Polyvalent Envelope Glycoprotein Vaccine Elicits a Broader Neutralizing Antibody Response but Is Unable To Provide Sterilizing Protection against Heterologous Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Pigtailed Macaques

PubMed Central

Cho, Michael W.; Kim, Young B.; Lee, Myung K.; Gupta, Kailash C.; Ross, Will; Plishka, Ron; Buckler-White, Alicia; Igarashi, Tatsuhiko; Theodore, Ted; Byrum, Russ; Kemp, Chris; Montefiori, David C.; Martin, Malcolm A.

2001-01-01

The great difficulty in eliciting broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates has been attributed to several intrinsic properties of their viral envelope glycoprotein, including its complex quaternary structure, extensive glycosylation, and marked genetic variability. Most previously evaluated vaccine candidates have utilized envelope glycoprotein from a single virus isolate. Here we compare the breadth of NAb and protective immune response following vaccination of pigtailed macaques with envelope protein(s) derived from either single or multiple viral isolates. Animals were challenged with Simian/human immunodeficiency virus strain DH12 (SHIVDH12) following priming with recombinant vaccinia virus(es) expressing gp160(s) and boosting with gp120 protein(s) from (i) LAI, RF, 89.6, AD8, and Bal (Polyvalent); (ii) LAI, RF, 89.6, AD8, Bal, and DH12 (Polyvalent-DH12); (iii) 89.6 (Monovalent-89.6); and (iv) DH12 (Monovalent-DH12). Animals in the two polyvalent vaccine groups developed NAbs against more HIV-1 isolates than those in the two monovalent vaccine groups (P = 0.0054). However, the increased breadth of response was directed almost entirely against the vaccine strains. Resistance to SHIVDH12 strongly correlated with the level of NAbs directed against the virus on the day of challenge (P = 0.0008). Accordingly, the animals in the Monovalent-DH12 and Polyvalent-DH12 vaccine groups were more resistant to the SHIVDH12 challenge than the macaques immunized with preparations lacking a DH12 component (viz. Polyvalent and Monovalent-89.6) (P = 0.039). Despite the absence of any detectable NAb, animals in the Polyvalent vaccine group, but not those immunized with Monovalent-89.6, exhibited markedly lower levels of plasma virus than those in the control group, suggesting a superior cell-mediated immune response induced by the polyvalent vaccine. PMID:11160726

Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab: a guide to its use in North American crotaline envenomation.

PubMed

Keating, Gillian M; Lyseng-Williamson, Katherine A

2012-08-01

Intravenous crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (CroFab(®)) is effective in patients with minimal, moderate or severe crotaline envenomation, halting the progression of local venom effects and ameliorating haematological and other systemic abnormalities of envenomation. Despite treatment, patients may experience delayed-onset or recurrent venom effects (e.g. coagulopathy). Intravenous crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab is generally well tolerated, with acute hypersensitivity reactions being the most commonly occurring adverse event.

Crystal structure of simple metals at high pressures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Degtyareva, Olga

2010-10-22

The effects of pressure on the crystal structure of simple (or sp-) elements are analysed in terms of changes in coordination number, packing density, and interatomic distances, and general rules are established. In the polyvalent elements from groups 14-17, the covalently bonded structures tend to transform to metallic phases with a gradual increase in coordination number and packing density, a behaviour normally expected under pressure. Group 1 and 2 metallic elements, however, show a reverse trend towards structures with low packing density due to intricate changes in their electronic structure. Complex crystal structures such as host-guest and incommensurately modulated structuresmore » found in these elements are given special attention in this review in an attempt to determine their role in the observed phase-transition sequences.« less

Application of hard sphere perturbation theory for thermodynamics of model liquid metals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mon, K. K.

2001-06-01

Hard sphere perturbation theory (HSPT) has contributed toward the fundamental understanding of dense fluids for over 30 years. In recent decades, other techniques have been more popular. In this paper, we argue for the revival of hard sphere perturbation theory for the study of thermodynamics of dense liquid in general, and in liquid metal in particular. The weakness of HSPT is now well understood, and can be easily overcome by using a simple convenient Monte Carlo method to calculate the intrinsic error of HSPT free energy density. To demonstrate this approach, we consider models of liquid aluminum and sodium. We obtain the intrinsic error of HSPT with the Monte Carlo method. HSPT is shown to provide a lower free energy upper bound than one-component plasma (OCP) for alkali metals and polyvalent metals. We are thus able to provide insight into the long standing observation that a OCP is a better reference system than a HS for alkali metals.

[Evaluation of the protection efficiency of secretory antibodies in experimental Yersinia infection in guinea-pigs immunized with polyvalent vaccine against this infection].

PubMed

Pogorel'skiĭ, I P; Drobkov, V I

2009-01-01

The paper presents the results of experiments to elucidate the protection efficiency of secretory antibodies via parenteral and oral inoculation with pathogenic Yersinia in guinea pigs immunized with a polyvalent yersiniasis vaccine designed on the basis of the pseudotuberculosis microbial strain that synthesizes the F1 antigen of a plague microbe. Immunization of guinea pigs with the polyvalent yersiniasis vaccine protects experimental animals against pseudotuberculosis, intestinal yersiniasis, and plague infections.

Nucleic acids encoding mosaic HIV-1 gag proteins

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Korber, Bette T.; Perkins, Simon; Bhattacharya, Tanmoy

The disclosure generally relates to an immunogenic composition (e.g., a vaccine) and, in particular, to a polyvalent immunogenic composition, such as a polyvalent HIV vaccine, and to methods of using same.

[Decrease in hospitalizations due to polyvalent medical day hospital].

PubMed

Escobar, M A; García-Egido, A A; Carmona, R; Lucas, A; Márquez, C; Gómez, F

2012-02-01

The day hospital is an alternative to hospitalization. This alternative improves accessibility and comfort of the patients, and avoids hospitalizations. Nevertheless, the efficacy of the polyvalent medical day hospital in avoiding hospitalizations has not been evaluated. To analyze hospital stays avoided by the polyvalent medical day hospital of a university hospital of the Andalusian Health Service. An observational prospective study of the patients studied and/or treated in the polyvalent medical day hospital of the Hospital Universitario Puerto Real over a one year period. A total of 9640 patients were attended to, with 1413 procedures and 4921 i.v. treatments. There were 3182 visits to the priority consultation of the polyvalent medical day hospital. The most frequent consultation complaints were constitutional symptoms (15.9%) and anemia (14.5%). After the first visit, 21.5% of the patients were discharged and fewer than 3% were hospitalized. Hospitalization was avoided in 16.8% of the patients, there being a 6.0% decrease in the need for hospital beds (5.0% reduction in the internal medicine unit). Inadequate hospitalizations and 30-day readmissions decreased 93.3% and 4.2%, respectively. The most frequent diagnosis was neoplasm (26.0%), and most of the beds freed up were generated by patients diagnosed of neoplasm (26.7%). With this type of polyvalent medical day hospital, we have observed improved efficiency of health care, freeing up hospital beds by reducing hospitalizations, inadequate hospitalizations and re-admissions in the medical units involved. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.

Immunogenic peptides comprising a T-helper epitope and a B-cell neutralizing antibody epitope

DOEpatents

Haynes, Barton F [Durham, NC; Korber, Bette T [Los Alamos, NM; De Lorimier, Robert M [Durham, NC

2006-12-26

The present invention relates, generally, to a polyvalent immunogen and, more particularly, to a method of inducing neutralizing antibodies against HIV and to a polyvalent immunogen suitable for use in such a method.

Polyvalent Display of Heme on Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Protein through Coordination to Hexahistidine Tags

PubMed Central

Prasuhn, Duane E.; Kuzelka, Jane; Strable, Erica; Udit, Andrew K.; Cho, So-Hye; Lander, Gabriel C.; Quispe, Joel D.; Diers, James R.; Bocian, David F.; Potter, Clint; Carragher, Bridget; Finn, M.G.

2009-01-01

SUMMARY The addition of a hexahistidine tag to the N terminus of the hepatitis B capsid protein gives rise to a self-assembled particle with 80 sites of high local density of histidine side chains. Iron protoporphyrin IX has been found to bind tightly at each of these sites, making a polyvalent system of well-defined spacing between metalloporphyrin complexes. The spectroscopic and redox properties of the resulting particle are consistent with the presence of 80 site-isolated bis(histidine)-bound heme centers, comprising a polyvalent b-type cytochrome mimic. PMID:18482703

Polyvalent immunoglobulin binding is an obstacle to accurate measurement of specific antibodies with ELISA despite inclusion of blocking agents.

PubMed

Loeffler, David A; Klaver, Andrea C

2017-11-01

Specific antibody concentrations are frequently measured in serum (and plasma and intravenous immunoglobulin) samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The standard negative control involves incubation of buffer alone on antigen-coated wells. The immunoreactivity that develops in antigen-coated wells in which diluted serum has been incubated is assumed to represent specific antibody binding. This approach can result in marked overestimation of specific antibody levels, because serum contains specific polyvalent antibodies which bind, primarily with low affinity, to multiple antigens (including those on ELISA plates) despite the use of blocking agents. Non-denaturing purification of serum IgG, followed by assessment of the antigen binding or antigen-binding affinity of this purified IgG, can reduce but not eliminate the problem of polyvalent antibody binding in indirect ELISAs. Alternatively, polyvalent antibody binding can be estimated by incubating a diluted serum sample on wells coated with an irrelevant protein (such as bovine serum albumin or a scrambled peptide sequence) or buffer alone, then subtracting this reactivity from the sample's binding to wells coated with the antigen of interest. Polyvalent binding of immunoglobulins must be accounted for in order to obtain accurate ELISA measurements of serum, plasma, or intravenous immunoglobulin antibodies. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ultrasteep Voltage Dependence in a Membrane Channel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mangan, Patrick S.; Colombini, Marco

1987-07-01

A mechanism for regulating voltage-gated channels is presented. The treatment amplifies the effect of the applied membrane potential resulting in a dramatic increase in the channel's voltage dependence. Addition of a large polyvalent anion to the medium bathing a phospholipid bilayer containing the voltage-dependent channel from the mitochondrial outer membrane, VDAC, induced up to a 12-fold increase in the channel's voltage sensitivity. The highest polyvalent anion concentration tested resulted in an e-fold conductance change for a 0.36-mV change in membrane potential. On the low end, a concentration of 2 μ M resulted in a 50% increase in VDAC voltage dependence. A mechanism based on polyvalent anion accumulation in the access resistance region at the mouth of the pore is consistent with all findings. Perhaps the voltage dependence of voltage-gated channels is amplified in vivo by polyvalent ions. If so, the control of excitable phenomena may be under much finer regulation than that provided by membrane potential alone.

Selective Enhancement of Nucleases by Polyvalent DNA-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles

PubMed Central

Prigodich, Andrew E.; Alhasan, Ali H.

2011-01-01

We demonstrate that polyvalent DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles (DNA-Au NPs) selectively enhance Ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity, while inhibiting most biologically relevant nucleases. This combination of properties is particularly interesting in the context of gene regulation, since high RNase H activity results in rapid mRNA degradation and general nuclease inhibition results in high biological stability. We investigate the mechanism of selective RNase H activation and find that the high DNA density of DNA-Au NPs is responsible for this unusual behavior. This work adds to our understanding of polyvalent DNA-Au NPs as gene regulation agents, and suggests a new model for selectively controlling protein-nanoparticle interactions. PMID:21268581

Polyvalent Adult Education Centre (An Integrated Approach to Adult Education for Workers).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Koshy, T. A.; And Others

A project to upgrade the vocational skills of Indian workers is presented. This project is designed to plan and develop integrated educational and training courses of various duration for workers and prospective workers, through the establishment of Polyvalent Centers. These centers are institutions providing opportunity for many-sided education…

Screening of primary gp120 immunogens to formulate the next generation polyvalent DNA prime-protein boost HIV-1 vaccines

PubMed Central

Wang, Shixia; Chou, Te-hui; Hackett, Anthony; Efros, Veronica; Wang, Yan; Han, Dong; Wallace, Aaron; Chen, Yuxin; Hu, Guangnan; Liu, Shuying; Clapham, Paul; Arthos, James; Montefiori, David; Lu, Shan

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT Our previous preclinical studies and a Phase I clinical trial DP6-001 have indicated that a polyvalent Env formulation was able to elicit broadly reactive antibody responses including low titer neutralizing antibody responses against viral isolates of subtypes A, B, C and AE. In the current report, a panel of 62 gp120 immunogens were screened in a rabbit model to identify gp120 immunogens that can elicit improved binding and neutralizing antibody responses and some of them can be included in the next polyvalent formulation. Only about 19% of gp120 immunogens in this panel were able to elicit neutralizing antibodies against greater than 50% of the viruses included in a high throughput PhenoSense neutralization assay when these immuongens were tested as a DNA prime followed by a fixed 5-valent gp120 protein vaccine boost. The new polyvalent formulation, using five gp120 immunogens selected from this subgroup, elicited improved quality of antibody responses in rabbits than the previous DP6-001 formulation. More significantly, this new polyvalent formulation elicited higher antibody responses against a panel of gp70V1/V2 antigens expressing V1/V2 sequences from diverse subtypes. Bioinformatics analysis supports the design of a 4-valent or 5-valent formulation using gp120 immunogens from this screening study to achieve a broad coverage against 16 HIV-1 subtypes. PMID:28933684

Gold Glyconanoparticles as Water-Soluble Polyvalent Models To Study Carbohydrate Interactions.

PubMed

de la Fuente, Jesús M; Barrientos, Africa G; Rojas, Teresa C; Rojo, Javier; Cañada, Javier; Fernández, Asunción; Penadés, Soledad

2001-06-18

Glycosphingolipid clustering and interactions at the cell membrane can be modeled by gold glyconanoparticles prepared with biologically significant oligosaccharides. Such water-soluble gold glyconanoparticles with highly polyvalent carbohydrate displays (see picture, gray hemisphere: gold nanoparticle) have been obtained by a simple and versatile strategy. © 2001 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Fed. Rep. of Germany.

Successful snakebite treatment in three juvenile African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) with polyvalent antivenom: a Namibian case report.

PubMed

Weise, Florian J; van Vuuren, Rudie J; Echement, Katherine E; Cleverley, Matthew P; van Vuuren, Marlice

2013-03-27

This article reports the first documented treatment of venomous snakebite with a polyvalent snake antivenom from the South African Institute for Medical Research in endangered African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Three juvenile male animals (6.5 months of age) showed clinical signs after being bitten by an unidentified venomous snake. The signs included loss of appetite, disorientation, impaired locomotion, excessive facial swelling, profuse salivation, reduced respiratory effort and an apparent depressed mental state. Intravenous treatment with isotonic Ringer lactate solution, hetastarch 6% and dexamethazone, subcutaneous administration of procaine benzylpenicillin and benzathine benzylpenicillin, and ultimately intravenous administration of the polyvalent snake antivenom resulted in the complete recovery of all three wild dogs.

Continuity of states between the cholesteric → line hexatic transition and the condensation transition in DNA solutions

DOE PAGES

Yasar, Selcuk; Podgornik, Rudolf; Valle-Orero, Jessica; ...

2014-11-05

A new method of finely temperature-tuning osmotic pressure allows one to identify the cholesteric → line hexatic transition of oriented or unoriented long-fragment DNA bundles in monovalent salt solutions as first order, with a small but finite volume discontinuity. This transition is similar to the osmotic pressure-induced expanded → condensed DNA transition in polyvalent salt solutions at small enough polyvalent salt concentrations. Therefore there exists a continuity of states between the two. This finding with the corresponding empirical equation of state, effectively relates the phase diagram of DNA solutions for monovalent salts to that for polyvalent salts and sheds somemore » light on the complicated interactions between DNA molecules at high densities.« less

DNA Nanostructures as Models for Evaluating the Role of Enthalpy and Entropy in Polyvalent Binding

PubMed Central

Nangreave, Jeanette; Yan, Hao; Liu, Yan

2011-01-01

DNA nanotechnology allows the design and construction of nano-scale objects that have finely tuned dimensions, orientation, and structure with remarkable ease and convenience. Synthetic DNA nanostructures can be precisely engineered to model a variety of molecules and systems, providing the opportunity to probe very subtle biophysical phenomena. In this study, several such synthetic DNA nanostructures were designed to serve as models to study the binding behavior of polyvalent molecules and gain insight into how small changes to the ligand/receptor scaffolds, intended to vary their conformational flexibility, will affect their association equilibrium. This approach has yielded a quantitative identification of the roles of enthalpy and entropy in the affinity of polyvalent DNA nanostructure interactions, which exhibit an intriguing compensating effect. PMID:21381740

Use of a current varicella vaccine as a live polyvalent vaccine vector.

PubMed

Murakami, Kouki; Mori, Yasuko

2016-01-04

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of varicella and zoster. The varicella vaccine was developed to control VZV infection in children. The currently available Oka vaccine strain is the only live varicella vaccine approved by the World Health Organization. We previously cloned the complete genome of the Oka vaccine strain into a bacterial artificial chromosome vector and then successfully reconstituted the virus. We then used this system to generate a recombinant Oka vaccine virus expressing mumps virus gene(s). The new recombinant vaccine may be an effective polyvalent live vaccine that provides protection against both varicella and mumps viruses. In this review, we discussed about possibility of polyvalent live vaccine(s) using varicella vaccine based on our recent studies. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Solving the Acoustic Problem in Polyvalent Hall at Mauritius: Global Design Challenge Facing Larsen and Toubro, Limited

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sankar, Chetan S.; Raju, P. K.; Alur, Ramachandriah; Venkateswaran, Rajan; Elangovan, Rajasekar

2011-01-01

The architect for the Mauritius Auditorium project sat in his office at Larsen & Toubro's headquarters in Chennai, India, pondering the phone call he had just received from the vice president, Mr. K.P. Raghavan. The polyvalent hall of the conference center was about to be used to host its first rock concert in February 2005, but during a…

Matrix isolation technique for the study of some factors affecting the partitioning of trace elements. [using vibrational spectroscopy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grzybowski, J. M.; Allen, R. O.

1974-01-01

The factors that affect the preferred positions of cations in ionic solid solutions were investigated utilizing vibrational spectroscopy. Solid solutions of the sulfate and chromate ions codoped with La(+3) and Ca(+2) in a KBr host lattice were examined as a function of the polyvalent cation concentration. The cation-anion pairing process was found to be random for Ca(+2), whereas the formation of La(+3)-SO4(-2) ion pairs with a C2 sub v bonding geometry is highly preferential to any type of La(+3)-CrO4(-2) ion pair formation. The relative populations of ion pair site configurations are discussed in terms of an energy-entropy competition model which can be applied to the partition of trace elements during magmatic processes.

A polyvalent hybrid protein elicits antibodies against the diverse allelic types of block 2 in Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1.

PubMed

Tetteh, Kevin K A; Conway, David J

2011-10-13

Merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) of Plasmodium falciparum has been implicated as an important target of acquired immunity, and candidate components for a vaccine include polymorphic epitopes in the N-terminal polymorphic block 2 region. We designed a polyvalent hybrid recombinant protein incorporating sequences of the three major allelic types of block 2 together with a composite repeat sequence of one of the types and N-terminal flanking T cell epitopes, and compared this with a series of recombinant proteins containing modular sub-components and similarly expressed in Escherichia coli. Immunogenicity of the full polyvalent hybrid protein was tested in both mice and rabbits, and comparative immunogenicity studies of the sub-component modules were performed in mice. The full hybrid protein induced high titre antibodies against each of the major block 2 allelic types expressed as separate recombinant proteins and against a wide range of allelic types naturally expressed by a panel of diverse P. falciparum isolates, while the sub-component modules had partial antigenic coverage as expected. This encourages further development and evaluation of the full MSP1 block 2 polyvalent hybrid protein as a candidate blood-stage component of a malaria vaccine. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

TPE/REE separation with the use of zirconium salt of HDBP

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Glekov, R. G.; Shmidt, O. V.; Palenik, Yu. V.; Goletsky, N. D.; Sukhareva, S. Yu.; Fedorov, Yu. S.; Zilberman, B. Ya.

2003-01-01

Partitioning of long-lived radionuclides (minor actinides, fission products) is considered as TBP-compatible ZEALEX-process for extraction separation of transplutonium elements (TPE) and rare-earth elements (REE), as well as Y, Mo, Fe and residual amounts of Np, Pu, U. Zirconium salt of dibutyl phosphoric acid (ZS-HDBP) dissolved in 30 % TBP is used as a solvent. The process was tested in multistage centrifugal contactors. Lanthanides, Y and TPE, as well as Mo, Fe were extracted from high-level Purex raffinate, Am and ceric subgroup of REE being separated from the polyvalent elements by stripping with HNO3. TPE/REE partitioning was achieved in the second cycle of the ZEALEX-process using DTPA in formic acid media. The integral decontamination factor of Am from La and Ce after both cycles is >200, from Pr and Nd 20-30 and from Sm and Eu 3.6; REE strips in both cycles contained <0,1% of the initial amount of TPE.

A polyvalent inactivated rhinovirus vaccine is broadly immunogenic in rhesus macaques

PubMed Central

Lee, Sujin; Nguyen, Minh Trang; Currier, Michael G.; Jenkins, Joe B.; Strobert, Elizabeth A.; Kajon, Adriana E.; Madan-Lala, Ranjna; Bochkov, Yury A.; Gern, James E.; Roy, Krishnendu; Lu, Xiaoyan; Erdman, Dean D.; Spearman, Paul; Moore, Martin L.

2016-01-01

As the predominant aetiological agent of the common cold, human rhinovirus (HRV) is the leading cause of human infectious disease. Early studies showed that a monovalent formalin-inactivated HRV vaccine can be protective, and virus-neutralizing antibodies (nAb) correlated with protection. However, co-circulation of many HRV types discouraged further vaccine efforts. Here, we test the hypothesis that increasing virus input titres in polyvalent inactivated HRV vaccine may result in broad nAb responses. We show that serum nAb against many rhinovirus types can be induced by polyvalent, inactivated HRVs plus alhydrogel (alum) adjuvant. Using formulations up to 25-valent in mice and 50-valent in rhesus macaques, HRV vaccine immunogenicity was related to sufficient quantity of input antigens, and valency was not a major factor for potency or breadth of the response. Thus, we have generated a vaccine capable of inducing nAb responses to numerous and diverse HRV types. PMID:27653379

Mosaic vaccines elicit CD8+ T cell responses in monkeys that confer immune coverage of diverse HIV strains

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fischer, Will; Korber, Bette

2009-01-01

Creation of a successful HIV vaccine will require the development of a strategy to generate cellular immunity with sufficient cross-clade breadth to deal with the extreme genetic diversity of the virus. Polyvalent mosaic immunogens derived from in silica recombination of natural strains of HIV are designed to induce cellular immune responses that maximally cover the sequence diversity of circulating virus isolates. Immunization of rhesus monkeys with plasmid DNA and recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine constructs expressing either consensus immunogens or polyvalent mosaic immunogens elicited a CD4+ T lymphocyte-biased response with comparably broad epitope-specific total T lymphocyte specificities. However, immunization with themore » mosaic immunogens induced HIV-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte responses with markedly greater depth and breadth. Therefore, the use of polyvalent mosaic immunogens is a promising strategy for a global vaccine for HIV.« less

Improved detection of equine antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona using polyvalent ELISAs based on the parasite SnSAG surface antigens.

PubMed

Yeargan, Michelle R; Howe, Daniel K

2011-02-28

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a common neurologic disease of horses that is caused by the apicomplexan pathogen Sarcocystis neurona. To help improve serologic diagnosis of S. neurona infection, we have modified existing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on the immunogenic parasite surface antigens SnSAG2, SnSAG3, and SnSAG4 to make the assays polyvalent, thereby circumventing difficulties associated with parasite antigenic variants and diversity in equine immune responses. Two approaches were utilized to achieve polyvalence: (1) mixtures of the individual recombinant SnSAGs (rSnSAGs) were included in single ELISAs; (2) a collection of unique SnSAG chimeras that fused protein domains from different SnSAG surface antigens into a single recombinant protein were generated for use in the ELISAs. These new assays were assessed using a defined sample set of equine sera and cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) that had been characterized by Western blot and/or were from confirmed EPM horses. While all of the polyvalent ELISAs performed relatively well, the highest sensitivity and specificity (100%/100%) were achieved with assays containing the rSnSAG4/2 chimera (Domain 1 of SnSAG4 fused to SnSAG2) or using a mixture of rSnSAG3 and rSnSAG4. The rSnSAG4 antigen alone and the rSnSAG4/3 chimera (Domain 1 of SnSAG4 fused to Domain 2 of SnSAG3) exhibited the next best accuracy at 95.2% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Binding ratios and percent positivity (PP) ratios, determined by comparing the mean values for positive versus negative samples, showed that the most advantageous signal to noise ratios were provided by rSnSAG4 and the rSnSAG4/3 chimera. Collectively, our results imply that a polyvalent ELISA based on SnSAG4 and SnSAG3, whether as a cocktail of two proteins or as a single chimeric protein, can give optimal results in serologic testing of serum or CSF for the presence of antibodies against S. neurona. The use of polyvalent SnSAG ELISAs will enhance the reliability of serologic testing for S. neurona infection, which should lead to improved diagnosis of EPM. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Isolation of Polyvalent Bacteriophages by Sequential Multiple-Host Approaches

PubMed Central

Yu, Pingfeng; Li, Mengyan; Dai, Zhaoyi; Alvarez, Pedro J. J.

2015-01-01

Many studies on phage biology are based on isolation methods that may inadvertently select for narrow-host-range phages. Consequently, broad-host-range phages, whose ecological significance is largely unexplored, are consistently overlooked. To enhance research on such polyvalent phages, we developed two sequential multihost isolation methods and tested both culture-dependent and culture-independent phage libraries for broad infectivity. Lytic phages isolated from activated sludge were capable of interspecies or even interorder infectivity without a significant reduction in the efficiency of plating (0.45 to 1.15). Two polyvalent phages (PX1 of the Podoviridae family and PEf1 of the Siphoviridae family) were characterized in terms of adsorption rate (3.54 × 10−10 to 8.53 × 10−10 ml/min), latent time (40 to 55 min), and burst size (45 to 99 PFU/cell), using different hosts. These phages were enriched with a nonpathogenic host (Pseudomonas putida F1 or Escherichia coli K-12) and subsequently used to infect model problematic bacteria. By using a multiplicity of infection of 10 in bacterial challenge tests, >60% lethality was observed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa relative to uninfected controls. The corresponding lethality for Pseudomonas syringae was ∼50%. Overall, this work suggests that polyvalent phages may be readily isolated from the environment by using different sequential hosts, and this approach should facilitate the study of their ecological significance as well as enable novel applications. PMID:26590277

Effectiveness of delayed use of crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom.

PubMed

Bebarta, Vikhyat; Dart, Richard C

2004-01-01

Traditionally, horse-serum-based antivenom has been used in the United States for North American crotaline snake evenomation. Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) was approved in 2000 for use in mild to moderate envenomations. The manufacture recommends use within 6 h of envenomation. Published postmarketing retrospective reports describe its use up to 9 h after envenomation. We describe a case of effective use of FabAV 52 h after envenomation with resultant correction of coagulopathy and mild improvement of local symptoms.

Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab for the treatment of pediatric crotaline envenomation.

PubMed

Goto, Collin S; Feng, Sing-Yi

2009-04-01

Crotaline snakebites occur frequently in children, often resulting in significant morbidity. Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab antivenom (FabAV) became available for clinical use in the US in 2000 and is currently the standard of care for the treatment of crotaline envenomation. The pediatric emergency care provider should be familiar with FabAV because its judicious use in affected children can greatly decrease morbidity caused by crotaline snakebites. This article will review the use of FabAV for the treatment of pediatric crotaline envenomation.

False positive immunoassay for acetyl choline receptor antibody (AChR Ab) in patients exposed to polyvalent antisnake venom.

PubMed

Sundar, Kaushik; Venkatasubramanian, Shankar; Shanmugam, Sundar; Arthur, Preetam; Subbaraya, Ramakrishnan; Hazeena, Philo

2017-10-15

Acute flaccid paralysis is a neuromuscular emergency characterized by rapidly worsening weakness that evolves quickly to cause diaphragmatic failure. The challenge for the treating physician is to stabilize the patient, generate the differential diagnosis and determine the management; all in quick time. Neurotoxic snake bites have inadequate signs of inflammation and are easily missed. Myasthenic crisis, on the other hand, could be the first sign of myasthenia gravis in up to 20% of patients. Both present with acute respiratory failure and inadequate history. Two of our patients presented with similar clinical picture, and received polyvalent anti-snake venom obtained from hyperimmunised horses (Equus caballus). Both tested positive for anti-acetyl choline receptor antibody. After recovery, both patients narrated a history suggestive of neurotoxic envenomation. We later discovered that patients, who are exposed to polyvalent anti-snake venom (Equus caballus) prior to radioimmunoassay, demonstrate high titers of Anti-AChR Ab in their serum erroneously. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Catastrophic acute ischemic stroke after Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine)-treated rattlesnake envenomation.

PubMed

Bush, Sean P; Mooy, Graham G; Phan, Tammy H

2014-06-01

We report 2 cases of catastrophic ischemic stroke after Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine)-treated rattlesnake envenomation, 1 fatal and the other resulting in significant permanent disability. It is possible these serious adverse events may have been related to venom factor(s), an interaction between venom and antivenom, occult patient blood dyscrasia, or to random unrelated events. We present the rationale for each possibility, and submit the experiences to elicit alternate postulation and communication of similar presentations. Copyright © 2014 Wilderness Medical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Acute hypersensitivity reactions associated with administration of crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab antivenom.

PubMed

Cannon, Robert; Ruha, Anne-Michelle; Kashani, John

2008-04-01

Acute hypersensitivity reactions are well known to occur with the administration of the Antivenin (Crotalidae) Polyvalent (Wyeth Laboratories, Marietta, PA). Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) (CroFab; FabAV, Protherics, Inc., Brentwood, TN) was introduced in 2001, and early studies reported a hypersensitivity reaction rate up to 19%. We describe the incidence of acute hypersensitivity reactions to FabAV in patients bitten by rattlesnakes. This was a nonconcurrent observational cohort study, with data obtained by chart review of all patients admitted to our service for rattlesnake bites from July 2000 to June 2004. The study was conducted at an urban Level I trauma center and urban children's hospital. All patients treated with FabAV were included. Those who received no antivenom or who were treated with Antivenin (Crotalidae) Polyvalent were excluded. The main outcome variable was whether an acute hypersensitivity reaction developed. Ninety-three patients were included in the review (72 male and 21 female patients). The mean age was 34.5 years (range 16 months to 91 years), and the mean dose of antivenom was 12 vials (range 4 to 32 vials). The incidence of acute hypersensitivity reactions was 5 of 93, or 5.4%. Four patients developed a mild reaction that was easily treated and were able to finish the full course of antivenom. Only 1 patient developed a reaction that prevented further antivenom administration. FabAV appears to be associated with a lower incidence of acute hypersensitivity than initially reported. Most reactions are mild and easily treated and do not preclude further dosing of antivenom.

Immediate hypersensitivity reaction associated with the rapid infusion of Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine).

PubMed

Holstege, Christopher P; Wu, Jeffrey; Baer, Alexander B

2002-06-01

A 16-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with rapidly progressing extremity pain, edema, and ecchymosis after envenomation by a copperhead. Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) (CroFab; FabAV) was infused. Six vials were placed in 250 mL of normal saline solution, and the infusion was gradually increased. Fifty minutes after beginning, the infusion was increased to 640 mL/h. Within minutes of the rate increase, the patient experienced full-body urticaria, facial edema, voice change, and tachycardia. The infusion was stopped. Hydroxyzine pamoate, famotidine, methylprednisolone, and a 1-L bolus of normal saline solution were administered intravenously. The symptoms abated, and the remaining FabAV was infused at a slower rate without return of this reaction. This immediate hypersensitivity reaction was most likely a rate-related anaphylactoid reaction that has not been previously reported with FabAV.[Holstege CP, Wu J, Baer AB. Immediate hypersensitivity reaction associated with the rapid infusion of Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine). Ann Emerg Med. June 2002;39:677-679.

[Polyvalence of bacteriophages isolated from fruit trees, affected by bacterial fire blight].

PubMed

Tovkach, F I; Moroz, S N; Korol', N A; Faĭdiuk, Iu V; Kushkina, A I

2013-01-01

Phage populations appearing as a result of a pathogenic process caused by Erwinia amylovora have been discovered and described. They accompany bacterial fire blight development in the process of quince, pear and apple trees vegetation in Zakarpattya region of Ukraine. Phage isolates of the affected pear and quince include polyvalent virulent phages able to develop on bacterial strains associated with plants--E. amylovora. E. "horticola" and Pantoea agglomerans. E. amylovora isolated from the plant tissues affected by the fire blight and detected at the same time as phages proved to be resistant to the viral infection. It is hard to explain now this characteristic however it was noticed that resistance to phages can change drastically in case of dissociation, lysogenization and mutagenesis of erwinia in laboratory conditions. Phage population study shows that they are heterogeneous and can obviously include not only polyvalent but also specific viruses. Further studies of biology and molecular genetics of pure lines of isolated phages will help to get closer to understanding the place and role of bacteriophages in the complicated network of relations between bacterial pathogens and plants.

Noncircular orifice holes and advanced fabrication techniques for liquid rocket injectors. Phase 3: Analytical and cold-flow experimental evaluation of rectangular concentric tube injector elements for gas/liquid application. Phase 4: Analytical and experimental evaluation of noncircular injector elements for gas/liquid and liquid/liquid application

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mchale, R. M.

1974-01-01

Results are presented of a cold-flow and hot-fire experimental study of the mixing and atomization characteristics of injector elements incorporating noncircular orifices. Both liquid/liquid and gas/liquid element types are discussed. Unlike doublet and triplet elements (circular orifices only) were investigated for the liquid/liquid case while concentric tube elements were investigated for the gas/liquid case. It is concluded that noncircular shape can be employed to significant advantage in injector design for liquid rocket engines.

Mixed polyvalent-monovalent metal coating for carbon-graphite fibers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Harper-Tervet, J.; Tervet, F. W.; Humphrey, M. F. (Inventor)

1982-01-01

An improved coating of gasification catalyst for carbon-graphite fibers is provided comprising a mixture of a polyvalent metal such as calcium and a monovalent metal such as lithium. The addition of lithium provides a lighter coating and a more flexible coating when applied to a coating of a carboxyl containing resin such as polyacrylic acid since it reduces the crosslink density. Furthermore, the presence of lithium provides a glass-like substance during combustion which holds the fiber together resulting in slow, even combustion with much reduced evolution of conductive fragments. The coated fibers are utilized as fiber reinforcement for composites.

Like-charge attraction and opposite-charge decomplexation between polymers and DNA molecules

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buyukdagli, Sahin

2017-02-01

We scrutinize the effect of polyvalent ions on polymer-DNA interactions. We extend a recently developed test-charge theory [S. Buyukdagli et al., Phys. Rev. E 94, 042502 (2016), 10.1103/PhysRevE.94.042502] to the case of a stiff polymer interacting with a DNA molecule in an electrolyte mixture. The theory accounts for one-loop level electrostatic correlation effects such as the ionic cloud deformation around the strongly charged DNA molecule as well as image-charge forces induced by the low DNA permittivity. Our model can reproduce and explain various characteristics of the experimental phase diagrams for polymer solutions. First, the addition of polyvalent cations to the electrolyte solution results in the attraction of the negatively charged polymer by the DNA molecule. The glue of the like-charge attraction is the enhanced shielding of the polymer charges by the dense counterion layer at the DNA surface. Second, through the shielding of the DNA-induced electrostatic potential, mono- and polyvalent cations of large concentration both suppress the like-charge attraction. Within the same formalism, we also predict a new opposite-charge repulsion effect between the DNA molecule and a positively charged polymer. In the presence of polyvalent anions such as sulfate or phosphate, their repulsion by the DNA charges leads to the charge screening deficiency of the region around the DNA molecule. This translates into a repulsive force that results in the decomplexation of the polymer from DNA. This opposite-charge repulsion phenomenon can be verified by current experiments and the underlying mechanism can be beneficial to gene therapeutic applications where the control over polymer-DNA interactions is the key factor.

Photolithography of Dithiocarbamate-Anchored Monolayers and Polymers on Gold

PubMed Central

Leonov, Alexei P.; Wei, Alexander

2011-01-01

Dithiocarbamate (DTC)-anchored monolayers and polymers were investigated as positive resists for UV photolithography on planar and roughened Au surfaces. DTCs were formed in situ by the condensation of CS2 with monovalent or polyvalent amines such as linear polyethyleneimine (PEI) under mildly basic aqueous conditions, just prior to surface passivation. The robust adsorption of the polyvalent PEI-DTC to Au surfaces supported high levels of resistance to photoablation, providing opportunities to generate thin films with gradient functionality. Treatment of photopatterned substrates with alkanethiols produced binary coatings, enabling a direct visual comparison of DTC- and thiol-passivated surfaces against chemically induced corrosion using confocal microscopy. PMID:21894240

Recurrent coagulopathy with delayed significant bleeding after crotaline envenomation.

PubMed

O'Brien, Nicole F; DeMott, Megan C; Suchard, Jeffrey R; Clark, Richard F; Peterson, Bradley M

2009-07-01

Report of delayed significant coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, and bleeding after Crotaline envenomation. Recurrent coagulopathy and thrombocytopenia have been described after treatment of Crotaline envenomation with Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (CroFab). Until now, there have been no reports of significant spontaneous bleeding despite these abnormalities. Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab has a relatively short half-life compared with previous antivenoms used to treat snake bite. This shorter half-life allows for recurrence of venom effects. Therefore, patients with Crotaline envenomation should undergo close monitoring for recurrence of coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia after treatment with CroFab. If coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia recurs, retreatment with CroFab should be considered to prevent significant bleeding.

[Biological properties of bacteriophages, active to Yersinia enterocolitica].

PubMed

Darsavelidze, M A; Kapanadze, Zh S; Chanishvili, T G

2004-01-01

The biological properties of 16 clones of Y. enterolitica bacteriophages were tested to select the most active for subsequent use. For the first time Y. enterocolitica virulent phages belonging to the family of Podoviridae were described and 7 serological groups of phages with no cross reactions were registered. The technology for the production of new therapeutic and prophylactic Y. enterocolitica polyvalent bacteriophage under laboratory conditions was developed. The effective multiplicity of contamination ensuring the maximum release of phages from bacterial cells, the optimum incubation temperature and the time of exposure were established. The experimental batches of therapeutic and prophylactic Y. enterocolitica polyvalent bacteriophage thus obtained met the requirements for antibacterial preparations.

[Particular aspects of rhinitis and rhino-conjunctivitis].

PubMed

Favennec, F; Sonneville, A; De Luca, H; Castros, A

2003-03-01

The authors report their experience of 28 years of practice in the opthalmology service of the CHRU at Rennes. The describe certain particular aspects of rhinitis and rhino-conjuctivitis where the danger resides in an extensive risk to the uvula or the bronchi. They insist on the importance of understanding polyvalents in internal medicine (rôle of the seat of gingivodentary "ideas", value of research into indicative markers of protection A2 and B40 in the HLA system. In the region of nutrition, they emphasize the importance of the rôle of zinc, of vitamin C and of magnesium. They base their hopes on study of the local markers of sensitivity, in order to assess the elements of preventative action for an eventual ocular and bronchial extension.

Polyvalent vaccine approaches to combat HIV-1 diversity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Korber, Bette; Hraber, Peter Thomas; Wagh, Kshitij

In this study, a key unresolved challenge for developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine is the discovery of strategies to elicit immune responses that are able to cross-protect against a significant fraction of the diverse viruses that are circulating worldwide. Here, we summarize some of the immunological implications of HIV-1 diversity, and outline the rationale behind several polyvalent vaccine design strategies that are currently under evaluation. Vaccine-elicited T-cell responses, which contribute to the control of HIV-1 in natural infections, are currently being considered in both prevention and treatment settings. Approaches now in preclinical and human trials include full proteins in novelmore » vectors, concatenated conserved protein regions, and polyvalent strategies that improve coverage of epitope diversity and enhance the cross-reactivity of responses. While many barriers to vaccine induction of broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses remain, epitope diversification has emerged as both a challenge and an opportunity. Recent longitudinal studies have traced the emergence of bNAbs in HIV-1 infection, inspiring novel approaches to recapitulate and accelerate the events that give rise to potent bNAb in vivo. In this review, we have selected two such lineage-based design strategies to illustrate how such in-depth analysis can offer conceptual improvements that may bring us closer to an effective vaccine.« less

Utilisation of Crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine) for Viperidae envenomations in children.

PubMed

Johnson, P N; McGoodwin, L; Banner, W

2008-12-01

Snakebite envenomations occur in 45,000 patients in the USA annually and are associated with morbidity especially in children and the elderly. Crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine; FabAV) is a polyvalent antivenom derived from sheep for crotalid envenomations. Limited clinical trials are available in paediatric patients. A literature search using MEDLINE (1950-February 2008), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-February 2008), EMBASE (1988-February 2008) and Cochrane Library (1996-June 2008) was conducted using key words including: antivenom OR snakebites OR children OR Crotalid OR envenomations. All English-language articles were identified from data sources. Pertinent studies pertaining to FabAV in children and adolescents with crotalid envenomations were included for analysis. Ten papers were included for review, representing 47 children. Initial doses ranging from 2 to 18 g were administered and initial control was achieved in most children. Maintenance dosing was continued in 63.8% (30/47) of patients; 4.3% (2/47) of patients had episodes of venom recurrence. Adverse events were noted in 8.5% of children (4/47) when pooled for data analysis. FabAV appears to be a safe and effective agent for children with crotalid envenomations. Clinicians should adapt dosing recommendations used for adults until future large, well-designed trials can confirm the efficacy and safety from observation studies and case reports.

Immediate and delayed allergic reactions to Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom.

PubMed

Clark, Richard F; McKinney, Patrick E; Chase, Peter B; Walter, Frank G

2002-06-01

Allergic reactions are the most commonly reported adverse events after administration of antivenoms. Conventional horse serum-based crotalid antivenom used in the United States (Antivenin [Crotalidae] polyvalent) can lead to both immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) (CroFab; FabAV) has recently been approved for use in the United States. Experience from premarketing trials of this product and in the administration of other types of Fab, such as in digoxin poisoning, has demonstrated these fragments to be safe and effective, with a low incidence of sequella; however, allergic reactions can occur when any animal-protein derivatives are administered to human subjects. We report in detail the nature and course of allergic reactions that occurred in 4 patients treated with FabAV. Cases of anaphylaxis, acute urticaria, angioedema, and delayed serum sickness are described. All reactions were easily treated with some combination of antihistamines, epinephrine, and steroids, with prompt resolution of signs and symptoms enabling further dosing of antivenom as required. Several of these cases may have resulted from batches of antivenom contaminated with Fc fragments. The overall incidence of immediate and delayed allergic reactions to this product appears so far to be lower than that reported with conventional whole-immunoglobulin G (IgG) antivenom, but postmarketing surveillance is warranted.

Polyvalent vaccine approaches to combat HIV-1 diversity

DOE PAGES

Korber, Bette; Hraber, Peter Thomas; Wagh, Kshitij; ...

2017-01-30

In this study, a key unresolved challenge for developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine is the discovery of strategies to elicit immune responses that are able to cross-protect against a significant fraction of the diverse viruses that are circulating worldwide. Here, we summarize some of the immunological implications of HIV-1 diversity, and outline the rationale behind several polyvalent vaccine design strategies that are currently under evaluation. Vaccine-elicited T-cell responses, which contribute to the control of HIV-1 in natural infections, are currently being considered in both prevention and treatment settings. Approaches now in preclinical and human trials include full proteins in novelmore » vectors, concatenated conserved protein regions, and polyvalent strategies that improve coverage of epitope diversity and enhance the cross-reactivity of responses. While many barriers to vaccine induction of broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses remain, epitope diversification has emerged as both a challenge and an opportunity. Recent longitudinal studies have traced the emergence of bNAbs in HIV-1 infection, inspiring novel approaches to recapitulate and accelerate the events that give rise to potent bNAb in vivo. In this review, we have selected two such lineage-based design strategies to illustrate how such in-depth analysis can offer conceptual improvements that may bring us closer to an effective vaccine.« less

[Study on construction and immune protective effect of recombinant nucleic acid vaccine of Toxoplasma gondii].

PubMed

Wei, Qing-Kuan

2012-04-01

To construct the polyvalent recombinant nucleic acid vaccine of Toxoplasma gondii and measure its protective immune effect. The gene of heat shock protein (HSP70) was amplified by PCR and inserted into the recombinant plasmid of pcDNA3-ROP2-p30 to construct recombinant polyvalent nucleic vaccine (pcDNA3-ROP2-p30-Hsp70). BALB/c mice were immunized with the constructed recombinant nucleic vaccine. CD4+ and CD8+ in the splenic lymphocytes and the lymphocytes in anticoagulant whole blood, the immune indices such as antibodies (IgG, IgM and IgA) and IFN-gamma, TNF, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12 in serum and splenic lymphocytes culture medium were detected, along with the challenge experiment. The protective immune responses that caused by the vaccine was measured by detecting the changes of immune indices of mice and the challenge experiment. 916 bp fragment of HSP70 gene was amplified by PCR. The recombinant polyvalent nucleic vaccine pcDNA3-ROP2-p30-HSP70 that included the whole open reading frame sequence of HSP gene was successfully constructed. The immunization results also showed this polyvalent nucleic vaccine could induce strong cellular and humoral responses by the detection of higher antibody titer in the experimental mice group, the increasing proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ cells with significant deviations among the groups (F(CD4+) = 45.00, F(CD8+) = 15.01, all P < 0.01) and the apparent up-regulated levels of several cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-12 in serum and cultural supernatant of spleen cells, with more striking effect in serum. As a result of the challenge experiment, the immunized mice showed a longer survival time. The recombinant nucleic acid vaccine pcDNA3-ROP2-p30-HSP70 possesses a strong immunogenicity and is able to induce an immune protection.

Study of propellant dynamics in a shuttle type launch vehicle

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, C. E.; Feng, G. C.

1972-01-01

A method and an associated digital computer program for evaluating the vibrational characteristics of large liquid-filled rigid wall tanks of general shape are presented. A solution procedure was developed in which slosh modes and frequencies are computed for systems mathematically modeled as assemblages of liquid finite elements. To retain sparsity in the assembled system mass and stiffness matrices, a compressible liquid element formulation was incorporated in the program. The approach taken in the liquid finite element formulation is compatible with triangular and quadrilateral structural finite elements so that the analysis of liquid motion can be coupled with flexible tank wall motion at some future time. The liquid element repertoire developed during the course of this study consists of a two-dimensional triangular element and a three-dimensional tetrahedral element.

Hydrodynamic characteristics of the double-winged otter board in the deep waters of the Mauritanian Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, Xin; Lu, Huosheng; Feng, Bo; Chen, Qiujie; Yan, Yunrong

2017-09-01

In this paper, we tested the hydrodynamic characteristics of a new, double-winged otter board that consists of a forewing, a leading edge slat and a trailing edge flap. Flume experiments were conducted in a circulating flume tank by using a model with an aspect ratio (AR) of 0.85 and a horizontal planform area (S) of 0.09 m2. The results indicated that the critical angle (αcr) of the model was 44°, whereas the maximum lift coefficient (C Lmax) was up to 1.715, and the door efficiency (K) was 1.122. The attack angle (α) ranged from 30° to 48° and from 10° to 46° when the lift coefficient (C L) and door efficiency (K) were greater than 1.2 and 1.0, respectively. To compare the difference between double-winged otter board and traditional Morgere Polyvalent Ovale, same model of Morgere Polyvalent Ovale was also tested under the same experimental conditions. The critical angle (αcr) and maximum of lift coefficient (C Lmax) of the doublewinged otter board were 37.5% and 14.6% larger than those of the Morgere Polyvalent Ovale. Therefore, we concluded that the novel, double-winged otter board was more suitable for bottom trawling fisheries in the deep water of the Mauretania Sea due to its better hydrodynamic characteristics and stability.

Catfish (Clarias batrachus) serum lectin recognizes polyvalent Tn [alpha-D-GalpNAc1-Ser/Thr], Talpha [beta-D-Galp-(1-->3)-alpha-D-GalpNAc1-Ser/Thr], and II [beta-D-Galp(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc1-] mammalian glycotopes.

PubMed

Singha, Biswajit; Adhya, Mausumi; Chatterjee, Bishnu P

2008-09-22

A new calcium dependent GalNAc/Gal specific lectin was isolated from the serum of Indian catfish, Clarias batrachus and designated as C. batrachus lectin (CBL). It is a disulfide-linked homodecameric lectin of 74.65kDa subunits and the oligomeric form is essential for its activity. Binding specificity of CBL was investigated by enzyme-linked lectin-sorbent assay using a series of simple sugars, polysaccharides, and glycoproteins. GalNAc was more potent inhibitor than Gal; and alpha glycosides of both were more inhibitory than their beta counterparts. CBL showed maximum affinity for human tumor-associated Tn-antigens (GalNAcalpha1-Ser/Thr) at the molecular level and was 3.5 times higher than GalNAc. CBL interacted strongly with polyvalent Tn and Talpha (Galbeta1,3GalNAcalpha1-) as well as multivalent-II (Galbeta1,4GlcNAcbeta1-) antigens containing glycoproteins and intensity of inhibition was 10(3)-10(5) times more than monovalent ones. The overall specificity of CBL lies in the order of polyvalent Tn, Talpha and II>monovalent Tn > or = Me-alphaGalNAc>monovalent Talpha> Me-betaGalNAc>Me-alphaGal>monovalent T>GalNAc>monovalent F>monovalent II>Me-betaGal>Gal.

Cross-reactivity and neutralization of Indian King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom by polyvalent and monovalent antivenoms.

PubMed

Gowtham, Yashonandana J; Mahadeswaraswamy, Y H; Girish, K S; K, Kemparaju

2014-07-01

The venom of the largest venomous snake, the king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), is still out of league for the production of therapeutic polyvalent antivenom nor it is characterized immunologically in the Indian subcontinent. In the present study, the king cobra venom is comparatively studied for the cross-reactivity/reactivity and toxicity neutralization by the locally available equine therapeutic polyvalent BSV and VB antivenoms, and monovalent antivenom (OH-IgG) prepared in rabbit. None of the two therapeutic antivenoms procured from two different firms showed any signs of cross-reactivity in terms of antigen-antibody precipitin lines in immunodouble diffusion assay; however, a weak and an insignificant cross-reactivity pattern was observed in ELISA and Western blot studies. Further, both BSV and VB antivenoms failed to neutralize proteolytic, hyaluronidase and phospholipase activities as well as toxic properties such as edema, myotoxicity and lethality of the venom. As expected, OH-IgG showed strong reactivity in immunodouble diffusion, ELISA and in Western blot analysis and also neutralized both enzyme activities as well as the toxic properties of the venom. Thus, the study provides insight into the likely measures that are to be taken in cases of accidental king cobra bites for which the Indian subcontinent is still not prepared for. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Polyvalent immunoglobulins with vitamin D3 and vitamin B12 in the treatment of Sjogren's syndrome in a vegetarian with stomatitis, glossodynia, xerostomia, and elevated antinuclear antibodies: Case report
.

PubMed

Cuny, Clemens; Vaerst, Barbara; Gabrielpillai, Jennis; Tahtali, Aykut; Balster, Sven; Lissner, Reinhard; Woodcock, Barry G

2018-01-01

Sjogren's syndrome, involving sicca symptoms with xerostomia, stomatitis, and considerable pain is a difficult-to-treat autoimmune disease where the treatment options are limited and, as in the case of methotrexate, have a low therapeutic index. This case report concerns a male patient, aged 75 years and vegetarian, with Sjogren's syndrome subsequently confirmed by salivary gland biopsy. Serum antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were elevated (1 : 320). Low serum vitamin B12 and iron levels could be improved after 20 days using vitamin B12 and iron oral supplements. Despite symptomatic treatment, xerostomia, glossitis, and glossodynia were still present, at times marked, after 12 months when the ANA titer was unchanged. Following treatment with an anti-inflammatory polyvalent immunoglobulin formulation (Lactobin^®N, 7 g daily), a bovine colostrum concentrate given orally in combination with oral vitamin D3 (2,000 IU daily), sicca symptoms and xerostomia progressively decreased and at day 750 were confined to occasional and minor glossitis of the upper lip. This case report demonstrates the satisfactory control of Sjogren's syndrome using oral polyvalent immunoglobulins with vitamin D3. In contrast to treatment options involving antimalarial drugs and methotrexate, there are no safety issues in patients tolerant to milk products.
.

Cross-reactions between alpha-streptococci and Omniserum, a polyvalent pneumococcal serum, demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence, immunoelectroosmophoresis, and latex agglutination.

PubMed Central

Holmberg, H; Danielsson, D; Hardie, J; Krook, A; Whiley, R

1985-01-01

In recent years several groups have used serological methods to demonstrate pneumococcal capsular antigens in sputum. In the present study 123 strains of alpha-hemolytic streptococci (including 97 strains from sputum or pharyngeal specimens) were tested for cross-reactions with a polyvalent antipneumococcal serum (Omniserum). Representatives of the following species were included: Streptococcus bovis, S. equinus, S. intermedius, S. lactis, S. milleri, S. mitis, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. salivarius, S. sanguis, S. suis, and Aerococcus viridans. Serological reactions were detected by direct immunofluorescence, immunoelectroosmophoresis, and latex agglutination. Fifteen (12%) of the strains gave positive reactions by all three methods. Positive reactions were also observed with another 32 strains (26%) with two of the methods, whereas 37 strains (30%) gave positive reactions by just one technique. Altogether 84 (68%) strains gave positive reactions with one or more of the methods. Latex agglutination gave positive reactions with 26 (21%) strains compared with 57 (46%) in immunofluorescence and 63 (51%) in immunoelectroosmophoresis. Absorption of the antiserum with one alpha-hemolytic strain reduced but did not entirely eliminate the cross-reactions with five tested strains. These findings indicate a potential risk of cross-reactions with polyvalent antipneumococcal serum in tests carried out on sputa or other specimens which may be contaminated with alpha-hemolytic streptococci. PMID:3889046

WebPlotDigitizer, a polyvalent and free software to extract spectra from old astronomical publications: application to ultraviolet spectropolarimetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marin, F.; Rohatgi, A.; Charlot, S.

2017-12-01

In this contribution, we present WebPlotDigitizer, a polyvalent and free software developed to facilitate easy and accurate data extraction from a variety of plot types. We describe the numerous features of this numerical tool and present its relevance when applied to astrophysical archival research. We exploit WebPlotDigitizer to extract ultraviolet spectropolarimetric spectra from old publications that used the Hubble Space Telescope, Lick Observatory 3 m Shane telescope and Astro-2 mission to observe the Seyfert-2 AGN NGC 1068. By doing so, we compile all the existing ultraviolet polarimetric data on NGC 1068 to prepare the ground for further investigations with the future high-resolution spectropolarimeter POLLUX on-board of the proposed Large UV/Optical/Infrared Surveyor (LUVOIR) NASA mission.

Engineering the Structure and Properties of DNA-Nanoparticle Superstructures Using Polyvalent Counterions.

PubMed

Chou, Leo Y T; Song, Fayi; Chan, Warren C W

2016-04-06

DNA assembly of nanoparticles is a powerful approach to control their properties and prototype new materials. However, the structure and properties of DNA-assembled nanoparticles are labile and sensitive to interactions with counterions, which vary with processing and application environment. Here we show that substituting polyamines in place of elemental counterions significantly enhanced the structural rigidity and plasmonic properties of DNA-assembled metal nanoparticles. These effects arose from the ability of polyamines to condense DNA and cross-link DNA-coated nanoparticles. We further used polyamine wrapped DNA nanostructures as structural templates to seed the growth of polymer multilayers via layer-by-layer assembly, and controlled the degree of DNA condensation, plasmon coupling efficiency, and material responsiveness to environmental stimuli by varying polyelectrolyte composition. These results highlight counterion engineering as a versatile strategy to tailor the properties of DNA-nanoparticle assemblies for various applications, and should be applicable to other classes of DNA nanostructures.

Low gravity liquid level sensor rake

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grayson, Gary D. (Inventor); Craddock, Jeffrey C. (Inventor)

2003-01-01

The low gravity liquid level sensor rake measures the liquid surface height of propellant in a propellant tank used in launch and spacecraft vehicles. The device reduces the tendency of the liquid propellant to adhere to the sensor elements after the bulk liquid level has dropped below a given sensor element thereby reducing the probability of a false liquid level measurement. The liquid level sensor rake has a mast attached internal to a propellant tank with an end attached adjacent the tank outlet. Multiple sensor elements that have an arm and a sensor attached at a free end thereof are attached to the mast at locations selected for sensing the presence or absence of the liquid. The sensor elements when attached to the mast have a generally horizontal arm and a generally vertical sensor.

Liquid level sensing device

DOEpatents

Tokarz, Richard D.

1983-01-01

A liquid level sensing device comprising a load cell supporting a column or stack of segments freely resting on one another. The density of each element is substantially identical to that of the surrounding liquid. The elements are freely guided within a surrounding tube. As each element is exposed above the liquid level, its weight will be impressed through the column to the load cell, thereby providing a signal at the load cell directly proportional to the liquid level elevation.

Delayed hematologic toxicity following rattlesnake envenomation unresponsive to crotalidae polyvalent antivenom.

PubMed

Bailey, Abby M; Justice, Stephanie; Davis, George A; Weant, Kyle

2017-07-01

North American rattlesnake envenomations are known to produce coagulopathies and thrombocytopenia. However, the occurrence of delayed hematologic toxicity (less than seven days after envenomation) is poorly characterized in the medical literature. While the recurrence of hematologic derangements has been documented following envenomation, it is usually in the absence of clinically significant bleeding. Although commonly recommended to treat delayed coagulopathies, the effectiveness of crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab ovine (CroFab®) in managing this condition remains in question and warrants further investigation and exploration. We describe the case of a 19-year-old male who presented following rattlesnake envenomation at a church service who was treated with antivenin for 48 h and discharged home only to return four days later with profound thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and clinically significant bleeding. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Mosaic HIV-1 vaccines expand the breadth and depth of cellular immune responses in rhesus monkeys.

PubMed

Barouch, Dan H; O'Brien, Kara L; Simmons, Nathaniel L; King, Sharon L; Abbink, Peter; Maxfield, Lori F; Sun, Ying-Hua; La Porte, Annalena; Riggs, Ambryice M; Lynch, Diana M; Clark, Sarah L; Backus, Katherine; Perry, James R; Seaman, Michael S; Carville, Angela; Mansfield, Keith G; Szinger, James J; Fischer, Will; Muldoon, Mark; Korber, Bette

2010-03-01

The worldwide diversity of HIV-1 presents an unprecedented challenge for vaccine development. Antigens derived from natural HIV-1 sequences have elicited only a limited breadth of cellular immune responses in nonhuman primate studies and clinical trials to date. Polyvalent 'mosaic' antigens, in contrast, are designed to optimize cellular immunologic coverage of global HIV-1 sequence diversity. Here we show that mosaic HIV-1 Gag, Pol and Env antigens expressed by recombinant, replication-incompetent adenovirus serotype 26 vectors markedly augmented both the breadth and depth without compromising the magnitude of antigen-specific T lymphocyte responses as compared with consensus or natural sequence HIV-1 antigens in rhesus monkeys. Polyvalent mosaic antigens therefore represent a promising strategy to expand cellular immunologic vaccine coverage for genetically diverse pathogens such as HIV-1.

In-vitro neurotoxicity of two Malaysian krait species (Bungarus candidus and Bungarus fasciatus) venoms: neutralization by monovalent and polyvalent antivenoms from Thailand.

PubMed

Rusmili, Muhamad Rusdi Ahmad; Yee, Tee Ting; Mustafa, Mohd Rais; Othman, Iekhsan; Hodgson, Wayne C

2014-03-12

Bungarus candidus and Bungarus fasciatus are two species of krait found in Southeast Asia. Envenoming by these snakes is often characterized by neurotoxicity and, without treatment, causes considerable morbidity and mortality. In this study, the in vitro neurotoxicity of each species, and the effectiveness of two monovalent antivenoms and a polyvalent antivenom, against the neurotoxic effects of the venoms, were examined in a skeletal muscle preparation. Both venoms caused concentration-dependent inhibition of indirect twitches, and attenuated responses to exogenous nicotinic receptor agonists, in the chick biventer preparation, with B. candidus venom being more potent than B. fasciatus venom. SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis indicated different profiles between the venoms. Despite these differences, most proteins bands were recognized by all three antivenoms. Antivenom, added prior to the venoms, attenuated the neurotoxic effect of the venoms. Interestingly, the respective monovalent antivenoms did not neutralize the effects of the venom from the other Bungarus species indicating a relative absence of cross-neutralization. Addition of a high concentration of polyvalent antivenom, at the t90 time point after addition of venom, partially reversed the neurotoxicity of B. fasciatus venom but not B. candidus venom. The monovalent antivenoms had no significant effect when added at the t90 time point. This study showed that B. candidus and B. fasciatus venoms display marked in vitro neurotoxicity in the chick biventer preparation and administration of antivenoms at high dose is necessary to prevent or reverse neurotoxicity.

Comparison through a prospective and randomized study of two replenishment methods at polyvalent hospitalization units with two-bin storage systems

PubMed

Bernal, José Luis; Mera-Flores, Ana María; Baena Lázaro, Pedro Pablo; Sebastián Viana, Tomás

2017-11-27

Two-bin storage systems increase nursing staff satisfaction and decrease inventories, but the implications that logistic staff would determine the needs of replenishment are unknown. This study aimed to evaluate whether entrust to logistics staff this responsibility at the polyvalent hospitalization units with two-bin storage is associated with higher risk of outstanding orders. This was a prospective randomized experiment whit masking. Outstanding orders were considered variable response, those corresponding to assessments of the logistics staff were included in the control group and those corresponding to the nursing staff in the control group. Concordance between observers was analyzed using the Bland-Altman method; the difference between groups, with the U of Mann-Whitney and the cumulative incidence of outstanding orders and their relative risk was calculated. The mean amount requested by the logistic and nursing staff was 29.9 (SD:167.4) and 36 (SD:190) units respectively, the mean difference between observers was 6.11 (SD:128.95) units and no significant differences were found between groups (p = 0.430). The incidence of outstanding orders was 0.64% in the intervention group and 0.15% in the control group; the relative risk, 2.31 (0.83 - 6.48) and the number of cases required for an outstanding order, 516. Outstanding order relative risk is not associated with the category of the staff that identifies the replenishment needs at the polyvalent hospitalization units.

Elemental Diets May Reduce the Risk of Aspiration Pneumonia in Bedridden Gastrostomy-Fed Patients

PubMed Central

Horiuchi, Akira; Nakayama, Yoshiko; Sakai, Ryosei; Suzuki, Manabu; Kajiyama, Masashi; Tanaka, Naoki

2013-01-01

OBJECTIVES: Our clinical experience suggested that elemental diets were associated with a reduction in aspiration pneumonia among bedridden patients with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). We compared the effects of elemental and standard liquid diets on the risk of clinical aspiration pneumonia and gastric emptying in bedridden patients receiving PEG feedings. METHODS: Study 1: consecutive bedridden PEG patients received elemental diets or standard liquid diets in the same fashion. The frequency of defecation, diet aspirated from the trachea, and aspiration pneumonia during hospitalization were prospectively recorded. Study 2: a randomized, crossover trial using elemental or standard liquid diets containing 13C sodium acetate as a tracer given to bedridden PEG patients who had experienced aspiration pneumonia. 13C breath tests were performed to estimate gastric emptying. RESULTS: Study 1: 127 patients were enrolled, 60 with elemental and 67 with standard liquid diets. The diet was aspirated from the trachea in none (0%) with the elemental diet vs. 8 (11.9%) with standard liquid diets (P=0.0057); aspiration pneumonia developed none with the elemental diet vs. 5 (7.5%) with standard liquid diets (P=0.031) (number needed to treat 14, 95% confidence interval 7–85). Study 2: 19 patients were enrolled. The elemental diet was associated with a significant increase in the 10, 30 or 50% emptying (excretion) time (P<0.001) and increased the area under the curve (% dose/h) compared with the standard liquid diet (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Elemental diets were associated with more rapid gastric empting and fewer episodes of aspiration than standard liquid diets in bedridden PEG patients. They may be preferred for bedridden PEG patients especially who have experienced aspiration pneumonia. Properly performed randomized-controlled trials are needed to prove this potential benefit. PMID:23399554

Elemental diets may reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia in bedridden gastrostomy-fed patients.

PubMed

Horiuchi, Akira; Nakayama, Yoshiko; Sakai, Ryosei; Suzuki, Manabu; Kajiyama, Masashi; Tanaka, Naoki

2013-05-01

Our clinical experience suggested that elemental diets were associated with a reduction in aspiration pneumonia among bedridden patients with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). We compared the effects of elemental and standard liquid diets on the risk of clinical aspiration pneumonia and gastric emptying in bedridden patients receiving PEG feedings. Study 1: consecutive bedridden PEG patients received elemental diets or standard liquid diets in the same fashion. The frequency of defecation, diet aspirated from the trachea, and aspiration pneumonia during hospitalization were prospectively recorded. Study 2: a randomized, crossover trial using elemental or standard liquid diets containing (13)C sodium acetate as a tracer given to bedridden PEG patients who had experienced aspiration pneumonia. (13)C breath tests were performed to estimate gastric emptying. Study 1: 127 patients were enrolled, 60 with elemental and 67 with standard liquid diets. The diet was aspirated from the trachea in none (0%) with the elemental diet vs. 8 (11.9%) with standard liquid diets (P=0.0057); aspiration pneumonia developed none with the elemental diet vs. 5 (7.5%) with standard liquid diets (P=0.031) (number needed to treat 14, 95% confidence interval 7-85). Study 2: 19 patients were enrolled. The elemental diet was associated with a significant increase in the 10, 30 or 50% emptying (excretion) time (P<0.001) and increased the area under the curve (% dose/h) compared with the standard liquid diet (P<0.05). Elemental diets were associated with more rapid gastric empting and fewer episodes of aspiration than standard liquid diets in bedridden PEG patients. They may be preferred for bedridden PEG patients especially who have experienced aspiration pneumonia. Properly performed randomized-controlled trials are needed to prove this potential benefit.

Tunable protease-activatable virus nanonodes.

PubMed

Judd, Justin; Ho, Michelle L; Tiwari, Abhinav; Gomez, Eric J; Dempsey, Christopher; Van Vliet, Kim; Igoshin, Oleg A; Silberg, Jonathan J; Agbandje-McKenna, Mavis; Suh, Junghae

2014-05-27

We explored the unique signal integration properties of the self-assembling 60-mer protein capsid of adeno-associated virus (AAV), a clinically proven human gene therapy vector, by engineering proteolytic regulation of virus-receptor interactions such that processing of the capsid by proteases is required for infection. We find the transfer function of our engineered protease-activatable viruses (PAVs), relating the degree of proteolysis (input) to PAV activity (output), is highly nonlinear, likely due to increased polyvalency. By exploiting this dynamic polyvalency, in combination with the self-assembly properties of the virus capsid, we show that mosaic PAVs can be constructed that operate under a digital AND gate regime, where two different protease inputs are required for virus activation. These results show viruses can be engineered as signal-integrating nanoscale nodes whose functional properties are regulated by multiple proteolytic signals with easily tunable and predictable response surfaces, a promising development toward advanced control of gene delivery.

Tunable Protease-Activatable Virus Nanonodes

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

We explored the unique signal integration properties of the self-assembling 60-mer protein capsid of adeno-associated virus (AAV), a clinically proven human gene therapy vector, by engineering proteolytic regulation of virus–receptor interactions such that processing of the capsid by proteases is required for infection. We find the transfer function of our engineered protease-activatable viruses (PAVs), relating the degree of proteolysis (input) to PAV activity (output), is highly nonlinear, likely due to increased polyvalency. By exploiting this dynamic polyvalency, in combination with the self-assembly properties of the virus capsid, we show that mosaic PAVs can be constructed that operate under a digital AND gate regime, where two different protease inputs are required for virus activation. These results show viruses can be engineered as signal-integrating nanoscale nodes whose functional properties are regulated by multiple proteolytic signals with easily tunable and predictable response surfaces, a promising development toward advanced control of gene delivery. PMID:24796495

Pygmy rattlesnake envenomation treated with Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab Antivenom.

PubMed

King, Andrew M; Crim, William S; Menke, Nathan B; Pizon, Anthony F

2012-12-01

Documented envenomations by the pygmy rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius barbouri) are rare. While there have been no documented fatalities, several older case reports describe significant morbidity. We describe the first known case of pygmy rattlesnake envenomation that was treated with Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab Antivenom (CroFab®). A 28-year-old man with no significant past medical history presented after being envenomated on the right hand by his friend's pet pygmy rattlesnake. He developed swelling and pain in his hand and forearm. He responded well to a ten vial loading dose and a 18 h maintenance protocol of CroFab and was discharged the following day without developing any hematological or electrolyte derangements. This is the first documented use of CroFab for S. m. barbouri envenomation. The outcome of this case suggests that CroFab is a safe treatment modality in this setting. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Biphasic rattlesnake venom-induced thrombocytopenia.

PubMed

Offerman, Steven R; Barry, J David; Schneir, Aaron; Clark, Richard F

2003-04-01

Thrombocytopenia is a common occurrence in moderate to severe crotaline envenomation. The exact mechanism by which rattlesnake venom leads to thrombocytopenia is unclear, but aggressive treatment with crotaline-specific antivenom often leads to resolution of this disorder. Crotalinae Polyvalent Immune Fab (CroFab(TM), Protherics Inc., Nashville, TN) (crotaline Fab) is now available for the treatment of symptomatic rattlesnake envenomation. Although recurrence of thrombocytopenia has been reported in patients after envenomation treated with crotaline Fab, cases refractory to this therapy have not been described. We report a case of severe crotaline envenomation that appears to have exhibited two separate episodes of thrombocytopenia, only one of which responded to antivenom. The second, later phase was refractory to both crotaline Fab as well as traditional Antivenin (Crotalinae) Polyvalent (Wyeth-Ayerst Pharmaceuticals, Philadelphia, PA) (ACP). By reviewing the literature regarding venom-induced thrombocytopenia, we attempt to explain this "biphasic" phenomenon and the inability of crotaline Fab to reverse this toxic effect.

Evaluation of Fluoretec-M for detection of oral strains of Bacteroides asaccharolyticus and Bacteroides melaninogenicus.

PubMed Central

Mouton, C; Hammond, P; Slots, J; Genco, R J

1980-01-01

Fluoretec-M is a polyvalent conjugate used in direct fluorescent-antibody staining for identification of the Bacteroides asaccharolyticus-Bacteroides melaninogenicus group. The Fluoretec-M reagent detected all oral and nonoral test strains of B. melaninogaenicus subsp. intermedius, all test strains of B. melaninogenicus subsp. melaninogenicus, and the nonoral strains of B. asaccharolyticus. However, the Fluoretec-M polyvalent reagent and the monovalent conjugates which constitute Fluoretec-M did not detect the oral strains B. asaccharolyticus. The use of Fluoretec-M can therefore generate false-negative results in studies of specimens from oral cavity and from nonoral sites in which an infection with B. asacacharolyticus of oral origin may have taken place. It is suggested that antibodies reactive with the oral antigenic type of B. asaccharolyticus be included in the preparative procedure of the Fluoretec-M reagent. PMID:6107305

BOILER-SUPERHEATED REACTOR

DOEpatents

Heckman, T.P.

1961-05-01

A nuclear power reactor of the type in which a liquid moderator-coolant is transformed by nuclear heating into a vapor that may be used to drive a turbo- generator is described. The core of this reactor comprises a plurality of freely suspended tubular fuel elements, called fuel element trains, within which nonboiling pressurized liquid moderator-coolant is preheated and sprayed through orifices in the walls of the trains against the outer walls thereof to be converted into vapor. Passage of the vapor ovcr other unwetted portions of the outside of the fuel elements causes the steam to be superheated. The moderatorcoolant within the fuel elements remains in the liqUid state, and that between the fuel elements remains substantiaily in the vapor state. A unique liquid neutron-absorber control system is used. Advantages expected from the reactor design include reduced fuel element failure, increased stability of operation, direct response to power demand, and circulation of a minimum amount of liquid moderatorcoolant. (A.G.W.)

Immune modulation following immunization with polyvalent vaccines in dogs.

PubMed

Strasser, Alois; May, Bettina; Teltscher, Andrea; Wistrela, Eva; Niedermüller, Hans

2003-08-15

A decline in T-cell-mediated immunity and transient state of immunosuppression after immunization has been reported in dogs. Nevertheless, dogs are still routinely vaccinated with polyvalent live vaccines and severe disease does not generally occur. In order to investigate these effects on the canine immune system and to elucidate possible mechanisms we determined the following immune parameters in the blood of 33 clinically sound German shepherd dogs before and after standard vaccination with a polyvalent vaccine against distemper, parvovirus, viral hepatitis, leptospirosis, kennel cough and rabies: white and differential blood cell count, the serum concentrations and/or activities of IL-1, IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, neopterin and IgG, natural killer (NK) cell activity, bactericidal activity and complement hemolytic activity, lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) and nitroblue tetrazolium test (NBT). Our major findings were that significant postvaccinal decreases in T-cell mitogenic response to PHA and in neutrophil function and neopterin serum concentration were accompanied by simultaneous increase in plasma IgG and hemolytic complement activity. This suggests a transient shift in the balance between cell-mediated and humoral (T(H)1/T(H)2) immunity rather than immunosuppression. These results do not imply that dogs should not receive live vaccines, as the response to vaccines just seems to create a state of altered homeostasis when immunization elicits protection by humoral and cell-mediated immunity. However, these recognized compromises of immune function should be considered and vaccines still be applied only in healthy animals and strictly according to the rules and regulations given by the manufacturer.

Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom is efficacious for envenomations by Southern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus helleri).

PubMed

Bush, Sean P; Green, Steven M; Moynihan, James A; Hayes, William K; Cardwell, Michael D

2002-12-01

Southern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus helleri ) venom is not 1 of the 4 venoms used to produce Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) (CroFab; FabAV). There is currently no published clinical experience regarding the efficacy of this new antivenom for confirmed C helleri envenomation, and animal data suggest greatly diminished efficacy. We assessed the efficacy of FabAV for patients with confirmed C helleri envenomation. We conducted a prospective observational study of 23 consecutive rattlesnake envenomations that were treated with FabAV at our center. Patients were excluded if the species of snake could not be confirmed, if FabAV antivenom was not given, or if Antivenin (Crotalidae) polyvalent (equine) was given. We collected serial physical examination and laboratory data over a 24-hour period to serially evaluate the severity score and performed follow-up to evaluate delayed reactions. There were 15 patients who received FabAV and had the species of rattlesnake confirmed (9 C helleri, 4 C scutulatus scutulatus, 1 C mitchellii pyrrhus, 1 C ruber ruber ). C helleri envenomations demonstrated similar improvement in serial snakebite severity scores to those of other species. Three patients treated with scheduled dosing had recurrence of progressive swelling (2 C helleri and 1 C mitchellii pyrrhus ) during the 24-hour study period. We observed similar improvement in FabAV-treated patients with C helleri envenomation compared with those of other species and conclude that this treatment in standard doses appears efficacious for bites by this species. Progressive swelling may recur despite scheduled dosing.

Isolation and characterization of α-elapitoxin-Bf1b, a postsynaptic neurotoxin from Malaysian Bungarus fasciatus venom.

PubMed

Rusmili, Muhamad Rusdi Ahmad; Tee, Ting Yee; Mustafa, Mohd Rais; Othman, Iekhsan; Hodgson, Wayne C

2014-03-15

Bungarus fasciatus is one of three species of krait found in Malaysia. Envenoming by B. fasciatus results in neurotoxicity due to the presence of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurotoxins. Antivenom, either monovalent or polyvalent, is the treatment of choice in systemically envenomed patients. In this study, we have isolated a postsynaptic neurotoxin which we named α-elapitoxin-Bf1b. This toxin has an approximate molecular weight of 6.9 kDa, with LCMS/MS data showing that it is highly homologous with Neurotoxin 3FTx-RI, a toxin identified in the Bungarus fasciatus venom gland transcriptome. α-Elapitoxin-Bf1b also shared similarity with short-chain neurotoxins from Laticauda colubrina and Pseudechis australis. α-Elapitoxin-Bf1b produced concentration- and time-dependent neurotoxicity in the indirectly-stimulated chick biventer cervicis muscle preparation, an effect partially reversible by repetitive washing of the preparation. The pA2 value for α-elapitoxin-Bf1b of 9.17 ± 0.64, determined by examining the effects of the toxin on cumulative carbacol concentration-response curves, indicated that the toxin is more potent than tubocurarine and α-bungarotoxin. Pre-incubation of Bungarus fasciatus monovalent and neuro polyvalent antivenom failed to prevent the neurotoxic effects of α-elapitoxin-Bf1b in the chick biventer cervicis muscle preparation. In conclusion, the isolation of a postsynaptic neurotoxin that cannot be neutralized by either monovalent and polyvalent antivenoms may indicate the presence of isoforms of postsynaptic neurotoxins in Malaysian B. fasciatus venom. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Enhanced polymer capture speed and extended translocation time in pressure-solvation traps

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buyukdagli, Sahin

2018-06-01

The efficiency of nanopore-based biosequencing techniques requires fast anionic polymer capture by like-charged pores followed by a prolonged translocation process. We show that this condition can be achieved by setting a pressure-solvation trap. Polyvalent cation addition to the KCl solution triggers the like-charge polymer-pore attraction. The attraction speeds-up the pressure-driven polymer capture but also traps the molecule at the pore exit, reducing the polymer capture time and extending the polymer escape time by several orders of magnitude. By direct comparison with translocation experiments [D. P. Hoogerheide et al., ACS Nano 8, 7384 (2014), 10.1021/nn5025829], we characterize as well the electrohydrodynamics of polymers transport in pressure-voltage traps. We derive scaling laws that can accurately reproduce the pressure dependence of the experimentally measured polymer translocation velocity and time. We also find that during polymer capture, the electrostatic barrier on the translocating molecule slows down the liquid flow. This prediction identifies the streaming current measurement as a potential way to probe electrostatic polymer-pore interactions.

Gastric Emptying of Elemental Liquid Diets Versus Semisolid Diets in Bedridden Gastrostomy-fed Patients.

PubMed

Horiuchi, Akira; Sakai, Ryosei; Tamaki, Michio; Kajiyama, Masashi; Tanaka, Naoki; Morikawa, Akio

2018-03-21

Aspiration is a common problem in bedridden gastrostomy-fed patients. We compared gastric emptying of an elemental liquid diet and a commercial semisolid diet in bedridden gastrostomy-fed patients. Study 1: from January 2013 to December 2016, consecutive bedridden patients receiving percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) semisolid feeding hospitalized due to aspiration pneumonia were switched to elemental liquid diet feedings. The frequency of defecation, tube feed contents aspirated from the trachea, and aspiration pneumonia during hospitalization were retrospectively reviewed. Study 2 was a randomized, crossover trial comparing C sodium acetate gastric emptying of a commercial elemental liquid or a commercial semisolid diet in bedridden PEG patients and controls. Study 1: 18 patients were enrolled. Elemental liquid diet was aspirated from the trachea in 1 (5.6%) (once in 24 observations); neither aspiration pneumonia nor diarrhea developed during elemental liquid diet feeding over 2 weeks observation. Study 2: 8 PEG patients and 8 healthy subjects were separately randomized to assess gastric emptying of the commercial elemental and semisolid diets. The elemental liquid diet was associated with a significant decrease of the 10%, 30%, or 50% emptying (excretion) time (P<0.05) and an increased the area under the curve (% dose/h) compared with the commercial semisolid diet (P<0.05). In healthy subjects there was no significant difference in gastric empting between the 2 diets. Elemental liquid diets emptied more rapidly from the stomach than semisolid diets in bedridden PEG patients. They may prevent or reduce aspiration pneumonia compared with semisolid diets.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

Formation of Stoichiometric CsFn Compounds

PubMed Central

Zhu, Qiang; Oganov, Artem R.; Zeng, Qingfeng

2015-01-01

Alkali halides MX, have been viewed as typical ionic compounds, characterized by 1:1 ratio necessary for charge balance between M+ and X−. It was proposed that group I elements like Cs can be oxidized further under high pressure. Here we perform a comprehensive study for the CsF-F system at pressures up to 100 GPa, and find extremely versatile chemistry. A series of CsFn (n ≥ 1) compounds are predicted to be stable already at ambient pressure. Under pressure, 5p electrons of Cs atoms become active, with growing tendency to form Cs (III) and (V) valence states at fluorine-rich conditions. Although Cs (II) and (IV) are not energetically favoured, the interplay between two mechanisms (polyfluoride anions and polyvalent Cs cations) allows CsF2 and CsF4 compounds to be stable under pressure. The estimated defluorination temperatures of CsFn (n = 2,3,5) compounds at atmospheric pressure (218°C, 150°C, -15°C, respectively), are attractive for fluorine storage applications. PMID:25608669

EXTRACTION AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTAL SULFUR FROM SULFIDE MINERAL SURFACES BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. (R826189)

EPA Science Inventory

A simple method for the quantitative determination of elemental sulfur on oxidized sulfide minerals is described. Extraction of elemental sulfur in perchloroethylene and subsequent analysis with high-performance liquid chromatography were used to ascertain the total elemental ...

Light emitting diode package element with internal meniscus for bubble free lens placement

DOEpatents

Tarsa, Eric; Yuan, Thomas C.; Becerra, Maryanne; Yadev, Praveen

2010-09-28

A method for fabricating a light emitting diode (LED) package comprising providing an LED chip and covering at least part of the LED chip with a liquid encapsulant having a radius of curvature. An optical element is provided having a bottom surface with at least a portion having a radius of curvature larger than the liquid encapsulant. The larger radius of curvature portion of the optical element is brought into contact with the liquid encapsulant. The optical element is then moved closer to the LED chip, growing the contact area between said optical element and said liquid encapsulant. The liquid encapsulant is then cured. A light emitting diode comprising a substrate with an LED chip mounted to it. A meniscus ring is on the substrate around the LED chip with the meniscus ring having a meniscus holding feature. An inner encapsulant is provided over the LED chip with the inner encapsulant having a contacting surface on the substrate, with the meniscus holding feature which defines the edge of the contacting surface. An optical element is included having a bottom surface with at least a portion that is concave. The optical element is arranged on the substrate with the concave portion over the LED chip. A contacting encapsulant is included between the inner encapsulant and optical element.

In vivo interaction between ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and the pulp of unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca).

PubMed

Sv, Nwafor; Co, Esimone; Ca, Amadi; Cs, Nworu

2003-01-01

The absorption of quinolone antibiotics is seriously impaired by polyvalent cations due to the formation of unabsorbable complexes. M. paradisiaca Linn. (Musaceae), an important staple food in most parts of the world, has been demonstrated to contain many polyvalent cations. The aim of the work was to study the influence of concurrent administration of M. paradisiaca and ciprofloxacin HCI on the pharmacokinetic profiles of ciprofloxacin. The study was carried out in two phases in five healthy male rabbits. Phase one involved oral administration of ciprofloxacin (40 mg/kg) to rabbits, withdrawing blood from the marginal ear vein at 1, 2, 4, and 24 h intervals and checking the serum ciprofloxacin concentration. After a one-week drug "wash-out" period, the second phase started with concurrent oral administration of M. paradisiaca (800 mg/kg) and ciprofloxacin (40 mg/kg). Blood was again withdrawn and analyzed for serum ciprofloxacin content. Antimicrobial activity of the serum was also assessed and expressed as reciprocal serum inhibitory titer. Co-administration of both agents resulted in significant (P<0.05) decrease in serum concentration of ciprofloxacin at all the time interval except at the 24th hour. The following pharmacokinetic parameters were also decreased: area under the curve (81.53%), peak serum concentration (94.37%), elimination rate constant (42.35%); while increase in half-life (81.08%) and clearance rate (69.64%) were noted. Antimicrobial study showed that the antimicrobial potency against E. coli was also decreased by such concurrent administration. The pharmacokinetic parameters and antimicrobial activities of ciprofloxacin were significantly decreased when it was given concurrently with pulp of unripe plantain. Complex formation between the drug and the polyvalent cations present in plantain, leading to decrease in absorption and hence bioavailability, may be responsible for the observed antagonistic interactions.

Ranking viruses: measures of positional importance within networks define core viruses for rational polyvalent vaccine development.

PubMed

Anderson, Tavis K; Laegreid, William W; Cerutti, Francesco; Osorio, Fernando A; Nelson, Eric A; Christopher-Hennings, Jane; Goldberg, Tony L

2012-06-15

The extraordinary genetic and antigenic variability of RNA viruses is arguably the greatest challenge to the development of broadly effective vaccines. No single viral variant can induce sufficiently broad immunity, and incorporating all known naturally circulating variants into one multivalent vaccine is not feasible. Furthermore, no objective strategies currently exist to select actual viral variants that should be included or excluded in polyvalent vaccines. To address this problem, we demonstrate a method based on graph theory that quantifies the relative importance of viral variants. We demonstrate our method through application to the envelope glycoprotein gene of a particularly diverse RNA virus of pigs: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Using distance matrices derived from sequence nucleotide difference, amino acid difference and evolutionary distance, we constructed viral networks and used common network statistics to assign each sequence an objective ranking of relative 'importance'. To validate our approach, we use an independent published algorithm to score our top-ranked wild-type variants for coverage of putative T-cell epitopes across the 9383 sequences in our dataset. Top-ranked viruses achieve significantly higher coverage than low-ranked viruses, and top-ranked viruses achieve nearly equal coverage as a synthetic mosaic protein constructed in silico from the same set of 9383 sequences. Our approach relies on the network structure of PRRSV but applies to any diverse RNA virus because it identifies subsets of viral variants that are most important to overall viral diversity. We suggest that this method, through the objective quantification of variant importance, provides criteria for choosing viral variants for further characterization, diagnostics, surveillance and ultimately polyvalent vaccine development.

Novel polyvalent live vaccine against varicella-zoster and mumps virus infections.

PubMed

Matsuura, Masaaki; Somboonthum, Pranee; Murakami, Kouki; Ota, Megumi; Shoji, Masaki; Kawabata, Kenji; Mizuguchi, Hiroyuki; Gomi, Yasuyuki; Yamanishi, Koichi; Mori, Yasuko

2013-10-01

The varicella-zoster virus (VZV) Oka vaccine strain (vOka) is a highly immunogenic and safe live vaccine that has long been used worldwide. Because its genome is large, making it suitable for inserting foreign genes, vOka is considered a candidate vector for novel polyvalent vaccines. Previously, a recombinant vOka, rvOka-HN, that expresses mumps virus (MuV) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) was generated by the present team. rvOka-HN induces production of neutralizing antibodies against MuV in guinea pigs. MuV also expresses fusion (F) protein, which is important for inducing neutralizing antibodies, in its viral envelope. To induce a more robust immune response against MuV than that obtained with rvOka-HN, here an rvOka expressing both HN and F (rvOka-HN-F) was generated. However, co-expression of HN and F caused the infected cells to form syncytia, which reduced virus titers. To reduce the amount of cell fusion, an rvOka expressing HN and a mutant F, F(S195Y) were generated. Almost no syncytia formed among the rvOka-HN-F(S195Y)-infected cells and the growth of rvOka-HN-F(S195Y) was similar to that of the original vOka clone. Moreover, replacement of serine 195 with tyrosine had no effect on the immunogenicity of F in mice and guinea pigs. Although obvious augmentation of neutralizing antibody production was not observed after adding F protein to vOka-HN, the anti-F antibodies did have neutralizing activity. These data suggest that F protein contributes to induction of immune protection against MuV. Therefore this recombinant virus is a promising candidate vaccine for polyvalent protection against both VZV and MuV. © 2013 The Societies and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.

Development of live attenuated Streptococcus agalactiae as potential vaccines by selecting for resistance to sparfloxacin.

PubMed

Pridgeon, Julia W; Klesius, Phillip H

2013-05-31

To develop attenuated bacteria as potential live vaccines, sparfloxacin was used in this study to modify 40 isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae. Majority of S. agalactiae used in this study were able to develop at least 80-fold resistance to sparfloxacin. When the virulence of the sparfloxacin-resistant S. agalactiae isolates were tested in 10-12g Nile tilapia by intraperitoneal injection at dose of 2×10(7)CFU/fish, 31 were found to be avirulent to fish. Of the 31 avirulent sparfloxacin-resistant S. agalactiae isolates, 30 provided 75-100% protection to 10-12g Nile tilapia against challenges with a virulent S. agalactiae isolate Sag 50. When the virulence of the 30 sparfloxacin-resistant S. agalactiae isolates was tested in 3-5g Nile tilapia by intraperitoneal injection at dose of 2×10(7)CFU/fish, six were found to be avirulent to 3-5g Nile tilapia. Of the six avirulent sparfloxacin-resistant S. agalactiae isolates, four provided 3-5g Nile tilapia 100% protection against challenges with homologous isolates, including Sag 97-spar isolate that was non-hemolytic. However, Sag 97-spar failed to provide broad cross-protection against challenges with heterologous isolates. When Nile tilapia was vaccinated with a polyvalent vaccine consisting of 30 sparfloxacin-resistant S. agalactiae isolates at dose of 2×10(6)CFU/fish, the polyvalent vaccine provided significant (P<0.001) protection to both 3-5g and 15-20g Nile tilapia against challenges with 30 parent isolates of S. agalactiae. Taken together, our results suggest that a polyvalent vaccine consisting of various strains of S. agalactiae might be essential to provide broader protection to Nile tilapia against infections caused by S. agalactiae. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Inhibition of toxic actions of phospholipase A2 isolated & characterized from the Indian Banded Krait (Bungarus fasciatus) venom by synthetic herbal compounds

PubMed Central

Gomes, Antony; Bhattacharya, Shamik; Mukherjee, Sanghamitra; Inn-ho-Tsai; Gomes, Aparna

2012-01-01

Background & objectives: Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is one of the major constituents of krait venom associated with several pathophysiological actions like myotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, etc. As there was no specific antiserum available against Bungarus fasciatus venom, this study was done with synthetic herbal compounds, anti PLA2 rabbit antiserum and commercial polyvalent snake venom antiserum to neutralize the PLA2 induced toxicities in experimental models. Methods: B. fasciatus venom phospholipase A2 fraction 38 (BF-38) was isolated by ion exchange chromatography, molecular weight was determined by mass spectrometry and its N terminal amino acid sequence was identified. Monospecific rabbit antiserum was raised against the PLA2 in presence of Freund complete adjuvant. The neutralization of PLA2 induced toxicities was done in in vitro and in in vivo models using synthetic herbal compounds, anti PLA2 rabbit antiserum and commercial polyvalent snake venom antiserum. Results: A toxic PLA2 (BF-38) was purified from the B. fasciatus venom by CM-cellulose and HPLC, of 13.17 kDa and a minor band of 7.3 kDa using ESI-MS. The 13.17 kDa PLA2 sequence was NLYQFKNMIQC. The 7.3 kDa toxin sequence was RKCLTKYSQDNES and was found to be <10 per cent w/w. Anti PLA2 rabbit antiserum produced faint precipitant band in immunogel diffusion and showed low titre value. The commercial polyvalent snake venom antiserum, anti PLA2 rabbit antiserum and the synthetic herbal compounds neutralized the PLA 2 induced toxicities at different intensities. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results suggested that synthetic herbal compound (BA) along with antiserum might provide effective protection against PLA2 induced toxicities of B. fasciatus venom. PMID:22885262

Protective effect of a polyvalent influenza DNA vaccine in pigs.

PubMed

Karlsson, Ingrid; Borggren, Marie; Rosenstierne, Maiken Worsøe; Trebbien, Ramona; Williams, James A; Vidal, Enric; Vergara-Alert, Júlia; Foz, David Solanes; Darji, Ayub; Sisteré-Oró, Marta; Segalés, Joaquim; Nielsen, Jens; Fomsgaard, Anders

2018-01-01

Influenza A virus in swine herds represents a major problem for the swine industry and poses a constant threat for the emergence of novel pandemic viruses and the development of more effective influenza vaccines for pigs is desired. By optimizing the vector backbone and using a needle-free delivery method, we have recently demonstrated a polyvalent influenza DNA vaccine that induces a broad immune response, including both humoral and cellular immunity. To investigate the protection of our polyvalent influenza DNA vaccine approach in a pig challenge study. By intradermal needle-free delivery to the skin, we immunized pigs with two different doses (500μg and 800μg) of an influenza DNA vaccine based on six genes of pandemic origin, including internally expressed matrix and nucleoprotein and externally expressed hemagglutinin and neuraminidase as previously demonstrated. Two weeks following immunization, the pigs were challenged with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus. When challenged with 2009 pandemic H1N1, 0/5 vaccinated pigs (800μg DNA) became infected whereas 5/5 unvaccinated control pigs were infected. The pigs vaccinated with the low dose (500μg DNA) were only partially protected. The DNA vaccine elicited binding-, hemagglutination inhibitory (HI) - as well as cross-reactive neutralizing antibody activity and neuraminidase inhibiting antibodies in the immunized pigs, in a dose-dependent manner. The present data, together with the previously demonstrated immunogenicity of our influenza DNA vaccine, indicate that naked DNA vaccine technology provides a strong approach for the development of improved pig vaccines, applying realistic low doses of DNA and a convenient delivery method for mass vaccination. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Rare earth element selenochemistry of immiscible liquids and zircon at Apollo 14 - An ion probe study of evolved rocks on the moon

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Snyder, Gregory A.; Taylor, Lawrence A.; Crozaz, Ghislaine

1993-01-01

Results are presented of trace-element analyses of three lunar zircons. The major-element and REE compositions were determined using electron microprobes, and a correction was made for zircon for Zr-Si-O molecular interferences in the La to Pr mass region. The three zircons were found to exhibit similar REE abundances and patterns. Results of the analyses confirm earlier studies (Hess et al., 1975; Watson, 1976; Neal and Taylor, 1989) on the partitioning behavior of trace elements in immiscible liquid-liquid pairs. The results also support the postulated importance of silicate liquid immiscibility in the differentiation of the upper mantle and crust of the moon.

(Evaluation of neutralizing ability of four commercially available antivenoms against the venom of Bothrops asper from Costa Rica)

PubMed

Bogarín, G; Segura, E; Durán, G; Lomonte, B; Rojas, G; Gutiérrez, J M

1995-09-01

We studied the ability of four commercially available antivenoms to neutralize several toxic and enzymatic activities of Bothrops asper (terciopelo) venom from Costa Rica. Experiments with preincubation of venom and antivenom were carried out to test the neutralization of lethal, hemorrhagic, coagulant and indirect hemolytic activities. In addition, antibody titers against crude venom and myotoxin II purified from this venom were determined by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Results indicate that polyvalent antivenom from Instituto Clodomiro Picado (Costa Rica) has the highest neutralizing ability against lethal, coagulant and indirect hemolytic activities, whereas MYN polyvalent antivenom (México) has the highest neutralization against hemorrhagic activity. Antivenom from Instituto Clodomiro Picado also has the highest antibody titers against crude B. asper venom and against myotoxin II. Antivenoms from Universidad Central de Venezuela (Venezuela), Vencofarma (Brazil) and MYN (México) failed to neutralize the lethal effect of this venom. These results stress the need for rigorous quality control systems to evaluate the neutralizing ability of antivenoms in Central America.

The use and tolerability of Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune FAB (Ovine) in pediatric envenomations.

PubMed

Farrar, Henry C; Grayham, Taylor; Bolden, Branson; Vyas, Dileep; Graham, James; James, Laura P

2012-10-01

There are limited data on the use of Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune FAB-Ovine (CroFab) in the management of crotalid envenomations in children. Thus, the primary objective of this retrospective chart review was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of CroFab in a pediatric population. Over an 8-year time period at this institution, there were 204 admissions for snakebite of which 82 received CroFab. Children who received CroFab were more often associated with bites to the hands and fingers and tended to have more significant envenomations as indicated by longer hospital stays, greater tissue injury, and a tendency to require surgery more often. Six (7.3%) of the 82 patients who received CroFab experienced an adverse drug reaction. Reactions consisted of allergic symptoms that were mild, responded to minimal interventions, and did not limit the subsequent use of CroFab. It is concluded that CroFab use is typically well tolerated in pediatric patients.

Emergent lineages of mumps virus suggest the need for a polyvalent vaccine.

PubMed

May, Meghan; Rieder, Courtney A; Rowe, Rebecca J

2018-01-01

Mumps outbreaks among vaccinated patients have become increasingly common in recent years. While there are multiple conditions driving this re-emergence, convention has suggested that these outbreaks are associated with waning immunity rather than vaccine escape. Molecular evidence from both the ongoing American and Dutch outbreaks in conjunction with recent structural biology studies challenge this convention, and suggest that emergent lineages of mumps virus exhibit key differences in antigenic epitopes from the vaccine strain employed: Jeryl-Lynn 5. The American and Dutch 2016-2017 outbreak lineages were examined using computational biology through the lens of diversity in immunogenic epitopes. Findings are discussed and the laboratory evidence indicating neutralization of heterologous mumps strains by serum from vaccinated individuals is reviewed. Taken together, it is concluded that the number of heterologous epitopes occurring in mumps virus in conjunction with waning immunity is facilitating small outbreaks in vaccinated patients, and that consideration of a polyvalent mumps vaccine is warranted. Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Review of Combustion Stability Characteristics of Swirl Coaxial Element Injectors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hulka, J. R.; Casiano, M. J.

2013-01-01

Liquid propellant rocket engine injectors using coaxial elements where the center liquid is swirled have become more common in the United States over the past several decades, although primarily for technology or advanced development programs. Currently, only one flight engine operates with this element type in the United States (the RL10 engine), while the element type is very common in Russian (and ex-Soviet) liquid propellant rocket engines. In the United States, the understanding of combustion stability characteristics of swirl coaxial element injectors is still very limited, despite the influx of experimental and theoretical information from Russia. The empirical and theoretical understanding is much less advanced than for the other prevalent liquid propellant rocket injector element types, the shear coaxial and like-on-like paired doublet. This paper compiles, compares and explores the combustion stability characteristics of swirl coaxial element injectors tested in the United States, dating back to J-2 and RL-10 development, and extending to very recent programs at the NASA MSFC using liquid oxygen and liquid methane and kerosene propellants. Included in this study are several other relatively recent design and test programs, including the Space Transportation Main Engine (STME), COBRA, J-2X, and the Common Extensible Cryogenic Engine (CECE). A presentation of the basic data characteristics is included, followed by an evaluation by several analysis techniques, including those included in Rocket Combustor Interactive Design and Analysis Computer Program (ROCCID), and methodologies described by Hewitt and Bazarov.

Single element injector testing for STME injector technology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hulka, J.; Schneider, J. A.; Davis, J.

1992-01-01

An oxidizer-swirled coaxial element injector is being developed for application in the liquid oxygen/gaseous hydrogen Space Transportation Main Engine (STME) for the National Launch System (NLS) vehicle. This paper reports on the first two parts of a four part single injector element study for optimization of the STME injector design. Measurements of Rupe mixing efficiency and atomization characteristics are reported for single element versions of injection elements from two multielement injectors that have been recently hot fire tested. Rather than attempting to measure a definitive mixing efficiency or droplet size parameters of these injector elements, the purpose of these experiments was to provide a baseline comparison for evaluating future injector element design modifications. Hence, all the experiments reported here were conducted with cold flow simulants to nonflowing, ambient conditions. Mixing experiments were conducted with liquid/liquid simulants to provide economical trend data. Atomization experiments were conducted with liquid/gas simulants without backpressure. The results, despite significant differences from hot fire conditions, were found to relate to mixing and atomization parameters deduced from the hot fire testing, suggesting that these experiments are valid for trend analyses. Single element and subscale multielement hot fire testing will verify optimized designs before committing to fullscale fabrication.

Chemical reactions of metal powders with organic and inorganic liquids during ball milling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arias, A.

1975-01-01

Chromium and/or nickel powders were milled in metal chlorides and in organic liquids representative of various functional groups. The powders always reacted with the liquid and became contaminated with elements from them. The milled powders had specific surface areas ranging from 0.14 to 37 sq m/g, and the total contamination with elements from the milling liquid ranged from 0.01 to 56 weight percent. Compounds resulting from substitution, addition, or elimination reactions formed in or from the milling liquid.

Finite element analysis of the effect of a non-planar solid-liquid interface on the lateral solute segregation during unidirectional solidification

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Carlson, F. M.; Chin, L.-Y.; Fripp, A. L.; Crouch, R. K.

1982-01-01

The effect of solid-liquid interface shape on lateral solute segregation during steady-state unidirectional solidification of a binary mixture is calculated under the assumption of no convection in the liquid. A finite element technique is employed to compute the concentration field in the liquid and the lateral segregation in the solid with a curved boundary between the liquid and solid phases. The computational model is constructed assuming knowledge of the solid-liquid interface shape; no attempt is made to relate this shape to the thermal field. The influence of interface curvature on the lateral compositional variation is investigated over a range of system parameters including diffusivity, growth speed, distribution coefficient, and geometric factors of the system. In the limiting case of a slightly nonplanar interface, numerical results from the finite element technique are in good agreement with the analytical solutions of Coriell and Sekerka obtained by using linear theory. For the general case of highly non-planar interface shapes, the linear theory fails and the concentration field in the liquid as well as the lateral solute segregation in the solid can be calculated by using the finite element method.

Chemical properties of the transactinide elements studied inliquid phase with SISAK

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Omtvedt, J.P.; Alstad, J.; Bjornstad, T.

2007-05-01

This article starts with a review of the current SISAKliquid-liquid extraction system, as used after the physical preseparatorBGS at LBNL for chemical studies of transactinide elements. Emphasis willbe on new additions and developments. Then the possibilities offered bythe new TASCA separator at GSI and the use of actinide targets at bothGSI and LBNL are discussed with respect to future SISAK transactinideexperiments. Finally, current and future liquid-liquid extraction systemsfor studying elements Rf up to Hs are discussed.

Thermal elastic properties of liquid Fe-C at high pressure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shimoyama, Y.; Terasaki, H. G.; Urakawa, S.; Takubo, Y.; Watanuki, T.; Katayama, Y.; Kondo, T.

2015-12-01

Planetary outer core contains some light elements and these elements affect thermo-elastic parameters of pure iron. The effect of light elements on density and bulk modulus of liquid iron is necessary for estimating of these core compositions. Sound velocity of liquid iron alloys is also important for identifying light elements in the core by comparison with observed seismic data. We have measured sound velocity and density of liquid Fe-C simultaneously at high pressure. High pressure experiments were performed using a DIA-type cubic anvil press (SMAP-180) at BL22XU beamline, SPring-8 synchrotron in Japan. Sound velocity (VP) was measured using pulse-echo overlapping method (Higo et al., 2009). Density (ρ) was measured using X-ray absorption method (Katayama et al., 1993). We measured velocity and density of liquid Fe-C between 1.1-5.8 GPa and 1480-1700 K. Obtained density and velocity of Fe-C was found to increase with pressure. This study shows the VP of liquid Fe-C decreased with increasing temperature. Previous study of liquid Fe-S shows little change with increasing temperature at all pressure conditions (Nishida et al., 2013, Jing et al., 2014). We fit the relationship between VP and pressure using Murnaghan's equation of state. We obtained KS0 = 102.5(1.2) GPa, K'S = 5.2(0.4) at 1700 K. Comparison of the present data with previous study, KS is similar to liquid Fe but liquid Fe-S is small. We compared the relation between density and sound velocity of liquid Fe-C. We have found that the behavior of liquid Fe-C is similar to that of liquid Fe in the Birch's plot. The effect of carbon on liquid Fe is small on Birch's plot.

Removal of actinide elements from liquid scintillation cocktail wastes using liquid-liquid extraction and demulsification techniques

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Foltz, K.; Landsberger, S.; Srinivasan, B.

1994-12-31

A method for the separation of radionuclides with Z greater than 88, from lower-level radioactive wastes (liquid scintillation cocktail or LSC wastes), is described. The method is liquid-liquid extraction (LLX) and demulsification. The actinide elements are removed from the LSC wastes by extraction into an aqueous phase after the cocktail has been demulsified. The aqueous and organic phases are separated, then the wastes type remaining may be incinerated. Future experiments will be performed to study the effects of pH and temperature and to extend the study to wastes containing americium.

CONTROL OF ORGANIC DRINKING WATER QUALITY BY PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES

EPA Science Inventory

Plant and bench studies were conducted on a highly colored surface water using Alum and Polyvalent Aluminum Chloride (PAC1) coagulation to minimize THMPF. Optimum coagulation pH and dose were identified by season for Alum and PAC1 for color, DOC, THMPF and TOXFP removal. Aluminum...

Clinical Effects and Antivenom Use for Snake Bite Victims Treated at Three US Hospitals in Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

with at least 1 dose of intravenous polyvalent antivenom (Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Iran; or Favirept, Sanofi Pasteur SA, France), most...Razi indicates Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Iran; Favirep indicates Favirept, Sanofi Pasteur SA, France. b Indicates abnormal laboratory

Liquid Rocket Booster (LRB) for the Space Transportion System (STS) systems study. Appendix D: Trade study summary for the liquid rocket booster

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1989-01-01

Trade studies plans for a number of elements in the Liquid Rocket Booster (LRB) component of the Space Transportation System (STS) are given in viewgraph form. Some of the elements covered include: avionics/flight control; avionics architecture; thrust vector control studies; engine control electronics; liquid rocket propellants; propellant pressurization systems; recoverable spacecraft; cryogenic tanks; and spacecraft construction materials.

Space Shuttle Projects

NASA Image and Video Library

1981-01-01

The Space Shuttle main propulsion system includes three major elements. One of those elements is the External Tank (ET). The ET holds over one-half million gallons of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen that fuel the main engines.

Separation behaviors of actinides from rare-earths in molten salt electrorefining using saturated liquid cadmium cathode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kato, Tetsuya; Inoue, Tadashi; Iwai, Takashi; Arai, Yasuo

2006-10-01

Electrorefining in the molten LiCl-KCl eutectic salt containing actinide (An) and rare-earth (RE) elements was conducted to recover An elements up to 10 wt% into liquid cadmium (Cd) cathode, which is much higher than the solubility of the An elements in liquid Cd at the experimental temperature of 773 K. In the saturated Cd cathode, the An and RE elements were recovered forming a PuCd 11 type compound, MCd 11 (M = An and RE elements). The separation factors of element M against Pu defined as [M/Pu in Cd alloy (cathode)]/[M/Pu in molten salt] were calculated for the saturated Cd cathode including MCd 11. The separation factors were 0.011, 0.044, 0.064, and 0.064 for La, Ce, Pr, and Nd, respectively. These values were a little differed from 0.014, 0.038, 0.044, and 0.043 for the equilibrium unsaturated liquid Cd, respectively. The above slight differences were considered to be caused by the solid phase formation in the saturated Cd cathode and the electrochemical transfer of the An and RE elements in the molten salt.

Online elemental analysis of process gases with ICP-OES: a case study on waste wood combustion.

PubMed

Wellinger, Marco; Wochele, Joerg; Biollaz, Serge M A; Ludwig, Christian

2012-10-01

A mobile sampling and measurement system for the analysis of gaseous and liquid samples in the field was developed. An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), which is built into a van, was used as detector. The analytical system was calibrated with liquid and/or gaseous standards. It was shown that identical mass flows of either gaseous or liquid standards resulted in identical ICP-OES signal intensities. In a field measurement campaign trace and minor elements in the raw flue gas of a waste wood combustor were monitored. Sampling was performed with a highly transport efficient liquid quench system, which allowed to observe temporal variations in the elemental process gas composition. After a change in feedstock an immediate change of the element concentrations in the flue gas was detected. A comparison of the average element concentrations during the combustion of the two feedstocks showed a high reproducibility for matrix elements that are expected to be present in similar concentrations. On the other hand elements that showed strong differences in their concentration in the feedstock were also represented by a higher concentration in the flue gas. Following the temporal variations of different elements revealed strong correlations between a number of elements, such as chlorine with sodium, potassium and zinc, as well as arsenic with lead, and calcium with strontium. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characterization and electrochemical response of DNA functionalized 2nm gold nanoparticles confined in a nanochannel array.

PubMed

Peinetti, Ana S; Ceretti, Helena; Mizrahi, Martín; González, Graciela A; Ramírez, Silvana A; Requejo, Félix G; Montserrat, Javier M; Battaglini, Fernando

2018-06-01

Polyvalent gold nanoparticle oligonucleotide conjugates are subject of intense research. Even though 2nm diameter AuNPs have been previously modified with DNA, little is known about their structure and electrochemical behavior. In this work, we examine the influence of different surface modification strategies on the interplay between the meso-organization and the molecular recognition properties of a 27-mer DNA strand. This DNA strand is functionalized with different sulfur-containing moieties and immobilized on 2nm gold nanoparticles confined on a nanoporous alumina, working the whole system as an electrode array. Surface coverages were determined by EXAFS and the performance as recognition elements for impedance-based sensors is evaluated. Our results prove that low DNA coverages on the confined nanoparticles prompt to a more sensitive response, showing the relevance in avoiding the DNA strand overcrowding. The system was able to determine a concentration as low as 100pM of the complementary strand, thus introducing the foundations for the construction of label-free genosensors at the nanometer scale. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Alterity: Learning Polyvalent Selves, Resisting Disabling Notions of the Self

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Walker, Wayland

2011-01-01

This article queries how one type of human difference--alterity, the experience of multiple distinct consciousnesses, or "alters," by one person--is pathologized in American culture. This experience is inscribed as a mental illness, labeled now as dissociative identity disorder (DID) and formerly known as multiple personality disorder (MPD). In…

Development of live attenuated sparfloxacin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae polyvalent vaccines to protect Nile tilapia

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

To develop attenuated bacteria as potential live vaccines, sparfloxacin was used in this study to modify 40 isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae. Majority of S. agalactiae used in this study were able to develop at least 80-fold resistance to sparfloxacin. When the virulence of the sparfloxacin-resi...

197 Au Mössbauer study of the gold species adsorbed on carbon from cyanide solutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kongolo, K.; Bahr, A.; Friedl, J.; Wagner, F. E.

1990-04-01

The gold species present on activated carbon after adsorption from solutions of Au(CN)2 - have been studied by197Au Mössbauer spectroscopy as a function of the pH value of the solution, the loading of the carbon, the coadsorption of polyvalent cations, and the treatment of the samples after adsorption. The gold was found to be adsorbed mainly as Au(CN)2 -. Coadsorbed polyvalent cations (Ca²+, Gd³+) have no influence on the Mössbauer parameters of the adsorbed gold complex. After adsorption from acidic solutions (pH ≲ 4), one finds a substantial amount of adsorbed gold with Mössbauer parameters similar to those of crystalline AuCN. Presumably, this gold is bound in Aux(CN)x+1 oligomers which form during drying. An additional product with Mössbauer parameters close to those of KAu(CN)2Cl2 was observed on dried samples after adsorption at pH 1. A minor gold species with an uncommonly small electric quadrupole splitting was found on wet carbons but disappeared on drying.

Stirling engine or heat pump having an improved seal

DOEpatents

White, Maurice A.; Riggle, Peter; Emigh, Stuart G.

1985-01-01

A Stirling Engine or Heat Pump having two relatively movable machine elements for power transmission purposes includes a hermetic seal bellows interposed between the elements for separating a working gas from a pressure compensating liquid that balances pressure across the bellows to reduce bellows stress and to assure long bellows life. The volume of pressure compensating liquid displaced due to relative movement between the machine elements is minimized by enclosing the compensating liquid within a region exposed to portions of both machine elements at one axial end of a slidable interface presented between them by a clearance seal having an effective diameter of the seal bellows. Pressure equalization across the bellows is achieved by a separate hermetically sealed compensator including a movable enclosed bellows. The interior of the compensator bellows is in communication with one side of the seal bellows, and its exterior is in communication with the remaining side of the seal bellows. A buffer gas or additional liquid region can be provided at the remaining axial end of the clearnace seal, along with valved arrangements for makeup of liquid leakage through the clearance seal.

An Assessment of the Icing Blade and the SEA Multi-Element Sensor for Liquid Water Content Calibration of the NASA GRC Icing Research Tunnel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steen, Laura E.; Ide, Robert F.; Van Zante, Judith F.

2016-01-01

The Icing Research Tunnel at NASA Glenn has recently switched from using the Icing Blade to using the SEA Multi-Element Sensor (also known as the multi-wire) for its calibration of cloud liquid water content. In order to peform this transition, tests were completed to compare the Multi-Element Sensor to the Icing Blade, particularly with respect to liquid water content, airspeed, and drop size. The two instruments were found to compare well for the majority of Appendix C conditions. However, it was discovered that the Icing Blade under-measures when the conditions approach the Ludlam Limit. This paper also describes data processing procedures for the Multi-Element Sensor in the IRT, including collision efficiency corrections, mounting underneath a splitter plate, and correcting for a jump in the compensation wire power. Further data is presented to describe the repeatability of the IRT with the Multi-Element Sensor, health-monitoring checks for the instrument, and a sensing-element configuration comparison. Ultimately these tests showed that in the IRT, the multi-wire is a better instrument for measuring cloud liquid water content than the blade.

Performance and Stability Analyses of Rocket Thrust Chambers with Oxygen/Methane Propellants

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hulka, James R.; Jones, Gregg W.

2010-01-01

Liquid rocket engines using oxygen and methane propellants are being considered by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for future in-space vehicles. This propellant combination has not been previously used in flight-qualified engine systems developed by NASA, so limited test data and analysis results are available at this stage of early development. As part of activities for the Propulsion and Cryogenic Advanced Development (PCAD) project funded under the Exploration Technology Development Program, the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has been evaluating capability to model combustion performance and stability for oxygen and methane propellants. This activity has been proceeding for about two years and this paper is a summary of results to date. Hot-fire test results of oxygen/methane propellant rocket engine combustion devices for the modeling investigations have come from several sources, including multi-element injector tests with gaseous methane from the 1980s, single element tests with gaseous methane funded through the Constellation University Institutes Program, and multi-element injector tests with both gaseous and liquid methane conducted at the NASA MSFC funded by PCAD. For the latter, test results of both impinging and coaxial element injectors using liquid oxygen and liquid methane propellants are included. Configurations were modeled with two one-dimensional liquid rocket combustion analysis codes, the Rocket Combustor Interactive Design and Analysis code and the Coaxial Injector Combustion Model. Special effort was focused on how these codes can be used to model combustion and performance with oxygen/methane propellants a priori, and what anchoring or calibrating features need to be applied, improved or developed in the future. Low frequency combustion instability (chug) occurred, with frequencies ranging from 150 to 250 Hz, with several multi-element injectors with liquid/liquid propellants, and was modeled using techniques from Wenzel and Szuch. High-frequency combustion instability also occurred at the first tangential (1T) mode, at about 4500 Hz, with several multi-element injectors with liquid/liquid propellants. Analyses of the transverse mode instability were conducted by evaluating injector resonances and empirical methods developed by Hewitt.

Variation in trace element content of magnetite crystallized from a fractionating sulfide liquid, Sudbury, Canada: Implications for provenance discrimination

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dare, Sarah A. S.; Barnes, Sarah-Jane; Beaudoin, Georges

2012-07-01

Laser ablation ICP-MS analysis has been applied to many accessory minerals in order to understand better the process by which the rock formed and for provenance discrimination. We have determined trace element concentrations of Fe-oxides in massive sulfides that form Ni-Cu-PGE deposits at the base of the Sudbury Igneous Complex in Canada. The samples represent the crystallization products of fractionating sulfide liquids and consist of early-forming Fe-rich monosulfide solution (MSS) cumulates and residual Cu-rich intermediate solid solution (ISS). This study shows that Fe-oxide geochemistry is a sensitive petrogenetic indicator for the degree of fractionation of the sulfide liquid and provides an insight into the partitioning of elements between sulfide and Fe-oxide phases. In addition, it is useful in determining the provenance of detrital Fe-oxide. In a sulfide melt, all lithophile elements (Cr, Ti, V, Al, Mn, Sc, Nb, Ga, Ge, Ta, Hf, W and Zr) are compatible into Fe-oxide. The concentrations of these elements are highest in the early-forming Fe-oxide (titanomagnetite) which crystallized with Fe-rich MSS. Upon the continual crystallization of Fe-oxide from the sulfide liquid, the lithophile elements gradually decrease so that late-forming Fe-oxide (magnetite), which crystallized from the residual Cu-rich liquid, is depleted in these elements. This behavior is in contrast with Fe-oxides that crystallized from a fractionating silicate melt, whereby the concentration of incompatible elements, such as Ti, increases rather than decreases. The behavior of the chalcophile elements in magnetite is largely controlled by the crystallization of the sulfide minerals with only Ni, Co, Zn, Mo, Sn and Pb present above detection limit in magnetite. Nickel, Mo and Co are compatible in Fe-rich MSS and thus the co-crystallizing Fe-oxide is depleted in these elements. In contrast, magnetite that crystallized later from the fractionated liquid with Cu-rich ISS is enriched in Ni, Mo and Co because Fe-rich MSS is absent. The concentrations of Sn and Pb, which are incompatible with Fe-rich MSS, are highest in magnetite that formed from the fractionated Cu-rich liquid. At subsolidus temperatures, ilmenite exsolved from titanomagnetite whereas Al-spinel exsolved from the cores of some magnetite, locally redistributing the trace elements. However, during laser ablation ICP-MS analysis of these Fe-oxides both the magnetite and its exsolution products are ablated so that the analysis represents the original magmatic composition of the Fe-oxide that crystallized from the sulfide melt.

Trace element partitioning between ionic crystal and liquid

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tsang, T.; Philpotts, J. A.; Yin, L.

1978-01-01

The partitioning of trace elements between ionic crystals and the melt has been correlated with lattice energy of the host. The solid-liquid partition coefficient has been expressed in terms of the difference in relative ionic radius of the trace element and the homogeneous and heterogeneous strain of the host lattice. Predictions based on this model appear to be in general agreement with data for alkali nitrates and for rare-earth elements in natural garnet phenocrysts.

Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics of Uranium Incorporated in Goethite (α-FeOOH): Interpretation of X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Trace Polyvalent Metals.

PubMed

Kerisit, Sebastien; Bylaska, Eric J; Massey, Michael S; McBriarty, Martin E; Ilton, Eugene S

2016-11-21

Incorporation of economically or environmentally consequential polyvalent metals into iron (oxyhydr)oxides has applications in environmental chemistry, remediation, and materials science. A primary tool for characterizing the local coordination environment of such metals, and therefore building models to predict their behavior, is extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS). Accurate structural information can be lacking yet is required to constrain and inform data interpretation. In this regard, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) was used to calculate the local coordination environment of minor amounts of U incorporated in the structure of goethite (α-FeOOH). U oxidation states (VI, V, and IV) and charge compensation schemes were varied. Simulated trajectories were used to calculate the U L III -edge EXAFS function and fit experimental EXAFS data for U incorporated into goethite under reducing conditions. Calculations that closely matched the U EXAFS of the well-characterized mineral uraninite (UO 2 ), and constrained the S 0 2 parameter to be 0.909, validated the approach. The results for the U-goethite system indicated that U(V) substituted for structural Fe(III) in octahedral uranate coordination. Charge balance was achieved by the loss of one structural proton coupled to addition of one electron into the solid (-1 H + , +1 e - ). The ability of AIMD to model higher energy states thermally accessible at room temperature is particularly relevant for protonated systems such as goethite, where proton transfers between adjacent octahedra had a dramatic effect on the calculated EXAFS. Vibrational effects as a function of temperature were also estimated using AIMD, allowing separate quantification of thermal and configurational disorder. In summary, coupling AIMD structural modeling and EXAFS experiments enables modeling of the redox behavior of polyvalent metals that are incorporated in conductive materials such as iron (oxyhydr)oxides, with applications over a broad swath of chemistry and materials science.

Viper and Cobra Venom Neutralization by Alginate Coated Multicomponent Polyvalent Antivenom Administered by the Oral Route

PubMed Central

Bhattacharya, Sourav; Chakraborty, Mousumi; Mukhopadhyay, Piyasi; Kundu, P. P.; Mishra, Roshnara

2014-01-01

Background Snake bite causes greater mortality than most of the other neglected tropical diseases. Snake antivenom, although effective in minimizing mortality in developed countries, is not equally so in developing countries due to its poor availability in remote snake infested areas as, and when, required. An alternative approach in this direction could be taken by making orally deliverable polyvalent antivenom formulation, preferably under a globally integrated strategy, for using it as a first aid during transit time from remote trauma sites to hospitals. Methodology/Principal Findings To address this problem, multiple components of polyvalent antivenom were entrapped in alginate. Structural analysis, scanning electron microscopy, entrapment efficiency, loading capacity, swelling study, in vitro pH sensitive release, acid digestion, mucoadhesive property and venom neutralization were studied in in vitro and in vivo models. Results showed that alginate retained its mucoadhesive, acid protective and pH sensitive swelling property after entrapping antivenom. After pH dependent release from alginate beads, antivenom (ASVS) significantly neutralized phospholipaseA2 activity, hemolysis, lactate dehydrogenase activity and lethality of venom. In ex vivo mice intestinal preparation, ASVS was absorbed significantly through the intestine and it inhibited venom lethality which indicated that all the components of antivenom required for neutralization of venom lethality were retained despite absorption across the intestinal layer. Results from in vivo studies indicated that orally delivered ASVS can significantly neutralize venom effects, depicted by protection against lethality, decreased hemotoxicity and renal toxicity caused by russell viper venom. Conclusions/Significance Alginate was effective in entrapping all the structural components of ASVS, which on release and intestinal absorption effectively reconstituted the function of antivenom in neutralizing viper and cobra venom. Further research in this direction can strategize to counter such dilemma in snake bite management by promoting control release and oral antivenom rendered as a first aid. PMID:25102172

Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics of Uranium Incorporated in Goethite (α-FeOOH): Interpretation of X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Trace Polyvalent Metals

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kerisit, Sebastien; Bylaska, Eric J.; Massey, Michael S.

2016-11-21

Incorporation of economically or environmentally consequential polyvalent metals into iron (oxyhydr)oxides has applications in environmental chemistry, remediation, and materials science. A primary tool for characterizing the local coordination environment of such metals, and therefore building models to predict their behavior, is extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS). Accurate structural information can be lacking, yet is required to constrain and inform data interpretation. In this regard, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) was used to calculate the local coordination environment of minor amounts of U incorporated in the structure of goethite (α-FeOOH). U oxidation state (VI, V, and IV) and chargemore » compensation scheme (CCS) were varied. Simulated trajectories were used to calculate the U LIII-edge EXAFS function and fit experimental EXAFS data for U incorporated into goethite under reducing conditions. Calculations that closely matched the U EXAFS of the well-characterized mineral uraninite (UO2), and constrained the S02 parameter to be 0.909, validated the approach. The results for the U-goethite system indicated that U(V) substituted for structural Fe(III) in octahedral uranate coordination. Charge balance was achieved by the loss of one structural proton coupled to injection of one electron into the solid (–1 H+, + 1 e-). The ability of AIMD to model higher-energy states thermally accessible at room temperature is particularly relevant for protonated systems such as goethite, where proton transfers between adjacent octahedra had a dramatic effect on the calculated EXAFS. Vibrational effects as a function of temperature were also estimated using AIMD, allowing separate quantification of thermal and configurational disorder. In summary, coupling AIMD structural modeling and EXAFS experiments enables modeling of the redox behavior of polyvalent metals that are incorporated in conductive materials such as iron (oxyhydr)oxides, with applications over a broad swath of chemistry and materials science.« less

Evidencing the association between swimming capacities and performance indicators in water polo: a multiple regression study.

PubMed

Kontic, Dean; Zenic, Natasa; Uljevic, Ognjen; Sekulic, Damir; Lesnik, Blaz

2017-06-01

Swimming capacities are hypothesized to be important determinants of water polo performance but there is an evident lack of studies examining different swimming capacities in relation to specific offensive and defensive performance variables in this sport. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between five swimming capacities and six performance determinants in water polo. The sample comprised 79 high-level youth water polo players (all males, 17-18 years of age). The variables included six performance-related variables (agility in offence and defense, efficacy in offence and defense, polyvalence in offence and defense), and five swimming-capacity tests (water polo sprint test [15 m], swimming sprint test [25 m], short-distance [100 m], aerobic endurance [400 m] and an anaerobic lactate endurance test [4× 50 m]). First, multiple regressions were calculated for one-half of the sample of subjects which were then validated with the remaining half of the sample. The 25-m swim was not included in the regression analyses due to the multicollinearity with other predictors. The originally calculated regression models were validated for defensive agility (R=0.67 and R=0.55 for the original regression calculation and validation subsample, respectively) offensive agility (R=0.59 and R=0.61), and offensive efficacy (R=0.64 and R=0.58). Anaerobic lactate endurance is a significant predictor of offensive and defensive agility, while 15 m sprint significantly contributes to offensive efficacy. Swimming capacities are not found to be related to the polyvalence of the players. The most superior offensive performance can be expected from those players with a high level of anaerobic lactate endurance and advanced sprinting capacity, while anaerobic lactate endurance is recognized as most important quality in defensive duties. Future studies should observe players' polyvalence in relation to (theoretical) knowledge of technical and tactical tasks. Results reinforce the need for the cross-validation of the prediction-models in sport and exercise sciences.

Effect of Chamber Backpressure on Swirl Injector Fluid Mechanics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kenny, R. Jeremy; Hulka, James R.; Moser, Marlow D.; Rhys, Noah O.

2008-01-01

A common propellant combination used for high thrust generation is GH2/LOX. Historical GH2/LOX injection elements have been of the shear-coaxial type. Element type has a large heritage of research work to aid in element design. The swirl-coaxial element, despite its many performance benefits, has a relatively small amount of historical, LRE-oriented work to draw from. Design features of interest are grounded in the fluid mechanics of the liquid swirl process itself, are based on data from low-pressure, low mass flow rate experiments. There is a need to investigate how high ambient pressures and mass flow rates influence internal and external swirl features. The objective of this research is to determine influence of varying liquid mass flow rate and ambient chamber pressure on the intact-length fluid mechanics of a liquid swirl element.

Finite element modeling of trolling-mode AFM.

PubMed

Sajjadi, Mohammadreza; Pishkenari, Hossein Nejat; Vossoughi, Gholamreza

2018-06-01

Trolling mode atomic force microscopy (TR-AFM) has overcome many imaging problems in liquid environments by considerably reducing the liquid-resonator interaction forces. The finite element model of the TR-AFM resonator considering the effects of fluid and nanoneedle flexibility is presented in this research, for the first time. The model is verified by ABAQUS software. The effect of installation angle of the microbeam relative to the horizon and the effect of fluid on the system behavior are investigated. Using the finite element model, frequency response curve of the system is obtained and validated around the frequency of the operating mode by the available experimental results, in air and liquid. The changes in the natural frequencies in the presence of liquid are studied. The effects of tip-sample interaction on the excitation of higher order modes of the system are also investigated in air and liquid environments. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of the potential of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for detection of trace element in liquid.

PubMed

Yueh, Fang-Yu; Sharma, Ramesh C; Singh, Jagdish P; Zhang, Hansheng; Spencer, William A

2002-11-01

The analytical figure of merit of the potential of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been evaluated for detection of trace element in liquid. LIBS data of Mg, Cr, Mn, and Re were studied. Various optical geometries, which produce the laser spark in and at the liquid sample, were tested. The calibration curves for Mg, Cr, Mn, and Re were obtained at the optimized experimental conditions with bulk liquid and in liquid jet. It was found that measurements using a liquid jet provide better detection limits than bulk liquid measurements. The limits of detection (LOD) of Mg, Cr, Mn, and Re in the present liquid jet measurement are found to be 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, and 8 ppm, respectively. The LOD of Mg using Mg 279.55 nm was compared with the values found in other liquid work.

NEUTRONIC REACTOR CHARGING AND DISCHARGING

DOEpatents

Zinn, W.H.

1959-07-14

A method and arrangement is presented for removing a fuel element from a neutronic reactor tube through which a liquid coolant is being circulaled. The fuel element is moved into a section of the tube beyond the reactor proper, and then the coolant in the tube between the fuel element and the reactor proper is frozen, so that the fuel element may be removed from the tube without loss of the coolant therein. The method is particularly useful in the case of a liquid metal- cooled reactor.

Research on Liquidity Risk Evaluation of Chinese A-Shares Market Based on Extension Theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bai-Qing, Sun; Peng-Xiang, Liu; Lin, Zhang; Yan-Ge, Li

This research defines the liquidity risk of stock market in matter-element theory and affair-element theory, establishes the indicator system of the forewarning for liquidity risks,designs the model and the process of early warning using the extension set method, extension dependent function and the comprehensive evaluation model. And the paper studies empirically A-shares market through the data of 1A0001, which prove that the model can better describe liquidity risk of China’s A-share market. At last, it gives the corresponding policy recommendations.

Acid-base titrations for polyacids: Significance of the pK sub a and parameters in the Kern equation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Meites, L.

1978-01-01

A new method is suggested for calculating the dissociation constants of polyvalent acids, especially polymeric acids. In qualitative form the most significant characteristics of the titration curves are demonstrated and identified which are obtained when titrating the solutions of such acids with a standard base potentiometrically.

The effects of composition and temperature on chalcophile and lithophile element partitioning into magmatic sulphides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kiseeva, Ekaterina S.; Wood, Bernard J.

2015-08-01

We develop a comprehensive model to describe trace and minor element partitioning between sulphide liquids and anhydrous silicate liquids of approximately basaltic composition. We are able thereby to account completely for the effects of temperature and sulphide composition on the partitioning of Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Ge, In, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Ti, Tl, V and Zn. The model was developed from partitioning experiments performed in a piston-cylinder apparatus at 1.5 GPa and 1300 to 1700 °C with sulphide compositions covering the quaternary FeSsbnd NiSsbnd CuS0.5sbnd FeO. Partitioning of most elements is a strong function of the oxygen (or FeO) content of the sulphide. This increases linearly with the FeO content of the silicate melt and decreases with Ni content of the sulphide. As expected, lithophile elements partition more strongly into sulphide as its oxygen content increases, while chalcophile elements enter sulphide less readily with increasing oxygen. We parameterised the effects by using the ε-model of non-ideal interactions in metallic liquids. The resulting equation for partition coefficient of an element M between sulphide and silicate liquids can be expressed as We used our model to calculate the amount of sulphide liquid precipitated along the liquid line of descent of MORB melts and find that 70% of silicate crystallisation is accompanied by ∼0.23% of sulphide precipitation. The latter is sufficient to control the melt concentrations of chalcophile elements such as Cu, Ag and Pb. Our partition coefficients and observed chalcophile element concentrations in MORB glasses were used to estimate sulphur solubility in MORB liquids. We obtained between ∼800 ppm (for primitive MORB) and ∼2000 ppm (for evolved MORB), values in reasonable agreement with experimentally-derived models. The experimental data also enable us to reconsider Ce/Pb and Nd/Pb ratios in MORB. We find that constant Ce/Pb and Nd/Pb ratios of 25 and 20, respectively, can be achieved during fractional crystallisation of magmas generated by 10% melting of depleted mantle provided the latter contains >100 ppm S and about 650 ppm Ce, 550 ppm Nd and 27.5 ppb Pb. Finally, we investigated the hypothesis that the pattern of chalcophile element abundances in the mantle was established by segregation of a late sulphide matte. Taking the elements Cu, Ag, Pb and Zn as examples we find that the Pb/Zn and Cu/Ag ratios of the mantle can, in principle, be explained by segregation of ∼0.4% sulphide matte to the core.

Alien liquid detector and control

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Potter, B.M.

An alien liquid detector employs a monitoring element and an energizing circuit for maintaining the temperature of the monitoring element substantially above ambient temperature. For this purpose an electronic circit controls a flow of heating current to the monitoring element. The presence of an alien liquid is detected by sensing a predetermined change in heating current flow to the monitoring element, e.g., to distinguish between water and oil. In preferred embodiments the monitoring element is a thermistor whose resistance is compared with a reference resistance and heating current through the thermistor is controlled in accordance with the difference. In onemore » embodiment a bridge circuit senses the resistance difference; the difference may be sensed by an operational amplifier arrangement. Features of the invention include positioning the monitoring element at the surface of water, slightly immersed, so that the power required to maintain the thermistor temperature substantially above ambient temperature serves to detect presence of oil pollution at the surface.« less

Effect of Silicon on Activity Coefficients of Siderophile Elements (P, Au, Pd, As, Ge, Sb, and In) in Liquid Fe, with Application to Core Formation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Righter, K.; Pando, K.; Danielson, L. R.; Humayun, M.; Righter, M.; Lapen, T.; Boujibar, A.

2016-01-01

Earth's core contains approximately 10 percent light elements that are likely a combination of S, C, Si, and O, with Si possibly being the most abundant. Si dissolved into Fe liquids can have a large effect on the magnitude of the activity coefficient of siderophile elements (SE) in Fe liquids, and thus the partitioning behavior of those elements between core and mantle. The effect of Si can be small such as for Ni and Co, or large such as for Mo, Ge, Sb, As. The effect of Si on many siderophile elements is unknown yet could be an important, and as yet unquantified, influence on the core-mantle partitioning of SE. Here we report new experiments designed to quantify the effect of Si on the partitioning of P, Au, Pd, and many other SE between metal and silicate melt. The results will be applied to Earth, for which we have excellent constraints on the mantle siderophile element concentrations.

Electrokinetic actuation of liquid metal for reconfigurable radio frequency devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gough, Ryan C.

Liquid metals are an attractive material choice for designers wishing to combine the advantages of metals, such as high electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity, with the inherently dynamic nature of fluids. Liquid metals have been utilized for a wide variety of applications, but their high electrical conductivity, surface smoothness, and linear response makes them especially attractive as tuning elements within reconfigurable radio frequency (RF) devices. The recent introduction of non-toxic liquid metal alloys onto the commercial market has further fueled interest in this versatile material. Early experiments with liquid metal as an RF tuning element have yielded promising results, but have largely depended on externally applied pressure to actuate the liquid metal. For commercial implementation this would necessitate the use of clunky and inefficient micro-pumps, which can require both high voltages and high power consumption. This reliance on hydraulic pumping has been a significant barrier to the incorporation of liquid metal as an RF tuning element in applications outside of a laboratory setting. Here, several electrical actuation techniques are demonstrated that allow for the rapid and repeatable actuation of non-toxic gallium alloys as tuning elements within reconfigurable RF devices. These techniques leverage the naturally high surface tension of liquid metals, as well as the unique electrochemistry of gallium-based alloys, to exercise wide-ranging and high fidelity control over both the metal's shape and position. Furthermore, this control is exercised with voltage and power levels that are each better than an order of magnitude below that achievable with conventional micro-pumps. This control does not require the constant application of actuation signals in order to maintain an actuated state, and can even be 'self-actuated', with the liquid metal supplying its own kinetic energy via the electrochemical conversion of its native oxide layer. Several proof-of-concept devices are designed and tested to demonstrate the effectiveness of these electrical actuation techniques. A pair of tunable slot antennas are presented that achieve frequency reconfigurability through different implementations of liquid metal tuning elements - the first uses liquid metal as a dynamic short-circuit boundary condition for the magnetic current within the resonant aperture, and the second as a variable-length transmission stub that adds and removes reactance from the antenna. The two antennas are tunable across effective bandwidths of 19% and 15%, respectively. In addition, a tunable bandpass filter is demonstrated in which a central liquid-metal resonant element is 'stretched' to lower the passband of the filter by 10% without impacting the insertion loss. Finally, it is demonstrated how liquid metal can be formed into arbitrary shapes at high speeds (approximately 2.5 cm/s) without the need for an external power supply.

Thermoelectric energy converter for generation of electricity from low-grade heat

DOEpatents

Jayadev, T.S.; Benson, D.K.

1980-05-27

A thermoelectric energy conversion device which includes a plurality of thermoelectric elements is described. A hot liquid is supplied to one side of each element and a cold liquid is supplied to the other side of each element. The thermoelectric generator may be utilized to produce power from low-grade heat sources such as ocean thermal gradients, solar ponds, and low-grade geothermal resources. (WHK)

A liquid-liquid transition can exist in monatomic transition metals with a positive melting slope

PubMed Central

Lee, Byeongchan; Lee, Geun Woo

2016-01-01

Liquid-liquid transitions under high pressure are found in many elemental materials, but the transitions are known to be associated with either sp-valent materials or f-valent rare-earth elements, in which the maximum or a negative slope in the melting line is readily suggestive of the transition. Here we find a liquid-liquid transition with a positive melting slope in transition metal Ti from structural, electronic, and thermodynamic studies using ab-initio molecular dynamics calculations, showing diffusion anomaly, but no density anomaly. The origin of the transition in liquid Ti is a pressure-induced increase of local structures containing very short bonds with directionality in electronic configurations. This behavior appears to be characteristic of the early transition metals. In contrast, the late transition metal liquid Ni does not show the L-L transition with pressure. This result suggests that the possibility of the L-L transition decreases from early to late transition metals as electronic structures of late transition metals barely have a Jahn-Teller effect and bond directionality. Our results generalize that a phase transition in disordered materials is found with any valence band regardless of the sign of the melting slope, but related to the symmetry of electronic structures of constituent elements. PMID:27762334

Heat transfer coefficient as parameter describing ability of insulating liquid to heat transfer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nadolny, Zbigniew; Gościński, Przemysław; Bródka, Bolesław

2017-10-01

The paper presents the results of the measurements of heat transfer coefficient of insulating liquids used in transformers. The coefficient describes an ability of the liquid to heat transport. On the basis of the coefficient, effectiveness of cooling system of electric power devices can be estimated. Following liquids were used for the measurements: mineral oil, synthetic ester and natural ester. It was assumed that surface heat load is about 2500 W·m-2, which is equal the load of transformer windings. A height of heat element was 1.6 m, because it makes possible steady distribution of temperature on its surface. The measurements of heat transfer coefficient was made as a function of various position of heat element (vertical, horizontal). In frame of horizontal position of heat element, three suppositions were analysed: top, bottom, and side.

Annual Advances in Cancer Prevention Lecture | Division of Cancer Prevention

Cancer.gov

2016 Keynote Lecture Polyvalent Vaccines Targeting Oncogenic Driver Pathways A special keynote lecture became part of the NCI Summer Curriculum in Cancer Prevention in 2000. This lecture will be held on Thursday, July 21, 2016 at 1:30pm at Masur Auditorium, Building 10, NIH Main Campus, Bethesda, MD. This year’s keynote speaker is Dr. Mary L. (Nora) Disis, MD. |

[Use of bronchovaxom in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis and bronchial asthma].

PubMed

Shmelev, E I; Sokolova, L V; Kosmiadi, G A; Abramova, Z P; Filippov, V P; Evgushchenko, G V

1995-01-01

Polyvalent vaccine bronchovaxom (BV) was studied for efficacy against chronic obstructive bronchitis and bronchial asthma exacerbation. Good results were reported: reduction of disability duration, number of recurrences, cough intensity, discharged sputum. Laboratory tests discovered that BV brought about IgE decrease, IgA, T3, T4/T8 increase in bronchoalveolar lavage.

Recombinant Vaccinia Virus: Immunization against Multiple Pathogens

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Perkus, Marion E.; Piccini, Antonia; Lipinskas, Bernard R.; Paoletti, Enzo

1985-09-01

The coding sequences for the hepatitis B virus surface antigen, the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D, and the influenza virus hemagglutinin were inserted into a single vaccinia virus genome. Rabbits inoculated intravenously or intradermally with this polyvalent vaccinia virus recombinant produced antibodies reactive to all three authentic foreign antigens. In addition, the feasibility of multiple rounds of vaccination with recombinant vaccinia virus was demonstrated.

Targeting of phage particles towards endothelial cells by antibodies selected through a multi-parameter selection strategy.

PubMed

Mandrup, Ole A; Lykkemark, Simon; Kristensen, Peter

2017-02-10

One of the hallmarks of cancer is sustained angiogenesis. Here, normal endothelial cells are activated, and their formation of new blood vessels leads to continued tumour growth. An improved patient condition is often observed when angiogenesis is prevented or normalized through targeting of these genomically stable endothelial cells. However, intracellular targets constitute a challenge in therapy, as the agents modulating these targets have to be delivered and internalized specifically to the endothelial cells. Selection of antibodies binding specifically to certain cell types is well established. It is nonetheless a challenge to ensure that the binding of antibodies to the target cell will mediate internalization. Previously selection of such antibodies has been performed targeting cancer cell lines; most often using either monovalent display or polyvalent display. In this article, we describe selections that isolate internalizing antibodies by sequential combining monovalent and polyvalent display using two types of helper phages, one which increases display valence and one which reduces background. One of the selected antibodies was found to mediate internalization into human endothelial cells, although our results confirms that the single stranded nature of the DNA packaged into phage particles may limit applications aimed at targeting nucleic acids in mammalian cells.

Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), a versatile platform for polyvalent display of antigenic epitopes and vaccine design.

PubMed

Kumar, Shantanu; Ochoa, Wendy; Singh, Pratik; Hsu, Catherine; Schneemann, Anette; Manchester, Marianne; Olson, Mark; Reddy, Vijay

2009-05-25

Viruses-like particles (VLPs) are frequently being used as platforms for polyvalent display of foreign epitopes of interest on their capsid surface to improve their presentation enhancing the antigenicity and host immune response. In the present study, we used the VLPs of Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), an icosahedral plant virus, as a platform to display 180 copies of 16 amino acid epitopes of ricin toxin fused to the C-terminal end of a modified TBSV capsid protein (NDelta52). Expression of the chimeric recombinant protein in insect cells resulted in spontaneous assembly of VLPs displaying the ricin epitope. Cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction of the chimeric VLPs at 22 A resolution revealed the locations and orientation of the ricin epitope exposed on the TBSV capsid surface. Furthermore, injection of chimeric VLPs into mice generated antisera that detected the native ricin toxin. The ease of fusing of short peptides of 15-20 residues and their ability to form two kinds (T=1, T=3) of bio-nanoparticles that result in the display of 60 or 180 copies of less constrained and highly exposed antigenic epitopes makes TBSV an attractive and versatile display platform for vaccine design.

Quality of commercially produced Shigella serogrouping and serotyping antisera.

PubMed Central

Evins, G M; Gheesling, L L; Tauxe, R V

1988-01-01

Shigella grouping antisera from five manufacturers and typing antisera from two were purchased and evaluated with homologous and heterologous Shigella strains in the slide agglutination test. Only 31 of 73 (42%) antisera were satisfactory. In many instances, the antisera gave negative, as opposed to weak, reactions when they should have given strong positive reactions. Four reagents cross-reacted with Shigella strains. Of the 19 polyvalent grouping antisera to subgroups Shigella dysenteriae serotypes 1 through 7, S. flexneri serotypes 1 through 6, S. boydii serotypes 1 through 7, and S. sonnei forms I, II, only one S. sonnei reagent and five S. flexneri reagents were satisfactory with greater than or equal to 90% of the homologous strains. The reagent of poorest quality was satisfactory with only 18% of the homologous strains. There were three polyvalent antisera to the higher types of S. dysenteriae and S. boydii, which were available from only one company, that adequately identified 80, 63, and 65% of the homologous strains. Typing antisera were available from only two companies, and 30 of 51 (59%) were satisfactory. Commercially available Shigella antisera are inadequate for the laboratory testing required for planning the development of and evaluating Shigella vaccines. PMID:3281972

Severe adverse drug reaction following Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Ovine) administration for copperhead snakebite.

PubMed

Lepak, Maryjoy R; Bochenek, Samantha H; Bush, Sean P

2015-01-01

To present the case of a severe anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reaction to Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Ovine) in a patient bitten by a copperhead snake. A 68-year-old man presented with progressive envenomation after receiving a copperhead snakebite on each hand. Crotalinae Fab antivenom was administered. While the initial and only dose was partially infusing, the patient developed an adverse drug reaction (ADR) of urticaria and hypotension, which resolved with cessation of the infusion, recurred with resumption of the infusion, and ultimately was completed with supportive care. An additional episode of hypotension, urticaria, and angioedema occurred shortly after antivenom therapy completion. Epinephrine was administered, resolving the reaction with complete patient recovery. The event received a Naranjo score of 10, indicating a definite ADR. Treating copperhead snakebites with antivenom is a matter of debate. Concern over adverse events and cost induce some physicians to manage copperhead bites without antivenom because they are generally milder in severity. As demonstrated in this case, severe ADR can occur with Crotalinae Fab antivenom, and its efficacy for copperhead envenoming needs to be better established via placebo-controlled, randomized trials. © The Author(s) 2014.

Effective prophylaxis of influenza A virus pneumonia in mice by topical passive immunotherapy with polyvalent human immunoglobulins or F(ab')2 fragments.

PubMed

Ramisse, F; Deramoudt, F X; Szatanik, M; Bianchi, A; Binder, P; Hannoun, C; Alonso, J M

1998-03-01

The effectiveness of polyvalent plasma-derived human immunoglobulins (IVIG) in passive immunotherapy of influenza virus pneumonia was assessed, using the Strain Scotland (A/Scotland/74 (H3N2)) adapted to BALB/c mice by repeated lung passages. Haemagglutinin antibodies in two batches of IVIG at 10 mg/ml had a titre of 1/16. Intravenous injection of 1000-5000 microg of IVIG, 3 h after infection, gave 60-70% protection, whereas intranasal injection of 25-50 microg protected 90% of mice infected with a lethal dose of influenza virus. F(ab')2 fragments were at least as protective as intact IVIG, suggesting that complement or Fcgamma receptor-bearing cells were not required. Topical passive immunotherapy with IVIG or F(ab')2 gave protection up to 8 h after infection, but not at 24 h, suggesting that anti-influenza A antibodies in IVIG, delivered locally, are only effective at early stages of the infectious process. The potential value of topical administration of IVIG or F(ab')2 fragments for influenza A pneumonia prophylaxis was further demonstrated by the protective effects of their intranasal administration 24 h before challenge.

Polyvalent 2D Entry Inhibitors for Pseudorabies and African Swine Fever Virus.

PubMed

Ziem, Benjamin; Rahn, Jessica; Donskyi, Ievgen; Silberreis, Kim; Cuellar, Luis; Dernedde, Jens; Keil, Günther; Mettenleiter, Thomas C; Haag, Rainer

2017-06-01

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is one of the most dangerous viruses for pigs and is endemic in Africa but recently also spread into the Russian Federation and the Eastern border of the EU. So far there is no vaccine or antiviral drug available to curtail the infection. Thus, control strategies based on novel inhibitors are urgently needed. Another highly relevant virus infection in pigs is Aujeszky's disease caused by the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV). This article reports the synthesis and biological evaluation of novel extracellular matrix-inspired entry inhibitors based on polyglycerol sulfate-functionalized graphene sheets. The developed 2D architectures bind enveloped viruses during the adhesion process and thereby exhibit strong inhibitory effects, which are equal or better than the common standards enrofloxacin and heparin as demonstrated for ASFV and PrV. Overall, the developed polyvalent 2D entry inhibitors are nontoxic and efficient nanoarchitectures, which interact with various types of enveloped viruses. Therefore they prevent viral adhesion to the host cell and especially target viruses that rely on a heparan sulfate-dependent cell entry mechanism. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Complete genome sequence of 285P, a novel T7-like polyvalent E. coli bacteriophage.

PubMed

Xu, Bin; Ma, Xiangyu; Xiong, Hongyan; Li, Yafei

2014-06-01

Bacteriophages are considered potential biological agents for the control of infectious diseases and environmental disinfection. Here, we describe a novel T7-like polyvalent Escherichia coli bacteriophage, designated "285P," which can lyse several strains of E. coli. The genome, which consists of 39,270 base pairs with a G+C content of 48.73 %, was sequenced and annotated. Forty-three potential open reading frames were identified using bioinformatics tools. Based on whole-genome sequence comparison, phage 285P was identified as a novel strain of subgroup T7. It showed strongest sequence similarity to Kluyvera phage Kvp1. The phylogenetic analyses of both non-structural proteins (endonuclease gp3, amidase gp3.5, DNA primase/helicase gp4, DNA polymerase gp5, and exonuclease gp6) and structural protein (tail fiber protein gp17) led to the identification of 285P as T7-like phage. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric analyses verified the annotation of the structural proteins (major capsid protein gp10a, tail protein gp12, and tail fiber protein gp17).

Method and apparatus for acoustic plate mode liquid-solid phase transition detection

DOEpatents

Blair, Dianna S.; Freye, Gregory C.; Hughes, Robert C.; Martin, Stephen J.; Ricco, Antonio J.

1993-01-01

A method and apparatus for sensing a liquid-solid phase transition event is provided which comprises an acoustic plate mode detecting element placed in contact with a liquid or solid material which generates a high-frequency acoustic wave that is attenuated to an extent based on the physical state of the material is contact with the detecting element. The attenuation caused by the material in contact with the acoustic plate mode detecting element is used to determine the physical state of the material being detected. The method and device are particularly suited for detecting conditions such as the icing and deicing of wings of an aircraft. In another aspect of the present invention, a method is provided wherein the adhesion of a solid material to the detecting element can be measured using the apparatus of the invention.

A finite element beam propagation method for simulation of liquid crystal devices.

PubMed

Vanbrabant, Pieter J M; Beeckman, Jeroen; Neyts, Kristiaan; James, Richard; Fernandez, F Anibal

2009-06-22

An efficient full-vectorial finite element beam propagation method is presented that uses higher order vector elements to calculate the wide angle propagation of an optical field through inhomogeneous, anisotropic optical materials such as liquid crystals. The full dielectric permittivity tensor is considered in solving Maxwell's equations. The wide applicability of the method is illustrated with different examples: the propagation of a laser beam in a uniaxial medium, the tunability of a directional coupler based on liquid crystals and the near-field diffraction of a plane wave in a structure containing micrometer scale variations in the transverse refractive index, similar to the pixels of a spatial light modulator.

The iron-nickel-phosphorus system: Effects on the distribution of trace elements during the evolution of iron meteorites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Corrigan, Catherine M.; Chabot, Nancy L.; McCoy, Timothy J.; McDonough, William F.; Watson, Heather C.; Saslow, Sarah A.; Ash, Richard D.

2009-05-01

To better understand the partitioning behavior of elements during the formation and evolution of iron meteorites, two sets of experiments were conducted at 1 atm in the Fe-Ni-P system. The first set examined the effect of P on solid metal/liquid metal partitioning behavior of 22 elements, while the other set explored the effect of the crystal structures of body-centered cubic (α)- and face-centered cubic (γ)-solid Fe alloys on partitioning behavior. Overall, the effect of P on the partition coefficients for the majority of the elements was minimal. As, Au, Ga, Ge, Ir, Os, Pt, Re, and Sb showed slightly increasing partition coefficients with increasing P-content of the metallic liquid. Co, Cu, Pd, and Sn showed constant partition coefficients. Rh, Ru, W, and Mo showed phosphorophile (P-loving) tendencies. Parameterization models were applied to solid metal/liquid metal results for 12 elements. As, Au, Pt, and Re failed to match previous parameterization models, requiring the determination of separate parameters for the Fe-Ni-S and Fe-Ni-P systems. Experiments with coexisting α and γ Fe alloy solids produced partitioning ratios close to unity, indicating that an α versus γ Fe alloy crystal structure has only a minor influence on the partitioning behaviors of the trace element studied. A simple relationship between an element's natural crystal structure and its α/γ partitioning ratio was not observed. If an iron meteorite crystallizes from a single metallic liquid that contains both S and P, the effect of P on the distribution of elements between the crystallizing solids and the residual liquid will be minor in comparison to the effect of S. This indicates that to a first order, fractional crystallization models of the Fe-Ni-S-P system that do not take into account P are appropriate for interpreting the evolution of iron meteorites if the effects of S are appropriately included in the effort.

[RATIONAL ASPECTS OF BACTERIOPHAGES USE].

PubMed

Vakarina, A A; Kataeva, L V; Karpukhina, N F

2015-01-01

Analysis of existing aspects of bacteriophage use and study features of their lytic activity by using various techniques. Effect of monophages and associated bacteriophages (staphylococci, piopolyvalent and piocombined, intestiphage, pneumonia klebsiella and polyvalent klebsiella produced by "Microgen") was studied with 380 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 279 cultures of Klebsiella pneumoniae in liquid and solid nutrient media. From patients with intestinal disorder, sensitivity was analyzed to 184 strains of Salmonella genus bacteria 18 serological variants to salmonella bacteriophages, 137 strains of Escherichia coli (lactose-negative, hemolytic), as well as some members of OKA groups (21 serovars) to coli-proteic and piopolyvalent bacteriophages. Lytic ability of the piobacteriophage against Klebsiella and Proteus genus bacteria was determined. Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to staphylococcus bacteriophage in 71.6% of cases and to piobacteriophage--in 86.15% of cases. A 100% lytic ability of salmonella bacteriophage against Salmonella spp. was established. Sensitivity of E. coli of various serogroups to coli-proteic and piobacteriophage was 66 - 100%. Klebsiella, Proteus genus bacteria were sensitive to piobacteriophage in only 35% and 43.15% of cases, respectively. A more rational use of bacteriophages is necessary: development of a technique, evaluation of sensitivity of bacteria to bacteriophage, introduction of corrections into their production (expansion of bacteriophage spectra, determination and indication of their concentration in accompanying documents).

An Assessment of the Icing Blade and the SEA Multi-Element Sensor for Liquid Water Content Calibration of the NASA GRC Icing Research Tunnel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steen, Laura E.; Ide, Robert F.; Van Zante, Judith Foss

2017-01-01

The Icing Research Tunnel at NASA Glenn has recently switched to from using the Icing Blade to using the SEA Multi-Element Sensor (also known as the multi-wire) for its calibration of cloud liquid water content. In order to perform this transition, tests were completed to compare the Multi-Element Sensor to the Icing Blade, particularly with respect to liquid water content, airspeed, and drop size. The two instruments were found to compare well for the majority of Appendix C conditions. However, it was discovered that the Icing Blade under-measures when the conditions approach the Ludlam Limit. This paper also describes data processing procedures for the Multi-Element Sensor in the IRT, including collection efficiency corrections, mounting underneath a splitter plate, and correcting for a jump in the compensation wire power. Further data is presented to describe the repeatability of the IRT with the Multi-Element sensor, health-monitoring checks for the instrument, and a sensing-element configuration comparison.

Equilibrium distribution of rare earth elements between molten KCl-LiCl eutectic salt and liquid cadmium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sakata, Masahiro; Kurata, Masaki; Hijikata, Takatoshi; Inoue, Tadashi

1991-11-01

Distribution experiments for several rare earth elements (La, Ce, Pr, Nd and Y) between molten KCl-LiCl eutectic salt and liquid Cd were carried out at 450, 500 and 600°C. The material balance of rare earth elements after reaching the equilibrium and their distribution and chemical states in a Cd sample frozen after the experiment were examined. The results suggested the formation of solid intermetallic compounds at the lower concentrations of rare earth metals dissolved in liquid Cd than those solubilities measured in the binary alloy system. The distribution coefficients of rare earth elements between two phases (mole fraction in the Cd phase divided by mole fraction in the salt phase) were determined at each temperature. These distribution coefficients were explained satisfactorily by using the activity coefficients of chlorides and metals in salt and Cd. Both the activity coefficients of metal and chloride caused a much smaller distribution coefficient of Y relative to those of other elements.

Effect of Silicon on Activity Coefficients of Platinum in Liquid Fe-Si, With Application to Core Formation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Righter, K.; Pando, K.; Danielson, L. R.; Humayun, M.

2017-01-01

Earth's core contains approximately 10% of a light element that is likely a combination of S, C, Si, and O, with Si possibly being the most abundant light element. Si dissolved into Fe liquids can have a large effect on the magnitude of the activity coefficient of siderophile elements (SE) in Fe liquids, and thus the partitioning behavior of those elements between core and mantle. The effect of Si can be small such as for Ni and Co, or large such as for Mo, Ge, Sb, As. The effect of Si on many siderophile elements is unknown yet could be an important, and as yet unquantified, influence on the core-mantle partitioning of SE. Here we report new experiments designed to quantify the effect of Si on the partitioning of Pt (with Re and Ru in progress or planned) between metal and silicate melt. The results will be applied to Earth, for which we have excellent constraints on the mantle Pt concentrations.

Liquid fuel injection elements for rocket engines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cox, George B., Jr. (Inventor)

1993-01-01

Thrust chambers for liquid propellant rocket engines include three principal components. One of these components is an injector which contains a plurality of injection elements to meter the flow of propellants at a predetermined rate, and fuel to oxidizer mixture ratio, to introduce the mixture into the combustion chamber, and to cause them to be atomized within the combustion chamber so that even combustion takes place. Evolving from these injectors are tube injectors. These tube injectors have injection elements for injecting the oxidizer into the combustion chamber. The oxidizer and fuel must be metered at predetermined rates and mixture ratios in order to mix them within the combustion chamber so that combustion takes place smoothly and completely. Hence tube injectors are subject to improvement. An injection element for a liquid propellant rocket engine of the bipropellant type is provided which includes tangential fuel metering orifices, and a plurality of oxidizer tube injection elements whose injection tubes are also provided with tangential oxidizer entry slots and internal reed valves.

Core Formation Process and Light Elements in the Planetary Core

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ohtani, E.; Sakairi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Kamada, S.; Sakamaki, T.; Hirao, N.

2015-12-01

Si, O, and S are major candidates for light elements in the planetary core. In the early stage of the planetary formation, the core formation started by percolation of the metallic liquid though silicate matrix because Fe-S-O and Fe-S-Si eutectic temperatures are significantly lower than the solidus of the silicates. Therefore, in the early stage of accretion of the planets, the eutectic liquid with S enrichment was formed and separated into the core by percolation. The major light element in the core at this stage will be sulfur. The internal pressure and temperature increased with the growth of the planets, and the metal component depleted in S was molten. The metallic melt contained both Si and O at high pressure in the deep magma ocean in the later stage. Thus, the core contains S, Si, and O in this stage of core formation. Partitioning experiments between solid and liquid metals indicate that S is partitioned into the liquid metal, whereas O is weakly into the liquid. Partitioning of Si changes with the metallic iron phases, i.e., fcc iron-alloy coexisting with the metallic liquid below 30 GPa is depleted in Si. Whereas hcp-Fe alloy above 30 GPa coexisting with the liquid favors Si. This contrast of Si partitioning provides remarkable difference in compositions of the solid inner core and liquid outer core among different terrestrial planets. Our melting experiments of the Fe-S-Si and Fe-O-S systems at high pressure indicate the core-adiabats in small planets, Mercury and Mars, are greater than the slope of the solidus and liquidus curves of these systems. Thus, in these planets, the core crystallized at the top of the liquid core and 'snowing core' formation occurred during crystallization. The solid inner core is depleted in both Si and S whereas the liquid outer core is relatively enriched in Si and S in these planets. On the other hand, the core adiabats in large planets, Earth and Venus, are smaller than the solidus and liquidus curves of the systems. The inner core of these planets crystallized at the center of the core and it has the relatively Si rich inner core and the S enriched outer core. Based on melting and solid-liquid partitioning, the equation of state, and sound velocity of iron-light element alloys, we examined the plausible distribution of light elements in the liquid outer and solid inner cores of the terrestrial planets.

The cost-effectiveness of alternative vaccination strategies for polyvalent meningococcal vaccines in Burkina Faso: A transmission dynamic modeling study.

PubMed

Yaesoubi, Reza; Trotter, Caroline; Colijn, Caroline; Yaesoubi, Maziar; Colombini, Anaïs; Resch, Stephen; Kristiansen, Paul A; LaForce, F Marc; Cohen, Ted

2018-01-01

The introduction of a conjugate vaccine for serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis has dramatically reduced disease in the African meningitis belt. In this context, important questions remain about the performance of different vaccine policies that target remaining serogroups. Here, we estimate the health impact and cost associated with several alternative vaccination policies in Burkina Faso. We developed and calibrated a mathematical model of meningococcal transmission to project the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted and costs associated with the current Base policy (serogroup A conjugate vaccination at 9 months, as part of the Expanded Program on Immunization [EPI], plus district-specific reactive vaccination campaigns using polyvalent meningococcal polysaccharide [PMP] vaccine in response to outbreaks) and three alternative policies: (1) Base Prime: novel polyvalent meningococcal conjugate (PMC) vaccine replaces the serogroup A conjugate in EPI and is also used in reactive campaigns; (2) Prevention 1: PMC used in EPI and in a nationwide catch-up campaign for 1-18-year-olds; and (3) Prevention 2: Prevention 1, except the nationwide campaign includes individuals up to 29 years old. Over a 30-year simulation period, Prevention 2 would avert 78% of the meningococcal cases (95% prediction interval: 63%-90%) expected under the Base policy if serogroup A is not replaced by remaining serogroups after elimination, and would avert 87% (77%-93%) of meningococcal cases if complete strain replacement occurs. Compared to the Base policy and at the PMC vaccine price of US$4 per dose, strategies that use PMC vaccine (i.e., Base Prime and Preventions 1 and 2) are expected to be cost saving if strain replacement occurs, and would cost US$51 (-US$236, US$490), US$188 (-US$97, US$626), and US$246 (-US$53, US$703) per DALY averted, respectively, if strain replacement does not occur. An important potential limitation of our study is the simplifying assumption that all circulating meningococcal serogroups can be aggregated into a single group; while this assumption is critical for model tractability, it would compromise the insights derived from our model if the effectiveness of the vaccine differs markedly between serogroups or if there are complex between-serogroup interactions that influence the frequency and magnitude of future meningitis epidemics. Our results suggest that a vaccination strategy that includes a catch-up nationwide immunization campaign in young adults with a PMC vaccine and the addition of this new vaccine into EPI is cost-effective and would avert a substantial portion of meningococcal cases expected under the current World Health Organization-recommended strategy of reactive vaccination. This analysis is limited to Burkina Faso and assumes that polyvalent vaccines offer equal protection against all meningococcal serogroups; further studies are needed to evaluate the robustness of this assumption and applicability for other countries in the meningitis belt.

Combustion and Performance Analyses of Coaxial Element Injectors with Liquid Oxygen/Liquid Methane Propellants

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hulka, J. R.; Jones, G. W.

2010-01-01

Liquid rocket engines using oxygen and methane propellants are being considered by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for in-space vehicles. This propellant combination has not been previously used in a flight-qualified engine system, so limited test data and analysis results are available at this stage of early development. NASA has funded several hardware-oriented activities with oxygen and methane propellants over the past several years with the Propulsion and Cryogenic Advanced Development (PCAD) project, under the Exploration Technology Development Program. As part of this effort, the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center has conducted combustion, performance, and combustion stability analyses of several of the configurations. This paper summarizes the analyses of combustion and performance as a follow-up to a paper published in the 2008 JANNAF/LPS meeting. Combustion stability analyses are presented in a separate paper. The current paper includes test and analysis results of coaxial element injectors using liquid oxygen and liquid methane or gaseous methane propellants. Several thrust chamber configurations have been modeled, including thrust chambers with multi-element swirl coax element injectors tested at the NASA MSFC, and a uni-element chamber with shear and swirl coax injectors tested at The Pennsylvania State University. Configurations were modeled with two one-dimensional liquid rocket combustion analysis codes, the Rocket Combustor Interaction Design and Analysis (ROCCID), and the Coaxial Injector Combustion Model (CICM). Significant effort was applied to show how these codes can be used to model combustion and performance with oxygen/methane propellants a priori, and what anchoring or calibrating features need to be applied or developed in the future. This paper describes the test hardware configurations, presents the results of all the analyses, and compares the results from the two analytical methods

Combustion Stability Analyses of Coaxial Element Injectors with Liquid Oxygen/Liquid Methane Propellants

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hulka, J. R.

2010-01-01

Liquid rocket engines using oxygen and methane propellants are being considered by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for in-space vehicles. This propellant combination has not been previously used in a flight-qualified engine system, so limited test data and analysis results are available at this stage of early development. NASA has funded several hardware-oriented activities with oxygen and methane propellants over the past several years with the Propulsion and Cryogenic Advanced Development (PCAD) project, under the Exploration Technology Development Program. As part of this effort, the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center has conducted combustion stability analyses of several of the configurations. This paper presents test data and analyses of combustion stability from the recent PCAD-funded test programs at the NASA MSFC. These test programs used swirl coaxial element injectors with liquid oxygen and liquid methane propellants. Oxygen was injected conventionally in the center of the coaxial element, and swirl was provided by tangential entry slots. Injectors with 28-element and 40-element patterns were tested with several configurations of combustion chambers, including ablative and calorimeter spool sections, and several configurations of fuel injection design. Low frequency combustion instability (chug) occurred with both injectors, and high-frequency combustion instability occurred at the first tangential (1T) transverse mode with the 40-element injector. In most tests, a transition between high-amplitude chug with gaseous methane flow and low-amplitude chug with liquid methane flow was readily observed. Chug analyses of both conditions were conducted using techniques from Wenzel and Szuch and from the Rocket Combustor Interactive Design and Analysis (ROCCID) code. The 1T mode instability occurred in several tests and was apparent by high-frequency pressure measurements as well as dramatic increases in calorimeter-measured heat flux throughout the chamber. Analyses of the transverse mode were conducted with ROCCID and empirical methods such as Hewitt d/V. This paper describes the test hardware configurations, test data, analysis methods, and presents results of the various analyses.

Predictive model for ionic liquid extraction solvents for rare earth elements

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Grabda, Mariusz; Oleszek, Sylwia; Institute of Environmental Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 34, 41-819, Zabrze

2015-12-31

The purpose of our study was to select the most effective ionic liquid extraction solvents for dysprosium (III) fluoride using a theoretical approach. Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS), based on quantum chemistry and the statistical thermodynamics of predefined DyF{sub 3}-ionic liquid systems, was applied to reach the target. Chemical potentials of the salt were predicted in 4,400 different ionic liquids. On the base of these predictions set of ionic liquids’ ions, manifesting significant decrease of the chemical potentials, were selected. Considering the calculated physicochemical properties (hydrophobicity, viscosity) of the ionic liquids containing these specific ions, the most effectivemore » extraction solvents for liquid-liquid extraction of DyF{sub 3} were proposed. The obtained results indicate that the COSMO-RS approach can be applied to quickly screen the affinity of any rare earth element for a large number of ionic liquid systems, before extensive experimental tests.« less

Online elemental analysis of process gases with ICP-OES: A case study on waste wood combustion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wellinger, Marco, E-mail: marco.wellinger@gmail.com; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Wochele, Joerg

2012-10-15

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Simultaneous measurements of 23 elements in process gases of a waste wood combustor. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Mobile ICP spectrometer allows measurements of high quality at industrial plants. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Continuous online measurements with high temporal resolution. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Linear correlations among element concentrations in the raw flue gas were detected. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Novel sampling and calibration methods for ICP-OES analysis of process gases. - Abstract: A mobile sampling and measurement system for the analysis of gaseous and liquid samples in the field was developed. An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), which is built into a van, was used as detector. Themore » analytical system was calibrated with liquid and/or gaseous standards. It was shown that identical mass flows of either gaseous or liquid standards resulted in identical ICP-OES signal intensities. In a field measurement campaign trace and minor elements in the raw flue gas of a waste wood combustor were monitored. Sampling was performed with a highly transport efficient liquid quench system, which allowed to observe temporal variations in the elemental process gas composition. After a change in feedstock an immediate change of the element concentrations in the flue gas was detected. A comparison of the average element concentrations during the combustion of the two feedstocks showed a high reproducibility for matrix elements that are expected to be present in similar concentrations. On the other hand elements that showed strong differences in their concentration in the feedstock were also represented by a higher concentration in the flue gas. Following the temporal variations of different elements revealed strong correlations between a number of elements, such as chlorine with sodium, potassium and zinc, as well as arsenic with lead, and calcium with strontium.« less

Low cost, lightweight fuel cell elements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kindler, Andrew (Inventor)

2001-01-01

New fuel cell elements for use in liquid feed fuel cells are provided. The elements including biplates and endplates are low in cost, light in weight, and allow high efficiency operation. Electrically conductive elements are also a part of the fuel cell elements.

Experimental partitioning of rare earth elements and scandium among armalcolite, ilmenite, olivine and mare basalt liquid

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Irving, A. J.; Merrill, R. B.; Singleton, D. E.

1978-01-01

An experimental study was carried out to measure partition coefficients for two rare-earth elements (Sm and Tm) and Sc among armalcolite, ilmenite, olivine and liquid coexisting in a system modeled on high-Ti mare basalt 74275. This 'primitive' sample was chosen for study because its major and trace element chemistry as well as its equilibrium phase relations at atmospheric pressure are known from previous studies. Beta-track analytical techniques were used so that partition coefficients could be measured in an environment whose bulk trace element composition is similar to that of the natural basalt. Partition coefficients for Cr and Mn were determined in the same experiments by microprobe analysis. The only equilibrium partial melting model appears to be one in which ilmenite is initially present in the source region but is consumed by melting before segregation of the high-Ti mare basalt liquid from the residue.

Trace Uranium Partitioning in a Multiphase Nano-FeOOH System.

PubMed

McBriarty, Martin E; Soltis, Jennifer A; Kerisit, Sebastien; Qafoku, Odeta; Bowden, Mark E; Bylaska, Eric J; De Yoreo, James J; Ilton, Eugene S

2017-05-02

The characterization of trace elements in minerals using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy constitutes a first step toward understanding how impurities and contaminants interact with the host phase and the environment. However, limitations to EXAFS interpretation complicate the analysis of trace concentrations of impurities that are distributed across multiple phases in a heterogeneous system. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD)-informed EXAFS analysis was employed to investigate the immobilization of trace uranium associated with nanophase iron (oxyhydr)oxides, a model system for the geochemical sequestration of radiotoxic actinides. The reductive transformation of ferrihydrite [Fe(OH) 3 ] to nanoparticulate iron oxyhydroxide minerals in the presence of uranyl (UO 2 ) 2+ (aq) resulted in the preferential incorporation of U into goethite (α-FeOOH) over lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), even though reaction conditions favored the formation of excess lepidocrocite. This unexpected result is supported by atomically resolved transmission electron microscopy. We demonstrate how AIMD-informed EXAFS analysis lifts the strict statistical limitations and uncertainty of traditional shell-by-shell EXAFS fitting, enabling the detailed characterization of the local bonding environment, charge compensation mechanisms, and oxidation states of polyvalent impurities in complex multiphase mineral systems.

Trace Uranium Partitioning in a Multiphase Nano-FeOOH System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McBriarty, Martin E.; Soltis, Jennifer A.; Kerisit, Sebastien

The characterization of trace elements in minerals using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy constitutes a first step toward understanding how impurities and contaminants interact with the host phase and the environment. However, limitations to EXAFS interpretation complicate the analysis of trace concentrations of impurities that are distributed across multiple phases in a heterogeneous system. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD)-informed EXAFS analysis was employed to investigate the immobilization of trace uranium associated with nanophase iron (oxyhydr)oxides, a model system for the geochemical sequestration of radiotoxic actinides. The reductive transformation of ferrihydrite [Fe(OH)3] to nanoparticulate iron oxyhydroxide minerals in themore » presence of uranyl (UO 2) 2+(aq) resulted in the preferential incorporation of U into goethite (α-FeOOH) over lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), even though reaction conditions favored the formation of excess lepidocrocite. This unexpected result is supported by atomically resolved transmission electron microscopy. We demonstrate how AIMD-informed EXAFS analysis lifts the strict statistical limitations and uncertainty of traditional shell-by-shell EXAFS fitting, enabling the detailed characterization of the local bonding environment, charge compensation mechanisms, and oxidation states of polyvalent impurities in complex multiphase mineral systems.« less

Trace Uranium Partitioning in a Multiphase Nano-FeOOH System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McBriarty, Martin E.; Soltis, Jennifer A.; Kerisit, Sebastien

The characterization of trace elements in nanomaterials using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy constitutes a first step toward understanding how impurities or dopants affect the properties of the host phase. However, limitations to EXAFS interpretation complicate the analysis of trace concentrations of impurities that are distributed across multiple phases in a heterogeneous system. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD)-informed EXAFS analysis was employed to investigate the immobilization of trace uranium associated with nanophase iron (oxyhydr)oxides, a model system for the geochemical sequestration of radiotoxic contaminants. The reductive transformation of ferrihydrite (Fe(OH)3) to nano-particulate iron oxyhydroxide minerals in the presencemore » of uranyl (UO2)2+(aq) resulted in the preferential incorporation of U into goethite (a-FeOOH) over lepidocrocite (g-FeOOH), even though reaction conditions favored the formation of excess lepidocrocite. This unexpected result is supported by atomically resolved transmission electron microscopy. Using this model system, we demonstrate how AIMD-informed EXAFS analysis lifts the strict statistical limitations of traditional shell-by-shell EXAFS modeling, enabling the detailed analysis of the local bonding environment, charge compensation mechanisms, and oxidation states of polyvalent impurities in complex multi-phase nano-systems.« less

The effect of oxygen on density of liquid iron at high pressure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takubo, Y.; Terasaki, H.; Shimoyama, Y.; Urakawa, S.; Suzuki, A.; Nishida, K.; Kamuro, R.; Kishimoto, S.; Kondo, T.; Ohtani, E.; Yoshinori, K.

2012-12-01

The Earth's outer core has been thought to be composed of liquid iron alloys with 10 % of light elements, such as sulfur, carbon, silicon and oxygen. Density of liquid iron alloy is one of the key parameters to understand the composition and structure of the Earth's outer core. The effect of various light elements (e.g., S, Si, and C) on the density of liquid iron at high pressure and high temperature has been studied (Nishida et al., 2011; Tateyama et al., 2011 Sanloup et al., 2011; Terasaki et al., 2010). It was revealed that the density depression is quite different depending on dissolving light element. However the effect of oxygen on the density of liquid iron has not been investigated due to high liquidus temperature of Fe-O system, although oxygen is one of the major candidates of the light elements in the Earth's outer core (e.g., Ringwood, 1977). Oxygen could be incorporated into the core during early terrestrial evolution (Corgne et al., 2009). In this study, we have measured the density of liquid Fe-O in the pressure and temperature ranges of 2.3-3.0 GPa and 2000-2250 K using X-ray absorption method. High pressure experiment was performed using a cubic-type multi-anvil press installed at BL22XU of the SPring-8 synchrotron radiation facility in Japan. Monochromatic X-ray of 35 keV was used. Mixture of Fe and FeO powders with 0.5 wt% oxygen, which corresponds to the eutectic composition at 3 GPa (Ohtani et al., 1984) was used as a sample. The sample was inserted in a single crystal sapphire capsule. The obtained density of this study is 6.7 g/cm3 at 3 GPa and 2005 K. Compared to the density of pure liquid iron (Anderson and Ahrens, 1994) at the present experimental condition, the density of liquid Fe-O is about 5.3 % smaller than that of pure liquid iron. On the other hand, thermal expansion coefficient of liquid Fe-O shows similar value to that of liquid iron.

Characterizing liquid redistribution in a biphasic vibrating vocal fold using finite element analysis.

PubMed

Kvit, Anton A; Devine, Erin E; Jiang, Jack J; Vamos, Andrew C; Tao, Chao

2015-05-01

Vocal fold tissue is biphasic and consists of a solid extracellular matrix skeleton swelled with interstitial fluid. Interactions between the liquid and solid impact the material properties and stress response of the tissue. The objective of this study was to model the movement of liquid during vocal fold vibration and to estimate the volume of liquid accumulation and stress experienced by the tissue near the anterior-posterior midline, where benign lesions are observed to form. A three-dimensional biphasic finite element model of a single vocal fold was built to solve for the liquid velocity, pore pressure, and von Mises stress during and just after vibration using the commercial finite element software COMSOL Multiphysics (Version 4.3a, 2013, Structural Mechanics and Subsurface Flow Modules). Vibration was induced by applying direct load pressures to the subglottal and intraglottal surfaces. Pressure ranges, frequency, and material parameters were chosen based on those reported in the literature. Postprocessing included liquid velocity, pore pressure, and von Mises stress calculations as well as the frequency-stress and amplitude-stress relationships. Resulting time-averaged velocity vectors during vibration indicated liquid movement toward the midline of the fold, as well as upward movement in the inferior-superior direction. Pore pressure and von Misses stresses were higher in this region just after vibration. A linear relationship was found between the amplitude and pore pressure, whereas a nonlinear relationship was found between the frequency and pore pressure. Although this study had certain computational simplifications, it is the first biphasic finite element model to use a realistic geometry and demonstrate the ability to characterize liquid movement due to vibration. Results indicate that there is a significant amount of liquid that accumulates at the midline; however, the role of this accumulation still requires investigation. Further investigation of these mechanical factors may lend insight into the mechanism of benign lesion formation. Copyright © 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Characterizing liquid redistribution in a biphasic vibrating vocal fold using finite element analysis

PubMed Central

Kvit, Anton A.; Devine, Erin E.; Vamos, Andrew C.; Tao, Chao; Jiang, Jack J.

2015-01-01

OBJECTIVE Vocal fold tissue is biphasic and consists of a solid extracellular matric skeleton swelled with interstitial fluid. Interactions between the liquid and solid impact the material properties and stress response of the tissue. The objective of this study was to model the movement of liquid during vocal fold vibration and estimate the volume of liquid accumulation and stress experienced by the tissue near the anterior-posterior midline, where benign lesions are observed to form. METHODS A three-dimensional biphasic finite element model of a single vocal fold was built to solve for the liquid velocity, pore pressure, and von Mises stress during and just after vibration using the commercial finite element software COMSOL Multiphysics (Version 4.3a, 2013, Structural Mechanics and Subsurface Flow Modules). Vibration was induced by applying direct-load pressures to the subglottal and intraglottal surfaces. Pressure ranges, frequency and material parameters were chosen based on those reported in the literature. Post-processing included liquid velocity, pore pressure and von Mises stress calculations, as well as the frequency-stress and amplitude-stress relationships. RESULTS Resulting time-averaged velocity vectors during vibration indicated liquid movement towards the midline of the fold, as upwards movement in the inferior-superior direction. Pore pressure and von Misses stresses were higher in this region just following vibration. A linear relationship was found between the amplitude and pore pressure, while a nonlinear relationship was found between the frequency and pore pressure. CONCLUSIONS While this study had certain computational simplifications, it is the first biphasic finite element model to employ a realistic geometry and demonstrated the ability to characterize liquid movement due to vibration. Results indicate that there is a significant amount of liquid that accumulates at the midline, however the role of this accumulation still requires investigation. Further investigation of these mechanical factors may lend insight into the mechanism of benign lesion formation. PMID:25619469

"JCE" Classroom Activity Connections: NaCl or CaCl[subscript 2], Smart Polymer Gel Tells More

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chen, Yueh-Huey; Lin, Jia-Ying; Wang, Yu-Chen; Yaung, Jing-Fun

2010-01-01

This classroom activity connection demonstrates the differences between the effects of NaCl (a salt of monovalent metal ions) and CaCl[subscript 2] (a salt of polyvalent metal ions) on swollen superabsorbent polymer gels. Being ionic compounds, NaCl and CaCl[subscript 2] both collapse the swollen polymer gels. The gel contracted by NaCl reswells…

Removal of copper from ferrous scrap

DOEpatents

Blander, M.; Sinha, S.N.

1987-07-30

A process for removing copper from ferrous or other metal scrap in which the scrap is contacted with a polyvalent metal sulfide slag in the presence of an excess of copper-sulfide forming additive to convert the copper to copper sulfide which is extracted into the slag to provide a ratio of copper in the slag to copper in the metal scrap of at least about 10.

DPN-Generated Combinatorial Libraries

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-02-29

µM final concentration) is added (Fig. 6). Control over deposition parameters was examined for two model proteins, cholera toxin β subunit (CTβ...conjugated anti- cholera toxin beta (anti-CTb). The wells in the mould are inverted pyramids with an average depth of 86 µm, edge length of 120 µm, and...Therapeutics,” (2011). 91. University of New Mexico , Chemistry Department Colloquium, Albuquerque, NM, “The Polyvalent Gold Nanoparticle Conjugate

Metallic sulfide additives for positive electrode material within a secondary electrochemical cell

DOEpatents

Walsh, William J.; McPheeters, Charles C.; Yao, Neng-ping; Koura, Kobuyuki

1976-01-01

An improved active material for use within the positive electrode of a secondary electrochemical cell includes a mixture of iron disulfide and a sulfide of a polyvalent metal. Various metal sulfides, particularly sulfides of cobalt, nickel, copper, cerium and manganese, are added in minor weight proportion in respect to iron disulfide for improving the electrode performance and reducing current collector requirements.

Removal of copper from ferrous scrap

DOEpatents

Blander, M.; Sinha, S.N.

1990-05-15

A process for removing copper from ferrous or other metal scrap in which the scrap is contacted with a polyvalent metal sulfide slag in the presence of an excess of copper-sulfide forming additive to convert the copper to copper sulfide which is extracted into the slag to provide a ratio of copper in the slag to copper in the metal scrap of at least about 10.

Removal of copper from ferrous scrap

DOEpatents

Blander, Milton; Sinha, Shome N.

1990-01-01

A process for removing copper from ferrous or other metal scrap in which the scrap is contacted with a polyvalent metal sulfide slag in the presence of an excess of copper-sulfide forming additive to convert the copper to copper sulfide which is extracted into the slag to provide a ratio of copper in the slag to copper in the metal scrap of at least about 10.

Fc Receptor-Mediated Activities of Env-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibodies Generated from Volunteers Receiving the DNA Prime-Protein Boost HIV Vaccine DP6-001.

PubMed

Costa, Matthew R; Pollara, Justin; Edwards, Regina Whitney; Seaman, Michael S; Gorny, Miroslaw K; Montefiori, David C; Liao, Hua-Xin; Ferrari, Guido; Lu, Shan; Wang, Shixia

2016-11-15

HIV-1 is able to elicit broadly potent neutralizing antibodies in a very small subset of individuals only after several years of infection, and therefore, vaccines that elicit these types of antibodies have been difficult to design. The RV144 trial showed that moderate protection is possible and that this protection may correlate with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. Our previous studies demonstrated that in an HIV vaccine phase I trial, the DP6-001 trial, a polyvalent Env DNA prime-protein boost formulation could elicit potent and broadly reactive, gp120-specific antibodies with positive neutralization activities. Here we report on the production and analysis of HIV-1 Env-specific human monoclonal antibodies (hMAbs) isolated from vaccinees in the DP6-001 trial. For this initial report, 13 hMAbs from four vaccinees in the DP6-001 trial showed broad binding to gp120 proteins of diverse subtypes both autologous and heterologous to vaccine immunogens. Equally cross-reactive Fc receptor-mediated functional activities, including ADCC and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) activities, were present with both immune sera and isolated MAbs, confirming the induction of nonneutralizing functional hMAbs by the DNA prime-protein boost vaccination. Elicitation of broadly reactive hMAbs by vaccination in healthy human volunteers confirms the value of the polyvalent formulation in this HIV vaccine design. The roles of Fc receptor-mediated protective antibody responses are gaining more attention due to their potential contribution to the low-level protection against HIV-1 infection that they provided in the RV144 trial. At the same time, information about hMabs from other human HIV vaccine studies is very limited. In the current study, both immune sera and monoclonal antibodies from vaccinated humans showed not only high-level ADCC and ADCP activities but also cross-subtype ADCC and ADCP activities when a polyvalent DNA prime-protein boost vaccine formulation was used. Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Use of polyvalent equine anti-viper serum to treat delayed coagulopathy due to suspected Sistrurus miliarius streckeri envenomation in two children.

PubMed

Williams, Kristie L; Woslager, Megan; Garland, Stephanie L; Barton, Roger P; Banner, William

2017-06-01

Western Pygmy Rattlesnake (WPR) envenomation reportedly causes refractory and persistent coagulopathy when treated with CroFab ® (Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab). We report two cases where polyvalent equine anti-viper serum (AntivipmynTRI ® ) was used to treat recurrent coagulopathy in children. The first patient was a 16-month-old male who was bitten by a confirmed WPR. The patient received a total of 18 vials of CroFab ® . His labs normalized, swelling gradually improved, and the child was discharged to home. On day 5, the child returned to the emergency department with a great deal of inguinal tenderness. Labs were obtained and the child's INR was >13.1, while the fibrinogen was <60 mg/dL and the d-dimer was 11.72 mg/L. A decision was made to administer Antivipmyn TRI ® , and the child received a total of 10 vials. Lab values significantly improved: INR 1.2, fibrinogen 93 mg/dL, and d-dimer 4.21 mg/L. The second patient was a 20-month-old male who presented following snake envenomation. The child was administered a total of 22 vials of CroFab ® over approximately 70 h following envenomation. Physical exam continued to improve, however, lab results showed an increasing INR 1.98, decreasing platelet count 124 × 10 3 per μL, fibrinogen <60 mg/dL, and d-dimer >20 ug/mL. A total of 15 vials of Antivipmyn TRI ® were administered to this patient. Following this administration, labs and clinical exam both significantly improved. Labs revealed INR 1.16, fibrinogen 110 mg/dL, d-dimer 3.2 mg/L and platelet count 215 × 10 3 /μL. CroFab ® is still the first-line treatment for children bitten by a WPR, but in some cases patients develop a recurrent coagulopathy. The rapid response demonstrated by Antivipmyn TRI ® leads us to conclude that this is a potential therapy for this clinical situation.

Development of an Effective Polyvalent Vaccine against both Marek's and Newcastle Diseases Based on Recombinant Marek's Disease Virus Type 1 in Commercial Chickens with Maternal Antibodies

PubMed Central

Sonoda, Kengo; Sakaguchi, Masashi; Okamura, Hiroshi; Yokogawa, Kenji; Tokunaga, Eiji; Tokiyoshi, Sachio; Kawaguchi, Yasushi; Hirai, Kanji

2000-01-01

An earlier report (M. Sakaguchi et al., Vaccine 16:472–479, 1998) showed that recombinant Marek's disease virus type 1 (rMDV1) expressing the fusion (F) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV-F) under the control of the simian virus 40 late promoter [rMDV1-US10L(F)] protected specific pathogen-free chickens from NDV challenge, but not commercial chickens with maternal antibodies against NDV and MDV1. In the present study, we constructed an improved polyvalent vaccine based on MDV1 against MDV and NDV in commercial chickens with maternal antibodies. The study can be summarized as follows. (i) We constructed rMDV1 expressing NDV-F under the control of the MDV1 glycoprotein B (gB) promoter [rMDV1-US10P(F)]. (ii) Much less NDV-F protein was expressed in cells infected with rMDV1-US10P(F) than in those infected with rMDV1-US10L(F). (iii) The antibody response against NDV-F and MDV1 antigens of commercial chickens vaccinated with rMDV1-US10P(F) was much stronger and faster than with rMDV1-US10L(F), and a high level of antibody against NDV-F persisted for over 80 weeks postvaccination. (iv) rMDV1-US10P(F) was readily reisolated from the vaccinated chickens, and the recovered viruses were found to express NDV-F. (v) Vaccination of commercial chickens having maternal antibodies to rMDV1-US10P(F) completely protected them from NDV challenge. (vi) rMDV1-US10P(F) offered the same degree of protection against very virulent MDV1 as the parental MDV1 and commercial vaccines. These results indicate that rMDV1-US10P(F) is an effective and stable polyvalent vaccine against both Marek's and Newcastle diseases even in the presence of maternal antibodies. PMID:10708438

Finite element solution of low bond number sloshing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wohlen, R. L.; Park, A. C.; Warner, D. M.

1975-01-01

The dynamics of liquid propellant in a low Bond number environment which are critical to the design of spacecraft systems with respect to orbital propellant transfer and attitude control system were investigated. Digital computer programs were developed for the determination of liquid free surface equilibrium shape, lateral slosh natural vibration mode shapes, and frequencies for a liquid in a container of arbitrary axisymmetric shape with surface tension forces the same order of magnitude as acceleration forces. A finite volume element representation of the liquid was used for the vibration analysis. The liquid free surface equilibrium shapes were computed for several tanks at various contact angles and ullage volumes. A configuration was selected for vibration analysis and lateral slosh mode shapes and natural frequencies were obtained. Results are documented.

Siderophile Element Partitioning between Cohenite and Liquid in Fe-Ni-S-C System and Implications for Geochemistry of Planetary Cores and Mantles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buono, A. S.; Dasgupta, R.; Walker, D.

2011-12-01

Secular cooling of terrestrial planets is known to cause crystallization of a solid inner core from metallic liquid core. Fractionation of light and siderophile elements is important during such crystallization for evolution of outer core and possible core-mantle interaction. Thus far studies focused on a pure Fe inner core in simple binary systems but the effects of possible formation of a carbide inner core component on siderophile element partitioning in a multi-component system has yet to be looked at in detail. We investigated the effects of pressure and S content on partition coefficients (D) between cohenite and liquid in the Fe-Ni-S-C system. Multi-anvil experiments were performed at 3 and 6 GPa at 1150 °C, in an Fe-rich mix containing a constant C and Ni to which S contents of 0, 5, and 14 wt.% were added. All the mixes were doped with W, Re, Os, Pt, and Co. Samples were imaged and analyzed for Fe, Ni, S, and C using an EPMA. Fe, Ni, and trace elements were analyzed using a LA-ICP-MS. All the experiments produced cohenite and Fe-Ni-C±S liquid. Compared to solid-Fe/melt Ds [1-2], cohenite/melt Ds are lower for all elements except W. The light element (S+C) content of the liquid is the dominant controlling factor in siderophile element partitioning between cohenite and liquid as it is between crystalline Fe and liquid. In the cohenite-metallic melt experiments, D Ni decreases as S+C increases. Ni is excluded from the crystallizing solid if the solid is cohenite. We also find that in the Fe-Ni-S-C system, cohenite is stabilized to higher P than in the Fe-S-C system [3-5]. Similar to the Fe-metallic liquid systems the non-metal avoidance model [6] is applicable to the Fe3C-metallic liquid system studied here. Our study has implications for both the cores of smaller planets and the mantles of larger planets. If inner core forms a cohenite layer we would predict that depletions in the outer core will be less than they might be for Fe metal crystallization. For the mantle of the earth, which is thought to become Fe-Ni metal-saturated as shallow as 250 km, the sub-system Fe-Ni + C + S becomes relevant and Fe-Ni carbide rather than metallic Fe-Ni alloy may become the crystalline phase of interest. Our study implies that because the partition coefficients between cohenite and Fe-C-S melts are significantly lower than those between Fe-metal and S-rich liquid, in the presence of cohenite and Fe-C-S melt in the mantle, the mantle budget of Ni, Co, and Pt may be dominated by Fe-C-S liquid. W, Re, and Os will also be slightly enriched in C-rich Fe-Ni liquid over cohenite if the metal sub-system of interest is S-free. [1] Chabot et al., GCA 70, 1322-1335, 2006 [2] Chabot et al., GCA 72, 4146-4158, 2008 [3] Chabot et al., Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 42, 1735-1750, 2007 [4] Stewart et al., EPSL 284, 302-309, 2009 [5] Van Orman et al., EPSL 274, 250-257, 2008 [6] Jones, J.H., Malvin, D.J., Metall Mater Trans B 21, 697-706, 1990

Experiments on Lunar Core Composition: Phase Equilibrium Analysis of A Multi-Element (Fe-Ni-S-C) System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Go, B. M.; Righter, K.; Danielson, L.; Pando, K.

2015-01-01

Previous geochemical and geophysical experiments have proposed the presence of a small, metallic lunar core, but its composition is still being investigated. Knowledge of core composition can have a significant effect on understanding the thermal history of the Moon, the conditions surrounding the liquid-solid or liquid-liquid field, and siderophile element partitioning between mantle and core. However, experiments on complex bulk core compositions are very limited. One limitation comes from numerous studies that have only considered two or three element systems such as Fe-S or Fe-C, which do not supply a comprehensive understanding for complex systems such as Fe-Ni-S-Si-C. Recent geophysical data suggests the presence of up to 6% lighter elements. Reassessments of Apollo seismological analyses and samples have also shown the need to acquire more data for a broader range of pressures, temperatures, and compositions. This study considers a complex multi-element system (Fe-Ni-S-C) for a relevant pressure and temperature range to the Moon's core conditions.

Capillarics: pre-programmed, self-powered microfluidic circuits built from capillary elements.

PubMed

Safavieh, Roozbeh; Juncker, David

2013-11-07

Microfluidic capillary systems employ surface tension effects to manipulate liquids, and are thus self-powered and self-regulated as liquid handling is structurally and chemically encoded in microscale conduits. However, capillary systems have been limited to perform simple fluidic operations. Here, we introduce complex capillary flow circuits that encode sequential flow of multiple liquids with distinct flow rates and flow reversal. We first introduce two novel microfluidic capillary elements including (i) retention burst valves and (ii) robust low aspect ratio trigger valves. These elements are combined with flow resistors, capillary retention valves, capillary pumps, and open and closed reservoirs to build a capillary circuit that, following sample addition, autonomously delivers a defined sequence of multiple chemicals according to a preprogrammed and predetermined flow rate and time. Such a circuit was used to measure the concentration of C-reactive protein. This work illustrates that as in electronics, complex capillary circuits may be built by combining simple capillary elements. We define such circuits as "capillarics", and introduce symbolic representations. We believe that more complex circuits will become possible by expanding the library of building elements and formulating abstract design rules.

A Model for Siderophile Element Distribution in Planetary Differentiation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Humayun, M.; Rushmer, T.; Rankenburg, K.; Brandon, A. D.

2005-01-01

Planetary differentiation begins with partial melting of small planetesimals. At low degrees of partial melting, a sulfur-rich liquid segregates by physical mechanisms including deformation-assisted porous flow. Experimental studies of the physical mechanisms by which Fe-S melts segregate from the silicate matrix of a molten H chondrite are part of a companion paper. Geochemical studies of these experimental products revealed that metallic liquids were in equilibrium with residual metal in the H chondrite matrix. This contribution explores the geochemical signatures produced by early stages of core formation. Particularly, low-degree partial melt segregation of Fe-S liquids leaves residual metal in the silicate matrix. Some achondrites appear to be residues of partial melting, e.g., ureilites, which are known to contain metal. The metal in these achondrites may show a distinct elemental signature. To quantify the effect of sulfur on siderophile element contents of residual metal we have developed a model based on recent parametrizations of equilibrium solid metal-liquid metal partitioning experiments.

Process for decontaminating radioactive liquids using a calcium cyanamide-containing composition. [Patent application

DOEpatents

Silver, G.L.

1980-09-24

The present invention provides a process for decontaminating a radioactive liquid containing a radioactive element capable of forming a hydroxide. This process includes the steps of contacting the radioactive liquid with a decontaminating composition and separating the resulting radioactive sludge from the resulting liquid. The decontaminating composition contains calcium cyanamide.

Automatic cryogenic liquid level controller is safe for use near combustible substances

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Krejsa, M.

1966-01-01

Automatic mechanical liquid level controller that is independent of any external power sources is used with safety in the presence of combustibles. A gas filled capillary tube which leads from a pressurized chamber, is inserted into the cryogenic liquid reservoir and becomes a liquid level sensing element or probe.

In Situ Characterization of Boehmite Particles in Water Using Liquid SEM

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yao, Juan; Arey, Bruce W.; Yang, Li

In situ imaging and elemental analysis of boehmite (AlOOH) particles in water is realized using the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface (SALVI) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). This paper describes the method and key steps in integrating the vacuum compatible SAVLI to SEM and obtaining secondary electron (SE) images of particles in liquid in high vacuum. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) is used to obtain elemental analysis of particles in liquid. A synthesized AlOOH particle is used as a model in the liquid SEM illustration. Our results demonstrate that particles can be imaged in the SE modemore » with good resolution. The AlOOH EDX spectrum shows significant signal from the Al compared with deionized water and the empty channel control. In situ liquid SEM is a powerful technique to study particles in liquid with many exciting applications. This procedure aims to provide technical details in how to conduct liquid SEM imaging and EDX analysis using SALVI and reduce potential pitfalls using this approach for other researchers.« less

An Assessment of the SEA Multi-Element Sensor for Liquid Water Content Calibration of the NASA GRC Icing Research Tunnel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steen, Laura E.; Ide, Robert F.; Van Zante, Judith F.

2015-01-01

The NASA Glenn Icing Research tunnel has been using an Icing Blade technique to measure cloud liquid water content (LWC) since 1980. The IRT conducted tests with SEA Multi-Element sensors from 2009 to 2011 to assess their performance in measuring LWC. These tests revealed that the Multi-Element sensors showed some significant advantages over the Icing Blade, particularly at higher water contents, higher impingement rates, and large drop sizes. Results of these and other tests are presented here.

Development of liquid crystal based adaptive optical elements for space applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Geday, M. A.; Quintana, X.; Otón, E.; Cerrolaza, B.; Lopez, D.; Garcia de Quiro, F.; Manolis, I.; Short, A.

2017-11-01

In this paper we present the results obtained within the context of the ESA-funded project Programmable Optoelectronic Adaptive Element (AO/1-5476/07/NL/EM). The objective of this project is the development of adaptive (reconfigurable) optical elements for use in space applications and the execution of preliminary qualification tests in the relevant environment. The different designs and materials that have been considered and manufactured for a 2D beam steerer based on passive matrix liquid crystal programmable blaze grating will described and discussed.

From Solvolysis to Self-Assembly*

PubMed Central

Stang, Peter J.

2009-01-01

My sojourn from classical physical-organic chemistry and solvolysis to self-assembly and supramolecular chemistry, over the last forty years, is described. My contributions to unsaturated reactive intermediates, namely vinyl cations and unsaturated carbenes, along with my decade long involvement with polyvalent iodine chemistry, especially alkynyliodonium salts, as well as my more recent research with metal-ligand, coordination driven and directed self-assembly of finite supramolecular ensembles are discussed. PMID:19111062

Treatment of US crotalidae bites: comparisons of serum and globulin-based polyvalent and antigen-binding fragment antivenins.

PubMed

Seger, Donna; Kahn, Stephen; Krenzelok, Edward P

2005-01-01

In the US, two antivenins are marketed for the treatment of snake envenomation. The horse-derived serum-globulin-based Antivenin (Crotalidae) Polyvalent (ACP) has been available since 1954. There are few data on the efficacy and incidence of adverse events that occur following the administration of ACP. Most of the data are retrospective, anecdotal, or case reports. In 2000, ovine-derived serum-globulin-based ACP (Crofab) became available. Crofab is said to cause fewer reactions than ACP, but there are few comparative data to substantiate this claim. Although both antivenins ameliorate the systemic symptoms following snake envenomation, the efficacy of either antivenin in decreasing oedema and swelling is unknown for a number of reasons. Clinical trials are small and have not included control arms. The degree of oedema, as well as the efficacy of the antivenin in decreasing oedema, may depend on the genera of the snake (usually unknown) that envenomated the patient. This article compares available data on clinical aspects of the two antivenins. More prospective data are needed to determine the comparative efficacy of the two antivenins, or the efficacy of Crofab in preventing tissue oedema. There are still unanswered questions regarding the optimal dosing regimen of Crofab.

Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), a versatile platform for polyvalent display of antigenic epitopes and vaccine design

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kumar, Shantanu; Ochoa, Wendy; Singh, Pratik

2009-05-25

Viruses-like particles (VLPs) are frequently being used as platforms for polyvalent display of foreign epitopes of interest on their capsid surface to improve their presentation enhancing the antigenicity and host immune response. In the present study, we used the VLPs of Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), an icosahedral plant virus, as a platform to display 180 copies of 16 amino acid epitopes of ricin toxin fused to the C-terminal end of a modified TBSV capsid protein (NDELTA52). Expression of the chimeric recombinant protein in insect cells resulted in spontaneous assembly of VLPs displaying the ricin epitope. Cryo-electron microscopy and imagemore » reconstruction of the chimeric VLPs at 22 A resolution revealed the locations and orientation of the ricin epitope exposed on the TBSV capsid surface. Furthermore, injection of chimeric VLPs into mice generated antisera that detected the native ricin toxin. The ease of fusing of short peptides of 15-20 residues and their ability to form two kinds (T = 1, T = 3) of bio-nanoparticles that result in the display of 60 or 180 copies of less constrained and highly exposed antigenic epitopes makes TBSV an attractive and versatile display platform for vaccine design.« less

Efficacy of Recombinant Canine Distemper Virus Expressing Leishmania Antigen against Leishmania Challenge in Dogs

PubMed Central

Yoneda, Misako; Takenaka, Akiko; Doki, Miho; Goto, Yasuyuki; Sanjoba, Chizu; Endo, Yasuyuki; Fujiyuki, Tomoko; Sugai, Akihiro; Tsukiyama-Kohara, Kyoko; Matsumoto, Yoshitsugu; Sato, Hiroki; Kai, Chieko

2015-01-01

Canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccination confers long-term protection against CDV reinfection. To investigate the utility of CDV as a polyvalent vaccine vector for Leishmania, we generated recombinant CDVs, based on an avirulent Yanaka strain, that expressed Leishmania antigens: LACK, TSA, or LmSTI1 (rCDV–LACK, rCDV–TSA, and rCDV–LmSTI1, respectively). Dogs immunized with rCDV-LACK were protected against challenge with lethal doses of virulent CDV, in the same way as the parental Yanaka strain. To evaluate the protective effects of the recombinant CDVs against cutaneous leishmaniasis in dogs, dogs were immunized with one recombinant CDV or a cocktail of three recombinant CDVs, before intradermal challenge (in the ears) with infective-stage promastigotes of Leishmania major. Unvaccinated dogs showed increased nodules with ulcer formation after 3 weeks, whereas dogs immunized with rCDV–LACK showed markedly smaller nodules without ulceration. Although the rCDV–TSA- and rCDV–LmSTI1-immunized dogs showed little protection against L. major, the cocktail of three recombinant CDVs more effectively suppressed the progression of nodule formation than immunization with rCDV–LACK alone. These results indicate that recombinant CDV is suitable for use as a polyvalent live attenuated vaccine for protection against both CDV and L. major infections in dogs. PMID:26162094

Efficacy of Recombinant Canine Distemper Virus Expressing Leishmania Antigen against Leishmania Challenge in Dogs.

PubMed

Miura, Ryuichi; Kooriyama, Takanori; Yoneda, Misako; Takenaka, Akiko; Doki, Miho; Goto, Yasuyuki; Sanjoba, Chizu; Endo, Yasuyuki; Fujiyuki, Tomoko; Sugai, Akihiro; Tsukiyama-Kohara, Kyoko; Matsumoto, Yoshitsugu; Sato, Hiroki; Kai, Chieko

2015-01-01

Canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccination confers long-term protection against CDV reinfection. To investigate the utility of CDV as a polyvalent vaccine vector for Leishmania, we generated recombinant CDVs, based on an avirulent Yanaka strain, that expressed Leishmania antigens: LACK, TSA, or LmSTI1 (rCDV-LACK, rCDV-TSA, and rCDV-LmSTI1, respectively). Dogs immunized with rCDV-LACK were protected against challenge with lethal doses of virulent CDV, in the same way as the parental Yanaka strain. To evaluate the protective effects of the recombinant CDVs against cutaneous leishmaniasis in dogs, dogs were immunized with one recombinant CDV or a cocktail of three recombinant CDVs, before intradermal challenge (in the ears) with infective-stage promastigotes of Leishmania major. Unvaccinated dogs showed increased nodules with ulcer formation after 3 weeks, whereas dogs immunized with rCDV-LACK showed markedly smaller nodules without ulceration. Although the rCDV-TSA- and rCDV-LmSTI1-immunized dogs showed little protection against L. major, the cocktail of three recombinant CDVs more effectively suppressed the progression of nodule formation than immunization with rCDV-LACK alone. These results indicate that recombinant CDV is suitable for use as a polyvalent live attenuated vaccine for protection against both CDV and L. major infections in dogs.

Group B streptococcal immunisation of pregnant women for the prevention of early and late onset Group B streptococcal infection of the neonate as well as adult disease.

PubMed

Kenchington, Anna L; Lamont, Ronald F

2017-01-01

Early onset neonatal Group B streptococcal disease is preventable. Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has resulted in a significant reduction in neonatal mortality and morbidity. National guidelines for the selection of women eligible for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, whether screening-based or risk-based, differ according to the local burden of disease. Despite the introduction of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, there remains a significant burden of disease, which can be resolved by better adherence to guidelines, rapid identification of maternal colonization or in the future, vaccination. Areas covered: The introduction of a vaccine to women in the third trimester is likely to further reduce the burden of disease and provide benefits beyond the prevention of early neonatal disease, including meningitis and disability following late onset disease. Development of specific polyvalent vaccines continues, but testing has challenges and may require surrogate markers or molecular-based techniques to manipulate antigenicity and immunogenicity. Expert commentary: Group B streptococcal vaccination using conjugated polyvalent vaccines against the major disease causing serotypes of Group B streptococcus, either alone, or in combination with a policy of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, may decrease the burden of Group B streptococcus beyond that achieved by current use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis alone.

NUCLEAR REACTOR

DOEpatents

Treshow, M.

1958-08-19

A neuclear reactor is described of the heterogeneous type and employing replaceable tubular fuel elements and heavy water as a coolant and moderator. A pluraltty of fuel tubesa having their axes parallel, extend through a tank type pressure vessel which contatns the liquid moderator. The fuel elements are disposed within the fuel tubes in the reaetive portion of the pressure vessel during normal operation and the fuel tubes have removable plug members at each end to permit charging and discharging of the fuel elements. The fuel elements are cylindrical strands of jacketed fissionable material having helical exterior ribs. A bundle of fuel elements are held within each fuel tube with their longitudinal axes parallel, the ribs serving to space them apart along their lengths. Coolant liquid is circulated through the fuel tubes between the spaced fuel elements. Suitable control rod and monitoring means are provided for controlling the reactor.

Direct carbon fuel cell and stack designs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gorte, Raymond J.; Oh, Tae-Sik

Disclosed are novel configurations of Direct Carbon Fuel Cells (DCFCs), which optionally comprise a liquid anode. The liquid anode comprises a molten salt/metal, preferably Sb, and a fuel, which has significant elemental carbon content (coal, bio-mass, etc.). The supply of fuel is continuously replenished in the anode. In addition, a stack configuration is suggested where combining a large number of planar or tubular fuel elements.

In Situ Characterization of Boehmite Particles in Water Using Liquid SEM.

PubMed

Yao, Juan; Arey, Bruce W; Yang, Li; Zhang, Fei; Komorek, Rachel; Chun, Jaehun; Yu, Xiao-Ying

2017-09-27

In situ imaging and elemental analysis of boehmite (AlOOH) particles in water is realized using the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface (SALVI) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). This paper describes the method and key steps in integrating the vacuum compatible SAVLI to SEM and obtaining secondary electron (SE) images of particles in liquid in high vacuum. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) is used to obtain elemental analysis of particles in liquid and control samples including deionized (DI) water only and an empty channel as well. Synthesized boehmite (AlOOH) particles suspended in liquid are used as a model in the liquid SEM illustration. The results demonstrate that the particles can be imaged in the SE mode with good resolution (i.e., 400 nm). The AlOOH EDX spectrum shows significant signal from the aluminum (Al) when compared with the DI water and the empty channel control. In situ liquid SEM is a powerful technique to study particles in liquid with many exciting applications. This procedure aims to provide technical know-how in order to conduct liquid SEM imaging and EDX analysis using SALVI and to reduce potential pitfalls when using this approach.

Rare earth element evidence for the petrogenesis of the banded series of the Stillwater Complex, Montana, and its anorthosites

USGS Publications Warehouse

Loferski, P.J.; Arculus, R.J.; Czamanske, G.K.

1994-01-01

A rare earth element (REE) study was made by isotope-dilution mass spectrometry of plagioclase separates from a variety of cumulates stratigraphically spanning the Banded series of the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Evaluation of parent liquid REE patterns, calculated on the basis of published plagioclase-liquid partition coefficients, shows that the range of REE ratios is too large to be attributable to fractionation of a single magma type. At least two different parental melts were present throughout the Banded series. This finding supports hypotheses of previous workers that the Stillwater Complex formed from two different parent magma types, designated the anorthosite- or A-type liquid and the ultramafic- or U-type liquid. -from Authors

Hydraulic flow visualization method and apparatus

DOEpatents

Karidis, Peter G.

1984-01-01

An apparatus and method for visualizing liquid flow. Pulses of gas bubbles are introduced into a liquid flow stream and a strobe light is operated at a frequency related to the frequency of the gas pulses to shine on the bubbles as they pass through the liquid stream. The gas pulses pass through a probe body having a valve element, and a reciprocating valve stem passes through the probe body to operate the valve element. A stem actuating device comprises a slidable reciprocating member, operated by a crank arm. The actuated member is adjustable to adjust the amount of the valve opening during each pulse.

Femtosecond laser-induced inverted microstructures inside glasses by tuning refractive index of objective's immersion liquid.

PubMed

Luo, Fangfang; Song, Juan; Hu, Xiao; Sun, Haiyi; Lin, Geng; Pan, Huaihai; Cheng, Ya; Liu, Li; Qiu, Jianrong; Zhao, Quanzhong; Xu, Zhizhan

2011-06-01

We report the formation of inverted microstructures inside glasses after femtosecond laser irradiation by tuning the refractive index contrast between the immersion liquid and the glass sample. By using water as well as 1-bromonaphthalene as immersion liquids, microstructures with similar shape but opposite directions are induced after femtosecond laser irradiation. Interestingly, the elemental distribution in the induced structures is also inverted. The simulation of laser intensity distribution along the laser propagation direction indicates that the interfacial spherical aberration effect is responsible for the inversion of microstructures and elemental distribution. © 2011 Optical Society of America

MEANS FOR COOLING REACTORS

DOEpatents

Wheeler, J.A.

1957-11-01

A design of a reactor is presented in which the fuel elements may be immersed in a liquid coolant when desired without the necessity of removing them from the reactor structure. The fuel elements, containing the fissionable material are in plate form and are disposed within spaced slots in a moderator material, such as graphite to form the core. Adjacent the core is a tank containing the liquid coolant. The fuel elements are mounted in spaced relationship on a rotatable shaft which is located between the core and the tank so that by rotation of the shaft the fuel elements may be either inserted in the slots in the core to sustain a chain reaction or immersed in the coolant.

Modeling of Thermal Performance of Multiphase Nuclear Fuel Cell Under Variable Gravity Conditions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ding, Z.; Anghaie, S.

1996-01-01

A unique numerical method has been developed to model the dynamic processes of bulk evaporation and condensation processes, associated with internal heat generation and natural convection under different gravity levels. The internal energy formulation, for the bulk liquid-vapor phase change problems in an encapsulated container, was employed. The equations, governing the conservation of mass, momentum and energy for both phases involved in phase change, were solved. The thermal performance of a multiphase uranium tetra-fluoride fuel element under zero gravity, micro-gravity and normal gravity conditions has been investigated. The modeling yielded results including the evolution of the bulk liquid-vapor phase change process, the evolution of the liquid-vapor interface, the formation and development of the liquid film covering the side wall surface, the temperature distribution and the convection flow field in the fuel element. The strong dependence of the thermal performance of such multiphase nuclear fuel cell on the gravity condition has been revealed. Under all three gravity conditions, 0-g, 10(exp -3)-g, and 1-g, the liquid film is formed and covers the entire side wall. The liquid film covering the side wall is more isothermalized at the wall surface, which can prevent the side wall from being over-heated. As the gravity increases, the liquid film is thinner, the temperature gradient is larger across the liquid film and smaller across the vapor phase. This investigation provides valuable information about the thermal performance of multi-phase nuclear fuel element for the potential space and ground applications.

Geological occurrence response to trace elemental migration in coal liquefaction based on SPSS: take no. 11 coalbed in Antaibao mine for example

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xia, Xiaohong; Qin, Yong; Yang, Weifeng

2013-03-01

Coal liquefaction is an adoptable method to transfer the solid fossil energy into liquid oil in large scale, but the dirty material in which will migrate to different step of liquefaction. The migration rule of some trace elements is response to the react activity of macerals in coal and the geological occurrence of the element nature of itself. In this paper, from the SPSS data correlation analysis and hierarchical clustering dendrogram about the trace elements with macerals respond to coal liquefaction yield, it shows the trace elements in No.11 Antaibao coal seam originated from some of lithophile and sulphophle elements. Correlation coefficient between liquefaction yield of three organic macerals and migration of the elements in liquefaction residue indicated that the lithophile are easy to transfer to residue, while sulphophle are apt to in the liquid products. The activated macerals are response to sulphophle trace elements. The conclusion is useful to the coal blending and environmental effects on coal direct liquefaction.

Determination of the mass-transfer coefficient in liquid phase in a stream-bubble contact device

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dmitriev, A. V.; Dmitrieva, O. S.; Madyshev, I. N.

2016-09-01

One of the most effective energy saving technologies is the improvement of existing heat and mass exchange units. A stream-bubble contact device is designed to enhance the operation efficiency of heat and mass exchange units. The stages of the stream-bubble units that are proposed by the authors for the decarbonization process comprise contact devices with equivalent sizes, whose number is determined by the required performance of a unit. This approach to the structural design eliminates the problems that arise upon the transition from laboratory samples to industrial facilities and makes it possible to design the units of any required performance without a decrease in the effectiveness of mass exchange. To choose the optimal design that provides the maximum effectiveness of the mass-exchange processes in units and their intensification, the change of the mass-transfer coefficient is analyzed with the assumption of a number of parameters. The results of the study of the effect of various structural parameters of a stream-bubble contact device on the mass-transfer coefficient in the liquid phase are given. It is proven that the mass-transfer coefficient increases in the liquid phase, in the first place, with the growth of the level of liquid in the contact element, because the rate of the liquid run-off grows in this case and, consequently, the time of surface renewal is reduced; in the second place, with an increase in the slot diameter in the downpipe, because the jet diameter and, accordingly, their section perimeter and the area of the surface that is immersed in liquid increase; and, in the third place, with an increase in the number of slots in the downpipe, because the area of the surface that is immersed in the liquid of the contact element increases. Thus, in order to increase the mass-transfer coefficient in the liquid phase, it is necessary to design the contact elements with a minimum width and a large number of slots and their increased diameter; in this case, the filling degree of contact elements by the liquid must be maximum.

Modeling and experimental investigation of x-ray spectra from a liquid metal anode x-ray tube

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

David, Bernd R.; Thran, Axel; Eckart, Rainer

2004-11-01

This paper presents simulated and measured spectra of a novel type of x-ray tube. The bremsstrahlung generating principle of this tube is based on the interaction of high energetic electrons with a turbulently flowing liquid metal separated from the vacuum by a thin window. We simulated the interaction of 50-150 keV electrons with liquid metal targets composed of the elements Ga, In, Sn, as well as the solid elements C, W and Re used for the electron windows. We obtained x-ray spectra and energy loss curves for various liquid metal/window combinations and thicknesses of the window material. In terms of optimum heat transport a thin diamond window in combination with the liquid metal GaInSn is the best suited system. If photon flux is the optimization criteria, thin tungsten/rhenium windows cooled by GaInSn should be preferred.

Element and PAH constituents in the residues and liquid oil from biosludge pyrolysis in an electrical thermal furnace.

PubMed

Chiang, Hung-Lung; Lin, Kuo-Hsiung; Lai, Nina; Shieh, Zhu-Xin

2014-05-15

Biosludge can be pyrolyzed to produce liquid oil as an alternative fuel. The content of five major elements, 22 trace elements and 16 PAHs was investigated in oven-dried raw material, pyrolysis residues and pyrolysis liquid products. Results indicated 39% carbon, 4.5% hydrogen, 4.2% nitrogen and 1.8% sulfur were in oven dried biosludge. Biosludge pyrolysis, carried out at temperatures from 400 to 800°C, corresponded to 34-14% weight in pyrolytic residues, 32-50% weight in liquid products and 31-40% weight in the gas phase. The carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen decreased and the sulfur content increased with an increase in the pyrolysis temperature at 400-800°C. NaP (2 rings) and AcPy (3 rings) were the major PAHs, contributing 86% of PAHs in oven-dried biosludge. After pyrolysis, the PAH content increased with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, which also results in a change in the PAH species profile. In pyrolysis liquid oil, NaP, AcPy, Flu and PA were the major species, and the content of the 16 PAHs ranged from 1.6 to 19 μg/ml at pyrolysis temperatures ranging from 400 to 800°C. Ca, Mg, Al, Fe and Zn were the dominant trace elements in the raw material and the pyrolysis residues. In addition, low toxic metal (Cd, V, Co, and Pb) content was found in the liquid oil, and its heat value was 7,800-9,500 kcal/kg, which means it can be considered as an alternative fuel. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Removal of actinide elements from liquid scintillation cocktail wastes using liquid-liquid extraction and demulsification techniques

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Foltz, K.; Landsberger, S.; Srinivasan, B.

1994-12-31

For many years liquid scintillation cocktail (LSC) wastes have been generated and stored at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). These wastes are stored in thousands of 10--20 m scintillation vials, many of which contain elements with Z > 88. Because storage space is limited, disposal of this waste is pressing. These wastes could be commercially incinerated if the radionuclides with Z>88 are reduced to sufficiently low levels. However, there is currently no deminimus level for these radionuclides, and separation techniques are still being tested. The University of Illinois is conducting experiments to separate radionuclides with Z > 88 from simulated LSCmore » wastes by using liquid-liquid extraction (LLX) and demulsification techniques. The actinide elements are removed from the LSC by extraction into an aqueous phase after the cocktail has been demulsified. The aqueous and organic phases are separated and the organic phase, now free from radionuclides with Z > 88, can be sent to a commercial incineration facility. The aqueous phase may be treated and disposed of using existing techniques. The LLX separation techniques used solutions of sodium oxalate, aluminum nitrate, and tetrasodium EDTA at varying concentrations. These extractants were mixed with the simulated waste in a 1:1 volume ratio. Using 1.0M Na{sub 4} EDTA salt solutions, decontamination ratios as high as 230 were achieved.« less

Spectroscopic and calorimetric investigations on the influence of calcium ions on the polyamine negatively charged phospholipid molecular interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bertoluzza, Alessandro; Bonora, S.; Fini, G.; Morelli, M. A.

1993-06-01

Polyamines do not interact with neutral phospholipids (phosphatidylcholines) but they do interact in the presence of bivalent and trivalent cations. The effect of polyvalent cations is explained in terms of dehydration of the bilayer surface. Polyamines interact strongly with negatively charged phospholipids; the presence of bivalent and trivalent cations do not change sensitively the type of interaction between polyamines and phosphatidic acids.

Chelating agents.

PubMed

Bergan, T; Klaveness, J; Aasen, A J

2001-01-01

The antibacterial activity of metal ions, metal chelates, and molecules with chelating ability for polyvalent cations have been evaluated. The chelator N, N'-ethylenebis[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-glycine] (EHPG) exerted moderate-to-good activity against isolates of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Other chelating agents such as ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA) revealed weak-to-moderate activity. Metal chelation of ligands reduced the activity of EDTA and DTPA. Copyright 2001 S. Karger AG, Basel

Determination of elements in hospital waste with neutron activation analysis method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dwijananti, P.; Astuti, B.; Alwiyah; Fianti

2018-03-01

The producer of the biggest B3 waste is hospital. The waste is from medical and laboratory activities. The purpose of this study is to determine the elements contained in the liquid waste from hospital and calculate the levels of these elements. This research was done by analysis of the neutron activation conducted at BATAN Yogyakarta. The neutron activation analysis is divided into two stages: activation of the samples using neutron sources of reactor Kartini, then chopping by using a set of tools, gamma spectrometer with HPGe detector. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were done by matching the gamma spectrum peak to the Neutron Activation Table. The sample was taken from four points of the liquid waste treatment plant (WWTP) Bhakti Wira Tamtama Semarang hospital. The results showed that the samples containing elements of Cr, Zn, Fe, Co, and Na, with the levels of each element is Cr (0.033 - 0.075) mg/L, Zn (0.090 - 1.048) mg/L, Fe (2.937-37.743) mg/L, Co (0.005-0.023) mg/L, and Na (61.088-116.330) mg/L. Comparing to the standard value, the liquid is safe to the environment.

The Liquid Annular Reactor System (LARS) propulsion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Powell, James; Ludewig, Hans; Horn, Frederick; Lenard, Roger

1990-01-01

A concept for very high specific impulse (greater than 2000 seconds) direct nuclear propulsion is described. The concept, termed the liquid annular reactor system (LARS), uses liquid nuclear fuel elements to heat hydrogen propellant to very high temperatures (approximately 6000 K). Operating pressure is moderate (approximately 10 atm), with the result that the outlet hydrogen is virtually 100 percent dissociated to monatomic H. The molten fuel is contained in a solid container of its own material, which is rotated to stabilize the liquid layer by centripetal force. LARS reactor designs are described, together with neutronic and thermal-hydraulic analyses. Power levels are on the order of 200 megawatts. Typically, LARS designs use seven rotating fuel elements, are beryllium moderated, and have critical radii of approximately 100 cm (core L/D approximately equal to 1.5).

Radiation monitor for liquids

DOEpatents

Koster, J.E.; Bolton, R.D.

1999-03-02

A radiation monitor for use with liquids that utilizes air ions created by alpha radiation emitted by the liquids as its detectable element. A signal plane, held at an electrical potential with respect to ground, collects these air ions. A guard plane or guard rings is used to limit leakage currents. In one embodiment, the monitor is used for monitoring liquids retained in a tank. Other embodiments monitor liquids flowing through a tank, and bodies of liquids, such as ponds, lakes, rivers and oceans. 4 figs.

Radiation monitor for liquids

DOEpatents

Koster, James E.; Bolton, Richard D.

1999-01-01

A radiation monitor for use with liquids that utilizes air ions created by alpha radiation emitted by the liquids as its detectable element. A signal plane, held at an electrical potential with respect to ground, collects these air ions. A guard plane or guard rings is used to limit leakage currents. In one embodiment, the monitor is used for monitoring liquids retained in a tank. Other embodiments monitor liquids flowing through a tank, and bodies of liquids, such as ponds, lakes, rivers and oceans.

Composition and Elution Behavior of Various Elements from Printed Circuit Boards, Cathode-ray Tube Glass, and Liquid-crystal Displays in Waste Consumer Electronics.

PubMed

Inaba, Kazuho; Murata, Tomoyoshi; Yamamura, Shigeki; Nagano, Masaaki; Iwasaki, Kazuhiro; Nakajima, Daisuke; Takigami, Hidetaka

2018-01-01

The contents and elution behavior of metals in consumer electronics parts were determined so as to understand their maximum environmental risk. Elements contained most in printed-circuit boards were Cu, Si, Br, Ca, Al, Sn, Pb, Sb, Ba, Fe, Ni, Ti, and Zn; in cathode-ray tube glass were Si, Pb, Ba, Sr, Zn, Zr, Ca, and Sb; in arsenic contained liquid-crystal displays were Si, Ca, Sr, Ba, As, and Fe; and in antimony contained liquid-crystal displays were Si, Ba, Ca, Sb, Sr, Fe, and Sn. The elements eluted most from printed-circuit boards were Zn, Pb, and Cu; from cathode-ray tube glass were Pb, Zn, B, Ba, and Si; and from liquid-crystal displays were B and Si, and the toxic As and Sb. The amount eluted was greatest at acidic pH. It was revealed that officially recommended 6-h-shaking with a pure water test was insufficient to understand the real environmental risk of waste electronics.

Electrically induced reorganization phenomena of liquid metal film printed on biological skin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Cangran; Yi, Liting; Yu, Yang; Liu, Jing

2016-12-01

Liquid metal has been demonstrated to be directly printable on biological skin as physiological measurement elements. However, many fundamental issues remained unclear so far. Here, we disclosed an intriguing phenomenon of electrically induced reorganization of liquid metal film. According to the experiments, when applying an external electric field to liquid metal films which were spray printed on biological skin, it would induce unexpected transformations of the liquid metals among different morphologies and configurations. These include shape shift from a large liquid metal film into a tiny sphere and contraction of liquid metal pool into spherical one. For comprehensively understanding the issues, the impacts of the size, voltage, orientations of the liquid metal electrodes, etc., were clarified. Further, effects of various substrates such as in vitro skin and in vivo skin affecting the liquid metal transformations were experimentally investigated. Compared to the intact tissues, the contraction magnitude of the liquid metal electrode appears weaker on in vivo skin of nude mice under the same electric field. The mechanisms lying behind such phenomena were interpreted through theoretical modeling. Lastly, typical applications of applying the current effect into practical elements such as electrical gating devices were also illustrated as an example. The present findings have both fundamental and practical values, which would help design future technical strategies in fabricating electronically controlled liquid metal electronics on skin.

Distribution behavior of uranium, neptunium, rare-earth elements ( Y, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd) and alkaline-earth metals (Sr,Ba) between molten LiClKCI eutectic salt and liquid cadmium or bismuth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kurata, M.; Sakamura, Y.; Hijikata, T.; Kinoshita, K.

1995-12-01

Distribution coefficients of uranium neptunium, eight rare-earth elements (Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd) and two alkaline-earth metals (Sr and Ba) between molten LiCl-KCI eutectic salt and either liquid cadmium or bismuth were measured at 773 K. Separation factors of trivalent rare-earth elements to uranium or neptunium in the LiCl-KCl/Bi system were by one or two orders of magnitude larger than those in the LiCl-KCl/Cd system. On the contrary, the separation factors of alkaline-earth metals and divalent rare-earth elements to trivalent rare-earth elements were by one or two orders of magnitude smaller in the LiCl-KCl/Bi system.

Provisioning cooling elements for chillerless data centers

DOEpatents

Chainer, Timothy J.; Parida, Pritish R.

2016-12-13

Systems and methods for cooling include one or more computing structure, an inter-structure liquid cooling system that includes valves configured to selectively provide liquid coolant to the one or more computing structures; a heat rejection system that includes one or more heat rejection units configured to cool liquid coolant; and one or more liquid-to-liquid heat exchangers that include valves configured to selectively transfer heat from liquid coolant in the inter-structure liquid cooling system to liquid coolant in the heat rejection system. Each computing structure further includes one or more liquid-cooled servers; and an intra-structure liquid cooling system that has valves configured to selectively provide liquid coolant to the one or more liquid-cooled servers.

Colorimetric Detection Of Substances In Liquids And Gases

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Harris, J. Milton; Mcgill, R. Andrew; Paley, Mark S.

1992-01-01

Thin polymer films containing solvatochromic dyes used as sensing elements to detect substances dissolved in liquids and gases. Dyes do not react with liquids in which dissolved, but do respond to changes in chemical compositions by changing color. Concentration determined visually by comparison of color with predetermined standard chart, or spectrophotometrically.

FUEL ELEMENTS FOR NUCLEAR REACTORS AND PROCESS OF MAKING

DOEpatents

Roake, W.E.

1958-08-19

A process is described for producing uranium metal granules for use in reactor fuel elements. The granules are made by suspending powdered uramiunn metal or uranium hydride in a viscous, non-reactive liquid, such as paraffin oil, aad pouring the resulting suspension in droplet, on to a bed of powdered absorbent. In this manner the liquid vehicle is taken up by the sorbent and spherical pellets of uranium metal are obtained. The

JPRS Report, Science & Technology, Optoelectronics--LCD & Related Material

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-17

bottom electrode of the element are formed by the Ta film. Then, the electric field is applied in the citric acid solution and an oxide film is formed on...world, and research utilizing liquid crystal display elements and liquid crystal spatial light modulators has increased explosively . A summary of...Photographic emulsion film has been utilized in the past as the modulation device. It is regrettable but, against the two-dimensional signal, the

Ultrasound-assisted analyte extraction for the determination of sulfate and elemental sulfur in zinc sulfide by different liquid chromatography techniques.

PubMed

Dash, K; Thangavel, S; Krishnamurthy, N V; Rao, S V; Karunasagar, D; Arunachalam, J

2005-04-01

The speciation and determination of sulfate (SO4(2-)) and elemental sulfur (S degree) in zinc sulfide (ZnS) using ion-chromatography (IC) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) respectively is described. Three sample pretreatment approaches were employed with the aim of determining sulfate: (i) conventional water extraction of the analyte; (ii) solid-liquid aqueous extraction with an ultrasonic probe; and (iii) elimination of the zinc sulfide matrix via ion-exchange dissolution (IED). The separation of sulfate was carried out by an anion-exchange column (IonPac AS17), followed by suppressed conductivity detection. Elemental sulfur was extracted ultrasonically from the acid treated sample solution into chloroform and separated on a reversed phase HPLC column equipped with a diode array detector (DAD) at 264 nm. The achievable solid detection limits for sulfate and sulfur were 35 and 10 microg g(-1) respectively.

FINITE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF MULTIPHASE IMMISCIBLE FLOW THROUGH SOILS

EPA Science Inventory

A finite-element model is developed for multiphase flow through soil involving three immiscible fluids: namely, air, water, and a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL). A variational method is employed for the finite-element formulation corresponding to the coupled differential equation...

Effect of silicon on activity coefficients of siderophile elements (Au, Pd, Pt, P, Ga, Cu, Zn, and Pb) in liquid Fe: Roles of core formation, late sulfide matte, and late veneer in shaping terrestrial mantle geochemistry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Righter, K.; Pando, K.; Humayun, M.; Waeselmann, N.; Yang, S.; Boujibar, A.; Danielson, L. R.

2018-07-01

Earth's core contains ∼10% of a light element that may be a combination of Si, S, C, O or H, with Si potentially being the major light element. Metal-silicate partitioning of siderophile elements can place important constraints on the P-T-fO2 and composition of the early Earth, but the effect of Si alloyed in Fe liquids is unknown for many of these elements. In particular, the effect of Si on the partitioning of highly siderophile elements (Au, Re and PGE) is virtually unknown. To address this gap in understanding, we have undertaken a systematic study of the highly siderophile elements Au, Pd, and Pt, and the volatile siderophile elements P, Ga, Cu, Zn, and Pb at variable Si content of metal, and 1600 °C and 1 GPa. From our experiments we derive epsilon interaction parameters between these elements and Si in Fe metallic liquids. The new parameters are used to update an activity model for trace siderophile elements in Fe alloys; Si causes large variation in the magnitude of activity coefficients of these elements in FeSi liquids. Because the interaction parameters are all positive, Si causes a decrease in their metal/silicate partition coefficients. We combine these new activity results with experimental studies of Au, Pd, Pt, P, Ga, Cu, Zn and Pb, to derive predictive expressions for metal/silicate partition coefficients which can then be applied to Earth. The expressions are applied to two scenarios for continuous accretion of Earth; specifically for constant and increasing fO2 during accretion. The results indicate that mantle concentrations of P, Ga, Cu, Zn, and Pb can be explained by metal-silicate equilibrium during accretion of the Earth where Earth's early magma ocean deepens to pressures of 40-60 GPa. Au, Pd, and Pt, on the other hand become too high in the mantle in such a scenario, and require a later removal mechanism, rather than an addition as traditionally argued. A late reduction event that removes 0.5% metal from a shallow magma ocean can lower the Au, Pd, and Pt contents to values near the current day BSE. On the other hand, removal of 0.2-1.0% of a late sulfide-rich matte to the core would lower the Au, Pd, and Pt concentrations in the mantle, but not to chondritic relative concentrations observed in the BSE. If sulfide matte is called upon to remove HSEs, they must be later added via a late veneer to re-establish the high and chondritic relative PUM concentrations. These results suggest that although accretion and core formation (involving a Si, S, and C-bearing metallic liquid) were the primary processes establishing many of Earth's mantle volatile elements and HSE, a secondary removal process is required to establish HSEs at their current and near-chondritic relative BSE levels. Mn and P - two siderophile elements that are central to biochemical processes (photosynthesis and triphosphates, respectively) - have significant and opposite interactions with FeSi liquids, and their mantle concentrations would be notably different if Earth had a Si-free core.

In-situ Density and Thermal Expansion Measurements of Fe and Fe-S Alloying Liquids Under Planetary Core Conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jing, Z.; Chantel, J.; Yu, T.; Sakamaki, T.; Wang, Y.

2015-12-01

Liquid iron is likely the dominant constituent in the cores of terrestrial planets and icy satellites such as Earth, Mars, Mercury, the Moon, Ganymede, and Io. Suggested by geophysical and geochemical observations, light elements such as S, C, Si, etc., are likely present in planetary cores. These light elements can significantly reduce the density and melting temperature of the Fe cores, and hence their abundances are crucial to our understanding of the structure and thermal history of planetary cores, as well as the generation of intrinsic magnetic fields. Knowledge on the density of Fe-light element alloying liquids at high pressures is critical to place constraints on the composition of planetary cores. However, density data on liquid Fe-light element alloys at core pressures are very limited in pressure and composition and are sometimes controversial. In this study, we extend the density dataset for Fe-rich liquids by measuring the density of Fe, Fe-10wt%S, Fe-20wt%S, Fe-27wt%S, and FeS liquids using the X-ray absorption technique in a DIA-type multianvil apparatus up to 7 GPa and 2173 K. An ion chamber (1D-detector) and a CCD camera (2D-detector) were used to measure intensities of transmitted monochromatic X-rays through molten samples, with the photon energy optimized at 40 keV. The densities were then determined from the Beer-Lambert law using the mass absorption coefficients, calibrated by solid standards using X-ray diffraction. At each pressure, density measurements were conducted at a range of temperatures above the liquidus of the samples, enabling the determination of thermal expansion. Combined with our previous results on the sound velocity of Fe and Fe-S liquids at high pressures (Jing et al., 2014, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 396, 78-87), these data provide tight constraints on the equation of state and thermodynamic properties such as the adiabatic temperature gradient for Fe-S liquids. We will discuss these results with implications to planetary cores.

Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom is effective in the neutralization of South American viperidae venoms in a murine model.

PubMed

Richardson, William H; Tanen, David A; Tong, Tri C; Betten, David P; Carstairs, Shaun D; Williams, Saralyn R; Cantrell, Frank L; Clark, Richard F

2005-06-01

Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) (CroFab; FabAV) is used in the treatment of symptomatic crotaline envenomations in North America. Unlike Antivenin (Crotalidae) Polyvalent, which is approved for treatment of crotaline envenomation in North and South America, FabAV is manufactured using only venoms from crotaline snakes native to the United States. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of FabAV in the neutralization of venom from 2 South American crotaline snakes: Crotalus durissus terrificus (tropical rattlesnake) and Bothrops atrox (fer-de-lance). A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled murine model of intraperitoneal venom injection was used. Venom potency was determined in preliminary median lethal dose (LD 50) dosing studies. Study animals were then divided into 7 groups: (1) C durissus terrificus venom (Sigma-Aldrich Co.)+FabAV, (2) C durissus terrificus venom (Sigma-Aldrich Co.)+0.9% normal saline solution, (3) C durissus terrificus venom (Biotoxins Inc.)+FabAV, (4) C durissus terrificus venom (Biotoxins Inc.)+normal saline solution, (5) B atrox venom+FabAV, (6) B atrox venom+normal saline solution, and (7) FabAV+normal saline solution. Twice the estimated LD 50 was the chosen venom dose, and the amount of FabAV injected was 10 times the amount needed for venom neutralization. Statistical analysis included Fisher's exact test and log-rank testing to compare survival rates and times. The venom LD 50 was found in preliminary studies to be 0.9 mg/kg and 1.35 mg/kg for the C durissus terrificus venom obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. and Biotoxins Inc., respectively. The LD 50 for B atrox venom was 5.0 mg/kg. All animals receiving venom only and saline solution died. Animals receiving FabAV together with either venom survived to the end of the 24-hour observation period ( P <.001). Comparison of survival times between groups demonstrated a significant difference in time to death between venom-only control groups and the FabAV+venom groups (P <.001). All animals in the FabAV+normal saline solution group survived to the conclusion of the study. FabAV, when premixed with venom, decreases lethality in a murine model of intraperitoneal venom injection of the South American pit vipers, C durissus terrificus and B atrox .

Cathodic electrodeposition of amorphous elemental selenium from an air- and water-stable ionic liquid.

PubMed

Redman, Daniel W; Murugesan, Sankaran; Stevenson, Keith J

2014-01-14

Electrodeposition of selenium from 1-propyl-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide is reported. In situ UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry was used to investigate the reduction of diethyl selenite to form elemental selenium thin films from an ionic liquid-acetonitrile medium. Three reduction peaks of diethyl selenite were observed via cyclic voltammetry and are attributed to the stepwise reduction of the selenium precursor adsorbed on the electrode. The electrodeposition mechanism is influenced by both potential and time. Electrodeposition at -1.7 V vs Pt QRE resulted in the deposition of elemental selenium nanoparticles that with time coalesced to form a continuous film. At reduction potentials more negative than -1.7 V the morphology of the deposit changed significantly due to the reduction of elemental Se to Se(2-). In addition, p-type photoconductivity of the films was observed during the spectroelectrochemical measurements. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the deposited selenium films were amorphous. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirm the films consisted of pure selenium with minor residual contamination from the precursor and ionic liquid.

Discovery of a potent nanoparticle P-selectin antagonist with anti-inflammatory effects in allergic airway disease

PubMed Central

John, Alison E.; Lukacs, Nicholas W.; Berlin, Aaron A.; Palecanda, Aiyappa; Bargatze, Robert F.; Stoolman, Lloyd M.; Nagy, Jon O.

2010-01-01

The severity of allergic asthma is dependent, in part, on the intensity of peribronchial inflammation. P-selectin is known to play a role in the development of allergen-induced peribronchial inflammation and airway hyperreactivity. Selective inhibitors of P-selectin-mediated leukocyte endothelial-cell interactions may therefore attenuate the inflammatory processes associated with allergic airway disease. Novel P-selectin inhibitors were created using a polyvalent polymer nanoparticle capable of displaying multiple synthetic, low molecular weight ligands. By assembling a particle that presents an array of groups, which as monomers interact with only low affinity, we created a construct that binds extremely efficiently to P-selectin. The ligands acted as mimetics of the key binding elements responsible for the high-avidity adhesion of P-selectin to the physiologic ligand, PSGL-1. The inhibitors were initially evaluated using an in vitro shear assay system in which interactions between circulating cells and P-selectin-coated capillary tubes were measured. The nanoparticles were shown to preferentially bind to selectins expressed on activated endothelial cells. We subsequently demonstrated that nanoparticles displaying P-selectin blocking arrays were functionally active in vivo, significantly reducing allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity and peribronchial eosinophilic inflammation in a murine model of asthma. PMID:14563683

Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide Ionic Liquid (Preprint)

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-14

TetraethylammoniumTrifluoromentanesulfonate Ionic Liquid and Neutralized Nafion 117 for High-Temperature Fuel Cells J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 2183-2195. (7) Kim, S. Y.; Kim, S...bromide 5b. GRANT NUMBER ionic liquid (Preprint) 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) Steven D. Chambreau, Jerry A. Boatz, Ghanshyam L. Vaaghjiani...In order to better understand the volatilization process for ionic liquids , the vapor evolved from heating the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3

Reduced Basis and Stochastic Modeling of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine as a Complex System

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-07-02

additions, the approach will be extended to a real- gas system so that it can be used to investigate model multi-element liquid rocket combustors in a...Sirignano (2010). In the following discussion, we examine the various conservation principles for the gas and liquid phases. The hyperbolic nature of the...conservation equations for the gas and liquid phases. Mass conservation of individual chemical species or of individual classes of liquid droplets will

Identification of the states of the processes that occur on solid cathodes in the potentiostatic electrolysis mode using semantic diagram models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smirnov, G. B.; Markina, S. E.; Tomashevich, V. G.

2011-02-01

A procedure is proposed to construct semantic diagram models for the electrolysis on a solid cathode in a salt halide melt under potentiostatic conditions. These models are intended to identify the static states of the system that correspond to a certain combination of the processes occurring on an electrode and in the system volume. Examples for discharging of univalent and polyvalent metals are given.

Thromboelastography Utilization in Delayed Recurrent Coagulopathy after Severe Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Envenomation.

PubMed

McBride, Katherine M; Bromberg, William; Dunne, James

2017-04-01

Venomous snakebites are fairly common in the United States and can present with a wide range of symptoms. A 48-year-old man presented after Eastern Diamondback rattlesnake envenomation. His hospital course was complicated by right leg compartment syndrome and delayed recurrent coagulopathy, requiring multiple doses of Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (CroFab) antivenom and transfusions. Thromboelastography was used as an adjunct to standard coagulation studies in monitoring his delayed recurrent coagulopathy.

Purification of swine haptoglobin by affinity chromatography.

PubMed Central

Eurell, T E; Hall, W F; Bane, D P

1990-01-01

A globin-agarose affinity chromatography technique was used to purify swine haptoglobin. This technique provides a highly specific, single-step purification method without the contamination of extraneous serum proteins reported by previous studies. Complex formation between the haptoglobin isolate and swine hemoglobin confirmed that biological activity was maintained during the purification process. Immunoelectrophoretic and Ouchterlony immunodiffusion methods revealed that the swine haptoglobin isolate cross-reacted with polyvalent antisera against human haptoglobin. Images Fig. 2. Fig. 3. PMID:2123414

[Assessment of Three Risk Adjustment Systems as Predictors of the Consumption of Medicines and Medical Supplies at Polyvalent Hospitalization Units. Spain].

PubMed

Mera Flores, Ana María; Del Busto Bonifaz, Sebastián; Bernal Sobrino, José Luis

2016-09-26

The use of medicines and medical supplies is a significant component of health expenditure, linked to healthcare quality and efficient resource allocation. This study aimed to evaluate three risk adjustment systems predictive power of the consumption of medicines and medical supplies at polyvalent hospitalization units (PHU). This is an observational, retrospective study of the resources utilization in PHU between 2010 and 2013. We fitted linear regression models and evaluated their goodness of fit for three different predictors: Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), All Patients DRG (AP-DRG) and All Patients Refined DRG (APR-DRG) relative weights, and each one of them corrected by the length of stay. We analyzed hospitalization episodes included in the Minimum Basic Data Set (MBDS) from Fuenlabrada University Hospital. Data about the use of medicines and medical supplies were obtained from pharmacy and supply chain management information systems. Significant correlation was found between the annual consumption and the predictors considered (r=0,879 for CCI; r=0,622 for AP-DRG and r=0,514 for APR-DRG). The CCI corrected by length of stay was the variable that best fit presented (Ṝ2=0,863). The best predictive ability of CCI indicates that resource utilization depends more of the concurrent presence of additional pathology than the case mix calculated for iso-resource groups.

Yellow fever vaccine YF-17D activates multiple dendritic cell subsets via TLR2, 7, 8, and 9 to stimulate polyvalent immunity.

PubMed

Querec, Troy; Bennouna, Soumaya; Alkan, Sefik; Laouar, Yasmina; Gorden, Keith; Flavell, Richard; Akira, Shizuo; Ahmed, Rafi; Pulendran, Bali

2006-02-20

The live attenuated yellow fever vaccine 17D (YF-17D) is one of the most effective vaccines available, with a 65-yr history of use in >400 million people globally. Despite this efficacy, there is presently no information about the immunological mechanisms by which YF-17D acts. Here, we present data that suggest that YF-17D activates multiple Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on dendritic cells (DCs) to elicit a broad spectrum of innate and adaptive immune responses. Specifically, YF-17D activates multiple DC subsets via TLRs 2, 7, 8, and 9 to elicit the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-12p40, IL-6, and interferon-alpha. Interestingly, the resulting adaptive immune responses are characterized by a mixed T helper cell (Th)1/Th2 cytokine profile and antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, distinct TLRs appear to differentially control the Th1/Th2 balance; thus, whilst MyD88-deficient mice show a profound impairment of Th1 cytokines, TLR2-deficient mice show greatly enhanced Th1 and Tc1 responses to YF-17D. Together, these data enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanism of action of YF-17D, and highlight the potential of vaccination strategies that use combinations of different TLR ligands to stimulate polyvalent immune responses.

Effects of polyvalent immunoglobulins in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss and antibodies to the choriocarcinoma cell line JEG-3.

PubMed

Rogenhofer, Nina; von Schönfeldt, Viktoria; Ochsenkühn, Robert; Sili, Felicia; Thaler, Christian J

2015-11-01

The benefit of polyvalent immunoglobulins (IVIG) for patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is controversially discussed. Anti-trophoblast antibodies as an expression of immune pathology have been associated with RPL. We investigated whether the antibody activity against the choriocarcinoma cell line JEG-3 in RPL patients is influenced in vitro by IVIG. Sera of 110 unexplained RPL patients with positive anti-JEG-3 antibodies were coincubated with IVIG in different concentrations (10mg/ml, 20mg/ml, 40mg/ml). Coincubation with human albumin in identical concentrations served as control. Anti-JEG-3 reactivity was measured by using flow cytometry in comparisons with two in-house standards antibody probes of low and high reactivity as described before. Anti-JEG-3 reactivity above the 95% confidence interval of controls was defined as positive. Incubating RPL sera with 10mg/ml IVIG significantly decreased anti-JEG-3 activity (p<0.001). Increasing IVIG concentration to 40mg/ml resulted in a slightly additionally reduction (p=0.42). In contrast, coincubation with albumin in identically concentrations did not affect anti-JEG-3 activity (p>0.40). Coincubation with IVIG in vitro leads to a significant suppression of anti-JEG-3 activity in the sera of RPL patients. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Polyvalent cation receptor proteins (CaRs) are salinity sensors in fish.

PubMed

Nearing, J; Betka, M; Quinn, S; Hentschel, H; Elger, M; Baum, M; Bai, M; Chattopadyhay, N; Brown, E M; Hebert, S C; Harris, H W

2002-07-09

To determine whether calcium polyvalent cation-sensing receptors (CaRs) are salinity sensors in fish, we used a homology-based cloning strategy to isolate a 4.1-kb cDNA encoding a 1,027-aa dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) kidney CaR. Expression studies in human embryonic kidney cells reveal that shark kidney senses combinations of Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Na(+) ions at concentrations present in seawater and kidney tubules. Shark kidney is expressed in multiple shark osmoregulatory organs, including specific tubules of the kidney, rectal gland, stomach, intestine, olfactory lamellae, gill, and brain. Reverse transcriptase-PCR amplification using specific primers in two teleost fish, winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), reveals a similar pattern of CaR tissue expression. Exposure of the lumen of winter flounder urinary bladder to the CaR agonists, Gd(3+) and neomycin, reversibly inhibit volume transport, which is important for euryhaline teleost survival in seawater. Within 24-72 hr after transfer of freshwater-adapted Atlantic salmon to seawater, there are increases in their plasma Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Na(+) that likely serve as a signal for internal CaRs, i.e., brain, to sense alterations in salinity in the surrounding water. We conclude that CaRs act as salinity sensors in both teleost and elasmobranch fish. Their tissue expression patterns in fish provide insights into CaR functions in terrestrial animals including humans.

Experimental geochemistry of Pu and Sm and the thermodynamics of trace element partitioning

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, John H.; Burnett, Donald S.

1987-01-01

An experimental study of the partitioning of Pu and Sm between diopside/liquid and whitlockite/liquid supports the hypothesis that Pu behaves as a light rare earth element during igneous processes in reducing environments. D-Pu/D-Sm is found to be about 2 for both diopsidic pyroxene and whitlockite, and the amount of fractionation would be decreased further if Pu were compared to Ce or Nd. Data indicate that temperature, rather than melt composition, is the most important control on elemental partitioning, and that P2O5 in aluminosilicate melts serves as a complexing agent for the actinides and lanthanides.

Particle separating apparatus and method

DOEpatents

Van den Engh, Gerrit J.

1998-01-01

A disposable first tube (68) extends axially through, and is detachably connected to, an annular main body (10'). An input piezo electric element (38) is attached to a first end of the tubular main body (10'). A second, sensor piezo electric element (40) is attached to the opposite end of the main body (10'). A nozzle (20') having a nozzle passageway (110) and a discharge opening (112) is detachably secured to an outlet end of the first tube (68). A second tube (102) within the first tube (68) delivers a core liquid to the nozzle passageway (110). A sheath liquid is delivered through a space in the first tube (68) surrounding the second tube (102). The nozzle passageway (110) forms the core and sheath liquids into a small diameter jet stream. Electrical energy is delivered to the input piezo electric element (38), to vibrate the nozzle (20') and break the jet stream into droplets. The sensor element (40) determines the amplitude of vibration at the nozzle (20') and delivers this information to a control circuit that adjusts the electrical energy input to the input piezo electric element (38) for maintaining a desired amplitude of vibration at the nozzle (20'). The frequency of vibration is determined by the length of the main body (10') between the two piezo electric elements (38, 40). The first and second tubes (68, 102) are disposable and are replaced after a use rather than being cleaned and sterilized.

Particle separating apparatus and method

DOEpatents

Van den Engh, Gerrit J.

1999-01-01

A disposable first tube (68) extends axially through, and is detachably connected to, an annular main body (10'). An input piezo electric element (38) is attached to a first end of the tubular main body (10'). A second, sensor piezo electric element (40) is attached to the opposite end of the main body (10'). A nozzle (20') having a nozzle passageway (110) and a discharge opening (112) is detachably secured to an outlet end of the first tube (68). A second tube (102) within the first tube (68) delivers a core liquid to the nozzle passageway (110). A sheath liquid is delivered through a space in the first tube (68) surrounding the second tube (102). The nozzle passageway (110) forms the core and sheath liquids into a small diameter jet stream. Electrical energy is delivered to the input piezo electric element (38), to vibrate the nozzle (20') and break the jet stream into droplets. The sensor element (40) determines the amplitude of vibration at the nozzle (20') and delivers this information to a control circuit that adjusts the electrical energy input to the input piezo electric element (38) for maintaining a desired amplitude of vibration at the nozzle (20'). The frequency of vibration is determined by the length of the main body (10') between the two piezo electric elements (38, 40). The first and second tubes (68, 102) are disposable and are replaced after a use rather than being cleaned and sterilized.

Apparatus and method for the spectrochemical analysis of liquids using the laser spark

DOEpatents

Cremers, David A.; Radziemski, Leon J.; Loree, Thomas R.

1990-01-01

A method and apparatus for the qualitative and quantitative spectroscopic investigation of elements present in a liquid sample using the laser spark. A series of temporally closely spaced spark pairs is induced in the liquid sample utilizing pulsed electromagnetic radiation from a pair of lasers. The light pulses are not significantly absorbed by the sample so that the sparks occur inside of the liquid. The emitted light from the breakdown events is spectrally and temporally resolved, and the time period between the two laser pulses in each spark pair is adjusted to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio of the emitted signals. In comparison with the single pulse technique, a substantial reduction in the limits of detectability for many elements has been demonstrated. Narrowing of spectral features results in improved discrimination against interfering species.

Apparatus and method for the spectrochemical analysis of liquids using the laser spark

DOEpatents

Cremers, D.A.; Radziemski, L.J.; Loree, T.R.

1984-05-01

A method and apparatus are disclosed for the qualitative and quantitative spectroscopic investigation of elements present in a liquid sample using the laser spark. A series of temporally closely spaced spark pairs is induced in the liquid sample utilizing pulsed electromagnetic radiation from a pair of lasers. The light pulses are not significantly absorbed by the sample so that the sparks occur inside of the liquid. The emitted light from the breakdown events is spectrally and temporally resolved, and the time period between the two laser pulses in each spark pair is adjusted to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio of the emitted signals. In comparison with the single pulse technique, a substantial reduction in the limits of detectability for many elements has been demonstrated. Narrowing of spectral features results in improved discrimination against interfering species.

Influence of trace elements mixture on bacterial diversity and fermentation characteristics of liquid diet fermented with probiotics under air-tight condition.

PubMed

He, Yuyong; Chen, Zhiyu; Liu, Xiaolan; Wang, Chengwei; Lu, Wei

2014-01-01

Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I- are often supplemented to the diet of suckling and early weaning piglets, but little information is available regarding the effects of different Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I- mixtures on bacteria growth, diversity and fermentation characteristics of fermented liquid diet for piglets. Pyrosequencing was performed to investigate the effect of Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I- mixtures on the diversity, growth and fermentation characteristics of bacteria in the liquid diet fermented with Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis under air-tight condition. Results showed that the mixtures of Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I- at different concentrations promoted Bacillus growth, increased bacterial diversity and lactic acid production and lowered pH to about 5. The importance of Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I- is different for Bacillus growth with the order Zn2+> Fe2+>Cu2+> I- in a 21-d fermentation and Cu2+>I->Fe2+>Zn2+ in a 42-d fermentation. Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and I- is recommended at a level of 150, 60, 150 and 0.6 mg/kg respectively for the production of fermented liquid diet with Bacillus subtilis. The findings improve our understanding of the influence of trace elements on liquid diet fermentation with probiotics and support the proper use of trace elements in the production of fermented liquid diet for piglets.

System and method for liquid silicon containment

DOEpatents

Cliber, James A; Clark, Roger F; Stoddard, Nathan G; Von Dollen, Paul

2013-05-28

This invention relates to a system and a method for liquid silicon containment, such as during the casting of high purity silicon used in solar cells or solar modules. The containment apparatus includes a shielding member adapted to prevent breaching molten silicon from contacting structural elements or cooling elements of a casting device, and a volume adapted to hold a quantity of breaching molten silicon with the volume formed by a bottom and one or more sides.

System and method for liquid silicon containment

DOEpatents

Cliber, James A; Clark, Roger F; Stoddard, Nathan G; Von Dollen, Paul

2014-06-03

This invention relates to a system and a method for liquid silicon containment, such as during the casting of high purity silicon used in solar cells or solar modules. The containment apparatus includes a shielding ember adapted to prevent breaching molten silicon from contacting structural elements or cooling elements of a casting device, and a volume adapted to hold a quantity of breaching molten silicon with the volume formed by a bottom and one or more sides.

Effect of gas-liquid flow pattern and microbial diversity analysis of a pilot-scale biotrickling filter for anoxic biogas desulfurization.

PubMed

Almenglo, Fernando; Bezerra, Tercia; Lafuente, Javier; Gabriel, David; Ramírez, Martín; Cantero, Domingo

2016-08-01

Hydrogen sulfide removal from biogas was studied under anoxic conditions in a pilot-scale biotrickling filter operated under counter- and co-current gas-liquid flow patterns. The best performance was found under counter-current conditions (maximum elimination capacity of 140 gS m(-3) h(-1)). Nevertheless, switching conditions between co- and counter-current flow lead to a favorable redistribution of biomass and elemental sulfur along the bed height. Moreover, elemental sulfur was oxidized to sulfate when the feeding biogas was disconnected and the supply of nitrate (electron acceptor) was maintained. Removal of elemental sulfur was important to prevent clogging in the packed bed and, thereby, to increase the lifespan of the packed bed between maintenance episodes. The larger elemental sulfur removal rate during shutdowns was 59.1 gS m(-3) h(-1). Tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing was used to study the diversity of bacteria under co-current flow pattern with liquid recirculation and counter-current mode with a single-pass flow of the liquid phase. The main desulfurizing bacteria were Sedimenticola while significant role of heterotrophic, opportunistic species was envisaged. Remarkable differences between communities were found when a single-pass flow of industrial water was fed to the biotrickling filter. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Provisioning cooling elements for chillerless data centers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chainer, Timothy J.; Parida, Pritish R.

Systems and methods for cooling include one or more computing structure, an inter-structure liquid cooling system that includes valves configured to selectively provide liquid coolant to the one or more computing structures; a heat rejection system that includes one or more heat rejection units configured to cool liquid coolant; and one or more liquid-to-liquid heat exchangers that include valves configured to selectively transfer heat from liquid coolant in the inter-structure liquid cooling system to liquid coolant in the heat rejection system. Each computing structure further includes one or more liquid-cooled servers; and an intra-structure liquid cooling system that has valvesmore » configured to selectively provide liquid coolant to the one or more liquid-cooled servers.« less

76 FR 14812 - Final Regulation Extending the Reporting Deadline for Year 2010 Data Elements Required Under the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-18

.... Suppliers of Natural Gas and 221210 Natural gas Natural Gas Liquids. distribution facilities. 211112 Natural gas liquid extraction facilities. Suppliers of Industrial 325120 Industrial gas Greenhouse Gases..., 75 FR Natural Gas Liquids. 66434, 75 FR 79092. Suppliers of Industrial OO 74 FR 56260, 75 FR...

Method of treating waste water

DOEpatents

Deininger, J. Paul; Chatfield, Linda K.

1991-01-01

A process of treating water to remove transuranic elements contained therein by adjusting the pH of a transuranic element-containing water source to within the range of about 6.5 to about 14.0, admixing the water source with an alkali or alkaline earth ferrate in an amount sufficient to form a precipitate within the water source, the amount of ferrate effective to reduce the transuranic element concentration in the water source, permitting the precipitate in the admixture to separate and thereby yield a supernatant liquid having a reduced transuranic element concentration, and separating the supernatant liquid having the reduced transuranic element concentration from the admixture is provided. Additionally, a water soluble salt, e.g., a zirconium salt, can be added with the alkali or alkaline earth ferrate in the process to provide greater removal efficiencies. A composition of matter including an alkali or alkaline earth ferrate and a water soluble salt, e.g., a zirconium salt, is also provided.

Neutron source, linear-accelerator fuel enricher and regenerator and associated methods

DOEpatents

Steinberg, Meyer; Powell, James R.; Takahashi, Hiroshi; Grand, Pierre; Kouts, Herbert

1982-01-01

A device for producing fissile material inside of fabricated nuclear elements so that they can be used to produce power in nuclear power reactors. Fuel elements, for example, of a LWR are placed in pressure tubes in a vessel surrounding a liquid lead-bismuth flowing columnar target. A linear-accelerator proton beam enters the side of the vessel and impinges on the dispersed liquid lead-bismuth columns and produces neutrons which radiate through the surrounding pressure tube assembly or blanket containing the nuclear fuel elements. These neutrons are absorbed by the natural fertile uranium-238 elements and are transformed to fissile plutonium-239. The fertile fuel is thus enriched in fissile material to a concentration whereby they can be used in power reactors. After use in the power reactors, dispensed depleted fuel elements can be reinserted into the pressure tubes surrounding the target and the nuclear fuel regenerated for further burning in the power reactor.

Liquid crystal devices especially for use in liquid crystal point diffraction interferometer systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Marshall, Kenneth L. (Inventor)

2009-01-01

Liquid crystal point diffraction interferometer (LCPDI) systems that can provide real-time, phase-shifting interferograms that are useful in the characterization of static optical properties (wavefront aberrations, lensing, or wedge) in optical elements or dynamic, time-resolved events (temperature fluctuations and gradients, motion) in physical systems use improved LCPDI cells that employ a "structured" substrate or substrates in which the structural features are produced by thin film deposition or photo resist processing to provide a diffractive element that is an integral part of the cell substrate(s). The LC material used in the device may be doped with a "contrast-compensated" mixture of positive and negative dichroic dyes.

Liquid crystal devices especially for use in liquid crystal point diffraction interferometer systems

DOEpatents

Marshall, Kenneth L [Rochester, NY

2009-02-17

Liquid crystal point diffraction interferometer (LCPDI) systems that can provide real-time, phase-shifting interferograms that are useful in the characterization of static optical properties (wavefront aberrations, lensing, or wedge) in optical elements or dynamic, time-resolved events (temperature fluctuations and gradients, motion) in physical systems use improved LCPDI cells that employ a "structured" substrate or substrates in which the structural features are produced by thin film deposition or photo resist processing to provide a diffractive element that is an integral part of the cell substrate(s). The LC material used in the device may be doped with a "contrast-compensated" mixture of positive and negative dichroic dyes.

Soft-Matter Resistive Sensor for Measuring Shear and Pressure Stresses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tepayotl-Ramirez, Daniel; Roberts, Peter; Majidi, Carmel

2013-03-01

Building on emerging paradigms in soft-matter electronics, we introduce liquid-phase electronic sensors that simultaneously measures elastic pressure and shear deformation. The sensors are com- posed of a sheet of elastomer that is embedded with fluidic channels containing eutectic Gallium- Indium (EGaIn), a metal alloy that is liquid at room temperature. Applying pressure or shear traction to the surface of the surrounding elastomer causes the elastomer to elastically deform and changes the geometry and electrical properties of the embedded liquid-phase circuit elements. We introduce analytic models that predict the electrical response of the sensor to prescribed surface tractions. These models are validated with both Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and experimental measurements.

The Colloidal Stability of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-08-03

Ionic Liquids 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER FA2386-14-1-4062 5b. GRANT NUMBER Grant 14IOA088 AOARD-144062 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 61102F 6...NOTES 14. ABSTRACT During the reporting period the development of the ionic liquid ferrofluid (ILFF) based on EMIM-NTf2 was continued. The...ferrofluids based on other high-boiling solvents. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Electric Propulsion, Ionic liquids 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

Swirl-Stabilized Injector Flow and Combustion Dynamics for Liquid Propellants at Supercritical Conditions

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-02-08

was employed to study the vapor cavitation during liquid carbon dioxide expansion through a sharp-orifice nozzle. Numerical experiments demonstrated...Combustion Dynamics for 6b. GRANT NUMBER Liquid Propellants at Supercritical Conditions FA9550-04-1-0014 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT...fundamental knowledge of supercritical combustion of liquid propellants under conditions representative of contemporary rocket engines. Both shear and

Large Eddy Simulations of Transverse Combustion Instability in a Multi-Element Injector

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-07-27

plagued the development of liquid rocket engines and remains a large riskin the development and acquisition of new liquid rocket engines. Combustion...simulations to better understand the physics that can lead combustion instability in liquid rocket engines. Simulations of this type are able to...instabilities found in liquid rocket engines are transverse. The motivating of the experiment behind the current work is to subject the CVRC injector

A frequency quantum interpretation of the surface renewal model of mass transfer

PubMed Central

Mondal, Chanchal

2017-01-01

The surface of a turbulent liquid is visualized as consisting of a large number of chaotic eddies or liquid elements. Assuming that surface elements of a particular age have renewal frequencies that are integral multiples of a fundamental frequency quantum, and further assuming that the renewal frequency distribution is of the Boltzmann type, performing a population balance for these elements leads to the Danckwerts surface age distribution. The basic quantum is what has been traditionally called the rate of surface renewal. The Higbie surface age distribution follows if the renewal frequency distribution of such elements is assumed to be continuous. Four age distributions, which reflect different start-up conditions of the absorption process, are then used to analyse transient physical gas absorption into a large volume of liquid, assuming negligible gas-side mass-transfer resistance. The first two are different versions of the Danckwerts model, the third one is based on the uniform and Higbie distributions, while the fourth one is a mixed distribution. For the four cases, theoretical expressions are derived for the rates of gas absorption and dissolved-gas transfer to the bulk liquid. Under transient conditions, these two rates are not equal and have an inverse relationship. However, with the progress of absorption towards steady state, they approach one another. Assuming steady-state conditions, the conventional one-parameter Danckwerts age distribution is generalized to a two-parameter age distribution. Like the two-parameter logarithmic normal distribution, this distribution can also capture the bell-shaped nature of the distribution of the ages of surface elements observed experimentally in air–sea gas and heat exchange. Estimates of the liquid-side mass-transfer coefficient made using these two distributions for the absorption of hydrogen and oxygen in water are very close to one another and are comparable to experimental values reported in the literature. PMID:28791137

Infiltration behaviour of elemental mercury DNAPL in fully and partially water saturated porous media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

D'Aniello, Andrea; Hartog, Niels; Sweijen, Thomas; Pianese, Domenico

2018-02-01

Mercury is a contaminant of global concern due to its harmful effects on human health and for the detrimental consequences of its release in the environment. Sources of liquid elemental mercury are usually anthropogenic, such as chlor-alkali plants. To date insight into the infiltration behaviour of liquid elemental mercury in the subsurface is lacking, although this is critical for assessing both characterization and remediation approaches for mercury DNAPL contaminated sites. Therefore, in this study the infiltration behaviour of elemental mercury in fully and partially water saturated systems was investigated using column experiments. The properties affecting the constitutive relations governing the infiltration behaviour of liquid Hg0, and PCE for comparison, were determined using Pc(S) experiments with different granular porous media (glass beads and sands) for different two- and three-phase configurations. Results showed that, in water saturated porous media, elemental mercury, as PCE, acted as a non-wetting fluid. The required entry head for elemental mercury was higher (from about 5 to 7 times). However, due to the almost tenfold higher density of mercury, the required NAPL entry heads of 6.19 cm and 12.51 cm for mercury to infiltrate were 37.5% to 20.7% lower than for PCE for the same porous media. Although Leverett scaling was able to reproduce the natural tendency of Hg0 to be more prone than PCE to infiltrate in water saturated porous media, it considerably underestimated Hg0 infiltration capacity in comparison with the experimental results. In the partially water saturated system, in contrast with PCE, elemental mercury also acted as a nonwetting fluid, therefore having to overcome an entry head to infiltrate. The required Hg0 entry heads (10.45 and 15.74 cm) were considerably higher (68.9% and 25.8%) than for the water saturated porous systems. Furthermore, in the partially water saturated systems, experiments showed that elemental mercury displaced both air and water, depending on the initial water distribution within the pores. This indicates that the conventional wettability hierarchy, in which the NAPL has an intermediate wetting state between the air and the water phases, is not valid for liquid elemental mercury. Therefore, for future modelling of elemental mercury DNAPL infiltration behaviour in variably water saturated porous media, a different formulation of the governing constitutive relations will be required.

Liquid Rocket Lines, Bellows, Flexible Hoses, and Filters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1977-01-01

Fluid-flow components in a liquid propellant rocket engine and the rocket vehicle which it propels are interconnected by lines, bellows, and flexible hoses. Elements involved in the successful design of these components are identified and current technologies pertaining to these elements are reviewed, assessed, and summarized to provide a technology base for a checklist of rules to be followed by project managers in guiding a design or assessing its adequacy. Recommended procedures for satisfying each of the design criteria are included.

Compositional depth profiles of the type 316 stainless steel undergone the corrosion in liquid lithium using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Ying; Ke, Chuan; Liu, Xiang; Gou, Fujun; Duan, Xuru; Zhao, Yong

2017-12-01

Liquid metal lithium cause severe corrosion on the surface of metal structure material that used in the blanket and first wall of fusion device. Fast and accurate compositional depth profile measurement for the boundary layer of the corroded specimen will reveal the clues for the understanding and evaluation of the liquid lithium corrosion process as well as the involved corrosion mechanism. In this work, the feasibility of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for the compositional depth profile analysis of type 316 stainless steel which was corroded by liquid lithium in certain conditions was demonstrated. High sensitivity of LIBS was revealed especially for the corrosion medium Li in addition to the matrix elements of Fe, Cr, Ni and Mn by the spectral analysis of the plasma emission. Compositional depth profile analysis for the concerned elements which related to corrosion was carried out on the surface of the corroded specimen. Based on the verified local thermodynamic equilibrium shot-by-shot along the depth profile, the matrix effect was evaluated as negligible by the extracted physical parameter of the plasmas generated by each laser pulse in the longitudinal depth profile. In addition, the emission line intensity ratios were introduced to further reduce the impact on the emission line intensity variations arise from the strong inhomogeneities on the corroded surface. Compositional depth profiles for the matrix elements of Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn and the corrosion medium Li were constructed with their measured relative emission line intensities. The distribution and correlations of the concerned elements in depth profile may indicate the clues to the complicated process of composition diffusion and mass transfer. The results obtained demonstrate the potentiality of LIBS as an effective technique to perform spectrochemical measurement in the research fields of liquid metal lithium corrosion.

Incorporation of metal nanoparticles into wood substrate and methods

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rector, Kirk D; Lucas, Marcel

Metal nanoparticles were incorporated into wood. Ionic liquids were used to expand the wood cell wall structure for nanoparticle incorporation into the cell wall structure. Nanoparticles of elemental gold or silver were found to be effective surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) imaging contrast or sensing agents. Nanoparticles of elemental iron were found to be efficient microwave absorbers and caused localized heating for disrupting the integrity of the lignocellulosic matrix. Controls suggest that the localized heating around the iron nanoparticles reduces losses of cellulose in the form of water, volatiles and CO.sub.2. The ionic liquid is needed during the incorporation processmore » at room temperature. The use of small amounts of ionic liquid combined with the absence of an ionic liquid purification step and a lower energy and water use are expected to reduce costs in an up-scaled pretreatment process.« less

Topology-generating interfacial pattern formation during liquid metal dealloying

DOE PAGES

Geslin, Pierre -Antoine; McCue, Ian; Gaskey, Bernard; ...

2015-11-19

Liquid metal dealloying has emerged as a novel technique to produce topologically complex nanoporous and nanocomposite structures with ultra-high interfacial area and other unique properties relevant for diverse material applications. This process is empirically known to require the selective dissolution of one element of a multicomponent solid alloy into a liquid metal to obtain desirable structures. However, how structures form is not known. Here we demonstrate, using mesoscale phase-field modelling and experiments, that nano/microstructural pattern formation during dealloying results from the interplay of (i) interfacial spinodal decomposition, forming compositional domain structures enriched in the immiscible element, and (ii) diffusion-coupled growthmore » of the enriched solid phase and the liquid phase into the alloy. We highlight how those two basic mechanisms interact to yield a rich variety of topologically disconnected and connected structures. Furthermore, we deduce scaling laws governing microstructural length scales and dealloying kinetics.« less

Topology-generating interfacial pattern formation during liquid metal dealloying.

PubMed

Geslin, Pierre-Antoine; McCue, Ian; Gaskey, Bernard; Erlebacher, Jonah; Karma, Alain

2015-11-19

Liquid metal dealloying has emerged as a novel technique to produce topologically complex nanoporous and nanocomposite structures with ultra-high interfacial area and other unique properties relevant for diverse material applications. This process is empirically known to require the selective dissolution of one element of a multicomponent solid alloy into a liquid metal to obtain desirable structures. However, how structures form is not known. Here we demonstrate, using mesoscale phase-field modelling and experiments, that nano/microstructural pattern formation during dealloying results from the interplay of (i) interfacial spinodal decomposition, forming compositional domain structures enriched in the immiscible element, and (ii) diffusion-coupled growth of the enriched solid phase and the liquid phase into the alloy. We highlight how those two basic mechanisms interact to yield a rich variety of topologically disconnected and connected structures. Moreover, we deduce scaling laws governing microstructural length scales and dealloying kinetics.

3D imaging of vapour and liquid inclusions from the Mole Granite, Australia, using helical fluorescence tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cauzid, J.; Philippot, P.; Bleuet, P.; Simionovici, A.; Somogyi, A.; Golosio, B.

2007-08-01

World class Cu resources are concentrated in porphyry and epithermal ore deposits. Their formation remains partially understood, however, due to a lack of constraints on the partitioning properties of trace elements in general, and Cu in particular, between vapour and liquid phases evolved from boiling fluids at depth in the Earth's crust. Immiscible liquid and vapour fluid inclusions coexisting in a single quartz grain have been imaged in three dimensions by X-ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography (XFCT). Elemental spatial distributions confirm that Cu, and to a lesser extent As, partition into the vapour phase, whereas Mn, Fe, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr and Pb concentrate in the liquid inclusion. High resolution mapping of the vapour inclusions revealed that Cu is heterogeneously distributed at the scale of a single inclusion and is mostly concentrated as tiny daughter crystals.

Understanding carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions by means of glyconanotechnology.

PubMed

de la Fuente, Jesus M; Penadés, Soledad

2004-01-01

Carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction is a reliable and versatile mechanism for cell adhesion and recognition. Glycosphingolipid (GSL) clusters at the cell membrane are mainly involved in this interaction. To investigate carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction an integrated strategy (Glyconanotechnology) was developed. This strategy includes polyvalent tools (gold glyconanoparticles) mimicking GSL clustering at the cell membrane as well as analytical techniques such as AFM, TEM, and SPR to evaluate the interactions. The results obtained by means of this strategy and current status are presented.

Envenomation by Bothrops punctatus in southwestern Colombia.

PubMed

Cañas, Carlos A; Vallejo, Alexandra

2016-12-15

Bothrops punctatus (Chocoan forest lancehead) is a semi-arboreal pitviper species distributed in Panamá, Colombia, and Ecuador, whose human envenomation is poorly characterized. We describe two patients bitten by B. punctatus, whose most relevant clinical feature was the development of a severe coagulopathy with few local manifestations (mild edema without signs of necrosis) at the site of the bite. Patients quickly improved their clinical and laboratory abnormalities after polyvalent antivenom application. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dynamic Photonic Materials Based on Liquid Crystals (Postprint)

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

AFRL-RX-WP-JA-2015-0059 DYNAMIC PHOTONIC MATERIALS BASED ON LIQUID CRYSTALS (POSTPRINT) Luciano De Sio and Cesare Umeton University...ON LIQUID CRYSTALS (POSTPRINT) 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER In-House 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 61102F 6. AUTHOR(S) (see back...10.1016/B978-0-444-62644-8.00001-7. 14. ABSTRACT Liquid crystals, combining optical non-linearity and self-organizing properties with fluidity, and being

Liquid-Arc/Spark-Excitation Atomic-Emission Spectroscopy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schlagen, Kenneth J.

1992-01-01

Constituents of solutions identified in situ. Liquid-arc/spark-excitation atomic-emission spectroscopy (LAES) is experimental variant of atomic-emission spectroscopy in which electric arc or spark established in liquid and spectrum of light from arc or spark analyzed to identify chemical elements in liquid. Observations encourage development of LAES equipment for online monitoring of process streams in such industries as metal plating, electronics, and steel, and for online monitoring of streams affecting environment.

Effect of electronic cigarettes on human middle ear.

PubMed

Song, Jae-Jun; Go, Yoon Young; Mun, Ji Yoen; Lee, Sehee; Im, Gi Jung; Kim, Yoo Yon; Lee, Jun Ho; Chang, Jiwon

2018-06-01

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are the most commonly used electronic nicotine delivery systems and are a relatively new product designed for smoking cessation. The market scale of electronic cigarettes is growing rapidly, but the potential impact of e-cigarettes on public health has not yet been verified. In this study, we examined the effect of e-liquids on a human middle ear epithelial cell (HMEEC) line. The main components of e-liquids are propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin and flavoring agents with or without nicotine. We analyzed 73 bottles of e-liquids from 12 different manufacturers, evaluated the trace elements in e-liquids, and identified the cytotoxicity of e-liquids on HMEECs in the presence or absence of nicotine. In the trace elements analysis, nickel, arsenic, cadmium, and lead were detected in the e-liquids. E-liquids without nicotine decreased cell viability, and the average IC 50 value of total e-liquids (n = 73) was 2.48 ± 0.93%. Among the different flavors, menthol-flavored e-liquids significantly reduced cell viability, and their average IC 50 value (n = 28) was 1.85 ± 0.80%. The average IC 50 values were distinct among manufacturers and the proportion of the solvents. The present study provides evidence that e-cigarettes influence and reduce human middle ear cell viability even without the application of nicotine. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of e-liquids was affected by the flavoring agents. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Numerical investigations on the effect of slenderness ratio of matrix elements in cryogenic chill down process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reby Roy, K. E.; Mohammed, Jesna; Abhiroop, V. M.; Thekkethil, S. R.

2017-02-01

Cryogenic fluids have many applications in space, medicine, preservation etc. The chill-down of cryogenic fluid transfer line is a complicated phenomenon occurring in most of the cryogenic systems. The cryogenic fluid transfer line, which is initially at room temperature, has to be cooled to the temperature of the cryogen as fast as possible. When the cryogenic fluid at liquid state passes along the line, transient heat transfer between the cryogen and the transfer line causes voracious evaporation of the liquid. This paper makes a contribution to the two-phase flow along a rectangular flow passage consisting of an array of elliptically shaped matrix elements. A simplified 2D model is considered and the problem is solved using ANSYS FLUENT. The present analysis aims to study the influence of the slenderness ratio of matrix elements on the heat transfer rate and chill down time. For a comparative study, matrix elements of slenderness ratios 5 and 10 are considered. Liquid nitrogen at 74K flows through the matrix. The material of the transfer line is assumed to be aluminium which is initially at room temperature. The influence of Reynolds numbers from 800 to 3000 on chill-down is also investigated.

Liquid core photonic crystal fiber with low-refractive-index liquids for optofluidic applications.

PubMed

Park, Jiyoung; Kang, Doo-Eui; Paulson, Bjorn; Nazari, Tavakol; Oh, Kyunghwan

2014-07-14

A defectless hexagonal air-silica photonic crystal fiber (PCF) structure with its central hole selectively filled by a low-refractive-index liquid is numerically analyzed. Despite the fact that the refractive index of the liquid is significantly lower than that of silica, we found an optimal range of waveguide parameters to ensure light guidance through the liquid core in the fundamental mode, maximizing the light-liquid interaction over a desired wavelength range. Using the vectorial finite element method (FEM), we report detailed parametric studies in terms of the effective index, chromatic dispersion, optical loss, and modal intensity distribution of the liquid core PCFs.

Geochemistry of ultramafic xenoliths from Kapfenstein, Austria: evidence for a variety of upper mantle processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kurat, G.; Palme, H.; Spettel, B.; Baddenhausen, Hildegard; Hofmeister, H.; Palme, Christl; Wänke, H.

1980-01-01

Major, minor, and trace element contents have been determined in seven ultramafic xenoliths, the host basanite, and some mineral separates from xenoliths from Kapfenstein, Austria. Most of the xenoliths represent residues after extraction of different amounts of basaltic liquid. Within the sequence Iherzolite to harzburgite contents of Al, Ca, Ti, Na, Sc, V, Cr and the HREE decrease systematically with increasing Mg/Fe and decreasing Yb/Sc. Although all samples are depleted in highly incompatible elements, the less depleted end of our suite very closely approaches the chondritic Yb/Sc ratio and consequently the primitive upper mantle composition. Chromium behaved as a non-refractory element. Consequently it should have higher abundances in basalts than observed, suggesting that most basalts experienced Cr fractionation by chromite separation during ascent. Several processes have been active in addition to partial melting within the upper mantle beneath Kapfenstein: (1) a hornblendite has been identified as wet alkali-basaltic mobilisate; (2) an amphibole Iherzolite is the product of alkali-basalt metasomatism of a common depleted Iherzolite; (3) two amphibole Iherzolites contain evidence for rather pure water metasomatism of normal depleted Iherzolites; (4) a garnet-spinel websterite was a tholeiitic liquid trapped within the upper mantle and which suffered a subsequent partial melting event (partial remobilization of a mobilisate). (5) Abundances of highly incompatible elements are generally very irregular, indicating contamination of upper mantle rocks by percolating liquids (in the mantle). Weathering is an important source of contamination: e.g. U mobilization by percolating groundwater. Contamination of the xenoliths by the host basanite liquid can only amount to approximately 5.5 × 10 -4 parts. Distributions of minor and trace elements between different minerals apparently reflect equilibrium and vary with equilibration temperature.

Liquid oil and residual characteristics of printed circuit board recycle by pyrolysis.

PubMed

Lin, Kuo-Hsiung; Chiang, Hung-Lung

2014-04-30

Non-metal fractions of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) were thermally treated (200-500°C) under nitrogen atmosphere. Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen were determined by elemental analyzer, bromine by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), phosphorus by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), and 29 trace elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for raw material and pyrolysis residues. Organic compositions of liquid oil were identified by GC (gas chromatography)-MS, trace element composition by ICP system, and 12 water-soluble ions by IC (ionic chromatography). Elemental content of carbon was >450 mg/g, oxygen 300 mg/g, bromine and hydrogen 60 mg/g, nitrogen 30 mg/g, and phosphorus 28 mg/g. Sulfur was trace in PCBs. Copper content was 25-28 mg/g, iron 1.3-1.7 mg/g, tin 0.8-1.0mg/g and magnesium 0.4-1.0mg/g; those were the main metals in the raw materials and pyrolytic residues. In the liquid products, carbon content was 68-73%, hydrogen was 10-14%, nitrogen was 4-5%, and sulfur was less than 0.05% at pyrolysis temperatures from 300 to 500°C. Phenol, 3-bromophenol, 2-methylphenol and 4-propan-2-ylphenol were major species in liquid products, accounting for >50% of analyzed organic species. Bromides, ammonium and phosphate were the main species in water sorption samples for PCB pyrolysis exhaust. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Methods of making composite optical devices employing polymer liquid crystal

DOEpatents

Jacobs, Stephen D.; Marshall, Kenneth L.; Cerqua, Kathleen A.

1991-01-01

Composite optical devices using polymer liquid crystal materials both as optical and adhesive elements. The devices are made by assembling a heated polymer liquid crystal compound, while in a low viscosity form between optically transparent substrates. The molecules of the polymer are oriented, while in the liquid crystalline state and while above the glass transition temperature (T.sub.g) of the polymer, to provide the desired optical effects, such as polarization, and selective reflection. The liquid crystal polymer cements the substrates together to form an assembly providing the composite optical device.

Atomization and Mixing Study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ferrenberg, A.; Hunt, K.; Duesberg, J.

1985-01-01

The primary objective was the obtainment of atomization and mixing performance data for a variety of typical liquid oxygen/hydrocarbon injector element designs. Such data are required to establish injector design criteria and to provide critical inputs to liquid rocket engine combustor performance and stability analysis, and computational codes and methods. Deficiencies and problems with the atomization test equipment were identified, and action initiated to resolve them. Test results of the gas/liquid mixing tests indicated that an assessment of test methods was required. A series of 71 liquid/liquid tests were performed.

f-Elements in ionic liquids: A synthetic, spectroscopic and electrochemical study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bhatt, Anand Indravadan

This thesis reports on chemical research directed towards the utilisation of low temperature ionic liquids (LTILs) for the electrorefming of uranium and plutonium from spent nuclear fuel. Initial studies focus on evaluating the relevant physical and electrochemical properties of LTILs. One room temperature ionic liquid, [(CH[3])[3]N(n-C[4]H[9])][N(SO[2]CF[3])[2

Thermal Decomposition Mechanisms of Alkylimidazolium Ionic Liquids with CN-containing Anions

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-11-01

anion calculated at the M06/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory and using the generic ionic liquid (GIL) model to simulate the condensed phase methyl...decomposition mechanisms of alkylimidazolium ionic liquids with CN-containing anions 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d...perform, display, or disclose the work. 14. ABSTRACT Due to the unusually high heats of vaporization of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs

Mesocarbon microbead based graphite for spherical fuel element to inhibit the infiltration of liquid fluoride salt in molten salt reactor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhong, Yajuan; Zhang, Junpeng; Lin, Jun; Xu, Liujun; Zhang, Feng; Xu, Hongxia; Chen, Yu; Jiang, Haitao; Li, Ziwei; Zhu, Zhiyong; Guo, Quangui

2017-07-01

Mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) and quasi-isostatic pressing method were used to prepare MCMB based graphite (MG) for spherical fuel element to inhibit the infiltration of liquid fluoride salt in molten salt reactor (MSR). Characteristics of mercury infiltration and molten salt infiltration in MG were investigated and compared with A3-3 (graphite for spherical fuel element in high temperature gas cooled reactor) to identify the infiltration behaviors. The results indicated that MG had a low porosity about 14%, and an average pore diameter of 96 nm. Fluoride salt occupation of A3-3 (average pore diameter was 760 nm) was 10 wt% under 6.5 atm, whereas salt gain did not infiltrate in MG even up to 6.5 atm. It demonstrated that MG could inhibit the infiltration of liquid fluoride salt effectively. Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of MG lies in 6.01 × 10-6 K-1 (α∥) and 6.15 × 10-6 K-1 (α⊥) at the temperature range of 25-700 °C. The anisotropy factor of MG calculated by CTE maintained below 1.02, which could meet the requirement of the spherical fuel element (below 1.30). The constant isotropic property of MG is beneficial for the integrity and safety of the graphite used in the spherical fuel element for a MSR.

Effect of Silicon on the Activity Coefficient of Rhenium in Fe-Si Liquids: Implications for HSE and Os Isotopes in Planetary Mantles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Righter, K.; Pando, K.; Yang, S.; Humayun, M.

2018-01-01

Metallic cores contain light alloying elements that can be a combination of S, C, Si, and O, all of which have important chemical and physical influences. For Earth, Si may be the most abundant light element in the core. Si dissolved into Fe liquids can have a large effect on the magnitude of the activity coefficient of siderophile elements (SE), and thus the partitioning behavior of those elements between core and mantle. The effect of Si on the highly siderophile elements is only beginning to be studied and the effects on Au, Pd and Pt are significant. Here we report new experiments designed to quantify the effect of Si on the partitioning of Re between metal and silicate melt. A solid understanding of Re partitioning is required for a complete understanding of the Re-Os isotopic systems. The results will be applied to understanding the HSEs and Os isotopic data for planetary mantles, and especially Earth.

Density of Fe-3.5 wt% C liquid at high pressure and temperature and the effect of carbon on the density of the molten iron

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shimoyama, Yuta; Terasaki, Hidenori; Ohtani, Eiji; Urakawa, Satoru; Takubo, Yusaku; Nishida, Keisuke; Suzuki, Akio; Katayama, Yoshinori

2013-11-01

Carbon is a plausible light element candidate in the Earth’s outer core. We measured the density of liquid Fe-3.5 wt% C up to 6.8 GPa and 2200 K using an X-ray absorption method. The compression curve of liquid Fe-C was fitted using the third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state. The bulk modulus and its pressure derivative are K0,1500K = 55.3 ± 2.5 GPa and (dK0/dP)T = 5.2 ± 1.5, and the thermal expansion coefficient is α = 0.86 ± 0.04 × 10-4 K-1. The Fe-C density abruptly increases at pressures between 4.3 and 5.5 GPa in the range of present temperatures. Compared with the results of previous density measurements of liquid Fe-C, the effect of carbon on the density of liquid Fe shows a nonideal mixing behavior. The abrupt density increase and nonideal mixing behavior are important factors in determining the light element content in the Earth’s core.

77 FR 18987 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Pennsylvania; Nonattainment New...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-29

... sulfate (SO 4 ); nitrate (NO 3 ); ammonium; elemental carbon; a great variety of organic compounds; and inorganic material (including metals, dust, sea salt, and other trace elements) generally referred to as... the air as a solid or liquid particle (e.g., elemental carbon from diesel engines or fire activities...

Experimental constraints on light elements in the Earth’s outer core

PubMed Central

Zhang, Youjun; Sekine, Toshimori; He, Hongliang; Yu, Yin; Liu, Fusheng; Zhang, Mingjian

2016-01-01

Earth’s outer core is liquid and dominantly composed of iron and nickel (~5–10 wt%). Its density, however, is ~8% lower than that of liquid iron, and requires the presence of a significant amount of light element(s). A good way to specify the light element(s) is a direct comparison of density and sound velocity measurements between seismological data and those of possible candidate compositions at the core conditions. We report the sound velocity measurements of a model core composition in the Fe-Ni-Si system at the outer core conditions by shock-wave experiments. Combining with the previous studies, we found that the best estimate for the outer core’s light elements is ~6 wt% Si, ~2 wt% S, and possible ~1–2.5 wt% O. This composition satisfies the requirements imposed by seismology, geochemistry, and some models of the early core formation. This finding may help us to further constrain the thermal structure of the Earth and the models of Earth’s core formation. PMID:26932596

Effectiveness of Polyvalent Bacterial Lysate and Autovaccines Against Upper Respiratory Tract Bacterial Colonization by Potential Pathogens: A Randomized Study

PubMed Central

Zagólski, Olaf; Stręk, Paweł; Kasprowicz, Andrzej; Białecka, Anna

2015-01-01

Background Polyvalent bacterial lysate (PBL) is an oral immunostimulating vaccine consisting of bacterial standardized lysates obtained by lysis of different strains of bacteria. Autovaccines are individually prepared based on the results of smears obtained from the patient. Both types of vaccine can be used to treat an ongoing chronic infection. This study sought to determine which method is more effective against nasal colonization by potential respiratory tract pathogens. Material/Methods We enrolled 150 patients with aerobic Gram stain culture and count results indicating bacterial colonization of the nose and/or throat by potential pathogens. The participants were randomly assigned to each of the following groups: 1. administration of PBL, 2. administration of autovaccine, and 3. no intervention (controls). Results Reduction of the bacterial count in Streptococcus pneumoniae-colonized participants was significant after the autovaccine (p<0.001) and PBL (p<0.01). Reduction of the bacterial count of other β-hemolytic streptococcal strains after treatment with the autovaccine was significant (p<0.01) and was non-significant after PBL. In Haemophilus influenzae colonization, significant reduction in the bacterial count was noted in the PBL group (p<0.01). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization did not respond to either treatment. Conclusions The autovaccine is more effective than PBL for reducing bacterial count of Streptococcus pneumoniae and β-hemolytic streptococci, while PBL was more effective against Haemophilus influenzae colonization. PMID:26434686

Acute hypersensitivity reaction to Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (CroFab) as initial presentation of galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal) allergy.

PubMed

Rizer, Justin; Brill, Kaitlin; Charlton, Nathan; King, Joshua

2017-08-01

Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab antivenom (CroFab), commonly used for the treatment of clinically significant North American crotalinae envenomation, is generally well-tolerated. A novel form of anaphylaxis due to an IgE antibody response to the mammalian oligosaccharide galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal) has been established following red-meat consumption as well as IV administration of cetuximab, which contain the α-gal epitope. We present a case of α-gal allergy discovered after acute hypersensitivity reaction to FabAV. A 61-year-old healthy female was bitten on her left ankle by Agkistrodon contortrix. Given the patient's rapid progression of pain and swelling, she was given FabAV. During infusion of FabAV, she developed diffuse hives over her entire body and itching, but denied respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms and her vital signs remained stable. The FabAV was immediately discontinued and she received intravenous diphenhydramine and famotidine with gradual resolution of symptoms. On further discussion, she denied a history of α-gal or papaya allergy but rarely ate red meat and endorsed sustaining frequent tick bites. Subsequent antibody testing was significant for an α-1,3-galactose IgE concentration of 45,000 U/L (normal <3500 U/L), confirming α-gal allergy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of FabAV hypersensitivity associated with an underlying α-gal allergy.

Characterization of the Lytic Capability of a LysK-Like Endolysin, Lys-phiSA012, Derived from a Polyvalent Staphylococcus aureus Bacteriophage

PubMed Central

Nakamura, Tomohiro; Furusawa, Takaaki; Ohno, Hazuki; Takahashi, Hiromichi; Kitana, Junya; Usui, Masaru; Higuchi, Hidetoshi; Tamura, Yutaka

2018-01-01

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) have spread widely and rapidly, with their increased occurrence corresponding with the increased use of antibiotics. Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus have a considerable negative impact on human and livestock health. Bacteriophages and their peptidoglycan hydrolytic enzymes (endolysins) have received significant attention as novel approaches against ARB, including S. aureus. In the present study, we purified an endolysin, Lys-phiSA012, which harbors a cysteine/histidine-dependent amidohydrolase/peptidase (CHAP) domain, an amidase domain, and a SH3b cell wall binding domain, derived from a polyvalent S. aureus bacteriophage which we reported previously. We demonstrate that Lys-phiSA012 exhibits high lytic activity towards staphylococcal strains, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Analysis of deletion mutants showed that only mutants possessing the CHAP and SH3b domains could lyse S. aureus, indicating that lytic activity of the CHAP domain depended on the SH3b domain. The presence of at least 1 mM Ca2+ and 100 µM Zn2+ enhanced the lytic activity of Lys-phiSA012 in a turbidity reduction assay. Furthermore, a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay showed that the addition of Lys-phiSA012 decreased the MIC of oxacillin. Our results suggest that endolysins are a promising approach for replacing current antimicrobial agents and may contribute to the proper use of antibiotics, leading to the reduction of ARB. PMID:29495305

[Evaluation of a new polyvalent antivenom against snakebite envenomation (Inoserp® Panafricain) in two different epidemiological settings: Northern Benin and Maritime Guinea].

PubMed

Chippaux, J-P; Baldé, M C; Sessinou, É; Yéro Boiro, M; Massougbodji, A

2015-01-01

The authors evaluated the safety and efficacy of Inoserp(®) Pan Africa, a new polyvalent antivenom composed of highly purified and lyophilized fragments of F(ab')2 immunoglobulins, recently registered in Benin and Guinea. We treated 100 patients in northern Benin (Atacora) and 109 in Maritime Guinea (Kindia) with confirmed envenomation. Treatment consisted of intravenous administration of 1 vial for uncomplicated envenomation, and 2 vials for hemorrhagic or neurotoxic envenomation. The dose was repeated when bleeding or signs of neurotoxicity persisted or appeared. In Atacora, on arrival at the hospital, 90% of patients had incoagulable blood, and 50% were bleeding. The resolution of these bleeding disorders was obtained in less than 3 hours for 50% of the patients and in less than 24 hours for 98%. Four patients died. In Kindia, 96 patients (88%) presented viper bites with pain + edema and 13 (12 %) others showed elapid (ptosis, dyspnea) envenomation. One patient bitten by a member of the Elapidae family, died despite early treatment. In Benin, protocol deviations for 60% of patients led to significant underdosing of the antivenom; the proportion was much lower (2%) in Guinea. Signs of intolerance after Inoserp(®) Pan Africa administration were reported in 8% of patients. All these symptoms were mild and disappeared rapidly after an antihistamine or corticosteroid treatment. Treatment using intravenous Inoserp(®) Pan Africa appeared to be well tolerated and effective against snakebite envenomation in both epidemiological settings.

Successful use of camelid (alpaca) antivenom to treat a potentially lethal tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) envenomation in a dog.

PubMed

Padula, Andrew M; Winkel, Kenneth D

2016-05-01

This report describes a confirmed clinical case of tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) envenomation in a domestic dog that was successfully treated with a novel polyvalent camelid (alpaca; Llama pacos) antivenom. Samples collected from the dog were assayed for tiger snake venom (TSV) using a highly sensitive and specific ELISA. The TSV concentration in serum and urine at initial presentation was 365 ng/mL and 11,640 ng/mL respectively. At the time of initial presentation whole blood collected from the dog did not clot and the Prothrombin Time was abnormally increased (>300 s). Serum was also visibly hemolysed. The dog was administered antihistamine, dexamethasone and 4000 Units (sufficient to neutralise 40 mg of TSV) of a novel polyvalent alpaca antivenom diluted in 0.9% NaCl. At 4 h post-antivenom treatment the dog's clinical condition had improved markedly with serum TSV concentrations below the limit of detection (<0.015 ng/mL), consistent with complete binding of venom antigens by the alpaca antivenom. Coagulation parameters had begun to improve by 4 h and had fully normalised by 16 h post-antivenom. Venom concentrations in both serum and urine remained undetectable at 16 h post-antivenom. The dog made a complete recovery, without complications, suggesting that the alpaca-based antivenom is both clinically safe and effective. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Initial postmarketing experience with crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab for treatment of rattlesnake envenomation.

PubMed

Ruha, Anne-Michelle; Curry, Steven C; Beuhler, Michael; Katz, Ken; Brooks, Daniel E; Graeme, Kimberlie A; Wallace, Kevin; Gerkin, Richard; Lovecchio, Frank; Wax, Paul; Selden, Brad

2002-06-01

We describe our postmarketing experience with patients receiving Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (CroFab; FabAV) antivenom for treatment of rattlesnake envenomation. The charts of 28 patients admitted between March 1 and September 9, 2001, with rattlesnake envenomation and treated with FabAV were reviewed for demographic information, time until antivenom treatment, laboratory findings, evidence of hypersensitivity reaction, length of hospital stay, and readmission to the hospital. All patients had swelling, 20 patients had elevated prothrombin times (>14 seconds), 12 patients had low fibrinogen levels (<170 mg/dL), and 6 patients had thrombocytopenia (platelet count <120,000/mm(3)) on presentation. The total dose of FabAV ranged from 10 to 47 vials per patient. Hypofibrinogenemia was resistant to FabAV in some patients. On follow-up, recurrence of coagulopathy was detected in 3 patients, and recurrence of thrombocytopenia was detected in 1 patient. Two patients demonstrated delayed-onset severe thrombocytopenia. Recurrence or delayed-onset toxicity might have been underestimated because of incomplete follow-up in some patients. No acute hypersensitivity reactions occurred. Two patients reported mild symptoms of possible serum sickness on follow-up. FabAV effectively controlled the effects of envenomation; however, initial control of coagulopathy was difficult to achieve in some cases, and recurrence or delayed-onset hematotoxicity was common. When initially managing hematotoxicity, a trend toward normalization of laboratory values might be a more reasonable end point for FabAV treatment than attainment of normal reference values in nonbleeding patients.

Recurrent coagulopathy and thrombocytopenia in children treated with crotalidae polyvalent immune fab: a case series.

PubMed

Miller, Alexander D; Young, Michael C; DeMott, Megan C; Ly, Binh T; Clark, Richard F

2010-08-01

Recurrent signs and symptoms after initial treatment and control of coagulopathy and thrombocytopenia after American pit viper (crotaline) envenomations have been previously described in patients treated with Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab antivenom (FabAV). The significance and necessity of treatment of these recurrent abnormalities are uncertain. Our goal was to further characterize recurrent coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia in pediatric patients. All cases presenting to our Toxicology Consult Service, which covers 6 hospitals in a metropolitan area, from May 2007 to April 2008 with recurrent coagulopathy after initial control with FabAV were included and retrospectively reviewed. Four cases of pediatric patients are presented who presented with recurrent coagulopathy and/or thrombocytopenia after initial control with FabAV. The patients were all treated with delayed administration of FabAV with variable results. Blood products administered without concurrent FabAV were of limited use. The laboratory abnormalities took up to 18 days to resolve in one case. One patient developed hemodynamically significant spontaneous bleeding. The cases presented here suggest administration of FabAV may correct delayed coagulopathy associated with crotaline envenomations. The first 3 cases illustrate that in the face of severe derangements in laboratory values, most envenomated patients treated with FabAV do not develop significant bleeding. These cases may respond to additional antivenom alone. However, case 4 illustrates that hemodynamically significant spontaneous bleeding can occur. Until more data are available, readministration of FabAV is a reasonable first-line therapy for delayed coagulopathy associated with crotaline envenomations.

Liquid rocket pressure regulators, relief valves, check valves, burst disks, and explosive valves. [design techniques and practices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1973-01-01

The development of and operational programs for effective use in design are presented for liquid rocket pressure regulators, relief valves, check valves, burst disks, and explosive valves. A review of the total design problem is presented, and design elements are identified which are involved in successful design. Current technology pertaining to these elements is also described. Design criteria are presented which state what rule or standard must be imposed on each essential design element to assure successful design. These criteria serve as a checklist of rules for a project manager to use in guiding a design or in assessing its adequacy. Recommended practices are included which state how to satisfy each of the criteria.

Performance evaluation of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy in the measurement of liquid and solid samples

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bilge, Gonca; Sezer, Banu; Boyaci, Ismail Hakki; Eseller, Kemal Efe; Berberoglu, Halil

2018-07-01

Liquid analysis by using LIBS is a complicated process due to difficulties encountered during the collection of light and formation of plasma in liquid. To avoid these, some applications are performed such as aerosol formation and transforming liquid into solid state. However, performance of LIBS in liquid samples still remains a challenging issue. In this study, performance evaluation of LIBS and parameter optimizations in liquid and solid phase samples were performed. For this purpose, milk was chosen as model sample; milk powder was used as solid sample, and milk was used as liquid sample in the experiments. Different experimental setups have been constructed for each sampling technique, and optimizations were performed to determine suitable parameters such as delay time, laser energy, repetition rate and speed of rotary table for solid sampling technique, and flow rate of carrier gas for liquid sampling technique. Target element was determined as Ca, which is a critically important element in milk for determining its nutritional value and Ca addition. In optimum parameters, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) and relative standard deviation (RSD) values were calculated as 0.11%, 0.36% and 8.29% respectively for milk powders samples; while LOD, LOQ and RSD values were calculated as 0.24%, 0.81%, and 10.93% respectively for milk samples. It can be said that LIBS is an applicable method in both liquid and solid samples with suitable systems and parameters. However, liquid analysis requires much more developed systems for more accurate results.

Mercury

MedlinePlus

Mercury is an element that is found in air, water and soil. It has several forms. Metallic mercury is a shiny, silver-white, odorless liquid. If ... with other elements to form powders or crystals. Mercury is in many products. Metallic mercury is used ...

Investigating Planetesimal Evolution by Experiments with Fe-Ni Metallic Melts: Light Element Composition Effects on Trace Element Partitioning Behavior

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chabot, N. L.

2017-12-01

As planetesimals were heated up in the early Solar System, the formation of Fe-Ni metallic melts was a common occurrence. During planetesimal differentiation, the denser Fe-Ni metallic melts separated from the less dense silicate components, though some meteorites suggest that their parent bodies only experienced partial differentiation. If the Fe-Ni metallic melts did form a central metallic core, the core eventually crystallized to a solid, some of which we sample as iron meteorites. In all of these planetesimal evolution processes, the composition of the Fe-Ni metallic melt influenced the process and the resulting trace element chemical signatures. In particular, the metallic melt's "light element" composition, those elements present in the metallic melt in a significant concentration but with lower atomic masses than Fe, can strongly affect trace element partitioning. Experimental studies have provided critical data to determine the effects of light elements in Fe-Ni metallic melts on trace element partitioning behavior. Here I focus on combining numerous experimental results to identify trace elements that provide unique insight into constraining the light element composition of early Solar System Fe-Ni metallic melts. Experimental studies have been conducted at 1 atm in a variety of Fe-Ni systems to investigate the effects of light elements on trace element partitioning behavior. A frequent experimental examination of the effects of light elements in metallic systems involves producing run products with coexisting solid metal and liquid metal phases. Such solid-metal-liquid-metal experiments have been conducted in the Fe-Ni binary system as well as Fe-Ni systems with S, P, and C. Experiments with O-bearing or Si-bearing Fe-Ni metallic melts do not lend themselves to experiments with coexisting solid metal and liquid metal phases, due to the phase diagrams of these elements, but experiments with two immiscible Fe-Ni metallic melts have provided insight into the qualitative effects of O and Si relative to the well-determined effects of S. Together, these experimental studies provide a robust dataset to identify key elements that are predicted to produce distinct chemical signatures as a function of different Fe-Ni metallic melt compositions during planetesimal evolution processes.

Experimental Control of Thermocapillary Convection in a Liquid Bridge

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Petrov, Valery; Schatz, Michael F.; Muehlner, Kurt A.; VanHook, Stephen J.; McCormick, W. D.; Swift, Jack B.; Swinney, Harry L.

1996-01-01

We demonstrate the stabilization of an isolated unstable periodic orbit in a liquid bridge convection experiment. A model independent, nonlinear control algorithm uses temperature measurements near the liquid interface to compute control perturbations which are applied by a thermoelectric element. The algorithm employs a time series reconstruction of a nonlinear control surface in a high dimensional phase space to alter the system dynamics.

Liquid Rocket Booster (LRB) for the Space Transportation System (STS) systems study. Appendix A: Stress analysis report for the pump-fed and pressure-fed liquid rocket booster

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1989-01-01

Pressure effects on the pump-fed Liquid Rocket Booster (LRB) of the Space Transportation System are examined. Results from the buckling tests; bending moments tests; barrel, propellant tanks, frame XB1513, nose cone, and intertank tests; and finite element examination of forward and aft skirts are presented.

Reduced electronegativity difference as a factor leading to the formation of Al-based glassy alloys with a large supercooled liquid region of 50 K

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Louzguine-Luzgin, Dmitri V.; Inoue, Akihisa; Botta, Walter Jose

2006-01-02

The influence of the electronegativity difference among the constituent elements on the stability of the supercooled liquid in two Al-based glassy alloys is studied. A record-large value of the supercooled liquid region of about 50 K is obtained based on the electronegativity difference concept within a certain composition range.

Infiltration behaviour of elemental mercury DNAPL in fully and partially water saturated porous media.

PubMed

D'Aniello, Andrea; Hartog, Niels; Sweijen, Thomas; Pianese, Domenico

2018-02-01

Mercury is a contaminant of global concern due to its harmful effects on human health and for the detrimental consequences of its release in the environment. Sources of liquid elemental mercury are usually anthropogenic, such as chlor-alkali plants. To date insight into the infiltration behaviour of liquid elemental mercury in the subsurface is lacking, although this is critical for assessing both characterization and remediation approaches for mercury DNAPL contaminated sites. Therefore, in this study the infiltration behaviour of elemental mercury in fully and partially water saturated systems was investigated using column experiments. The properties affecting the constitutive relations governing the infiltration behaviour of liquid Hg 0 , and PCE for comparison, were determined using P c (S) experiments with different granular porous media (glass beads and sands) for different two- and three-phase configurations. Results showed that, in water saturated porous media, elemental mercury, as PCE, acted as a non-wetting fluid. The required entry head for elemental mercury was higher (from about 5 to 7 times). However, due to the almost tenfold higher density of mercury, the required NAPL entry heads of 6.19cm and 12.51cm for mercury to infiltrate were 37.5% to 20.7% lower than for PCE for the same porous media. Although Leverett scaling was able to reproduce the natural tendency of Hg 0 to be more prone than PCE to infiltrate in water saturated porous media, it considerably underestimated Hg 0 infiltration capacity in comparison with the experimental results. In the partially water saturated system, in contrast with PCE, elemental mercury also acted as a nonwetting fluid, therefore having to overcome an entry head to infiltrate. The required Hg 0 entry heads (10.45 and 15.74cm) were considerably higher (68.9% and 25.8%) than for the water saturated porous systems. Furthermore, in the partially water saturated systems, experiments showed that elemental mercury displaced both air and water, depending on the initial water distribution within the pores. This indicates that the conventional wettability hierarchy, in which the NAPL has an intermediate wetting state between the air and the water phases, is not valid for liquid elemental mercury. Therefore, for future modelling of elemental mercury DNAPL infiltration behaviour in variably water saturated porous media, a different formulation of the governing constitutive relations will be required. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Performance and Stability Analyses of Rocket Combustion Devices Using Liquid Oxygen/Liquid Methane Propellants

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hulka, James R.; Jones, G. W.

2010-01-01

Liquid rocket engines using oxygen and methane propellants are being considered by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for in-space vehicles. This propellant combination has not been previously used in flight-qualified engine systems, so limited test data and analysis results are available at this stage of early development. NASA has funded several hardware-oriented programs with oxygen and methane propellants over the past several years with the Propulsion and Cryogenic Advanced Development (PCAD) project, under the Exploration Technology Development Program. As part of this effort, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center has conducted combustion, performance, and combustion stability analyses of several of the configurations on these programs. This paper summarizes these analyses. Test and analysis results of impinging and coaxial element injectors using liquid oxygen and liquid methane propellants are included. Several cases with gaseous methane are included for reference. Several different thrust chamber configurations have been modeled, including thrust chambers with multi-element like-on-like and swirl coax element injectors tested at NASA MSFC, and a unielement chamber with shear and swirl coax injectors tested at The Pennsylvania State University. Configurations were modeled with two one-dimensional liquid rocket combustion analysis codes, the Rocket Combustor Interaction Design and Analysis (ROCCID), and the Coaxial Injector Combustion Model (CICM). Significant effort was applied to show how these codes can be used to model combustion and performance with oxygen/methane propellants a priori, and what anchoring or calibrating features need to be applied or developed in the future. This paper describes the test hardware configurations, presents the results of all the analyses, and compares the results from the two analytical methods.

Mechanisms of differentiation in the Skaergaard magma chamber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tegner, C.; Lesher, C. E.; Holness, M. B.; Jakobsen, J. K.; Salmonsen, L. P.; Humphreys, M. C. S.; Thy, P.

2012-04-01

The Skaergaard intrusion is a superb natural laboratory for studying mechanisms of magma chamber differentiation. The magnificent exposures and new systematic sample sets of rocks that solidified inwards from the roof, walls and floor of the chamber provide means to test the relative roles of crystal settling, diffusion, convection, liquid immiscibility and compaction in different regions of the chamber and in opposite positions relative to gravity. Examination of the melt inclusions and interstitial pockets has demonstrated that a large portion of intrusion crystallized from an emulsified magma chamber composed of immiscible silica- and iron-rich melts. The similarity of ratios of elements with opposite partitioning between the immiscible melts (e.g. P and Rb) in wall, floor and roof rocks, however, indicate that large-scale separation did not occur. Yet, on a smaller scale of metres to hundred of metres and close to the interface between the roof and floor rocks (the Sandwich Horizon), irregular layers and pods of granophyre hosted by extremely iron-rich cumulates point to some separation of the two liquid phases. Similar proportions of the primocryst (cumulus) minerals in roof, wall and floor rocks indicate that crystal settling was not an important mechanism. Likewise, the lack of fractionation of elements with different behavior indicate that diffusion and fluid-driven metasomatism played relatively minor roles. Compositional convection and/or compaction within the solidifying crystal mush boundary layer are likely the most important mechanisms. A correlation of low trapped liquid fractions (calculated from strongly incompatible elements) in floor rocks with high fractionation density (the density difference between the crystal framework and the liquid) indicate that compaction is the dominating process in expelling evolved liquid from the crystal mush layer. This is supported by high and variable trapped liquid contents in the roof rocks, where gravity-driven compaction will not work.

Methods of making composite optical devices employing polymer liquid crystal

DOEpatents

Jacobs, S.D.; Marshall, K.L.; Cerqua, K.A.

1991-10-08

Composite optical devices are disclosed using polymer liquid crystal materials both as optical and adhesive elements. The devices are made by assembling a heated polymer liquid crystal compound, while in a low viscosity form between optically transparent substrates. The molecules of the polymer are oriented, while in the liquid crystalline state and while above the glass transition temperature (T[sub g]) of the polymer, to provide the desired optical effects, such as polarization, and selective reflection. The liquid crystal polymer cements the substrates together to form an assembly providing the composite optical device. 7 figures.

Design of a zoom lens without motorized optical elements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peng, Runling; Chen, Jiabi; Zhu, Cheng; Zhuang, Songlin

2007-05-01

A novel design of a zoom lens system without motorized movements is proposed. The lens system consists of a fixed lens and two double-liquid variable-focus lenses. The liquid lenses, made out of two immiscible liquids, are based on the principle of electrowetting: an effect controlling the wetting properties of a liquid on a solid by modifying the applied voltage at the solid-liquid interface. The structure and principle of the lens system are introduced in this paper. Detailed calculations and simulation examples are presented to show that this zoom lens system appears viable as the next-generation zoom lens.

Design of a zoom lens without motorized optical elements.

PubMed

Peng, Runling; Chen, Jiabi; Zhu, Cheng; Zhuang, Songlin

2007-05-28

A novel design of a zoom lens system without motorized movements is proposed. The lens system consists of a fixed lens and two double-liquid variable-focus lenses. The liquid lenses, made out of two immiscible liquids, are based on the principle of electrowetting: an effect controlling the wetting properties of a liquid on a solid by modifying the applied voltage at the solid-liquid interface. The structure and principle of the lens system are introduced in this paper. Detailed calculations and simulation examples are presented to show that this zoom lens system appears viable as the next-generation zoom lens.

Primary atomization of liquid jets issuing from rocket engine coaxial injectors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Woodward, Roger D.

1993-01-01

The investigation of liquid jet breakup and spray development is critical to the understanding of combustion phenomena in liquid-propellant rocket engines. Much work has been done to characterize low-speed liquid jet breakup and dilute sprays, but atomizing jets and dense sprays have yielded few quantitative measurements due to their optical opacity. This work focuses on a characteristic of the primary breakup process of round liquid jets, namely the length of the intact liquid core. The specific application considered is that of shear-coaxial type rocket engine injectors. Real-time x-ray radiography, capable of imaging through the dense two-phase region surrounding the liquid core, has been used to make the measurements. Nitrogen and helium were employed as the fuel simulants while an x-ray absorbing potassium iodide aqueous solution was used as the liquid oxygen (LOX) simulant. The intact-liquid-core length data have been obtained and interpreted to illustrate the effects of chamber pressure (gas density), injected-gas and liquid velocities, and cavitation. The results clearly show that the effect of cavitation must be considered at low chamber pressures since it can be the dominant breakup mechanism. A correlation of intact core length in terms of gas-to-liquid density ratio, liquid jet Reynolds number, and Weber number is suggested. The gas-to-liquid density ratio appears to be the key parameter for aerodynamic shear breakup in this study. A small number of hot-fire, LOX/hydrogen tests were also conducted to attempt intact-LOX-core measurements under realistic conditions in a single-coaxial-element rocket engine. The tests were not successful in terms of measuring the intact core, but instantaneous imaging of LOX jets suggests that LOX jet breakup is qualitatively similar to that of cold-flow, propellant-simulant jets. The liquid oxygen jets survived in the hot-fire environment much longer than expected, and LOX was even visualized exiting the chamber nozzle under some conditions. This may be an effect of the single element configuration.

A 3D coupled hydro-mechanical granular model for the prediction of hot tearing formation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sistaninia, M.; Phillion, A. B.; Drezet, J.-M.; Rappaz, M.

2012-07-01

A new 3D coupled hydro-mechanical granular model that simulates hot tearing formation in metallic alloys is presented. The hydro-mechanical model consists of four separate 3D modules. (I) The Solidification Module (SM) is used for generating the initial solid-liquid geometry. Based on a Voronoi tessellation of randomly distributed nucleation centers, this module computes solidification within each polyhedron using a finite element based solute diffusion calculation for each element within the tessellation. (II) The Fluid Flow Module (FFM) calculates the solidification shrinkage and deformation-induced pressure drop within the intergranular liquid. (III) The Semi-solid Deformation Module (SDM) is used to simulate deformation of the granular structure via a combined finite element / discrete element method. In this module, deformation of the solid grains is modeled using an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive law. (IV) The Failure Module (FM) is used to simulate crack initiation and propagation with the fracture criterion estimated from the overpressure required to overcome the capillary forces at the liquid-gas interface. The FFM, SDM, and FM are coupled processes since solid deformation, intergranular flow, and crack initiation are deeply linked together. The granular model predictions have been validated against bulk data measured experimentally and calculated with averaging techniques.

The Effect of Rapid Liquid-Phase Reactions on Injector Design and Combustion in Rocket Motors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Elverum, Gerard W., Jr.; Staudhammer, Peter

1959-01-01

Data are presented indicating the rates and magnitudes of energy released by the liquid-phase reactions of various propellant combinations. The data show that this energy release can contribute significantly to the rate of vaporization of the incoming propellants and thus aid the combustion process. Nevertheless, very low performances were obtained in rocket motors with conventional impinging-jet injectors when highly reactive systems such as N104-N2H4, were employed. A possible explanation for this low performance is that the initial reactions of such systems are so rapid that liquid-phase mixing is inhibited. Evidence for such an effect is presented in a series of color photographs of open flames using various injector elements. Based on these studies, some requirements are suggested for injector elements using highly reactive propellants. Experimental results are presented of motor tests using injector elements in which some of these requirements are met through the use of a set of concentric tubes. These tests, carried out at thrust levels of 40 to 800 lb per element, demonstrated combustion efficiencies of up to 98% based on equilibrium characteristic velocity values. Results are also presented for tests made with impinging-jet and splash-plate injectors for comparison.

Overcoming Matrix Effects in a Complex Sample: Analysis of Multiple Elements in Multivitamins by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arnold, Randy J.; Arndt, Brett; Blaser, Emilia; Blosser, Chris; Caulton, Dana; Chung, Won Sog; Fiorenza, Garrett; Heath, Wyatt; Jacobs, Alex; Kahng, Eunice; Koh, Eun; Le, Thao; Mandla, Kyle; McCory, Chelsey; Newman, Laura; Pithadia, Amit; Reckelhoff, Anna; Rheinhardt, Joseph; Skljarevski, Sonja; Stuart, Jordyn; Taylor, Cassie; Thomas, Scott; Tse, Kyle; Wall, Rachel; Warkentien, Chad

2011-01-01

A multivitamin tablet and liquid are analyzed for the elements calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese using atomic absorption spectrometry. Linear calibration and standard addition are used for all elements except calcium, allowing for an estimate of the matrix effects encountered for this complex sample. Sample preparation using…

Liquid metal hydrogen barriers

DOEpatents

Grover, George M.; Frank, Thurman G.; Keddy, Edward S.

1976-01-01

Hydrogen barriers which comprise liquid metals in which the solubility of hydrogen is low and which have good thermal conductivities at operating temperatures of interest. Such barriers are useful in nuclear fuel elements containing a metal hydride moderator which has a substantial hydrogen dissociation pressure at reactor operating temperatures.

Liquid uranium alloy-helium fission reactor

DOEpatents

Minkov, V.

1984-06-13

This invention describes a nuclear fission reactor which has a core vessel and at least one tandem heat exchanger vessel coupled therewith across upper and lower passages to define a closed flow loop. Nuclear fuel such as a uranium alloy in its liquid phase fills these vessels and flow passages. Solid control elements in the reactor core vessel are adapted to be adjusted relative to one another to control fission reaction of the liquid fuel therein. Moderator elements in the other vessel and flow passages preclude fission reaction therein. An inert gas such as helium is bubbled upwardly through the heat exchanger vessel operable to move the liquid fuel upwardly therein and unidirectionally around the closed loop and downwardly through the core vessel. This helium gas is further directed to heat conversion means outside of the reactor vessels to utilize the heat from the fission reaction to generate useful output. The nuclear fuel operates in the 1200 to 1800/sup 0/C range, and even higher to 2500/sup 0/C.

Experimental validation of an 8 element EMAT phased array probe for longitudinal wave generation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Le Bourdais, Florian, E-mail: florian.lebourdais@cea.fr; Marchand, Benoit, E-mail: florian.lebourdais@cea.fr

2015-03-31

Sodium cooled Fast Reactors (SFR) use liquid sodium as a coolant. Liquid sodium being opaque, optical techniques cannot be applied to reactor vessel inspection. This makes it necessary to develop alternative ways of assessing the state of the structures immersed in the medium. Ultrasonic pressure waves are well suited for inspection tasks in this environment, especially using pulsed electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMAT) that generate the ultrasound directly in the liquid sodium. The work carried out at CEA LIST is aimed at developing phased array EMAT probes conditioned for reactor use. The present work focuses on the experimental validation of amore » newly manufactured 8 element probe which was designed for beam forming imaging in a liquid sodium environment. A parametric study is carried out to determine the optimal setup of the magnetic assembly used in this probe. First laboratory tests on an aluminium block show that the probe has the required beam steering capabilities.« less

Highly concentrated, ring-shaped phase conversion laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technology for liquid sample analysis.

PubMed

Lin, Qingyu; Wei, Zhimei; Guo, Hongli; Wang, Shuai; Guo, Guangmeng; Zhang, Zhi; Duan, Yixiang

2017-06-10

A highly concentrated, ring-shaped phase conversion (RSPC) method was developed for liquid sample analysis using the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique. In this work, test samples were prepared by mixing the metal particles with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) supporter in liquid phase. With heat, the PVA solution solidified inside a modified glass petri dish, forming a metal-enriched polymer ring film. Distinguished from other traditional liquid-to-solid conversing methods, the proposed new method takes advantage of enhanced homogeneity for the target elements inside the ring film. The modified glass petri dish was used to control the ring-shaped concentration. Due to the specially designed circular groove at the bottom of this dish, where the PVA solution and liquid sample mixture accumulated, the target elements were concentrated in this small ring, which is beneficial for enhancing and stabilizing the plasma signals compared to the direct liquid sample analysis using LIBS. The limits of detection for Ag, Cu, Cr, and Ba obtained with the RSPC-LIBS technology were 0.098  μg·mL -1 , 0.18  μg·mL -1 , 0.83  μg·mL -1 , and 0.046  μg·mL -1 , respectively, which provided greater improvement than the direct bulk liquid analysis using LIBS.

Unraveling the role of liquids during chondrule formation processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Varela, Maria Eugenia; Zinner, Ernst

2018-01-01

The process/es involved in chondrule formation cover a wide range of mechanisms whose nature is still unknown. Our attention is focused on solar nebula processes mainly in untangling the origin of the initial liquid droplets that turn into chondrules. To do this, we start deciphering the processes under which the chondritic constituents of glass-rich, PO and POP chondrules from the Unequilibrated Ordinary Chondrite (UOC) Tieschitz L/H3.6 could have been formed. One constituent is the initial refractory liquid. This chilled liquid, presented as primary glass inclusions in olivine or as glass mesostasis, has trace element abundances with unfractionated patterns and lacks the chemical signature that is expected from a geochemical (liquid-crystal) fractionation. The unfractionated crystal-liquid distribution coefficients observed in the glass-rich, PO and POP chondrules indicate that formation of these objects was not dominated by an igneous process. In addition, the good correlation of elements with different geochemical and cosmochemical properties (e.g., Yb and La-Ce) that spread around the primordial ratio, indicate that a cosmochemical (condensation) instead of a geochemical process may have been involved in the origin of this refractory liquid. We end up discussing a secondary process: the alkali-Ca exchange reaction that could have taken place within a cooling nebula at sub-solidus temperatures. The extent to which these solid/gas exchange reactions took place will determine the final composition of the chondrules.

Phase change material storage heater

DOEpatents

Goswami, D. Yogi; Hsieh, Chung K.; Jotshi, Chand K.; Klausner, James F.

1997-01-01

A storage heater for storing heat and for heating a fluid, such as water, has an enclosure defining a chamber therein. The chamber has a lower portion and an upper portion with a heating element being disposed within the enclosure. A tube through which the fluid flows has an inlet and an outlet, both being disposed outside of the enclosure, and has a portion interconnecting the inlet and the outlet that passes through the enclosure. A densely packed bed of phase change material pellets is disposed within the enclosure and is surrounded by a viscous liquid, such as propylene glycol. The viscous liquid is in thermal communication with the heating element, the phase change material pellets, and the tube and transfers heat from the heating element to the pellets and from the pellets to the tube. The viscous fluid has a viscosity so that the frictional pressure drop of the fluid in contact with the phase change material pellets substantially reduces vertical thermal convection in the fluid. As the fluid flows through the tube heat is transferred from the viscous liquid to the fluid flowing through the tube, thereby heating the fluid.

An ultra-accurate numerical method in the design of liquid phononic crystals with hard inclusion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Eric; He, Z. C.; Wang, G.; Liu, G. R.

2017-12-01

The phononics crystals (PCs) are periodic man-made composite materials. In this paper, a mass-redistributed finite element method (MR-FEM) is formulated to study the wave propagation within liquid PCs with hard inclusion. With a perfect balance between stiffness and mass in the MR-FEM model, the dispersion error of longitudinal wave is minimized by redistribution of mass. Such tuning can be easily achieved by adjusting the parameter r that controls the location of integration points of mass matrix. More importantly, the property of mass conservation in the MR-FEM model indicates that the locations of integration points inside or outside the element are immaterial. Four numerical examples are studied in this work, including liquid PCs with cross and circle hard inclusions, different size of inclusion and defect. Compared with standard finite element method, the numerical results have verified the accuracy and effectiveness of MR-FEM. The proposed MR-FEM is a unique and innovative numerical approach with its outstanding features, which has strong potentials to study the stress wave within multi-physics PCs.

Processes involved in the formation of magnesian-suite plutonic rocks from the highlands of the Earth's Moon

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Snyder, Gregory A.; Neal, Clive R.; Taylor, Lawrence A.; Halliday, Alex N.

1995-01-01

The earliest evolution of the Moon likely included the formation of a magma ocean and the subsequent development of anorthositic flotation cumulates. This primary anorthositic crust was then intruded by mafic magmas which crystallized to form the lunar highlands magnesian suite. The present study is a compilation of petrologic, mineral-chemical, and geochemical information on all pristine magnesian-suite plutonic rocks and the interpretation of this data in light of 18 'new' samples. Of these 18 clasts taken from Apollo 14 breccias, 12 are probably pristine and include four dunites, two norites, four troctolites, and two anorthosites. Radiogenic isotopic whole rock data also are reported for one of the 'probably pristine' anorthositic troctolites, sample 14303,347. The relatively low Rb content and high Sm and Nd abundances of 14303,347 suggest that this cumulate rock was derived from a parental magma which had these chemical characteristics. Trace element, isotopic, and mineral-chemical data are used to interpret the total highlands magnesian suite as crustal precipitates of a primitive KREEP (possessing a K-, rare earth element (REE)-, and P-enriched chemical signature) basalt magma. This KREEP basalt was created by the mixing of ascending ultramafic melts from the lunar interior with urKREEP (the late, K-, REE-, and P-enriched residuum of the lunar magma ocean). A few samples of the magnesian suite with extremely elevated large-ion lithophile elements (5-10x other magnesian-suite rocks) cannot be explained by this model or any other model of autometasomatism, equilibrium crystallization, or 'local melt-pocket equilibrium' without recourse to an extremely large-ion lithophile element-enriched parent liquid. It is difficult to generate parental liquids which are 2-4 x higher in the REE than average lunar KREEP, unless the liquids are the basic complement of a liquid-liquid pair, i.e., the so-called 'REEP-fraction,' from the silicate liquid immiscibility of urKREEP. Scarce age information on lunar rocks suggests that magnesian-suite magmatism was initiated at progressively more recent time from the northeast to the southwest on the lunar nearside from 4.45 to 4.25 Ga.

Cooling Effectiveness of a Hybrid Microclimate Garment

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-01

ELEMENT NO . NO . NO . JCCESSION NO .63747 D669 35 Cooling Effectiveness of a Hybrid Microclimate Garment (U) 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) Barry S...be arranged. Therefore, no direct measurement of the cooling rate achieved by the air garments was obtained. After calculation of the liquid cooling...Cooling Performance. There was no significant difference between the levels of heat removed by the liquid and hybrid-liquid garments . The measured

Simulation of B Cell Affinity Maturation Explains Enhanced Antibody Cross-Reactivity Induced by the Polyvalent Malaria Vaccine AMA1

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-07-01

cell decisions in lymphoid tissue. Mol. Cell . Biol. 28: 4040–4051. 22. Kosmrlj, A., A. K. Jha, E. S. Huseby, M. Kardar, and A. K. Chakraborty. 2008. How...JUL 2014 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2014 to 00-00-2014 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Simulation of B Cell Affinity Maturation Explains...8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 The Journal of Immunology Simulation of B Cell Affinity Maturation Explains Enhanced Antibody Cross-Reactivity

[Coordinating home assistance and nursing care for global patient management].

PubMed

Cerf, Dominique

2016-01-01

Enabling patients to remain in their home is only possible when the different services, both from within and outside the hospital are able to communicate and when the recommended actions are properly coordinated. Entrusting the coordination of the care to the Spasad (polyvalent service for home assistance and nursing care) enables the expectations of the patients and family carers to be analysed. This allows the team to put in place the appropriate actions both in terms of assistance and nursing care. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Creation of Polyvalent Decoys of Protein Cytotoxins as Therapeutics and Vaccines

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

encapsidation.Materials and methods Cell culture Spodoptera frugiperda cells (line IPLB-Sf21) were grown at 27 °C in TC100 medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA...At the end of the modeling run, the reference subunits (A, B, and C) were extracted and used for the subsequent analysis. Cell culture. Spodoptera ... frugiperda cells (line IPLB-Sf21) were grown at 27°C in TC100 medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 0.35 g of NaHCO3 per liter, 2.6 g of

Iron Partitioning in Ferropericlase and Consequences for the Magma Ocean.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Braithwaite, J. W. H.; Stixrude, L. P.; Holmstrom, E.; Pinilla, C.

2016-12-01

The relative buoyancy of crystals and liquid is likely to exert a strong influence on the thermal and chemical evolution of the magma ocean. Theory indicates that liquids approach, but do not exceed the density of iso-chemical crystals in the deep mantle. The partitioning of heavy elements, such as Fe, is therefore likely to control whether crystals sink or float. While some experimental results exist, our knowledge of silicate liquid-crystal element partitioning is still limited in the deep mantle. We have developed a method for computing the Mg-Fe partitioning of Fe in such systems. We have focused initially on ferropericlase, as a relatively simple system where the buoyancy effects of Fe partitioning are likely to be large. The method is based on molecular dynamics driven by density functional theory (spin polarized, PBEsol+U). We compute the free energy of Mg for Fe substitution in simulations of liquid and B1 crystalline phases via adiabatic switching. We investigate the dependence of partitioning on pressure, temperature, and iron concentration. We find that the liquid is denser than the coexisting crystalline phase at all conditions studies. We also find that the high-spin to low-spin transition in the crystal and the liquid, have an important influence on partitioning behavior.

Real-time associative memory with photorefractive crystal KNSBN and liquid-crystal optical switches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Haiying; Yuan, Yang Y.; Yu, Youlong; Xu, Kebin; Xu, Yuhuan; Zhu, De-Rui

1990-05-01

We present a real-time holographic associative memory implemented with photorefractive KNSBN : Co crystal as memory element and liquid crystal electrooptical switches as reflective thresholding device. The experimental results show that the system has real-time multiple-image storage and recall function.

Multichannel Detection in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, James C.; And Others

1982-01-01

A linear photodiode array is used as the photodetector element in a new ultraviolet-visible detection system for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using a computer network, the system processes eight different chromatographic signals simultaneously in real-time and acquires spectra manually/automatically. Applications in fast HPLC…

Method of identifying defective particle coatings

DOEpatents

Cohen, Mark E.; Whiting, Carlton D.

1986-01-01

A method for identifying coated particles having defective coatings desig to retain therewithin a build-up of gaseous materials including: (a) Pulling a vacuum on the particles; (b) Backfilling the particles at atmospheric pressure with a liquid capable of wetting the exterior surface of the coated particles, said liquid being a compound which includes an element having an atomic number higher than the highest atomic number of any element in the composition which forms the exterior surface of the particle coating; (c) Drying the particles; and (d) Radiographing the particles. By television monitoring, examination of the radiographs is substantially enhanced.

Cryogenic propellant management: Integration of design, performance and operational requirements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Worlund, A. L.; Jamieson, J. R., Jr.; Cole, T. W.; Lak, T. I.

1985-01-01

The integration of the design features of the Shuttle elements into a cryogenic propellant management system is described. The implementation and verification of the design/operational changes resulting from design deficiencies and/or element incompatibilities encountered subsequent to the critical design reviews are emphasized. Major topics include: subsystem designs to provide liquid oxygen (LO2) tank pressure stabilization, LO2 facility vent for ice prevention, liquid hydrogen (LH2) feedline high point bleed, pogo suppression on the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), LO2 low level cutoff, Orbiter/engine propellant dump, and LO2 main feedline helium injection for geyser prevention.

High-pressure melting experiments on Fe-Si alloys and implications for silicon as a light element in the core

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ozawa, Haruka; Hirose, Kei; Yonemitsu, Kyoko; Ohishi, Yasuo

2016-12-01

We carried out melting experiments on Fe-Si alloys to 127 GPa in a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell (DAC). On the basis of textural and chemical characterizations of samples recovered from a DAC, a change in eutectic liquid composition in the Fe-FeSi binary system was examined with increasing pressure. The chemical compositions of coexisting liquid and solid phases were quantitatively determined with field-emission-type electron microprobes. The results demonstrate that silicon content in the eutectic liquid decreases with increasing pressure to less than 1.5 ± 0.1 wt.% Si at 127 GPa. If silicon is a single light element in the core, 4.5 to 12 wt.% Si is required in the outer core in order to account for its density deficit from pure iron. However, such a liquid core, whose composition is on the Si-rich side of the eutectic point, crystallizes less dense solid, CsCl (B2)-type phase at the inner core boundary (ICB). Our data also show that the difference in silicon concentration between coexisting solid and liquid is too small to account for the observed density contrast across the ICB. These indicate that silicon cannot be the sole light element in the core. Previous geochemical and cosmochemical arguments, however, strongly require ∼6 wt.% Si in the core. It is possible that the Earth's core originally included ∼6 wt.% Si but then became depleted in silicon by crystallizing SiO2 or MgSiO3.

Phase Adaptation and Correction by Adaptive Optics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tiziani, Hans J.

2010-04-01

Adaptive optical elements and systems for imaging or laser beam propagation are used for some time in particular in astronomy, where the image quality is degraded by atmospheric turbulence. In astronomical telescopes a deformable mirror is frequently used to compensate wavefront-errors due to deformations of the large mirror, vibrations as well as turbulence and hence to increase the image quality. In the last few years interesting elements like Spatial Light Modulators, SLM's, such as photorefractive crystals, liquid crystals and micro mirrors and membrane mirrors were introduced. The development of liquid crystals and micro mirrors was driven by data projectors as consumer products. They contain typically a matrix of individually addressable pixels of liquid crystals and flip mirrors respectively or more recently piston mirrors for special applications. Pixel sizes are in the order of a few microns and therefore also appropriate as active diffractive elements in digital holography or miniature masks. Although liquid crystals are mainly optimized for intensity modulation; they can be used for phase modulation. Adaptive optics is a technology for beam shaping and wavefront adaptation. The application of spatial light modulators for wavefront adaptation and correction and defect analysis as well as sensing will be discussed. Dynamic digital holograms are generated with liquid crystal devices (LCD) and used for wavefront correction as well as for beam shaping and phase manipulation, for instance. Furthermore, adaptive optics is very useful to extend the measuring range of wavefront sensors and for the wavefront adaptation in order to measure and compare the shape of high precision aspherical surfaces.

A finite element analysis of the freeze/thaw behavior of external artery heat pipes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lu, X. J.; Peterson, G. P.

1993-01-01

A two-dimensional finite element model was used to determine the freeze/thaw characteristics of an external artery heat pipe. During startup, the working fluid, which was located in the liquid channel and the circumferential wall grooves, experienced a phase transformation from a solid to a liquid state. The transient heat conduction equations with moving interfacial conditions were solved using the appropriate initial boundary conditions. The modelling results include the cross-sectional temperature distribution and the interfacial or melt front position as a function of time. A fixed grid approach was adopted in the model for the phase-change process during thawing of frozen working fluid. The interfacial position between the liquid and solid regions was found by balancing the latent heat caused by interfacial movement with the heat addition or extraction at the related grid points.

Method for making precisely configured flakes useful in optical devices

DOEpatents

Trajkovska-Petkoska, Anka [Rochester, NY; Jacobs, Stephen D [Pittsford, NY; Kosc, Tanya Z [Rochester, NY; Marshall, Kenneth L [Rochester, NY

2007-07-03

Precisely configured, especially of geometric shape, flakes of liquid crystal material are made using a mechanically flexible polymer mold with wells having shapes which are precisely configured by making the mold with a photolithographically manufactured or laser printed master. The polymer liquid crystal is poured into the wells in the flexible mold. When the liquid crystal material has solidified, the flexible mold is bent and the flakes are released and collected for use in making an electrooptical cell utilizing the liquid crystal flakes as the active element therein.

Light-driven liquid microlenses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Angelini, A.; Pirani, F.; Frascella, F.; Ricciardi, S.; Descrovi, E.

2017-02-01

We propose a liquid polymeric compound based on photo-responsive azo-polymers to be used as light-activated optical element with tunable and reversible functionalities. The interaction of a laser beam locally modifies the liquid density thus producing a refractive index gradient. The laser induced refractive index profiles are observed along the optical axis of the microscope to evaluate the total phase shift induced and along the orthogonal direction to provide the axial distribution of the refractive index variation. The focusing and imaging properties of the liquid lenses as functions of the light intensity are illustrated.

Activation and control of microlens liquid arrays on functionalized polar electric crystal substrates by electro-wetting effect and temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferraro, Pietro; Grilli, Simonetta; Miccio, Lisa; Vespini, Veronica; Finizio, Sergio DeNicola Andrea

2008-11-01

In recent years a variety of liquid bases optical elements have been conceived, designed and fabricated even for commercial products like digital cameras o cellular phone cameras. The impressive development of microfluidic systems in conjunction with optics has led to the creation of a completely new Science field of investigation named optofludics. Optofludics, among others topics, deals with investigation and methods for realizing liquid micro-lenses. A variety of liquid micro-lenses have been designed and realized by using different configurations. We demonstrate that a lensing effect can be obtained in an open microfluidic system by using a thin layer of liquid on a polar electric crystal such as Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3). Electrowetting patterning on LiNbO3 surface is obtained by pyroelectric effect consisting in a simple but reliable electrodes-less and circuit-less configuration. The electrodes are intrinsically embedded into the substrate. The material is functionalised by means of a micro-engineering electric filed poling process. Lens array with variable focus has been demonstrated with a large number of lens elements (10x10) on micrometric scale (aperture of single lens 100 microns).

An automatic granular structure generation and finite element analysis of heterogeneous semi-solid materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharifi, Hamid; Larouche, Daniel

2015-09-01

The quality of cast metal products depends on the capacity of the semi-solid metal to sustain the stresses generated during the casting. Predicting the evolution of these stresses with accuracy in the solidification interval should be highly helpful to avoid the formation of defects like hot tearing. This task is however very difficult because of the heterogeneous nature of the material. In this paper, we propose to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of a metal during solidification using a mesh generation technique of the heterogeneous semi-solid material for a finite element analysis at the microscopic level. This task is done on a two-dimensional (2D) domain in which the granular structure of the solid phase is generated surrounded by an intergranular and interdendritc liquid phase. Some basic solid grains are first constructed and projected in the 2D domain with random orientations and scale factors. Depending on their orientation, the basic grains are combined to produce larger grains or separated by a liquid film. Different basic grain shapes can produce different granular structures of the mushy zone. As a result, using this automatic grain generation procedure, we can investigate the effect of grain shapes and sizes on the thermo-mechanical behaviour of the semi-solid material. The granular models are automatically converted to the finite element meshes. The solid grains and the liquid phase are meshed properly using quadrilateral elements. This method has been used to simulate the microstructure of a binary aluminium-copper alloy (Al-5.8 wt% Cu) when the fraction solid is 0.92. Using the finite element method and the Mie-Grüneisen equation of state for the liquid phase, the transient mechanical behaviour of the mushy zone under tensile loading has been investigated. The stress distribution and the bridges, which are formed during the tensile loading, have been detected.

Melting Experiments in the Fe-FeSi System at High Pressure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ozawa, H.; Hirose, K.

2013-12-01

The principal light element in the Earth's core must reproduce the density jump at the inner core boundary (ICB). Silicon is thought to be a plausible light element in the core, and the melting phase relations in Fe-FeSi binary system at the ICB pressure are of great importance. Theoretical calculations on the Fe-FeSi binary system suggested that the difference in Si content between the outer core and the inner core would be too small to satisfy the observed density jump at the ICB [Alfè et al., 2002 EPSL], which requires other light elements in addition to silicon. Here we experimentally examined partitioning of silicon between liquid and solid iron up to 97 GPa. High pressure and temperature conditions were generated in a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell. Chemical compositions of co-existing quenched liquid and solid Fe-Si alloys were determined with a field-emission-type electron probe micro-analyzer. We used Fe-Si alloy containing 9 wt% Si as a starting material. Chemical analyses on the recovered samples from 39 and 49 GPa demonstrated the coexistence of quenched Si-depleted liquid and Si-enriched solid. In contrast, silicon partitions preferentially into liquid metal at 97 GPa, suggesting the starting composition (Fe-9wt% Si) lies on the iron-rich part of the eutectic. These results indicate the eutectic composition shifts toward FeSi between 49 and 97 GPa.

Local Heat Flux Measurements with Single and Small Multi-element Coaxial Element-Injectors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Gregg; Protz, Christopher; Bullard, Brad; Hulka, James

2006-01-01

To support NASA's Vision for Space Exploration mission, the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center conducted a program in 2005 to improve the capability to predict local thermal compatibility and heat transfer in liquid propellant rocket engine combustion devices. The ultimate objective was to predict and hence reduce the local peak heat flux due to injector design, resulting in a significant improvement in overall engine reliability and durability. Such analyses are applicable to combustion devices in booster, upper stage, and in-space engines with regeneratively cooled chamber walls, as well as in small thrust chambers with few elements in the injector. In this program, single and three-element injectors were hot-fire tested with liquid oxygen and gaseous hydrogen propellants at The Pennsylvania State University Cryogenic Combustor Laboratory from May to August 2005. Local heat fluxes were measured in a 1-inch internal diameter heat sink combustion chamber using Medtherm coaxial thermocouples and Gardon heat flux gauges, Injector configurations were tested with both shear coaxial elements and swirl coaxial elements. Both a straight and a scarfed single element swirl injector were tested. This paper includes general descriptions of the experimental hardware, instrumentation, and results of the hot-fire testing for three coaxial shear and swirl elements. Detailed geometry and test results the for shear coax elements has already been published. Detailed test result for the remaining 6 swirl coax element for the will be published in a future JANNAF presentation to provide well-defined data sets for development and model validation.

Comparison of Laminar and Linear Eddy Model Closures for Combustion Instability Simulations

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-07-01

14. ABSTRACT Unstable liquid rocket engines can produce highly complex dynamic flowfields with features such as rapid changes in temperature and...applicability. In the present study, the linear eddy model (LEM) is applied to an unstable single element liquid rocket engine to assess its performance and to...Sankaran‡ Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards AFB, CA, 93524 Unstable liquid rocket engines can produce highly complex dynamic flowfields with features

CONTINUOUSLY SENSITIVE BUBBLE CHAMBER

DOEpatents

Good, R.H.

1959-08-18

A radiation detector of the bubble chamber class is described which is continuously sensitive and which does not require the complex pressure cycling equipment characteristic of prior forms of the chamber. The radiation sensitive element is a gas-saturated liquid and means are provided for establishing a thermal gradient across a region of the liquid. The gradient has a temperature range including both the saturation temperature of the liquid and more elevated temperatures. Thus a supersaturated zone is created in which ionizing radiations may give rise to visible gas bubbles indicative of the passage of the radiation through the liquid. Additional means are provided for replenishing the supply of gas-saturated liquid to maintaincontinuous sensitivity.

Actualistic models of mantle metasomatism documented in a composite xenolith from Dish Hill, California

USGS Publications Warehouse

Nielson, J.E.; Budahn, J.R.; Unruh, D.M.; Wilshire, H.G.

1993-01-01

Major and trace-element whole rock and mineral variations in composite hornblendite-peridotite xenolith Ba-2-1, from Dish Hill, CA, are due to a single event of metasomatism in the mantle. The hornblendite is the crystallized selvage of a dike conduit charged with incompatible-element-enriched hydrous mafic magma. The magma infiltrated the refractory peridotite wallrock, reacted with its constituent minerals, and simultaneously deposited amphibole. The systematic data from this study show considerable variation in isotopic values and trace elements. These data provide insight into a mantle process that was defined previously from samples without context, lacking evidence about the number or source of metasomatic events. In the contact zone of Ba-2-1, peridotite is enriched in Fe, Ti, CO2) and H2O; clinopyroxene and amphibole also are enriched in Fe and Ti, but clinopyroxene appears slightly depleted in CaO. Compared to chondrites, peridotite, clinopyroxene, and probably amphibole are enriched in light rare earth (LREEcn) and other incompatible trace elements. Values of 87Sr 86Sr and 143Nd 144Nd in the contact zone are close to isotopic equilibrium with the dike. Whole rock and constituent clinopyroxene compositions change to those of refractory peridotite with distance from the contact. These compositional variations were modelled using Gresens' equation for whole-rock major and minor elements, and calculations for isotopic ratios and REEs, which emulate the effects of Chromatographic fractionation. The choice of endmembers was restricted to compositions actually present in mantle samples from Dish Hill. Model results indicate that: 1. (1) the variations can be explained as the result of a single metasomatic event, probably a single pulse of previously fractionated liquid; 2. (2) the ratio of total interacting liquid to peridotite was at least 1:3 by weight in the contact zone; and 3. (3) the composition of the metasomatic liquid changed progressively as it infiltrated beyond that zone. The small distance over which variations occur is due to the small amount of liquid that infiltrated. Only in the contact zone was peridotite wallrock saturated by a liquid composition similar to the dike. Comparison of the Ba-2-1 data with those of another xenolith from Dish Hill suggests that the compositional variations of mantle metasomatism result from both the compositional contrast between the metasomatizing liquid and wallrock and the relative abundances of each. Compositional and volumetric variations of mantle partial melts and their fractionates, and repeated events of melting and reaction in contiguous mantle, can create broad ranges of metasomatic "signatures" from the same process. ?? 1993.

Liquid rocket engine turbines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1974-01-01

Criteria for the design and development of turbines for rocket engines to meet specific performance, and installation requirements are summarized. The total design problem, and design elements are identified, and the current technology pertaining to these elements is described. Recommended practices for achieving a successful design are included.

Perfect Composition Depth Profiling of Ionic Liquid Surfaces Using High-resolution RBS/ERDA.

PubMed

Nakajima, Kaoru; Zolboo, Enkhbayar; Ohashi, Tomohiro; Lísal, Martin; Kimura, Kenji

2016-01-01

In order to reveal the surface structures of large molecular ionic liquids (ILs), the near-surface elemental depth distributions of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([C n C 1 Im][Tf 2 N], n = 2, 6, 10) were studied using high-resolution Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (HRBS) in combination with high-resolution elastic recoil detection analysis (HR-ERDA). The elemental depth profiles of all constituent elements, including hydrogen, were derived from HR-ERDA/HRBS measurements, so that the profiles would reproduce both HR-ERDA and HRBS spectra simultaneously. The derived elemental depth profiles agree with state-of-the-art molecular dynamics simulations, indicating the feasibility of this method. A controversy concerning the preferential orientation of [C 2 C 1 Im] at the surface has been resolved by this new combination analysis; namely, the [C 2 C 1 Im] cation has a preferential orientation with the ethyl chain pointing towards the vacuum in the topmost molecular layer.

Trace element studies of silicate-rich inclusions in the Guin (UNGR) and Kodaikanal (IIE) iron meteorites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kurat, Gero; Zinner, Ernst; Varela, Maria Eugenia

2007-08-01

A devitrified glass inclusion from the Guin (UNGR) iron consists of cryptocrystalline feldspars, pyroxenes, and silica and is rich in SiO2, Al2O3, and Na2O. It contains a rutile grain and is in contact with a large Cl apatite. The latter is very rich in rare earth elements (REEs) (˜80 × CI), which display a flat abundance pattern, except for Eu and Yb, which are underabundant. The devitrified glass is very poor in REEs (<0.1 × CI), except for Eu and Yb, which have positive abundance anomalies. Devitrified glass and Cl apatite are out of chemical equilibrium and their complementary REE patterns indicate a genesis via condensation under reducing conditions. Inclusion 1 in the Kodaikanal (IIE) iron consists of glass only, whereas inclusion 2 consists of clinopyroxene, which is partly overgrown by low-Ca pyroxene, and apatite embedded in devitrified glass. All minerals are euhedral or have skeletal habits indicating crystallization from the liquid precursor of the glass. Pyroxenes and the apatite are rich in trace elements, indicating crystallization from a liquid that had 10-50 × CI abundances of REEs and refractory lithophile elements (RLEs). The co-existing glass is poor in REEs (˜0.1-1 × CI) and, consequently, a liquid of such chemical composition cannot have crystallized the phenocrysts. Glasses have variable chemical compositions but are rich in SiO2, Al2O3, Na2O, and K2O as well as in HFSEs, Be, B, and Rb. The REE abundance patterns are mostly flat, except for the glass-only inclusion, which has heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) > light rare earth elements (LREEs) and deficits in Eu and Yb—an ultrarefractory pattern. The genetic models suggested so far cannot explain what is observed and, consequently, we offer a new model for silicate inclusion formation in IIE and related irons. Nebular processes and a relationship with E meteorites (Guin) or Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) (Kodaikanal) are indicated. A sequence of condensation (CaS, TiN or refractory pyroxene-rich liquids) and vapor-solid elemental exchange can be identified that took place beginning under reducing and ending at oxidizing conditions (phosphate, rutile formation, alkali and Fe2+ metasomatism, metasomatic loss of REEs from glass).

Safety and efficacy of Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab in pediatric crotaline envenomations.

PubMed

Pizon, Anthony F; Riley, Bradley D; LoVecchio, Frank; Gill, Ruqayya

2007-04-01

Since it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in October 2000, Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (CroFab) has largely replaced previously used crotaline antivenom. CroFab is more specifically tailored for crotalids of North America and is less allergenic than whole immunoglobulin antivenoms. However, premarketing and postmarketing studies have excluded children. To describe the safety and efficacy of CroFab in pediatric crotaline envenomations. Using admission and billing records, the authors identified all children 13 years of age and younger treated with CroFab at a pediatric hospital between October 2000 and September 2005. Charts were reviewed by two trained, blinded extractors. Data regarding age, signs of envenomation, laboratory values, total antivenom vials used, total vials used to gain control, transfused blood products, signs of acute allergy to antivenom, and any surgical procedures were abstracted. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Twenty-four patients were identified, and their mean age was 7.3 (range, 1.9-13) years. At presentation, all had swelling, 14 (58%) had a prothrombin time >13 seconds, two (8.3%) had a fibrinogen level <150 mg/dL, and three (12.5%) had platelet counts <150,000/mL. The mean number of total antivenom vials used was 12.3 (range, 4-24). Five patients had resolution of swelling, but platelet counts continued to fall despite antivenom treatment. No patient required blood products, debridement of skin, or fasciotomy. There was only one (4.2%) possible acute allergy to CroFab, and there were no deaths. In this pediatric series, CroFab appears safe and effective, despite occasional resistant thrombocytopenia.

Recurrent hemorrhage after western diamondback rattlesnake envenomation treated with crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine).

PubMed

Fazelat, Joyia; Teperman, Sheldon H; Touger, Michael

2008-11-01

Recurrent coagulopathy has been observed in patients after rattlesnake envenomation treated with Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (ovine) [FabAV]. While recurrent coagulopathy is well documented in the literature, clinically significant sequelae have not been reported. We present a case of recurrent thrombocytopenia after western diamondback envenomation treated with FabAV, resulting in an extensive recurrent local hemorrhage. A 24-year-old male presented to our emergency department several hours after western diamondback envenomation. He sustained bites to both hands and the right flank by leaning over his pet "snake enclosure." On presentation, the patient was hypotensive, tachycardic, and thrombocytopenic with a platelet count of 17/nl. Antivenom therapy was initiated according to the standard FabAV protocol. However, sixteen hours after completion of the recommended FabAV infusion, the patient experienced a recurrent thrombocytopenia with a dramatic seventeen point drop in hematocrit. The source of bleeding was clinically attributed to an expanding hematoma at the site of envenomation. FabAV has become the standard treatment for symptomatic crotalid envenomation. However, the pharmacokinetics of this drug predispose it to recurrent coagulopathies. While studies have shown persistent and recurrent coagulopathic derangements after FabAV therapy, no clinically significant sequelae have been reported. This report highlights the potential for recurrent local hemorrhagic complications following rattlesnake envenomation, even after treatment guided by the current FabAV protocol. Recurrent coagulopathy following FabAV therapy can result in clinically significant hemorrhage, supporting the observation that extended repeat dosing may be necessary to adequately treat subjects of rattlesnake envenomation.

The role of environmental accidental risk assessment in the process of granting development consent.

PubMed

Kontic, Branko; Gerbec, Marko

2009-11-01

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a procedure that must be followed for certain types of development before they are granted development consent. The procedure requires the developer to compile an environmental impact report (EIR) describing the likely significant effects of the project on the environment. A regulatory requirement in Slovenia is that an accidental risk assessment for a new installation should be a part of an EIR. The article shows how risk assessment (RA) related to accidental release of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) or a polyvalent alcohol mixture from a new planned unit of a chemical factory in the Alpine region of Slovenia was performed in the framework of an EIA for the purpose of obtaining a construction permit. Two accidental scenarios were considered: (a) a spill of 20 m(3) of MDI or polyvalent alcohol mixture into the river Soca (the river runs close to the chemical factory) and (b) a fire in the warehouse storing the raw material, where emission of toxic gases HCN, NO(x), and CO is expected during combustion of MDI. One of the most important results of this case is the agreement among the developer, the competent authority, and a consultant in the field of EIA and RA to positively conclude the licensing process despite the absence of formal (regulatory) limit values for risk. It has been approved that transparent, reasonably uncertain, and semi-quantitative environmental risk assessment is an inevitable component of an EIA, and an essential factor in informed, licensing-related decision making.

Acute adverse events associated with the administration of Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab antivenom within the North American Snakebite Registry.

PubMed

Kleinschmidt, Kurt; Ruha, Anne-Michelle; Campleman, Sharan; Brent, Jeffrey; Wax, Paul

2018-04-24

Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Fab Antivenom) is the primary Viperid antivenom used in the United States since 2000. Adverse event data associated with its use are limited. The purpose of this study is to describe the prevalence of acute adverse events associated with the use of Fab antivenom. The American College of Medical Toxicology's Toxicology Investigators Consortium maintains a prospective case registry of poisoned and envenomated patients managed by medical toxicologists at the bedside. This registry includes the North American Snakebite sub-registry. We performed a review of 438 cases entered into the Snakebite sub-registry. A total of 373 (85.2%) received at least one vial of Fab Antivenom. Forty percent were children. Adverse events occurred in 10 patients (2.7%) of whom six were adults. Rash was the most common adverse event. More severe adverse events (hypotension, bronchospasm, and/or angioedema) occurred in four (1.1%) patients. Prophylaxis was administered prior to Fab antivenom in 4.0%. Eight patients received various treatments for their adverse events. Neither the initial number of Fab antivenom vials, atopic history, nor prior envenomation correlated with the prevalence of adverse events. This prevalence of adverse events was lower than in previous studies and in a meta-analysis of 11 studies. The types of adverse events and treatments used are consistent with those in previous reports. There were no prior reports of prophylaxis use with which to compare. The prevalence of Fab antivenom adverse events in the North American Snakebite Registry was 2.7%.

Exploring the structure of high temperature, iron-bearing liquids

DOE PAGES

Wilding, Martin; Benmore, Chris; Weber, Rick; ...

2015-06-25

This paper describes the direct measurements of the structure of iron-bearing liquids using a combination of containerless techniques and in–situ high energy x-ray diffraction. These capabilities provide data that is important to help model and optimize processes such as smelting, steel making, and controlling slag chemistry. A successful programme of liquid studies has been undertaken and the Advanced Photon Source using these combined techniques which include the provision of gas mixing and the control of pO₂ and the changing influence of mixed valance elements. It is possible to combine rapid image acquisition with quenching of liquids to obtain the fullmore » diffraction patterns of deeply supercooled liquids and the metastable supercooled liquid regime, where the liquid structures and viscosity change most dramatically, can also be explored.« less

Liquid and Emulsified Sulfur in Submarine Solfatara Fields of two Northern Mariana Arc Volcanoes.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakamura, K.; Embley, R. W.; Chadwick, W. W.; Butterfield, D. A.; Takano, B.; Resing, J. A.; de Ronde, C. E.; Lilley, M. D.; Lupton, J. E.; Merle, S. G.; Inagaki, F.

2006-12-01

Because elemental sulfur melting point is ca 100 deg C (depend on allotropes and heating rate, S8 triple point temperature: 115 deg C), the evidence of liquid sulfur has been known for many subaerial crater lakes and small ponds in geothermal regions throughout the world. But the milky nature of water (sulfur-in- water emulsion in limited water mass) prohibited the direct observation of on-going processes at the bottom of these subaerial lakes. In the passive degassing environment at the summit craters of Daikoku and Nikko Seamounts of the northern Mariana Arc, the continuous flushing of sulfur emulsion by seawater allowed us to observe on- going submarine solfatara processes and associated chemistry through dives with ROVs during the NT05-18 cruise (JAMSTEC R/V Natsushima and ROV hyper-Dolphin) and the Submarine Ring of Fire 2006 cruise (R/V Melville and ROV JASON II). A higher viscosity for liquid elemental sulfur relative to that of seawater, as well as a limited stability of sulfur emulsion (aqueous sulfur sol) at high temperatures in electrolyte solution (seawater), ensures limited mobility of liquid sulfur in the conduits of hydrothermal vents. The subseafloor boiling depth of hydrothermal fluid limits the locus of any liquid sulfur reservoir. It was observed in an exposed liquid sulfur pond that the penetration of gas bubbles (mostly CO2) created sulfur emulsion while collapsing liquid sulfur film between seawater and gas bubbles. Liquid sulfur pits, encrusted sulfur, liquid sulfur fountain structure, sulfur stalactites and stalagmites, mini-pillow lava-like sulfur flows, accretionary sulfur lapilli and sulfur deltas were also observed at the summits of two volcanoes. Note: Solfatara: Italian. A type of fumarole, the gases of which are characteristically sulfurous. In 'Glossary of geology.'

Development and fabrication of an advanced liquid cooling garment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Leith, J. R.; Hixon, C. W.

1976-01-01

The elastomeric film fin/tube concept which was developed is a composite of polyurethane film, fine expanded silver mesh, a serpentine pattern polyurethane transport tubing and an integral comfort liner, all bonded via adhesive application and vacuum-bagged for final cure. As demonstrated by thermal analysis, the composite garment material is capable of removing a 293 watt (1000 BTU/hr) metabolic load through a head and torso cooling area of .46 sq m (5 sq ft) with tube spacing of slightly under one inch. A total of 60 test elements, each .15m x .15m (6 in. x 6 in.) were fabricated in support of the liquid cooling garment concept development. In parallel with the fabrication of these elements a continuing series of laboratory tests to support the fabrication techniques was carried out. The elements and supporting tests are described.

NEUTRONIC REACTOR

DOEpatents

Hurwitz, H. Jr.; Brooks, H.; Mannal, C.; Payne, J.H.; Luebke, E.A.

1959-03-24

A reactor of the heterogeneous, liquid cooled type is described. This reactor is comprised of a central region of a plurality of vertically disposed elongated tubes surrounded by a region of moderator material. The central region is comprised of a central core surrounded by a reflector region which is surrounded by a fast neutron absorber region, which in turn is surrounded by a slow neutron absorber region. Liquid sodium is used as the primary coolant and circulates through the core which contains the fuel elements. Control of the reactor is accomplished by varying the ability of the reflector region to reflect neutrons back into the core of the reactor. For this purpose the reflector is comprised of moderator and control elements having varying effects on reactivity, the control elements being arranged and actuated by groups to give regulation, shim, and safety control.

Platinum Partitioning at Low Oxygen Fugacity: Implications for Core Formation Processes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Medard, E.; Martin, A. M.; Righter, K.; Lanziroti, A.; Newville, M.

2016-01-01

Highly siderophile elements (HSE = Au, Re, and the Pt-group elements) are tracers of silicate / metal interactions during planetary processes. Since most core-formation models involve some state of equilibrium between liquid silicate and liquid metal, understanding the partioning of highly siderophile elements (HSE) between silicate and metallic melts is a key issue for models of core / mantle equilibria and for core formation scenarios. However, partitioning models for HSE are still inaccurate due to the lack of sufficient experimental constraints to describe the variations of partitioning with key variable like temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity. In this abstract, we describe a self-consistent set of experiments aimed at determining the valence of platinum, one of the HSE, in silicate melts. This is a key information required to parameterize the evolution of platinum partitioning with oxygen fugacity.

Magma Ocean Depth and Oxygen Fugacity in the Early Earth--Implications for Biochemistry.

PubMed

Righter, Kevin

2015-09-01

A large class of elements, referred to as the siderophile (iron-loving) elements, in the Earth's mantle can be explained by an early deep magma ocean on the early Earth in which the mantle equilibrated with metallic liquid (core liquid). This stage would have affected the distribution of some of the classic volatile elements that are also essential ingredients for life and biochemistry - H, C, S, and N. Estimates are made of the H, C, S, and N contents of Earth's early mantle after core formation, considering the effects of variable temperature, pressure, oxygen fugacity, and composition on their partitioning. Assessment is made of whether additional, exogenous, sources are required to explain the observed mantle concentrations, and areas are identified where additional data and experimentation would lead to an improved understanding of this phase of Earth's history.

Holographic Formation of Diffraction Elements for Transformation of Light Beams in Liquid Crystal - Photopolymer Compositions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Semkin, A. O.; Sharangovich, S. N.

2018-03-01

A theoretical model of holographic formation of diffractive optical elements for transformation of light beam field into Bessel-like fields in liquid crystal - photopolymer (LC-PPM) composite materials with a dyesensitizer is developed. Results of numerical modeling of kinetics ofvariation of the refractive index of a material in the process of formation with different relationships between the photopolymerization rates and diffusion processes are presented. Based on the results of numerical simulation, it is demonstrated that when the photopolarization process dominates, the diffractive element being formed is distorted. This leads to a change in the light field distribution at its output and consequently, to ineffective transformation of the reading beam. Thus, the necessity of optimizing of the recording conditions and of the prepolymeric composition to increase the transformation efficiency of light beam fields is demonstrated.

Fog collectors and collection techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Höhler, I.; Suau, C.

2010-07-01

The earth sciences taught that due to the occurrence of water in three phases: gas, liquid and solid, solar energy keeps the hydrological cycle going, shaping the earth surface while regulating the climate and thus allowing smart technologies to interfere in the natural process by rerouting water and employing its yield for natural and human environments’ subsistence. This is the case of traditional fog collectors implemented by several researchers along the Atacama Desert since late ’50s such as vertical tensile mesh or macro-diamonds structures. Nevertheless, these basic prototypes require to be upgraded, mainly through new shapes, fabrics and frameworks’ types by following the principles of lightness, transformability, portability and polyvalence. The vertical canvas of conventional fog collectors contain too much stressed at each joints and as result it became vulnerable. Our study constitutes a research by design of two fog-trap devices along the Atacama Desert. Different climatic factors influence the efficiency of fog harvesting. In order to increase yield of collected fog water, we need to establish suitable placements that contain high rates of fog’s accumulation. As important as the location is also the building reliability of these collectors that will be installed. Their frames and skins have to be adjustable to the wind direction and resistant against strong winds and rust. Its fabric need to be more hydrophobic, elastic and with light colours to ease dripping/drainage and avoid ultra-violet deterioration. In addition, meshes should be well-tensed and frames well-embraced too. In doing so we have conceived two fog collectors: DropNet© (Höhler) and FogHive© (Suau). These designs explore climatic design parameters combined with the agile structural principles of Tensegrity and Geodesic widely developed by Bucky Fuller and Frei Otto. The research methods mainly consisted of literature review; fieldwork; comparative analysis of existing fog collection’s techniques and climatic design simulations. DropNet© is a lightweight fog collector kit -a standing-alone web- resistant against very strong winds. It is constructed with an elastic mesh according to the required tension. Apart from this, it is ease to be transported, assemble and relocated due to its tent-like construction. As a flexible construction it can be installed on flatten or uneven grounds. FogHive© is a modular space-frame, fully wrapped with a light waxy mesh, that can collect water fog and also performs like a shading/cooling device and a soil humidifier for greenery and potential inhabitation. Its body consists of a deployable polygonal structure with an adjustable polyvalent membrane which performs as water repellent skin (facing prevailing winds) and shading device facing Equator. In addition, a domestic wind turbine is installed within the structural frame to provide autonomous electrification. Both models have great applicability to provide drinking water in remote place and also irrigating water to repair or re-establish flora. Water collector, filtering (purification) and irrigation network are designed with appropriate materials and techniques.

LIQUID TARGET

DOEpatents

Martin, M.D.; Salsig, W.W. Jr.

1959-01-13

A liquid handling apparatus is presented for a liquid material which is to be irradiated. The apparatus consists essentially of a reservoir for the liquid, a target element, a drain tank and a drain lock chamber. The target is in the form of a looped tube, the upper end of which is adapted to be disposed in a beam of atomic particles. The lower end of the target tube is in communication with the liquid in the reservoir and a means is provided to continuously circulate the liquid material to be irradiated through the target tube. Means to heat the reservoir tank is provided in the event that a metal is to be used as the target material. The apparatus is provided with suitable valves and shielding to provide maximum safety in operation.

Dual liquid and gas chromatograph system

DOEpatents

Gay, D.D.

A chromatographic system is described that utilizes one detection system for gas chromatographic and micro-liquid chromatographic determinations. The detection system is a direct-current, atmospheric-pressure, helium plasma emission spectrometer. The detector utilizes a nontransparent plasma source unit which contains the plasma region and two side-arms which receive effluents from the micro-liquid chromatograph and the gas chromatograph. The dual nature of this chromatographic system offers: (1) extreme flexibility in the samples to be examined; (2) extreme low sensitivity; (3) element selectivity; (4) long-term stability; (5) direct correlation of data from the liquid and gas samples; (6) simpler operation than with individual liquid and gas chromatographs, each with different detection systems; and (7) cheaper than a commercial liquid chromatograph and a gas chromatograph.

Dual liquid and gas chromatograph system

DOEpatents

Gay, Don D.

1985-01-01

A chromatographic system that utilizes one detection system for gas chromatographic and micro-liquid chromatographic determinations. The detection system is a direct-current, atmospheric-pressure, helium plasma emission spectrometer. The detector utilizes a non-transparent plasma source unit which contains the plasma region and two side-arms which receive effluents from the micro-liquid chromatograph and the gas chromatograph. The dual nature of this chromatographic system offers: (1) extreme flexibility in the samples to be examined; (2) extremely low sensitivity; (3) element selectivity; (4) long-term stability; (5) direct correlation of data from the liquid and gas samples; (6) simpler operation than with individual liquid and gas chromatographs, each with different detection systems; and (7) cheaper than a commercial liquid chromatograph and a gas chromatograph.

Fuel cell elements with improved water handling capacity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kindler, Andrew (Inventor); Lee, Albany (Inventor)

2001-01-01

New fuel cell components for use in liquid feed fuel cell systems are provided. The components include biplates and endplates, having a hydrophilic surface and allow high efficiency operation. Conductive elements and a wicking device also form a part of the fuel cell components of the invention.

Ultrasonic characterization of single drops of liquids

DOEpatents

Sinha, Dipen N.

1998-01-01

Ultrasonic characterization of single drops of liquids. The present invention includes the use of two closely spaced transducers, or one transducer and a closely spaced reflector plate, to form an interferometer suitable for ultrasonic characterization of droplet-size and smaller samples without the need for a container. The droplet is held between the interferometer elements, whose distance apart may be adjusted, by surface tension. The surfaces of the interferometer elements may be readily cleansed by a stream of solvent followed by purified air when it is desired to change samples. A single drop of liquid is sufficient for high-quality measurement. Examples of samples which may be investigated using the apparatus and method of the present invention include biological specimens (tear drops; blood and other body fluid samples; samples from tumors, tissues, and organs; secretions from tissues and organs; snake and bee venom, etc.) for diagnostic evaluation, samples in forensic investigations, and detection of drugs in small quantities.

The distribution of Sr and REE between diopside and silicate liquid. [Rare Earth Elements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grutzeck, M.; Kridelbaugh, S.; Weill, D.

1974-01-01

Experimental determination of the distribution coefficients in diopside-liquid pairs for strontium and nine rare-earth elements in the system CaMgSi2O6-NaAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8. In experiments in air at 1265 C it is found that most of the Sr(2+), Eu(2+), and RE(3+) ions substitute for Ca(2+) and, in addition, a coupled substitution of Al(3+) for Si(4+) occurs. All of the trace ions considered are found to be excluded from the diopside lattice relative to the liquid. In the case of the trivalent ions the exclusion is much more pronounced for La and Ce, which have ionic radii larger than that of Ca(2+) in 8-fold oxygen coordination. Divalent Sr and Eu with even larger radii are also strongly excluded.

Controlling the intermediate structure of an ionic liquid for f-block element separations

DOE PAGES

Abney, Carter W.; Do, Changwoo; Luo, Huimin; ...

2017-04-19

Recent research has revealed molecular structure beyond the inner coordination sphere is essential in defining the performance of separations processes, but nevertheless remains largely unexplored. Here we apply small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy to investigate the structure of an ionic liquid system studied for f-block element separations. SANS data reveal dramatic changes in the ionic liquid microstructure (~150 Å) which we demonstrate can be controlled by judicious selection of counter ion. Mesoscale structural features (> 500 Å) are also observed as a function of metal concentration. XAFS analysis supports formation of extended aggregatemore » structures, similar to those observed in traditional solvent extraction processes, and suggest additional parallels may be drawn from further study. As a result, achieving precise tunability over the intermediate features is an important development in controlling mesoscale structure and realizing advanced new forms of soft matter.« less

LIQUID METAL REACTOR COOLING SYSTEMS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aberdam, M.; Gros, G.

1965-02-01

This report is part of a series of bibliographies. The specific purpose of this report is to describe the various elements of the cooling systems in the principal liquid-metal-cooled reactors now operating, being contsructed, or in the design stage. The information given is drawn from reports or publicatios received during or before September 1964.

KREEP basalt petrogenesis: Insights from 15434,181

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cronberger, Karl; Neal, Clive R.

2017-05-01

Returned lunar KREEP basalts originated through impact processes or endogenous melting of the lunar interior. Various methods have been used to distinguish between these two origins, with varying degrees of success. Apollo 15 KREEP basalts are generally considered to be endogenous melts of the lunar interior. For example, sample 15434,181 is reported to have formed by a two-stage cooling process, with large orthopyroxene (Opx) phenocrysts forming first and eventually cocrystalizing with smaller plagioclase crystals. However, major and trace element analyses of Opx and plagioclase coupled with calculated equilibrium liquids are inconsistent with the large orthopyroxenes being a phenocryst phase. Equilibrium liquid rare earth element (REE) profiles are enriched relative to the whole rock (WR) composition, inconsistent with Opx being an early crystallizing phase, and these are distinct from the plagioclase REE equilibrium liquids. Fractional crystallization modeling using the Opx equilibrium liquids as a parental composition cannot reproduce the WR values even with crystallization of late-stage phosphates and zircon. This work concludes that instead of being a phenocryst phase, the large Opx crystals are actually xenocrysts that were subsequently affected by pyroxene overgrowths that formed intergrowths with cocrystallizing plagioclase.

Electrical resistivity of liquid iron with high concentration of light element impurities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wagle, F.; Steinle-Neumann, G.

2017-12-01

The Earth's outer core mainly consists of liquid iron, enriched with several weight percent of lighter elements, such as silicon, oxygen, sulfur or carbon. Electrical resistivities of alloys of this type determine the stability of the geodynamo. Both computational and experimental results show that resistivites of Fe-based alloys deviate significantly from values of pure Fe. Using optical conductivity values computed with the Kubo-Greenwood formalism for DFT-based molecular dynamics results, we analyze the high-P and T behavior of resitivities for Fe-alloys containing various concentrations of sulfur, oxygen and silicon. As the electron mean free path length in amorphous and liquid material becomes comparable to interatomic distances at high P and T, electron scattering is expected to be dominated by the short-range order, rather than T-dependent vibrational contributions, and we describe such correlations in our results. In analogy to macroscopic porous media, we further show that resistivity of a liquid metal-nonmetal alloy is determined to first order by the resistivity of the metallic matrix and the volume fraction of non-metallic impurities.

Chemical elemental analysis of single acoustic-levitated water droplets by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.

PubMed

Contreras, Victor; Valencia, Ricardo; Peralta, Jairo; Sobral, H; Meneses-Nava, M A; Martinez, Horacio

2018-05-15

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is presented for trace element detection of liquid samples by analyzing a single droplet levitated by ultrasonic waves. A single liquid droplet is placed in the node of a standing acoustic wave produced by a uniaxial levitator for further chemical analysis. The acoustic levitator consists of a commercial Langevin-type transducer, attached to a concave mechanical amplifier, and a concave reflector. A micro-syringe was used to manually place individual liquid droplet samples in the acoustic levitation system. For chemical analysis, a laser-induced plasma is produced by focusing a single laser pulse on the levitated water droplet after it partially dries. The performance of the acoustic levitator on micron-sized droplets is discussed, and the detection of Ba, Cd, Hg, and Pb at parts per million (milligrams/liter) and sub-parts per million levels is reported. The process, starting from placing the sample in the acoustic levitator and ending on the chemical identification of the traces, takes a few minutes. The approach is particularly interesting in applications demanding limited volumes of liquid samples and relative simple and inexpensive techniques.

Effect of silicon on trace element partitioning in iron-bearing metallic melts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chabot, Nancy L.; Safko, Trevor M.; McDonough, William F.

2010-08-01

Despite the fact that Si is considered a potentially important metalloid in planetary systems, little is known about the effect of Si in metallic melts on trace element partitioning behavior. Previous studies have established the effects of S, C, and P, nonmetals, through solid metal/liquid metal experiments in the corresponding Fe binary systems, but the Fe-Si system is not appropriate for similar experiments because of the high solubility of Si in solid metal. In this work, we present the results from 0.1MPa experiments with two coexisting immiscible metallic liquids in the Fe-S-Si system. By leveraging the extensive available knowledge about the effect of S on trace element partitioning behavior, we explore the effect of Si. Results for 22 trace elements are presented. Strong Si avoidance behavior is demonstrated by As, Au, Ga, Ge, Sb, Sn, and Zn. Iridium, Os, Pt, Re, Ru, and W exhibit weak Si avoidance tendencies. Silicon appears to have no significant effect on the partitioning behaviors of Ag, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pd, and V, all of which had similar partition coefficients over a wide range of Si liquid concentrations from Si-free to 13 wt%. The only elements in our experiments to show evidence of a potentially weak attraction to Si were Mo and Rh. Applications of the newly determined effects of Si to problems in planetary science indicate that (1) The elements Ni, Co, Mo, and W, which are commonly used in planetary differentiation models, are minimally affected by the presence of Si in the metal, especially in comparison to other effects such as from oxygen fugacity. 2) Reduced enstatite-rich meteorites may record a chemical signature due to Si in the metallic melts during partial melting, and if so, elements identified by this study as having strong Si avoidance may offer unique insight into unraveling the history of these meteorites.

Nuclear reactor composite fuel assembly

DOEpatents

Burgess, Donn M.; Marr, Duane R.; Cappiello, Michael W.; Omberg, Ronald P.

1980-01-01

A core and composite fuel assembly for a liquid-cooled breeder nuclear reactor including a plurality of elongated coextending driver and breeder fuel elements arranged to form a generally polygonal bundle within a thin-walled duct. The breeder elements are larger in cross section than the driver elements, and each breeder element is laterally bounded by a number of the driver elements. Each driver element further includes structure for spacing the driver elements from adjacent fuel elements and, where adjacent, the thin-walled duct. A core made up of the fuel elements can advantageously include fissile fuel of only one enrichment, while varying the effective enrichment of any given assembly or core region, merely by varying the relative number and size of the driver and breeder elements.

Controlled Synthesis of Polyions of Heavy Main-Group Elements in Ionic Liquids

PubMed Central

Groh, Matthias F.; Wolff, Alexander; Grasser, Matthias A.; Ruck, Michael

2016-01-01

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proven to be valuable reaction media for the synthesis of inorganic materials among an abundance of other applications in different fields of chemistry. Up to now, the syntheses have remained mostly “black boxes”; and researchers have to resort to trial-and-error in order to establish a new synthetic route to a specific compound. This review comprises decisive reaction parameters and techniques for the directed synthesis of polyions of heavy main-group elements (fourth period and beyond) in ILs. Several families of compounds are presented ranging from polyhalides over carbonyl complexes and selenidostannates to homo and heteropolycations. PMID:27598123

Anti-Plasmodial Polyvalent Interactions in Artemisia annua L. Aqueous Extract – Possible Synergistic and Resistance Mechanisms

PubMed Central

Suberu, John O.; Gorka, Alexander P.; Jacobs, Lauren; Roepe, Paul D.; Sullivan, Neil

2013-01-01

Artemisia annua hot water infusion (tea) has been used in in vitro experiments against P. falciparum malaria parasites to test potency relative to equivalent pure artemisinin. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometric analyses were employed to determine the metabolite profile of tea including the concentrations of artemisinin (47.5±0.8 mg L-1), dihydroartemisinic acid (70.0±0.3 mg L-1), arteannuin B (1.3±0.0 mg L-1), isovitexin (105.0±7.2 mg L-1) and a range of polyphenolic acids. The tea extract, purified compounds from the extract, and the combination of artemisinin with the purified compounds were tested against chloroquine sensitive and chloroquine resistant strains of P. falciparum using the DNA-intercalative SYBR Green I assay. The results of these in vitro tests and of isobologram analyses of combination effects showed mild to strong antagonistic interactions between artemisinin and the compounds (9-epi-artemisinin and artemisitene) extracted from A. annua with significant (IC50 <1 μM) anti-plasmodial activities for the combination range evaluated. Mono-caffeoylquinic acids, tri-caffeoylquinic acid, artemisinic acid and arteannuin B showed additive interaction while rosmarinic acid showed synergistic interaction with artemisinin in the chloroquine sensitive strain at a combination ratio of 1:3 (artemisinin to purified compound). In the chloroquine resistant parasite, using the same ratio, these compounds strongly antagonised artemisinin anti-plasmodial activity with the exception of arteannuin B, which was synergistic. This result would suggest a mechanism targeting parasite resistance defenses for arteannuin B’s potentiation of artemisinin. PMID:24244716

Wide Host Range and Strong Lytic Activity of Staphylococcus aureus Lytic Phage Stau2▿

PubMed Central

Hsieh, Sue-Er; Lo, Hsueh-Hsia; Chen, Shui-Tu; Lee, Mong-Chuan; Tseng, Yi-Hsiung

2011-01-01

In searching for an alternative antibacterial agent against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, we have isolated and characterized a lytic staphylophage, Stau2. It possesses a double-stranded DNA genome estimated to be about 134.5 kb and a morphology resembling that of members of the family Myoviridae. With an estimated latency period of 25 min and a burst size of 100 PFU/infected cell, propagation of Stau2 in liquid culture gave a lysate of ca. 6 × 1010 PFU/ml. It was stable at pH 5 to 13 in normal saline at room temperature for at least 4 weeks and at −85°C for more than 2 years, while 1 × 109 out of 2 × 1012 PFU/ml retained infectivity after 36 months at 4°C. Stau2 could lyse 80% of the S. aureus isolates (164/205) obtained from hospitals in Taiwan, with complete lysis of most of the isolates tested within 3 h; however, it was an S. aureus-specific phage because no lytic infection could be found in the coagulase-negative staphylococci tested. Its host range among S. aureus isolates was wider than that of polyvalent phage K (47%), which can also lyse many other staphylococcal species. Experiments with mice demonstrated that Stau2 could provide 100% protection from lethal infection when a multiplicity of infection of 10 was administered immediately after a challenge with S. aureus S23. Considering these results, Stau2 could be considered at least as a candidate for topical phage therapy or an additive in the food industry. PMID:21148689

Wide host range and strong lytic activity of Staphylococcus aureus lytic phage Stau2.

PubMed

Hsieh, Sue-Er; Lo, Hsueh-Hsia; Chen, Shui-Tu; Lee, Mong-Chuan; Tseng, Yi-Hsiung

2011-02-01

In searching for an alternative antibacterial agent against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, we have isolated and characterized a lytic staphylophage, Stau2. It possesses a double-stranded DNA genome estimated to be about 134.5 kb and a morphology resembling that of members of the family Myoviridae. With an estimated latency period of 25 min and a burst size of 100 PFU/infected cell, propagation of Stau2 in liquid culture gave a lysate of ca. 6 × 10(10) PFU/ml. It was stable at pH 5 to 13 in normal saline at room temperature for at least 4 weeks and at -85°C for more than 2 years, while 1 × 10(9) out of 2 × 10(12) PFU/ml retained infectivity after 36 months at 4°C. Stau2 could lyse 80% of the S. aureus isolates (164/205) obtained from hospitals in Taiwan, with complete lysis of most of the isolates tested within 3 h; however, it was an S. aureus-specific phage because no lytic infection could be found in the coagulase-negative staphylococci tested. Its host range among S. aureus isolates was wider than that of polyvalent phage K (47%), which can also lyse many other staphylococcal species. Experiments with mice demonstrated that Stau2 could provide 100% protection from lethal infection when a multiplicity of infection of 10 was administered immediately after a challenge with S. aureus S23. Considering these results, Stau2 could be considered at least as a candidate for topical phage therapy or an additive in the food industry.

Interpretation of trace element and isotope features of basalts: relevance of field relations, petrology, major element data, phase equilibria, and magma chamber modeling in basalt petrogenesis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Hara, M. J.; Herzberg, C.

2002-06-01

The concentrations and ratios of the major elements determine the physical properties and the phase equilibria behavior of peridotites and basalts in response to the changing energy contents of the systems. The behavior of the trace elements and isotopic features are influenced in their turn by the phase equilibria, by the physical character of the partial melting and partial crystallization processes, and by the way in which a magma interacts with its wall rocks. Concentrating on the trace element and isotope contents of basalts to the exclusion of the field relations, petrology, major element data, and phase equilibria is as improvident as slaughtering the buffalo for the sake of its tongue. The crust is a cool boundary layer and a density filter, which impedes the upward transfer of hot, dense "primary" picritic and komatiitic liquids. Planetary crusts are sites of large-scale contamination and extensive partial crystallization of primitive melts striving to escape to the surface. Escape of truly unmodified primitive melts to the surface is a rare event, requiring the resolution of daunting problems in chemical and mechanical engineering. Primary status for volumetrically abundant basalts such as mid-ocean ridge basalt, ocean island basalt, and continental flood basalts is denied by their low-pressure cotectic character, first remarked upon on petrological grounds in 1928 and on experimental grounds in 1962. These basalt liquids are products of crystal-liquid separation at low pressure. Primary status for these common basalts is further denied by the phase equilibria of such compositions at elevated pressures, when the required residual mantle mineralogy (magnesian olivine and orthopyroxene) is not stable at the liquidus. It is also denied by the picritic or komatiitic nature of partial melts of candidate upper-mantle compositions at high pressures - a conclusion supported by calculation of the melt composition, which would need to be extracted in order to explain the chemical variation between fertile and residual peridotite in natural ultramafic rock suites. The subtleties of magma chamber partial crystallization processes can produce an astounding array of "pseudospidergrams," a small selection of which have been explored here. Major modification of the trace element geochemistry and trace element ratios, even those of the highly incompatible elements, must always be entertained whenever the evidence suggests the possibility of partial crystallization. At one extreme, periodically recharged, periodically tapped magma chambers might undergo partial crystallization by ˜95% consolidation of a succession of small packets of the magma. Refluxing of the 5% residual melts from such a process into the main body of melt would lead to eventual discrimination between highly incompatible elements in that residual liquid comparable with that otherwise achieved by 0.1 to 0.3% liquid extraction in equilibrium partial melting. Great caution needs to be exercised in attempting the reconstruction of more primitive compositions by addition of troctolite, gabbro, and olivine to apparently primitive lava compositions. Special attention is focussed on the phase equilibria involving olivine, plagioclase (i.e., troctolite), and liquid because a high proportion of erupted basalts carry these two phases as phenocrysts, yet the equilibria are restricted to crustal pressures and are only encountered by wide ranges of basaltic compositions at pressures less than 0.5 GPa. The mere presence of plagioclase phenocrysts may be sufficient to disqualify candidate primitive magmas. Determination of the actual contributions of crustal processes to petrogenesis requires a return to detailed field, experimental, and forensic petrologic studies of individual erupted basalt flows; of a multitude of cumulate gabbros and their contacts; and of upper-mantle outcrops.

Liquid metals: fundamentals and applications in chemistry.

PubMed

Daeneke, T; Khoshmanesh, K; Mahmood, N; de Castro, I A; Esrafilzadeh, D; Barrow, S J; Dickey, M D; Kalantar-Zadeh, K

2018-04-03

Post-transition elements, together with zinc-group metals and their alloys belong to an emerging class of materials with fascinating characteristics originating from their simultaneous metallic and liquid natures. These metals and alloys are characterised by having low melting points (i.e. between room temperature and 300 °C), making their liquid state accessible to practical applications in various fields of physical chemistry and synthesis. These materials can offer extraordinary capabilities in the synthesis of new materials, catalysis and can also enable novel applications including microfluidics, flexible electronics and drug delivery. However, surprisingly liquid metals have been somewhat neglected by the wider research community. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals underlying liquid metal research, including liquid metal synthesis, surface functionalisation and liquid metal enabled chemistry. Furthermore, we discuss phenomena that warrant further investigations in relevant fields and outline how liquid metals can contribute to exciting future applications.

Performance of the Abbott RealTime MTB and MTB RIF/INH Assays in a Setting of High Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection in South Africa.

PubMed

Scott, Lesley; David, Anura; Noble, Lara; Nduna, Matilda; Da Silva, Pedro; Black, Andrew; Venter, Francois; Stevens, Wendy

2017-08-01

South Africa is a country with a high incidence of tuberculosis (TB), complicated by coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The Xpert MTB/RIF (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) is used in South Africa as the test for the initial diagnosis of TB, and other molecular platforms such as the m 2000 (Abbott Molecular, Des Plaines, IL, USA) are widely used for molecular monitoring of HIV load. The latter platform is now also equipped with the RealTi m e (RT) MTB and RealTi m e MTB RIF/INH assays for TB and first-line drug resistance screening but has not been evaluated in settings of HIV and TB coinfection. A prospective clinical validation study was conducted at a community health center in Johannesburg, South Africa, and consenting individuals with presumptive pulmonary TB were enrolled. The performance of the Abbott assays was compared with those of the Xpert MTB/RIF, liquid culture, drug susceptibility testing, and clinical case definitions. A statistical analysis was performed on 206 individuals (73% were HIV positive). The sensitivity and specificity of the RT MTB were 82.5% (confidence interval [CI], 67.2 to 92.7) and 93.1% (CI, 86.2 to 97.2) on raw sputum and 77.5% (CI, 61.5 to 89.2) and 95.1% (CI, 88.9 to 98.4) on concentrated sputum, respectively, compared with those from liquid culture. The RT MTB correctly identified 17/35 more smear-negative culture-positive specimens than the Xpert MTB/RIF. Both the RT MTB and the Xpert MTB/RIF displayed sensitivities >70% and specificities >90% in HIV-positive individuals. The available drug resistance results concurred with MTBDR plus and drug susceptibility profiles. The RT MTB assay has similar diagnostic performance to the Xpert MTB/RIF and is suited to testing presumptive TB patients coinfected with HIV. The existing laboratory information system connectivity, training, and technical support make this a viable polyvalent option to scale up TB alongside HIV laboratory testing services in South Africa. Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.

Performance of the Abbott RealTime MTB and MTB RIF/INH Assays in a Setting of High Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection in South Africa

PubMed Central

David, Anura; Noble, Lara; Nduna, Matilda; Da Silva, Pedro; Black, Andrew; Venter, Francois; Stevens, Wendy

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT South Africa is a country with a high incidence of tuberculosis (TB), complicated by coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The Xpert MTB/RIF (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) is used in South Africa as the test for the initial diagnosis of TB, and other molecular platforms such as the m2000 (Abbott Molecular, Des Plaines, IL, USA) are widely used for molecular monitoring of HIV load. The latter platform is now also equipped with the RealTime (RT) MTB and RealTime MTB RIF/INH assays for TB and first-line drug resistance screening but has not been evaluated in settings of HIV and TB coinfection. A prospective clinical validation study was conducted at a community health center in Johannesburg, South Africa, and consenting individuals with presumptive pulmonary TB were enrolled. The performance of the Abbott assays was compared with those of the Xpert MTB/RIF, liquid culture, drug susceptibility testing, and clinical case definitions. A statistical analysis was performed on 206 individuals (73% were HIV positive). The sensitivity and specificity of the RT MTB were 82.5% (confidence interval [CI], 67.2 to 92.7) and 93.1% (CI, 86.2 to 97.2) on raw sputum and 77.5% (CI, 61.5 to 89.2) and 95.1% (CI, 88.9 to 98.4) on concentrated sputum, respectively, compared with those from liquid culture. The RT MTB correctly identified 17/35 more smear-negative culture-positive specimens than the Xpert MTB/RIF. Both the RT MTB and the Xpert MTB/RIF displayed sensitivities >70% and specificities >90% in HIV-positive individuals. The available drug resistance results concurred with MTBDRplus and drug susceptibility profiles. The RT MTB assay has similar diagnostic performance to the Xpert MTB/RIF and is suited to testing presumptive TB patients coinfected with HIV. The existing laboratory information system connectivity, training, and technical support make this a viable polyvalent option to scale up TB alongside HIV laboratory testing services in South Africa. PMID:28592547

MOFAT: A TWO-DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT PROGRAM FOR MULTIPHASE FLOW AND MULTICOMPONENT TRANSPORT - PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION AND USER'S GUIDE

EPA Science Inventory

This manual describes a two-dimensional, finite element model for coupled multiphase flow and multicomponent transport in planar or radially symmetric vertical sections. low and transport of three fluid phases, including water, nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL), and gas are consider...

Production of pure metals

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Philipp, W. H.; Marsik, S. J.; May, C. E. (Inventor)

1974-01-01

A process for depositing elements by irradiating liquids is reported. Ultra pure elements are precipitated from aqueous solutions or suspensions of compounds. A solution of a salt of a metal to be prepared is irradiated, and the insoluble reaction product settles out. Some chemical compounds may also be prepared in this manner.

Theory of electron--photon scattering effects in metals. Progress report, December 1, 1976--November 30, 1977

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lawrence, W.E.

1977-01-01

The general areas in which the investigations were carried out are transport properties and quasiparticle lifetimes in normal metals and superconductors. The more specific research projects upon which progress is reported are (a) the calculation of order parameter relaxation times in aluminum, (b) transport coefficients of the noble metals (emphasizing deviations from Matthiessen's rule), (c) variational transport calculations for a superconductor, (d) some general results on quasiparticle relaxation time anisotropy in polyvalent metals, and (e) a clarification of the roles of electron-electron and electron-phonon scattering in somple metals at low temperatures.

Structures Containing Polyphosphate in Micrococcus lysodeikticus1

PubMed Central

Friedberg, Ilan; Avigad, Gad

1968-01-01

Granular structures containing inorganic polyphosphate were found in Micrococcus lysodeikticus. These structures were isolated by fractionation of the bacterial extract obtained by lysing the organisms with lysozyme. The composition of the fraction which was enriched with these structures was found to be: protein, 24%; lipids, 30%; and polyphosphate, 27%. This fraction also contained small amounts of ribonucleic acids, carbohydrate, and polyvalent cations. The effect of different reagents and enzymes on the integrity of the granules was examined. It was noticed that they accumulate in the bacteria during the logarithmic phase of growth but disappear gradually during the stationary phase. Images PMID:5674060

Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Semiconductor Interfaces (26th) Held in the Catamaran Resort Hotel in Pacific Beach, San Diego, California on 17 January 1999 to 21 January 1999. Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures: Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-01-27

99)03604-5] I. INTRODUCTION Electron spin is becoming increasingly popular in elec- tronics. New devices, now generally referred to as spintron...relevant spin relaxation mechanisms are very sensitive to factors like mo- bility (which is higher in QWs), electron-hole separation (smaller in...from a naive theory . In addition to explaining experiment, the spin -hot-spot model predicts the behavior of other polyvalent metals. The model is

Envenomation by the Northern Blacktail Rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus molossus): case report.

PubMed

Yarema, Mark C; Curry, Steven C

2005-01-01

The clinical course after a human envenomation by the Northern Blacktail rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus molossus) is not well described in the literature. The present report discusses a 12-year-old girl who was envenomated by C. molossus molossus and treated with antivenom (Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab). Her recovery was uncomplicated, and she was discharged after 48 hours of hospitalization. Hematologic and coagulation studies were within normal limits at follow up. The clinical effects of C. molossus molossus envenomation are reviewed, and previous reports of bites by C. molossus molossus are discussed and compared with our patient.

Subviral Particle as Vaccine and Vaccine Platform

PubMed Central

Tan, Ming; Jiang, Xi

2014-01-01

Recombinant subvirual particles retain similar antigenic features of their authentic viral capsids and thus have been applied as nonreplicating subunit vaccines against viral infection and illness. Additionally, the self-assembled, polyvalent subviral particles are excellent platforms to display foreign antigens for immune enhancement for vaccine development. These subviral particle-based vaccines are noninfectious and thus safer than the conventional live attenuated and inactivated vaccines. While several VLP vaccines are available in the markets, numerous others, including dual vaccines against more than one pathogen, are under clinical or preclinical development. This article provides an update of these efforts. PMID:24662314

Superconducting state parameters of monovalent and polyvalent amorphous

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sonvane, Y. A., E-mail: yas@ashd.svnit.ac.in; Patel, H. P., E-mail: patel.harshal2@gmail.com; Thakor, P. B., E-mail: pbthakor@rediffmail.com

2015-08-28

In the present study deals, we have calculated superconducting state parameter (SSP) like electron-phonon coupling strength λ, coulomb pseudo potential, μ*, transition temperature Tc, isotope effect exponent α and effective interaction strength N{sub 0}V of monovalent (Li), divalent (Zn), trivalent (In) and tetravalent (Pb) amorphous. To carry out this work we have used our newly constructed model pseudo potential to describe electron ion interaction along with three different local field correction functions like Hartree, Taylor and Sarkar et al. The present results are found in good agreement with other available theoretical as well as experimental data.

Superconducting state parameters of monovalent and polyvalent amorphous

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sonvane, Y. A.; Patel, H. P.; Thakor, P. B.

2015-08-01

In the present study deals, we have calculated superconducting state parameter (SSP) like electron-phonon coupling strength λ, coulomb pseudo potential, μ*, transition temperature Tc, isotope effect exponent α and effective interaction strength N0V of monovalent (Li), divalent (Zn), trivalent (In) and tetravalent (Pb) amorphous. To carry out this work we have used our newly constructed model pseudo potential to describe electron ion interaction along with three different local field correction functions like Hartree, Taylor and Sarkar et al. The present results are found in good agreement with other available theoretical as well as experimental data.

Rare Earth Extraction from NdFeB Magnet Using a Closed-Loop Acid Process.

PubMed

Kitagawa, Jiro; Uemura, Ryohei

2017-08-14

There is considerable interest in extraction of rare earth elements from NdFeB magnets to enable recycling of these elements. In practical extraction methods using wet processes, the acid waste solution discharge is a problem that must be resolved to reduce the environmental impact of the process. Here, we present an encouraging demonstration of rare earth element extraction from a NdFeB magnet using a closed-loop hydrochloric acid (HCl)-based process. The extraction method is based on corrosion of the magnet in a pretreatment stage and a subsequent ionic liquid technique for Fe extraction from the HCl solution. The rare earth elements are then precipitated using oxalic acid. Triple extraction has been conducted and the recovery ratio of the rare earth elements from the solution is approximately 50% for each extraction process, as compared to almost 100% recovery when using a one-shot extraction process without the ionic liquid but with sufficient oxalic acid. Despite its reduced extraction efficiency, the proposed method with its small number of procedures at almost room temperature is still highly advantageous in terms of both cost and environmental friendliness. This study represents an initial step towards realization of a closed-loop acid process for recycling of rare earth elements.

Simulation of Semi-Solid Material Mechanical Behavior Using a Combined Discrete/Finite Element Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sistaninia, M.; Phillion, A. B.; Drezet, J.-M.; Rappaz, M.

2011-01-01

As a necessary step toward the quantitative prediction of hot tearing defects, a three-dimensional stress-strain simulation based on a combined finite element (FE)/discrete element method (DEM) has been developed that is capable of predicting the mechanical behavior of semisolid metallic alloys during solidification. The solidification model used for generating the initial solid-liquid structure is based on a Voronoi tessellation of randomly distributed nucleation centers and a solute diffusion model for each element of this tessellation. At a given fraction of solid, the deformation is then simulated with the solid grains being modeled using an elastoviscoplastic constitutive law, whereas the remaining liquid layers at grain boundaries are approximated by flexible connectors, each consisting of a spring element and a damper element acting in parallel. The model predictions have been validated against Al-Cu alloy experimental data from the literature. The results show that a combined FE/DEM approach is able to express the overall mechanical behavior of semisolid alloys at the macroscale based on the morphology of the grain structure. For the first time, the localization of strain in the intergranular regions is taken into account. Thus, this approach constitutes an indispensible step towards the development of a comprehensive model of hot tearing.

Venomous snakebites.

PubMed

Adukauskienė, Dalia; Varanauskienė, Eglė; Adukauskaitė, Agnė

2011-01-01

More than 5 million people are bitten by venomous snakes annually and more than 100,000 of them die. In Europe, one person dies due to envenomation every 3 years. There is only one venomous snake species in Lithuania--the common adder (Vipera berus)--which belongs to the Viperidae family; however, there are some exotic poisonous snakes in the zoos and private collections, such as those belonging to the Elapidae family (cobras, mambas, coral snakes, etc.) and the Crotalidae subfamily of the Viperidae family (pit vipers, such as rattlesnakes). Snake venom can be classified into hemotoxic, neurotoxic, necrotoxic, cardiotoxic, and nephrotoxic according to the different predominant effects depending on the family (i.e., venom of Crotalidae and Viperidae snakes is more hemotoxic and necrotoxic, whereas venom of Elapidae family is mainly neurotoxic). The intoxication degree is estimated according to the appearance of these symptoms: 1) no intoxication ("dry" bite); 2) mild intoxication (local edema and pain); 3) moderate intoxication (pain, edema spreading out of the bite zone, and systemic signs); 4) severe intoxication (shock, severe coagulopathy, and massive edemas). This topic is relevant because people tend to make major mistakes providing first aid (e.g., mouth suction, wound incision, and application of ice or heat). Therefore, this article presents the essential tips on how first aid should be performed properly according to the "Guidelines for the Management of Snake-Bites" by the World Health Organization (2010). Firstly, the victim should be reassured. Rings or other things must be removed preventing constriction of the swelling limb. Airway/breathing must be maintained. The bitten limb should be immobilized and kept below heart level to prevent venom absorption and systemic spread. Usage of pressure bandage is controversial since people usually apply it improperly. Incision, mouth suction, or excision should not be performed; neither a tourniquet nor ice or heat should be applied. A doctor must monitor respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate, renal function, fluid balance, and coagulation status. The only specific treatment method is antivenin--serum with antibodies against antigens of snake venom. Antivenins against pit vipers used in the United States are Antivenin Crotalidae Polyvalent (ACP) and a more purified and hence causing less adverse reactions--Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (CroFab). In Europe, a polyvalent antiserum against Viperidae family snakes (including the common adder) can be used. Antivenins often may cause severe hypersensitivity reactions because of their protein nature. The bite of the common adder (the only poisonous snake in such countries as Lithuania and Great Britain) relatively rarely results in death; thus, considering the risk of dangerous reactions the antivenin causes itself, the usage of it is recommended to be limited only to life-threatening conditions.

Multidisease testing for HIV and TB using the GeneXpert platform: A feasibility study in rural Zimbabwe

PubMed Central

Fajardo, Emmanuel; Mbofana, Elton; Maparo, Tatenda; Garone, Daniela; Metcalf, Carol; Bygrave, Helen; Kao, Kekeletso; Zinyowera, Sekesai

2018-01-01

Background HIV Viral Load and Early Infant Diagnosis technologies in many high burden settings are restricted to centralized laboratory testing, leading to long result turnaround times and patient attrition. GeneXpert (Cepheid, CA, USA) is a polyvalent near point-of-care platform and is widely implemented for Xpert MTB/RIF diagnosis. This study sought to evaluate the operational feasibility of integrated HIV VL, EID and MTB/RIF testing in new GeneXpert platforms. Methods Whole blood samples were collected from consenting patients due for routine HIV VL testing and DBS samples from infants due for EID testing, at three rural health facilities in Zimbabwe. Sputum samples were collected from all individuals suspected of TB. GeneXpert testing was reserved for all EID, all TB suspects and priority HIV VL at each site. Blood samples were further sent to centralized laboratories for confirmatory testing. GeneXpert polyvalent testing results and patient outcomes, including infrastructural and logistical requirements are reported. The study was conducted over a 10-month period. Results The fully automated GeneXpert testing device, required minimal training and biosafety considerations. A total of 1,302 HIV VL, 277 EID and 1,581 MTB/RIF samples were tested on a four module GeneXpert platform in each study site. Xpert HIV-1 VL testing was prioritized for patients who presented with advanced HIV disease, pregnant women, adolescents and suspected ART failures patients. On average, the study sites had a GeneXpert utilization rate of 50.4% (Gutu Mission Hospital), 63.5% (Murambinda Mission Hospital) and 17.5% (Chimombe Rural Health Centre) per month. GeneXpert polyvalent testing error rates remained lower than 4% in all sites. Decentralized EID and VL testing on Xpert had shorter overall median TAT (1 day [IQR: 0–4] and 1 day [IQR: 0–1] respectively) compared to centralized testing (17 days [IQR: 13–21] and 26 days [IQR: 23–32] respectively). Among patients with VL >1000 copies/ml (73/640; 11.4%) at GMH health facility, median time to enhanced adherence counselling was 8 days and majority of those with documented outcomes had re-suppressed VL (20/32; 62.5%). Median time to ART initiation among Xpert EID positive infants at GMH was 1 day [IQR: 0–1]. Conclusion Implementation of near point-of-care GeneXpert platform for integrated multi-disease testing within district and sub-district healthcare settings is feasible and will increase access to VL, and EID testing to priority populations. Quality management systems including monitoring of performance indicators, together with regular on-site supervision are crucial, and near-POC test results must be promptly actioned-on by clinicians for patient management. PMID:29499042

Multidisease testing for HIV and TB using the GeneXpert platform: A feasibility study in rural Zimbabwe.

PubMed

Ndlovu, Zibusiso; Fajardo, Emmanuel; Mbofana, Elton; Maparo, Tatenda; Garone, Daniela; Metcalf, Carol; Bygrave, Helen; Kao, Kekeletso; Zinyowera, Sekesai

2018-01-01

HIV Viral Load and Early Infant Diagnosis technologies in many high burden settings are restricted to centralized laboratory testing, leading to long result turnaround times and patient attrition. GeneXpert (Cepheid, CA, USA) is a polyvalent near point-of-care platform and is widely implemented for Xpert MTB/RIF diagnosis. This study sought to evaluate the operational feasibility of integrated HIV VL, EID and MTB/RIF testing in new GeneXpert platforms. Whole blood samples were collected from consenting patients due for routine HIV VL testing and DBS samples from infants due for EID testing, at three rural health facilities in Zimbabwe. Sputum samples were collected from all individuals suspected of TB. GeneXpert testing was reserved for all EID, all TB suspects and priority HIV VL at each site. Blood samples were further sent to centralized laboratories for confirmatory testing. GeneXpert polyvalent testing results and patient outcomes, including infrastructural and logistical requirements are reported. The study was conducted over a 10-month period. The fully automated GeneXpert testing device, required minimal training and biosafety considerations. A total of 1,302 HIV VL, 277 EID and 1,581 MTB/RIF samples were tested on a four module GeneXpert platform in each study site. Xpert HIV-1 VL testing was prioritized for patients who presented with advanced HIV disease, pregnant women, adolescents and suspected ART failures patients. On average, the study sites had a GeneXpert utilization rate of 50.4% (Gutu Mission Hospital), 63.5% (Murambinda Mission Hospital) and 17.5% (Chimombe Rural Health Centre) per month. GeneXpert polyvalent testing error rates remained lower than 4% in all sites. Decentralized EID and VL testing on Xpert had shorter overall median TAT (1 day [IQR: 0-4] and 1 day [IQR: 0-1] respectively) compared to centralized testing (17 days [IQR: 13-21] and 26 days [IQR: 23-32] respectively). Among patients with VL >1000 copies/ml (73/640; 11.4%) at GMH health facility, median time to enhanced adherence counselling was 8 days and majority of those with documented outcomes had re-suppressed VL (20/32; 62.5%). Median time to ART initiation among Xpert EID positive infants at GMH was 1 day [IQR: 0-1]. Implementation of near point-of-care GeneXpert platform for integrated multi-disease testing within district and sub-district healthcare settings is feasible and will increase access to VL, and EID testing to priority populations. Quality management systems including monitoring of performance indicators, together with regular on-site supervision are crucial, and near-POC test results must be promptly actioned-on by clinicians for patient management.

Liquid uranium alloy-helium fission reactor

DOEpatents

Minkov, Vladimir

1986-01-01

This invention teaches a nuclear fission reactor having a core vessel and at least one tandem heat exchanger vessel coupled therewith across upper and lower passages to define a closed flow loop. Nuclear fuel such as a uranium alloy in its liquid phase fills these vessels and flow passages. Solid control elements in the reactor core vessel are adapted to be adjusted relative to one another to control fission reaction of the liquid fuel therein. Moderator elements in the other vessel and flow passages preclude fission reaction therein. An inert gas such as helium is bubbled upwardly through the heat exchanger vessel operable to move the liquid fuel upwardly therein and unidirectionally around the closed loop and downwardly through the core vessel. This helium gas is further directed to heat conversion means outside of the reactor vessels to utilize the heat from the fission reaction to generate useful output. The nuclear fuel operates in the 1200.degree.-1800.degree. C. range, and even higher to 2500.degree. C., limited only by the thermal effectiveness of the structural materials, increasing the efficiency of power generation from the normal 30-35% with 300.degree.-500.degree. C. upper limit temperature to 50-65%. Irradiation of the circulating liquid fuel, as contrasted to only localized irradiation of a solid fuel, provides improved fuel utilization.

Nonlinear finite element analysis of liquid sloshing in complex vehicle motion scenarios

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nicolsen, Brynne; Wang, Liang; Shabana, Ahmed

2017-09-01

The objective of this investigation is to develop a new total Lagrangian continuum-based liquid sloshing model that can be systematically integrated with multibody system (MBS) algorithms in order to allow for studying complex motion scenarios. The new approach allows for accurately capturing the effect of the sloshing forces during curve negotiation, rapid lane change, and accelerating and braking scenarios. In these motion scenarios, the liquid experiences large displacements and significant changes in shape that can be captured effectively using the finite element (FE) absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF). ANCF elements are used in this investigation to describe complex mesh geometries, to capture the change in inertia due to the change in the fluid shape, and to accurately calculate the centrifugal forces, which for flexible bodies do not take the simple form used in rigid body dynamics. A penalty formulation is used to define the contact between the rigid tank walls and the fluid. A fully nonlinear MBS truck model that includes a suspension system and Pacejka's brush tire model is developed. Specified motion trajectories are used to examine the vehicle dynamics in three different scenarios - deceleration during straight-line motion, rapid lane change, and curve negotiation. It is demonstrated that the liquid sloshing changes the contact forces between the tires and the ground - increasing the forces on certain wheels and decreasing the forces on other wheels. In cases of extreme sloshing, this dynamic behavior can negatively impact the vehicle stability by increasing the possibility of wheel lift and vehicle rollover.

Liquid lens: advances in adaptive optics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Casey, Shawn Patrick

2010-12-01

'Liquid lens' technologies promise significant advancements in machine vision and optical communications systems. Adaptations for machine vision, human vision correction, and optical communications are used to exemplify the versatile nature of this technology. Utilization of liquid lens elements allows the cost effective implementation of optical velocity measurement. The project consists of a custom image processor, camera, and interface. The images are passed into customized pattern recognition and optical character recognition algorithms. A single camera would be used for both speed detection and object recognition.

A Rolling Element Tribometer for the Study of Liquid Lubricants in Vacuum

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pepper, Stephen V.; Ebihara, Ben T.; Kingsbury, Edward

1996-01-01

A tribometer for the evaluation of liquid lubricants in vacuum is described. This tribometer is essentially a thrust bearing with three balls and flat races having contact stresses and ball motions similar to those in an angular contact ball bearing operating in the boundary lubrication regime. The friction coefficient, lubrication lifetime, and species evolved from the liquid lubricant by tribodegradation can be determined. A complete analysis of the contact stresses and energy dissipation together with experimental evidence supporting the analysis are presented.

Optical control of graphene plasmon using liquid crystal layer 29K New One

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

AFRL-AFOSR-UK-TR-2017-0014 Optical control of graphene plasmon using liquid crystal layer 29K New One Viktor Yuriyovych Reshetnyak SCIENCE AND... plasmon using liquid crystal layer 29K New One 5a.  CONTRACT NUMBER 5b.  GRANT NUMBER STCU-P652 5c.  PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 61102F 6. AUTHOR(S) Viktor...the basic research and establishes possible optical ways to control the surface plasmon polariton in graphene layer. A system comprises the graphene

Electrical impedance imaging in two-phase, gas-liquid flows: 1. Initial investigation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, J. T.; Ovacik, L.; Jones, O. C.

1991-01-01

The determination of interfacial area density in two-phase, gas-liquid flows is one of the major elements impeding significant development of predictive tools based on the two-fluid model. Currently, these models require coupling of liquid and vapor at interfaces using constitutive equations which do not exist in any but the most rudimentary form. Work described herein represents the first step towards the development of Electrical Impedance Computed Tomography (EICT) for nonintrusive determination of interfacial structure and evolution in such flows.

Metal dealing at the origin of the Chordata phylum: the metallothionein system and metal overload response in amphioxus.

PubMed

Guirola, Maria; Pérez-Rafael, Sílvia; Capdevila, Mercè; Palacios, Oscar; Atrian, Sílvia

2012-01-01

Non-vertebrate chordates, specifically amphioxus, are considered of the utmost interest for gaining insight into the evolutionary trends, i.e. differentiation and specialization, of gene/protein systems. In this work, MTs (metallothioneins), the most important metal binding proteins, are characterized for the first time in the cephalochordate subphylum at both gene and protein level, together with the main features defining the amphioxus response to cadmium and copper overload. Two MT genes (BfMT1 and BfMT2) have been identified in a contiguous region of the genome, as well as several ARE (antioxidant response element) and MRE (metal response element) located upstream the transcribed region. Their corresponding cDNAs exhibit identical sequence in the two lancelet species (B. floridae and B. lanceolatum), BfMT2 cDNA resulting from an alternative splicing event. BfMT1 is a polyvalent metal binding peptide that coordinates any of the studied metal ions (Zn, Cd or Cu) rendering complexes stable enough to last in physiological environments, which is fully concordant with the constitutive expression of its gene, and therefore, with a metal homeostasis housekeeping role. On the contrary, BfMT2 exhibits a clear ability to coordinate Cd(II) ions, while it is absolutely unable to fold into stable Cu (I) complexes, even as mixed species. This identifies it as an essential detoxification agent, which is consequently only induced in emergency situations. The cephalochordate MTs are not directly related to vertebrate MTs, neither by gene structure, protein similarity nor metal-binding behavior of the encoded peptides. The closest relative is the echinoderm MT, which confirm proposed phylogenetic relationships between these two groups. The current findings support the existence in most organisms of two types of MTs as for their metal binding preferences, devoted to different biological functions: multivalent MTs for housekeeping roles, and specialized MTs that evolve either as Cd-thioneins or Cu-thioneins, according to the ecophysiological needs of each kind of organisms.

Metal Dealing at the Origin of the Chordata Phylum: The Metallothionein System and Metal Overload Response in Amphioxus

PubMed Central

Capdevila, Mercè; Palacios, Òscar; Atrian, Sílvia

2012-01-01

Non-vertebrate chordates, specifically amphioxus, are considered of the utmost interest for gaining insight into the evolutionary trends, i.e. differentiation and specialization, of gene/protein systems. In this work, MTs (metallothioneins), the most important metal binding proteins, are characterized for the first time in the cephalochordate subphylum at both gene and protein level, together with the main features defining the amphioxus response to cadmium and copper overload. Two MT genes (BfMT1 and BfMT2) have been identified in a contiguous region of the genome, as well as several ARE (antioxidant response element) and MRE (metal response element) located upstream the transcribed region. Their corresponding cDNAs exhibit identical sequence in the two lancelet species (B. floridae and B. lanceolatum), BfMT2 cDNA resulting from an alternative splicing event. BfMT1 is a polyvalent metal binding peptide that coordinates any of the studied metal ions (Zn, Cd or Cu) rendering complexes stable enough to last in physiological environments, which is fully concordant with the constitutive expression of its gene, and therefore, with a metal homeostasis housekeeping role. On the contrary, BfMT2 exhibits a clear ability to coordinate Cd(II) ions, while it is absolutely unable to fold into stable Cu (I) complexes, even as mixed species. This identifies it as an essential detoxification agent, which is consequently only induced in emergency situations. The cephalochordate MTs are not directly related to vertebrate MTs, neither by gene structure, protein similarity nor metal-binding behavior of the encoded peptides. The closest relative is the echinoderm MT, which confirm proposed phylogenetic relationships between these two groups. The current findings support the existence in most organisms of two types of MTs as for their metal binding preferences, devoted to different biological functions: multivalent MTs for housekeeping roles, and specialized MTs that evolve either as Cd-thioneins or Cu-thioneins, according to the ecophysiological needs of each kind of organisms. PMID:22905252

Evaluation of Advanced Composite Structures Technologies for Application to NASA's Vision for Space Exploration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tenney, Darrel R.

2008-01-01

AS&M performed a broad assessment survey and study to establish the potential composite materials and structures applications and benefits to the Constellation Program Elements. Trade studies were performed on selected elements to determine the potential weight or performance payoff from use of composites. Weight predictions were made for liquid hydrogen and oxygen tanks, interstage cylindrical shell, lunar surface access module, ascent module liquid methane tank, and lunar surface manipulator. A key part of this study was the evaluation of 88 different composite technologies to establish their criticality to applications for the Constellation Program. The overall outcome of this study shows that composites are viable structural materials which offer from 20% to 40% weight savings for many of the structural components that make up the Major Elements of the Constellation Program. NASA investment in advancing composite technologies for space structural applications is an investment in America's Space Exploration Program.

Effect of atomic size on undercoolability of binary solid solution alloy liquids with Zr, Ti, and Hf using electrostatic levitation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jeon, S.; Kang, D.-H.; Lee, Y. H.; Lee, S.; Lee, G. W.

2016-11-01

We investigate the relationship between the excess volume and undercoolability of Zr-Ti and Zr-Hf alloy liquids by using electrostatic levitation. Unlike in the case of Zr-Hf alloy liquids in which sizes of the constituent atoms are matched, a remarkable increase of undercoolability and negative excess volumes are observed in Zr-Ti alloy liquids as a function of their compositional ratios. In this work, size mismatch entropies for the liquids were obtained by calculating their hard sphere diameters, number densities, and packing fractions. We also show that the size mismatch entropy, which arises from the differences in atomic sizes of the constituent elements, plays an important role in determining the stabilities of metallic liquids.

Mineral Resource of the Month: Bromine

USGS Publications Warehouse

Schnebele, Emily

2015-01-01

Bromine, along with mercury, is one of only two elements that are liquid at room temperature. Bromine is a highly volatile and corrosive reddish-brown liquid that evaporates easily and converts to a metal at extreme pressures — above about 540,000 times atmospheric pressure. Bromine occurs in seawater, evaporitic (salt) lakes and underground brines associated with petroleum deposits. 

Influence of Silicate Melt Composition on Metal/Silicate Partitioning of W, Ge, Ga and Ni

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Singletary, S. J.; Domanik, K.; Drake, M. J.

2005-01-01

The depletion of the siderophile elements in the Earth's upper mantle relative to the chondritic meteorites is a geochemical imprint of core segregation. Therefore, metal/silicate partition coefficients (Dm/s) for siderophile elements are essential to investigations of core formation when used in conjunction with the pattern of elemental abundances in the Earth's mantle. The partitioning of siderophile elements is controlled by temperature, pressure, oxygen fugacity, and by the compositions of the metal and silicate phases. Several recent studies have shown the importance of silicate melt composition on the partitioning of siderophile elements between silicate and metallic liquids. It has been demonstrated that many elements display increased solubility in less polymerized (mafic) melts. However, the importance of silicate melt composition was believed to be minor compared to the influence of oxygen fugacity until studies showed that melt composition is an important factor at high pressures and temperatures. It was found that melt composition is also important for partitioning of high valency siderophile elements. Atmospheric experiments were conducted, varying only silicate melt composition, to assess the importance of silicate melt composition for the partitioning of W, Co and Ga and found that the valence of the dissolving species plays an important role in determining the effect of composition on solubility. In this study, we extend the data set to higher pressures and investigate the role of silicate melt composition on the partitioning of the siderophile elements W, Ge, Ga and Ni between metallic and silicate liquid.

Analytical liquid test sample filtration apparatus

DOEpatents

Lohnes, B.C.; Turner, T.D.; Klingler, K.M.; Clark, M.L.

1996-01-09

A liquid sample filtration apparatus includes: (a) a module retaining filter elements; (b) a filter clamping and fluid injection apparatus positioned relative to the module to engage a filter element thereon, and includes a pair of first and second opposing engageable members to engage a filter element there between; (c) an inlet tube connected to an opposing engageable member; (d) an outlet tube connected to an opposing engageable member; (e) a motor to move the module relative to the filter clamping and injection apparatus to register filter elements on the module to the clamping and injection apparatus; and (f) a motor associated with the filter clamping and injection apparatus to move the opposing engageable members into substantial sealing fluid communication relative to a filter element on the module. An apparatus for engaging opposing ends of a filter element includes: (a) a member having a recess configured to engage one end of a filter element, including a first fluid passage communicating with the recess to pass fluid between the recess and externally of the member; and (b) a second member positioned in opposing juxtaposition relative to the other member, and having a projection sized and shaped to matingly fit within the other member recess, the second member projection including a second recess configured to engage the other end of the filter element, the second member including a second fluid passage communicating with the second recess to pass fluid between the second recess and externally of the second member. 8 figs.

Analytical liquid test sample filtration apparatus

DOEpatents

Lohnes, Brent C.; Turner, Terry D.; Klingler, Kerry M.; Clark, Michael L.

1996-01-01

A liquid sample filtration apparatus includes: a) a module retaining filter elements; b) a filter clamping and fluid injection apparatus positioned relative to the module to engage a filter element thereon, and includes a pair of first and second opposing engageable members to sealing engage a filter element therebetween; c) an inlet tube connected to an opposing engageable member; d) an outlet tube connected to an opposing engageable member; e) a motor to move the module relative to the filter clamping and injection apparatus to register filter elements on the module to the clamping and injection apparatus; and f) a motor associated with the filter clamping and injection apparatus to move the opposing engageable members into substantial sealing fluid communication relative to a filter element on the module. An apparatus for engaging opposing ends of a filter element includes: a) a member having a recess configured to engage one end of a filter element, including a first fluid passage communicating with the recess to pass fluid between the recess and externally of the member; and b) a second member positioned in opposing juxtaposition relative to the other member, and having a projection sized and shaped to matingly fit within the other member recess, the second member projection including a second recess configured to engage the other end of the filter element, the second member including a second fluid passage communicating with the second recess to pass fluid between the second recess and externally of the second member.

Stability of dense liquid carbon dioxide.

PubMed

Boates, Brian; Teweldeberhan, Amanuel M; Bonev, Stanimir A

2012-09-11

We present ab initio calculations of the phase diagram of liquid CO(2) and its melting curve over a wide range of pressure and temperature conditions, including those relevant to the Earth. Several distinct liquid phases are predicted up to 200 GPa and 10,000 K based on their structural and electronic characteristics. We provide evidence for a first-order liquid-liquid phase transition with a critical point near 48 GPa and 3,200 K that intersects the mantle geotherm; a liquid-liquid-solid triple point is predicted near 45 GPa and 1,850 K. Unlike known first-order transitions between thermodynamically stable liquids, the coexistence of molecular and polymeric CO(2) phases predicted here is not accompanied by metallization. The absence of an electrical anomaly would be unique among known liquid-liquid transitions. Furthermore, the previously suggested phase separation of CO(2) into its constituent elements at lower mantle conditions is examined by evaluating their Gibbs free energies. We find that liquid CO(2) does not decompose into carbon and oxygen up to at least 200 GPa and 10,000 K.

Analysis of rocket engine injection combustion processes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Salmon, J. W.; Saltzman, D. H.

1977-01-01

Mixing methodology improvement for the JANNAF DER and CICM injection/combustion analysis computer programs was accomplished. ZOM plane prediction model development was improved for installation into the new standardized DER computer program. An intra-element mixing model developing approach was recommended for gas/liquid coaxial injection elements for possible future incorporation into the CICM computer program.

Analyzing For Light Elements By X-Ray Scattering

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ross, H. Richard

1993-01-01

Nondestructive method of determining concentrations of low-atomic-number elements in liquids and solids involves measurements of Compton and Rayleigh scattering of x rays. Applied in quantitative analysis of low-atomic-number constituents of alloys, of contaminants and corrosion products on surfaces of alloys, and of fractions of hydrogen in plastics, oils, and solvents.

Nonlinear unitary transformations of space-variant polarized light fields from self-induced geometric-phase optical elements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kravets, Nina; Brasselet, Etienne

2018-01-01

We propose to couple the optical orientational nonlinearities of liquid crystals with their ability to self-organize to tailor them to control space-variant-polarized optical fields in a nonlinear manner. Experimental demonstration is made using a liquid crystal light valve that behaves like a light-driven geometric phase optical element. We also unveil two original nonlinear optical processes, namely self-induced separability and nonseparability. These results contribute to the advancement of nonlinear singular optics that is still in its infancy despite 25 years of effort, which may foster the development of nonlinear protocols to manipulate high-dimensional optical information both in the classical and quantum regimes.

Evaluation of a method for heat transfer measurements and thermal visualization using a composite of a heater element and liquid crystals. [thermal performance of turbine blade cooling configurations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hippensteele, S. A.; Russell, L. M.; Stepka, F. S.

1981-01-01

Commercially available elements of a composite consisting of a plastic sheet coated with liquid crystal, another sheet with a thin layer of a conducting material (gold or carbon), and copper bus bar strips were evaluated and found to provide a simple, convenient, accurate, and low-cost measuring device for use in heat transfer research. The particular feature of the composite is its ability to obtain local heat transfer coefficients and isotherm patterns that provide visual evaluation of the thermal performances of turbine blade cooling configurations. Examples of the use of the composite are presented.

Partitioning of Nb, Mo, Ba, Ce, Pb, Th and U between immiscible carbonate and silicate liquids: Evaluating the effects of P2O5,F, and carbonate composition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, J. H.; Walker, D.

1993-01-01

Previously we have reported carbonate liq./silicate liq. partition coefficients (D) for a standard suite of trace elements (Nb, Mo, Ba, Ce, Pb, Th, and U) and Ra and Pa as well. In brief, we have found that immiscible liquid partitioning is a strong function of temperature. As the critical temperature of the carbonate-silicate solvus is approached, all partition coefficients approach unity. Additionally, for the overwhelming majority of the partitioning elements, InD is a linear function of 'ionic field strength,' z/r, where z is the charge of the partitioned cation and r is its ionic radius.

Electronic transport properties of 4f shell elements of liquid metal using hard sphere Yukawa system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patel, H. P.; Sonvane, Y. A.; Thakor, P. B.

2018-04-01

The electronic transport properties are analyzed for 4f shell elements of liquid metals. To examine the electronic transport properties like electrical resistivity (ρ), thermal conductivity (σ) and thermo electrical power (Q), we used our own parameter free model potential with the Hard Sphere Yukawa (HSY) reference system. The screening effect on aforesaid properties has been examined by using different screening functions like Hartree (H), Taylor (T) and Sarkar (S). The correlations of our resultsand other data with available experimental values are intensely promising. Also, we conclude that our newly constructed parameter free model potential is capable of explaining the above mentioned electronic transport properties.

Ab initio quantum chemical calculations of the interaction between radioactive elements and imidazolium based ionic liquids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saravanan, A. V. Sai; Abishek, B.; Anantharaj, R.

2018-04-01

The fundamental natures of the molecular level interaction and charge transfer between specific radioactive elements and ionic liquids of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([BMIM]+[NTf2]-), 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([BMIM]+[ES]-) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM]+[BF4]-) were investigated utilising HF theory and B3LYP hybrid DFT. The ambiguity in reaction mechanism of the interacting species dictates to employ Effective Core Potential (ECP) basis sets such as UGBS, SDD, and SDDAll to account for the relativistic effects of deep core electrons in the system involving potential, heavy and hazardous radioactive elements present in nuclear waste. The SCF energy convergence of each system validates the characterisation of the molecular orbitals as a linear combination of atomic orbitals utilising fixed MO coefficients and the optimized geometry of each system is visualised based on which Mulliken partial charge analysis is carried out to account for the polarising behaviour of the radioactive element and charge transfer between the IL phase by comparison with the bare IL species.

Geochemical variations of rare earth elements in Marcellus shale flowback waters and multiple-source cores in the Appalachian Basin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Noack, C.; Jain, J.; Hakala, A.; Schroeder, K.; Dzombak, D. A.; Karamalidis, A.

2013-12-01

Rare earth elements (REE) - encompassing the naturally occurring lanthanides, yttrium, and scandium - are potential tracers for subsurface groundwater-brine flows and geochemical processes. Application of these elements as naturally occurring tracers during shale gas development is reliant on accurate quantitation of trace metals in hypersaline brines. We have modified and validated a liquid-liquid technique for extraction and pre-concentration of REE from saline produced waters from shale gas extraction wells with quantitative analysis by ICP-MS. This method was used to analyze time-series samples of Marcellus shale flowback and produced waters. Additionally, the total REE content of core samples of various strata throughout the Appalachian Basin were determined using HF/HNO3 digestion and ICP-MS analysis. A primary goal of the study is to elucidate systematic geochemical variations as a function of location or shale characteristics. Statistical testing will be performed to study temporal variability of inter-element relationships and explore associations between REE abundance and major solution chemistry. The results of these analyses and discussion of their significance will be presented.

The structure of liquid metals probed by XAS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Filipponi, Adriano; Di Cicco, Andrea; Iesari, Fabio; Trapananti, Angela

2017-08-01

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful technique to investigate the short-range order around selected atomic species in condensed matter. The theoretical framework and previous applications to undercooled elemental liquid metals are briefly reviewed. Specific results on undercooled liquid Ni obtained using a peak fitting approach validated on the spectra of solid Ni are presented. This method provides a clear evidence that a signature from close packed triangular configurations of nearest neighbors survives in the liquid state and is clearly detectable below k ≈ 5 Å-1, stimulating the improvement of data-analysis methods that account properly for the ensemble average, such as Reverse Monte Carlo.

An assessment of the government liquid hydrogen requirements for the 1995-2005 time frame including addendum, liquid hydrogen production and commercial demand in the United States

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bain, Addison

1990-01-01

Liquid hydrogen will continue to be an integral element in virtually every major space program, and it has also become a significant merchant product for certain commercial markets. Liquid hydrogen is not a universally available commodity, and the number of supply sources historically have been limited to regions having concentrated consumption patterns. With the increased space program activity it becomes necessary to assess all future programs on a collective and unified basis. An initial attempt to identify projected requirements on a long range basis is presented.

Enhanced radiation detectors using luminescent materials

DOEpatents

Vardeny, Zeev V.; Jeglinski, Stefan A.; Lane, Paul A.

2001-01-01

A radiation detecting device comprising a radiation sensing element, and a layer of luminescent material to expand the range of wavelengths over which the sensing element can efficiently detect radiation. The luminescent material being selected to absorb radiation at selected wavelengths, causing the luminescent material to luminesce, and the luminescent radiation being detected by the sensing element. Radiation sensing elements include photodiodes (singly and in arrays), CCD arrays, IR detectors and photomultiplier tubes. Luminescent materials include polymers, oligomers, copolymers and porphyrines, Luminescent layers include thin films, thicker layers, and liquid polymers.

A proteomic analysis of Pakistan Daboia russelii russelii venom and assessment of potency of Indian polyvalent and monovalent antivenom.

PubMed

Mukherjee, Ashis K; Kalita, Bhargab; Mackessy, Stephen P

2016-07-20

To address the dearth of knowledge on the biochemical composition of Pakistan Russell's Viper (Daboia russelii russelii) venom (RVV), the venom proteome has been analyzed and several biochemical and pharmacological properties of the venom were investigated. SDS-PAGE (reduced) analysis indicated that proteins/peptides in the molecular mass range of ~56.0-105.0kDa, 31.6-51.0kDa, 15.6-30.0kDa, 9.0-14.2kDa and 5.6-7.2kDa contribute approximately 9.8%, 12.1%, 13.4%, 34.1% and 30.5%, respectively of Pakistan RVV. Proteomics analysis of gel-filtration peaks of RVV resulted in identification of 75 proteins/peptides which belong to 14 distinct snake venom protein families. Phospholipases A2 (32.8%), Kunitz type serine protease inhibitors (28.4%), and snake venom metalloproteases (21.8%) comprised the majority of Pakistan RVV proteins, while 11 additional families accounted for 6.5-0.2%. Occurrence of aminotransferase, endo-β-glycosidase, and disintegrins is reported for the first time in RVV. Several of RVV proteins/peptides share significant sequence homology across Viperidae subfamilies. Pakistan RVV was well recognized by both the polyvalent (PAV) and monovalent (MAV) antivenom manufactured in India; nonetheless, immunological cross-reactivity determined by ELISA and neutralization of pro-coagulant/anticoagulant activity of RVV and its fractions by MAV surpassed that of PAV. The study establishes the proteome profile of the Pakistan RVV, thereby indicating the presence of diverse proteins and peptides that play a significant role in the pathophysiology of RVV bite. Further, the proteomic findings will contribute to understand the variation in venom composition owing to different geographical location and identification of pharmacologically important proteins in Pakistan RVV. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Amelioration of cardio-respiratory perturbations following Mesobuthus eupeus envenomation in anesthetized rabbits with commercial polyvalent F(ab')2 antivenom.

PubMed

Zayerzadeh, Ehsan; Koohi, Mohammad Kazem; Mirakabadi, Abbas Zare; Fardipoor, Azadeh; Kassaian, Seyed Ebrahim; Rabbani, Shahram; Anvari, Maryam Sotoudeh

2012-02-01

Immunotherapy is the only specific treatment for scorpion sting. In the present study, protective effects of polyvalent antivenom against hemodynamic disturbances, biomarkers (troponin T, creatinine kinase isoenzyme MB, Lactate dehydrogenase) changes, electrocardiogram abnormalities and histopathological complications in heart and lung induced by Mesobuthus eupeus scorpion venom was investigated in anesthetized rabbits. Twenty four rabbits were randomized into four equal groups: six rabbits in control group received 1 ml ultra-pure water subcutaneously (group 1). Group two received LD50 of venom (4.5 mg/kg). In the third and fourth groups, 5 ml of scorpion antivenom was administrated intravenously simultaneous with venom injection and 60 min following envenomation, respectively. Results of the present study indicate significant decrease in hemodynamic parameters following envenomation in the second group of animals. Venom injection caused edema, myocytolysis, coagulation necrosis, hemorrhage in heart as well as edema, hemorrhage and vascular thrombus in lungs. Although envenomed rabbits presented rises in LDH and TnT but no alteration in CK-MB was observed. Electrocardiogram monitoring of rabbits showed ST elevation and inverted T waves. Simultaneous administration of antivenom and venom prevented entirely the clinical signs, hemodynamic disturbances, markers changes, ECG abnormalities and histopathological damages. Delayed immunotherapy gradually ameliorated clinical signs, hemodynamic disturbances and markers changes related to envenomation. Histopathological evaluation showed slight alterations such as mild myocytolysis in heart and mild edema in lung following delayed immunotherapy. In conclusion, scorpion antivenom administration has preventive, neutralizing and curative properties for M. eupeus scorpion envenomation, if it would be applied at optimum time, dose and route. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Improving Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab reconstitution times.

PubMed

Quan, Asia N; Quan, Dan; Curry, Steven C

2010-06-01

Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (CroFab) is used to treat rattlesnake envenomations in the United States. Time to infusion may be a critical factor in the treatment of these bites. Per manufacturer's instructions, 10 mL of sterile water for injection (SWI) and hand swirling are recommended for reconstitution. We wondered whether completely filling vials with 25 mL of SWI would result in shorter reconstitution times than using 10-mL volumes and how hand mixing compared to mechanical agitation of vials or leaving vials undisturbed. Six sets of 5 vials were filled with either 10 mL or 25 mL. Three mixing techniques were used as follows: undisturbed; agitation with a mechanical agitator; and continuous hand rolling and inverting of vials. Dissolution was determined by observation and time to complete dissolution for each vial. Nonparametric 2-tailed P values were calculated. Filling vials completely with 25 mL resulted in quicker dissolution than using 10-mL volumes, regardless of mixing method (2-tailed P = .024). Mixing by hand was shorter than other methods (P < .001). Reconstitution with 25 mL and hand mixing resulted in the shortest dissolution times (median, 1.1 minutes; range, 0.9-1.3 minutes). This appeared clinically important because dissolution times using 10 mL and mechanical rocking of vials (median, 26.4 minutes) or leaving vials undisturbed (median, 33.6 minutes) was several-fold longer. Hand mixing after filling vials completely with 25 mL results in shorter dissolution times than using 10 mL or other methods of mixing and is recommended, especially when preparing initial doses of CroFab. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A randomized multicenter trial of Crotalidae polyvalent immune F(ab) antivenom for the treatment of rattlesnake envenomation in dogs.

PubMed

Peterson, Michael E; Matz, Michael; Seibold, Karen; Plunkett, Signe; Johnson, Scott; Fitzgerald, Kevin

2011-08-01

To determine clinical efficacy of the Crotalidae polyvalent immune F(ab) (ovine) antivenom (OPCA) against progressive crotalid envenomation in the dog as reflected in stabilization or improvement of snakebite severity scores (SSS). Additionally, due to the potential decreased half-life of the F(ab) antibodies in dogs we compared SSS between dogs receiving 2 different dosing regimes. Prospective, clinical trial. Five veterinary emergency and critical care facilities. One hundred and fifteen client-owned Crotalid (rattlesnake) snake bitten dogs in whom worsening of the envenomation syndrome was observed before OPCA treatment. In a multicenter randomized clinical trial a single dose (1 vial) of OPCA alone was compared with 2 doses (1/2 vial each) administered 6 hours apart. Standard supportive care was provided in all cases. Data were available for 115 patients, 9 of which were fatalities. All patients' clinical condition was documented with a standardized SSS system accounting for each major body system. Each fatality received maximum severity scores of 20. The mean severity score of the 115 patients decreased from 4.19 to 3.29 points and there was no difference between the 2 treatment groups. The mean severity score of the 107 patients without fatalities decreased from 4.16 to 2.15. Antivenin-related acute reactions occurred in 6 dogs (6%), and no serum sickness occurred within the 95 cases contacted at the 2-week posttreatment follow-up. In the first randomized trial in dogs of antivenin in the United States, OPCA effectively stabilized or terminated venom effects. There were no statistical differences detected between treatment groups within the study time frame. © Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2011.

Evidence-based, multidisciplinary approach to the development of a crotalidae polyvalent antivenin (CroFab) protocol at a university hospital.

PubMed

Weant, Kyle A; Johnson, Peter N; Bowers, Rebecca C; Armitstead, John A

2010-03-01

Several thousand people are bitten annually by venomous snakes in the US. While the development of ovine Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab antivenin (FabAV) for Crotalinae snakebite envenomations has greatly changed the way this clinical presentation is treated, multiple issues complicate its use. From patient assessment and evaluation, to medication preparation and administration, to the management of adverse drug reactions, the use of this antidote carries with it multiple points of possible medication variances. The inappropriate use of this agent can result in adverse patient consequences and a significant financial burden for both the hospital and the patient. To describe an evidence-based, multidisciplinary approach that was taken to ensure optimal, safe, and cost-effective treatment of patients with FabAV. Following an analysis of the available literature, a multidisciplinary committee was formed to construct a protocol for use of FabAV. This group included clinical pharmacists, pharmacy administrators, emergency medicine physicians who specialized in wilderness medicine and pharmacy residents. A multidisciplinary FabAV usage protocol was constructed and implemented to ensure appropriate patient evaluation, FabAV use and preparation, monitoring, and follow-up. This protocol was based on the available literature and the expert opinion of the committee. Through the use of a 24-hour in-house pharmacy resident on-call system, clinical pharmacy services were provided to ensure a multidisciplinary approach to the care of these patients emergently. Although limited, initial data show that this approach is effective and may result in substantial cost savings. Initial results from implementation of a protocol for use of FabAV have limited inappropriate use, reduced medication wastage, and decreased costs.

[Intensive care services resources in Spain].

PubMed

Martín, M C; León, C; Cuñat, J; del Nogal, F

2013-10-01

To identify the resources related to the care of critically ill patients in Spain, which are available in the units dependent of the Services of Intensive Care Medicine (ICM) or other services/specialties, analyzing their distribution according to characteristics of the hospitals and by autonomous communities. Prospective observational study. Spanish hospitals. Heads of the Services of ICM. Number of units and beds for critically ill patients and functional dependence. The total number of registries obtained with at least one Service of ICM was 237, with a total of 100,198 hospital beds. Level iii (43.5%) and level ii (35%) hospitals predominated. A total of 73% were public hospitals and 55.3% were non-university centers. The total number of beds for adult critically ill patients, was 4,738 (10.3/100,000 inhabitants). The services of ICM registered had available 258 intensive are units (ICUs), with 3,363 beds, mainly polyvalent ICUs (81%) and 43 intermediate care units. The number of patients attended in the Services of ICM in 2008 was 174,904, with a percentage of occupation of 79.5% A total of 228 units attending critically ill patients, which are dependent of other services with 2,233 beds, 772 for pediatric patients or neonates, were registered. When these last specialized units are excluded, there was a marked predominance of postsurgical units followed by coronary and cardiac units. Seventy one per cent of beds available in the Critical Care Units in Spain are characterized by attending severe adult patients, are dependent of the services of ICM, and most of them are polyvalent. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier España, S.L. and SEMICYUC. All rights reserved.

Pentavalent neptunyl ([OΞNpΞO] +) cation–cation interactions in aqueous/polar organic mixed-solvent media

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Burn, Adam G.; Martin, Leigh R.; Nash, Kenneth L.

Bonding interactions between polyvalent cations and oxo-anions are well known and characterized by predictably favorable Gibbs energies in solution-phase coordination chemistry. In contrast, interactions between ions of like charge are generally expected to be repulsive and strongly influenced by cation solvation. An exception to this instinctive rule is found in the existence of complexes resulting from interactions of pentavalent actinyl cations ([O≡An≡O] +) with selected polyvalent cations. Such cation–cation complexes have been known to exist since the 1960s, when they were first reported by Sullivan and co-workers. The weak actinyl cation–cation complex, resulting from a bonding interaction between a pentavalentmore » linear dioxo actinyl cation donor and hexavalent actinyl or trivalent/tetravalent metal cation acceptor, has been most commonly seen in media in which water activities are reduced, principally highly-salted aqueous media. Such interactions of pentavalent actinides are of relevance in ongoing research that focuses on advanced nuclear fuel processing systems based on the upper oxidation states of americium. This investigation focuses on exploring the thermodynamic stability of complexes between selected highly-charged metal cations (Al 3+, Sc 3+, Cr 3+, Fe 3+, In 3+ and UO 2+ 2) and the pentavalent neptunyl cation (NpO + 2, whose coordination chemistry is similar to that of AmO + 2 while exhibiting significantly greater oxidation state stability) in aqueous–polar organic mixed-solvents. As a result, the Gibbs energies for the cation–cation complexation reactions are correlated with general features of electrostatic bonding models; the NpO + 2 • Cr 3+ complex exhibits unexpectedly strong interactions that may indicate significant covalency in the cation–cation bonding interaction.« less

Pentavalent neptunyl ([OΞNpΞO] +) cation–cation interactions in aqueous/polar organic mixed-solvent media

DOE PAGES

Burn, Adam G.; Martin, Leigh R.; Nash, Kenneth L.

2017-06-17

Bonding interactions between polyvalent cations and oxo-anions are well known and characterized by predictably favorable Gibbs energies in solution-phase coordination chemistry. In contrast, interactions between ions of like charge are generally expected to be repulsive and strongly influenced by cation solvation. An exception to this instinctive rule is found in the existence of complexes resulting from interactions of pentavalent actinyl cations ([O≡An≡O] +) with selected polyvalent cations. Such cation–cation complexes have been known to exist since the 1960s, when they were first reported by Sullivan and co-workers. The weak actinyl cation–cation complex, resulting from a bonding interaction between a pentavalentmore » linear dioxo actinyl cation donor and hexavalent actinyl or trivalent/tetravalent metal cation acceptor, has been most commonly seen in media in which water activities are reduced, principally highly-salted aqueous media. Such interactions of pentavalent actinides are of relevance in ongoing research that focuses on advanced nuclear fuel processing systems based on the upper oxidation states of americium. This investigation focuses on exploring the thermodynamic stability of complexes between selected highly-charged metal cations (Al 3+, Sc 3+, Cr 3+, Fe 3+, In 3+ and UO 2+ 2) and the pentavalent neptunyl cation (NpO + 2, whose coordination chemistry is similar to that of AmO + 2 while exhibiting significantly greater oxidation state stability) in aqueous–polar organic mixed-solvents. As a result, the Gibbs energies for the cation–cation complexation reactions are correlated with general features of electrostatic bonding models; the NpO + 2 • Cr 3+ complex exhibits unexpectedly strong interactions that may indicate significant covalency in the cation–cation bonding interaction.« less

Sub-lingual administration of a polyvalent mechanical bacterial lysate (PMBL) in patients with moderate, severe, or very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) according to the GOLD spirometric classification: A multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase IV study (AIACE study: Advanced Immunological Approach in COPD Exacerbation).

PubMed

Braido, Fulvio; Melioli, Giovanni; Cazzola, Mario; Fabbri, Leonardo; Blasi, Francesco; Moretta, Lorenzo; Canonica, Giorgio Walter

2015-08-01

Polyvalent mechanical bacterial lysates (PMBLs) have been shown to reduce the number of infectious episodes in patients with recurrent infections of the respiratory tract. Some previous investigations have also shown the effectiveness of PMBLs in reducing exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The AIACE study, which was developed according to criteria of evidence-based medicine, evaluated whether the administration of PMBLs to COPD patients, in addition to the recommended treatment, was able to reduce the number of exacerbations by 25%. Two hundred eighty-eight patients with moderate to very severe COPD were recruited and randomly assigned to either placebo or PMBLs. The placebo or PMBLs were administered according to the standard scheme. The primary outcome of the study was not achieved. However, the number of days with fever (21 days per year versus 40.15; p < 0.001), the days of hospitalisation (65 days vs 162 days; p < 0.001), the interval between the first and second exacerbations (123.89 days vs 70.36; p = 0.03) and the number of days in poor health (109 days/year vs 171 days/year; p < 0.001) were significantly better in the PMBL group than in the placebo group. In conclusion, the results of this trials showed that Ismigen, in addition to guideline-suggested treatment, could not significantly reduce the number of exacerbations in the considered population; nevertheless, the secondary outcome results demonstrated potential benefits of this compound for relevant clinical outcomes. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Current use of Australian snake antivenoms and frequency of immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis.

PubMed

Isbister, Geoffrey K; Brown, Simon G; MacDonald, Ellen; White, Julian; Currie, Bart J

2008-04-21

To investigate current use of Australian snake antivenoms and the frequency and severity of immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions. Nested prospective cohort study as part of the Australian Snakebite Project. Patients receiving snake antivenom in Australian hospitals between 1 January 2002 and 30 November 2007. The use of CSL Limited antivenom; frequency and severity of hypersensitivity reactions to antivenom; premedication and treatment of these reactions. Snake antivenom was administered to 195 patients, mostly for venom-induced consumption coagulopathy (145 patients, 74%), followed by non-specific systemic effects (12%), neurotoxicity (5%) and myotoxicity (4%). Antivenom was given to nine patients (5%) without evidence of envenoming or who were bitten by a species of snake for which antivenom is not required. The commonest antivenoms used were brown snake (46%), tiger snake (30%) and polyvalent (11%). The median dose was four vials (interquartile range, 2-5 vials), and 24 patients received two different types of antivenom. Immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions occurred in 48 patients (25%); 21 satisfied our definition of anaphylaxis, with 11 moderate and 10 severe cases, including nine in which patients were hypotensive. The remaining 27 reactions were mild (skin only). Adrenaline was used in 26 cases with good effect. The frequency of reactions to tiger snake (41%) and polyvalent (41%) antivenoms was higher than that to brown snake antivenom (10%). Hypersensitivity reactions occurred in 11 of 40 patients receiving any form of premedication (28%) and in 2 of 11 given adrenaline for premedication (18%) versus 20 of 86 not receiving premedication (23%). Antivenom was used appropriately, and most commonly for coagulopathy. Hypersensitivity reactions were common, but most were not severe. The discretionary use of premedication was not associated with any reduction in reactions.

Ab Initio Predictions of K, He and Ar Partitioning Between Silicate Melt and Liquid Iron Under High Pressure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiong, Z.; Tsuchiya, T.

2017-12-01

Element partitioning is an important property in recording geochemical processes during the core-mantle differentiation. However, experimental measurements of element partitioning coefficients under extreme temperature and pressure condition are still challenging. Theoretical modeling is also not easy, because it requires estimation of high temperature Gibbs free energy, which is not directly accessible by the standard molecular dynamics method. We recently developed an original technique to simulate Gibbs free energy based on the thermodynamics integration method[1]. We apply it to element partitioning of geochemical intriguing trace elements between molten silicate and liquid iron such as potassium, helium and argon as starting examples. Radiogenic potassium in the core can provide energy for Earth's magnetic field, convection in the mantle and outer core[2]. However, its partitioning behavior between silicate and iron remains unclear under high pressure[3,4]. Our calculations suggest that a clear positive temperature dependence of the partitioning coefficient but an insignificant pressure effect. Unlike sulfur and silicon, oxygen dissolved in the metals considerably enhances potassium solubility. Calculated electronic structures reveal alkali-metallic feature of potassium in liquid iron, favoring oxygen with strong electron affinity. Our results suggest that 40K could serve as a potential radiogenic heat source in the outer core if oxygen is the major light element therein.­­ We now further extend our technique to partitioning behaviors of other elements, helium and argon, to get insides into the `helium paradox' and `missing argon' problems. References [1] T. Taniuchi, and T. Tsuchiya, Phys.Rev.B. In press [2] B.A. Buffett, H.E. Huppert, J.R. Lister, and A.W. Woods, Geophys.Res.Lett. 29 (1996) 7989-8006. [3] V.R. Murthy, W. Westrenen, and Y. Fei, Nature. 426 (2003) 163-165. [4] A. Corgne, S.Keshav, Y. Fei, and W.F. McDonough, Earth.Planet.Sci.Lett. 256 (2007) 567-576

Study on corrosion resistance of high - entropy alloy in medium acid liquid and chemical properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Florea, I.; Buluc, G.; Florea, R. M.; Soare, V.; Carcea, I.

2015-11-01

High-entropy alloy is a new alloy which is different from traditional alloys. The high entropy alloys were started in Tsing Hua University of Taiwan since 1995 by Yeh et al. Consisting of a variety of elements, each element occupying a similar compared with other alloy elements to form a high entropy. We could define high entropy alloys as having approximately equal concentrations, made up of a group of 5 to 11 major elements. In general, the content of each element is not more than 35% by weight of the alloy. During the investigation it turned out that this alloy has a high hardness and is also corrosion proof and also strength and good thermal stability. In the experimental area, scientists used different tools, including traditional casting, mechanical alloying, sputtering, splat-quenching to obtain the high entropy alloys with different alloying elements and then to investigate the corresponding microstructures and mechanical, chemical, thermal, and electronic performances. The present study is aimed to investigate the corrosion resistance in a different medium acid and try to put in evidence the mechanical properties. Forasmuch of the wide composition range and the enormous number of alloy systems in high entropy alloys, the mechanical properties of high entropy alloys can vary significantly. In terms of hardness, the most critical factors are: hardness/strength of each composing phase in the alloy, distribution of the composing phases. The corrosion resistance of an high entropy alloy was made in acid liquid such as 10%HNO3-3%HF, 10%H2SO4, 5%HCl and then was investigated, respectively with weight loss experiment. Weight loss test was carried out by put the samples into the acid solution for corrosion. The solution was maintained at a constant room temperature. The liquid formulations used for tests were 3% hydrofluoric acid with 10% nitric acid, 10% sulphuric acid, 5% hydrochloric acid. Weight loss of the samples was measured by electronic scale.

Liquid-liquid phase transformations and the shape of the melting curve.

PubMed

Makov, G; Yahel, E

2011-05-28

The phase diagram of elemental liquids has been found to be surprisingly rich, including variations in the melting curve and transitions in the liquid phase. The effect of these transitions in the liquid state on the shape of the melting curve is analyzed. First-order phase transitions intersecting the melting curve imply piecewise continuous melting curves, with solid-solid transitions generating upward kinks or minima and liquid-liquid transitions generating downward kinks or maxima. For liquid-liquid phase transitions proposed for carbon, phosphorous selenium, and possibly nitrogen, we find that the melting curve exhibits a kink. Continuous transitions imply smooth extrema in the melting curve, the curvature of which is described by an exact thermodynamic relation. This expression indicates that a minimum in the melting curve requires the solid compressibility to be greater than that of the liquid, a very unusual situation. This relation is employed to predict the loci of smooth maxima at negative pressures for liquids with anomalous melting curves. The relation between the location of the melting curve maximum and the two-state model of continuous liquid-liquid transitions is discussed and illustrated by the case of tellurium. © 2011 American Institute of Physics

Thermal alteration of young kerogen in relation to petroleum genesis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ishiwatari, R.; Ishiwatari, M.; Kaplan, I. R.; Rohrback, B. G.

1976-01-01

Kerogen, humic acid, and lipid material were separated from a young marine sediment and heated in sealed tubes in a nitrogen atmosphere at 150 and 410 C. Gaseous and liquid products generated during heating, and also the residual organic material, were characterized by gas-liquid chromatography, elemental analysis, infrared and electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction.

Spinning disc atomisation process: Modelling and computations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Yuan; Sisoev, Grigory; Shikhmurzaev, Yulii

2016-11-01

The atomisation of liquids using a spinning disc (SDA), where the centrifugal force is used to generate a continuous flow, with the liquid eventually disintegrating into drops which, on solidification, become particles, is a key element in many technologies. Examples of such technologies range from powder manufacturing in metallurgy to various biomedical applications. In order to be able to control the SDA process, it is necessary to understand it as a whole, from the feeding of the liquid and the wave pattern developing on the disc to the disintegration of the liquid film into filaments and these into drops. The SDA process has been the subject of a number of experimental studies and some elements of it, notably the film on a spinning disc and the dynamics of the jets streaming out from it, have been investigated theoretically. However, to date there have been no studies of the process as a whole, including, most importantly, the transition zone where the film that has already developed a certain wave pattern disintegrates into jets that spiral out. The present work reports some results of an ongoing project aimed at producing a definitive map of regimes occurring in the SDA process and their outcome.

Network structure and concentration fluctuations in a series of elemental, binary, and tertiary liquids and glasses.

PubMed

Soper, Alan K

2010-10-13

Liquids and glasses continue to produce a lively debate about the nature of the disordered structure in these materials, and whether it is driven by longer range concentration or density fluctuations. One factor often lacking in these studies is an overview of a wide range of structures from which common features of and differences between materials can be identified. Here I examine the structure of a wide range of chain and network, elemental, binary and tertiary liquids and glasses, using available x-ray and neutron diffraction data and combining them with empirical potential structure refinement. Calculation of the Bhatia-Thornton number-number and concentration-concentration structure factors and distribution functions highlights common structural motifs that run through many of the series. It is found that the greatest structural overlap occurs where the nearest-neighbour and second-neighbour coordination numbers are similar for different materials. As these coordination numbers increase, so the structures undergo a sequence of characteristic changes involving increasingly bent bond angle distributions and increased packing fractions. In these regards liquid and amorphous phosphorus appear to be in a structural class of their own, combining both chain-like and network-like characteristics.

Modeling liquid crystal polymeric devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gimenez Pinto, Vianney Karina

The main focus of this work is the theoretical and numerical study of materials that combine liquid crystal and polymer. Liquid crystal elastomers are polymeric materials that exhibit both the ordered properties of the liquid crystals and the elastic properties of rubbers. Changing the order of the liquid crystal molecules within the polymer network can induce shape change. These materials are very valuable for applications such as actuators, sensors, artificial muscles, haptic displays, etc. In this work we apply finite element elastodynamics simulations to study the temperature induced shape deformation in nematic elastomers with complex director microstructure. In another topic, we propose a novel numerical method to model the director dynamics and microstructural evolution of three dimensional nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals. Numerical studies presented in this work are in agreement with experimental observations and provide insight into the design of application devices.

Trace elements release from volcanic ash to seawater. Natural concentrations in Central Mediterranean sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Randazzo, L. A.; Censi, P.; Saiano, F.; Zuddas, P.; Aricò, P.; Mazzola, S.

2009-04-01

Distributions and concentrations of many minor and trace elements in epicontinental basins, as Mediterranean Sea, are mainly driven to atmospheric fallout from surroundings. This mechanism supplies an estimated yearly flux of about 1000 kg km-2 of terrigenous matter of different nature on the whole Mediterranean basin. Dissolution of these materials and processes occurring at solid-liquid interface along the water column drive the distributions of many trace elements as V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, and Pb with contents ranging from pmol l-1 (Co, Cd, Pb) to nmol l-1 scale in Mediterranean seawater, with some local differences in the basin. The unwinding of an oceanographic cruise in the coastal waters of Ionian Sea during the Etna's eruptive activity in summer 2001 led to the almost unique chance to test the effects of large delivery of volcanic ash to a coastal sea water system through the analyses of distribution of selected trace elements along several seawater columns. The collection of these waters and their analyses about V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, and Pb contents evidenced trace element concentrations were always higher (about 1 order of magnitude at least) than those measured concentrations in the recent past in Mediterranean seawater, apart from Pb. Progressive increase of concentrations of some elements with depth, sometimes changing in a "conservative" behaviour without any clear reason and the observed higher concentrations required an investigation about interaction processes occurring at solid-liquid interface between volcanic ash and seawater along water columns. This investigation involving kinetic evaluation of trace element leaching to seawater, was carried out during a 6 months time period under laboratory conditions. X-ray investigations, SEM-EDS observations and analyses on freshly-erupted volcanic ash evidenced formation of alteration clay minerals onto glass fraction surfaces. Chemical analyses carried out on coexisting liquid phase demonstrated that trace element leaching occurs through a first quick followed by a slow second step that attaints to an apparent equilibrium after 6 months. Amplitude of kinetic rate constant measured for SiO2 release during the first step and behaviour of Ti/Si and Cr/Si rations in primary volcanic minerals, glass fraction and leaching solutions during the first 1 month stage of the experimental interaction allowed to demonstrate that trace element release mainly occurs from glassy materials and Ti-rich magnetite.

Ultrasonic characterization of single drops of liquids

DOEpatents

Sinha, D.N.

1998-04-14

Ultrasonic characterization of single drops of liquids is disclosed. The present invention includes the use of two closely spaced transducers, or one transducer and a closely spaced reflector plate, to form an interferometer suitable for ultrasonic characterization of droplet-size and smaller samples without the need for a container. The droplet is held between the interferometer elements, whose distance apart may be adjusted, by surface tension. The surfaces of the interferometer elements may be readily cleansed by a stream of solvent followed by purified air when it is desired to change samples. A single drop of liquid is sufficient for high-quality measurement. Examples of samples which may be investigated using the apparatus and method of the present invention include biological specimens (tear drops; blood and other body fluid samples; samples from tumors, tissues, and organs; secretions from tissues and organs; snake and bee venom, etc.) for diagnostic evaluation, samples in forensic investigations, and detection of drugs in small quantities. 5 figs.

Ultrasonic characterization of single drops of liquids

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sinha, D.N.

Ultrasonic characterization of single drops of liquids is disclosed. The present invention includes the use of two closely spaced transducers, or one transducer and a closely spaced reflector plate, to form an interferometer suitable for ultrasonic characterization of droplet-size and smaller samples without the need for a container. The droplet is held between the interferometer elements, whose distance apart may be adjusted, by surface tension. The surfaces of the interferometer elements may be readily cleansed by a stream of solvent followed by purified air when it is desired to change samples. A single drop of liquid is sufficient for high-qualitymore » measurement. Examples of samples which may be investigated using the apparatus and method of the present invention include biological specimens (tear drops; blood and other body fluid samples; samples from tumors, tissues, and organs; secretions from tissues and organs; snake and bee venom, etc.) for diagnostic evaluation, samples in forensic investigations, and detection of drugs in small quantities. 5 figs.« less

[The progress in speciation analysis of trace elements by atomic spectrometry].

PubMed

Wang, Zeng-Huan; Wang, Xu-Nuo; Ke, Chang-Liang; Lin, Qin

2013-12-01

The main purpose of the present work is to review the different non-chromatographic methods for the speciation analysis of trace elements in geological, environmental, biological and medical areas. In this paper, the sample processing methods in speciation analysis were summarized, and the main strategies for non-chromatographic technique were evaluated. The basic principles of the liquid extractions proposed in the published literatures recently and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed, such as conventional solvent extraction, cloud point extraction, single droplet microextraction, and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Solid phase extraction, as a non-chromatographic technique for speciation analysis, can be used in batch or in flow detection, and especially suitable for the online connection to atomic spectrometric detector. The developments and applications of sorbent materials filled in the columns of solid phase extraction were reviewed. The sorbents include chelating resins, nanometer materials, molecular and ion imprinted materials, and bio-sorbents. Other techniques, e. g. hydride generation technique and coprecipitation, were also reviewed together with their main applications.

REACTOR CONTROL

DOEpatents

Ruano, W.J.

1957-12-10

This patent relates to nuclear reactors of the type which utilize elongited rod type fuel elements immersed in a liquid moderator and shows a design whereby control of the chain reaction is obtained by varying the amount of moderator or reflector material. A central tank for containing liquid moderator and fuel elements immersed therein is disposed within a surrounding outer tank providing an annular space between the two tanks. This annular space is filled with liquid moderator which functions as a reflector to reflect neutrons back into the central reactor tank to increase the reproduction ratio. Means are provided for circulating and cooling the moderator material in both tanks and additional means are provided for controlling separately the volume of moderator in each tank, which latter means may be operated automatically by a neutron density monitoring device. The patent also shows an arrangement for controlling the chain reaction by injecting and varying an amount of poisoning material in the moderator used in the reflector portion of the reactor.

Space Storable Propellant Performance Gas/Liquid Like-Doublet Injector Characterization

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Falk, A. Y.

1972-01-01

A 30-month applied research program was conducted, encompassing an analytical, design, and experimental effort to relate injector design parameters to simultaneous attainment of high performance and component (injector/thrust chamber) compatibility for gas/liquid space-storable propellants. The gas/liquid propellant combination selected for study was FLOX (82.6% F2)/ambient temperature gaseous methane. The injector pattern characterized was the like-(self)-impinging doublet. Program effort was apportioned into four basic technical tasks: injector and thrust chamber design, injector and thrust chamber fabrication, performance evaluation testing, and data evaluation and reporting. Analytical parametric combustion analyses and cold flow distribution and atomization experiments were conducted with injector segment models to support design of injector/thrust chamber combinations for hot fire evaluation. Hot fire tests were conducted to: (1) optimize performance of the injector core elements, and (2) provide design criteria for the outer zone elements so that injector/thrust chamber compatibility could be achieved with only minimal performance losses.

Modeling of liquid flow in surface discontinuities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lobanova, I. S.; Meshcheryakov, V. A.; Kalinichenko, A. N.

2018-01-01

Polymer composite and metallic materials have found wide application in various industries such as aviation, rocket, car manufacturing, ship manufacturing, etc. Many design elements need permanent quality control. Ensuring high quality and reliability of products is impossible without effective nondestructive testing methods. One of these methods is penetrant testing using penetrating substances based on liquid penetration into defect cavities. In this paper, we propose a model of liquid flow to determine the rates of filling the defect cavities with various materials and, based on this, to choose optimal control modes.

Magneto-Hydro-Dynamics Liquid Wheel Actuator for Spacecraft Attitude Control

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-01-26

not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ORGANIZATION. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)   02-02-2017...Spacecraft Attitude Control 5a.  CONTRACT NUMBER 5b.  GRANT NUMBER FA9550-14-1-0387 5c.  PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 61102F 6. AUTHOR(S) Fabio Curti 5d... control with liquid flywheel is presented. The main characteristic of this new concept of reaction wheel is that a conductive liquid rather than a solid

Acoustic bubble removal method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Trinh, E. H.; Elleman, D. D.; Wang, T. G. (Inventor)

1983-01-01

A method is described for removing bubbles from a liquid bath such as a bath of molten glass to be used for optical elements. Larger bubbles are first removed by applying acoustic energy resonant to a bath dimension to drive the larger bubbles toward a pressure well where the bubbles can coalesce and then be more easily removed. Thereafter, submillimeter bubbles are removed by applying acoustic energy of frequencies resonant to the small bubbles to oscillate them and thereby stir liquid immediately about the bubbles to facilitate their breakup and absorption into the liquid.

Wetting and drying of liquid on crossed fibers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sauret, Alban; Bick, Alison D.; Stone, Howard A.; Complex Fluids Group Team

2013-11-01

Fibrous media are common in various engineered systems such as filters, paper or the textile industry. Many of these materials can be described as a network of fibers in which a wetting liquid tends to accumulate at its nodes and changes the bulk properties. Here we study a drop of silicone oil sitting on the simplest element of the array: two rigid crossed fibers. In particular, we investigate experimentally how the structure of the material affects the wetting and drying dynamics of that liquid drop. We first show that the liquid can adopt different shapes from a long liquid column to a drop. The transition between these morphologies depends on the volume of liquid, the tilting angle between the fibers, as well as the fiber radius. The wetting length in the column state can be predicted analytically. Because of these different shapes, the liquid exhibits different drying kinetics, which effects the overall drying time. Our study suggests that shearing a wetted array of fibers, by tuning the liquid morphology, may enhance the drying rate.

Long stroke jar bumper sub with safety sleeve

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Downen, J.L.; Sutliff, W.N.

1981-04-14

A hydraulic jar apparatus to be disposed in a drilling string embodying inner and outer telescopically arranged elements. Overlapping portions of the elements provide an annual chamber confining an operating liquid by an annular seal fixed to the outer element at the lower end of the chamber and an annular polly pack seal fixed to the outer element at the upper end of the chamber. A piston is extended radially from the inner element into the chamber and the chamber is divided by a cylinder on the outer element into low and high pressure sections. Impact shoulders are provided onmore » the elements in axially opposed relation to produce a jarring blow and the elements are telescopically coupled by a hexagonal spline sub assembly.« less

A miniaturized capacitively coupled plasma microtorch optical emission spectrometer and a Rh coiled-filament as small-sized electrothermal vaporization device for simultaneous determination of volatile elements from liquid microsamples: spectral and analytical characterization.

PubMed

Frentiu, Tiberiu; Darvasi, Eugen; Butaciu, Sinziana; Ponta, Michaela; Petreus, Dorin; Mihaltan, Alin I; Frentiu, Maria

2014-11-01

A low power and low argon consumption (13.56 MHz, 15 W, 150 ml min(-1)) capacitively coupled plasma microtorch interfaced with a low-resolution microspectrometer and a small-sized electrothermal vaporization Rh coiled-filament as liquid microsample introduction device into the plasma was investigated for the simultaneous determination of several volatile elements of interest for environment. Constructive details, spectral and analytical characteristics, and optimum operating conditions of the laboratory equipment for the simultaneous determination of Ag, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn requiring low vaporization power are provided. The method involves drying of 10 μl sample at 100°C, vaporization at 1500°C and emission measurement by capture of 20 successive spectral episodes each at an integration time of 500 ms. Experiments showed that emission of elements and plasma background were disturbed by the presence of complex matrix and hot Ar flow transporting the microsample into plasma. The emission spectrum of elements is simple, dominated by the resonance lines. The analytical system provided detection limits in the ng ml(-1) range: 0.5(Ag); 1.5(Cd); 5.6(Cu); 20(Pb) and 3(Zn) and absolute detection limits of the order of pg: 5(Ag); 15(Cd); 56(Cu); 200(Pb) and 30(Zn). It was demonstrated the utility and capability of the miniaturized analytical system in the simultaneous determination of elements in soil and water sediment using the standard addition method to compensate for the non-spectral effects of alkali and earth alkaline elements. The analysis of eight certified reference materials exhibited reliable results with recovery in the range of 95-108% and precision of 0.5-9.0% for the five examined elements. The proposed miniaturized analytical system is attractive due to the simple construction of the electrothermal vaporization device and microtorch, low costs associated to plasma generation, high analytical sensitivity and easy-to-run for simultaneous multielemental analysis of liquid microsamples. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Fractional crystallization-induced variations in sulfides from the Noril’sk-Talnakh mining district (polar Siberia, Russia)

USGS Publications Warehouse

Duran, C.J.; Barnes, S-J.; Pleše, P.; Prašek, M. Kudrna; Zientek, Michael L.; Pagé, P.

2017-01-01

The distribution of platinum-group elements (PGE) within zoned magmatic ore bodies has been extensively studied and appears to be controlled by the partitioning behavior of the PGE during fractional crystallization of magmatic sulfide liquids. However, other chalcophile elements, especially TABS (Te, As, Bi, Sb, and Sn) have been neglected despite their critical role in forming platinum-group minerals (PGM). TABS are volatile trace elements that are considered to be mobile so investigating their primary distribution may be challenging in magmatic ore bodies that have been somewhat altered. Magmatic sulfide ore bodies from the Noril’sk-Talnakh mining district (polar Siberia, Russia) offer an exceptional opportunity to investigate the behavior of TABS during fractional crystallization of sulfide liquids and PGM formation as the primary features of the ore bodies have been relatively well preserved. In this study, new petrographic (2D and 3D) and whole-rock geochemical data from Cu-poor to Cu-rich sulfide ores of the Noril’sk-Talnakh mining district are integrated with published data to consider the role of fractional crystallization in generating mineralogical and geochemical variations across the different ore types (disseminated to massive). Despite textural variations in Cu-rich massive sulfides (lenses, veins, and breccias), these sulfides have similar chemical compositions, which suggests that Cu-rich veins and breccias formed from fractionated sulfide liquids that were injected into the surrounding rocks. Numerical modeling using the median disseminated sulfide composition as the initial sulfide liquid composition and recent DMSS/liq and DISS/liq predicts the compositional variations observed in the massive sulfides, especially in terms of Pt, Pd, and TABS. Therefore, distribution of these elements in the massive sulfides was likely controlled by their partitioning behavior during sulfide liquid fractional crystallization, prior to PGM formation. Our observations indicate that in the Cu-poor massive sulfides the PGM formed as the result of exsolution from sulfide minerals whereas in the Cu-rich massive sulfides the PGM formed by crystallization from late-stage fractionated sulfide liquids. We suggest that the significant amount of Sn-bearing PGM may be related to crustal contamination from granodiorite, whereas As, Bi, Te, and Sb were likely added to the magma along with S from sedimentary rocks. Large PGM that are scarce and randomly distributed may account for most of the whole-rock Pt budget. Based on our results, we propose a holistic genetic model for the formation of the magmatic sulfide ore bodies of the Noril’sk-Talnakh mining district.

Preparation of multifunctional glyconanoparticles as a platform for potential carbohydrate-based anticancer vaccines.

PubMed

Ojeda, Rafael; de Paz, Jose Luis; Barrientos, Africa G; Martín-Lomas, Manuel; Penadés, Soledad

2007-02-26

A novel platform for anticancer vaccines has been prepared using glyconanotechnology recently developed in our laboratory. Ten different multifunctional gold glyconanoparticles incorporating sialylTn and Lewis(y) antigens, T-cell helper peptides (TT) and glucose in well defined average proportions and with differing density have been synthesised in one step and characterised using NMR and TEM. Size and nature of the linker were crucial to control kinetics of S-Au bond formation and to achieve the desired ligand ratio on the gold clusters. The technology presented here opens the way for tailoring polyvalent anticancer vaccines candidates and drug delivery carriers with defined average chemical composition.

A study of the impact of moist-heat and dry-heat treatment processes on hazardous trace elements migration in food waste.

PubMed

Chen, Ting; Jin, Yiying; Qiu, Xiaopeng; Chen, Xin

2015-03-01

Using laboratory experiments, the authors investigated the impact of dry-heat and moist-heat treatment processes on hazardous trace elements (As, Hg, Cd, Cr, and Pb) in food waste and explored their distribution patterns for three waste components: oil, aqueous, and solid components. The results indicated that an insignificant reduction of hazardous trace elements in heat-treated waste-0.61-14.29% after moist-heat treatment and 4.53-12.25% after dry-heat treatment-and a significant reduction in hazardous trace elements (except for Hg without external addition) after centrifugal dehydration (P < 0.5). Moreover, after heat treatment, over 90% of the hazardous trace elements in the waste were detected in the aqueous and solid components, whereas only a trace amount of hazardous trace elements was detected in the oil component (<0.01%). In addition, results indicated that heat treatment process did not significantly reduce the concentration of hazardous trace elements in food waste, but the separation process for solid and aqueous components, such as centrifugal dehydration, could reduce the risk considerably. Finally, combined with the separation technology for solid and liquid components, dry-heat treatment is superior to moist-heat treatment on the removal of external water-soluble ionic hazardous trace elements. An insignificant reduction of hazardous trace elements in heat-treated waste showed that heat treatment does not reduce trace elements contamination in food waste considerably, whereas the separation process for solid and aqueous components, such as centrifugal dehydration, could reduce the risk significantly. Moreover, combined with the separation technology for solid and liquid components, dry-heat treatment is superior to moist-heat treatment for the removal of external water-soluble ionic hazardous trace elements, by exploring distribution patterns of trace elements in three waste components: oil, aqueous, and solid components.

Computer simulation of liquid metals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belashchenko, D. K.

2013-12-01

Methods for and the results of the computer simulation of liquid metals are reviewed. Two basic methods, classical molecular dynamics with known interparticle potentials and the ab initio method, are considered. Most attention is given to the simulated results obtained using the embedded atom model (EAM). The thermodynamic, structural, and diffusion properties of liquid metal models under normal and extreme (shock) pressure conditions are considered. Liquid-metal simulated results for the Groups I - IV elements, a number of transition metals, and some binary systems (Fe - C, Fe - S) are examined. Possibilities for the simulation to account for the thermal contribution of delocalized electrons to energy and pressure are considered. Solidification features of supercooled metals are also discussed.

Ultrathin zoom lens system based on liquid lenses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Lei; Liu, Chao; Wang, Qiong-Hua

2015-07-01

In this paper, we propose an ultrathin zoom lens system based on liquid lenses. The proposed system consists of an annular folded lens and three electrowetting liquid lenses. The annular folded lens has several concentric surfaces. The annular folded lens is used to get the main power and correct aberrations. The three liquid lenses are used to change the focal length and correct aberration. An analysis of the proposed system is presented along with the design, fabrication, and testing of a prototype. All the elements in the proposed system are very thin, so the system is an ultrathin zoom lens system, which has potential application as lightweight, thin, high-quality imagers for aerospace, consumer, and military applications.

Gravity assisted recovery of liquid xenon at large mass flow rates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Virone, L.; Acounis, S.; Beaupère, N.; Beney, J.-L.; Bert, J.; Bouvier, S.; Briend, P.; Butterworth, J.; Carlier, T.; Chérel, M.; Crespi, P.; Cussonneau, J.-P.; Diglio, S.; Manzano, L. Gallego; Giovagnoli, D.; Gossiaux, P.-B.; Kraeber-Bodéré, F.; Ray, P. Le; Lefèvre, F.; Marty, P.; Masbou, J.; Morteau, E.; Picard, G.; Roy, D.; Staempflin, M.; Stutzmann, J.-S.; Visvikis, D.; Xing, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Thers, D.

2018-06-01

We report on a liquid xenon gravity assisted recovery method for nuclear medical imaging applications. The experimental setup consists of an elevated detector enclosed in a cryostat connected to a storage tank called ReStoX. Both elements are part of XEMIS2 (XEnon Medical Imaging System): an innovative medical imaging facility for pre-clinical research that uses pure liquid xenon as detection medium. Tests based on liquid xenon transfer from the detector to ReStoX have been successfully performed showing that an unprecedented mass flow rate close to 1 ton per hour can be reached. This promising achievement as well as future areas of improvement will be discussed in this paper.

Evanescent-wave comb spectroscopy of liquids with strongly dispersive optical fiber cavities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Avino, S.; Giorgini, A.; Salza, M.; Fabian, M.; Gagliardi, G.; De Natale, P.

2013-05-01

We demonstrate evanescent-wave fiber cavity-enhanced spectroscopy in the liquid phase using a near-infrared frequency comb. Exploiting strong fiber-dispersion effects, we show that liquid absorption spectra can be recorded without any external dispersive element. The fiber cavity is used both as sensor and spectrometer. The resonance modes are frequency locked to the comb teeth while the cavity photon lifetime is measured over 155 nm, from 1515 nm to 1670 nm, where absorption bands of liquid polyamines are detected as a proof of concept. Our fiber spectrometer lends itself to in situ, real-time chemical analysis in environmental monitoring, biomedical assays, and micro-opto-fluidic systems.

Color-Tunable Mirrors Based on Electrically Regulated Bandwidth Broadening in Polymer-Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals (Postprint)

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-10-01

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT. //Signature// //Signature// TIMOTHY J. WHITE CHRISTOPHER D. BREWER, Chief Photonic Materials Branch... Photonic Materials Branch Functional Materials Division Functional Materials Division //Signature// TIMOTHY J. BUNNING, Chief Functional...LIQUID CRYSTALS (POSTPRINT) 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER FA8650-09-D-5434-0009 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 62102F 6. AUTHOR(S

HEAVY WATER MODERATED NEUTRONIC REACTOR

DOEpatents

Szilard, L.

1958-04-29

A nuclear reactor of the type which utilizes uranium fuel elements and a liquid coolant is described. The fuel elements are in the form of elongated tubes and are disposed within outer tubes extending through a tank containing heavy water, which acts as a moderator. The ends of the fuel tubes are connected by inlet and discharge headers, and liquid bismuth is circulated between the headers and through the fuel tubes for cooling. Helium is circulated through the annular space between the outer tubes in the tank and the fuel tubes to cool the water moderator to prevent boiling. The fuel tubes are covered with a steel lining, and suitable control means, heat exchange means, and pumping means for the coolants are provided to complete the reactor assembly.

Development of a preprototype thermoelectric integrated membrane evaporation subsystem for water recovery

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Winkler, H. E.; Roebelen, G. J., Jr.

1980-01-01

A three-man urine water recovery preprototype subsystem using a new concept to provide efficient potable water recovery from waste fluids on extended duration space flights has been designed, fabricated, and tested. Low power, compactness, and gravity insensitive operation are featured in this vacuum distillation subsystem that combines a hollow fiber polysulfone membrane evaporator with a thermoelectric heat pump. Application and integration of these key elements have solved problems inherent in previous reclamation subsystem designs. The hollow fiber elements provide positive liquid/gas phase control with no moving parts other than a waste liquid recirculation pump and a product water withdrawal pump. Tubular membranes provide structural integrity, improving on previous flat sheet membrane designs. A thermoelectric heat pump provides latent energy recovery.

In-drop capillary spooling of spider capture thread inspires hybrid fibers with mixed solid–liquid mechanical properties

PubMed Central

Elettro, Hervé; Neukirch, Sébastien; Vollrath, Fritz; Antkowiak, Arnaud

2016-01-01

An essential element in the web-trap architecture, the capture silk spun by ecribellate orb spiders consists of glue droplets sitting astride a silk filament. Mechanically this thread presents a mixed solid–liquid behavior unknown to date. Under extension, capture silk behaves as a particularly stretchy solid, owing to its molecular nanosprings, but it totally switches behavior in compression to now become liquid-like: It shrinks with no apparent limit while exerting a constant tension. Here, we unravel the physics underpinning the unique behavior of this ”liquid wire” and demonstrate that its mechanical response originates in the shape-switching of the silk filament induced by buckling within the droplets. Learning from this natural example of geometry and mechanics, we manufactured programmable liquid wires that present previously unidentified pathways for the design of new hybrid solid–liquid materials. PMID:27185930

Liquid metal enabled pump

PubMed Central

Tang, Shi-Yang; Khoshmanesh, Khashayar; Sivan, Vijay; Petersen, Phred; O’Mullane, Anthony P.; Abbott, Derek; Mitchell, Arnan; Kalantar-zadeh, Kourosh

2014-01-01

Small-scale pumps will be the heartbeat of many future micro/nanoscale platforms. However, the integration of small-scale pumps is presently hampered by limited flow rate with respect to the input power, and their rather complicated fabrication processes. These issues arise as many conventional pumping effects require intricate moving elements. Here, we demonstrate a system that we call the liquid metal enabled pump, for driving a range of liquids without mechanical moving parts, upon the application of modest electric field. This pump incorporates a droplet of liquid metal, which induces liquid flow at high flow rates, yet with exceptionally low power consumption by electrowetting/deelectrowetting at the metal surface. We present theory explaining this pumping mechanism and show that the operation is fundamentally different from other existing pumps. The presented liquid metal enabled pump is both efficient and simple, and thus has the potential to fundamentally advance the field of microfluidics. PMID:24550485

In-drop capillary spooling of spider capture thread inspires hybrid fibers with mixed solid-liquid mechanical properties.

PubMed

Elettro, Hervé; Neukirch, Sébastien; Vollrath, Fritz; Antkowiak, Arnaud

2016-05-31

An essential element in the web-trap architecture, the capture silk spun by ecribellate orb spiders consists of glue droplets sitting astride a silk filament. Mechanically this thread presents a mixed solid-liquid behavior unknown to date. Under extension, capture silk behaves as a particularly stretchy solid, owing to its molecular nanosprings, but it totally switches behavior in compression to now become liquid-like: It shrinks with no apparent limit while exerting a constant tension. Here, we unravel the physics underpinning the unique behavior of this "liquid wire" and demonstrate that its mechanical response originates in the shape-switching of the silk filament induced by buckling within the droplets. Learning from this natural example of geometry and mechanics, we manufactured programmable liquid wires that present previously unidentified pathways for the design of new hybrid solid-liquid materials.

In-drop capillary spooling of spider capture thread inspires hybrid fibers with mixed solid-liquid mechanical properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elettro, Hervé; Neukirch, Sébastien; Vollrath, Fritz; Antkowiak, Arnaud

2016-05-01

An essential element in the web-trap architecture, the capture silk spun by ecribellate orb spiders consists of glue droplets sitting astride a silk filament. Mechanically this thread presents a mixed solid-liquid behavior unknown to date. Under extension, capture silk behaves as a particularly stretchy solid, owing to its molecular nanosprings, but it totally switches behavior in compression to now become liquid-like: It shrinks with no apparent limit while exerting a constant tension. Here, we unravel the physics underpinning the unique behavior of this ”liquid wire” and demonstrate that its mechanical response originates in the shape-switching of the silk filament induced by buckling within the droplets. Learning from this natural example of geometry and mechanics, we manufactured programmable liquid wires that present previously unidentified pathways for the design of new hybrid solid-liquid materials.

The effects of pressure, temperature and composition on olivine-liquid exchange coefficients

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matzen, A. K.; Wood, B. J.

2017-12-01

It has recently been observed that there is a correlation between trace element (Ni and Mn) concentrations in olivine (ol) phenocrysts and thickness of the lithosphere on which they were erupted [1]. There are a number of potential explanations for this observation: the mantle may have interacted with the Ni-rich core; the trace element concentrations reflect presence of recycled crust in the mantle; or it arises from melting of peridotite at different temperatures (T) and pressures (P). Discriminating between these hypotheses requires accurate models of olivine-silicate liquid (liq) partitioning. The three variables that control the observed variations in experimentally-derived ol-liq partition coefficients are T, P, and the composition of the silicate liquid (and to a lesser extent the olivine composition). However, experiments cannot unambiguously disentangle the effects of these variables. For olivine-saturated liquids at constant P, any change in T results in the crystallization or dissolution of olivine and thus a change in liquid composition, resulting in a correlation between T and silicate liquid composition (note that changing the bulk composition such that olivine saturation occurs at a different T also results in a correlation with composition and T). Alternatively, P and T can be varied in concert such that liquid and olivine compositions remain approximately constant [e.g., 2], resulting in a correlation between T and P. In an attempt to resolve the conflation of T, P and compositional effects we turned to metal (met)-liq partitioning studies. Experiments show that, unlike most other elements, P has a strong effect on the partitioning of Ni between Fe-rich metal and silicate melt. Assuming that the pressure dependence of K_{D, Ni-Fe}^{met-liq} (0-25 GPa) [3] is driven primarily by the changing activities in the silicate melt, we can approximate the effect that pressure will have on K_{D, Ni-Fe}^{ol-liq} as measured by [2], using Kress and Carmichael [4] to calculate Fe3+/Fe2+. We find that the pressure effect should be a significant contributor to the observed systematics of K_{D, Ni-Fe}^{ol-liq} between 1 atm and 3 GPa [2]. [1] Sobolev et al (2007) Science, 316, 412-417, [2] Matzen et al (2017) CMP 172:3, [3] Kegler et al (2008) EPSL 268, 28-40, [4] Kress & Carmichael (1991) CMP 108, 82-92.

Geochemical Evidence for a Terrestrial Magma Ocean

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Agee, Carl B.

1999-01-01

The aftermath of phase separation and crystal-liquid fractionation in a magma ocean should leave a planet geochemically differentiated. Subsequent convective and other mixing processes may operate over time to obscure geochemical evidence of magma ocean differentiation. On the other hand, core formation is probably the most permanent, irreversible part of planetary differentiation. Hence the geochemical traces of core separation should be the most distinct remnants left behind in the mantle and crust, In the case of the Earth, core formation apparently coincided with a magma ocean that extended to a depth of approximately 1000 km. Evidence for this is found in high pressure element partitioning behavior of Ni and Co between liquid silicate and liquid iron alloy, and with the Ni-Co ratio and the abundance of Ni and Co in the Earth's upper mantle. A terrestrial magma ocean with a depth of 1000 km will solidify from the bottom up and first crystallize in the perovskite stability field. The largest effect of perovskite fractionation on major element distribution is to decrease the Si-Mg ratio in the silicate liquid and increase the Si-Mg ratio in the crystalline cumulate. Therefore, if a magma ocean with perovskite fractionation existed, then one could expect to observe an upper mantle with a lower than chondritic Si-Mg ratio. This is indeed observed in modern upper mantle peridotites. Although more experimental work is needed to fully understand the high-pressure behavior of trace element partitioning, it is likely that Hf is more compatible than Lu in perovskite-silicate liquid pairs. Thus, perovskite fractionation produces a molten mantle with a higher than chondritic Lu-Hf ratio. Arndt and Blichert-Toft measured Hf isotope compositions of Barberton komatiites that seem to require a source region with a long-lived, high Lu-Hf ratio. It is plausible that that these Barberton komatiites were generated within the majorite stability field by remelting a perovskite-depleted part of the upper mantle transition zone.

The Relation Between Alloy Chemistry and Hot-Cracking

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nunes, A. C., Jr.; Talia, J. E.

2000-01-01

Hot cracking is a problem in welding 2195 aluminum-lithium alloy. Weld wire additives seem to reduce the problem. This study proposes a model intended to clarify the way alloying elements affect hot-cracking. The brittle temperature range of an alloy extends wherever the tensile stress required to move the meniscus of the liquid film at the grain/dendrite boundaries is less than the bulks flow stress Sigma(sub B) of the grains: 2gamma/delta <= sigma(sub B) + P where gamma is boundary film surface tension delta= boundary film thickness P = gas pressure (Some alloys outgas.) If the above condition is not met, the grains deform under stress and the liquid film remains in place. Curves of 2gamma/delta and sigma(sub B) vs. temperature in the range just below the melting temperature determine the hot cracking susceptibility of an alloy. Both are zero at onset of solidification. sigma(sub B) rises as the thermal activation of the slip mechanism is reduced. 2gamma/delta rises as the film thickness delta which can be estimated from the Scheil equation, drops. But, given an embrittled alloy, whether the alloy actually cracks is determined by the strain imposed upon it in the embrittled condition. A critical strain is estimated, Epsilon(sub C) on the order of Epsilon(sub C) is approximately delta/l where L = grain size and where the the volume increment due to the strain, concentrated at the liquid film, is on the order of the liquid film volume. In the early 80's an empirical critical strain cracking envelope Epsilon(sub C)(T) was incorporated into a damage criterion to estimate the effect of welding parameters on the formation of microfissures in a superalloy with good results. These concepts, liquid film decoherence vs. grain bulk deformation and critical strain, form the key elements of a quantitative theory of hot-cracking applicable for assessing the effect of alloying elements on hot-cracking during welding.

Extraterrestrial processing and manufacturing of large space systems, volume 2, chapters 7-14 and appendices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miller, R. H.; Smith, D. B. S.

1979-01-01

Production and support equipment specifications are described for the space manufacturing facility (SMF). Defined production equipment includes electromagnetic pumps for liquid metal, metal alloying furnaces, die casters, electron beam welders and cutters, glass forming for structural elements, and rolling. A cost analysis is presented which includes the development, the aquisition of all SMF elements, initial operating cost, maintenance and logistics cost, cost of terrestrial materials, and transportation cost for each major element. Computer program listings and outputs are appended.

Injector element characterization methodology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cox, George B., Jr.

1988-01-01

Characterization of liquid rocket engine injector elements is an important part of the development process for rocket engine combustion devices. Modern nonintrusive instrumentation for flow velocity and spray droplet size measurement, and automated, computer-controlled test facilities allow rapid, low-cost evaluation of injector element performance and behavior. Application of these methods in rocket engine development, paralleling their use in gas turbine engine development, will reduce rocket engine development cost and risk. The Alternate Turbopump (ATP) Hot Gas Systems (HGS) preburner injector elements were characterized using such methods, and the methodology and some of the results obtained will be shown.

Formation of microporous NiTi by transient liquid phase sintering of elemental powders.

PubMed

Ismail, Muhammad Hussain; Goodall, Russell; Davies, Hywel A; Todd, Iain

2012-08-01

Porous metallic structures are attractive for biomedical implant applications as their open porosity simultaneously improves the degree of fixation and decreases the mismatch in stiffness between bone and implant, improving bonding and reducing stress-shielding effects respectively. NiTi alloys exhibit both the shape memory effect and pseudoelasticity, and are of particular interest, though they pose substantial problems in their processing. This is because the shape memory and pseudoelastic behaviours are exceptionally sensitive to the presence of oxygen, and other minor changes in alloy chemistry. Thus in processing careful control of composition and contamination is vital. In this communication, we investigate these issues in a novel technique for producing porous NiTi parts via transient liquid phase sintering following metal injection moulding (MIM) of elemental Ni and Ti powders, and report a new mechanism for pore formation in the powder processing of metallic materials from elemental powders. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Role of Coordination and Chelation in Utilization of Nutritionally Essential Trace Elements.

DTIC Science & Technology

BIOCHEMISTRY, *TRANSITION METALS), (*CHELATE COMPOUNDS, BIOCHEMISTRY), (*DIALYSIS, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS), NUTRITION , IRON, CHROMIUM, PHOSPHATES, AMINO ACIDS, HYDROXIDES, ALCOHOLS, PEPTIDES, MEMBRANES, LIQUID FILTERS

Development and clinical testing of multivalent vaccines based on a diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine: difficulties encountered and lessons learned.

PubMed

Capiau, Carine; Poolman, Jan; Hoet, Bernard; Bogaerts, Hugues; Andre, Francis

2003-06-02

The widespread use of whole-cell pertussis vaccines in the second half of the 20th century have reduced the incidence of the disease significantly. However, in some countries, concerns about the reactogenicity and potential neurological damage associated with whole-cell vaccines led to a decrease in vaccine acceptance and an increase in morbidity and mortality of pertussis in several countries. This prompted the development of less reactogenic acellular pertussis vaccines combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, initially in Japan and later in other countries. In Europe, the improved diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis (DTPa) vaccine was first introduced in March 1994. The pertussis component of this DTPa vaccine, developed by Glaxo SmithKline, consists of pertussis toxoid, filamentous haemagglutinin and pertactin. The vaccine is well tolerated, with a lower incidence of adverse reactions than after administration of whole-cell vaccines. The long-lasting efficacy and effectiveness of DTPa vaccines have been extensively documented and these are now the cornerstone of a large range of combined vaccines including DTPa-hepatitis B (HBV), DTPa-inactivated polio (IPV) and DTPa-HBV-IPV. A lyophilised Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine can be reconstituted with all of these liquid combinations. The introduction of well-tolerated and efficacious DTPa vaccines and their more polyvalent combinations has improved the acceptance and simplified the implementation of childhood immunisation. This paper is a review of the technical and scientific difficulties encountered and the lessons learned over the 10-year period that it took to develop and introduce six multivalent vaccines using the Glaxo SmithKline DTPa as a building block.

Instrument for Aircraft-Icing and Cloud-Physics Measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lilie, Lyle; Bouley, Dan; Sivo, Chris

2006-01-01

The figure shows a compact, rugged, simple sensor head that is part of an instrumentation system for making measurements to characterize the severity of aircraft-icing conditions and/or to perform research on cloud physics. The quantities that are calculated from measurement data acquired by this system and that are used to quantify the severity of icing conditions include sizes of cloud water drops, cloud liquid water content (LWC), cloud ice water content (IWC), and cloud total water content (TWC). The sensor head is mounted on the outside of an aircraft, positioned and oriented to intercept the ambient airflow. The sensor head consists of an open housing that is heated in a controlled manner to keep it free of ice and that contains four hot-wire elements. The hot-wire sensing elements have different shapes and sizes and, therefore, exhibit different measurement efficiencies with respect to droplet size and water phase (liquid, frozen, or mixed). Three of the hot-wire sensing elements are oriented across the airflow so as to intercept incoming cloud water. For each of these elements, the LWC or TWC affects the power required to maintain a constant temperature in the presence of cloud water.

Characteristics and anticorrosion performance of Fe-doped TiO2 films by liquid phase deposition method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Yu; Xu, Chao; Feng, ZuDe

2014-09-01

Fe-doped TiO2 thin films were fabricated by liquid phase deposition (LPD) method, using Fe(III) nitrate as both Fe element source and fluoride scavenger instead of commonly-used boric acid (H3BO3). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-vis spectrum were employed to examine the effects of Fe element on morphology, structure and optical characteristics of TiO2 films. The as-prepared films were served as photoanode applied to photogenerated cathodic protection of SUS304 stainless steel (304SS). It was observed that the photoelectrochemical properties of the as-prepared films were enhanced with the addition of Fe element compared to the undoped TiO2 film. The highest photoactivity was achieved for Ti13Fe (Fe/Ti = 3 molar ratio) film prepared in precursor bath containing 0.02 M TiF4 + 0.06 M Fe(NO3)3 under white-light illumination. The effective anticorrosion behaviors can be attributed to the Fe element incorporation which decreases the probability of photogenerated charge-carrier recombination and extends the light response range of Fe-doped TiO2 films appeared to visible-light region.

Silicon carbide passive heating elements in microwave-assisted organic synthesis.

PubMed

Kremsner, Jennifer M; Kappe, C Oliver

2006-06-09

Microwave-assisted organic synthesis in nonpolar solvents is investigated utilizing cylinders of sintered silicon carbide (SiC)--a chemically inert and strongly microwave absorbing material--as passive heating elements (PHEs). These heating inserts absorb microwave energy and subsequently transfer the generated thermal energy via conduction phenomena to the reaction mixture. The use of passive heating elements allows otherwise microwave transparent or poorly absorbing solvents such as hexane, carbon tetrachloride, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or toluene to be effectively heated to temperatures far above their boiling points (200-250 degrees C) under sealed vessel microwave conditions. This opens up the possibility to perform microwave synthesis in unpolar solvent environments as demonstrated successfully for several organic transformations, such as Claisen rearrangements, Diels-Alder reactions, Michael additions, N-alkylations, and Dimroth rearrangements. This noninvasive technique is a particularly valuable tool in cases where other options to increase the microwave absorbance of the reaction medium, such as the addition of ionic liquids as heating aids, are not feasible due to an incompatibility of the ionic liquid with a particular substrate. The SiC heating elements are thermally and chemically resistant to 1500 degrees C and compatible with any solvent or reagent.

Vaccination with recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viruses expressing single African horse sickness virus VP2 antigens induced cross-reactive virus neutralising antibodies (VNAb) in horses when administered in combination.

PubMed

Manning, Nicola Mary; Bachanek-Bankowska, Katarzyna; Mertens, Peter Paul Clement; Castillo-Olivares, Javier

2017-10-20

African horse sickness is a lethal viral disease of equids transmitted by biting midges of the Genus Culicoides. The disease is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa but outbreaks of high mortality and economic impact have occurred in the past in non-endemic regions of Africa, Asia and Southern Europe. Vaccination is critical for the control of this disease but only live attenuated vaccines are currently available. However, there are bio-safety concerns over the use of this type of vaccines, especially in non-endemic countries, and live attenuated vaccines do not have DIVA (Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals) capacity. In addition, large scale manufacturing of live attenuated vaccines of AHSV represents a significant environmental and health risk and level 3 bio-safety containment facilities are required for their production. A variety of different technologies have been investigated over the years to develop alternative AHSV vaccines, including the use of viral vaccine vectors such Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA). In previous studies we demonstrated that recombinant MVA expressing outer capsid protein AHSV-VP2 induced virus neutralising antibodies and protection against virulent challenge both in a mouse model and in the horse. However, AHSV-VP2 is antigenically variable and determines the existence of 9 different AHSV serotypes. Immunity against AHSV is serotype-specific and there is limited cross-reactivity between certain AHSV serotypes: 1 and 2, 3 and 7, 5 and 8, 6 and 9. In Africa, multiple serotypes circulate simultaneously and a polyvalent attenuated vaccine comprising different AHSV serotypes is used. We investigated the potential of a polyvalent AHSV vaccination strategy based on combinations of MVA-VP2 viruses each expressing a single VP2 antigen from a specific serotype. We showed that administration of 2 different recombinant MVA viruses, each expressing a single VP2 protein from AHSV serotype 4 or 9, denoted respectively as MVA-VP2(4) and MVA-VP2(9), induced virus neutralising antibodies against the homologous AHSV serotypes. Vaccination was more efficient when vaccines were administered simultaneously than when they were administered sequentially. A third and fourth dose of a different MVA expressing VP2 of AHSV serotype 5, given 4months later to ponies previously vaccinated with MVA-VP2(4) and MVA-VP2(9), resulted in the induction of VNAb against serotypes 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9. The anamnestic antibody response against AHSV 9 and AHSV 4 following the MVA-VP2(5) boost suggests that it is possible some shared epitopes exist between different serotypes. In conclusion this study showed that it is feasible to develop a polyvalent AHSV vaccination regime based on the use of combinations of MVA-VP2 viruses. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Prototype Focal-Plane-Array Optoelectronic Image Processor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fang, Wai-Chi; Shaw, Timothy; Yu, Jeffrey

1995-01-01

Prototype very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) planar array of optoelectronic processing elements combines speed of optical input and output with flexibility of reconfiguration (programmability) of electronic processing medium. Basic concept of processor described in "Optical-Input, Optical-Output Morphological Processor" (NPO-18174). Performs binary operations on binary (black and white) images. Each processing element corresponds to one picture element of image and located at that picture element. Includes input-plane photodetector in form of parasitic phototransistor part of processing circuit. Output of each processing circuit used to modulate one picture element in output-plane liquid-crystal display device. Intended to implement morphological processing algorithms that transform image into set of features suitable for high-level processing; e.g., recognition.

The hydrogen diffusion in liquid aluminum alloys from ab initio molecular dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jakse, N.; Pasturel, A.

2014-09-01

We study the hydrogen diffusion in liquid aluminum alloys through extensive ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. At the microscopic scale, we show that the hydrogen motion is characterized by a broad distribution of spatial jumps that does not correspond to a Brownian motion. To determine the self-diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in liquid aluminum alloys, we use a generalized continuous time random walk model recently developed to describe the hydrogen diffusion in pure aluminum. In particular, we show that the model successfully accounts the effects of alloying elements on the hydrogen diffusion in agreement with experimental features.

Characteristics of a liquid-crystal-filled composite lattice terahertz bandgap fiber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bai, Jinjun; Ge, Meilan; Wang, Shasha; Yang, Yanan; Li, Yong; Chang, Shengjiang

2018-07-01

A new type of terahertz fiber is presented based on composite lattice photonic crystal bandgap. The cladding is filled selectively with the nematic liquid crystal 5CB which is sensitive to the electric field. The terahertz wave can be modulated by using the electric field to control the orientation of liquid crystal molecules. The plane wave expansion method and the finite element method are employed to theoretically analyze bandgap characteristics, polarization characteristics, energy fraction and material absorption loss. The results show that this fiber structure can be used as tunable terahertz polarization controller.

Frequency and Temperature Dependence of Fabrication Parameters in Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Devices.

PubMed

Torres, Juan C; Vergaz, Ricardo; Barrios, David; Sánchez-Pena, José Manuel; Viñuales, Ana; Grande, Hans Jürgen; Cabañero, Germán

2014-05-02

A series of polymer dispersed liquid crystal devices using glass substrates have been fabricated and investigated focusing on their electrical properties. The devices have been studied in terms of impedance as a function of frequency. An electric equivalent circuit has been proposed, including the influence of the temperature on the elements into it. In addition, a relevant effect of temperature on electrical measurements has been observed.

The Influence of Lactic Acid Concentration on the Separation of Light Rare Earth Elements by Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction with 2-Ethylhexyl Phosphonic Acid Mono-2-ethylhexyl Ester

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Carvalho Gomes, Rafael; Seruff, Luciana Amaral; Scal, Maira Labanca Waineraich; Vera, Ysrael Marrero

2018-02-01

The separation of rare earth elements (REEs) using solvent extraction adding complexing agents appears to be an alternative to saponification of the extractant. We evaluated the effect of lactic acid concentration on didymium (praseodymium and neodymium) and lanthanum extraction with 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethyl hexyl ester [HEH(EHP)] as extractant. First, we investigated in batch experiments the separation of lanthanum (La) and didymium (Pr and Nd) using McCabe-Thiele diagrams to estimate the number of extraction stages when the feed solution was or was not conditioned with lactic acid. Additionally, we conducted continuous liquid-liquid extraction experiments and evaluated the influence of lactic acid concentration on the REE extraction and separation. The tests showed that the extraction percentage of REEs and the separation factor Pr/La increased when the lactic acid concentration increased, but the didymium purity decreased. Lanthanum, praseodymium, and neodymium extraction rate were 23.0, 89.7, and 99.2 pct, respectively, with 1:1 aqueous/organic volume flow rate and feed solution doped with 0.52 mol L-1 lactic acid. The highest didymium purity reached was 92.0 pct with 0.26 mol L-1 lactic acid concentration.

Ash aggregation enhanced by deposition and redistribution of salt on the surface of volcanic ash in eruption plumes.

PubMed

Mueller, Sebastian B; Ayris, Paul M; Wadsworth, Fabian B; Kueppers, Ulrich; Casas, Ana S; Delmelle, Pierre; Taddeucci, Jacopo; Jacob, Michael; Dingwell, Donald B

2017-03-31

Interactions with volcanic gases in eruption plumes produce soluble salt deposits on the surface of volcanic ash. While it has been postulated that saturation-driven precipitation of salts following the dissolution of ash surfaces by condensed acidic liquids is a primary mechanism of salt formation during an eruption, it is only recently that this mechanism has been subjected to detailed study. Here we spray water and HCl droplets into a suspension of salt-doped synthetic glass or volcanic ash particles, and produce aggregates. Deposition of acidic liquid droplets on ash particles promotes dissolution of existing salts and leaches cations from the underlying material surface. The flow of liquid, due to capillary forces, will be directed to particle-particle contact points where subsequent precipitation of salts will cement the aggregate. Our data suggest that volcanically-relevant loads of surface salts can be produced by acid condensation in eruptive settings. Several minor and trace elements mobilised by surface dissolution are biologically relevant; geographic areas with aggregation-mediated ash fallout could be "hotspots" for the post-deposition release of these elements. The role of liquids in re-distributing surface salts and cementing ash aggregates also offers further insight into the mechanisms which preserve well-structured aggregates in some ash deposits.

Ash aggregation enhanced by deposition and redistribution of salt on the surface of volcanic ash in eruption plumes

PubMed Central

Mueller, Sebastian B.; Ayris, Paul M.; Wadsworth, Fabian B.; Kueppers, Ulrich; Casas, Ana S.; Delmelle, Pierre; Taddeucci, Jacopo; Jacob, Michael; Dingwell, Donald B.

2017-01-01

Interactions with volcanic gases in eruption plumes produce soluble salt deposits on the surface of volcanic ash. While it has been postulated that saturation-driven precipitation of salts following the dissolution of ash surfaces by condensed acidic liquids is a primary mechanism of salt formation during an eruption, it is only recently that this mechanism has been subjected to detailed study. Here we spray water and HCl droplets into a suspension of salt-doped synthetic glass or volcanic ash particles, and produce aggregates. Deposition of acidic liquid droplets on ash particles promotes dissolution of existing salts and leaches cations from the underlying material surface. The flow of liquid, due to capillary forces, will be directed to particle-particle contact points where subsequent precipitation of salts will cement the aggregate. Our data suggest that volcanically-relevant loads of surface salts can be produced by acid condensation in eruptive settings. Several minor and trace elements mobilised by surface dissolution are biologically relevant; geographic areas with aggregation-mediated ash fallout could be “hotspots” for the post-deposition release of these elements. The role of liquids in re-distributing surface salts and cementing ash aggregates also offers further insight into the mechanisms which preserve well-structured aggregates in some ash deposits. PMID:28361966

Alloy and method of producing the same

DOEpatents

Hufnagel, Todd C.; Ott, Ryan T.; Fan, Cang; Kecskes, Laszlo

2005-07-19

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, an alloy or other composite material is provided formed of a bulk metallic glass matrix with a microstructure of crystalline metal particles. The alloy preferably has a composition of (X.sub.a Ni.sub.b Cu.sub.c).sub.100-d-c Y.sub.d Al.sub.c, wherein the sum of a, b and c equals 100, wherein 40.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.80, 0.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.35, 0.ltoreq.c.ltoreq.40, 4.ltoreq.d.ltoreq.30, and 0.ltoreq.e.ltoreq.20, and wherein preferably X is composed of an early transition metal and preferably Y is composed of a refractory body-centered cubic early transition metal. A preferred embodiment of the invention also provides a method of producing an alloy composed of two or more phases at ambient temperature. The method includes the steps of providing a metastable crystalline phase composed of at least two elements, heating the metastable crystalline phase together with at least one additional element to form a liquid, casting the liquid, and cooling the liquid to form the alloy. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, the composition and cooling rate of the liquid can be controlled to determine the volume fraction of the crystalline phase and determine the size of the crystalline particles, respectively.

Analysis of characteristics of Si in blast furnace pig iron and calibration methods in the detection by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mei, Yaguang; Cheng, Yuxin; Cheng, Shusen; Hao, Zhongqi; Guo, Lianbo; Li, Xiangyou; Zeng, Xiaoyan

2017-10-01

During the iron-making process in blast furnace, the Si content in liquid pig iron was usually used to evaluate the quality of liquid iron and thermal state of blast furnace. None effective method was found for rapid detecting the Si concentration of liquid iron. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a kind of atomic emission spectrometry technology based on laser ablation. Its obvious advantage is realizing rapid, in-situ, online analysis of element concentration in open air without sample pretreatment. The characteristics of Si in liquid iron were analyzed from the aspect of thermodynamic theory and metallurgical technology. The relationship between Si and C, Mn, S, P or other alloy elements were revealed based on thermodynamic calculation. Subsequently, LIBS was applied on rapid detection of Si of pig iron in this work. During LIBS detection process, several groups of standard pig iron samples were employed in this work to calibrate the Si content in pig iron. The calibration methods including linear, quadratic and cubic internal standard calibration, multivariate linear calibration and partial least squares (PLS) were compared with each other. It revealed that the PLS improved by normalization was the best calibration method for Si detection by LIBS.

Local Heat Flux Measurements with Single Element Coaxial Injectors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Gregg; Protz, Christopher; Bullard, Brad; Hulka, James

2006-01-01

To support the mission for the NASA Vision for Space Exploration, the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center conducted a program in 2005 to improve the capability to predict local thermal compatibility and heat transfer in liquid propellant rocket engine combustion devices. The ultimate objective was to predict and hence reduce the local peak heat flux due to injector design, resulting in a significant improvement in overall engine reliability and durability. Such analyses are applicable to combustion devices in booster, upper stage, and in-space engines, as well as for small thrusters with few elements in the injector. In this program, single element and three-element injectors were hot-fire tested with liquid oxygen and ambient temperature gaseous hydrogen propellants at The Pennsylvania State University Cryogenic Combustor Laboratory from May to August 2005. Local heat fluxes were measured in a 1-inch internal diameter heat sink combustion chamber using Medtherm coaxial thermocouples and Gardon heat flux gauges. Injectors were tested with shear coaxial and swirl coaxial elements, including recessed, flush and scarfed oxidizer post configurations, and concentric and non-concentric fuel annuli. This paper includes general descriptions of the experimental hardware, instrumentation, and results of the hot-fire testing for three of the single element injectors - recessed-post shear coaxial with concentric fuel, flush-post swirl coaxial with concentric fuel, and scarfed-post swirl coaxial with concentric fuel. Detailed geometry and test results will be published elsewhere to provide well-defined data sets for injector development and model validatation.

Ionic Liquids as a Basis Context for Developing High school Chemistry Teaching Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hernani; Mudzakir, A.; Sumarna, O.

2017-02-01

This research aims to produce a map of connectedness highschool chemical content with the context of the modern chemical materials applications based on ionic liquids. The research method is content analysis of journal articles related to the ionic liquid materials and the textbooks of high school chemistry and textbooks of general chemistry at the university. The instrument used is the development format of basic text that connect and combine content and context. The results showed the connectedness between: (1) the context lubricants ionic liquid with the content of ionic bonding, covalent bonding, metal bonding, interaction between the particles of matter, the elements of main group, the elements of transition group, and the classification of macromolecules; (2) the context of fuel cell electrolite with the content of ionic bonding, covalent bonding, metal bonding, interaction between the particles of matter, Volta cell, and electrolysis cell; (3) the contect of nanocellulose with the content of ionic bonding, covalent bonding, metal bonding, interaction between the particles of matter, colloid, carbon compound, and the classification of macromolecules; and (4) the context of artificial muscle system with the content of ionic bond, covalent bond, metal bonding, interaction between the particles of matter, hydrocarbons, electrolytes and non-electrolytes, and the classification of macromolecules. Based on the result of this content analysis, the context of ionic liquid is predicted can be utilized for the enrichment of high school chemistry and has the potential to become teaching material’s context of high school chemistry in the future.

Atomic-scale dynamics of a model glass-forming metallic liquid: Dynamical crossover, dynamical decoupling, and dynamical clustering

DOE PAGES

Jaiswal, Abhishek; Egami, Takeshi; Zhang, Yang

2015-04-01

The phase behavior of multi-component metallic liquids is exceedingly complex because of the convoluted many-body and many-elemental interactions. Herein, we present systematic studies of the dynamic aspects of such a model ternary metallic liquid Cu 40Zr 51Al 9 using molecular dynamics simulation with embedded atom method. We observed a dynamical crossover from Arrhenius to super-Arrhenius behavior in the transport properties (diffusion coefficient, relaxation times, and shear viscosity) bordered at T x ~1300K. Unlike in many molecular and macromolecular liquids, this crossover phenomenon occurs in the equilibrium liquid state well above the melting temperature of the system (T m ~ 900K),more » and the crossover temperature is roughly twice of the glass-transition temperature (T g). Below T x, we found the elemental dynamics decoupled and the Stokes-Einstein relation broke down, indicating the onset of heterogeneous spatially correlated dynamics in the system mediated by dynamic communications among local configurational excitations. To directly characterize and visualize the correlated dynamics, we employed a non-parametric, unsupervised machine learning technique and identified dynamical clusters of atoms with similar atomic mobility. The revealed average dynamical cluster size shows an accelerated increase below T x and mimics the trend observed in other ensemble averaged quantities that are commonly used to quantify the spatially heterogeneous dynamics such as the non-Gaussian parameter and the four-point correlation function.« less

Contact angle change during evaporation of near-critical liquids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nikolayev, Vadim; Hegseth, John; Beysens, Daniel

1998-11-01

An unexpected change of the dynamic contact angle was recently observed in a near-critical liquid-gas system in a space experiment. While the near-critical liquid completely wets a solid under equilibrium conditions, the apparent contact angle changed from 0^circ to about 120^circ during evaporation. We propose an explanation for this phenomenon by taking into account vapor recoil due to evaporation (motion of the vapor from the free liquid surface). This force is normal to the vapor-liquid interface and is directed towards the liquid. It increases sharply near the triple contact line. Near the critical point, where the surface tension force is very weak, the vapor recoil force can be important enough to change the apparent contact angle. A similar effect can also explain the drying of a heater during boiling at high heat flux. The drying greatly reduces the heat transfer to the liquid causing the heater to melt. This phenomenon is called ``boiling crisis", ``burnout" or ``Departure from Nuclear Boiling". We report the preliminary results of the numerical simulation of the liquid evaporation by the Boundary Element method.

Supported liquid inorganic membranes for nuclear waste separation

DOEpatents

Bhave, Ramesh R; DeBusk, Melanie M; DelCul, Guillermo D; Delmau, Laetitia H; Narula, Chaitanya K

2015-04-07

A system and method for the extraction of americium from radioactive waste solutions. The method includes the transfer of highly oxidized americium from an acidic aqueous feed solution through an immobilized liquid membrane to an organic receiving solvent, for example tributyl phosphate. The immobilized liquid membrane includes porous support and separating layers loaded with tributyl phosphate. The extracted solution is subsequently stripped of americium and recycled at the immobilized liquid membrane as neat tributyl phosphate for the continuous extraction of americium. The sequestered americium can be used as a nuclear fuel, a nuclear fuel component or a radiation source, and the remaining constituent elements in the aqueous feed solution can be stored in glassified waste forms substantially free of americium.

Tunable Optical Filters for Space Exploration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Crandall, Charles; Clark, Natalie; Davis, Patricia P.

2007-01-01

Spectrally tunable liquid crystal filters provide numerous advantages and several challenges in space applications. We discuss the tradeoffs in design elements for tunable liquid crystal birefringent filters with special consideration required for space exploration applications. In this paper we present a summary of our development of tunable filters for NASA space exploration. In particular we discuss the application of tunable liquid crystals in guidance navigation and control in space exploration programs. We present a summary of design considerations for improving speed, field of view, transmission of liquid crystal tunable filters for space exploration. In conclusion, the current state of the art of several NASA LaRC assembled filters is presented and their performance compared to the predicted spectra using our PolarTools modeling software.

Bio-recognition and detection using liquid crystals.

PubMed

Hussain, A; Pina, A S; Roque, A C A

2009-09-15

Liquid crystals (LCs) are used extensively by the electronics industry as display devices. Advances in the understanding of the liquid crystalline phase and the chemistry therein lead to the development of LC exhibiting faster switching speed with greater twist angle. This in turn lead to the emergence of liquid crystal displays, rendering dial-and-needle based displays (such as those used in various meters) and cathode ray tubes obsolete. In this article, we review the history of LC and their emergence as an invaluable material for display devices and the more recent discovery of their use as sensing elements in biosensors. This new application of LC as tools in the development of fast and simple biosensors is envisaged to gain more importance in the foreseeable future.

Molten tin reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel elements

DOEpatents

Heckman, Richard A.

1983-01-01

A method and apparatus for reprocessing spent nuclear fuel is described. Within a containment vessel, a solid plug of tin and nitride precipitates supports a circulating bath of liquid tin therein. Spent nuclear fuel is immersed in the liquid tin under an atmosphere of nitrogen, resulting in the formation of nitride precipitates. The layer of liquid tin and nitride precipitates which interfaces the plug is solidified and integrated with the plug. Part of the plug is melted, removing nitride precipitates from the containment vessel, while a portion of the plug remains solidified to support the liquid tin and nitride precipitates remaining in the containment vessel. The process is practiced numerous times until substantially all of the precipitated nitrides are removed from the containment vessel.

Experimental mineral/liquid partition coefficients of the rare earth elements /REE/, Sc and Sr for perovskite, spinel and melilite

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nagasawa, H.; Schreiber, H. D.; Morris, R. V.

1980-01-01

Experimental determinations of the mineral/liquid partition coefficients of REE (La, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb and Lu), Sc and Sr are reported for the minerals perovskite, spinel and melilite in synthetic systems. Perovskite concentrates light REE with respect to the residual liquid but shows no preference for heavy REE. Spinel greatly discriminates against the incorporation of REE, especially light REE, into its crystal structure. The partition of REE into melilite from a silicate liquid is quite dependent upon both the bulk melt and melilite solid-solution (gehlenite and akermanite components) compositions. As such, melilite can be enriched in REE or will reject REE with corresponding strong negative or strong positive Eu anomalies, respectively.

Planar optics with patterned chiral liquid crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kobashi, Junji; Yoshida, Hiroyuki; Ozaki, Masanori

2016-06-01

Reflective metasurfaces based on metallic and dielectric nanoscatterers have attracted interest owing to their ability to control the phase of light. However, because such nanoscatterers require subwavelength features, the fabrication of elements that operate in the visible range is challenging. Here, we show that chiral liquid crystals with a self-organized helical structure enable metasurface-like, non-specular reflection in the visible region. The phase of light that is Bragg-reflected off the helical structure can be controlled over 0-2π depending on the spatial phase of the helical structure; thus planar elements with arbitrary reflected wavefronts can be created via orientation control. The circular polarization selectivity and external field tunability of Bragg reflection open a wide variety of potential applications for this family of functional devices, from optical isolators to wearable displays.

FLUORIDE VOLATILITY PROCESS FOR THE RECOVERY OF URANIUM

DOEpatents

Katz, J.J.; Hyman, H.H.; Sheft, I.

1958-04-15

The separation and recovery of uraniunn from contaminants introduced by neutron irradiation by a halogenation and volatilization method are described. The irradiated uranium is dissolved in bromine trifluoride in the liquid phase. The uranium is converted to the BrF/sub 3/ soluble urmium hexafluoride compound whereas the fluorides of certain contaminating elements are insoluble in liquid BrF/sub 3/, and the reaction rate of the BrF/sub 3/ with certain other solid uranium contamirnnts is sufficiently slower than the reaction rate with uranium that substantial portions of these contaminating elements will remain as solids. These solids are then separated from the solution by a distillation, filtration, or centrifugation step. The uranium hexafluoride is then separated from the balance of the impurities and solvent by one or more distillations.

The Combined Strength of Thermodynamics and Comparative Planetology: Application of Activity Models to Core Formation in Terrestrial Bodies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Righter, K.; Pando, K. M.; Danielson, L. R.

2015-01-01

Recent models for accretion of terrestrial bodies involve metal-silicate equilibrium as the metallic core formed during growth. Most elements considered are either refractory or well studied elements for which effects of pressure, temperature, oxygen fugacity, and metallic liquid composition are well known. There are a large number of elements that are both siderophile and volatile, whose fate in such models is unknown, largely due to a lack of data at comparable conditions and com-positions (FeNi core with light elements such as S, C, Si, and O). We have focused on Ge, In, As, Sb and determined the effect of Si and C on metal-silicate partitioning, and developed a thermo-dynamic model that allows application of these new data to a wide range of planetary bodies. New experiments: We have previously carried out experiments with FeSi metallic liquid at C-saturated conditions at 1600 and 1800 C [4]. In a new series of experiments we investigate the effect of Si in carbon-free systems at 1600 C for comparison. Experiments were carried out at 1 GPa in MgO capsules using the same basaltic starting composition as in previous studies. The MgO capsule reacts with the silicate melt to form more MgO-rich liquids that have 22-26 wt% MgO. Experimental met-als and silicates were analyzed using a combination of electron microprobe analysis and laser ablation ICP-MS. Results: The new results can be interpreted by considering Ge as an example, in the simple exchange equilibrium Fe + GeO = FeO + Ge, where the equilibrium constant Kd can be examined as a function of Si content of the metal. The slope of lnKd vs. (1-XSi) for this new series allows derivation of the epsilon interaction parameter for each of these four elements and Si (both C-saturated and C-free).All four elements have positive epsilon values, indicating that Si causes a decrease in the partition coefficients; values are 6.6, 6.5, 27.8 and 25.2 for In, Ge, As, and Sb, respectively, at 1 GPa and 1600 C. As an example of how large the effect of Si can be, these epsilon values correspond to activity coefficients (gamma) for As of 0.01 when XSi = 0, and up to gamma = 23 when XSi = 0.2. Combining these new results with previous determinations [5,6] of epsilon parameters for S and C for these elements allows us calculate activity of Ge, In, As, and Sb in Fe-Ni-Si-S-C-O metallic liquids. We apply this new model to sever-al terrestrial bodies such as Earth (Si-rich core), Mars (S-rich core), Moon (S-, C-, and Si-poor core), and Vesta, and examine the resulting core and mantle concentrations of these elements. Mantle concentrations of these four elements are well explained for Earth and Mars in models that call for mid-mantle equilibration between Si-bearing and S-bearing FeNi cores, respectively. Modeling results for the Moon and Vesta will also be presented.

Dissolution Mechanism for High Melting Point Transition Elements in Aluminum Melt

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Young E.; Houser, Stephen L.

When added cold in aluminum melt, the alloying process for compacts of transition metal elements such as Mn, Fe, Cr, Ni, Ti, Cu, and Zn takes a sequence of incubation, exothermic reactions to form intermetallic compounds, and dispersion of the alloying elements into aluminum melt. The experiments with Cr compacts show that the incubation period is affected by the content of ingredient Al and size of compacts and by size of Cr particles. Incubation period becomes longer as the content of ingredient aluminum in compact decreases, and this prolonged incubation period negatively impacts the dissolution of the alloying elements in aluminum. Once liquid aluminum forms at reaction sites, the exothermic reaction takes place quickly and significantly raises the temperature of the compacts. As the result of it, the compacts swell in volume with a sponge like structure. Such porous structure encourages the penetration of liquid aluminum from the melt. The compacts become weak mechanically, and the alloying elements are dispersed and entrained in aluminum melt as discrete and small sized units. When Cr compacts are deficient in aluminum, the unreacted Cr particles are encased by the intermetallic compounds in the dispersed particles. They are carried in the melt flow and continue the dissolution reaction in aluminum. The entire dissolution process of Cr compacts completes within 10 to 15 minutes with a full recovery when the aluminum content is 10 to 20% in compacts.

Auto-Origami and Soft Programmable Transformers: Simulation Studies of Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Swelling Polymer Gels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Konya, Andrew; Santangelo, Christian; Selinger, Robin

2014-03-01

When the underlying microstructure of an actuatable material varies in space, simple sheets can transform into complex shapes. Using nonlinear finite element elastodynamic simulations, we explore the design space of two such materials: liquid crystal elastomers and swelling polymer gels. Liquid crystal elastomers (LCE) undergo shape transformations induced by stimuli such as heating/cooling or illumination; complex deformations may be programmed by ``blueprinting'' a non-uniform director field in the sample when the polymer is cross-linked. Similarly, swellable gels can undergo shape change when they are swollen anisotropically as programmed by recently developed halftone gel lithography techniques. For each of these materials we design and test programmable motifs which give rise to complex deformation trajectories including folded structures, soft swimmers, apertures that open and close, bas relief patterns, and other shape transformations inspired by art and nature. In order to accommodate the large computational needs required to model these materials, our 3-d nonlinear finite element elastodynamics simulation algorithm is implemented in CUDA, running on a single GPU-enabled workstation.

Nearly ferromagnetic Fermi-liquid behaviour in YFe2Zn20 and high-temperature ferromagnetism of GdFe2Zn20

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jia, S.; Bud'Ko, S. L.; Samolyuk, G. D.; Canfield, P. C.

2007-05-01

One of the historic goals of alchemy was to turn base elements into precious ones. Although the practice of alchemy has been superseded by chemistry and solid-state physics, the desire to dramatically change or tune the properties of a compound, preferably through small changes in stoichiometry or composition, remains. This desire becomes even more compelling for compounds that can be tuned to extremes in behaviour. Here, we report that the RT2Zn20 (R=rare earth and T=transition metal) family of compounds manifests exactly this type of versatility, even though they are more than 85% Zn. By tuning T, we find that YFe2Zn20 is closer to ferromagnetism than elemental Pd, the classic example of a nearly ferromagnetic Fermi liquid. By submerging Gd in this highly polarizable Fermi liquid, we tune the system to a remarkably high-temperature ferromagnetic (TC=86K) state for a compound with less than 5% Gd. Although this is not quite turning lead into gold, it is essentially tuning Zn to become a variety of model compounds.

Petrogenesis of KREEP

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mckay, G. A.; Weill, D. F.

1975-01-01

Solid/liquid distribution coefficients (weight basis) were experimentally determined for a number of trace elements for olivine, orthopyroxene, plagioclase and ilmenite. Values of distribution coefficients were measured at 1200 C and a f sub O2 of 10 to the -13.0 power for liquids similar in composition to the olivine-opx-plagioclase peritectic in the pseudoternary system (Fe,Mg)2SiO4-CaAl2Si2O8-SiO2. Values were also measured at 1140 C and a f sub O2 of 10 to the -12.8 power for liquids similar in composition to high-Ti mare basalts. Major and trace element partitioning and relevant phase equilibria were used to investigate possible parent-daughter relationships between a number of highland samples and highly evolved KREEP-rich materials. Out of about 80 highlands samples tested, 33 were found to be possible parents to the KREEP-rich materials. The average composition of these samples is very similar to that of the Low-K Fra Mauro basalt (LKFM). A model is proposed to explain the production of LKFM-type material and more evolved members of the KREEP suite.

Stacking Nematic Elastomers for Artificial Muscle Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-04-01

nematic to isotropic phase transition. In this eport, a new approach is introduced by layering liquid crystal elastomer films to create thermally...actuated stacks. A heating element and thermally onductive grease embedded between elastomer films provide a means for rapid internal heat application...voltage application, stacks composed f two 100 m-thick films and a single heating element produce 18% strain between contracted and relaxed states. In

Experimental partitioning of Tc, Mo, Ru, and Re between solid and liquid during crystallization in Fe-Ni-S 1

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lazar, C.; Walker, D.; Walker, R. J.

2004-02-01

Technetium isotopes 97Tc, 98Tc and 99Tc decay to 97Mo, 98Ru and 99Ru, with half-lives of 2.6 My, 4.1 My, and 0.21 My respectively. If there were early solar system processes that resulted in significant fractionation of Tc from the daughter elements, decay of extant Tc could have led to the creation of Mo and Ru isotopic heterogeneities. To assess the potential of metallic core crystallization to fractionate these elements, we examine the partitioning behavior of Tc relative to Re, Mo and Ru in the Fe-Ni-S system between solid metal and liquid metal alloy. The experimental evidence shows that Tc behaves more like the modestly compatible siderophile element Ru than the more highly compatible siderophile element Re, and that Tc is substantially more compatible than Mo. We also demonstrate a pressure effect in the partitioning of Mo during the crystallization of Fe-Ni-S melts. For a sulfur concentration in the liquid fraction of the core of 10 wt% (16.3 at%), the Jones and Malvin (1990) parameter is -ln(1-2 × 1.09 × 0.163) ≅ 0.44, which yields: D(Re) ≅ 4.1; D(Ru) ≅ 2.3; D(Tc) ≅ 1.7; D(Mo) Lo-P ≅ 1.0;.and D(Mo) Hi-P ≅ 0.5. Our results suggest that detectable Tc-induced isotopic anomalies (≥0.1 ɛ unit) in Ru and Mo could only be produced by unrealistically extreme degrees of crystallization of metal during asteroidal core fractionation, regardless of the time scales and initial Tc abundances involved.