AA ’ to change the magnification of the system , or individual light sources may be used to address each lens group . Each lens group consists of four...individual lens elements. Element I collimates the light from a source H, 17—mm away . Element II uses the collimated light beam , 8 —. now propagat

A method for improving the light intensity distribution in dental light-curing units.

PubMed

Arikawa, Hiroyuki; Takahashi, Hideo; Minesaki, Yoshito; Muraguchi, Kouichi; Matsuyama, Takashi; Kanie, Takahito; Ban, Seiji

2011-01-01

A method for improving the uniformity of the radiation light from dental light-curing units (LCUs), and the effect on the polymerization of light-activated composite resin are investigated. Quartz-tungsten halogen, plasma-arc, and light-emitting diode LCUs were used, and additional optical elements such as a mixing tube and diffusing screen were employed to reduce the inhomogeneity of the radiation light. The distribution of the light intensity from the light guide tip was measured across the guide tip, as well as the distribution of the surface hardness of the light-activated resin emitted with the LCUs. Although the additional optical elements caused 13.2-25.9% attenuation of the light intensity, the uniformity of the light intensity of the LCUs was significantly improved in the modified LCUs, and the uniformity of the surface hardness of the resin was also improved. Our results indicate that the addition of optical elements to the LCU may be a simple and effective method for reducing inhomogeneity in radiation light from the LCUs.

Application of CORSIKA Simulation Code to Study Lateral and Longitudinal Distribution of Fluorescence Light in Cosmic Ray Extensive Air Showers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bagheri, Zahra; Davoudifar, Pantea; Rastegarzadeh, Gohar; Shayan, Milad

2017-03-01

In this paper, we used CORSIKA code to understand the characteristics of cosmic ray induced showers at extremely high energy as a function of energy, detector distance to shower axis, number, and density of secondary charged particles and the nature particle producing the shower. Based on the standard properties of the atmosphere, lateral and longitudinal development of the shower for photons and electrons has been investigated. Fluorescent light has been collected by the detector for protons, helium, oxygen, silicon, calcium and iron primary cosmic rays in different energies. So we have obtained a number of electrons per unit area, distance to the shower axis, shape function of particles density, percentage of fluorescent light, lateral distribution of energy dissipated in the atmosphere and visual field angle of detector as well as size of the shower image. We have also shown that location of highest percentage of fluorescence light is directly proportional to atomic number of elements. Also we have shown when the distance from shower axis increases and the shape function of particles density decreases severely. At the first stages of development, shower axis distance from detector is high and visual field angle is small; then with shower moving toward the Earth, angle increases. Overall, in higher energies, the fluorescent light method has more efficiency. The paper provides standard calibration lines for high energy showers which can be used to determine the nature of the particles.

Precision measurement of transition matrix elements via light shift cancellation.

PubMed

Herold, C D; Vaidya, V D; Li, X; Rolston, S L; Porto, J V; Safronova, M S

2012-12-14

We present a method for accurate determination of atomic transition matrix elements at the 10(-3) level. Measurements of the ac Stark (light) shift around "magic-zero" wavelengths, where the light shift vanishes, provide precise constraints on the matrix elements. We make the first measurement of the 5s - 6p matrix elements in rubidium by measuring the light shift around the 421 and 423 nm zeros through diffraction of a condensate off a sequence of standing wave pulses. In conjunction with existing theoretical and experimental data, we find 0.3235(9)ea(0) and 0.5230(8)ea(0) for the 5s - 6p(1/2) and 5s - 6p(3/2) elements, respectively, an order of magnitude more accurate than the best theoretical values. This technique can provide needed, accurate matrix elements for many atoms, including those used in atomic clocks, tests of fundamental symmetries, and quantum information.

Quantum storage of entangled telecom-wavelength photons in an erbium-doped optical fibre

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saglamyurek, Erhan; Jin, Jeongwan; Verma, Varun B.; Shaw, Matthew D.; Marsili, Francesco; Nam, Sae Woo; Oblak, Daniel; Tittel, Wolfgang

2015-02-01

The realization of a future quantum Internet requires the processing and storage of quantum information at local nodes and interconnecting distant nodes using free-space and fibre-optic links. Quantum memories for light are key elements of such quantum networks. However, to date, neither an atomic quantum memory for non-classical states of light operating at a wavelength compatible with standard telecom fibre infrastructure, nor a fibre-based implementation of a quantum memory, has been reported. Here, we demonstrate the storage and faithful recall of the state of a 1,532 nm wavelength photon entangled with a 795 nm photon, in an ensemble of cryogenically cooled erbium ions doped into a 20-m-long silica fibre, using a photon-echo quantum memory protocol. Despite its currently limited efficiency and storage time, our broadband light-matter interface brings fibre-based quantum networks one step closer to reality.

Elemental mapping of teeth using μSRXRF

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anjos, M. J.; Barroso, R. C.; Pérez, C. A.; Braz, D.; Moreira, S.; Dias, K. R. H. C.; Lopes, R. T.

2004-01-01

Human teeth were analysed by X-ray microfluorescence analysis using synchrotron radiation (μSRXRF). The aim of this work was to study the elemental distribution for Ca, Zn and Sr along the dental regions, enamel, dentine and pulp from patterns of relative fluorescence intensities. The measurements were performed in standard geometry of 45° incidence, exciting with a white beam and using a conventional system collimation (orthogonal slits) in the XRF beamline at the Synchrotron Light National Laboratory (Campinas, Brazil). The results show that Ca distribution is quite constant and it is independent of the tooth type and individuals characteristics. An increase of the Zn concentration was found for the pulp region and for untreated carious areas. Ca and Sr distributions show a similar behavior.

Performance of a Borehole XRF Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kelliher, Warren C.; Carlberg, Ingrid A.; Elam, W. T.; WIllard-Schmoe, Ella

2007-01-01

We have designed and constructed a borehole XRF Spectrometer (XRFS) as part of the Mars Subsurface Access program. It will be used to determine the composition of the Mars regolith at various depths by insertion into a pre-drilled borehole. The primary performance metrics for the instrument are the lower limits of detection over a wide range of the periodic table. Power consumption during data collection was also measured. The prototype instrument is complete and preliminary testing has been performed. Terrestrial soil Standard Reference Materials were used as the test samples. Detection limits were about 10 weight parts-per-million for most elements, with light elements being higher, up to 1.4 weight percent for magnesium. Power consumption (excluding ground support components) was 12 watts.

Improving the theoretical prediction for the Bs - B̅s width difference: matrix elements of next-to-leading order ΔB = 2 operators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davies, Christine; Harrison, Judd; Lepage, G. Peter; Monahan, Christopher; Shigemitsu, Junko; Wingate, Matthew

2018-03-01

We present lattice QCD results for the matrix elements of R2 and other dimension-7, ΔB = 2 operators relevant for calculations of Δs, the Bs - B̅s width difference. We have computed correlation functions using 5 ensembles of the MILC Collaboration's 2+1 + 1-flavour gauge field configurations, spanning 3 lattice spacings and light sea quarks masses down to the physical point. The HISQ action is used for the valence strange quarks, and the NRQCD action is used for the bottom quarks. Once our analysis is complete, the theoretical uncertainty in the Standard Model prediction for ΔΓs will be substantially reduced.

A search for sterile neutrinos with IceCube DeepCore

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Terliuk, Andrii; IceCube Collaboration

2017-09-01

The DeepCore detector is a densely instrumented part of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory that lowers the neutrino detection threshold down to approximately 10 GeV resulting in the ability to measure atmospheric neutrino oscillations. The standard three neutrino mixing scenario can be tested by searching for an additional light sterile neutrino state, which does not interact via the standard weak interaction, but mixes with the three active neutrino states. This leads to an impact on the atmospheric neutrino oscillations below 100 GeV. We present improved limits to the sterile mixing element |U τ4|2 using three years of the DeepCore data taken during 2011-2013.

Demonstration of Lasercom and Spatial Tracking with a Silicon Geiger-Mode APD Array

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-26

standardized pixel mask as described in the previous paragraph disabling 167 of the 1024 detectors in the array , this gives an absolute maximum rate...number of elements in an array based detector .5 In this paper, we present the results of photon-counting communication tests based on an arrayed ...semiconductor photon-counting detector .6 The array also has the ability to sense the spatial distribution of the received light giving it the potential to act

Supersymmetric leptogenesis with a light hidden sector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

De Simone, Andrea; Garny, Mathias; Ibarra, Alejandro; Weniger, Christoph

2010-07-01

Supersymmetric scenarios incorporating thermal leptogenesis as the origin of the observed matter-antimatter asymmetry generically predict abundances of the primordial elements which are in conflict with observations. In this paper we propose a simple way to circumvent this tension and accommodate naturally thermal leptogenesis and primordial nucleosynthesis. We postulate the existence of a light hidden sector, coupled very weakly to the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, which opens up new decay channels for the next-to-lightest supersymmetric particle, thus diluting its abundance during nucleosynthesis. We present a general model-independent analysis of this mechanism as well as two concrete realizations, and describe the relevant cosmological and astrophysical bounds and implications for this dark matter scenario. Possible experimental signatures at colliders and in cosmic-ray observations are also discussed.

Telescope with a wide field of view internal optical scanner

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zheng, Yunhui (Inventor); Degnan, III, John James (Inventor)

2012-01-01

A telescope with internal scanner utilizing either a single optical wedge scanner or a dual optical wedge scanner and a controller arranged to control a synchronous rotation of the first and/or second optical wedges, the wedges constructed and arranged to scan light redirected by topological surfaces and/or volumetric scatterers. The telescope with internal scanner further incorporates a first converging optical element that receives the redirected light and transmits the redirected light to the scanner, and a second converging optical element within the light path between the first optical element and the scanner arranged to reduce an area of impact on the scanner of the beam collected by the first optical element.

On the Duality of Forward and Inverse Light Transport.

PubMed

Chandraker, Manmohan; Bai, Jiamin; Ng, Tian-Tsong; Ramamoorthi, Ravi

2011-10-01

Inverse light transport seeks to undo global illumination effects, such as interreflections, that pervade images of most scenes. This paper presents the theoretical and computational foundations for inverse light transport as a dual of forward rendering. Mathematically, this duality is established through the existence of underlying Neumann series expansions. Physically, it can be shown that each term of our inverse series cancels an interreflection bounce, just as the forward series adds them. While the convergence properties of the forward series are well known, we show that the oscillatory convergence of the inverse series leads to more interesting conditions on material reflectance. Conceptually, the inverse problem requires the inversion of a large light transport matrix, which is impractical for realistic resolutions using standard techniques. A natural consequence of our theoretical framework is a suite of fast computational algorithms for light transport inversion--analogous to finite element radiosity, Monte Carlo and wavelet-based methods in forward rendering--that rely at most on matrix-vector multiplications. We demonstrate two practical applications, namely, separation of individual bounces of the light transport and fast projector radiometric compensation, to display images free of global illumination artifacts in real-world environments.

Real time infrared aerosol analyzer

DOEpatents

Johnson, Stanley A.; Reedy, Gerald T.; Kumar, Romesh

1990-01-01

Apparatus for analyzing aerosols in essentially real time includes a virtual impactor which separates coarse particles from fine and ultrafine particles in an aerosol sample. The coarse and ultrafine particles are captured in PTFE filters, and the fine particles impact onto an internal light reflection element. The composition and quantity of the particles on the PTFE filter and on the internal reflection element are measured by alternately passing infrared light through the filter and the internal light reflection element, and analyzing the light through infrared spectrophotometry to identify the particles in the sample.

Concerning the sound insulation of building elements made up of light concretes. [acoustic absorption efficiency calculations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Giurgiu, I. I.

1974-01-01

The sound insulating capacity of building elements made up of light concretes is considered. Analyzing differentially the behavior of light concrete building elements under the influence of incident acoustic energy and on the basis of experimental measurements, coefficients of correction are introduced into the basic formulas for calculating the sound insulating capacity for the 100-3,2000 Hz frequency band.

Passive thermo-optic feedback for robust athermal photonic systems

DOEpatents

Rakich, Peter T.; Watts, Michael R.; Nielson, Gregory N.

2015-06-23

Thermal control devices, photonic systems and methods of stabilizing a temperature of a photonic system are provided. A thermal control device thermally coupled to a substrate includes a waveguide for receiving light, an absorption element optically coupled to the waveguide for converting the received light to heat and an optical filter. The optical filter is optically coupled to the waveguide and thermally coupled to the absorption element. An operating point of the optical filter is tuned responsive to the heat from the absorption element. When the operating point is less than a predetermined temperature, the received light is passed to the absorption element via the optical filter. When the operating point is greater than or equal to the predetermined temperature, the received light is transmitted out of the thermal control device via the optical filter, without being passed to the absorption element.

Optical memory development. Volume 3: The membrane light value page composer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cosentino, L. S.; Nagle, E. M.; Stewart, W. C.

1972-01-01

The feasibility of producing a page composer for optical memory systems using thin, deformable, membrane-mirror elements as light valves was investigated. The electromechanical and optical performances of such elements were determined both analytically and experimentally. It was found that fast switching (approximately 10 microseconds), high-contrast (10 or greater), fatigue-free operation over missions of cycles, and efficient utilization of input light could be obtained with membrane light valves. Several arrays of 64 elements were made on substrates with feedthroughs, allowing access to individual elements from the backside of the substrate. Single light valves on such arrays were successfully operated with the transistors designed and produced for selection and storage at each bit location. This simulated the operation of a prototype page composer with semiconductor chips beam-lead bonded to the back of the substrate.

In-situ Density and Thermal Expansion Measurements of Fe and Fe-S Alloying Liquids Under Planetary Core Conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jing, Z.; Chantel, J.; Yu, T.; Sakamaki, T.; Wang, Y.

2015-12-01

Liquid iron is likely the dominant constituent in the cores of terrestrial planets and icy satellites such as Earth, Mars, Mercury, the Moon, Ganymede, and Io. Suggested by geophysical and geochemical observations, light elements such as S, C, Si, etc., are likely present in planetary cores. These light elements can significantly reduce the density and melting temperature of the Fe cores, and hence their abundances are crucial to our understanding of the structure and thermal history of planetary cores, as well as the generation of intrinsic magnetic fields. Knowledge on the density of Fe-light element alloying liquids at high pressures is critical to place constraints on the composition of planetary cores. However, density data on liquid Fe-light element alloys at core pressures are very limited in pressure and composition and are sometimes controversial. In this study, we extend the density dataset for Fe-rich liquids by measuring the density of Fe, Fe-10wt%S, Fe-20wt%S, Fe-27wt%S, and FeS liquids using the X-ray absorption technique in a DIA-type multianvil apparatus up to 7 GPa and 2173 K. An ion chamber (1D-detector) and a CCD camera (2D-detector) were used to measure intensities of transmitted monochromatic X-rays through molten samples, with the photon energy optimized at 40 keV. The densities were then determined from the Beer-Lambert law using the mass absorption coefficients, calibrated by solid standards using X-ray diffraction. At each pressure, density measurements were conducted at a range of temperatures above the liquidus of the samples, enabling the determination of thermal expansion. Combined with our previous results on the sound velocity of Fe and Fe-S liquids at high pressures (Jing et al., 2014, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 396, 78-87), these data provide tight constraints on the equation of state and thermodynamic properties such as the adiabatic temperature gradient for Fe-S liquids. We will discuss these results with implications to planetary cores.

Theoretical model of a polarization diffractive elements for the light beams conversion holographic formation in PDLCs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharangovich, Sergey N.; Semkin, Artem O.

2017-12-01

In this work a theoretical model of the holographic formation of the polarization diffractive optical elements for the transformation of Gaussian light beams into Bessel-like ones in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC) is developed. The model is based on solving the equations of photo-induced Fredericks transition processes for polarization diffractive elements formation by orthogonally polarized light beams with inhomogeneous amplitude and phase profiles. The results of numerical simulation of the material's dielectric tensor changing due to the structure's formation process are presented for various recording beams' polarization states. Based on the results of numerical simulation, the ability to form the diffractive optical elements for light beams transformation by the polarization holography methods is shown.

Medical catheters thermally manipulated by fiber optic bundles

DOEpatents

Chastagner, Philippe

1992-01-01

A maneuverable medical catheter comprising a flexible tube having a functional tip. The catheter is connected to a control source. The functional tip of the catheter carries a plurality of temperature activated elements arranged in parallel and disposed about the functional tip and held in spaced relation at each end. These elements expand when they are heated. A plurality of fiber optic bundles, each bundle having a proximal end attached to the control source and a distal end attached to one of the elements carry light into the elements where the light is absorbed as heat. By varying the optic fiber that is carrying the light and the intensity of the light, the bending of the elements can be controlled and thus the catheter steered. In an alternate embodiment, the catheter carries a medical instrument for gathering a sample of tissue. The instrument may also be deployed and operated by thermal expansion and contraction of its moving parts.

Fiber-optic voltage sensor with cladded fiber and evanescent wave variation detection

DOEpatents

Wood, Charles B.

1992-01-01

A fiber optic voltage sensor is described which includes a source of light, a reference fiber for receiving a known percentage of the light and an electrostrictive element having terminals across which is applied, a voltage to be measured. The electrostrictive element is responsive to the applied voltage to assume an altered physical state. A measuring fiber also receives a known percentage of light from the light source and is secured about the electrostrictive element. The measuring fiber is provided with a cladding and exhibits an evanescent wave in the cladding. The measuring fiber has a known length which is altered when the electrostrictive element assumes its altered physical state. A differential sensor is provided which senses the intensity of light in both the reference fiber and the measuring fiber and provides an output indicative of the difference between the intensities.

Fiber-optic voltage sensor with cladded fiber and evanescent wave variation detection

DOEpatents

Wood, C.B.

1992-12-15

A fiber optic voltage sensor is described which includes a source of light, a reference fiber for receiving a known percentage of the light and an electrostrictive element having terminals across which is applied, a voltage to be measured. The electrostrictive element is responsive to the applied voltage to assume an altered physical state. A measuring fiber also receives a known percentage of light from the light source and is secured about the electrostrictive element. The measuring fiber is provided with a cladding and exhibits an evanescent wave in the cladding. The measuring fiber has a known length which is altered when the electrostrictive element assumes its altered physical state. A differential sensor is provided which senses the intensity of light in both the reference fiber and the measuring fiber and provides an output indicative of the difference between the intensities. 3 figs.

The use of holographic and diffractive optics for optimized machine vision illumination for critical dimension inspection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lizotte, Todd E.; Ohar, Orest

2004-02-01

Illuminators used in machine vision applications typically produce non-uniform illumination onto the targeted surface being observed, causing a variety of problems with machine vision alignment or measurement. In most circumstances the light source is broad spectrum, leading to further problems with image quality when viewed through a CCD camera. Configured with a simple light bulb and a mirrored reflector and/or frosted glass plates, these general illuminators are appropriate for only macro applications. Over the last 5 years newer illuminators have hit the market including circular or rectangular arrays of high intensity light emitting diodes. These diode arrays are used to create monochromatic flood illumination of a surface that is to be inspected. The problem with these illumination techniques is that most of the light does not illuminate the desired areas, but broadly spreads across the surface, or when integrated with diffuser elements, tend to create similar shadowing effects to the broad spectrum light sources. In many cases a user will try to increase the performance of these illuminators by adding several of these assemblies together, increasing the intensity or by moving the illumination source closer or farther from the surface being inspected. In this case these non-uniform techniques can lead to machine vision errors, where the computer machine vision may read false information, such as interpreting non-uniform lighting or shadowing effects as defects. This paper will cover a technique involving the use of holographic / diffractive hybrid optical elements that are integrated into standard and customized light sources used in the machine vision industry. The bulk of the paper will describe the function and fabrication of the holographic/diffractive optics and how they can be tailored to improve illuminator design. Further information will be provided a specific design and examples of it in operation will be disclosed.

Investigating Planetesimal Evolution by Experiments with Fe-Ni Metallic Melts: Light Element Composition Effects on Trace Element Partitioning Behavior

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chabot, N. L.

2017-12-01

As planetesimals were heated up in the early Solar System, the formation of Fe-Ni metallic melts was a common occurrence. During planetesimal differentiation, the denser Fe-Ni metallic melts separated from the less dense silicate components, though some meteorites suggest that their parent bodies only experienced partial differentiation. If the Fe-Ni metallic melts did form a central metallic core, the core eventually crystallized to a solid, some of which we sample as iron meteorites. In all of these planetesimal evolution processes, the composition of the Fe-Ni metallic melt influenced the process and the resulting trace element chemical signatures. In particular, the metallic melt's "light element" composition, those elements present in the metallic melt in a significant concentration but with lower atomic masses than Fe, can strongly affect trace element partitioning. Experimental studies have provided critical data to determine the effects of light elements in Fe-Ni metallic melts on trace element partitioning behavior. Here I focus on combining numerous experimental results to identify trace elements that provide unique insight into constraining the light element composition of early Solar System Fe-Ni metallic melts. Experimental studies have been conducted at 1 atm in a variety of Fe-Ni systems to investigate the effects of light elements on trace element partitioning behavior. A frequent experimental examination of the effects of light elements in metallic systems involves producing run products with coexisting solid metal and liquid metal phases. Such solid-metal-liquid-metal experiments have been conducted in the Fe-Ni binary system as well as Fe-Ni systems with S, P, and C. Experiments with O-bearing or Si-bearing Fe-Ni metallic melts do not lend themselves to experiments with coexisting solid metal and liquid metal phases, due to the phase diagrams of these elements, but experiments with two immiscible Fe-Ni metallic melts have provided insight into the qualitative effects of O and Si relative to the well-determined effects of S. Together, these experimental studies provide a robust dataset to identify key elements that are predicted to produce distinct chemical signatures as a function of different Fe-Ni metallic melt compositions during planetesimal evolution processes.

Direct-current arc and alternating-current spark emission spectrographic field methods for the semiquantitative analysis of geologic materials

USGS Publications Warehouse

Grimes, D.J.; Marranzino, A.P.

1968-01-01

Two spectrographic methods are used in mobile field laboratories of the U. S. Geological Survey. In the direct-current arc method, the ground sample is mixed with graphite powder, packed into an electrode crater, and burned to completion. Thirty elements are determined. In the spark method, the sample, ground to pass a 150-mesh screen, is digested in hydrofluoric acid followed by evaporation to dryness and dissolution in aqua regia. The solution is fed into the spark gap by means of a rotating-disk electrode arrangement and is excited with an alternating-current spark discharge. Fourteen elements are determined. In both techniques, light is recorded on Spectrum Analysis No. 1, 35-millimeter film, and the spectra are compared visually with those of standard films.

Metal-polymer nanocomposites for stretchable optics and plasmonics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Potenza, Marco A. C.; Minnai, Chloé; Milani, Paolo

2016-12-01

Stretchable and conformable optical devices open very exciting perspectives for the fabrication of systems incorporating diffracting and optical power in a single element and of tunable plasmonic filters and absorbers. The use of nanocomposites obtained by inserting metallic nanoparticles produced in the gas phase into polymeric matrices allows to effectively fabricate cheap and simple stretchable optical elements able to withstand thousands of deformations and stretching cycles without any degradation of their optical properties. The nanocomposite-based reflective optical devices show excellent performances and stability compared to similar devices fabricated with standard techniques. The nanocomposite-based devices can be therefore applied to arbitrary curved non-optical grade surfaces in order to achieve optical power and to minimize aberrations like astigmatism. Examples discussed here include stretchable reflecting gratings, plasmonic filters tunable by mechanical stretching and light absorbers.

Waveguide silicon nitride grating coupler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Litvik, Jan; Dolnak, Ivan; Dado, Milan

2016-12-01

Grating couplers are one of the most used elements for coupling of light between optical fibers and photonic integrated components. Silicon-on-insulator platform provides strong confinement of light and allows high integration. In this work, using simulations we have designed a broadband silicon nitride surface grating coupler. The Fourier-eigenmode expansion and finite difference time domain methods are utilized in design optimization of grating coupler structure. The fully, single etch step grating coupler is based on a standard silicon-on-insulator wafer with 0.55 μm waveguide Si3N4 layer. The optimized structure at 1550 nm wavelength yields a peak coupling efficiency -2.6635 dB (54.16%) with a 1-dB bandwidth up to 80 nm. It is promising way for low-cost fabrication using complementary metal-oxide- semiconductor fabrication process.

D → Klv semileptonic decay using lattice QCD with HISQ at physical pion masses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chakraborty, Bipasha; Davies, Christine; Koponen, Jonna; Lepage, G. Peter

2018-03-01

he quark flavor sector of the Standard Model is a fertile ground to look for new physics effects through a unitarity test of the Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix. We present a lattice QCD calculation of the scalar and the vector form factors (over a large q2 region including q2 = 0) associated with the D→ Klv semi-leptonic decay. This calculation will then allow us to determine the central CKM matrix element, Vcs in the Standard Model, by comparing the lattice QCD results for the form factors and the experimental decay rate. This form factor calculation has been performed on the Nf = 2 + 1 + 1 MILC HISQ ensembles with the physical light quark masses.

Neutrinoless double-β decay of 48Ca in the shell model: Closure versus nonclosure approximation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sen'kov, R. A.; Horoi, M.

2013-12-01

Neutrinoless double-β decay (0νββ) is a unique process that could reveal physics beyond the Standard Model. Essential ingredients in the analysis of 0νββ rates are the associated nuclear matrix elements. Most of the approaches used to calculate these matrix elements rely on the closure approximation. Here we analyze the light neutrino-exchange matrix elements of 48Ca 0νββ decay and test the closure approximation in a shell-model approach. We calculate the 0νββ nuclear matrix elements for 48Ca using both the closure approximation and a nonclosure approach, and we estimate the uncertainties associated with the closure approximation. We demonstrate that the nonclosure approach has excellent convergence properties which allow us to avoid unmanageable computational cost. Combining the nonclosure and closure approaches we propose a new method of calculation for 0νββ decay rates which can be applied to the 0νββ decay rates of heavy nuclei, such as 76Ge or 82Se.

Influence of panel fastening on the acoustic performance of light-weight building elements: Study by sound transmission and laser scanning vibrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roozen, N. B.; Muellner, H.; Labelle, L.; Rychtáriková, M.; Glorieux, C.

2015-06-01

Structural details and workmanship can cause considerable differences in sound insulation properties of timber frame partitions. In this study, the influence of panel fastening is investigated experimentally by means of standardized sound reduction index measurements, supported by detailed scanning laser Doppler vibrometry. In particular the effect of the number of screws used to fasten the panels to the studs, and the tightness of the screws, is studied using seven different configurations of lightweight timber frame building elements. In the frequency range from 300 to 4000 Hz, differences in the weighted sound reduction index RW as large as 10 dB were measured, suggesting that the method of fastening can have a large impact on the acoustic performance of building elements. Using the measured vibrational responses of the element, its acoustic radiation efficiency was computed numerically by means of a Rayleigh integral. The increased radiation efficiency partly explains the reduced sound reduction index. Loosening the screws, or reducing the number of screws, lowers the radiation efficiency, and significantly increases the sound reduction index of the partition.

40 CFR 86.097-9 - Emission standards for 1997 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....097-9 Emission standards for 1997 and later model year light-duty trucks. (a)(1) Standards—(i) Light... standards. (ii) Heavy light-duty trucks. (A) Exhaust emissions from 1997 and later model year heavy light... model year light-duty trucks from compliance at low altitude with the emission standards set forth in...

7 CFR 29.6081 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.6081 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. These standardized words or terms are used to describe tobacco...

7 CFR 29.3586 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.3586 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. These standardized words or terms are used to describe tobacco...

7 CFR 29.3101 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.3101 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. These standardized words or terms are used to describe tobacco...

7 CFR 29.6081 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.6081 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. These standardized words or terms are used to describe tobacco...

7 CFR 29.1101 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.1101 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. These standardized words or terms are used to describe tobacco...

7 CFR 29.3586 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.3586 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. These standardized words or terms are used to describe tobacco...

7 CFR 29.3586 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.3586 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. These standardized words or terms are used to describe tobacco...

7 CFR 29.3101 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.3101 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. These standardized words or terms are used to describe tobacco...

7 CFR 29.1101 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.1101 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. These standardized words or terms are used to describe tobacco...

7 CFR 29.3101 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.3101 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. These standardized words or terms are used to describe tobacco...

7 CFR 29.6081 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.6081 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. These standardized words or terms are used to describe tobacco...

7 CFR 29.1101 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.1101 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. These standardized words or terms are used to describe tobacco...

7 CFR 29.3586 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.3586 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. These standardized words or terms are used to describe tobacco...

7 CFR 29.6081 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.6081 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. These standardized words or terms are used to describe tobacco...

7 CFR 29.3101 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.3101 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. These standardized words or terms are used to describe tobacco...

7 CFR 29.1101 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.1101 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. These standardized words or terms are used to describe tobacco...

7 CFR 29.3586 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.3586 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. These standardized words or terms are used to describe tobacco...

7 CFR 29.1101 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.1101 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. These standardized words or terms are used to describe tobacco...

Measuring H, O, li, B, and BE on Planetary Surfaces: Calibration of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (libs) Data Under Air, Vacuum, and CO2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dyar, M. D.; Nelms, M.; Breves, E. A.

2012-12-01

Laser-induced breakdown spectrometer (LIBS), as implemented on the ChemCam instrument on Mars Science Lab and the proposed New Frontiers SAGE mission to Venus, can analyze elements from H to Pb from up to 7m standoff. This study examines the capabilities of LIBS to analyze H, O, B, Be, and Li under conditions simulating Earth, the Moon, and Mars. Of these, H is a major constituent of clay minerals and a key indicator of the presence of water. Its abundance in terrestrial materials ranges from 0 ppm up to 10's of wt.% H2O in hydrated sulfates and clays, with prominent emission lines occurring ca. 656.4 nm. O is an important indicator of atmospheric and magmatic coevolution, and has lines ca. 615.8, 656.2, 777.6, and 844.8 nm. Unfortunately there are very few geological samples from which O has been directly measured, but stoichiometry suggests that O varies from ca. 0 wt.% in sulfides to 21% in ferberite, 32% in ilmenite, 42% in amphiboles, 53% in quartz, 63% in melanterite, and 71% in epsomite. Li (lines at 413.3, 460.4, and 670.9 nm in vacuum), B (412.3 nm), and Be (313.1 nm) are highly mobile elements and key indicators of interaction with water. Local atmospheric composition and pressure significantly influence LIBS plasma intensity because the local atmosphere and the breakdown products from the atmospheric species interact with the ablated surface material in the plasma. Measurement of light elements with LIBS requires that spectra be acquired under conditions matching the remote environment. LIBS is critically dependent on the availability of well characterized, homogeneous reference materials that are closely matched in matrix (composition and structure) to the sample being studied. In modern geochemistry, analyses of most major, minor, and trace elements are routinely made. However, quantitative determination of light element concentrations in geological specimens still represents a major analytical challenge. Thus standards for which hydrogen, oxygen, and other light elements are directly measured are nearly nonexistent in the 1-2 g quantities needed for LIBS analyses. For this study, we have obtained two sample suites that provide calibrations needed for accurate analyses of H, O, B, Be, and Li in geological samples. The first suite of 11 samples was analyzed for oxygen by fast neutron activation analysis. The second suite includes 11 gem-quality minerals representing the major rock-forming species for B, Li, and Be-rich parageneses. Light elements were directly analyzed using a combination of EMPA, XRF, ion microprobe, uranium extraction, proton-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE), and prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis (PGNAA). LIBS spectra were acquired at Mount Holyoke College under air, vacuum, and CO2 to simulate terrestrial, lunar, and martian environments. Spectra were then used to develop three separate calibration models (one for each environment), enabling LIBS characterization of light elements using multivariate analyses. Results show that when direct analyses of H, O, Li, B, and Be are used rather than LOI results, inferred, or indirectly calculated values, optimal root mean squared errors of prediction result. We are actively adding samples to these calibration suites, and we expect that prediction errors (accuracies) of <1wt% for these elements are possible.

76 FR 45647 - Consensus Standards, Light-Sport Aircraft

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-29

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Aviation Administration Consensus Standards, Light-Sport... previously accepted consensus standards relating to the provisions of the Sport Pilot and Light-Sport... Light Sport Aircraft developed the revised standards with Federal Aviation Administration (FAA...

Mechanisms of tumor destruction caused by photodynamic therapy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Chuannong

2005-07-01

Photodynamic therapy is a relatively new treatment modality and is becoming widely accepted as a standard treatment of a variety of solid tumors. This includes palliative treatments for advanced or obstructive cancers in many organs as well as a curative treatment for some early cancers and pre-cancerous lesions. It has been approved by health authorities in a number of countries in America, Europe and Asia [1]. PDT is a procedure requiring 3 elements: photosensitizer, light and oxygen [2]. The typical technique involves an intravenous administration of a photosensitizing agent, which is preferentially accumulated or retained in tumor tissue, followed by irradiation of the tumor area with light of appropriate wavelength. In the presence of oxygen it generates highly reactive and cytotoxic molecular species, in particular, singlet oxygen (1O2), which may oxidize various bio-molecules and finally leading to cell death and tumor destruction [3]. The most widely used photosensitizer in clinical treatment of cancers is Photofrin (porfimer sodium), and most widely used light sources are lasers of various types, in recent years preferentially, diode laser, which emits a red light of 630 nm wavelength.

Laer-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Instrument for Element Analysis of Planetary Surfaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Blacic, J.; Pettit, D.; Cremers, D.; Roessler, N.

1993-01-01

One of the most fundamental pieces of information about any planetary body is the elemental and mineralogical composition of its surface materials. We are developing an instrument to obtain such data at ranges of up to several hundreds of meters using the technique of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). We envision our instrument being used from a spacecraft in close rendezvous with small bodies such as comets and asteroids, or deployed on surface-rover vehicles on large bodies such as Mars and the Moon. The elemental analysis is based on atomic emission spectroscopy of a laser-induced plasma or spark. A pulsed, diode pumped Nd:YAG laser of several hundred millijoules optical energy is used to vaporize and electronically excite the constituent elements of a rock surface remotely located from the laser. Light emitted from the excited plasma is collected and introduced to the entrance slit of a small grating spectrometer. The spectrally dispersed spark light is detected with either a linear photo diode array or area CCD array. When the latter detector is used, the optical and spectrometer components of the LIBS instrument can also be used in a passive imaging mode to collect and integrate reflected sunlight from the same rock surface. Absorption spectral analysis of this reflected light gives mineralogical information that provides a remote geochemical characterization of the rock surface. We performed laboratory calibrations in air and in vacuum on standard rock powders to quantify the LIBS analysis. We performed preliminary field tests using commercially available components to demonstrate remote LIBS analysis of terrestrial rock surfaces at ranges of over 25 m, and we have demonstrated compatibility with a six-wheeled Russian robotic rover vehicle. Based on these results, we believe that all major and most minor elements expected on planetary surfaces can be measured with absolute accuracy of 10-15 percent and much higher relative accuracy. We have performed preliminary systems analysis of a LIBS instrument to evaluate probable mass and power requirements; results of this analysis are summarized.

Axial-Current Matrix Elements in Light Nuclei from Lattice QCD

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Savage, M.; Beane, S.; Chang, E.; Davoudi, Z.; Detmold, W.; Orginos, K.; Shanahan, P.; Tiburzi, B.; Wagman, M.; Winter, F.; Nplqcd Collaboration

I present results from the first lattice QCD calculations of axial-current matrix elements in light nuclei, performed by the NPLQCD collaboration. Precision calculations of these matrix elements, and the subsequent extraction of multi-nucleon axial-current operators, are essential in refining theoretical predictions of the proton-proton fusion cross section, neutrino-nucleus cross sections and $\\beta\\beta$-decay rates of nuclei. In addition, they are expected to shed light on the phenomenological quenching of $g_A$ that is required in nuclear many-body calculations.

Multiple intensity distributions from a single optical element

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berens, Michael; Bruneton, Adrien; Bäuerle, Axel; Traub, Martin; Wester, Rolf; Stollenwerk, Jochen; Loosen, Peter

2013-09-01

We report on an extension of the previously published two-step freeform optics tailoring algorithm using a Monge-Kantorovich mass transportation framework. The algorithm's ability to design multiple freeform surfaces allows for the inclusion of multiple distinct light paths and hence the implementation of multiple lighting functions in a single optical element. We demonstrate the procedure in the context of automotive lighting, in which a fog lamp and a daytime running lamp are integrated in a single optical element illuminated by two distinct groups of LEDs.

Simultaneous remote measurement of CO2 concentration, humidity and temperature with a matrix of optical fiber sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wysokiński, Karol; Filipowicz, Marta; Stańczyk, Tomasz; Lipiński, Stanisław; Napierała, Marek; Murawski, Michał; Nasiłowski, Tomasz

2017-10-01

A matrix of optical fiber sensors eligible for remote measurements is reported in this paper. The aim of work was to monitor the air quality with a device, which does not need any electricity on site of the measurement. The matrix consists of several sensors detecting carbon dioxide concentration, relative humidity and temperature. Sensors utilize active optical materials, which change their color when exposed to varied conditions. All the sensors are powered with standard light emitting diodes. Light is transmitted by an optical fiber from the light source and then it reaches the active layer which changes its color, when the conditions change. This results in a change of attenuation of light passing through the active layer. Modified light is then transmitted by another optical fiber to the detector, where simple photoresistor is used. It is powered by a stabilized DC power supply and the current is measured. Since no expensive elements are needed to manufacture such a matrix of sensors, its price may be competitive to the price of the devices already available on the market, while the matrix also exhibits other valuable properties.

Biological cell classification by multiangle light scattering

DOEpatents

Salzman, G.C.; Crowell, J.M.; Mullaney, P.F.

1975-06-03

The specification is directed to an apparatus and method for detecting light scattering from a biological cell. Light, preferably from a coherent source of radiation, intercepts an individual biological cell in a stream of cells passing through the beam. Light scattered from the cell is detected at a selected number of angles between 0 and 90/sup 0/ to the longitudinal axis of the beam with a circular array of light responsive elements which produce signals representative of the intensity of light incident thereon. Signals from the elements are processed to determine the light-scattering pattern of the cell and therefrom its identity.

Preliminary Study to Test the Feasibility of Sex Identification of Human (Homo sapiens) Bones Based on Differences in Elemental Profiles Determined by Handheld X-ray Fluorescence.

PubMed

Nganvongpanit, Korakot; Buddhachat, Kittisak; Brown, Janine L; Klinhom, Sarisa; Pitakarnnop, Tanita; Mahakkanukrauh, Pasuk

2016-09-01

Sex assignment of human remains is a crucial step in forensic anthropological studies. The aim of this study was to examine elemental differences between male and female bones using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and determine if elemental profiling could be used for sex discrimination. Cranium, humerus, and os coxae of 60 skeletons (30 male, 30 female) from the Chiang Mai University Skeletal Collection were scanned by XRF and differences in elemental profiles between male and female bones determined using discriminant analysis. In the cranium, three elements (S, Ca, Pb) were significantly higher in males and five elements (Si, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ag) plus light elements (atomic number lower than 12) were higher in females. In humerus and os coxae, nine elements were significantly higher in male and one element was higher in female samples. The accuracy rate for sex estimation was 60, 63, and 61 % for cranium, humerus, and os coxae, respectively, and 67 % when data for all three bones were combined. We conclude that there are sex differences in bone elemental profiles; however, the accuracy of XRF analyses for discriminating between male and female samples was low compared to standard morphometric and molecular methods. XRF could be used on small samples that cannot be sexed by traditional morphological methods, but more work is needed to increase the power of this technique for gender assignment.

D-Meson Mixing in 2+1-Flavor Lattice QCD

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chang, Chia Cheng; Bouchard, C. M.; El-Khadra, A. X.

We present results for neutral D-meson mixing in 2+1-flavor lattice QCD. We compute the matrix elements for all five operators that contribute to D mixing at short distances, including those that only arise beyond the Standard Model. Our results have an uncertainty similar to those of the ETM collaboration (with 2 and with 2+1+1 flavors). This work shares many features with a recent publication on B mixing and with ongoing work on heavy-light decay constants from the Fermilab Lattice and MILC Collaborations.

Lights Out Operations of a Space, Ground, Sensorweb

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chien, Steve; Tran, Daniel; Johnston, Mark; Davies, Ashley Gerard; Castano, Rebecca; Rabideau, Gregg; Cichy, Benjamin; Doubleday, Joshua; Pieri, David; Scharenbroich, Lucas;

Focusing light through random scattering media by four-element division algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fang, Longjie; Zhang, Xicheng; Zuo, Haoyi; Pang, Lin

2018-01-01

The focusing of light through random scattering materials using wavefront shaping is studied in detail. We propose a newfangled approach namely four-element division algorithm to improve the average convergence rate and signal-to-noise ratio of focusing. Using 4096 independently controlled segments of light, the intensity at the target is 72 times enhanced over the original intensity at the same position. The four-element division algorithm and existing phase control algorithms of focusing through scattering media are compared by both of the numerical simulation and the experiment. It is found that four-element division algorithm is particularly advantageous to improve the average convergence rate of focusing.

A Hybrid Converter for Improving Light Load Efficiency

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takahashi, Masaya; Nishijima, Kimihiro; Nagao, Michihiko; Sato, Terukazu; Nabeshima, Takashi

In order to reduce power consumption of electronic equipment in stand-by mode, idle-mode and sleep-mode, a simple efficiency improvement technique for switching regulator in light load region is proposed. In this technique, under the light load, the small switching elements in a MOSFET driver circuit are used instead of the switching elements in a main regulator circuit to reduce driving losses. Of course, under the load heavier than light load, the MOSFET driver drives the switching elements in the main regulator circuit. The efficiency of a 2.5V/5A prototype buck converter is improved from 47.1% to 72.7% by using the proposed technique.

GLOBULAR CLUSTER ABUNDANCES FROM HIGH-RESOLUTION, INTEGRATED-LIGHT SPECTROSCOPY. II. EXPANDING THE METALLICITY RANGE FOR OLD CLUSTERS AND UPDATED ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Colucci, Janet E.; Bernstein, Rebecca A.; McWilliam, Andrew

2017-01-10

We present abundances of globular clusters (GCs) in the Milky Way and Fornax from integrated-light (IL) spectra. Our goal is to evaluate the consistency of the IL analysis relative to standard abundance analysis for individual stars in those same clusters. This sample includes an updated analysis of seven clusters from our previous publications and results for five new clusters that expand the metallicity range over which our technique has been tested. We find that the [Fe/H] measured from IL spectra agrees to ∼0.1 dex for GCs with metallicities as high as [Fe/H] = −0.3, but the abundances measured for more metal-rich clustersmore » may be underestimated. In addition we systematically evaluate the accuracy of abundance ratios, [X/Fe], for Na i, Mg i, Al i, Si i, Ca i, Ti i, Ti ii, Sc ii, V i, Cr i, Mn i, Co i, Ni i, Cu i, Y ii, Zr i, Ba ii, La ii, Nd ii, and Eu ii. The elements for which the IL analysis gives results that are most similar to analysis of individual stellar spectra are Fe i, Ca i, Si i, Ni i, and Ba ii. The elements that show the greatest differences include Mg i and Zr i. Some elements show good agreement only over a limited range in metallicity. More stellar abundance data in these clusters would enable more complete evaluation of the IL results for other important elements.« less

Elemental mercury emission in the indoor environment due to broken compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs--paper

EPA Science Inventory

Compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs contain a few milligrams (mg) of elemental mercury. When a CFL breaks, some of the mercury is immediately released as elemental mercury vapor and the remainder is deposited on indoor surfaces with the bulb debris. In a controlled study design...

Experimental constraints on light elements in the Earth’s outer core

PubMed Central

Zhang, Youjun; Sekine, Toshimori; He, Hongliang; Yu, Yin; Liu, Fusheng; Zhang, Mingjian

2016-01-01

Earth’s outer core is liquid and dominantly composed of iron and nickel (~5–10 wt%). Its density, however, is ~8% lower than that of liquid iron, and requires the presence of a significant amount of light element(s). A good way to specify the light element(s) is a direct comparison of density and sound velocity measurements between seismological data and those of possible candidate compositions at the core conditions. We report the sound velocity measurements of a model core composition in the Fe-Ni-Si system at the outer core conditions by shock-wave experiments. Combining with the previous studies, we found that the best estimate for the outer core’s light elements is ~6 wt% Si, ~2 wt% S, and possible ~1–2.5 wt% O. This composition satisfies the requirements imposed by seismology, geochemistry, and some models of the early core formation. This finding may help us to further constrain the thermal structure of the Earth and the models of Earth’s core formation. PMID:26932596

Analog of Optical Elements for Sound Waves in Air

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gluck, Paul; Perkalskis, Benjamin

2009-01-01

Optical elements manipulate light waves. They may be used to focus the light or to change the phase, the polarization, the direction, or the intensity of light. Many of these functions are often demonstrated with microwaves, since the devices normally available in teaching laboratories produce wavelengths in the centimeter range and are therefore…

Catalytic Graphitization of Coal-Based Carbon Materials with Light Rare Earth Elements.

PubMed

Wang, Rongyan; Lu, Guimin; Qiao, Wenming; Yu, Jianguo

2016-08-30

The catalytic graphitization mechanism of coal-based carbon materials with light rare earth elements was investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, selected-area electron diffraction, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The interface between light rare earth elements and carbon materials was carefully observed, and two routes of rare earth elements catalyzing the carbon materials were found: dissolution-precipitation and carbide formation-decomposition. These two simultaneous processes certainly accelerate the catalytic graphitization of carbon materials, and light rare earth elements exert significant influence on the microstructure and thermal conductivity of graphite. Moreover, by virtue of praseodymium (Pr), it was found that a highly crystallographic orientation of graphite was induced and formed, which was reasonably attributed to the similar arrangements of the planes perpendicular to (001) in both graphite and Pr crystals. The interface between Pr and carbon was found to be an important factor for the orientation of graphite structure.

Medical catheters thermally manipulated by fiber optic bundles

DOEpatents

Chastagner, P.

1992-10-06

A maneuverable medical catheter comprising a flexible tube having a functional tip is described. The catheter is connected to a control source. The functional tip of the catheter carries a plurality of temperature activated elements arranged in parallel and disposed about the functional tip and held in spaced relation at each end. These elements expand when they are heated. A plurality of fiber optic bundles, each bundle having a proximal end attached to the control source and a distal end attached to one of the elements carry light into the elements where the light is absorbed as heat. By varying the optic fiber that is carrying the light and the intensity of the light, the bending of the elements can be controlled and thus the catheter steered. In an alternate embodiment, the catheter carries a medical instrument for gathering a sample of tissue. The instrument may also be deployed and operated by thermal expansion and contraction of its moving parts. 10 figs.

CIE colorimetric system fails to calculate the chroma of a Nd:YAG crystal under the fluorescent illuminant F7

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Yan; Chen, Qinghan; Bu, Xianhui; Feng, Pingyun

2002-06-01

The rare earth element neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) is a laser crystal widely used for producing laser in the infrared range. Neodymium causes many characteristic absorption peaks in the transmittance spectrum of the Nd:YAG crystal in the visible range. The crystal appears pink under daylight and incandescent light, and colorless under fluorescent light. The colorimetric calculation results of chroma under the CIE standard fluorescent illuminant F7 do not agree with the color appearance under fluorescent light. The calculated chroma values should be near zero to agree with a colorless appearance, but it is actually 11.79 in the CIELAB color space. This failure of the colorimetric calculation is caused by the color matching functions of the CIE colorimetric observers. The color matching functions do not agree with the spectral sensitivity curves of the human eye, especially the x(λ) function does not matches the spectral sensitivity curve of the long wavelength cone photoreceptors.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bazavov, A.; Bernard, C.; Bouchard, C. M.

We calculate—for the first time in three-flavor lattice QCD—the hadronic matrix elements of all five local operators that contribute to neutral B 0- and B s-meson mixing in and beyond the Standard Model. We present a complete error budget for each matrix element and also provide the full set of correlations among the matrix elements. We also present the corresponding bag parameters and their correlations, as well as specific combinations of the mixing matrix elements that enter the expression for the neutral B-meson width difference. We obtain the most precise determination to date of the SU(3)-breaking ratio ξ=1.206(18)(6), where themore » second error stems from the omission of charm-sea quarks, while the first encompasses all other uncertainties. The threefold reduction in total uncertainty, relative to the 2013 Flavor Lattice Averaging Group results, tightens the constraint from B mixing on the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) unitarity triangle. Our calculation employs gauge-field ensembles generated by the MILC Collaboration with four lattice spacings and pion masses close to the physical value. We use the asqtad-improved staggered action for the light-valence quarks and the Fermilab method for the bottom quark. We use heavy-light meson chiral perturbation theory modified to include lattice-spacing effects to extrapolate the five matrix elements to the physical point. We combine our results with experimental measurements of the neutral B-meson oscillation frequencies to determine the CKM matrix elements |V td| = 8.00(34)(8)×10 -3, |V ts| = 39.0(1.2)(0.4)×10 -3, and |V td/V ts| = 0.2052(31)(10), which differ from CKM-unitarity expectations by about 2σ. In addition, these results and others from flavor-changing-neutral currents point towards an emerging tension between weak processes that are mediated at the loop and tree levels.« less

Position indicator

DOEpatents

Tanner, David E.

1981-01-01

A nuclear reactor system is described in which a position indicator is provided for detecting and indicating the position of a movable element inside a pressure vessel. The movable element may be a valve element or similar device which moves about an axis. Light from a light source is transmitted from a source outside the pressure vessel to a first region inside the pressure vessel in alignment with the axis of the movable element. The light is redirected by a reflector prism to a second region displaced radially from the first region. The reflector prism moves in response to movement of the movable element about its axis such that the second region moves arcuately with respect to the first region. Sensors are arrayed in an arc corresponding to the arc of movement of the second region and signals are transmitted from the sensors to the exterior of the reactor vessel to provide indication of the position of the movable element.

75 FR 7426 - Tier 2 Light-Duty Vehicle and Light-Duty Truck Emission Standards and Gasoline Sulfur Control...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-19

... 2060-AI23; 2060-AQ12 Tier 2 Light-Duty Vehicle and Light-Duty Truck Emission Standards and Gasoline... February 10, 2000 (65 FR 6698), EPA published emission standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty... new passenger cars and light trucks, including pickup trucks, vans, minivans, and sport-utility...

Axial-Current Matrix Elements in Light Nuclei from Lattice QCD

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Savage, Martin; Shanahan, Phiala E.; Tiburzi, Brian C.

2016-12-01

I present results from the first lattice QCD calculations of axial-current matrix elements in light nuclei, performed by the NPLQCD collaboration. Precision calculations of these matrix elements, and the subsequent extraction of multi-nucleon axial-current operators, are essential in refining theoretical predictions of the proton-proton fusion cross section, neutrino-nucleus cross sections andmore » $$\\beta\\beta$$-decay rates of nuclei. In addition, they are expected to shed light on the phenomenological quenching of $$g_A$$ that is required in nuclear many-body calculations.« less

A Study of Thick-Target X-Ray Spectra Using Photonuclear Reactions

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-01-01

energy k will be given by kmln-BV1+(BEb/Mxc2)] (2) Where M Is the mass of the target nucleus, c is the velocity of light , and BE. , the binding...3-8 MeV (18,23,26). The energy B at which the cross section is a maximum is approximately 20 MeV for light elements (23,26). For heavy elements, E...Detailed inspection of the giant reaonance of photonuclear reactions in light elements reveals cross section maxima and minima, or "atructure

47 CFR 51.509 - Rate structure standards for specific elements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Rate structure standards for specific elements... SERVICES (CONTINUED) INTERCONNECTION Pricing of Elements § 51.509 Rate structure standards for specific elements. In addition to the general rules set forth in § 51.507, rates for specific elements shall comply...

47 CFR 51.509 - Rate structure standards for specific elements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Rate structure standards for specific elements... SERVICES (CONTINUED) INTERCONNECTION Pricing of Elements § 51.509 Rate structure standards for specific elements. In addition to the general rules set forth in § 51.507, rates for specific elements shall comply...

47 CFR 51.509 - Rate structure standards for specific elements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Rate structure standards for specific elements... SERVICES (CONTINUED) INTERCONNECTION Pricing of Elements § 51.509 Rate structure standards for specific elements. In addition to the general rules set forth in § 51.507, rates for specific elements shall comply...

47 CFR 51.509 - Rate structure standards for specific elements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Rate structure standards for specific elements... SERVICES (CONTINUED) INTERCONNECTION Pricing of Elements § 51.509 Rate structure standards for specific elements. In addition to the general rules set forth in § 51.507, rates for specific elements shall comply...

47 CFR 51.509 - Rate structure standards for specific elements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Rate structure standards for specific elements... SERVICES (CONTINUED) INTERCONNECTION Pricing of Elements § 51.509 Rate structure standards for specific elements. In addition to the general rules set forth in § 51.507, rates for specific elements shall comply...

Quantification of lithium at ppm level in geological samples using nuclear reaction analysis.

PubMed

De La Rosa, Nathaly; Kristiansson, Per; Nilsson, E J Charlotta; Ros, Linus; Pallon, Jan; Skogby, Henrik

2018-01-01

Proton-induced reaction (p,α) is one type of nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) suitable especially for light element quantification. In the case of lithium quantification presented in this work, accelerated protons with an energy about of 850 keV were used to induce the 7 Li(p,α) 4 He reaction in standard reference and geological samples such as tourmaline and other Li-minerals. It is shown that this technique for lithium quantification allowed for measurement of concentrations down below one ppm. The possibility to relate the lithium content with the boron content in a single analysis was also demonstrated using tourmaline samples, both in absolute concentration and in lateral distribution. In addition, Particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) was utilized as a complementary IBA technique for simultaneous mapping of elements heavier than sodium.

III-V arsenide-nitride semiconductor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Major, Jo S. (Inventor); Welch, David F. (Inventor); Scifres, Donald R. (Inventor)

2000-01-01

III-V arsenide-nitride semiconductor are disclosed. Group III elements are combined with group V elements, including at least nitrogen and arsenic, in concentrations chosen to lattice match commercially available crystalline substrates. Epitaxial growth of these III-V crystals results in direct bandgap materials, which can be used in applications such as light emitting diodes and lasers. Varying the concentrations of the elements in the III-V materials varies the bandgaps, such that materials emitting light spanning the visible spectra, as well as mid-IR and near-UV emitters, can be created. Conversely, such material can be used to create devices that acquire light and convert the light to electricity, for applications such as full color photodetectors and solar energy collectors. The growth of the III-V material can be accomplished by growing thin layers of elements or compounds in sequences that result in the overall lattice match and bandgap desired.

Methods for forming group III-arsenide-nitride semiconductor materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Major, Jo S. (Inventor); Welch, David F. (Inventor); Scifres, Donald R. (Inventor)

2002-01-01

Methods are disclosed for forming Group III-arsenide-nitride semiconductor materials. Group III elements are combined with group V elements, including at least nitrogen and arsenic, in concentrations chosen to lattice match commercially available crystalline substrates. Epitaxial growth of these III-V crystals results in direct bandgap materials, which can be used in applications such as light emitting diodes and lasers. Varying the concentrations of the elements in the III-V crystals varies the bandgaps, such that materials emitting light spanning the visible spectra, as well as mid-IR and near-UV emitters, can be created. Conversely, such material can be used to create devices that acquire light and convert the light to electricity, for applications such as full color photodetectors and solar energy collectors. The growth of the III-V crystals can be accomplished by growing thin layers of elements or compounds in sequences that result in the overall lattice match and bandgap desired.

Methods for forming group III-V arsenide-nitride semiconductor materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Major, Jo S. (Inventor); Welch, David F. (Inventor); Scifres, Donald R. (Inventor)

2000-01-01

Methods are disclosed for forming Group III--arsenide-nitride semiconductor materials. Group III elements are combined with group V elements, including at least nitrogen and arsenic, in concentrations chosen to lattice match commercially available crystalline substrates. Epitaxial growth of these III-V crystals results in direct bandgap materials, which can be used in applications such as light emitting diodes and lasers. Varying the concentrations of the elements in the III-V crystals varies the bandgaps, such that materials emitting light spanning the visible spectra, as well as mid-IR and near-UV emitters, can be created. Conversely, such material can be used to create devices that acquire light and convert the light to electricity, for applications such as full color photodetectors and solar energy collectors. The growth of the III-V crystals can be accomplished by growing thin layers of elements or compounds in sequences that result in the overall lattice match and bandgap desired.

Synthesis of bulk-size transparent gadolinium oxide–polymer nanocomposites for gamma ray spectroscopy

PubMed Central

Cai, Wen; Chen, Qi; Cherepy, Nerine; Dooraghi, Alex; Kishpaugh, David; Chatziioannou, Arion; Payne, Stephen; Xiang, Weidong

2015-01-01

Heavy element loaded polymer composites have long been proposed to detect high energy X- and γ-rays upon scintillation. The previously reported bulk composite scintillators have achieved limited success because of the diminished light output resulting from fluorescence quenching and opacity. We demonstrate the synthesis of a transparent nanocomposite comprising gadolinium oxide nanocrystals uniformly dispersed in bulk-size samples at a high loading content. The strategy to avoid luminescence quenching and opacity in the nanocomposite was successfully deployed, which led to the radioluminescence light yield of up to 27 000/MeV, about twice as much as standard commercial plastic scintillators. Nanocomposites monoliths (14 mm diameter by 3 mm thickness) with 31 wt% loading of nanocrystals generated a photoelectric peak for Cs-137 gamma (662 keV) with 11.4% energy resolution. PMID:26478816

High Absorptance Coatings for THz Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wollack, Edward J.

2012-01-01

High absorptance materials find application throughout the electromagnetic spectrum as radiation terminations, calibration standards, and glint reduction coatings. Successful use of materials at millimeter through submillimeter wavelengths requires an accurate knowledge and control over their thermal, mechanical, and electromagnetic properties in order to achieve the desired response while minimizing mass and volume. In practice, the achieved blackness is intimately linked to the material properties and geometry. Here, we summarize the characteristics of a variety of tunable artificial dielectric mixtures appropriate for THz applications at room and cryogenic temperatures. Theoretical guidelines for their application will be provided in the context of the effective-medium mean-field-approximation. The performance of these coatings as elements of reflectance standards, radiometric flux calibrators, passive thermal radiators, and stray light suppression baffles for imaging systems will be reviewed.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

The Department of Energy (DOE) has contracted with Asea Brown Boveri-Combustion Engineering (ABB-CE) to provide information on the capability of ABB-CE`s System 80 + Advanced Light Water Reactor (ALWR) to transform, through reactor burnup, 100 metric tonnes (MT) of weapons grade plutonium (Pu) into a form which is not readily useable in weapons. This information is being developed as part of DOE`s Plutonium Disposition Study, initiated by DOE in response to Congressional action. This document, Volume 1, presents a technical description of the various elements of the System 80 + Standard Plant Design upon which the Plutonium Disposition Study wasmore » based. The System 80 + Standard Design is fully developed and directly suited to meeting the mission objectives for plutonium disposal. The bass U0{sub 2} plant design is discussed here.« less

Optical apparatus for forming correlation spectrometers and optical processors

DOEpatents

Butler, Michael A.; Ricco, Antonio J.; Sinclair, Michael B.; Senturia, Stephen D.

1999-01-01

Optical apparatus for forming correlation spectrometers and optical processors. The optical apparatus comprises one or more diffractive optical elements formed on a substrate for receiving light from a source and processing the incident light. The optical apparatus includes an addressing element for alternately addressing each diffractive optical element thereof to produce for one unit of time a first correlation with the incident light, and to produce for a different unit of time a second correlation with the incident light that is different from the first correlation. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the optical apparatus is in the form of a correlation spectrometer; and in other embodiments, the apparatus is in the form of an optical processor. In some embodiments, the optical apparatus comprises a plurality of diffractive optical elements on a common substrate for forming first and second gratings that alternately intercept the incident light for different units of time. In other embodiments, the optical apparatus includes an electrically-programmable diffraction grating that may be alternately switched between a plurality of grating states thereof for processing the incident light. The optical apparatus may be formed, at least in part, by a micromachining process.

Optical apparatus for forming correlation spectrometers and optical processors

DOEpatents

Butler, M.A.; Ricco, A.J.; Sinclair, M.B.; Senturia, S.D.

1999-05-18

Optical apparatus is disclosed for forming correlation spectrometers and optical processors. The optical apparatus comprises one or more diffractive optical elements formed on a substrate for receiving light from a source and processing the incident light. The optical apparatus includes an addressing element for alternately addressing each diffractive optical element thereof to produce for one unit of time a first correlation with the incident light, and to produce for a different unit of time a second correlation with the incident light that is different from the first correlation. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the optical apparatus is in the form of a correlation spectrometer; and in other embodiments, the apparatus is in the form of an optical processor. In some embodiments, the optical apparatus comprises a plurality of diffractive optical elements on a common substrate for forming first and second gratings that alternately intercept the incident light for different units of time. In other embodiments, the optical apparatus includes an electrically-programmable diffraction grating that may be alternately switched between a plurality of grating states thereof for processing the incident light. The optical apparatus may be formed, at least in part, by a micromachining process. 24 figs.

New Homogeneous Standards by Atomic Layer Deposition for Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence and Absorption Spectroscopies.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Butterworth, A.L.; Becker, N.; Gainsforth, Z.

2012-03-13

Quantification of synchrotron XRF analyses is typically done through comparisons with measurements on the NIST SRM 1832/1833 thin film standards. Unfortunately, these standards are inhomogeneous on small scales at the tens of percent level. We are synthesizing new homogeneous multilayer standards using the Atomic Layer Deposition technique and characterizing them using multiple analytical methods, including ellipsometry, Rutherford Back Scattering at Evans Analytical, Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence (SXRF) at Advanced Photon Source (APS) Beamline 13-ID, Synchrotron X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) at Advanced Light Source (ALS) Beamlines 11.0.2 and 5.3.2.1 and by electron microscopy techniques. Our motivation for developing much-needed cross-calibration of synchrotronmore » techniques is borne from coordinated analyses of particles captured in the aerogel of the NASA Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector (SIDC). The Stardust Interstellar Dust Preliminary Examination (ISPE) team have characterized three sub-nanogram, {approx}1{micro}m-sized fragments considered as candidates to be the first contemporary interstellar dust ever collected, based on their chemistries and trajectories. The candidates were analyzed in small wedges of aerogel in which they were extracted from the larger collector, using high sensitivity, high spatial resolution >3 keV synchrotron x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SXRF) and <2 keV synchrotron x-ray transmission microscopy (STXM) during Stardust ISPE. The ISPE synchrotron techniques have complementary capabilities. Hard X-ray SXRF is sensitive to sub-fg mass of elements Z {ge} 20 (calcium) and has a spatial resolution as low as 90nm. X-ray Diffraction data were collected simultaneously with SXRF data. Soft X-ray STXM at ALS beamline 11.0.2 can detect fg-mass of most elements, including cosmochemically important oxygen, magnesium, aluminum and silicon, which are invisible to SXRF in this application. ALS beamline 11.0.2 has spatial resolution better than 25 nm. Limiting factors for Stardust STXM analyses were self-imposed limits of photon dose due to radiation damage concerns, and significant attenuation of <1500 eV X-rays by {approx}80{micro}m thick, {approx}25 mg/cm{sup 3} density silica aerogel capture medium. In practice, the ISPE team characterized the major, light elements using STXM (O, Mg, Al, Si) and the heavier minor and trace elements using SXRF. The two data sets overlapped only with minor Fe and Ni ({approx}1% mass abundance), providing few quantitative cross-checks. New improved standards for cross calibration are essential for consortium-based analyses of Stardust interstellar and cometary particles, IDPs. Indeed, they have far reaching application across the whole synchrotron-based analytical community. We have synthesized three ALD multilayers simultaneously on silicon nitride membranes and silicon and characterized them using RBS (on Si), XRF (on Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}) and STXM/XAS (holey Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}). The systems we have started to work with are Al-Zn-Fe and Y-Mg-Er. We have found these ALD multi-layers to be uniform at {micro}m- to nm scales, and have found excellent consistency between four analytical techniques so far. The ALD films can also be used as a standard for e-beam instruments, eg., TEM EELS or EDX. After some early issues with the consistency of coatings to the back-side of the membrane windows, we are confident to be able to show multi-analytical agreement to within 10%. As the precision improves, we can use the new standards to verify or improve the tabulated cross-sections.« less

40 CFR 264.1052 - Standards: Pumps in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Standards: Pumps in light liquid... DISPOSAL FACILITIES Air Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 264.1052 Standards: Pumps in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each pump in light liquid service shall be monitored monthly to detect leaks by the...

40 CFR 264.1052 - Standards: Pumps in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Standards: Pumps in light liquid... DISPOSAL FACILITIES Air Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 264.1052 Standards: Pumps in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each pump in light liquid service shall be monitored monthly to detect leaks by the...

40 CFR 264.1052 - Standards: Pumps in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Standards: Pumps in light liquid... DISPOSAL FACILITIES Air Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 264.1052 Standards: Pumps in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each pump in light liquid service shall be monitored monthly to detect leaks by the...

40 CFR 265.1052 - Standards: Pumps in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Standards: Pumps in light liquid..., STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES Air Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 265.1052 Standards: Pumps in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each pump in light liquid service shall be monitored monthly to detect...

40 CFR 265.1052 - Standards: Pumps in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Standards: Pumps in light liquid..., STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES Air Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 265.1052 Standards: Pumps in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each pump in light liquid service shall be monitored monthly to detect...

40 CFR 265.1052 - Standards: Pumps in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Standards: Pumps in light liquid..., STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES Air Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 265.1052 Standards: Pumps in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each pump in light liquid service shall be monitored monthly to detect...

40 CFR 264.1052 - Standards: Pumps in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Standards: Pumps in light liquid... DISPOSAL FACILITIES Air Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 264.1052 Standards: Pumps in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each pump in light liquid service shall be monitored monthly to detect leaks by the...

40 CFR 265.1052 - Standards: Pumps in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Standards: Pumps in light liquid..., STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES Air Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 265.1052 Standards: Pumps in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each pump in light liquid service shall be monitored monthly to detect...

40 CFR 86.709-94 - In-use emission standards for 1994 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Model Year Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks § 86.709-94 In-use emission standards for 1994 and... exhaust emissions from 1994 and later model year light light-duty trucks shall meet all standards in... standards in tables H94-9 and H94-10. (ii) For model years 1996 and 1997, a minimum of the percentages shown...

40 CFR 86.709-94 - In-use emission standards for 1994 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Model Year Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks § 86.709-94 In-use emission standards for 1994 and... exhaust emissions from 1994 and later model year light light-duty trucks shall meet all standards in... standards in tables H94-9 and H94-10. (ii) For model years 1996 and 1997, a minimum of the percentages shown...

40 CFR 86.709-94 - In-use emission standards for 1994 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Model Year Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks § 86.709-94 In-use emission standards for 1994 and... exhaust emissions from 1994 and later model year light light-duty trucks shall meet all standards in... standards in tables H94-9 and H94-10. (ii) For model years 1996 and 1997, a minimum of the percentages shown...

40 CFR 86.709-94 - In-use emission standards for 1994 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Model Year Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks § 86.709-94 In-use emission standards for 1994 and... exhaust emissions from 1994 and later model year light light-duty trucks shall meet all standards in... standards in tables H94-9 and H94-10. (ii) For model years 1996 and 1997, a minimum of the percentages shown...

40 CFR 86.1811-09 - Emission standards for light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks and medium-duty passenger vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Emission standards for light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks and medium-duty passenger vehicles. 86.1811-09 Section 86.1811-09 Protection of... Vehicles § 86.1811-09 Emission standards for light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks and medium-duty...

40 CFR 86.1811-10 - Emission standards for light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks and medium-duty passenger vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Emission standards for light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks and medium-duty passenger vehicles. 86.1811-10 Section 86.1811-10 Protection of... Vehicles § 86.1811-10 Emission standards for light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks and medium-duty...

40 CFR 86.1811-10 - Emission standards for light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks and medium-duty passenger vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Emission standards for light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks and medium-duty passenger vehicles. 86.1811-10 Section 86.1811-10 Protection of... Vehicles § 86.1811-10 Emission standards for light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks and medium-duty...

40 CFR 86.1811-09 - Emission standards for light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks and medium-duty passenger vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Emission standards for light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks and medium-duty passenger vehicles. 86.1811-09 Section 86.1811-09 Protection of... Vehicles § 86.1811-09 Emission standards for light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks and medium-duty...

Signal lights - designed light for rear lamps and new upcoming technologies: innovations in automotive lighting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mügge, Martin; Hohmann, Carsten

2016-04-01

Signal functions have to fulfill statutory regulations such as ECE or FMVSS108 to provide a clear signal to other road users and satisfy the same standard definitions of lighting parameters. However, as rear combination lamps are very different from one another, and these days are an increasingly powerful design element of cars, automotive manufacturers want an innovative, superior, and contrasting design. Daytime appearances with a new and unusual look and nighttime appearances with unexpected illumination are strong drivers for developing amazing innovative signal functions. The combination of LED technology and different forms of light-guiding optics, new interpretations of common optical systems to develop various styling options, the use of new materials and components for lighting effects, the introduction of OLED technology on the automotive market, and amazing new optical systems, using diffractive or holographic optics in future rear lamps, are paving the way for further, exciting design possibilities. The challenge of new signal functions is to take these possibilities and to develop the appearance and illumination effects the designer wants to reinforce the image of the car manufacturer and to fit harmoniously into the vehicle design. Lighting systems with a three-dimensional design and appearance when unlit and lit, amazing 3D effects, and surprising lighting scenarios will gain in importance. But the signal lights on cars will, in the future, be not only lighting functions in rear lamps; new functions and stylistic illuminations for coming/leaving-home scenarios will support and complete the car's overall lighting appearance. This paper describes current lighting systems realizing the styling requirements and future lighting systems offering new design possibilities and developing further stylistic, visual effects and improved technologies.

Apparatus for injecting high power laser light into a fiber optic cable

DOEpatents

Sweatt, William C.

1997-01-01

High intensity laser light is evenly injected into an optical fiber by the combination of a converging lens and a multisegment kinoform (binary optical element). The segments preferably have multi-order gratings on each which are aligned parallel to a radial line emanating from the center of the kinoform and pass through the center of the element. The grating in each segment causes circumferential (lateral) dispersion of the light, thereby avoiding detrimental concentration of light energy within the optical fiber.

Three-dimensional scanning confocal laser microscope

DOEpatents

Anderson, R. Rox; Webb, Robert H.; Rajadhyaksha, Milind

1999-01-01

A confocal microscope for generating an image of a sample includes a first scanning element for scanning a light beam along a first axis, and a second scanning element for scanning the light beam at a predetermined amplitude along a second axis perpendicular to the first axis. A third scanning element scans the light beam at a predetermined amplitude along a third axis perpendicular to an imaging plane defined by the first and second axes. The second and third scanning element are synchronized to scan at the same frequency. The second and third predetermined amplitudes are percentages of their maximum amplitudes. A selector determines the second and third predetermined amplitudes such that the sum of the percentages is equal to one-hundred percent.

Diffraction-Based Optical Switch

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sperno, Stevan M. (Inventor); Fuhr, Peter L. (Inventor); Schipper, John F. (Inventor)

2005-01-01

Method and system for controllably redirecting a light beam, having a central wavelength lambda, from a first light-receiving site to a second light-receiving site. A diffraction grating is attached to or part of a piezoelectric substrate, which is connected to one or two controllable voltage difference sources. When a substrate voltage difference is changed and the diffraction grating length in each of one or two directions is thereby changed, at least one of the diffraction angle, the diffraction order and the central wavelength is controllably changed. A diffracted light beam component, having a given wavelength, diffraction angle and diffraction order, that is initially received at a first light receiving site (e.g., a detector or optical fiber) is thereby controllably shifted or altered and can be received at a second light receiving site. A polynomially stepped, chirped grating is used in one embodiment. In another embodiment, an incident light beam, having at least one of first and second wavelengths, lambda1 and lambda2, is received and diffracted at a first diffraction grating to provide a first diffracted beam. The first diffracted beam is received and diffracted at a second diffraction grating to produce a second diffracted beam. The second diffracted beam is received at a light-sensitive transducer, having at least first and second spaced apart light detector elements that are positioned so that, when the incident light beam has wavelength lambda1 or lambda2 (lambda1 not equal to lambda2), the second diffracted beam is received at the first element or at the second element, respectively; change in a selected physical parameter at the second grating can also be sensed or measured. A sequence of spaced apart light detector elements can be positioned along a linear or curvilinear segment with equal or unequal spacing.

Globular Cluster Abundances from High-resolution, Integrated-light Spectroscopy. II. Expanding the Metallicity Range for Old Clusters and Updated Analysis Techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Colucci, Janet E.; Bernstein, Rebecca A.; McWilliam, Andrew

2017-01-01

We present abundances of globular clusters (GCs) in the Milky Way and Fornax from integrated-light (IL) spectra. Our goal is to evaluate the consistency of the IL analysis relative to standard abundance analysis for individual stars in those same clusters. This sample includes an updated analysis of seven clusters from our previous publications and results for five new clusters that expand the metallicity range over which our technique has been tested. We find that the [Fe/H] measured from IL spectra agrees to ˜0.1 dex for GCs with metallicities as high as [Fe/H] = -0.3, but the abundances measured for more metal-rich clusters may be underestimated. In addition we systematically evaluate the accuracy of abundance ratios, [X/Fe], for Na I, Mg I, Al I, Si I, Ca I, Ti I, Ti II, Sc II, V I, Cr I, Mn I, Co I, Ni I, Cu I, Y II, Zr I, Ba II, La II, Nd II, and Eu II. The elements for which the IL analysis gives results that are most similar to analysis of individual stellar spectra are Fe I, Ca I, Si I, Ni I, and Ba II. The elements that show the greatest differences include Mg I and Zr I. Some elements show good agreement only over a limited range in metallicity. More stellar abundance data in these clusters would enable more complete evaluation of the IL results for other important elements. This paper includes data gathered with the 6.5 m Magellan Telescopes located at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile.

Diversity of abundance patterns of neutron-capture elements in very metal-poor stars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aoki, Misa; Aoki, Wako; Ishimaru, Yuhri; Wanajo, Shinya

2014-05-01

Observations of Very Metal-Poor stars indicate that there are at least two sites to r-process; "weak r-process" and "main r-process". A question is whether these two are well separated or there exists a variation in the r-process. We present the results of abundance analysis of neutron-capture elements in the two Very Metal-Poor stars HD107752 and HD110184 in the Milky Way halo observed with the Subaru Telescope HDS. The abundance patterns show overabundace at light n-capture elements (e.g. Sr, Y), inferring the element yielding of weak r-process, while heavy neutron-capture elements (e.g. Ba, Eu) are deficient; however, the overabundance of light ones is not as significant as that previously found in stars representing the weak r-process (e.g. HD122563; Honda et al. 2006). Our study show diversity in the abundance patterns from light to heavy neutron-capture elements in VMP stars, suggesting a variation in r-process, which may depend on electron fraction of environment.

Direct CP asymmetry in D → π-π+ and D → K-K+ in QCD-based approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khodjamirian, Alexander; Petrov, Alexey A.

2017-11-01

We present the first QCD-based calculation of hadronic matrix elements with penguin topology determining direct CP-violating asymmetries in D0 →π-π+ and D0 →K-K+ nonleptonic decays. The method is based on the QCD light-cone sum rules and does not rely on any model-inspired amplitude decomposition, instead leaning heavily on quark-hadron duality. We provide a Standard Model estimate of the direct CP-violating asymmetries in both pion and kaon modes and their difference and comment on further improvements of the presented computation.

A benchmarking procedure for PIGE related differential cross-sections

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Axiotis, M.; Lagoyannis, A.; Fazinić, S.; Harissopulos, S.; Kokkoris, M.; Preketes-Sigalas, K.; Provatas, G.

2018-05-01

The application of standard-less PIGE requires the a priori knowledge of the differential cross section of the reaction used for the quantification of each detected light element. Towards this end, a lot of datasets have been published the last few years from several laboratories around the world. The discrepancies often found between different measured cross sections can be resolved by applying a rigorous benchmarking procedure through the measurement of thick target yields. Such a procedure is proposed in the present paper and is applied in the case of the 19F(p,p‧ γ)19F reaction.

75 FR 70074 - Consensus Standards, Light-Sport Aircraft

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-16

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Aviation Administration Consensus Standards, Light-Sport... accepted consensus standards relating to the provisions of the Sport Pilot and Light-Sport Aircraft rule issued July 16, 2004, and effective September 1, 2004. ASTM International Committee F37 on Light Sport...

Monitoring of toxic elements present in sludge of industrial waste using CF-LIBS.

PubMed

Kumar, Rohit; Rai, Awadhesh K; Alamelu, Devanathan; Aggarwal, Suresh K

2013-01-01

Industrial waste is one of the main causes of environmental pollution. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied to detect the toxic metals in the sludge of industrial waste water. Sludge on filter paper was obtained after filtering the collected waste water samples from different sections of a water treatment plant situated in an industrial area of Kanpur City. The LIBS spectra of the sludge samples were recorded in the spectral range of 200 to 500 nm by focusing the laser light on sludge. Calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) technique was used for the quantitative measurement of toxic elements such as Cr and Pb present in the sample. We also used the traditional calibration curve approach to quantify these elements. The results obtained from CF-LIBS are in good agreement with the results from the calibration curve approach. Thus, our results demonstrate that CF-LIBS is an appropriate technique for quantitative analysis where reference/standard samples are not available to make the calibration curve. The results of the present experiment are alarming to the people living nearby areas of industrial activities, as the concentrations of toxic elements are quite high compared to the admissible limits of these substances.

Luminance requirements for lighted signage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Freyssinier, Jean Paul; Narendran, Nadarajah; Bullough, John D.

2006-08-01

Light-emitting diode (LED) technology is presently targeted to displace traditional light sources in backlighted signage. The literature shows that brightness and contrast are perhaps the two most important elements of a sign that determine its attention-getting capabilities and its legibility. Presently, there are no luminance standards for signage, and the practice of developing brighter signs to compete with signs in adjacent businesses is becoming more commonplace. Sign luminances in such cases may far exceed what people usually need for identifying and reading a sign. Furthermore, the practice of higher sign luminance than needed has many negative consequences, including higher energy use and light pollution. To move toward development of a recommendation for lighted signage, several laboratory human factors evaluations were conducted. A scale model of a storefront was used to present human subjects with a typical red channel-letter sign at luminances ranging from 8 cd/m2 to 1512 cd/m2 under four background luminances typical of nighttime outdoor and daytime inside-mall conditions (1, 100, 300, 1000 cd/m2), from three scaled viewing distances (30, 60, 340 ft), and either in isolation or adjacent to two similar signs. Subjects rated the brightness, acceptability, and ease of reading of the test sign for each combination of sign and background luminances and scaled viewing distances.

47 CFR 97.503 - Element standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Element standards. 97.503 Section 97.503... SERVICE Qualifying Examination Systems § 97.503 Element standards. A written examination must be such as... question set as follows: (a) Element 2: 35 questions concerning the privileges of a Technician Class...

47 CFR 97.503 - Element standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Element standards. 97.503 Section 97.503... SERVICE Qualifying Examination Systems § 97.503 Element standards. A written examination must be such as... question set as follows: (a) Element 2: 35 questions concerning the privileges of a Technician Class...

47 CFR 97.503 - Element standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Element standards. 97.503 Section 97.503... SERVICE Qualifying Examination Systems § 97.503 Element standards. A written examination must be such as... question set as follows: (a) Element 2: 35 questions concerning the privileges of a Technician Class...

47 CFR 97.503 - Element standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Element standards. 97.503 Section 97.503... SERVICE Qualifying Examination Systems § 97.503 Element standards. A written examination must be such as... question set as follows: (a) Element 2: 35 questions concerning the privileges of a Technician Class...

47 CFR 97.503 - Element standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Element standards. 97.503 Section 97.503... SERVICE Qualifying Examination Systems § 97.503 Element standards. A written examination must be such as... question set as follows: (a) Element 2: 35 questions concerning the privileges of a Technician Class...

Are some gestalt principles deployed more readily than others during early development? The case of lightness versus form similarity.

PubMed

Quinn, Paul C; Bhatt, Ramesh S

2006-10-01

Four experiments investigated how readily infants achieve perceptual organization by lightness and form similarity. Infants were (a) familiarized with elements that could be organized into rows or columns on the basis of lightness or form similarity and tested with vertical versus horizontal bars depicting the familiar versus novel organization or (b) familiarized with bars and tested with elements. For lightness similarity, generalization occurred in both tasks; however, for form similarity, generalization occurred only in the elements --> bars task. The findings indicate that lightness similarity is more readily deployed than form similarity and are discussed in the context of (a) whether the difference reflects speed of application or experience-based learning, (b) evidence from visual agnosic patients and the time course of application of the principles in healthy adults, and (c) development of dorsal and ventral visual processing streams. Copyright 2006 APA.

Light-absorption of dust and elemental carbon in snow in the Indian Himalayas and the Finnish Arctic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Svensson, Jonas; Ström, Johan; Kivekäs, Niku; Dkhar, Nathaniel B.; Tayal, Shresth; Sharma, Ved P.; Jutila, Arttu; Backman, John; Virkkula, Aki; Ruppel, Meri; Hyvärinen, Antti; Kontu, Anna; Hannula, Henna-Reetta; Leppäranta, Matti; Hooda, Rakesh K.; Korhola, Atte; Asmi, Eija; Lihavainen, Heikki

2018-03-01

Light-absorbing impurities (LAIs) deposited in snow have the potential to substantially affect the snow radiation budget, with subsequent implications for snow melt. To more accurately quantify the snow albedo, the contribution from different LAIs needs to be assessed. Here we estimate the main LAI components, elemental carbon (EC) (as a proxy for black carbon) and mineral dust in snow from the Indian Himalayas and paired the results with snow samples from Arctic Finland. The impurities are collected onto quartz filters and are analyzed thermal-optically for EC, as well as with an additional optical measurement to estimate the light-absorption of dust separately on the filters. Laboratory tests were conducted using substrates containing soot and mineral particles, especially prepared to test the experimental setup. Analyzed ambient snow samples show EC concentrations that are in the same range as presented by previous research, for each respective region. In terms of the mass absorption cross section (MAC) our ambient EC surprisingly had about half of the MAC value compared to our laboratory standard EC (chimney soot), suggesting a less light absorptive EC in the snow, which has consequences for the snow albedo reduction caused by EC. In the Himalayan samples, larger contributions by dust (in the range of 50 % or greater for the light absorption caused by the LAI) highlighted the importance of dust acting as a light absorber in the snow. Moreover, EC concentrations in the Indian samples, acquired from a 120 cm deep snow pit (possibly covering the last five years of snow fall), suggest an increase in both EC and dust deposition. This work emphasizes the complexity in determining the snow albedo, showing that LAI concentrations alone might not be sufficient, but additional transient effects on the light-absorbing properties of the EC need to be considered and studied in the snow. Equally as imperative is the confirmation of the spatial and temporal representativeness of these data by comparing data from several and deeper pits explored at the same time.

40 CFR 86.1811-17 - Exhaust emission standards for light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks and medium-duty passenger...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... standards that apply for model year 2017 and later light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty... standards. This section may apply to vehicles from model years earlier than 2017 as specified in paragraph... model year. (3) The FTP standards specified in this section apply for testing at low-altitude conditions...

Chemical abundances of 1111 FGK stars from the HARPS GTO planet search program. II. Cu, Zn, Sr, Y, Zr, Ba, Ce, Nd, and Eu

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Delgado Mena, E.; Tsantaki, M.; Adibekyan, V. Zh.; Sousa, S. G.; Santos, N. C.; González Hernández, J. I.; Israelian, G.

2017-10-01

Aims: To understand the formation and evolution of the different stellar populations within our Galaxy it is essential to combine detailed kinematical and chemical information for large samples of stars. The aim of this work is to explore the chemical abundances of neutron capture elements which are a product of different nucleosynthesis processes taking place in diverse objects in the Galaxy, such as massive stars, asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars and supernovae (SNe) explosions. Methods: We derive chemical abundances of Cu, Zn, Sr, Y, Zr, Ba, Ce, Nd, and Eu for a large sample of more than 1000 FGK dwarf stars with high-resolution (R 115 000) and high-quality spectra from the HARPS-GTO program. The abundances are derived by a standard local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) analysis using measured equivalent widths (EWs) injected to the code MOOG and a grid of Kurucz ATLAS9 atmospheres. Results: We find that thick disc stars are chemically disjunct for Zn and Eu and also show on average higher Zr but lower Ba and Y than the thin disc stars. We also discovered that the previously identified high-α metal-rich population is also enhanced in Cu, Zn, Nd, and Eu with respect to the thin disc but presents lower Ba and Y abundances on average, following the trend of thick disc stars towards higher metallities and further supporting the different chemical composition of this population. By making a qualitative comparison of O (pure α), Mg, Eu (pure r-process), and s-process elements we can distinguish between the contribution of the more massive stars (SNe II for α and r-process elements) and the lower mass stars (AGBs) whose contribution to the enrichment of the Galaxy is delayed, due to their longer lifetimes. The ratio of heavy-s to light-s elements of thin disc stars presents the expected behaviour (increasing towards lower metallicities) and can be explained by a major contribution of low-mass AGB stars for s-process production at disc metallicities. However, the opposite trend found for thick disc stars suggests that intermediate-mass AGB stars play an important role in the enrichment of the gas from where these stars formed. Previous works in the literature also point to a possible primary production of light-s elements at low metallicities to explain this trend. Finally, we also find an enhancement of light-s elements in the thin disc at super-solar metallicities which could be caused by the contribution of metal-rich AGB stars. Conclusions: This work proves the utility of homogeneous and high-quality data of modest sample sizes. We find some interesting trends that might help to differentiate thin and thick disc population (such as [Zn/Fe] and [Eu/Fe] ratios) and that can also provide useful constraints for Galactic chemical evolution models of the different populations in the Galaxy. Based on observations collected at the La Silla Observatory, ESO (Chile), with the HARPS spectrograph at the 3.6 m ESO telescope (ESO runs ID 72.C—0488, 082.C—0212, and 085.C—0063).Full Tables 1 and 3 are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (http://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/606/A94

Front lighted optical tooling method and apparatus

DOEpatents

Stone, William J.

1985-06-18

An optical tooling method and apparatus uses a front lighted shadowgraphic technique to enhance visual contrast of reflected light. The apparatus includes an optical assembly including a fiducial mark, such as cross hairs, reflecting polarized light with a first polarization, a polarizing element backing the fiducial mark and a reflective surface backing the polarizing element for reflecting polarized light bypassing the fiducial mark and traveling through the polarizing element. The light reflected by the reflecting surface is directed through a second pass of the polarizing element toward the frontal direction with a polarization differing from the polarization of the light reflected by the fiducial mark. When used as a tooling target, the optical assembly may be mounted directly to a reference surface or may be secured in a mounting, such as a magnetic mounting. The optical assembly may also be mounted in a plane defining structure and used as a spherometer in conjunction with an optical depth measuring instrument. A method of measuring a radius of curvature of an unknown surface includes positioning the spherometer on a surface between the surface and a depth measuring optical instrument. As the spherometer is frontally illuminated, the distance from the depth measuring instrument to the fiducial mark and the underlying surface are alternately measured and the difference in these measurements is used as the sagittal height to calculate a radius of curvature.

A Practical Guide to Experimental Geometrical Optics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garbovskiy, Yuriy A.; Glushchenko, Anatoliy V.

2017-12-01

Preface; 1. Markets of optical materials, components, accessories, light sources and detectors; 2. Introduction to optical experiments: light producing, light managing, light detection and measuring; 3. Light detectors based on semiconductors: photoresistors, photodiodes in a photo-galvanic regime. Principles of operation and measurements; 4. Linear light detectors based on photodiodes; 5. Basic laws of geometrical optics: experimental verification; 6. Converging and diverging thin lenses; 7. Thick lenses; 8. Lens systems; 9. Simple optical instruments I: the eye and the magnifier, eyepieces and telescopes; 10. Simple optical instruments II: light illuminators and microscope; 11. Spherical mirrors; 12. Introduction to optical aberrations; 13. Elements of optical radiometry; 14. Cylindrical lenses and vials; 15. Methods of geometrical optics to measure refractive index; 16. Dispersion of light and prism spectroscope; 17. Elements of computer aided optical design; Index.

Quasi ?non-destructive? laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry fingerprinting of sapphires

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guillong, M.; Günther, D.

2001-07-01

A homogenized 193 nm excimer laser with a flat-top beam profile was used to study the capabilities of LA-ICP-MS for 'quasi' non-destructive fingerprinting and sourcing of sapphires from different locations. Sapphires contain 97-99% of Al 2O 3 (corundum), with the remainder composed of several trace elements, which can be used to distinguish the origin of these gemstones. The ablation behavior of sapphires, as well as the minimum quantity of sample removal that is required to determine these trace elements, was investigated. The optimum ablation conditions were a fluency of 6 J cm -2, a crater diameter of 120 μm, and a laser repetition rate of 10 Hz. The optimum time for the ablation was determined to be 2 s, equivalent to 20 laser pulses. The mean sample removal was 60 nm per pulse (approx. 3 ng per pulse). This allowed satisfactory trace element determination, and was found to cause the minimum amount of damage, while allowing for the fingerprinting of sapphires. More than 40 isotopes were measured using different spatial resolutions (20-120 μm) and eight elements were reproducibly detected in 25 sapphire samples from five different locations. The reproducibility of the trace element distribution is limited by the heterogeneity of the sample. The mean of five or more replicate analyses per sample was used. Calibration was carried out using NIST 612 glass reference material as external standard. The linear dynamic range of the ICP-MS (nine orders of magnitude) allowed the use of Al, the major element in sapphire, as an internal standard. The limits of detection for most of the light elements were in the μg g -1 range and were better for heavier elements (mass >85), being in the 0.1 μg g -1 range. The accuracy of the determinations was demonstrated by comparison with XRF analyses of the same set of samples. Using the quantitative analyses obtained using LA-ICP-MS, natural sapphires from five different origins were statistically classified using ternary plots and principal multi-component analysis.

Matrix elements of Δ B =0 operators in heavy hadron chiral perturbation theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Jong-Wan

2015-05-01

We study the light-quark mass and spatial volume dependence of the matrix elements of Δ B =0 four-quark operators relevant for the determination of Vu b and the lifetime ratios of single-b hadrons. To this end, one-loop diagrams are computed in the framework of heavy hadron chiral perturbation theory with partially quenched formalism for three light-quark flavors in the isospin limit; flavor-connected and -disconnected diagrams are carefully analyzed. These calculations include the leading light-quark flavor and heavy-quark spin symmetry breaking effects in the heavy hadron spectrum. Our results can be used in the chiral extrapolation of lattice calculations of the matrix elements to the physical light-quark masses and to infinite volume. To provide insight on such chiral extrapolation, we evaluate the one-loop contributions to the matrix elements containing external Bd, Bs mesons and Λb baryon in the QCD limit, where sea and valence quark masses become equal. In particular, we find that the matrix elements of the λ3 flavor-octet operators with an external Bd meson receive the contributions solely from connected diagrams in which current lattice techniques are capable of precise determination of the matrix elements. Finite volume effects are at most a few percent for typical lattice sizes and pion masses.

7 CFR 29.2601 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.2601 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. Tobacco attributes or characteristics which constitute quality are...

7 CFR 29.2351 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.2351 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. Tobacco attributes or characteristics which constitute quality are...

7 CFR 29.2601 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.2601 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. Tobacco attributes or characteristics which constitute quality are...

7 CFR 29.2601 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.2601 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. Tobacco attributes or characteristics which constitute quality are...

7 CFR 29.2351 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.2351 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. Tobacco attributes or characteristics which constitute quality are...

7 CFR 29.2351 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.2351 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. Tobacco attributes or characteristics which constitute quality are...

7 CFR 29.2351 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.2351 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. Tobacco attributes or characteristics which constitute quality are...

7 CFR 29.2601 - Elements of quality and degrees of each element.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Elements of quality and degrees of each element. 29... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO INSPECTION Standards Elements of Quality § 29.2601 Elements of quality and degrees of each element. Tobacco attributes or characteristics which constitute quality are...

III-V aresenide-nitride semiconductor materials and devices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Major, Jo S. (Inventor); Welch, David F. (Inventor); Scifres, Donald R. (Inventor)

1997-01-01

III-V arsenide-nitride semiconductor crystals, methods for producing such crystals and devices employing such crystals. Group III elements are combined with group V elements, including at least nitrogen and arsenic, in concentrations chosen to lattice match commercially available crystalline substrates. Epitaxial growth of these III-V crystals results in direct bandgap materials, which can be used in applications such as light emitting diodes and lasers. Varying the concentrations of the elements in the III-V crystals varies the bandgaps, such that materials emitting light spanning the visible spectra, as well as mid-IR and near-UV emitters, can be created. Conversely, such material can be used to create devices that acquire light and convert the light to electricity, for applications such as full color photodetectors and solar energy collectors. The growth of the III-V crystals can be accomplished by growing thin layers of elements or compounds in sequences that result in the overall lattice match and bandgap desired.

Composite video and graphics display for multiple camera viewing system in robotics and teleoperation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Diner, Daniel B. (Inventor); Venema, Steven C. (Inventor)

1991-01-01

A system for real-time video image display for robotics or remote-vehicle teleoperation is described that has at least one robot arm or remotely operated vehicle controlled by an operator through hand-controllers, and one or more television cameras and optional lighting element. The system has at least one television monitor for display of a television image from a selected camera and the ability to select one of the cameras for image display. Graphics are generated with icons of cameras and lighting elements for display surrounding the television image to provide the operator information on: the location and orientation of each camera and lighting element; the region of illumination of each lighting element; the viewed region and range of focus of each camera; which camera is currently selected for image display for each monitor; and when the controller coordinate for said robot arms or remotely operated vehicles have been transformed to correspond to coordinates of a selected or nonselected camera.

Composite video and graphics display for camera viewing systems in robotics and teleoperation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Diner, Daniel B. (Inventor); Venema, Steven C. (Inventor)

1993-01-01

A system for real-time video image display for robotics or remote-vehicle teleoperation is described that has at least one robot arm or remotely operated vehicle controlled by an operator through hand-controllers, and one or more television cameras and optional lighting element. The system has at least one television monitor for display of a television image from a selected camera and the ability to select one of the cameras for image display. Graphics are generated with icons of cameras and lighting elements for display surrounding the television image to provide the operator information on: the location and orientation of each camera and lighting element; the region of illumination of each lighting element; the viewed region and range of focus of each camera; which camera is currently selected for image display for each monitor; and when the controller coordinate for said robot arms or remotely operated vehicles have been transformed to correspond to coordinates of a selected or nonselected camera.

Enhanced light element imaging in atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy.

PubMed

Findlay, S D; Kohno, Y; Cardamone, L A; Ikuhara, Y; Shibata, N

2014-01-01

We show that an imaging mode based on taking the difference between signals recorded from the bright field (forward scattering region) in atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy provides an enhancement of the detectability of light elements over existing techniques. In some instances this is an enhancement of the visibility of the light element columns relative to heavy element columns. In all cases explored it is an enhancement in the signal-to-noise ratio of the image at the light column site. The image formation mechanisms are explained and the technique is compared with earlier approaches. Experimental data, supported by simulation, are presented for imaging the oxygen columns in LaAlO₃. Case studies looking at imaging hydrogen columns in YH₂ and lithium columns in Al₃Li are also explored through simulation, particularly with respect to the dependence on defocus, probe-forming aperture angle and detector collection aperture angles. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 86.708-94 - In-use emission standards for 1994 and later model year light-duty vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Later Model Year Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks § 86.708-94 In-use emission standards for... exhaust emissions from 1994 and later model year light-duty vehicles shall meet all standards in tables... applicable Tier 1I standards in table H94-3. (2) Particulates. For in-use exhaust emissions for model years...

40 CFR 86.708-94 - In-use emission standards for 1994 and later model year light-duty vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Later Model Year Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks § 86.708-94 In-use emission standards for... exhaust emissions from 1994 and later model year light-duty vehicles shall meet all standards in tables... applicable Tier 1I standards in table H94-3. (2) Particulates. For in-use exhaust emissions for model years...

40 CFR 86.708-94 - In-use emission standards for 1994 and later model year light-duty vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Later Model Year Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks § 86.708-94 In-use emission standards for... exhaust emissions from 1994 and later model year light-duty vehicles shall meet all standards in tables... applicable Tier 1I standards in table H94-3. (2) Particulates. For in-use exhaust emissions for model years...

40 CFR 86.708-94 - In-use emission standards for 1994 and later model year light-duty vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Later Model Year Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks § 86.708-94 In-use emission standards for... exhaust emissions from 1994 and later model year light-duty vehicles shall meet all standards in tables... applicable Tier 1I standards in table H94-3. (2) Particulates. For in-use exhaust emissions for model years...

Focusing light through random photonic layers by four-element division algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fang, Longjie; Zhang, Xicheng; Zuo, Haoyi; Pang, Lin

2018-02-01

The propagation of waves in turbid media is a fundamental problem of optics with vast applications. Optical phase optimization approaches for focusing light through turbid media using phase control algorithm have been widely studied in recent years due to the rapid development of spatial light modulator. The existing approaches include element-based algorithms - stepwise sequential algorithm, continuous sequential algorithm and whole element optimization approaches - partitioning algorithm, transmission matrix approach and genetic algorithm. The advantage of element-based approaches is that the phase contribution of each element is very clear; however, because the intensity contribution of each element to the focal point is small especially for the case of large number of elements, the determination of the optimal phase for a single element would be difficult. In other words, the signal to noise ratio of the measurement is weak, leading to possibly local maximal during the optimization. As for whole element optimization approaches, all elements are employed for the optimization. Of course, signal to noise ratio during the optimization is improved. However, because more random processings are introduced into the processing, optimizations take more time to converge than the single element based approaches. Based on the advantages of both single element based approaches and whole element optimization approaches, we propose FEDA approach. Comparisons with the existing approaches show that FEDA only takes one third of measurement time to reach the optimization, which means that FEDA is promising in practical application such as for deep tissue imaging.

Simulation results for a finite element-based cumulative reconstructor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wagner, Roland; Neubauer, Andreas; Ramlau, Ronny

2017-10-01

Modern ground-based telescopes rely on adaptive optics (AO) systems for the compensation of image degradation caused by atmospheric turbulences. Within an AO system, measurements of incoming light from guide stars are used to adjust deformable mirror(s) in real time that correct for atmospheric distortions. The incoming wavefront has to be derived from sensor measurements, and this intermediate result is then translated into the shape(s) of the deformable mirror(s). Rapid changes of the atmosphere lead to the need for fast wavefront reconstruction algorithms. We review a fast matrix-free algorithm that was developed by Neubauer to reconstruct the incoming wavefront from Shack-Hartmann measurements based on a finite element discretization of the telescope aperture. The method is enhanced by a domain decomposition ansatz. We show that this algorithm reaches the quality of standard approaches in end-to-end simulation while at the same time maintaining the speed of recently introduced solvers with linear order speed.

Modelling the side impact of carbon fibre tubes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sudharsan, Ms R.; Rolfe, B. F., Dr; Hodgson, P. D., Prof

2010-06-01

Metallic tubes have been extensively studied for their crashworthiness as they closely resemble automotive crash rails. Recently, the demand to improve fuel economy and reduce vehicle emissions has led automobile manufacturers to explore the crash properties of light weight materials such as fibre reinforced polymer composites, metallic foams and sandwich structures in order to use them as crash barriers. This paper discusses the response of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) tubes and their failure mechanisms during side impact. The energy absorption of CFRP tubes is compared to similar Aluminium tubes. The response of the CFRP tubes during impact was modelled using Abaqus finite element software with a composite fabric material model. The material inputs were given based on standard tension and compression test results and the in-plane damage was defined based on cyclic shear tests. The failure modes and energy absorption observed during the tests were well represented by the finite element model.

Holographic wavefront sensor, based on diffuse Fourier holography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gorelaya, Alina; Orlov, Vyacheslav; Venediktov, Vladimir

2017-09-01

Many areas of optical science and technology require fast and accurate measurement of the radiation wavefront shape. Today there are known a lot of wavefront sensor (WFS) techniques, and their number is growing up. The last years have brought a growing interest in several schematics of WFS, employing the holography principles and holographic optical elements (HOE). Some of these devices are just the improved versions of the standard and most popular Shack-Hartman WFS, while other are based on the intrinsic features of HOE. A holographic mode wavefront sensor is proposed, which makes it possible to measure up to several tens of wavefront modes. The increase in the number of measured modes is implemented using the conversion of a light wave entering the sensor into a wide diffuse light beam, which allows one to record a large number of holograms, each intended for measuring one of the modes.

Micro-Spec: A High Performance Compact Spectrometer for Submillimeter Astronomy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hsieh, Wen-Ting; Moseley, Harvey; Stevenson, Thomas; Brown, Ari; Patel, Amil; U-Yen, Kongpop; Ehsan, Negar; Caltado, Giuseppe; Wollock, Edward

2012-01-01

We describe the micro-Spec, an extremely compact high performance spectrometer for the submillimeter and millimeter spectral ranges. We have designed a fully integrated submillimeter spectrometer based on superconducting microstrip technology and fabricated its critical elements. Using low loss transmission lines, we can produce a fully integrated high resolution submillimeter spectrometer on a single four inch Si wafer. A resolution of 500 can readily be achieved with standard fabrication tolerance, higher with phase trimming. All functions of the spectrometer are integrated - light is coupled to the micro strip circuit with a planar antenna, the spectra discrimination is achieved using a synthetic grating, orders are separated using a built-in planar filter, and the light is detected using photon counting Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKID). We will discus the design principle of the instrument, describe its technical advantages, and report the progress on the development of the instrument.

Mu-Spec: A High Performance Compact Spectrometer for Submillimeter Astronomy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hsieh, Wen-Ting; Moseley, Harvey; Stevenson, Thomas; Brown, Ari; Patel, Amil; U-yen, Kongpop; Ehsan, Negar; Cataldo, Giuseppe; Wollack, Ed

2012-01-01

We describe the Mu-Spec, an extremely compact high performance spectrometer for the submillimeter and millimeter spectral ranges. We have designed a fully integrated submillimeter spectrometer based on superconducting microstrip technology and fabricated its critical elements. Using low loss transmission lines, we can produce a fully integrated high resolution submillimeter spectrometer on a single four inch Si wafer. A resolution of 500 can readily be achieved with standard fabrication tolerance, higher with phase trimming. All functions of the spectrometer are integrated - light is coupled to the microstrip circuit with a planar antenna, the spectra discrimination is achieved using a synthetic grating, orders are separated using a built-in planar filter, and the light is detected using photon counting Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKID). We will discus the design principle of the instrument, describe its technical advantages, and report the progress on the development of the instrument.

Multi-boson block factorization of fermions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Giusti, Leonardo; Cè, Marco; Schaefer, Stefan

2018-03-01

The numerical computations of many quantities of theoretical and phenomenological interest are plagued by statistical errors which increase exponentially with the distance of the sources in the relevant correlators. Notable examples are baryon masses and matrix elements, the hadronic vacuum polarization and the light-by-light scattering contributions to the muon g - 2, and the form factors of semileptonic B decays. Reliable and precise determinations of these quantities are very difficult if not impractical with state-of-the-art standard Monte Carlo integration schemes. I will review a recent proposal for factorizing the fermion determinant in lattice QCD that leads to a local action in the gauge field and in the auxiliary boson fields. Once combined with the corresponding factorization of the quark propagator, it paves the way for multi-level Monte Carlo integration in the presence of fermions opening new perspectives in lattice QCD. Exploratory results on the impact on the above mentioned observables will be presented.

Neon reduction program on Cymer ArF light sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kanawade, Dinesh; Roman, Yzzer; Cacouris, Ted; Thornes, Josh; O'Brien, Kevin

2016-03-01

In response to significant neon supply constraints, Cymer has responded with a multi-part plan to support its customers. Cymer's primary objective is to ensure that reliable system performance is maintained while minimizing gas consumption. Gas algorithms were optimized to ensure stable performance across all operating conditions. The Cymer neon support plan contains four elements: 1. Gas reduction program to reduce neon by >50% while maintaining existing performance levels and availability; 2. short-term containment solutions for immediate relief. 3. qualification of additional gas suppliers; and 4. long-term recycling/reclaim opportunity. The Cymer neon reduction program has shown excellent results as demonstrated through the comparison on standard gas use versus the new >50% reduced neon performance for ArF immersion light sources. Testing included stressful conditions such as repetition rate, duty cycle and energy target changes. No performance degradation has been observed over typical gas lives.

Short-distance matrix elements for D 0 -meson mixing from N f = 2 + 1 lattice QCD

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bazavov, A.; Bernard, C.; Bouchard, C. M.

We calculate in three-flavor lattice QCD the short-distance hadronic matrix elements of all five ΔC=2 four-fermion operators that contribute to neutral D-meson mixing both in and beyond the Standard Model. We use the MILC Collaboration’s N f=2+1 lattice gauge-field configurations generated with asqtad-improved staggered sea quarks. We also employ the asqtad action for the valence light quarks and use the clover action with the Fermilab interpretation for the charm quark. We analyze a large set of ensembles with pions as light as M π≈180 MeV and lattice spacings as fine as a≈0.045 fm, thereby enabling good control over the extrapolation to the physical pion mass and continuum limit. We obtain for the matrix elements in themore » $$\\overline{MS}$$-NDR scheme using the choice of evanescent operators proposed by Beneke et al., evaluated at 3 GeV, $$\\langle$$D 0|O i|$$\\bar{D}$$ 0 $$\\rangle$$={0.0805(55)(16),-0.1561(70)(31),0.0464(31)(9),0.2747(129)(55),0.1035(71)(21)} GeV 4 (i=1–5). The errors shown are from statistics and lattice systematics, and the omission of charmed sea quarks, respectively. To illustrate the utility of our matrix-element results, we place bounds on the scale of CP-violating new physics in D 0 mixing, finding lower limits of about 10–50×10 3 TeV for couplings of O(1). To enable our results to be employed in more sophisticated or model-specific phenomenological studies, we provide the correlations among our matrix-element results. For convenience, we also present numerical results in the other commonly used scheme of Buras, Misiak, and Urban.« less

Short-distance matrix elements for D 0 -meson mixing from N f = 2 + 1 lattice QCD

DOE PAGES

Bazavov, A.; Bernard, C.; Bouchard, C. M.; ...

2018-02-28

We calculate in three-flavor lattice QCD the short-distance hadronic matrix elements of all five ΔC=2 four-fermion operators that contribute to neutral D-meson mixing both in and beyond the Standard Model. We use the MILC Collaboration’s N f=2+1 lattice gauge-field configurations generated with asqtad-improved staggered sea quarks. We also employ the asqtad action for the valence light quarks and use the clover action with the Fermilab interpretation for the charm quark. We analyze a large set of ensembles with pions as light as M π≈180 MeV and lattice spacings as fine as a≈0.045 fm, thereby enabling good control over the extrapolation to the physical pion mass and continuum limit. We obtain for the matrix elements in themore » $$\\overline{MS}$$-NDR scheme using the choice of evanescent operators proposed by Beneke et al., evaluated at 3 GeV, $$\\langle$$D 0|O i|$$\\bar{D}$$ 0 $$\\rangle$$={0.0805(55)(16),-0.1561(70)(31),0.0464(31)(9),0.2747(129)(55),0.1035(71)(21)} GeV 4 (i=1–5). The errors shown are from statistics and lattice systematics, and the omission of charmed sea quarks, respectively. To illustrate the utility of our matrix-element results, we place bounds on the scale of CP-violating new physics in D 0 mixing, finding lower limits of about 10–50×10 3 TeV for couplings of O(1). To enable our results to be employed in more sophisticated or model-specific phenomenological studies, we provide the correlations among our matrix-element results. For convenience, we also present numerical results in the other commonly used scheme of Buras, Misiak, and Urban.« less

Tips for better visual elements in posters and podium presentations.

PubMed

Zerwic, J J; Grandfield, K; Kavanaugh, K; Berger, B; Graham, L; Mershon, M

2010-08-01

The ability to effectively communicate through posters and podium presentations using appropriate visual content and style is essential for health care educators. To offer suggestions for more effective visual elements of posters and podium presentations. We present the experiences of our multidisciplinary publishing group, whose combined experiences and collaboration have provided us with an understanding of what works and how to achieve success when working on presentations and posters. Many others would offer similar advice, as these guidelines are consistent with effective presentation. FINDINGS/SUGGESTIONS: Certain visual elements should be attended to in any visual presentation: consistency, alignment, contrast and repetition. Presentations should be consistent in font size and type, line spacing, alignment of graphics and text, and size of graphics. All elements should be aligned with at least one other element. Contrasting light background with dark text (and vice versa) helps an audience read the text more easily. Standardized formatting lets viewers know when they are looking at similar things (tables, headings, etc.). Using a minimal number of colors (four at most) helps the audience more easily read text. For podium presentations, have one slide for each minute allotted for speaking. The speaker is also a visual element; one should not allow the audience's view of either the presentation or presenter to be blocked. Making eye contact with the audience also keeps them visually engaged. Health care educators often share information through posters and podium presentations. These tips should help the visual elements of presentations be more effective.

Unidirectional ring lasers

DOEpatents

Hohimer, John P.; Craft, David C.

1994-01-01

Unidirectional ring lasers formed by integrating nonreciprocal optical elements into the resonant ring cavity. These optical elements either attenuate light traveling in a nonpreferred direction or amplify light traveling in a preferred direction. In one preferred embodiment the resonant cavity takes the form of a circle with an S-shaped crossover waveguide connected to two points on the interior of the cavity such that light traveling in a nonpreferred direction is diverted from the cavity into the crossover waveguide and reinjected out of the other end of the crossover waveguide into the cavity as light traveling in the preferred direction.

Information-efficient spectral imaging sensor

DOEpatents

Sweatt, William C.; Gentry, Stephen M.; Boye, Clinton A.; Grotbeck, Carter L.; Stallard, Brian R.; Descour, Michael R.

2003-01-01

A programmable optical filter for use in multispectral and hyperspectral imaging. The filter splits the light collected by an optical telescope into two channels for each of the pixels in a row in a scanned image, one channel to handle the positive elements of a spectral basis filter and one for the negative elements of the spectral basis filter. Each channel for each pixel disperses its light into n spectral bins, with the light in each bin being attenuated in accordance with the value of the associated positive or negative element of the spectral basis vector. The spectral basis vector is constructed so that its positive elements emphasize the presence of a target and its negative elements emphasize the presence of the constituents of the background of the imaged scene. The attenuated light in the channels is re-imaged onto separate detectors for each pixel and then the signals from the detectors are combined to give an indication of the presence or not of the target in each pixel of the scanned scene. This system provides for a very efficient optical determination of the presence of the target, as opposed to the very data intensive data manipulations that are required in conventional hyperspectral imaging systems.

Micromachined edge illuminated optically transparent automotive light guide panels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ronny, Rahima Afrose; Knopf, George K.; Bordatchev, Evgueni; Tauhiduzzaman, Mohammed; Nikumb, Suwas

2012-03-01

Edge-lit backlighting has been used extensively for a variety of small and medium-sized liquid crystal displays (LCDs). The shape, density and spatial distribution pattern of the micro-optical elements imprinted on the surface of the flat light-guide panel (LGP) are often "optimized" to improve the overall brightness and luminance uniformity. A similar concept can be used to develop interior convenience lighting panels and exterior tail lamps for automotive applications. However, costly diffusive sheeting and brightness enhancement films are not be considered for these applications because absolute luminance uniformity and the minimization of Moiré fringe effects are not significant factors in assessing quality of automotive lighting. A new design concept that involves micromilling cylindrical micro-optical elements on optically transparent plastic substrates is described in this paper. The variable parameter that controls illumination over the active regions of the panel is the depth of the individual cylindrical micro-optical elements. LightTools™ is the optical simulation tool used to explore how changing the micro-optical element depth can alter the local and global luminance. Numerical simulation and microfabrication experiments are performed on several (100mmx100mmx6mm) polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) test samples in order to verify the illumination behavior.

Optical propagation analysis in photobioreactor measurements on cyanobacteria

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fanjul-Vélez, F.; Arce-Diego, J. L.

2017-12-01

Biotechnology applications are nowadays increasing in many areas, from agriculture to biochemistry, or even biomedicine. Knowledge on biological processes is becoming essential in order to be able to adequately estimate and control the production of these elements. Cyanobacteria present the capability of producing oxygen and biomass, from CO2 and light irradiation. Therefore, they could be fundamental for human subsistence in adverse environments, as basic needs of breathing and food would be guaranteed. Cyanobacteria cultivation, as other microorganisms, is carried out in photo-bioreactors. The adequate design of photobioreactors greatly influences elements production throughput. This design includes optical illumination and optical measurement of cyanobacteria growth. In this work an analysis of optical measurement of cyanobacteria growth in a photobioreactor is made. As cyanobacteria are inhomogeneous elements, the influence of light scattering is significant. Several types of cyanobacteria are considered, as long as several spatial profiles and irradiances of the incident light. Depending on cyanobacteria optical properties, optical distribution of transmitted light can be estimated. These results allow an appropriate consideration, in the optical design, of the relationship between detected light and cyanobacteria growth. As a consequence, the most adequate conditions of elements production from cyanobacteria could be estimated.

Fuel assembly for the production of tritium in light water reactors

DOEpatents

Cawley, W.E.; Trapp, T.J.

1983-06-10

A nuclear fuel assembly is described for producing tritium in a light water moderated reactor. The assembly consists of two intermeshing arrays of subassemblies. The first subassemblies comprise concentric annular elements of an outer containment tube, an annular target element, an annular fuel element, and an inner neutron spectrums shifting rod. The second subassemblies comprise an outer containment tube and an inner rod of either fuel, target, or neutron spectrum shifting neutral.

Fuel assembly for the production of tritium in light water reactors

DOEpatents

Cawley, William E.; Trapp, Turner J.

1985-01-01

A nuclear fuel assembly is described for producing tritium in a light water moderated reactor. The assembly consists of two intermeshing arrays of subassemblies. The first subassemblies comprise concentric annular elements of an outer containment tube, an annular target element, an annular fuel element, and an inner neutron spectrums shifting rod. The second subassemblies comprise an outer containment tube and an inner rod of either fuel, target, or neutron spectrum shifting neutral.

Optical tools for high-throughput screening of abrasion resistance of combinatorial libraries of organic coatings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Potyrailo, Radislav A.; Chisholm, Bret J.; Olson, Daniel R.; Brennan, Michael J.; Molaison, Chris A.

2002-02-01

Design, validation, and implementation of an optical spectroscopic system for high-throughput analysis of combinatorially developed protective organic coatings are reported. Our approach replaces labor-intensive coating evaluation steps with an automated system that rapidly analyzes 8x6 arrays of coating elements that are deposited on a plastic substrate. Each coating element of the library is 10 mm in diameter and 2 to 5 micrometers thick. Performance of coatings is evaluated with respect to their resistance to wear abrasion because this parameter is one of the primary considerations in end-use applications. Upon testing, the organic coatings undergo changes that are impossible to quantitatively predict using existing knowledge. Coatings are abraded using industry-accepted abrasion test methods at single-or multiple-abrasion conditions, followed by high- throughput analysis of abrasion-induced light scatter. The developed automated system is optimized for the analysis of diffusively scattered light that corresponds to 0 to 30% haze. System precision of 0.1 to 2.5% relative standard deviation provides capability for the reliable ranking of coatings performance. While the system was implemented for high-throughput screening of combinatorially developed organic protective coatings for automotive applications, it can be applied to a variety of other applications where materials ranking can be achieved using optical spectroscopic tools.

Versatile Oxide Films Protect FeCrAl Alloys Under Normal Operation and Accident Conditions in Light Water Power Reactors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rebak, Raul B.

2018-02-01

The US has currently a fleet of 99 nuclear power light water reactors which generate approximately 20% of the electricity consumed in the country. Near 90% of the reactors are at least 30 years old. There are incentives to make the existing reactors safer by using accident tolerant fuels (ATF). Compared to the standard UO2-zirconium-based system, ATF need to tolerate loss of active cooling in the core for a considerably longer time while maintaining or improving the fuel performance during normal operation conditions. Ferritic iron-chromium-aluminum (FeCrAl) alloys have been identified as an alternative to replace current zirconium alloys. They contain Fe (base) + 10-22 Cr + 4-6 Al and may contain smaller amounts of other elements such as molybdenum and traces of others. FeCrAl alloys offer outstanding resistance to attack by superheated steam by developing an alumina oxide on the surface in case of a loss of coolant accident like at Fukushima. FeCrAl alloys also perform well under normal operation conditions both in boiling water reactors and pressurized water reactors because they are protected by a thin oxide rich in chromium. Under normal operation condition, the key element is Cr and under accident conditions it is Al.

Honeywell optical investigations on FLASH program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Rourke, Ken; Peterson, Eric; Yount, Larry

1995-05-01

The increasing performance and reduction of life cycle cost requirements placed on commercial and military transport aircraft are resulting in more complex, highly integrated aircraft control and management systems. The use of fiber optic data transmission media can make significant contributions in achieving these performance and cost goals. The Honeywell portion of Task 2A on the Fly-by-Light Advanced System Hardware (FLASH) program is evaluating a Primary Flight Control System (PFCS) using pilot and copilot inputs from Active Hand Controllers (AHC) which are optically linked to the primary flight Control Computers (PFCC). Customer involvement is an important element of the Task 2A activity. Establishing customer requirements and perspectives on productization of systems developed under FLASH are key to future product success. The Honeywell elements of the PFCS demonstrator provide a command path that is optically interfaced from crew inputs to commands of distributed, smart actuation subsystems commands. Optical communication architectures are implemented using several protocols including the new AS-1773A 20 Mbps data bus standard. The interconnecting fiber optic cable plant is provided by our Task 1A teammate McDonnell Douglas Aerospace (West). Fiber optic cable plant fabrication uses processed, tools and materials reflecting necessary advances in manufacturing required to make fly-by-light avionics systems marketable.

The cosmological density of baryons from observations of 3He+ in the Milky Way.

PubMed

Bania, T M; Rood, Robert T; Balser, Dana S

2002-01-03

Primordial nucleosynthesis after the Big Bang can be constrained by the abundances of the light elements and isotopes 2H, 3He, 4He and 7Li (ref. 1). The standard theory of stellar evolution predicts that 3He is also produced by solar-type stars, so its abundance is of interest not only for cosmology, but also for understanding stellar evolution and the chemical evolution of the Galaxy. The 3He abundance in star-forming (H II) regions agrees with the present value for the local interstellar medium, but seems to be incompatible with the stellar production rates inferred from observations of planetary nebulae, which provide a direct test of stellar evolution theory. Here we develop our earlier observations, which, when combined with recent theoretical developments in our understanding of light-element synthesis and destruction in stars, allow us to determine an upper limit for the primordial abundance of 3He relative to hydrogen: 3He/H = (1.1 +/- 0.2) x 10(-5). The primordial density of all baryons determined from the 3He data is in excellent agreement with the densities calculated from other cosmological probes. The previous conflict is resolved because most solar-mass stars do not produce enough 3He to enrich the interstellar medium significantly.

Spheroidization by Plasma Processing and Characterization of Stainless Steel Powder for 3D Printing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ji, Lina; Wang, Changzhen; Wu, Wenjie; Tan, Chao; Wang, Guoyu; Duan, Xuan-Ming

2017-10-01

Stainless steel 316L (SS 316L) powder was spheroidized by plasma processing to improve its suitability for powder 3D printing. The obtained spheroidized (sphero) powder was characterized in terms of its crystalline phases, elemental composition, morphology, particle size and distribution, light absorption, and flow properties. The elemental composition of the sphero powder met the Chinese standard for SS 316L except for its Si content. The volume fraction of ferrite increased after plasma processing. Furthermore, plasma processing was shown to not only reduce the mean size of the particles in the size range of 10 to 100 μm but also generate particles in the size range of 0.1 to 10 μm. The smaller particles filled the voids among larger particles, increasing the powder density. The light absorption was also increased owing to enhanced internal reflection. Although the basic flow energy decreased after plasma processing, the flow function (FF) value was smaller for the sphero powder, indicating a lower flowability of the sphero powder. However, the density of SS 316L pieces printed with commercial and sphero powders was 98.76 pct and 98.16 pct of the SS 316L bulk density, respectively, indicating the suitability of the sphero powder for 3D printing despite an FF below 10.

Design of crossed planar phase grating for metrology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Yu; Chen, Xinrong; Li, Chaoming; Wang, Rui; Xu, Haiyan; Cheng, Yushui

2018-01-01

Crossed-grating is widely used as the standard element for metrology in two-dimensional precision positioning system. It has many advantages such as high resolution, compact structure, good environmental adaptability and less Abbe error. In this paper, the design of crossed planar reflecting phase grating used under the Littrow condition with circularly polarized light at 780nm wavelength has been carried out. The aim of the design is to find out the range of structure parameters of crossed-grating that has higher -1st order diffraction efficiency and good efficiency equilibrium for both of TE- and TM-polarized incident lights. By adoption of the Fourier modal method (FMM), the microstructure parameters of the 1200lines/mm crossed grating with the duty cycle range of 10% to 50% and the profile depth of 150nm to 350nm have been searched exactly. The calculation results show that: When the duty cycle range of the grating is 42% to 44% and profile depth is 210nm to 220nm, the -1st diffraction efficiencies of TE- and TM-polarized lights are both above 60% and the efficiency equilibrium is better than 80%.

40 CFR 60.482-2a - Standards: Pumps in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Standards: Pumps in light liquid... Construction, Reconstruction, or Modification Commenced After November 7, 2006 § 60.482-2a Standards: Pumps in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each pump in light liquid service shall be monitored monthly to detect...

40 CFR 60.482-2a - Standards: Pumps in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Standards: Pumps in light liquid... Construction, Reconstruction, or Modification Commenced After November 7, 2006 § 60.482-2a Standards: Pumps in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each pump in light liquid service shall be monitored monthly to detect...

40 CFR 60.482-2a - Standards: Pumps in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Standards: Pumps in light liquid... Construction, Reconstruction, or Modification Commenced After November 7, 2006 § 60.482-2a Standards: Pumps in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each pump in light liquid service shall be monitored monthly to detect...

Low cost, lightweight fuel cell elements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kindler, Andrew (Inventor)

2001-01-01

New fuel cell elements for use in liquid feed fuel cells are provided. The elements including biplates and endplates are low in cost, light in weight, and allow high efficiency operation. Electrically conductive elements are also a part of the fuel cell elements.

40 CFR 86.096-8 - Emission standards for 1996 and later model year light-duty vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....096-8 Emission standards for 1996 and later model year light-duty vehicles. (a)(1) Standards. (i... tested with the procedures in subpart B indicated for 1996 model year, and shall not exceed the standards... subpart B of this part for 1995 model year light-duty vehicles and be subject to the standards described...

40 CFR 86.096-8 - Emission standards for 1996 and later model year light-duty vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....096-8 Emission standards for 1996 and later model year light-duty vehicles. (a)(1) Standards. (i... tested with the procedures in subpart B indicated for 1996 model year, and shall not exceed the standards... subpart B of this part for 1995 model year light-duty vehicles and be subject to the standards described...

Finite element analysis of heat generation from different light-polymerization sources during cementation of all-ceramic crowns.

PubMed

Tunc, Elif Pak

2007-06-01

Exothermic composite resin chemical reactions and visible light generators can produce heat during a restorative polymerization process. These thermal changes in restored teeth may cause pain and irreversible pulpitis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the temperature distribution and heat flow patterns of a crowned mandibular second premolar tooth model using 3 different light-polymerization technologies and a finite element technique. A 2-dimensional finite element model was used to simulate a clinical condition. Heat flow and thermal stress distribution in a tooth during cementation of an all-ceramic crown using 4 commercially available light-polymerization units (LPUs), each with different wavelengths (Elipar TriLight, Elipar Freelight, Apollo 95 E, and ADT 1000 PAC), were investigated. The temperature values were measured at 3, 10, 12, and 40 seconds for each light-polymerizing unit (LPU) at 6 different finite element nodes. Two-dimensional temporal and spatial distribution of the thermal stress within the tooth, including the thermal coefficients and boundary conditions of the dental materials, were obtained and evaluated. The temperature at the nodal points did not exceed 42 degrees C, which is a threshold value for tissue vitality within the recommended operating periods at the dentin and pulp surface for all LPUs, except for Elipar TriLight. In the case of Elipar TriLlight, the temperatures at the dentin and pulp surfaces were 47 degrees C and 42 degrees C, respectively. When the light-polymerization units were used according to the manufacturers' operating procedures and without prolonged operating periods, with the exception of Elipar TriLight, the investigated LPUs did not produce significant heat. However, when the operating periods were prolonged, unacceptable temperature increases were observed, especially with the high-intensity LPUs.

Trace elements in hazardous mineral fibres.

PubMed

Bloise, Andrea; Barca, Donatella; Gualtieri, Alessandro Francesco; Pollastri, Simone; Belluso, Elena

2016-09-01

Both occupational and environmental exposure to asbestos-mineral fibres can be associated with lung diseases. The pathogenic effects are related to the dimension, biopersistence and chemical composition of the fibres. In addition to the major mineral elements, mineral fibres contain trace elements and their content may play a role in fibre toxicity. To shed light on the role of trace elements in asbestos carcinogenesis, knowledge on their concentration in asbestos-mineral fibres is mandatory. It is possible that trace elements play a synergetic factor in the pathogenesis of diseases caused by the inhalation of mineral fibres. In this paper, the concentration levels of trace elements from three chrysotile samples, four amphibole asbestos samples (UICC amosite, UICC anthophyllite, UICC crocidolite and tremolite) and fibrous erionite from Jersey, Nevada (USA) were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). For all samples, the following trace elements were measured: Li, Be, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Pb, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Th, U. Their distribution in the various mineral species is thoroughly discussed. The obtained results indicate that the amount of trace metals such as Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn is higher in anthophyllite and chrysotile samples, whereas the amount of rare earth elements (REE) is higher in erionite and tremolite samples. The results of this work can be useful to the pathologists and biochemists who use asbestos minerals and fibrous erionite in-vitro studies as positive cyto- and geno-toxic standard references. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Identification of light elements in silicon nitride by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy.

PubMed

Idrobo, Juan C; Walkosz, Weronika; Klie, Robert F; Oğüt, Serdar

2012-12-01

In silicon nitride structural ceramics, the overall mechanical and thermal properties are controlled by the atomic and electronic structures at the interface between the ceramic grains and the amorphous intergranular films (IGFs) formed by various sintering additives. In the last ten years the atomic arrangements of heavy elements (rare-earths) at the Si(3)N(4)/IGF interfaces have been resolved. However, the atomic position of light elements, without which it is not possible to obtain a complete description of the interfaces, has been lacking. This review article details the authors' efforts to identify the atomic arrangement of light elements such as nitrogen and oxygen at the Si(3)N(4)/SiO(2) interface and in bulk Si(3)N(4) using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Integration of non-Lambertian LED and reflective optical element as efficient street lamp.

PubMed

Pan, Jui-Wen; Tu, Sheng-Han; Sun, Wen-Shing; Wang, Chih-Ming; Chang, Jenq-Yang

2010-06-21

A cost effective, high throughput, and high yield method for the increase of street lamp potency was proposed in this paper. We integrated the imprinting technology and the reflective optical element to obtain a street lamp with high illumination efficiency and without glare effect. The imprinting technique can increase the light extraction efficiency and modulate the intensity distribution in the chip level. The non-Lambertian light source was achieved by using imprinting technique. The compact reflective optical element was added to efficiently suppress the emitting light intensity with small emitting angle for the uniform of illumination intensity and excluded the light with high emitting angle for the prevention of glare. Compared to the conventional street lamp, the novel design has 40% enhancement in illumination intensity, the uniform illumination and the glare effect elimination.

Holographic Formation of Diffraction Elements for Transformation of Light Beams in Liquid Crystal - Photopolymer Compositions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Semkin, A. O.; Sharangovich, S. N.

2018-03-01

A theoretical model of holographic formation of diffractive optical elements for transformation of light beam field into Bessel-like fields in liquid crystal - photopolymer (LC-PPM) composite materials with a dyesensitizer is developed. Results of numerical modeling of kinetics ofvariation of the refractive index of a material in the process of formation with different relationships between the photopolymerization rates and diffusion processes are presented. Based on the results of numerical simulation, it is demonstrated that when the photopolarization process dominates, the diffractive element being formed is distorted. This leads to a change in the light field distribution at its output and consequently, to ineffective transformation of the reading beam. Thus, the necessity of optimizing of the recording conditions and of the prepolymeric composition to increase the transformation efficiency of light beam fields is demonstrated.

The GALAH survey: scientific motivation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

De Silva, G. M.; Freeman, K. C.; Bland-Hawthorn, J.; Martell, S.; de Boer, E. Wylie; Asplund, M.; Keller, S.; Sharma, S.; Zucker, D. B.; Zwitter, T.; Anguiano, B.; Bacigalupo, C.; Bayliss, D.; Beavis, M. A.; Bergemann, M.; Campbell, S.; Cannon, R.; Carollo, D.; Casagrande, L.; Casey, A. R.; Da Costa, G.; D'Orazi, V.; Dotter, A.; Duong, L.; Heger, A.; Ireland, M. J.; Kafle, P. R.; Kos, J.; Lattanzio, J.; Lewis, G. F.; Lin, J.; Lind, K.; Munari, U.; Nataf, D. M.; O'Toole, S.; Parker, Q.; Reid, W.; Schlesinger, K. J.; Sheinis, A.; Simpson, J. D.; Stello, D.; Ting, Y.-S.; Traven, G.; Watson, F.; Wittenmyer, R.; Yong, D.; Žerjal, M.

2015-05-01

The Galactic Archaeology with HERMES (GALAH) survey is a large high-resolution spectroscopic survey using the newly commissioned High Efficiency and Resolution Multi-Element Spectrograph (HERMES) on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. The HERMES spectrograph provides high-resolution (R ˜ 28 000) spectra in four passbands for 392 stars simultaneously over a 2 deg field of view. The goal of the survey is to unravel the formation and evolutionary history of the Milky Way, using fossil remnants of ancient star formation events which have been disrupted and are now dispersed throughout the Galaxy. Chemical tagging seeks to identify such dispersed remnants solely from their common and unique chemical signatures; these groups are unidentifiable from their spatial, photometric or kinematic properties. To carry out chemical tagging, the GALAH survey will acquire spectra for a million stars down to V ˜ 14. The HERMES spectra of FGK stars contain absorption lines from 29 elements including light proton-capture elements, α-elements, odd-Z elements, iron-peak elements and n-capture elements from the light and heavy s-process and the r-process. This paper describes the motivation and planned execution of the GALAH survey, and presents some results on the first-light performance of HERMES.

Inducible in vivo DNA footprints define sequences necessary for UV light activation of the parsley chalcone synthase gene.

PubMed Central

Schulze-Lefert, P; Dangl, J L; Becker-André, M; Hahlbrock, K; Schulz, W

1989-01-01

We began characterization of the protein--DNA interactions necessary for UV light induced transcriptional activation of the gene encoding chalcone synthase (CHS), a key plant defense enzyme. Three light dependent in vivo footprints appear on a 90 bp stretch of the CHS promoter with a time course correlated with the onset of CHS transcription. We define a minimal light responsive promoter by functional analysis of truncated CHS promoter fusions with a reporter gene in transient expression experiments in parsley protoplasts. Two of the three footprinted sequence 'boxes' reside within the minimal promoter. Replacement of 10 bp within either of these 'boxes' leads to complete loss of light responsiveness. We conclude that these sequences define the necessary cis elements of the minimal CHS promoter's light responsive element. One of the functionally defined 'boxes' is homologous to an element implicated in regulation of genes involved in photosynthesis. These data represent the first example in a plant defense gene of an induced change in protein--DNA contacts necessary for transcriptional activation. Also, our data argue strongly that divergent light induced biosynthetic pathways share common regulatory units. Images PMID:2566481

Apparatus for Direct Optical Fiber Through-Lens Illumination of Microscopy or Observational Objects

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kadogawa, Hiroshi (Inventor)

2001-01-01

In one embodiment of the invention, a microscope or other observational apparatus, comprises a hollow tube, a lens mounted to the tube, a light source and at least one flexible optical fiber having an input end and an output end. The input end is positioned to receive light from the light source, and the output end is positioned within the tube so as to directly project light along a straight path to the lens to illuminate an object to be viewed. The path of projected light is uninterrupted and free of light deflecting elements. By passing the light through the lens, the light can be diffused or otherwise defocused to provide more uniform illumination across the surface of the object, increasing the quality of the image of the object seen by the viewer. The direct undeflected and uninterrupted projection of light, without change of direction, eliminates the need for light-deflecting elements, such as beam-splitters, mirrors, prisms, or the like, to direct the projected light towards the object.

Aspergillus infection monitored by multimodal imaging in a rat model.

PubMed

Pluhacek, Tomas; Petrik, Milos; Luptakova, Dominika; Benada, Oldrich; Palyzova, Andrea; Lemr, Karel; Havlicek, Vladimir

2016-06-01

Although myriads of experimental approaches have been published in the field of fungal infection diagnostics, interestingly, in 21st century there is no satisfactory early noninvasive tool for Aspergillus diagnostics with good sensitivity and specificity. In this work, we for the first time described the fungal burden in rat lungs by multimodal imaging approach. The Aspergillus infection was monitored by positron emission tomography and light microscopy employing modified Grocott's methenamine silver staining and eosin counterstaining. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry imaging has revealed a dramatic iron increase in fungi-affected areas, which can be presumably attributed to microbial siderophores. Quantitative elemental data were inferred from matrix-matched standards prepared from rat lungs. The iron, silver, and gold MS images collected with variable laser foci revealed that particularly silver or gold can be used as excellent elements useful for sensitively tracking the Aspergillus infection. The limit of detection was determined for both (107) Ag and (197) Au as 0.03 μg/g (5 μm laser focus). The selective incorporation of (107) Ag and (197) Au into fungal cell bodies and low background noise from both elements were confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray scattering utilizing the submicron lateral resolving power of scanning electron microscopy. The low limits of detection and quantitation of both gold and silver make ICP-MS imaging monitoring a viable alternative to standard optical evaluation used in current clinical settings. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Light emitting diode package element with internal meniscus for bubble free lens placement

DOEpatents

Tarsa, Eric; Yuan, Thomas C.; Becerra, Maryanne; Yadev, Praveen

2010-09-28

A method for fabricating a light emitting diode (LED) package comprising providing an LED chip and covering at least part of the LED chip with a liquid encapsulant having a radius of curvature. An optical element is provided having a bottom surface with at least a portion having a radius of curvature larger than the liquid encapsulant. The larger radius of curvature portion of the optical element is brought into contact with the liquid encapsulant. The optical element is then moved closer to the LED chip, growing the contact area between said optical element and said liquid encapsulant. The liquid encapsulant is then cured. A light emitting diode comprising a substrate with an LED chip mounted to it. A meniscus ring is on the substrate around the LED chip with the meniscus ring having a meniscus holding feature. An inner encapsulant is provided over the LED chip with the inner encapsulant having a contacting surface on the substrate, with the meniscus holding feature which defines the edge of the contacting surface. An optical element is included having a bottom surface with at least a portion that is concave. The optical element is arranged on the substrate with the concave portion over the LED chip. A contacting encapsulant is included between the inner encapsulant and optical element.

40 CFR 86.1709-99 - Exhaust emission standards for 1999 and later light light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES (CONTINUED) General Provisions for the Voluntary National Low Emission Vehicle Program for Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks § 86.1709-99 Exhaust emission standards for... not exceed the standards in Tables R99-8 and R99-9 in rows designated with the applicable vehicle...

40 CFR 61.133 - Standard: Light-oil sumps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Standard: Light-oil sumps. 61.133... Emissions from Coke By-Product Recovery Plants § 61.133 Standard: Light-oil sumps. (a) Each owner or operator of a light-oil sump shall enclose and seal the liquid surface in the sump to form a closed system...

40 CFR 61.133 - Standard: Light-oil sumps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Standard: Light-oil sumps. 61.133... Emissions from Coke By-Product Recovery Plants § 61.133 Standard: Light-oil sumps. (a) Each owner or operator of a light-oil sump shall enclose and seal the liquid surface in the sump to form a closed system...

40 CFR 61.133 - Standard: Light-oil sumps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Standard: Light-oil sumps. 61.133... Emissions from Coke By-Product Recovery Plants § 61.133 Standard: Light-oil sumps. (a) Each owner or operator of a light-oil sump shall enclose and seal the liquid surface in the sump to form a closed system...

40 CFR 61.133 - Standard: Light-oil sumps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Standard: Light-oil sumps. 61.133... Emissions from Coke By-Product Recovery Plants § 61.133 Standard: Light-oil sumps. (a) Each owner or operator of a light-oil sump shall enclose and seal the liquid surface in the sump to form a closed system...

Photometric Monitoring of Short-Period Contact Binaries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vanko, M.

2001-12-01

The first photoelectric B,V light curves of the contact binary FU Dra, as well as new B,V light curves of the contact binaries AH Aur, UV Lyn and YY CrB, obtained at the Stará Lesná and Skalnaté Pleso Observatories, are presented. New photometric elements of AH Aur, FU Dra and UV Lyn computed from these light curves were combined with published spectroscopic elements to derive the absolute parameters of the systems.

Apparatus and methods for using achromatic phase matching at high orders of dispersion

DOEpatents

Richman, Bruce; Trebino, Rick; Bisson, Scott; Sidick, Erkin

2001-01-01

Achromatic phase-matching (APM) is used for efficiently multiplying the frequency of broad bandwidth light by using a nonlinear optical medium comprising a second-harmonic generation (SHG) crystal. Stationary optical elements whose configuration, properties, and arrangement have been optimized to match the dispersion characteristics of the SHG crystal to at least the second order. These elements include a plurality of prismatic elements for directing an input light beam onto the SHG crystal such that each ray wavelength is aligned to match the phase-matching angle for the crystal at each wavelength of light to at least the second order and such that every ray wavelength overlap within the crystal.

Boron-Containing Red Light-Emitting Phosphors And Light Sources Incorporating The Same

DOEpatents

Srivastava, Alok Mani; Comanzo, Holly Ann; Manivannan, Venkatesan

2006-03-28

A boron-containing phosphor comprises a material having a formula of AD1-xEuxB9O16, wherein A is an element selected from the group consisting of Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg, and combinations thereof; D is at least an element selected from the group consisting of rare-earth metals other than europium; and x is in the range from about 0.005 to about 0.5. The phosphor is used in a blend with other phosphors in a light source for generating visible light with a high color rendering index.

Micron-scale lens array having diffracting structures

DOEpatents

Goldberg, Kenneth A

2013-10-29

A novel micron-scale lens, a microlens, is engineered to concentrate light efficiently onto an area of interest, such as a small, light-sensitive detector element in an integrated electronic device. Existing microlens designs imitate the form of large-scale lenses and are less effective at small sizes. The microlenses described herein have been designed to accommodate diffraction effects, which dominate the behavior of light at small length scales. Thus a new class of light-concentrating optical elements with much higher relative performance has been created. Furthermore, the new designs are much easier to fabricate than previous designs.

Unidirectional ring lasers

DOEpatents

Hohimer, J.P.; Craft, D.C.

1994-09-20

Unidirectional ring lasers formed by integrating nonreciprocal optical elements into the resonant ring cavity is disclosed. These optical elements either attenuate light traveling in a nonpreferred direction or amplify light traveling in a preferred direction. In one preferred embodiment the resonant cavity takes the form of a circle with an S-shaped crossover waveguide connected to two points on the interior of the cavity such that light traveling in a nonpreferred direction is diverted from the cavity into the crossover waveguide and reinjected out of the other end of the crossover waveguide into the cavity as light traveling in the preferred direction. 21 figs.

Elemental Diets May Reduce the Risk of Aspiration Pneumonia in Bedridden Gastrostomy-Fed Patients

PubMed Central

Horiuchi, Akira; Nakayama, Yoshiko; Sakai, Ryosei; Suzuki, Manabu; Kajiyama, Masashi; Tanaka, Naoki

2013-01-01

OBJECTIVES: Our clinical experience suggested that elemental diets were associated with a reduction in aspiration pneumonia among bedridden patients with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). We compared the effects of elemental and standard liquid diets on the risk of clinical aspiration pneumonia and gastric emptying in bedridden patients receiving PEG feedings. METHODS: Study 1: consecutive bedridden PEG patients received elemental diets or standard liquid diets in the same fashion. The frequency of defecation, diet aspirated from the trachea, and aspiration pneumonia during hospitalization were prospectively recorded. Study 2: a randomized, crossover trial using elemental or standard liquid diets containing 13C sodium acetate as a tracer given to bedridden PEG patients who had experienced aspiration pneumonia. 13C breath tests were performed to estimate gastric emptying. RESULTS: Study 1: 127 patients were enrolled, 60 with elemental and 67 with standard liquid diets. The diet was aspirated from the trachea in none (0%) with the elemental diet vs. 8 (11.9%) with standard liquid diets (P=0.0057); aspiration pneumonia developed none with the elemental diet vs. 5 (7.5%) with standard liquid diets (P=0.031) (number needed to treat 14, 95% confidence interval 7–85). Study 2: 19 patients were enrolled. The elemental diet was associated with a significant increase in the 10, 30 or 50% emptying (excretion) time (P<0.001) and increased the area under the curve (% dose/h) compared with the standard liquid diet (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Elemental diets were associated with more rapid gastric empting and fewer episodes of aspiration than standard liquid diets in bedridden PEG patients. They may be preferred for bedridden PEG patients especially who have experienced aspiration pneumonia. Properly performed randomized-controlled trials are needed to prove this potential benefit. PMID:23399554

Elemental diets may reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia in bedridden gastrostomy-fed patients.

PubMed

Horiuchi, Akira; Nakayama, Yoshiko; Sakai, Ryosei; Suzuki, Manabu; Kajiyama, Masashi; Tanaka, Naoki

2013-05-01

Our clinical experience suggested that elemental diets were associated with a reduction in aspiration pneumonia among bedridden patients with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). We compared the effects of elemental and standard liquid diets on the risk of clinical aspiration pneumonia and gastric emptying in bedridden patients receiving PEG feedings. Study 1: consecutive bedridden PEG patients received elemental diets or standard liquid diets in the same fashion. The frequency of defecation, diet aspirated from the trachea, and aspiration pneumonia during hospitalization were prospectively recorded. Study 2: a randomized, crossover trial using elemental or standard liquid diets containing (13)C sodium acetate as a tracer given to bedridden PEG patients who had experienced aspiration pneumonia. (13)C breath tests were performed to estimate gastric emptying. Study 1: 127 patients were enrolled, 60 with elemental and 67 with standard liquid diets. The diet was aspirated from the trachea in none (0%) with the elemental diet vs. 8 (11.9%) with standard liquid diets (P=0.0057); aspiration pneumonia developed none with the elemental diet vs. 5 (7.5%) with standard liquid diets (P=0.031) (number needed to treat 14, 95% confidence interval 7-85). Study 2: 19 patients were enrolled. The elemental diet was associated with a significant increase in the 10, 30 or 50% emptying (excretion) time (P<0.001) and increased the area under the curve (% dose/h) compared with the standard liquid diet (P<0.05). Elemental diets were associated with more rapid gastric empting and fewer episodes of aspiration than standard liquid diets in bedridden PEG patients. They may be preferred for bedridden PEG patients especially who have experienced aspiration pneumonia. Properly performed randomized-controlled trials are needed to prove this potential benefit.

18. METAL LIGHT STANDARD, AT NORTH END BLOCK OF EAST ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

18. METAL LIGHT STANDARD, AT NORTH END BLOCK OF EAST PARAPET, FROM NORTH, SHOWING ORIGINAL LIGHT STANDARD, WITH REPLACEMENT BRACKET AND COBRA-HEAD LAMP - Fifth Street Viaduct, Spanning Bacon's Quarter Branch Valley on Fifth Street, Richmond, Independent City, VA

Rare earth element concentrations in geological and synthetic samples using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analysis

USGS Publications Warehouse

Chen, J.R.; Chao, E.C.T.; Back, J.M.; Minkin, J.A.; Rivers, M.L.; Sutton, S.R.; Cygan, G.L.; Grossman, J.N.; Reed, M.J.

1993-01-01

The concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) in specific mineral grains from the Bayan Obo ore deposit and synthetic high-silica glass samples have been measured by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) analysis using excitation of the REE K lines between 33 and 63 keV. Because SXRF, a nondestructive analytical technique, has much lower minimum detection limits (MDLs) for REEs, it is an important device that extends the in situ analytical capability of electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The distribution of trace amounts of REEs in common rock-forming minerals, as well as in REE minerals and minerals having minor quantities of REEs, can be analyzed with SXRF. Synchrotron radiation from a bending magnet and a wiggler source at the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, was used to excite the REEs. MDLs of 6 ppm (La) to 26 ppm (Lu) for 3600 s in 60-??m-thick standard samples were obtained with a 25-??m diameter wiggler beam. The MDLs for the light REEs were a factor of 10-20 lower than the MDLs obtained with a bending magnet beam. The SXRF REE concentrations in mineral grains greater than 25 ??m compared favorably with measurements using EPMA. Because EPMA offered REE MDLs as low as several hundred ppm, the comparison was limited to the abundant light REEs (La, Ce, Pr, Nd). For trace values of medium and heavy REEs, the SXRF concentrations were in good agreement with measurements using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), a bulk analysis technique. ?? 1993.

Oxycarbonitride phosphors and light emitting devices using the same

DOEpatents

Li, Yuanqiang; Romanelli, Michael Dennis; Tian, Yongchi

2013-10-08

Disclosed herein is a novel family of oxycarbidonitride phosphor compositions and light emitting devices incorporating the same. Within the sextant system of M--Al--Si--O--N--C--Ln and quintuplet system of M--Si--O--N--C--Ln (M=alkaline earth element, Ln=rare earth element), the phosphors are composed of either one single crystalline phase or two crystalline phases with high chemical and thermal stability. In certain embodiments, the disclosed phosphor of silicon oxycarbidonitrides emits green light at wavelength between 530-550 nm. In further embodiments, the disclosed phosphor compositions emit blue-green to yellow light in a wavelength range of 450-650 nm under near-UV and blue light excitation.

Oxycarbonitride phosphors and light emitting devices using the same

DOEpatents

Li, Yuanqiang; Romanelli, Michael Dennis; Tian, Yongchi

2014-07-08

Disclosed herein is a novel family of oxycarbonitride phosphor compositions and light emitting devices incorporating the same. Within the sextant system of M--Al--Si--O--N--C--Ln and quintuplet system of M--Si--O--N--C--Ln (M=alkaline earth element, Ln=rare earth element), the phosphors are composed of either one single crystalline phase or two crystalline phases with high chemical and thermal stability. In certain embodiments, the disclosed phosphor of silicon oxycarbonitrides emits green light at wavelength between 530-550 nm. In further embodiments, the disclosed phosphor compositions emit blue-green to yellow light in a wavelength range of 450-650 nm under near-UV and blue light excitation.

Holographic and light-field imaging for augmented reality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Byoungho; Hong, Jong-Young; Jang, Changwon; Jeong, Jinsoo; Lee, Chang-Kun

2017-02-01

We discuss on the recent state of the augmented reality (AR) display technology. In order to realize AR, various seethrough three-dimensional (3D) display techniques have been reported. We describe the AR display with 3D functionality such as light-field display and holography. See-through light-field display can be categorized by the optical elements which are used for see-through property: optical elements controlling path of the light-fields and those generating see-through light-field. Holographic display can be also a good candidate for AR display because it can reconstruct wavefront information and provide realistic virtual information. We introduce the see-through holographic display using various optical techniques.

Method and systems for collecting data from multiple fields of view

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schwemmer, Geary K. (Inventor)

2002-01-01

Systems and methods for processing light from multiple fields (48, 54, 55) of view without excessive machinery for scanning optical elements. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, multiple holographic optical elements (41, 42, 43, 44, 45), integrated on a common film (4), diffract and project light from respective fields of view.

40 CFR 63.1028 - Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Standards § 63.1028 Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1028 Section 63.1028 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.1028 - Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Standards § 63.1028 Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1028 Section 63.1028 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.1025 - Valves in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Standards § 63.1025 Valves in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Valves in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1025 Section 63.1025 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.1028 - Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Standards § 63.1028 Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1028 Section 63.1028 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.1025 - Valves in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Standards § 63.1025 Valves in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Valves in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1025 Section 63.1025 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.1025 - Valves in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Standards § 63.1025 Valves in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Valves in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1025 Section 63.1025 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.1028 - Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Standards § 63.1028 Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1028 Section 63.1028 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.1028 - Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Standards § 63.1028 Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1028 Section 63.1028 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.1025 - Valves in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Standards § 63.1025 Valves in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Valves in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1025 Section 63.1025 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.1025 - Valves in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Standards § 63.1025 Valves in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Valves in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1025 Section 63.1025 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

Phase shifting diffraction interferometer

DOEpatents

Sommargren, Gary E.

1996-01-01

An interferometer which has the capability of measuring optical elements and systems with an accuracy of .lambda./1000 where .lambda. is the wavelength of visible light. Whereas current interferometers employ a reference surface, which inherently limits the accuracy of the measurement to about .lambda./50, this interferometer uses an essentially perfect spherical reference wavefront generated by the fundamental process of diffraction. This interferometer is adjustable to give unity fringe visibility, which maximizes the signal-to-noise, and has the means to introduce a controlled prescribed relative phase shift between the reference wavefront and the wavefront from the optics under test, which permits analysis of the interference fringe pattern using standard phase extraction algorithms.

Phase shifting diffraction interferometer

DOEpatents

Sommargren, G.E.

1996-08-29

An interferometer which has the capability of measuring optical elements and systems with an accuracy of {lambda}/1000 where {lambda} is the wavelength of visible light. Whereas current interferometers employ a reference surface, which inherently limits the accuracy of the measurement to about {lambda}/50, this interferometer uses an essentially perfect spherical reference wavefront generated by the fundamental process of diffraction. This interferometer is adjustable to give unity fringe visibility, which maximizes the signal-to-noise, and has the means to introduce a controlled prescribed relative phase shift between the reference wavefront and the wavefront from the optics under test, which permits analysis of the interference fringe pattern using standard phase extraction algorithms. 8 figs.

Projecting non-diffracting waves with intermediate-plane holography.

PubMed

Mondal, Argha; Yevick, Aaron; Blackburn, Lauren C; Kanellakopoulos, Nikitas; Grier, David G

2018-02-19

We introduce intermediate-plane holography, which substantially improves the ability of holographic trapping systems to project propagation-invariant modes of light using phase-only diffractive optical elements. Translating the mode-forming hologram to an intermediate plane in the optical train can reduce the need to encode amplitude variations in the field, and therefore complements well-established techniques for encoding complex-valued transfer functions into phase-only holograms. Compared to standard holographic trapping implementations, intermediate-plane holograms greatly improve diffraction efficiency and mode purity of propagation-invariant modes, and so increase their useful non-diffracting range. We demonstrate this technique through experimental realizations of accelerating modes and long-range tractor beams.

40 CFR 60.482-2 - Standards: Pumps in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Standards: Pumps in light liquid..., 2006 § 60.482-2 Standards: Pumps in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each pump in light liquid service... in § 60.482-1(c) and (f) and paragraphs (d), (e), and (f) of this section. A pump that begins...

40 CFR 60.482-2 - Standards: Pumps in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Standards: Pumps in light liquid..., 2006 § 60.482-2 Standards: Pumps in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each pump in light liquid service... in § 60.482-1(c) and (f) and paragraphs (d), (e), and (f) of this section. A pump that begins...

40 CFR 60.482-2 - Standards: Pumps in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Standards: Pumps in light liquid..., 2006 § 60.482-2 Standards: Pumps in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each pump in light liquid service... in § 60.482-1(c) and (f) and paragraphs (d), (e), and (f) of this section. A pump that begins...

Standards and guidelines for observational studies: quality is in the eye of the beholder.

PubMed

Morton, Sally C; Costlow, Monica R; Graff, Jennifer S; Dubois, Robert W

2016-03-01

Patient care decisions demand high-quality research. To assist those decisions, numerous observational studies are being performed. Are the standards and guidelines to assess observational studies consistent and actionable? What policy considerations should be considered to ensure decision makers can determine if an observational study is of high-quality and valid to inform treatment decisions? Based on a literature review and input from six experts, we compared and contrasted nine standards/guidelines using 23 methodological elements involved in observational studies (e.g., study protocol, data analysis, and so forth). Fourteen elements (61%) were addressed by at least seven standards/guidelines; 12 of these elements disagreed in the approach. Nine elements (39%) were addressed by six or fewer standards/guidelines. Ten elements (43%) were not actionable in at least one standard/guideline that addressed the element. The lack of observational study standard/guideline agreement may contribute to variation in study conduct; disparities in what is considered credible research; and ultimately, what evidence is adopted. A common set of agreed on standards/guidelines for conducting observational studies will benefit funders, researchers, journal editors, and decision makers. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

47 CFR 51.317 - Standards for requiring the unbundling of network elements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... network elements. 51.317 Section 51.317 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED... Carriers § 51.317 Standards for requiring the unbundling of network elements. (a) Proprietary network elements. A network element shall be considered to be proprietary if an incumbent LEC can demonstrate that...

47 CFR 51.317 - Standards for requiring the unbundling of network elements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... network elements. 51.317 Section 51.317 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED... Carriers § 51.317 Standards for requiring the unbundling of network elements. (a) Proprietary network elements. A network element shall be considered to be proprietary if an incumbent LEC can demonstrate that...

Gene profiling of the red light signalling pathways in roots.

PubMed

Molas, Maria Lia; Kiss, John Z; Correll, Melanie J

2006-01-01

Red light, acting through the phytochromes, controls numerous aspects of plant development. Many of the signal transduction elements downstream of the phytochromes have been identified in the aerial portions of the plant; however, very few elements in red-light signalling have been identified specifically for roots. Gene profiling studies using microarrays and quantitative Real-Time PCR were performed to characterize gene expression changes in roots of Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to 1 h of red light. Several factors acting downstream of phytochromes in red-light signalling in roots were identified. Some of the genes found to be differentially expressed in this study have already been characterized in the red-light-signalling pathway for whole plants. For example, PHYTOCHROME KINASE 1 (PKS1), LONG HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), EARLY FLOWERING 4 (ELF4), and GIGANTEA (GI) were all significantly up-regulated in roots of seedlings exposed to 1 h of red light. The up-regulation of SUPPRESSOR OF PHYTOCHROME A RESPONSES 1 (SPA1) and CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1-like (COP1-like) genes suggests that the PHYA-mediated pathway was attenuated by red light. In addition, genes involved in lateral root and root hair formation, root plastid development, phenylpropanoid metabolism, and hormone signalling were also regulated by exposure to red light. Interestingly, members of the RPT2/NPH3 (ROOT PHOTOTROPIC 2/NON PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3) family, which have been shown to mediate blue-light-induced phototropism, were also differentially regulated in roots in red light. Therefore, these results suggest that red and blue light pathways interact in roots of seedlings and that many elements involved in red-light-signalling found in the aerial portions of the plant are differentially expressed in roots within 1 h of red light exposure.

Stray light correction on array spectroradiometers for optical radiation risk assessment in the workplace.

PubMed

Barlier-Salsi, A

2014-12-01

The European directive 2006/25/EC requires the employer to assess and, if necessary, measure the levels of exposure to optical radiation in the workplace. Array spectroradiometers can measure optical radiation from various types of sources; however poor stray light rejection affects their accuracy. A stray light correction matrix, using a tunable laser, was developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). As tunable lasers are very expensive, the purpose of this study was to implement this method using only nine low power lasers; other elements of the correction matrix being completed by interpolation and extrapolation. The correction efficiency was evaluated by comparing CCD spectroradiometers with and without correction and a scanning double monochromator device as reference. Similar to findings recorded by NIST, these experiments show that it is possible to reduce the spectral stray light by one or two orders of magnitude. In terms of workplace risk assessment, this spectral stray light correction method helps determine exposure levels, with an acceptable degree of uncertainty, for the majority of workplace situations. The level of uncertainty depends upon the model of spectroradiometers used; the best results are obtained with CCD detectors having an enhanced spectral sensitivity in the UV range. Thus corrected spectroradiometers require a validation against a scanning double monochromator spectroradiometer before using them for risk assessment in the workplace.

High resolution analysis of soil elements with laser-induced breakdown

DOEpatents

Ebinger, Michael H [Santa Fe, NM; Harris, Ronny D [Los Alamos, NM

2010-04-06

The invention is a system and method of detecting a concentration of an element in a soil sample wherein an opening or slot is formed in a container that supports a soil sample that was extracted from the ground whereupon at least a length of the soil sample is exposed via the opening. At each of a plurality of points along the exposed length thereof, the soil sample is ablated whereupon a plasma is formed that emits light characteristic of the elemental composition of the ablated soil sample. Each instance of emitted light is separated according to its wavelength and for at least one of the wavelengths a corresponding data value related to the intensity of the light is determined. As a function of each data value a concentration of an element at the corresponding point along the length of the soil core sample is determined.

Light rare earth element systematics as a tool for investigating the petrogenesis of phoscorite-carbonatite associations, as exemplified by the Phalaborwa Complex, South Africa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Milani, Lorenzo; Bolhar, Robert; Frei, Dirk; Harlov, Daniel E.; Samuel, Vinod O.

2017-12-01

In-situ trace element analyses of fluorapatite, calcite, dolomite, olivine, and phlogopite have been undertaken on representative phoscorite and carbonatite rocks of the Palaeoproterozoic Phalaborwa Complex. Textural and compositional characterization reveals uniformity of fluorapatite and calcite among most of the intrusions, and seems to favor a common genetic origin for the phoscorite-carbonatite association. Representing major repositories for rare earth elements (REE), fluorapatite and calcite exhibit tightly correlated light REE (LREE) abundances, suggesting that partitioning of LREE into these rock forming minerals was principally controlled by simple igneous differentiation. However, light rare earth element distribution in apatite and calcite cannot be adequately explained by equilibrium and fractional crystallization and instead favors a complex crystallization history involving mixing of compositionally distinct magma batches, in agreement with previously reported mineral isotope variability that requires open-system behaviour.

Direct view zoom scope with single focal plane and adaptable reticle

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bagwell, Brett

A direct view telescopic sight includes objective lens, eyepiece, and prism erector assemblies. The objective lens assembly is mounted to receive light of an image from an object direction and direct the light along an optical path. The eyepiece assembly is mounted to receive the light along the optical path and to emit the light of the image along an eye-ward direction. The prism erector assembly is positioned between the objective lens and eyepiece assemblies and includes first and second prism elements through which the optical path passes. The first and second prism elements invert the image. A reticle elementmore » is disposed on or adjacent to a surface of one of the first or second prism elements to combine a reticle on the image. The image is brought into focus at only a single focal plane between the objective lens and eyepiece assemblies at a given time.« less

Comparison of light harmonic generation in Al and Ge consisted silicate materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smirnov, Vitaly A.; Vostrikova, Liubov I.

2018-04-01

The silicate materials are perspective for different areas of laser physics and photonics. In this paper the comparison of the nonlinear conversion with the generation of the light harmonic in Al- and Ge-containing silicate materials is presented. The peculiarities of the processes of the light harmonic generation in dependence on the concentrations of the chemical components are discussed and the influences of the additional small inclusion of the elements of fifth group and the rare-earth elements are estimated.

Electrical and thermal conductivity of Fe-C alloy at high pressure: implications for effects of carbon on the geodynamo of the Earth's core

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, C.; Lin, J. F.; Liu, Y.; Feng, S.; Jin, C.; Yoshino, T.

2017-12-01

Thermal conductivity of iron alloy in the Earth's core plays a crucial role in constraining the energetics of the geodynamo and the thermal evolution of the planet. Studies on the thermal conductivity of iron reveal the importance of the effects of light elements and high temperature. Carbon has been proposed to be a candidate light element in Earth's core for its meteoritic abundance and high-pressure velocity-density profiles of iron carbides (e.g., Fe7C3). In this study, we employed four-probe van der Pauw method in a diamond anvil cell to measure the electrical resistivity of pure iron, iron carbon alloy, and iron carbides at high pressures. These studies were complimented with synchrotron X-ray diffraction and focused ion beam (FIB) analyses. Our results show significant changes in the electrical conductivity of these iron-carbon alloys that are consistent previous reports with structural and electronic transitions at high pressures, indicating that these transitions should be taken into account in evaluating the electrical and thermal conductivity at high pressure. To apply our results to understand the thermal conduction in the Earth's core, we have compared our results with literature values for the electrical and thermal conductivity of iron alloyed with light elements (C, Si) at high pressures. These comparisons permit the validity of the Wiedemann-Franz law and Matthiessen's rule for the effects of light elements on the thermal conductivity of the Earth's core. We found that an addition of a light element such as carbon has an strong effect on the reducing the thermal conductivity of Earth's core, but the magnitude of the alloying effect strongly depends on the identity of the light element and the crystal and electronic structures. Based on our results and literature values, we have modelled the electrical and thermal conductivity of iron-carbon alloy at Earth's core pressure-temperature conditions to the effects on the heat flux in the Earth's core. In this presentation, we will address how carbon as a potential light element in the Earth's core can significantly affect our view of the heat flux across the core-mantle boundary and geodynamo of our planet.

Towards lightweight and flexible high performance nanocrystalline silicon solar cells through light trapping and transport layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gray, Zachary R.

This thesis investigates ways to enhance the efficiency of thin film solar cells through the application of both novel nano-element array light trapping architectures and nickel oxide hole transport/electron blocking layers. Experimental results independently demonstrate a 22% enhancement in short circuit current density (JSC) resulting from a nano-element array light trapping architecture and a ˜23% enhancement in fill factor (FF) and ˜16% enhancement in open circuit voltage (VOC) resulting from a nickel oxide transport layer. In each case, the overall efficiency of the device employing the light trapping or transport layer was superior to that of the corresponding control device. Since the efficiency of a solar cell scales with the product of JSC, FF, and VOC, it follows that the results of this thesis suggest high performance thin film solar cells can be realized in the event light trapping architectures and transport layers can be simultaneously optimized. The realizations of these performance enhancements stem from extensive process optimization for numerous light trapping and transport layer fabrication approaches. These approaches were guided by numerical modeling techniques which will also be discussed. Key developments in this thesis include (1) the fabrication of nano-element topographies conducive to light trapping using various fabrication approaches, (2) the deposition of defect free nc-Si:H onto structured topographies by switching from SiH4 to SiF 4 PECVD gas chemistry, and (3) the development of the atomic layer deposition (ALD) growth conditions for NiO. Keywords: light trapping, nano-element array, hole transport layer, electron blocking layer, nickel oxide, nanocrystalline silicon, aluminum doped zinc oxide, atomic layer deposition, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, electron beam lithography, ANSYS HFSS.

Scalable Light Module for Low-Cost, High-Efficiency Light- Emitting Diode Luminaires

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tarsa, Eric

2015-08-31

During this two-year program Cree developed a scalable, modular optical architecture for low-cost, high-efficacy light emitting diode (LED) luminaires. Stated simply, the goal of this architecture was to efficiently and cost-effectively convey light from LEDs (point sources) to broad luminaire surfaces (area sources). By simultaneously developing warm-white LED components and low-cost, scalable optical elements, a high system optical efficiency resulted. To meet program goals, Cree evaluated novel approaches to improve LED component efficacy at high color quality while not sacrificing LED optical efficiency relative to conventional packages. Meanwhile, efficiently coupling light from LEDs into modular optical elements, followed by optimallymore » distributing and extracting this light, were challenges that were addressed via novel optical design coupled with frequent experimental evaluations. Minimizing luminaire bill of materials and assembly costs were two guiding principles for all design work, in the effort to achieve luminaires with significantly lower normalized cost ($/klm) than existing LED fixtures. Chief project accomplishments included the achievement of >150 lm/W warm-white LEDs having primary optics compatible with low-cost modular optical elements. In addition, a prototype Light Module optical efficiency of over 90% was measured, demonstrating the potential of this scalable architecture for ultra-high-efficacy LED luminaires. Since the project ended, Cree has continued to evaluate optical element fabrication and assembly methods in an effort to rapidly transfer this scalable, cost-effective technology to Cree production development groups. The Light Module concept is likely to make a strong contribution to the development of new cost-effective, high-efficacy luminaries, thereby accelerating widespread adoption of energy-saving SSL in the U.S.« less

Composition of the low seismic velocity E' layer at the top of Earth's core

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Badro, J.; Brodholt, J. P.

2017-12-01

Evidence for a layer (E') at the top of the outer core has been available since the '90s and while different studies suggest slightly different velocity contrasts and thicknesses, the common observation is that the layer has lower velocities than the bulk outer core (PREM). Although there are no direct measurements on the density of this layer, dynamic stability requires it to be less dense than the bulk outer core under those same pressure and temperature conditions. Using ab initio simulations on Fe-Ni-S-C-O-Si liquids we constrain the origin and composition of the low-velocity layer E' at the top of Earth's outer core. We find that increasing the concentration of any light-element always increases velocity and so a low-velocity and low-density layer (for stability) cannot be made by simply increasing light element concentration. This rules out barodiffusion or upwards sedimentation of a light phase for its origin. However, exchanging elements can—depending on the elements exchanged—produce such a layer. We evaluate three possibilities. Firstly, crystallization of a light phase from a core containing more than one light element may make such a layer, but only if the crystalizing phase is very Fe-rich, which is at odds with available phase diagrams at CMB conditions. Secondly, the E' layer may result from incomplete mixing of an early Earth core with a late impactor, depending on the light element compositions of the impactor and Earth's core, but such a primordial stratification is neither supported by dynamical models of the core nor thermodynamic models of core merger after the giant impact. The last and most plausible scenario is core-mantle chemical interaction; using thermodynamic models for metal-silicate partitioning of silicon and oxygen at CMB conditions, we show that a reaction between the core and an FeO-rich basal magma ocean can enrich the core in oxygen while depleting it in silicon, in relative amounts that produce a light and slow layer consistent with seismological observations.

Abundances in 54 Chemical Elements in Przybylski's Star: HD 101065

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cowley, Charles R.; et al.

We report abundances from carbon through uranium, based on ESO observations: SN >= 200, resolution 80,000. Light elements, through the iron group scatter with respect to the standard abundance distribution (SAD). Carbon and oxygen are mildly depleted, as are iron and nickel, while titanium and cobalt are enhanced. Calcium is depleted, but silicon, sulfur, and scandium are solar. The heavier elements including some 4d and REE's are generally enhanced by 3 to 4 dex. This is not extreme for an Ap star. The truly bizarre appearance of the spectrum is an an ionization phenomena. Some hotter Ap stars have comparable lanthanide abundances, but their second spectra are weaker due to double ionization. Our adopted model has a Te of 6600K, and log(g) = 4.2. Because of the high line opacity, the photospheric pressure is low, and convection is ineffective. Chemical separation has distorted the third r-process peak only slightly. The overall coherence of the heavier elements is remarkable. Additional information is available from http://www.astro.lsa.umich.edu/users/cowley/przyb.html. This abstract is based on a paper submitted to MNRAS, by CRC, and coauthors: T. A. Ryabchikova (Moscow & Vienna), F. Kupka (Vienna), D. Bord (Michigan), G. Mathys (ESO), and W. P. Bidelman (Case-Western Reserve).

Stress and Aeronautical Team Decision Making: Strengthening the Weak Links

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Orasanu, Judith; Rosekind, Mark R. (Technical Monitor)

1996-01-01

A model that characterizes pilots'decision making in flight will be presented. Elements of the model that appear most vulnerable to stress will be examined in light of accidents and incidents. The model includes two major components: Situation assessment and choice of a course of action. While based on Klein's Recognition-Primed Decision Making, it is tailored to the aviation environment which includes certain features that may be common to other domains: Primarily, aviation is highly proceduralized and options are generally well known. What appears to make decisions difficult are ambiguity, time pressure, and risk. In addition, decisions must often be made while carrying out the standard procedures of flight, including checklists, review of approach plates, standard briefings, and communication with air traffic controllers or cabin crew. The effects of stressors on decision making by pilots with varying levels of expertise will be explored, along with strategies for strengthening the weak links.

Ensuring an optimal environment for peer education in South African schools: Goals, systems, standards and policy options for effective learning.

PubMed

Swartz, Sharlene; Deutsch, Charles; Moolman, Benita; Arogundade, Emma; Isaacs, Dane; Michel, Barbara

2016-12-01

Peer education has long been seen as a key health promotion strategy and an important tool in preventing HIV infection. In South African schools, it is currently one of the strategies employed to do so. Based on both a recent research study of peer education across 35 schools and drawing on multiple previous studies in South Africa, this paper examines the key elements of peer education that contribute to its effectiveness and asks how this aligns with current educational and health policies. From this research, it summarises and proposes shared goals and aims, minimum standards of implementation and reflects on the necessary infrastructure required for peer education to be effective. In light of these findings, it offers policy recommendations regarding who should be doing peer education and the status peer education should have in a school's formal programme.

In Situ Determination of Trace Elements in Fish Otoliths by Laser Ablation Double Focusing Sector Field Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Using a Solution Standard Addition Calibration Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Z.; Jones, C. M.

2002-05-01

Microchemistry of fish otoliths (fish ear bones) is a very useful tool for monitoring aquatic environments and fish migration. However, determination of the elemental composition in fish otolith by ICP-MS has been limited to either analysis of dissolved sample solution or measurement of limited number of trace elements by laser ablation (LA)- ICP-MS due to low sensitivity, lack of available calibration standards, and complexity of polyatomic molecular interference. In this study, a method was developed for in situ determination of trace elements in fish otoliths by laser ablation double focusing sector field ultra high sensitivity Finnigan Element 2 ICP-MS using a solution standard addition calibration method. Due to the lack of matrix-match solid calibration standards, sixteen trace elements (Na, Mg, P, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Rb, Sr, Y, Cd, La, Ba, Pb and U) were determined using a solution standard calibration with Ca as an internal standard. Flexibility, easy preparation and stable signals are the advantages of using solution calibration standards. In order to resolve polyatomic molecular interferences, medium resolution (M/delta M > 4000) was used for some elements (Na, Mg, P, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Cu). Both external calibration and standard addition quantification strategies are compared and discussed. Precision, accuracy, and limits of detection are presented.

A Priori Method of Using Photon Activation Analysis to Determine Unknown Trace Element Concentrations in NIST Standards

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Green, Jaromy; Sun Zaijing; Wells, Doug

2009-03-10

Photon activation analysis detected elements in two NIST standards that did not have reported concentration values. A method is currently being developed to infer these concentrations by using scaling parameters and the appropriate known quantities within the NIST standard itself. Scaling parameters include: threshold, peak and endpoint energies; photo-nuclear cross sections for specific isotopes; Bremstrahlung spectrum; target thickness; and photon flux. Photo-nuclear cross sections and energies from the unknown elements must also be known. With these quantities, the same integral was performed for both the known and unknown elements resulting in an inference of the concentration of the un-reported elementmore » based on the reported value. Since Rb and Mn were elements that were reported in the standards, and because they had well-identified peaks, they were used as the standards of inference to determine concentrations of the unreported elements of As, I, Nb, Y, and Zr. This method was tested by choosing other known elements within the standards and inferring a value based on the stated procedure. The reported value of Mn in the first NIST standard was 403{+-}15 ppm and the reported value of Ca in the second NIST standard was 87000 ppm (no reported uncertainty). The inferred concentrations were 370{+-}23 ppm and 80200{+-}8700 ppm respectively.« less

Potassium isotope abundances in Australasian tektites and microtektites.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Herzog, G. F.; O'D. Alexander, C. M.; Berger, E. L.; Delaney, J. S.; Glass, B. P.

2008-10-01

We report electron microprobe determinations of the elemental compositions of 11 Australasian layered tektites and 28 Australasian microtektites; and ion microprobe determinations of the 41K/39K ratios of all 11 tektites and 13 of the microtektites. The elemental compositions agree well with literature values, although the average potassium concentrations measured here for microtektites, 1.1 1.6 wt%, are lower than published average values, 1.9 2.9 wt%. The potassium isotope abundances of the Australasian layered tektites vary little. The average value of δ41K, 0.02 ± 0.12‰ (1σ mean), is indistinguishable from the terrestrial value (= 0 by definition) as represented by our standard, thereby confirming four earlier tektite analyses of Humayun and Koeberl (2004). In agreement with those authors, we conclude that evaporation has significantly altered neither the isotopic nor the elemental composition of Australasian layered tektites for elements less volatile than potassium. Although the average 41K/39K ratio of the microtektites, 1.1 ± 1.7‰ (1σ mean), is also statistically indistinguishable from the value for the standard, the individual ratios vary over a very large range, from -10.6 ± 1.4‰ to +13.8 ± 1.5‰ and at least three of them are significantly different from zero. We interpret these larger variations in terms of the evaporation of isotopically light potassium; condensation of potassium in the vapor plume; partial or complete stirring and quenching of the melts; and the possible uptake of potassium from seawater. That the average 41K/39K ratio of the microtektites equals the terrestrial value suggests that the microtektite-forming system was compositionally closed with respect to potassium and less volatile elements. The possibility remains open that 41K/39K ratios of microtektites vary systematically with location in the strewn field.

40 CFR 88.104-94 - Clean-fuel vehicle tailpipe emission standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Clean-fuel vehicle tailpipe emission standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks. 88.104-94 Section 88.104-94 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CLEAN-FUEL VEHICLES Emission Standards for Clean-Fuel Vehicles § 88.10...

40 CFR 88.104-94 - Clean-fuel vehicle tailpipe emission standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Clean-fuel vehicle tailpipe emission standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks. 88.104-94 Section 88.104-94 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CLEAN-FUEL VEHICLES Emission Standards for Clean-Fuel Vehicles § 88.10...

40 CFR 88.104-94 - Clean-fuel vehicle tailpipe emission standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Clean-fuel vehicle tailpipe emission standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks. 88.104-94 Section 88.104-94 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CLEAN-FUEL VEHICLES Emission Standards for Clean-Fuel Vehicles § 88.104...

Certification of elements in and use of standard reference material 3280 multivitamin/multielement tablets

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Standard Reference Material (SRM) 3280 Multivitamin/Multielement Tablets was issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2009 and has certified and reference mass fraction values for 13 vitamins, 26 elements, and 2 carotenoids. Elements were measured using two or more ana...

Tips for Better Visual Elements in Posters and Podium Presentations

PubMed Central

Zerwic, JJ; Grandfield, K; Kavanaugh, K; Berger, B; Graham, L; Mershon, M

2010-01-01

Context The ability to effectively communicate through posters and podium presentations using appropriate visual content and style is essential for health care educators. Objectives To offer suggestions for more effective visual elements of posters and podium presentations. Methods We present the experiences of our multidisciplinary publishing group, whose combined experiences and collaboration have provided us with an understanding of what works and how to achieve success when working on presentations and posters. Many others would offer similar advice, as these guidelines are consistent with effective presentation. Findings/Suggestions Certain visual elements should be attended to in any visual presentation: consistency, alignment, contrast and repetition. Presentations should be consistent in font size and type, line spacing, alignment of graphics and text, and size of graphics. All elements should be aligned with at least one other element. Contrasting light background with dark text (and vice versa) helps an audience read the text more easily. Standardized formatting lets viewers know when they are looking at similar things (tables, headings, etc.). Using a minimal number of colors (four at most) helps the audience more easily read text. For podium presentations, have one slide for each minute allotted for speaking. The speaker is also a visual element; one should not allow the audience’s view of either the presentation or presenter to be blocked. Making eye contact with the audience also keeps them visually engaged. Conclusions Health care educators often share information through posters and podium presentations. These tips should help the visual elements of presentations be more effective. PMID:20853236

Light Chemical Elements in Stars: Mysteries and Unsolved Problems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lyubimkov, L. S.

2018-06-01

The first eight elements of the periodic table are discussed: H, He, Li, Be, B, C, N, and O. They are referred to as key elements, given their important role in stellar evolution. It is noteworthy that all of them were initially synthesized in the Big Bang. The primordial abundances of these elements calculated using the Standard Model of the Big Bang (SMBB) are presented in this review. The good agreement between the SMBB and observations of the primordial abundances of the isotopes of hydrogen and helium, D, 3He, and 4He, is noted, but there is a difference of 0.5 dex for lithium (the isotope 7Li) between the SMBB and observations of old stars in the galactic halo that has not yet been explained. The abundances of light elements in stellar atmospheres depends on the initial rotation velocity, so the typical rotation velocities of young Main Sequence (MS) stars are examined. Since the data on the abundances of light elements in stars are very extensive, the main emphasis in this review is on several unsolved problems. The helium abundance He/H in early B-type of the MS stars shows an increment with age; in particular, for the most massive B stars with masses M = 12-19M ⊙, He/H increases by more than a factor of two toward the end of the MS. Theoretical models of stars with rotation cannot explain such a large increase in He/H. For early B- and late O-type MS stars that are components of close binary systems, He/H undergoes a sharp jump in the middle of the MS stage that is a mystery for the theory. The anomalous abundance of helium (and lithium) in the atmospheres of chemically peculiar stars (types He-s, He-w, HgMn, Ap, and Am) is explained in terms of the diffusion of atoms in surface layers of the stars, but this hypothesis cannot yet explain all the features of the chemical composition of these stars. The abundances of lithium, beryllium, and boron in FGK-dwarfs manifest a trend with decreasing effective temperature T eff as well as a dip at T eff 6600 K in the Hyades and other old clusters. The two effects are among the unsolved problems. In the case of lithium, there is special interest in FGK-giants and supergiants that are rich in lithium (they have logɛ(Li)≥ 2). Most of them cannot be explained in terms of the standard theory of stellar evolution, so nonstandard hypotheses are invoked: the recent synthesis of lithium in a star and the engulfment by a star of a giant planet with mass equal to that of Jupiter or greater. An analysis of the abundances of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in early B- and late O-stars of the MS indicates that the C II, N II, and O II ions are overionized in their atmospheres. For early B-type MS stars, good agreement is found between observations of the N/O ratio and model calculations for rotating stars. A quantitative explanation of the well-known "nitrogen-oxygen" anticorrelation in FGK-giants and supergiants is found. It reflects the dependence of the anomalies in N and C on the initial rotation velocity V 0. The stellar rotation models which yield successful explanations for C, N. and O cannot, however, explain the observed helium enrichment in early B-type MS stars.

Architectural Physics: Lighting.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hopkinson, R. G.

The author coordinates the many diverse branches of knowledge which have dealt with the field of lighting--physiology, psychology, engineering, physics, and architectural design. Part I, "The Elements of Architectural Physics", discusses the physiological aspects of lighting, visual performance, lighting design, calculations and measurements of…

Mapping algorithm for freeform construction using non-ideal light sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Chen; Michaelis, D.; Schreiber, P.; Dick, L.; Bräuer, A.

2015-09-01

Using conventional mapping algorithms for the construction of illumination freeform optics' arbitrary target pattern can be obtained for idealized sources, e.g. collimated light or point sources. Each freeform surface element generates an image point at the target and the light intensity of an image point is corresponding to the area of the freeform surface element who generates the image point. For sources with a pronounced extension and ray divergence, e.g. an LED with a small source-freeform-distance, the image points are blurred and the blurred patterns might be different between different points. Besides, due to Fresnel losses and vignetting, the relationship between light intensity of image points and area of freeform surface elements becomes complicated. These individual light distributions of each freeform element are taken into account in a mapping algorithm. To this end the method of steepest decent procedures are used to adapt the mapping goal. A structured target pattern for a optics system with an ideal source is computed applying corresponding linear optimization matrices. Special weighting factor and smoothing factor are included in the procedures to achieve certain edge conditions and to ensure the manufacturability of the freefrom surface. The corresponding linear optimization matrices, which are the lighting distribution patterns of each of the freeform surface elements, are gained by conventional raytracing with a realistic source. Nontrivial source geometries, like LED-irregularities due to bonding or source fine structures, and a complex ray divergence behavior can be easily considered. Additionally, Fresnel losses, vignetting and even stray light are taken into account. After optimization iterations, with a realistic source, the initial mapping goal can be achieved by the optics system providing a structured target pattern with an ideal source. The algorithm is applied to several design examples. A few simple tasks are presented to discussed the ability and limitation of the this mothed. It is also presented that a homogeneous LED-illumination system design, in where, with a strongly tilted incident direction, a homogeneous distribution is achieved with a rather compact optics system and short working distance applying a relatively large LED source. It is shown that the lighting distribution patterns from the freeform surface elements can be significantly different from the others. The generation of a structured target pattern, applying weighting factor and smoothing factor, are discussed. Finally, freeform designs for much more complex sources like clusters of LED-sources are presented.

Stacked white OLED having separate red, green and blue sub-elements

DOEpatents

Forrest, Stephen; Qi, Xiangfei; Slootsky, Michael

2014-07-01

The present invention relates to efficient organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). The devices employ three emissive sub-elements, typically emitting red, green and blue, to sufficiently cover the visible spectrum. Thus, the devices may be white-emitting OLEDs, or WOLEDs. Each sub-element comprises at least one organic layer which is an emissive layer--i.e., the layer is capable of emitting light when a voltage is applied across the stacked device. The sub-elements are vertically stacked and are separated by charge generating layers. The charge-generating layers are layers that inject charge carriers into the adjacent layer(s) but do not have a direct external connection.

Selected isotope ratio measurements of light metallic elements (Li, Mg, Ca, and Cu) by multiple collector ICP-MS

PubMed Central

Platzner, Thomas I.; Segal, Irina

2007-01-01

The unique capabilities of multiple collector inductively coupled mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) for high precision isotope ratio measurements in light elements as Li, Mg, Ca, and Cu are reviewed in this paper. These elements have been intensively studied at the Geological Survey of Israel (GSI) and other laboratories over the past few years, and the methods used to obtain high precision isotope analyses are discussed in detail. The scientific study of isotopic fractionation of these elements is significant for achieving a better understanding of geochemical and biochemical processes in nature and the environment. PMID:17962922

Barium light source method and apparatus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Curry, John J. (Inventor); MacDonagh-Dumler, Jeffrey (Inventor); Anderson, Heidi M. (Inventor); Lawler, James E. (Inventor)

2002-01-01

Visible light emission is obtained from a plasma containing elemental barium including neutral barium atoms and barium ion species. Neutral barium provides a strong green light emission in the center of the visible spectrum with a highly efficient conversion of electrical energy into visible light. By the selective excitation of barium ionic species, emission of visible light at longer and shorter wavelengths can be obtained simultaneously with the green emission from neutral barium, effectively providing light that is visually perceived as white. A discharge vessel contains the elemental barium and a buffer gas fill therein, and a discharge inducer is utilized to induce a desired discharge temperature and barium vapor pressure therein to produce from the barium vapor a visible light emission. The discharge can be induced utilizing a glow discharge between electrodes in the discharge vessel as well as by inductively or capacitively coupling RF energy into the plasma within the discharge vessel.

A finger-free wrist-worn pulse oximeter for the monitoring of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chu, Chang-Sheng; Chuang, Shuang-Chao; Lee, Yeh Wen; Fan, Chih-Hsun; Chung, Lung Pin; Li, Yu-Tang; Chen, Jyh-Chern

2016-03-01

Herein, a finger-free wrist-worn pulse oximeter is presented. This device allows patients to measure blood oxygen level and pulse rate without hindering their normal finger movement. This wrist-worn pulse oximeter is built with a reflectance oximetry sensor, which consists of light emitting diodes and photodiode light detectors located side by side. This reflectance oximetry sensor is covered with an optical element with micro structured surface. This micro structured optical element is designed to modulate photon propagation beneath the skin tissue so that the photoplethysmogram signals of reflected lights or backscattered lights detected by the photodetector are therefore enhanced.

Exploring plenoptic properties of correlation imaging with chaotic light

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pepe, Francesco V.; Vaccarelli, Ornella; Garuccio, Augusto; Scarcelli, Giuliano; D'Angelo, Milena

2017-11-01

In a setup illuminated by chaotic light, we consider different schemes that enable us to perform imaging by measuring second-order intensity correlations. The most relevant feature of the proposed protocols is the ability to perform plenoptic imaging, namely to reconstruct the geometrical path of light propagating in the system, by imaging both the object and the focusing element. This property allows us to encode, in a single data acquisition, both multi-perspective images of the scene and light distribution in different planes between the scene and the focusing element. We unveil the plenoptic property of three different setups, explore their refocusing potentialities and discuss their practical applications.

Integrated optic vector-matrix multiplier

DOEpatents

Watts, Michael R [Albuquerque, NM

2011-09-27

A vector-matrix multiplier is disclosed which uses N different wavelengths of light that are modulated with amplitudes representing elements of an N.times.1 vector and combined to form an input wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) light stream. The input WDM light stream is split into N streamlets from which each wavelength of the light is individually coupled out and modulated for a second time using an input signal representing elements of an M.times.N matrix, and is then coupled into an output waveguide for each streamlet to form an output WDM light stream which is detected to generate a product of the vector and matrix. The vector-matrix multiplier can be formed as an integrated optical circuit using either waveguide amplitude modulators or ring resonator amplitude modulators.

Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Based on Smart Phone Platforms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Yun; Liu, Qiang; Chen, Shimeng; Cheng, Fang; Wang, Hanqi; Peng, Wei

2015-08-01

We demonstrate a fiber optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor based on smart phone platforms. The light-weight optical components and sensing element are connected by optical fibers on a phone case. This SPR adaptor can be conveniently installed or removed from smart phones. The measurement, control and reference channels are illuminated by the light entering the lead-in fibers from the phone’s LED flash, while the light from the end faces of the lead-out fibers is detected by the phone’s camera. The SPR-sensing element is fabricated by a light-guiding silica capillary that is stripped off its cladding and coated with 50-nm gold film. Utilizing a smart application to extract the light intensity information from the camera images, the light intensities of each channel are recorded every 0.5 s with refractive index (RI) changes. The performance of the smart phone-based SPR platform for accurate and repeatable measurements was evaluated by detecting different concentrations of antibody binding to a functionalized sensing element, and the experiment results were validated through contrast experiments with a commercial SPR instrument. This cost-effective and portable SPR biosensor based on smart phones has many applications, such as medicine, health and environmental monitoring.

Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Based on Smart Phone Platforms.

PubMed

Liu, Yun; Liu, Qiang; Chen, Shimeng; Cheng, Fang; Wang, Hanqi; Peng, Wei

2015-08-10

We demonstrate a fiber optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor based on smart phone platforms. The light-weight optical components and sensing element are connected by optical fibers on a phone case. This SPR adaptor can be conveniently installed or removed from smart phones. The measurement, control and reference channels are illuminated by the light entering the lead-in fibers from the phone's LED flash, while the light from the end faces of the lead-out fibers is detected by the phone's camera. The SPR-sensing element is fabricated by a light-guiding silica capillary that is stripped off its cladding and coated with 50-nm gold film. Utilizing a smart application to extract the light intensity information from the camera images, the light intensities of each channel are recorded every 0.5 s with refractive index (RI) changes. The performance of the smart phone-based SPR platform for accurate and repeatable measurements was evaluated by detecting different concentrations of antibody binding to a functionalized sensing element, and the experiment results were validated through contrast experiments with a commercial SPR instrument. This cost-effective and portable SPR biosensor based on smart phones has many applications, such as medicine, health and environmental monitoring.

Light and abiotic stresses regulate the expression of GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase and levels of ascorbic acid in two kiwifruit genotypes via light-responsive and stress-inducible cis-elements in their promoters.

PubMed

Li, Juan; Liang, Dong; Li, Mingjun; Ma, Fengwang

2013-09-01

Ascorbic acid (AsA) plays an essential role in plants by protecting cells against oxidative damage. GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (GGP) is the first committed gene for AsA synthesis. Our research examined AsA levels, regulation of GGP gene expression, and how these are related to abiotic stresses in two species of Actinidia (kiwifruit). When leaves were subjected to continuous darkness or light, ABA or MeJA, heat, or a hypoxic environment, we found some correlation between the relative levels of GGP mRNA and AsA concentrations. In transformed tobacco plants, activity of the GGP promoter was induced by all of these treatments. However, the degree of inducibility in the two kiwifruit species differed among the GGP promoter deletions. We deduced that the G-box motif, a light-responsive element, may have an important function in regulating GGP transcripts under various light conditions in both A. deliciosa and A. eriantha. Other elements such as ABRE, the CGTCA motif, and HSE might also control the promoter activities of GGP in kiwifruit. Altogether, these data suggest that GGP expression in the two kiwifruit species is regulated by light or abiotic stress via the relative cis-elements in their promoters. Furthermore, GGP has a critical role in modulating AsA concentrations in kiwifruit species under abiotic stresses.

40 CFR 86.000-9 - Emission standards for 2000 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....000-9 Emission standards for 2000 and later model year light-duty trucks. Section 86.000-9 includes...) and CO Model year Percentage 2002 40 2003 80 2004 100 Table A00-6—Useful Life Standards (G/MI) for... applicable model year's heavy light-duty trucks shall not exceed the applicable SFTP standards in table A00-6...

40 CFR 86.000-9 - Emission standards for 2000 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....000-9 Emission standards for 2000 and later model year light-duty trucks. Section 86.000-9 includes...) and CO Model year Percentage 2002 40 2003 80 2004 100 Table A00-6—Useful Life Standards (G/MI) for... applicable model year's heavy light-duty trucks shall not exceed the applicable SFTP standards in table A00-6...

40 CFR 86.000-8 - Emission standards for 2000 and later model year light-duty vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....000-8 Emission standards for 2000 and later model year light-duty vehicles. Section 86.000-8 includes... later model year light-duty vehicles shall meet the additional SFTP standards of table A00-2 (defined by...=NOX) and CO Model year Percentage 2000 40 2001 80 2002 100 Table A00-2—Useful Life Standards (G/MI...

40 CFR 86.000-8 - Emission standards for 2000 and later model year light-duty vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....000-8 Emission standards for 2000 and later model year light-duty vehicles. Section 86.000-8 includes... later model year light-duty vehicles shall meet the additional SFTP standards of table A00-2 (defined by...=NOX) and CO Model year Percentage 2000 40 2001 80 2002 100 Table A00-2—Useful Life Standards (G/MI...

Modulus design multiwavelength polarization microscope for transmission Mueller matrix imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Jialing; He, Honghui; Chen, Zhenhua; Wang, Ye; Ma, Hui

2018-01-01

We have developed a polarization microscope based on a commercial transmission microscope. We replace the halogen light source by a collimated LED light source module of six different colors. We use achromatic polarized optical elements that can cover the six different wavelength ranges in the polarization state generator (PSG) and polarization state analyzer (PSA) modules. The dual-rotating wave plate method is used to measure the Mueller matrix of samples, which requires the simultaneous rotation of the two quarter-wave plates in both PSG and PSA at certain angular steps. A scientific CCD detector is used as the image receiving module. A LabView-based software is developed to control the rotation angels of the wave plates and the exposure time of the detector to allow the system to run fully automatically in preprogrammed schedules. Standard samples, such as air, polarizers, and quarter-wave plates, are used to calibrate the intrinsic Mueller matrix of optical components, such as the objectives, using the eigenvalue calibration method. Errors due to the images walk-off in the PSA are studied. Errors in the Mueller matrices are below 0.01 using air and polarizer as standard samples. Data analysis based on Mueller matrix transformation and Mueller matrix polarization decomposition is used to demonstrate the potential application of this microscope in pathological diagnosis.

Reply to 'Comment on 'Heavy element production in inhomogeneous big bang nucleosynthesis''

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Matsuura, Shunji; Fujimoto, Shin-ichirou; Hashimoto, Masa-aki

2007-03-15

This is a reply to Rauscher [Phys. Rev. D 75, 068301 (2007)]. We studied heavy element production in the high baryon density region in the early universe [Phys. Rev. D 72, 123505 (2005)]. However, it is claimed by Rauscher [Phys. Rev. D 75, 068301 (2007)] that a small scale but high baryon density region contradicts observations for the light element abundance or, in order not to contradict the observations, the high density region must be so small that it cannot affect the present heavy element abundance. In this paper, we study big bang nucleosynthesis in the high baryon density regionmore » and show that in certain parameter spaces it is possible to produce enough of the heavy element without contradiction to cosmic microwave background and light element observations.« less

7 CFR 28.416 - Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color. 28.416... CONTAINER REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.416 Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color. Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or...

7 CFR 28.415 - Low Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Low Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.415 Section 28... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.415 Low Middling Light Spotted Color. Low Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is between Low...

7 CFR 28.415 - Low Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Low Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.415 Section 28... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.415 Low Middling Light Spotted Color. Low Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is between Low...

7 CFR 28.415 - Low Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Low Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.415 Section 28... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.415 Low Middling Light Spotted Color. Low Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is between Low...

7 CFR 28.416 - Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color. 28.416... CONTAINER REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.416 Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color. Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or...

7 CFR 28.416 - Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color. 28.416... CONTAINER REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.416 Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color. Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or...

7 CFR 28.416 - Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color. 28.416... CONTAINER REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.416 Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color. Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or...

7 CFR 28.412 - Strict Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Strict Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.412 Section 28... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.412 Strict Middling Light Spotted Color. Strict Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is...

7 CFR 28.414 - Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.414... CONTAINER REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.414 Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color. Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or...

7 CFR 28.414 - Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.414... CONTAINER REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.414 Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color. Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or...

7 CFR 28.416 - Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color. 28.416... CONTAINER REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.416 Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color. Strict Good Ordinary Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or...

7 CFR 28.414 - Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.414... CONTAINER REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.414 Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color. Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or...

7 CFR 28.411 - Good Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Good Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.411 Section 28... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.411 Good Middling Light Spotted Color. Good Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is...

7 CFR 28.412 - Strict Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Strict Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.412 Section 28... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.412 Strict Middling Light Spotted Color. Strict Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is...

7 CFR 28.412 - Strict Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Strict Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.412 Section 28... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.412 Strict Middling Light Spotted Color. Strict Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is...

7 CFR 28.414 - Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.414... CONTAINER REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.414 Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color. Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or...

7 CFR 28.411 - Good Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Good Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.411 Section 28... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.411 Good Middling Light Spotted Color. Good Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is...

7 CFR 28.414 - Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.414... CONTAINER REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.414 Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color. Strict Low Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or...

7 CFR 28.411 - Good Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Good Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.411 Section 28... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.411 Good Middling Light Spotted Color. Good Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is...

7 CFR 28.411 - Good Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Good Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.411 Section 28... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.411 Good Middling Light Spotted Color. Good Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is...

7 CFR 28.412 - Strict Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Strict Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.412 Section 28... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.412 Strict Middling Light Spotted Color. Strict Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is...

7 CFR 28.413 - Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.413 Section 28.413... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.413 Middling Light Spotted Color. Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is between Middling...

7 CFR 28.415 - Low Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Low Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.415 Section 28... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.415 Low Middling Light Spotted Color. Low Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is between Low...

7 CFR 28.413 - Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.413 Section 28.413... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.413 Middling Light Spotted Color. Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is between Middling...

7 CFR 28.413 - Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.413 Section 28.413... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.413 Middling Light Spotted Color. Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is between Middling...

7 CFR 28.413 - Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.413 Section 28.413... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.413 Middling Light Spotted Color. Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is between Middling...

7 CFR 28.413 - Middling Light Spotted Color.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Middling Light Spotted Color. 28.413 Section 28.413... REGULATIONS COTTON CLASSING, TESTING, AND STANDARDS Standards Light Spotted Cotton § 28.413 Middling Light Spotted Color. Middling Light Spotted Color is color which in spot or color, or both, is between Middling...

Metal-silicate partitioning and the light element in the core (Invited)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wood, B. J.; Wade, J.; Tuff, J.

2009-12-01

Most attempts to constrain the concentrations of “light” elements in the Earth’s core rely either on cosmochemical arguments or on arguments based on the densities and equations of state of Fe-alloys containing the element of concern. Despite its utility, the latter approach yields a wide range of permissible compositions and hence weak constraints. The major problem with the cosmochemical approach is that the abundances in the bulk Earth of all the candidate “light” elements- H, C, O, Si and S are highly uncertain because of their volatile behavior during planetary accretion. In contrast, refractory elements appear to be in approximately CI chondritic relative abundances in the Earth. This leads to the potential for using the partitioning of refractory siderophile elements between the mantle and core to constrain the concentrations of light elements in the core. Recent experimental metal-silicate partitioning data, coupled with mantle abundances of refractory siderophile elements (e.g. Wade and Wood, EPSL v.236, 78—95,2005; Kegler et. al. EPSL v.268, 28-40,2008) have shown that the core segregated from the mantle under high pressure conditions (~40 GPa). If a wide range of elements, from very siderophile, (e.g. Mo) through moderately (Ni, Co, W) to weakly siderophile (V, Cr, Nb, Si) are considered, the Earth also appears to have become more oxidized during accretion. Metal-silicate partitioning of some elements is also sensitive to the light element content of the metal. For example, Nb and W partitioning depend strongly on carbon, Mo on silicon and Cr on sulfur. Given the measured mantle abundances of the refractory elements, these observations enable the Si and C contents of the core to be constrained at ~5% and <2% respectively while partitioning is consistent with a cosmochemically-estimated S content of ~2%.

Influence of pitting defects on quality of high power laser light field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ren, Huan; Zhang, Lin; Yang, Yi; Shi, Zhendong; Ma, Hua; Jiang, Hongzhen; Chen, Bo; Yang, XiaoYu; Zheng, Wanguo; Zhu, Rihong

2018-01-01

With the split-step-Fourier-transform method for solving the nonlinear paraxial wave equation, the intensity distribution of the light field when the pits diameter or depth change is obtained by using numerical simulation, include the intensity distribution inside optical element, the beam near-field, the different distances behind the element and the beam far-field. Results show that with the increase of pits diameter or depth, the light field peak intensity and the contrast inside of element corresponding enhancement. The contrast of the intensity distribution of the rear surface of the element will increase slightly. The peak intensity produced by a specific location element downstream of thermal effect will continue to increase, the damage probability in optics placed here is greatly increased. For the intensity distribution of the far-field, increase the pitting diameter or depth will cause the focal spot intensity distribution changes, and the energy of the spectrum center region increase constantly. This work provide a basis for quantitative design and inspection for pitting defects, which provides a reference for the design of optical path arrangement.

Ages and chemical compositions of massive clusters in NGC147 and M31

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharina, Margarita; Shimansky, Vladislav

2017-03-01

We present estimates of ages, [Fe/H], helium content (Y) and abundances of C, N, Mg, Ca, and several other elements for the following globular clusters (GCs): GC7 in NGC147, and Mayall II, Mackey 1 and Mackey 6 in M31. Medium-resolution integrated-light spectra of the GCs were conducted with the 6m telescope. To derive the ages and abundances for the GCs we carried out their population synthesis using model stellar atmospheres, the Padova YZVAR isochrones and the Chabrier mass function. We compare the results with the corresponding data obtained using the same method for several massive Galactic GCs. We show that the differences in the light-element abundances between GCs with similar ages and metallicities may reach 0.5-0.6 dex. The corresponding differences for other elements are usually 2-3 times smaller. We suggest that at least partially the detected differences may be due to light-element abundance variations in the atmospheres of high-luminosity red giant branch stars as a consequence of the transportation of the produced elements to the surface layers.

Sound velocity of iron-light element compounds and the chemical structure of the inner core

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ohtani, E.; Sakamaki, T.; Fukui, H.; Tanaka, R.; Shibazaki, Y.; Kamada, S.; Sakairi, T.; Takahashi, S.; Tsutsui, S.; Baron, A. Q. R.

2016-12-01

The light elements in the core could constrain the conditions of accretion, subsequent magma ocean, and core formation stages of the Earth. There are several studies for sound velocity measurements of the iron-light elements alloys. However, the measurements are not enough to constrain the light element abundance in the core tightly at present due to inter-laboratory inconsistencies using different methods which are originated from the difficulties to make such measurements under the extreme conditions. We measured the sound velocity of iron alloy compounds at high pressure and temperature relevant to the Earth's core using double-sided laser heating of a DAC combined with inelastic X-ray scattering at SPring-8. We measured the compressional velocity of hcp-Fe up to 166 GPa and 3000 K, and derived a clear temperature dependence of the Birch's law for hcp-Fe. We measured the compressional velocity of Fe0.89Si0.11 alloy and Fe3C at high pressure and temperature, and we could not detect temperature dependency in Birch's law in these compounds. Additionally, we measured the sound velocity of Fe3S, Fe0.83Ni0.09Si0.08 alloy, and FeH at high pressure. Combining our new data set which showed remarkable differences from previous data on the sound velocity, we present a model of the chemical structure of the inner core. The outer core composition was also estimated based on partitioning behaviors of these light elements between solid and liquid iron alloys under the core conditions.

Identifying Multiple Populations in M71 using CN

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gerber, Jeffrey M.; Friel, Eileen D.; Vesperini, Enrico

2018-01-01

It is now well established that globular clusters (GCs) host multiple stellar populations characterized by differences in several light elements. While these populations have been found in nearly all GCs, we still lack an entirely successful model to explain their formation. A key constraint to these models is the detailed pattern of light element abundances seen among the populations; different techniques for identifying these populations probe different elements and do not always yield the same results. We study a large sample of stars in the GC M71 for light elements C and N, using the CN and CH band strength to identify multiple populations. Our measurements come from low-resolution spectroscopy obtained with the WIYN-3.5m telescope for ~150 stars from the tip of the red-giant branch down to the main-sequence turn-off. The large number of stars and broad spatial coverage of our sample (out to ~3.5 half-light radii) allows us to carry out a comprehensive characterization of the multiple populations in M71. We use a combination of the various spectroscopic and photometric indicators to draw a more complete picture of the properties of the populations and to investigate the consistency of classifications using different techniques.

Wafer-scale micro-optics fabrication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Voelkel, Reinhard

2012-07-01

Micro-optics is an indispensable key enabling technology for many products and applications today. Probably the most prestigious examples are the diffractive light shaping elements used in high-end DUV lithography steppers. Highly-efficient refractive and diffractive micro-optical elements are used for precise beam and pupil shaping. Micro-optics had a major impact on the reduction of aberrations and diffraction effects in projection lithography, allowing a resolution enhancement from 250 nm to 45 nm within the past decade. Micro-optics also plays a decisive role in medical devices (endoscopes, ophthalmology), in all laser-based devices and fiber communication networks, bringing high-speed internet to our homes. Even our modern smart phones contain a variety of micro-optical elements. For example, LED flash light shaping elements, the secondary camera, ambient light and proximity sensors. Wherever light is involved, micro-optics offers the chance to further miniaturize a device, to improve its performance, or to reduce manufacturing and packaging costs. Wafer-scale micro-optics fabrication is based on technology established by the semiconductor industry. Thousands of components are fabricated in parallel on a wafer. This review paper recapitulates major steps and inventions in wafer-scale micro-optics technology. The state-of-the-art of fabrication, testing and packaging technology is summarized.

77 FR 24251 - Consensus Standards, Light-Sport Aircraft

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-23

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Aviation Administration Consensus Standards, Light-Sport... relating to the provisions of the Sport Pilot and Light-Sport Aircraft rule issued July 16, 2004, and effective September 1, 2004. ASTM International Committee F37 on Light Sport Aircraft developed the new and...

78 FR 35085 - Consensus Standards, Light-Sport Aircraft

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-11

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Aviation Administration Consensus Standards, Light-Sport... to the provisions of the Sport Pilot and Light-Sport Aircraft rule issued July 16, 2004, and effective September 1, 2004. ASTM International Committee F37 on Light Sport Aircraft developed the new and...

40 CFR 65.108 - Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) Compliance schedule. Except as... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 65.108 Section 65.108 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 65.108 - Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) Compliance schedule. Except as... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 65.108 Section 65.108 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 65.108 - Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) Compliance schedule. Except as... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 65.108 Section 65.108 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 65.108 - Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) Compliance schedule. Except as... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 65.108 Section 65.108 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 65.108 - Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) Compliance schedule. Except as... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 65.108 Section 65.108 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

Metal-rich, Metal-poor: Updated Stellar Population Models for Old Stellar Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Conroy, Charlie; Villaume, Alexa; van Dokkum, Pieter G.; Lind, Karin

2018-02-01

We present updated stellar population models appropriate for old ages (>1 Gyr) and covering a wide range in metallicities (‑1.5 ≲ [Fe/H] ≲ 0.3). These models predict the full spectral variation associated with individual element abundance variation as a function of metallicity and age. The models span the optical–NIR wavelength range (0.37–2.4 μm), include a range of initial mass functions, and contain the flexibility to vary 18 individual elements including C, N, O, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, and Fe. To test the fidelity of the models, we fit them to integrated light optical spectra of 41 Galactic globular clusters (GCs). The value of testing models against GCs is that their ages, metallicities, and detailed abundance patterns have been derived from the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram in combination with high-resolution spectroscopy of individual stars. We determine stellar population parameters from fits to all wavelengths simultaneously (“full spectrum fitting”), and demonstrate explicitly with mock tests that this approach produces smaller uncertainties at fixed signal-to-noise ratio than fitting a standard set of 14 line indices. Comparison of our integrated-light results to literature values reveals good agreement in metallicity, [Fe/H]. When restricting to GCs without prominent blue horizontal branch populations, we also find good agreement with literature values for ages, [Mg/Fe], [Si/Fe], and [Ti/Fe].

On-chip RF-to-optical transducer (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simonsen, Anders; Tsaturyan, Yeghishe; Seis, Yannick; Schmid, Silvan; Schliesser, Albert; Polzik, Eugene S.

2016-04-01

Recent advances in the fabrication of nano- and micromechanical elements enable the realization of high-quality mechanical resonators with masses so small that the forces from optical photons can have a significant impact on their motion. This facilitates a strong interaction between mechanical motion and light, or phonons and photons. This interaction is the corner stone of the field of optomechanics and allows, for example, for ultrasensitive detection and manipulation of mechanical motion using laser light. Remarkably, today these techniques can be extended into the quantum regime, in which fundamental fluctuations of light and mechanics govern the system's behavior. Micromechanical elements can also interact strongly with other physical systems, which is the central aspect of many micro-electro-mechanical based sensors. Micromechanical elements can therefore act as a bridge between these diverse systems, plus technologies that utilize them, and the mature toolbox of optical techniques that routinely operates at the quantum limit. In a previous work [1], we demonstrated such a bridge by realizing simultaneous coupling between an electronic LC circuit and a quantum-noise limited optical interferometer. The coupling was mediated by a mechanical oscillator forming a mechanically compliant capacitor biased with a DC voltage. The latter enhances the electromechanical interaction all the way to the strong coupling regime. That scheme allowed optical detection of electronic signals with effective noise temperatures far below the actual temperature of the mechanical element. On-chip integration of the electrical, mechanical and optical elements is necessary for an implementation of the transduction scheme that is viable for commercial applications. Reliable assembly of a strongly coupled electromechanical device, and inclusion of an optical cavity for enhanced optical readout, are key features of the new platform. Both can be achieved with standard cleanroom fabrication techniques. We will furthermore present ongoing work to couple our transducer to an RF or microwave antenna, for low-noise detection of electromagnetic signals, including sensitive measurements of magnetic fields in an MRI detector. Suppression of thermomechanical noise is a key feature of electro-optomechanical transducers, and, more generally, hybrid systems involving mechanical degrees of freedom. We have shown that engineering of the phononic density of states allows improved isolation of the relevant mechanical modes from their thermal bath [2], enabling coherence times sufficient to realize quantum-coherent optomechanical coupling. This proves the potential of the employed platform for complex transducers all the way into the quantum regime. References: [1] Bagci et al, Nature 507, 81-85, (06 March 2014) [2] Tsaturyan, et al., Optics Express, Vol. 22, Issue 6, pp. 6810-6821 (2014)

Precambrian tholeiitic-dacitic rock-suites and Cambrian ultramafic rocks in the Pennine nappe system of the Alps: Evidence from Sm-Nd isotopes and rare earth elements

USGS Publications Warehouse

Stille, P.; Tatsumoto, M.

1985-01-01

Major element, trace element and Sm-Nd isotope analyses were made of polymetamorphic hornblendefelses, plagioclase amphibolites and banded amphibolites from the Berisal complex in the Simplon area (Italy, Switzerland) to determine their age, origin and genetic relationships. In light of major and rare earth element data, the hornblendefelses are inferred to have originally been pyroxene-rich cumulates, the plagioclase amphibolites and the dark layers of the banded amphibolites to have been tholeiitic basalts and the light layers dacites. The Sm-Nd isotope data yield isochron ages of 475??81 Ma for the hornblendefelses, 1,018??59 Ma for the plagioclase amphibolites and 1,071??43 Ma for the banded amphibolites. The 1 Ga magmatic event is the oldest one ever found in the crystalline basement of the Pennine nappes. The Sm -Nd isotope data support the consanguinity of the tholeiitic dark layers and the dacitic light layers of the banded amphibolites with the tholeiitic plagioclase amphibolites and the ultramafic hornblendefelses. The initial e{open}Nd values indicate that all three rock types originated from sources depleted in light rare earth elements. We suggest that plagioclase and banded amphibolites were a Proterozoic tholeiite-dacite sequence that was strongly deformed and flattened during subsequent folding. The hornblendefelses are thought to be Cambrian intrusions of pyroxene-rich material. ?? 1985 Springer-Verlag.

Precambrian tholeiitic-dacitic rock-suites and Cambrian ultramafic rocks in the Pennine nappe system of the Alps: Evidence from Sm-Nd isotopes and rare earth elements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stille, P.; Tatsumoto, M.

1985-04-01

Major element, trace element and Sm-Nd isotope analyses were made of polymetamorphic hornblendefelses, plagioclase amphibolites and banded amphibolites from the Berisal complex in the Simplon area (Italy, Switzerland) to determine their age, origin and genetic relationships. In light of major and rare earth element data, the hornblendefelses are inferred to have originally been pyroxene-rich cumulates, the plagioclase amphibolites and the dark layers of the banded amphibolites to have been tholeiitic basalts and the light layers dacites. The Sm-Nd isotope data yield isochron ages of 475±81 Ma for the hornblendefelses, 1,018±59 Ma for the plagioclase amphibolites and 1,071±43 Ma for the banded amphibolites. The 1 Ga magmatic event is the oldest one ever found in the crystalline basement of the Pennine nappes. The Sm -Nd isotope data support the consanguinity of the tholeiitic dark layers and the dacitic light layers of the banded amphibolites with the tholeiitic plagioclase amphibolites and the ultramafic hornblendefelses. The initial ɛ Nd values indicate that all three rock types originated from sources depleted in light rare earth elements. We suggest that plagioclase and banded amphibolites were a Proterozoic tholeiite-dacite sequence that was strongly deformed and flattened during subsequent folding. The hornblendefelses are thought to be Cambrian intrusions of pyroxene-rich material.

Arrays of Segmented, Tapered Light Guides for Use With Large, Planar Scintillation Detectors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raylman, Raymond R.; Vaigneur, Keith; Stolin, Alexander V.; Jaliparthi, Gangadhar

2015-06-01

Metabolic imaging techniques can potentially improve detection and diagnosis of cancer in women with radiodense and/or fibrocystic breasts. Our group has previously developed a high-resolution positron emission tomography imaging and biopsy device (PEM-PET) to detect and guide the biopsy of suspicious breast lesions. Initial testing revealed that the imaging field-of-view (FOV) of the scanner was smaller than the physical size of the detector's active area, which could hinder sampling of breast areas close to the chest wall. The purpose of this work was to utilize segmented, tapered light guides for optically coupling the scintillator arrays to arrays of position-sensitive photomultipliers to increase both the active FOV and identification of individual scintillator elements. Testing of the new system revealed that the optics of these structures made it possible to discern detector elements from the complete active area of the detector face. In the previous system the top and bottom rows and left and right columns were not identifiable. Additionally, use of the new light guides increased the contrast of individual detector elements by up to 129%. Improved element identification led to a spatial resolution increase by approximately 12%. Due to attenuation of light in the light guides the detector energy resolution decreased from 18.5% to 19.1%. Overall, these improvements should increase the field-of-view and spatial resolution of the dedicated breast-PET system.

On-line hydrogen-isotope measurements of organic samples using elemental chromium: An extension for high temperature elemental-analyzer techniques

USGS Publications Warehouse

Gehre, Matthias; Renpenning, Julian; Gilevska, Tetyana; Qi, Haiping; Coplen, Tyler B.; Meijer, Harro A.J.; Brand, Willi A.; Schimmelmann, Arndt

2015-01-01

The high temperature conversion (HTC) technique using an elemental analyzer with a glassy carbon tube and filling (temperature conversion/elemental analysis, TC/EA) is a widely used method for hydrogen isotopic analysis of water and many solid and liquid organic samples with analysis by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). However, the TC/EA IRMS method may produce inaccurate δ2H results, with values deviating by more than 20 mUr (milliurey = 0.001 = 1‰) from the true value for some materials. We show that a single-oven, chromium-filled elemental analyzer coupled to an IRMS substantially improves the measurement quality and reliability for hydrogen isotopic compositions of organic substances (Cr-EA method). Hot chromium maximizes the yield of molecular hydrogen in a helium carrier gas by irreversibly and quantitatively scavenging all reactive elements except hydrogen. In contrast, under TC/EA conditions, heteroelements like nitrogen or chlorine (and other halogens) can form hydrogen cyanide (HCN) or hydrogen chloride (HCl) and this can cause isotopic fractionation. The Cr-EA technique thus expands the analytical possibilities for on-line hydrogen-isotope measurements of organic samples significantly. This method yielded reproducibility values (1-sigma) for δ2H measurements on water and caffeine samples of better than 1.0 and 0.5 mUr, respectively. To overcome handling problems with water as the principal calibration anchor for hydrogen isotopic measurements, we have employed an effective and simple strategy using reference waters or other liquids sealed in silver-tube segments. These crimped silver tubes can be employed in both the Cr-EA and TC/EA techniques. They simplify considerably the normalization of hydrogen-isotope measurement data to the VSMOW-SLAP (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water-Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation) scale, and their use improves accuracy of the data by eliminating evaporative loss and associated isotopic fractionation while handling water as a bulk sample. The calibration of organic samples, commonly having high δ2H values, will benefit from the availability of suitably 2H-enriched reference waters, extending the VSMOW-SLAP scale above zero.

Deformation of two-phase aggregates using standard numerical methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duretz, Thibault; Yamato, Philippe; Schmalholz, Stefan M.

2013-04-01

Geodynamic problems often involve the large deformation of material encompassing material boundaries. In geophysical fluids, such boundaries often coincide with a discontinuity in the viscosity (or effective viscosity) field and subsequently in the pressure field. Here, we employ popular implementations of the finite difference and finite element methods for solving viscous flow problems. On one hand, we implemented finite difference method coupled with a Lagrangian marker-in-cell technique to represent the deforming fluid. Thanks to it Eulerian nature, this method has a limited geometric flexibility but is characterized by a light and stable discretization. On the other hand, we employ the Lagrangian finite element method which offers full geometric flexibility at the cost of relatively heavier discretization. In order to test the accuracy of the finite difference scheme, we ran large strain simple shear deformation of aggregates containing either weak of strong circular inclusion (1e6 viscosity ratio). The results, obtained for different grid resolutions, are compared to Lagrangian finite element results which are considered as reference solution. The comparison is then used to establish up to which strain can finite difference simulations be run given the nature of the inclusions (dimensions, viscosity) and the resolution of the Eulerian mesh.

Observation of interstellar lithium in the low-metallicity Small Magellanic Cloud.

PubMed

Howk, J Christopher; Lehner, Nicolas; Fields, Brian D; Mathews, Grant J

2012-09-06

The primordial abundances of light elements produced in the standard theory of Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) depend only on the cosmic ratio of baryons to photons, a quantity inferred from observations of the microwave background. The predicted primordial (7)Li abundance is four times that measured in the atmospheres of Galactic halo stars. This discrepancy could be caused by modification of surface lithium abundances during the stars' lifetimes or by physics beyond the Standard Model that affects early nucleosynthesis. The lithium abundance of low-metallicity gas provides an alternative constraint on the primordial abundance and cosmic evolution of lithium that is not susceptible to the in situ modifications that may affect stellar atmospheres. Here we report observations of interstellar (7)Li in the low-metallicity gas of the Small Magellanic Cloud, a nearby galaxy with a quarter the Sun's metallicity. The present-day (7)Li abundance of the Small Magellanic Cloud is nearly equal to the BBN predictions, severely constraining the amount of possible subsequent enrichment of the gas by stellar and cosmic-ray nucleosynthesis. Our measurements can be reconciled with standard BBN with an extremely fine-tuned depletion of stellar Li with metallicity. They are also consistent with non-standard BBN.

The shock process and light-element production in supernova envelopes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brown, Lawrence E.; Dearborn, David S.; Schramm, David N.; Larsen, Jon T.; Kurokawa, Shin

1991-01-01

Detailed hydrodynamic modeling of the passage of supernova shocks through the hydrogen enevlopes of blue and red progenitor stars was carried out to explore the sensitivity to model conditions of light element production (specifically Li7 and B-11) which was noted by Dearborn, Schramm, Steigman and Truran (1989) (DSST). It is found that, for stellar models with M is less than or approximately 100 M solar mass, current state of the art supernova shocks do not produce significant light element yields by hydrodynamic processes alone. The dependence of this conclusion on stellar models and on shock strengths is explored. Preliminary implications for Galactic evolution of lithium are discussed, and it is suspected that intermediate mass red giant stars may be the most consistent production site for lithium.

Multipolar Coupling in Hybrid Metal–Dielectric Metasurfaces

DOE PAGES

Guo, Rui; Rusak, Evgenia; Staude, Isabelle; ...

2016-03-02

In this paper, we study functional hybrid metasurfaces consisting of metal–dielectric nanoantennas that direct light from an incident plane wave or from localized light sources into a preferential direction. The directionality is obtained by carefully balancing the multipolar contributions to the scattering response from the constituents of the metasurface. The hybrid nanoantennas are composed of a plasmonic gold nanorod acting as a feed element and a silicon nanodisk acting as a director element. In order to experimentally realize this design, we have developed a two-step electron-beam lithography process in combination with a precision alignment step. Finally, the optical response ofmore » the fabricated sample is measured and reveals distinct signatures of coupling between the plasmonic and the dielectric nanoantenna elements that ultimately leads to unidirectional radiation of light.« less

Physical correction filter for improving the optical quality of an image

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, S. Y. (Inventor)

1975-01-01

A family of physical correction filters is described. Each filter is designed to correct image content of a photographed scene of limited resolution and includes a first filter element with a pinhole through which light passes to a differential amplifier. A second filter element through which light passes through one or more openings, whose geometric configuration is a function of the cause of the resolution loss included. The light, passing through the second filter element, is also supplied to the differential amplifier whose output is used to activate an optical display or recorder to reproduce a photograph or display of the scene in the original photograph or display of the scene in the original photograph with resolution which is significantly greater than that characterizing the original photograph.

The shock process and light element production in supernovae envelopes. Ph.D. Thesis - Chicago Univ.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brown, Lawrence E.; Dearborn, David S.; Schramm, David N.; Larsen, Jon T.; Kurokawa, Shin

1990-01-01

Detailed hydrodynamic modeling of the passage of supernova shocks through the hydrogen envelopes of blue and red progenitor stars was carried out to explore the sensitivity to model conditions of light element production (specifically Li-7 and B-11) which was noted by Dearborn, Schramm, Steigman and Truran (1989) (DSST). It is found that, for stellar models with M is less than or approximately 100 M solar mass, current state of the art supernova shocks do not produce significant light element yields by hydrodynamic processes alone. The dependence of this conclusion on stellar models and on shock strengths is explored. Preliminary implications for Galactic evolution of lithium are discussed, and it is suspected that intermediate mass red giant stars may be the most consistent production site for lithium.

Light Redirective Display Panel And A Method Of Making A Light Redirective Display Panel

DOEpatents

Veligdan, James T.

2005-07-26

An optical display panel which provides improved light intensity at a viewing angle by redirecting light emitting from the viewing screen, and a method of making a light redirective display panel, are disclosed. The panel includes an inlet face at one end for receiving light, and an outlet screen at an opposite end for displaying the light. The inlet face is defined at one end of a transparent body, which body may be formed by a plurality of waveguides, and the outlet screen is defined at an opposite end of the body. The screen includes light redirective elements at the outlet screen for re-directing light emitting from the outlet screen. The method includes stacking a plurality of glass sheets, with a layer of adhesive or epoxy between each sheet, curing the adhesive to form a stack, placing the stack against a saw and cutting the stack at two opposite ends to form a wedge-shaped panel having an inlet face and an outlet face, and forming at the outlet face a plurality of light redirective elements which direct light incident on the outlet face into a controlled light cone.

Light redirective display panel and a method of making a light redirective display panel

DOEpatents

Veligdan, James T.

2002-01-01

An optical display panel which provides improved light intensity at a viewing angle by redirecting light emitting from the viewing screen, and a method of making a light redirective display panel, are disclosed. The panel includes an inlet face at one end for receiving light, and an outlet screen at an opposite end for displaying the light. The inlet face is defined at one end of a transparent body, which body may be formed by a plurality of waveguides, and the outlet screen is defined at an opposite end of the body. The screen includes light redirective elements at the outlet screen for re-directing light emitting from the outlet screen. The method includes stacking a plurality of glass sheets, with a layer of adhesive or epoxy between each sheet, curing the adhesive to form a stack, placing the stack against a saw and cutting the stack at two opposite ends to form a wedge-shaped panel having an inlet face and an outlet face, and forming at the outlet face a plurality of light redirective elements which direct light incident on the outlet face into a controlled light cone.

Diffractive optics development using a modified stack-and-draw technique.

PubMed

Pniewski, Jacek; Kasztelanic, Rafal; Nowosielski, Jedrzej M; Filipkowski, Adam; Piechal, Bernard; Waddie, Andrew J; Pysz, Dariusz; Kujawa, Ireneusz; Stepien, Ryszard; Taghizadeh, Mohammad R; Buczynski, Ryszard

2016-06-20

We present a novel method for the development of diffractive optical elements (DOEs). Unlike standard surface relief DOEs, the phase shift is introduced through a refractive index variation achieved by using different types of glass. For the fabrication of DOEs we use a modified stack-and-draw technique, originally developed for the fabrication of photonic crystal fibers, resulting in a completely flat element that is easy to integrate with other optical components. A proof-of-concept demonstration of the method is presented-a two-dimensional binary optical phase grating in the form of a square chessboard with a pixel size of 5 μm. Two types of glass are used: low refractive index silicate glass NC21 and high refractive index lead-silicate glass F2. The measured diffraction characteristics of the fabricated component are presented and it is shown numerically and experimentally that such a DOE can be used as a fiber interconnector that couples light from a small-core fiber into the several cores of a multicore fiber.

Long-wavelength macromolecular crystallography - First successful native SAD experiment close to the sulfur edge

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aurelius, O.; Duman, R.; El Omari, K.; Mykhaylyk, V.; Wagner, A.

2017-11-01

Phasing of novel macromolecular crystal structures has been challenging since the start of structural biology. Making use of anomalous diffraction of natively present elements, such as sulfur and phosphorus, for phasing has been possible for some systems, but hindered by the necessity to access longer X-ray wavelengths in order to make most use of the anomalous scattering contributions of these elements. Presented here are the results from a first successful experimental phasing study of a macromolecular crystal structure at a wavelength close to the sulfur K edge. This has been made possible by the in-vacuum setup and the long-wavelength optimised experimental setup at the I23 beamline at Diamond Light Source. In these early commissioning experiments only standard data collection and processing procedures have been applied, in particular no dedicated absorption correction has been used. Nevertheless the success of the experiment demonstrates that the capability to extract phase information can be even further improved once data collection protocols and data processing have been optimised.

Light modulating device

DOEpatents

Rauh, R. David; Goldner, Ronald B.

1989-01-01

In a device for transmitting light, means for controlling the transmissivity of the device, including a ceramic, reversibly electrochromic, crystalline element having a highly reflective state when injected with electrons and charge compensating ions and a highly transmissive state when the electrons and ions are removed, the crystalline element being characterized as having a reflectivity of at least 50% in the reflective state and not greater than 10% in the transmissive state, and means for modulating the crystalline element between the reflective and transmissive states by injecting ions into the crystalline element in response to an applied electrical current of a first polarity and removing the ions in response to an applied electrical current of a second polarity.

Light modulating device

DOEpatents

Rauh, R.D.; Goldner, R.B.

1989-12-26

In a device for transmitting light, means for controlling the transmissivity of the device, including a ceramic, reversibly electrochromic, crystalline element having a highly reflective state when injected with electrons and charge compensating ions and a highly transmissive state when the electrons and ions are removed, the crystalline element being characterized as having a reflectivity of at least 50% in the reflective state and not greater than 10% in the transmissive state, and means for modulating the crystalline element between the reflective and transmissive states by injecting ions into the crystalline element in response to an applied electrical current of a first polarity and removing the ions in response to an applied electrical current of a second polarity are disclosed. 1 fig.

Fluorescent lighting with aluminum nitride phosphors

DOEpatents

Cherepy, Nerine J.; Payne, Stephen A.; Seeley, Zachary M.; Srivastava, Alok M.

2016-05-10

A fluorescent lamp includes a glass envelope; at least two electrodes connected to the glass envelope; mercury vapor and an inert gas within the glass envelope; and a phosphor within the glass envelope, wherein the phosphor blend includes aluminum nitride. The phosphor may be a wurtzite (hexagonal) crystalline structure Al.sub.(1-x)M.sub.xN phosphor, where M may be drawn from beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, zinc, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, ytterbium, bismuth, manganese, silicon, germanium, tin, boron, or gallium is synthesized to include dopants to control its luminescence under ultraviolet excitation. The disclosed Al.sub.(1-x)M.sub.xN:Mn phosphor provides bright orange-red emission, comparable in efficiency and spectrum to that of the standard orange-red phosphor used in fluorescent lighting, Y.sub.2O.sub.3:Eu. Furthermore, it offers excellent lumen maintenance in a fluorescent lamp, and does not utilize "critical rare earths," minimizing sensitivity to fluctuating market prices for the rare earth elements.

Multi-wavelength optical measurement to enhance thermal/optical analysis for carbonaceous aerosol

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, L.-W. A.; Chow, J. C.; Wang, X. L.; Robles, J. A.; Sumlin, B. J.; Lowenthal, D. H.; Zimmermann, R.; Watson, J. G.

2015-01-01

A thermal/optical carbon analyzer equipped with seven-wavelength light source/detector (405-980 nm) for monitoring spectral reflectance (R) and transmittance (T) of filter samples allowed "thermal spectral analysis (TSA)" and wavelength (λ)-dependent organic-carbon (OC)-elemental-carbon (EC) measurements. Optical sensing was calibrated with transfer standards traceable to absolute R and T measurements, adjusted for loading effects to report spectral light absorption (as absorption optical depth (τa, λ)), and verified using diesel exhaust samples. Tests on ambient and source samples show OC and EC concentrations equivalent to those from conventional carbon analysis when based on the same wavelength (~ 635 nm) for pyrolysis adjustment. TSA provides additional information that evaluates black-carbon (BC) and brown-carbon (BrC) contributions and their optical properties in the near infrared to the near ultraviolet parts of the solar spectrum. The enhanced carbon analyzer can add value to current aerosol monitoring programs and provide insight into more accurate OC and EC measurements for climate, visibility, or health studies.

Multi-wavelength optical measurement to enhance thermal/optical analysis for carbonaceous aerosol

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, L.-W. A.; Chow, J. C.; Wang, X. L.; Robles, J. A.; Sumlin, B.; Lowenthal, D. H.; Zimmermann, R.; Watson, J. G.

2014-09-01

A thermal/optical carbon analyzer equipped with seven-wavelength light source/detector (405-980 nm) for monitoring spectral reflectance (R) and transmittance (T) of filter samples allows "thermal spectral analysis (TSA)" and wavelength (λ)-dependent organic carbon (OC)-elemental carbon (EC) measurements. Optical sensing is calibrated with transfer standards traceable to absolute R and T measurements and adjusted for loading effects to determine spectral light absorption (as absorption optical depth [τa, λ]) using diesel exhaust samples as a reference. Tests on ambient and source samples show OC and EC concentrations equivalent to those from conventional carbon analysis when based on the same wavelength (~635 nm) for pyrolysis adjustment. TSA provides additional information that evaluates black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) contributions and their optical properties in the near-IR to the near-UV parts of the solar spectrum. The enhanced carbon analyzer can add value to current aerosol monitoring programs and provide insight into more accurate OC and EC measurements for climate, visibility, or health studies.

40 CFR 86.097-9 - Emission standards for 1997 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Standards (g/mi) for Light Light-Duty Trucks Fuel LVW (lbs) THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO NOX PM Gasoline 0-3750 0... LVW (lbs) THC 1 NMHC THCE 1 NMHCE CO NOX PM Gasoline 0-3750 0.80 0.31 4.2 0.6 0.10 Gasoline 3751-5750...—Intermediate Useful Life Standards (g/mi) for Heavy Light-Duty Trucks Fuel ALVW (lbs) THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO...

Origin of the main r-process elements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Otsuki, K.; Truran, J.; Wiescher, M.; Gorres, J.; Mathews, G.; Frekers, D.; Mengoni, A.; Bartlett, A.; Tostevin, J.

2006-07-01

The r-process is supposed to be a primary process which assembles heavy nuclei from a photo-dissociated nucleon gas. Hence, the reaction flow through light elements can be important as a constraint on the conditions for the r-process. We have studied the impact of di-neutron capture and the neutron-capture of light (Z<10) elements on r-process nucleosynthesis in three different environments: neutrino-driven winds in Type II supernovae; the prompt explosion of low mass supernovae; and neutron star mergers. Although the effect of di-neutron capture is not significant for the neutrino-driven wind model or low-mass supernovae, it becomes significant in the neutron-star merger model. The neutron-capture of light elements, which has been studied extensively for neutrino-driven wind models, also impacts the other two models. We show that it may be possible to identify the astrophysical site for the main r-process if the nuclear physics uncertainties in current r-process calculations could be reduced.

Apparatus and method using a holographic optical element for converting a spectral distribution to image points

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

McGill, Matthew J. (Inventor); Scott, Vibart S. (Inventor); Marzouk, Marzouk (Inventor)

2001-01-01

A holographic optical element transforms a spectral distribution of light to image points. The element comprises areas, each of which acts as a separate lens to image the light incident in its area to an image point. Each area contains the recorded hologram of a point source object. The image points can be made to lie in a line in the same focal plane so as to align with a linear array detector. A version of the element has been developed that has concentric equal areas to match the circular fringe pattern of a Fabry-Perot interferometer. The element has high transmission efficiency, and when coupled with high quantum efficiency solid state detectors, provides an efficient photon-collecting detection system. The element may be used as part of the detection system in a direct detection Doppler lidar system or multiple field of view lidar system.

Optical filter including a sub-wavelength periodic structure and method of making

DOEpatents

Kaushik, Sumanth; Stallard, Brian R.

1998-01-01

An optical filter includes a dielectric layer formed within a resonant optical cavity, with the dielectric layer having formed therein a sub-wavelength periodic structure to define, at least in part, a wavelength for transmission of light through the resonant optical cavity. The sub-wavelength periodic structure can be formed either by removing material from the dielectric layer (e.g. by etching through an electron-beam defined mask), or by altering the composition of the layer (e.g. by ion implantation). Different portions of the dielectric layer can be patterned to form one or more optical interference filter elements having different light transmission wavelengths so that the optical filter can filter incident light according to wavelength and/or polarization. For some embodiments, the optical filter can include a detector element in optical alignment with each optical interference filter element to quantify or measure the filtered light for analysis thereof. The optical filter has applications to spectrometry, colorimetry, and chemical sensing.

Optical filter including a sub-wavelength periodic structure and method of making

DOEpatents

Kaushik, S.; Stallard, B.R.

1998-03-10

An optical filter includes a dielectric layer formed within a resonant optical cavity, with the dielectric layer having formed therein a sub-wavelength periodic structure to define, at least in part, a wavelength for transmission of light through the resonant optical cavity. The sub-wavelength periodic structure can be formed either by removing material from the dielectric layer (e.g. by etching through an electron-beam defined mask), or by altering the composition of the layer (e.g. by ion implantation). Different portions of the dielectric layer can be patterned to form one or more optical interference filter elements having different light transmission wavelengths so that the optical filter can filter incident light according to wavelength and/or polarization. For some embodiments, the optical filter can include a detector element in optical alignment with each optical interference filter element to quantify or measure the filtered light for analysis thereof. The optical filter has applications to spectrometry, colorimetry, and chemical sensing. 17 figs.

The time course of perceptual grouping: the role of segregation and shape formation.

PubMed

Razpurker-Apfeld, Irene; Kimchi, Ruth

2007-07-01

The time course of perceptual grouping was examined in two experiments, using a primed matching task. In different conditions, elements were grouped into columns/rows by common lightness, into a shape (triangle/ arrow or square/cross) by common lightness, and into a shape without segregation of elements. The results showed an early and rapid grouping into columns/rows by common lightness and into a shape when no segregation from other elements was involved. Goodness of shape (i.e., triangle/arrow vs. square/cross) had no influence on how early grouping was evident, but the relatively poorer shapes appeared to consolidate with time. In contrast, grouping into a shape that involved segregation and required resolving figure-ground relations between segregated units, as grouping into a shape by common lightness, consumed time, regardless of shape goodness. These results suggest that the time course of grouping varies as a function of the processes involved in it (e.g., segregation and shape formation) and the conditions prevailing for each process.

Nonempirical Calculation of Superconducting Transition Temperatures in Light-Element Superconductors.

PubMed

Arita, Ryotaro; Koretsune, Takashi; Sakai, Shiro; Akashi, Ryosuke; Nomura, Yusuke; Sano, Wataru

2017-07-01

Recent progress in the fully nonempirical calculation of the superconducting transition temperature (T c ) is reviewed. Especially, this study focuses on three representative light-element high-T c superconductors, i.e., elemental Li, sulfur hydrides, and alkali-doped fullerides. Here, it is discussed how crucial it is to develop the beyond Migdal-Eliashberg (ME) methods. For Li, a scheme of superconducting density functional theory for the plasmon mechanism is formulated and it is found that T c is dramatically enhanced by considering the frequency dependence of the screened Coulomb interaction. For sulfur hydrides, it is essential to go beyond not only the static approximation for the screened Coulomb interaction, but also the constant density-of-states approximation for electrons, the harmonic approximation for phonons, and the Migdal approximation for the electron-phonon vertex, all of which have been employed in the standard ME calculation. It is also shown that the feedback effect in the self-consistent calculation of the self-energy and the zero point motion considerably affect the calculation of T c . For alkali-doped fullerides, the interplay between electron-phonon coupling and electron correlations becomes more nontrivial. It has been demonstrated that the combination of density functional theory and dynamical mean field theory with the ab initio downfolding scheme for electron-phonon coupled systems works successfully. This study not only reproduces the experimental phase diagram but also obtains a unified view of the high-T c superconductivity and the Mott-Hubbard transition in the fullerides. The results for these high-T c superconductors will provide a firm ground for future materials design of new superconductors. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Compilation of Cooperative Data Element Dictionary of Five Federal Agencies’ Systems for Processing of Technical Report Literature

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-03-01

investigator participated with Libary of Congress (LC) Staff and Gov- ernment Printing Office (GPO) catalogers in identifying which data elements...National Standards Institute Standard format, ANSI Z.39-2). This standard includes iden- tif ication of specific data elements by means of 3- digit tags...the closer they can come to efficient exchange. But tags assigned to the core data elements differ: they are all 3- digit tags, but the same 3 digits

40 CFR 86.708-98 - In-use emission standards for 1998 and later model year light-duty vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Standards (g/mi) for Light-Duty Vehicles Fuel THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO NOX PM Gasoline 0.41 0.25 3.4 0.4 0.08... H98-2—Full Useful Life 1 Standards (g/mi) for Light-Duty Vehicles Fuel THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO NOX PM...

40 CFR 86.708-98 - In-use emission standards for 1998 and later model year light-duty vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Standards (g/mi) for Light-Duty Vehicles Fuel THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO NOX PM Gasoline 0.41 0.25 3.4 0.4 0.08... H98-2—Full Useful Life 1 Standards (g/mi) for Light-Duty Vehicles Fuel THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO NOX PM...

40 CFR 86.708-98 - In-use emission standards for 1998 and later model year light-duty vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Standards (g/mi) for Light-Duty Vehicles Fuel THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO NOX PM Gasoline 0.41 0.25 3.4 0.4 0.08... H98-2—Full Useful Life 1 Standards (g/mi) for Light-Duty Vehicles Fuel THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO NOX PM...

40 CFR 86.708-98 - In-use emission standards for 1998 and later model year light-duty vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Standards (g/mi) for Light-Duty Vehicles Fuel THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO NOX PM Gasoline 0.41 0.25 3.4 0.4 0.08... H98-2—Full Useful Life 1 Standards (g/mi) for Light-Duty Vehicles Fuel THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO NOX PM...

40 CFR 63.173 - Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Equipment Leaks § 63.173 Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 63.173 Section 63.173 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.1008 - Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... § 63.1008 Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1008 Section 63.1008 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.173 - Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Equipment Leaks § 63.173 Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 63.173 Section 63.173 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.1008 - Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... § 63.1008 Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1008 Section 63.1008 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 65.106 - Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) Compliance schedule. (1) The owner... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 65.106 Section 65.106 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION...

40 CFR 65.109 - Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) Compliance schedule. The owner or... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 65.109 Section 65.109 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.173 - Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Equipment Leaks § 63.173 Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 63.173 Section 63.173 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.1009 - Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... § 63.1009 Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1009 Section 63.1009 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 265.1057 - Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....1057 Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service. (a) Each valve in gas/vapor or... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service. 265.1057 Section 265.1057 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.1009 - Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... § 63.1009 Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1009 Section 63.1009 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 265.1057 - Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....1057 Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service. (a) Each valve in gas/vapor or... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service. 265.1057 Section 265.1057 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.1008 - Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... § 63.1008 Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1008 Section 63.1008 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 65.109 - Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) Compliance schedule. The owner or... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 65.109 Section 65.109 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 65.109 - Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) Compliance schedule. The owner or... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 65.109 Section 65.109 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 265.1057 - Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....1057 Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service. (a) Each valve in gas/vapor or... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service. 265.1057 Section 265.1057 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.173 - Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Equipment Leaks § 63.173 Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 63.173 Section 63.173 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 265.1057 - Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....1057 Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service. (a) Each valve in gas/vapor or... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service. 265.1057 Section 265.1057 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.174 - Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Equipment Leaks § 63.174 Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) The... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 63.174 Section 63.174 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 65.106 - Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) Compliance schedule. (1) The owner... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 65.106 Section 65.106 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION...

40 CFR 63.174 - Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Equipment Leaks § 63.174 Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) The... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 63.174 Section 63.174 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 65.106 - Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) Compliance schedule. (1) The owner... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 65.106 Section 65.106 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION...

40 CFR 63.1008 - Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... § 63.1008 Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1008 Section 63.1008 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.1009 - Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... § 63.1009 Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1009 Section 63.1009 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 65.106 - Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) Compliance schedule. (1) The owner... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 65.106 Section 65.106 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION...

40 CFR 63.1009 - Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... § 63.1009 Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1009 Section 63.1009 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.174 - Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Equipment Leaks § 63.174 Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) The... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 63.174 Section 63.174 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 65.109 - Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) Compliance schedule. The owner or... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 65.109 Section 65.109 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.174 - Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Equipment Leaks § 63.174 Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) The... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 63.174 Section 63.174 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.174 - Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Equipment Leaks § 63.174 Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) The... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 63.174 Section 63.174 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.1009 - Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... § 63.1009 Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Agitators in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1009 Section 63.1009 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 265.1057 - Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....1057 Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service. (a) Each valve in gas/vapor or... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service. 265.1057 Section 265.1057 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.173 - Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Equipment Leaks § 63.173 Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a)(1) Each... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 63.173 Section 63.173 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 65.106 - Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) Compliance schedule. (1) The owner... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 65.106 Section 65.106 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION...

40 CFR 63.1008 - Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... § 63.1008 Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a) Compliance... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. 63.1008 Section 63.1008 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 65.109 - Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) Compliance schedule. The owner or... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Standards: Agitators in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. 65.109 Section 65.109 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

Accurate and stable equal-pressure measurements of water vapor transmission rate reaching the 10-6 g m-2 day-1 range

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakano, Yoichiro; Yanase, Takashi; Nagahama, Taro; Yoshida, Hajime; Shimada, Toshihiro

2016-10-01

The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of a gas barrier coating is a critically important parameter for flexible organic device packaging, but its accurate measurement without mechanical stress to ultrathin films has been a significant challenge in instrumental analysis. At the current stage, no reliable results have been reported in the range of 10-6 g m-2 day-1 that is required for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this article, we describe a solution for this difficult, but important measurement, involving enhanced sensitivity by a cold trap, stabilized temperature system, pumped sealing and calibration by a standard conductance element.

The Fraunhofer line discriminator: An airborne fluorometer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stoertz, G. E.

1969-01-01

An experimental Fraunhofer Line Discriminator (FLD) can differentiate and measure solar-stimulated luminescence when viewed against a background of reflected light. Key elements are two extremely sensitive photomultipliers, two glass-spaced Fabry-Perot filters having a bandwidth less than 1 A, and an analog computer. As in conventional fluorometers, concentration of a fluorescent substance is measured by comparison with standards. Quantitative use is probably accurate only at low altitudes but detection of luminescent substances should be possible from any altitude. Applications of the present FLD include remote sensing of fluorescent dyes used in studies of current dynamics. The basic technique is applicable to detection of oil spills, monitoring of pollutants, and sensing over land areas.

Polythiophene-fullerene based photodetectors: tuning of spectral response and application in photoluminescence based (bio)chemical sensors.

PubMed

Nalwa, Kanwar S; Cai, Yuankun; Thoeming, Aaron L; Shinar, Joseph; Shinar, Ruth; Chaudhary, Sumit

2010-10-01

A photoluminescence (PL)-based oxygen and glucose sensor utilizing inorganic or organic light emitting diode as the light source, and polythiophene: fullerene type bulk-heterojunction devices as photodetectors, for both intensity and decay-time based monitoring of the sensing element's PL. The sensing element is based on the oxygen-sensitive dye Pt-octaethylporphyrin embedded in a polystyrene matrix.

SBIR Grant:No-Vibration Agile Cryogenic Optical Refrigerator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Epstein, Richard

2013-04-09

Optical refrigeration is currently the only all-solid-state cryocooling technology that has been demonstrated. Optical cryocoolers are devices that use laser light to cool small crystal or glass cooling elements. The cooling element absorbs the laser light and reradiates it at higher energy, an example of anti-Stokes fluorescence. The dif-ference between the energy of the outgoing and incoming light comes from the thermal energy of the cooling element, which in turn becomes colder. Entitled No-Vibration Agile Cryocoolers using Optical Refrigeration, this Phase I proposal directly addressed the continued development of the optical refrigerator components necessary to transition this scientific breakthrough intomore » National Nu-clear Security Administration (NNSA) sensor applications in line with the objectives of topic 50b. ThermoDynamic Films LLC (TDF), in collaboration with the University of New Mexico (UNM), cooled an optical-refrigerator cooling element comprised of an ytterbium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride (Yb:YLF) crystal from room tempera-ture to 123 K with about 2% efficiency. This is the world record in optical refrigera-tion and an important step toward revolutionizing cryogenic systems for sensor ap-plications. During this period, they also designed and analyzed the crucial elements of a prototype optical refrigerator including the thermal link that connects the cool-ing element with the load.« less

Insights into Mercury's interior structure from geodesy measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rivoldini, A.; Van Hoolst, T.; Trinh, A.

2013-09-01

The measurements of the gravitational field of Mercury by MESSENGER [1] and improved measurements of the spin state of Mercury [2] provide important constraints on the interior structure of Mercury. In particular, these data give strong constraints on the radius and density of Mercury's core and on the core's concentration of sulfur if sulfur is the only light element in the core [3]. Although sulfur is ubiquitously invoked as being the principal candidate light element in terrestrial planet's cores its abundance in the core depends on the redox conditions during planetary formation. MESSENGER data from remote sensing of Mercury's surface [4] indicate a high abundance of sulfur and confirm the low abundance in FeO supporting the hypotheses that Mercury formed under reducing conditions [5]. Therefore, substantial amounts of other light elements like for instance silicon could be present together with sulfur inside Mercury's core. Unlike sulfur, which does almost not partition into solid iron under Mercury's core pressure and temperature conditions, silicon partitions virtually equally between solid and liquid iron. Thus, if silicon is the only light element inside the core, the density jump at the inner-core outer-core boundary is significantly smaller if compared to an Fe - FeS core. If both silicon and sulfur are present inside Mercury's core then as a consequence of a large immiscibility region in liquid Fe - Si - S at Mercury's core conditions and for specific concentrations of light elements [6] a thin layer much enriched in sulfur and depleted in silicon could form at the top of the core. In this study we analyze interior structure models with silicon as the only light element in the core and with both silicon and sulfur in the core. Compared to models with Fe - FeS both settings have different mass distributions within their cores and will likely deform differently due to different elastic properties. Consequently their libration and tides will be different. Here we will use the measured 88 day libration amplitude and polar moment of inertia of Mercury in order to constrain the interior structure of both settings and calculate their tides.

Review of footnotes and annotations to the 1949–2013 tables of standard atomic weights and tables of isotopic compositions of the elements (IUPAC Technical Report)

DOE PAGES

Coplen, Tyler B.; Holden, Norman E.

2016-01-01

Abstract The Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights uses annotations given in footnotes that are an integral part of the Tables of Standard Atomic Weights to alert users to the possibilities of quite extraordinary occurrences, as well as sources with abnormal atomic-weight values outside an otherwise acceptable range. The basic need for footnotes to the Standard Atomic Weights Table and equivalent annotations to the Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements arises from the necessity to provide users with information that is relevant to one or more elements, but that cannot be provided using numerical data in columns. Anymore » desire to increase additional information conveyed by annotations to these Tables is tempered by the need to preserve a compact format and a style that can alert users, who would not be inclined to consult either the last full element-by-element review or the full text of a current Standard Atomic Weights of the Elements report. Since 1989, the footnotes of the Tables of Standard Atomic Weights and the annotations in column 5 of the Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements have been harmonized by use of three lowercase footnotes, “g”, “m”, and “r”, that signify geologically exceptionally specimens (“g”), modified isotopic compositions in material subjected to undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation (“m”), and the range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents more precise atomic-weight value being given (“r”). As some elements are assigned intervals for their standard atomic-weight values (applies to 12 elements since 2009), footnotes “g” and “r” are no longer needed for these elements.« less

Review of footnotes and annotations to the 1949–2013 tables of standard atomic weights and tables of isotopic compositions of the elements (IUPAC Technical Report)

USGS Publications Warehouse

Coplen, Tyler B.; Holden, Norman E.

2016-01-01

The Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights uses annotations given in footnotes that are an integral part of the Tables of Standard Atomic Weights to alert users to the possibilities of quite extraordinary occurrences, as well as sources with abnormal atomic-weight values outside an otherwise acceptable range. The basic need for footnotes to the Standard Atomic Weights Table and equivalent annotations to the Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements arises from the necessity to provide users with information that is relevant to one or more elements, but that cannot be provided using numerical data in columns. Any desire to increase additional information conveyed by annotations to these Tables is tempered by the need to preserve a compact format and a style that can alert users, who would not be inclined to consult either the last full element-by-element review or the full text of a current Standard Atomic Weights of the Elements report. Since 1989, the footnotes of the Tables of Standard Atomic Weights and the annotations in column 5 of the Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements have been harmonized by use of three lowercase footnotes, “g”, “m”, and “r”, that signify geologically exceptionally specimens (“g”), modified isotopic compositions in material subjected to undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation (“m”), and the range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents more precise atomic-weight value being given (“r”). As some elements are assigned intervals for their standard atomic-weight values (applies to 12 elements since 2009), footnotes “g” and “r” are no longer needed for these elements.

Synthesis and characterisation of PuPO4 - a potential analytical standard for EPMA actinide quantification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wright, K. E.; Popa, K.; Pöml, P.

2018-01-01

Transmutation nuclear fuels contain weight percentage quantities of actinide elements, including Pu, Am and Np. Because of the complex spectra presented by actinide elements using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), it is necessary to have relatively pure actinide element standards to facilitate overlap correction and accurate quantitation. Synthesis of actinide oxide standards is complicated by their multiple oxidation states, which can result in inhomogeneous standards or standards that are not stable at atmospheric conditions. Synthesis of PuP4 results in a specimen that exhibits stable oxidation-reduction chemistry and is sufficiently homogenous to serve as an EPMA standard. This approach shows promise as a method for producing viable actinide standards for microanalysis.

40 CFR 86.709-99 - In-use emission standards for 1999 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...—Intermediate Useful Life 1 Standards (g/mi) for Light Light-Duty Trucks Fuel LVW (lbs) THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO... Fuel LVW (lbs) THC 2 NMHC 1 THCE 2 NMHCE 1 CO 1 NOX 1 PM 1 Gasoline 0-3750 0.80 0.31 4.2 0.6 0.10... 1 Standards (g/mi) for Heavy Light-Duty Trucks Fuel ALVW (lbs) THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO NOX PM...

40 CFR 86.709-99 - In-use emission standards for 1999 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...—Intermediate Useful Life 1 Standards (g/mi) for Light Light-Duty Trucks Fuel LVW (lbs) THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO... Fuel LVW (lbs) THC 2 NMHC 1 THCE 2 NMHCE 1 CO 1 NOX 1 PM 1 Gasoline 0-3750 0.80 0.31 4.2 0.6 0.10... 1 Standards (g/mi) for Heavy Light-Duty Trucks Fuel ALVW (lbs) THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO NOX PM...

40 CFR 86.709-99 - In-use emission standards for 1999 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...—Intermediate Useful Life 1 Standards (g/mi) for Light Light-Duty Trucks Fuel LVW (lbs) THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO... Fuel LVW (lbs) THC 2 NMHC 1 THCE 2 NMHCE 1 CO 1 NOX 1 PM 1 Gasoline 0-3750 0.80 0.31 4.2 0.6 0.10... 1 Standards (g/mi) for Heavy Light-Duty Trucks Fuel ALVW (lbs) THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO NOX PM...

40 CFR 86.709-99 - In-use emission standards for 1999 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...—Intermediate Useful Life 1 Standards (g/mi) for Light Light-Duty Trucks Fuel LVW (lbs) THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO... Fuel LVW (lbs) THC 2 NMHC 1 THCE 2 NMHCE 1 CO 1 NOX 1 PM 1 Gasoline 0-3750 0.80 0.31 4.2 0.6 0.10... 1 Standards (g/mi) for Heavy Light-Duty Trucks Fuel ALVW (lbs) THC NMHC THCE NMHCE CO NOX PM...

Optical feedback technique extends frequency response of photoconductors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Katzberg, S. J.

1975-01-01

Feedback circuit consists of high-gain light-to-voltage converter with frequency-limited nonlinear photoconductor inside feedback loop. Feedback element is visible light-emitting diode with light-out versus current-in characteristic that is linear over several decades.

Melting of Fe-Si-O alloys: the Fate of Coexisting Si and O in the Core

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arveson, S. M.; Lee, K. K. M.

2017-12-01

The light element budget of Earth's core plays an integral role in sustaining outer core convection, which powers the geodynamo. Many experiments have been performed on binary iron compounds, but the results do not robustly agree with seismological observations and geochemical constraints. Earth's core is almost certainly made up of multiple light elements, so the future of core composition studies lies in ternary (or higher order) systems in order to examine interactions between light elements. We perform melting experiments on Fe-Si-O alloys in a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell to 80 GPa and 4000 K. Using 2D multi- wavelength imaging radiometry together with textural and chemical analysis of quenched samples, we measure the high-pressure melting curves and determine partitioning of light elements between the melt and the coexisting solid. Quenched samples are analyzed both in map view and in cross section using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) to examine the 3D melt structure and composition. Partitioning of light elements between molten and solid alloys dictates (1) the density contrast at the ICB, which drives compositional convection in the outer core and (2) the temperature of the CMB, an integral parameter for understanding the deep Earth. Our experiments suggest silicon and oxygen do not simply coexist in the melt and instead show complex solubility based on temperature. Additionally, we do not find evidence of crystallization of SiO2 at low oxygen content as was recently reported.11 Hirose, K., et al., Crystallization of silicon dioxide and compositional evolution of the Earth's core. Nature, 2017. 543(7643): p. 99-102.

Lighting Efficiency Changes On Horizon

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Richman, Eric E.; Rosenberg, Michael I.

2017-04-03

This article answers four questions posed by Facility Executive Magazine regarding the new 2016 edition of ASHRAE Standard 90.1. The discussion centers on new lighting power limits, lighting controls, and the new simulation based performance path in the standard.

[Light pollution increases morbidity and mortality rate from different causes in male rats].

PubMed

Bukalev, A V; Vinogradova, I A; Zabezhinskiĭ, M A; Semenchenko, A V; Anisimov, V N

2012-01-01

The influence of different light regimes (constant light--LL; constant darkness--DD; standard light regime--LD, 12 hours light 12 hours darkness; natural lightening of the North-West of Russia--NL) on the dynamics of life's morbidity rate, spontaneous tumorigenesis and frequency of some kinds of non-tumor pathology revealed at the post-mortem examination of male rats was studied. It was found out that the maintenance of animals at LL and NL conditions led to the increase of the number of infectious diseases, substantially faster development of spontaneous tumors and the increase of non-tumor diseases in comparison with the animals kept at LD (standard light) regime. Light deprivation (DD) led to substantial reduction of development of new growth, of non-tumor and infectious diseases in comparison with the similar parameters in standard light regime.

40 CFR 86.099-9 - Emission standards for 1999 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....099-9 Emission standards for 1999 and later model year light-duty trucks. (a)(1)(i)-(iii) [Reserved... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Emission standards for 1999 and later model year light-duty trucks. 86.099-9 Section 86.099-9 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 86.004-9 - Emission standards for 2004 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....004-9 Emission standards for 2004 and later model year light-duty trucks. Section 86.004-9 includes... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Emission standards for 2004 and later model year light-duty trucks. 86.004-9 Section 86.004-9 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 86.004-9 - Emission standards for 2004 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....004-9 Emission standards for 2004 and later model year light-duty trucks. Section 86.004-9 includes... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Emission standards for 2004 and later model year light-duty trucks. 86.004-9 Section 86.004-9 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 86.004-9 - Emission standards for 2004 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....004-9 Emission standards for 2004 and later model year light-duty trucks. Section 86.004-9 includes... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Emission standards for 2004 and later model year light-duty trucks. 86.004-9 Section 86.004-9 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 86.004-9 - Emission standards for 2004 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....004-9 Emission standards for 2004 and later model year light-duty trucks. Section 86.004-9 includes... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Emission standards for 2004 and later model year light-duty trucks. 86.004-9 Section 86.004-9 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 86.099-9 - Emission standards for 1999 and later model year light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....099-9 Emission standards for 1999 and later model year light-duty trucks. (a)(1)(i)-(iii) [Reserved... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Emission standards for 1999 and later model year light-duty trucks. 86.099-9 Section 86.099-9 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...

40 CFR 63.1027 - Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Standards § 63.1027 Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a..., the owner or operator shall monitor all connectors in gas and vapor and light liquid service as... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Connectors in gas and vapor service...

40 CFR 264.1062 - Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period leak detection and repair. 264.1062 Section... Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 264.1062 Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period leak detection and repair. (a) An owner or operator subject to...

40 CFR 265.1061 - Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of valves allowed to leak. 265.1061 Section... FACILITIES Air Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 265.1061 Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of valves allowed to leak. (a) An owner or operator...

40 CFR 265.1061 - Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of valves allowed to leak. 265.1061 Section... FACILITIES Air Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 265.1061 Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of valves allowed to leak. (a) An owner or operator...

40 CFR 264.1062 - Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period leak detection and repair. 264.1062 Section... Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 264.1062 Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period leak detection and repair. (a) An owner or operator subject to...

40 CFR 265.1061 - Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of valves allowed to leak. 265.1061 Section... FACILITIES Air Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 265.1061 Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of valves allowed to leak. (a) An owner or operator...

40 CFR 265.1062 - Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period leak detection and repair. 265.1062 Section... FACILITIES Air Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 265.1062 Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period leak detection and repair. (a) An owner or...

40 CFR 60.482-11a - Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...-11a Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) The owner or operator... connectors in gas and vapor and light liquid service as specified in paragraphs (a) and (b)(3) of this... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor...

40 CFR 60.482-11a - Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...-11a Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) The owner or operator... connectors in gas and vapor and light liquid service as specified in paragraphs (a) and (b)(3) of this... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor...

40 CFR 264.1062 - Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period leak detection and repair. 264.1062 Section... Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 264.1062 Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period leak detection and repair. (a) An owner or operator subject to...

40 CFR 265.1062 - Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period leak detection and repair. 265.1062 Section... FACILITIES Air Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 265.1062 Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period leak detection and repair. (a) An owner or...

40 CFR 60.482-11a - Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...-11a Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) The owner or operator... connectors in gas and vapor and light liquid service as specified in paragraphs (a) and (b)(3) of this... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor...

40 CFR 264.1061 - Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of valves allowed to leak. 264.1061 Section... Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 264.1061 Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of valves allowed to leak. (a) An owner or operator subject to...

40 CFR 264.1061 - Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of valves allowed to leak. 264.1061 Section... Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 264.1061 Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of valves allowed to leak. (a) An owner or operator subject to...

40 CFR 265.1062 - Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period leak detection and repair. 265.1062 Section... FACILITIES Air Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 265.1062 Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period leak detection and repair. (a) An owner or...

40 CFR 264.1061 - Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of valves allowed to leak. 264.1061 Section... Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 264.1061 Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of valves allowed to leak. (a) An owner or operator subject to...

40 CFR 63.1027 - Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Standards § 63.1027 Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a..., the owner or operator shall monitor all connectors in gas and vapor and light liquid service as... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Connectors in gas and vapor service...

40 CFR 264.1061 - Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of valves allowed to leak. 264.1061 Section... Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 264.1061 Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of valves allowed to leak. (a) An owner or operator subject to...

40 CFR 63.1027 - Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Standards § 63.1027 Connectors in gas and vapor service and in light liquid service standards. (a..., the owner or operator shall monitor all connectors in gas and vapor and light liquid service as... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Connectors in gas and vapor service...

40 CFR 63.168 - Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... § 63.168 Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) The provisions of this section apply to valves that are either in gas service or in light liquid service. (1) The provisions are... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service...

40 CFR 264.1062 - Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period leak detection and repair. 264.1062 Section... Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 264.1062 Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: skip period leak detection and repair. (a) An owner or operator subject to...

40 CFR 60.482-11a - Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...-11a Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) The owner or operator... connectors in gas and vapor and light liquid service as specified in paragraphs (a) and (b)(3) of this... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor...

40 CFR 264.1061 - Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of valves allowed to leak. 264.1061 Section... Emission Standards for Equipment Leaks § 264.1061 Alternative standards for valves in gas/vapor service or in light liquid service: percentage of valves allowed to leak. (a) An owner or operator subject to...

40 CFR 63.168 - Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... § 63.168 Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) The provisions of this section apply to valves that are either in gas service or in light liquid service. (1) The provisions are... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Standards: Valves in gas/vapor service...

40 CFR 60.482-11a - Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...-11a Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor service and in light liquid service. (a) The owner or operator... connectors in gas and vapor and light liquid service as specified in paragraphs (a) and (b)(3) of this... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Standards: Connectors in gas/vapor...