Facile synthesis of mesoporous lithium titanate spheres for high rate lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Yu-Sheng; Duh, Jenq-Gong

Lithium titanate is synthesized from titanium isopropoxide and lithium acetate solution under hydrothermal environment and calcinations. Introducing acidized carbon black during synthesis can produce mesoporous Li 4Ti 5O 12. The crystalline structure and morphological observation of the as-synthesized mesoporous Li 4Ti 5O 12 are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The mesoporous structure can be directly observed through BEI images of the cross-section sample. Besides, N 2 adsorption/desorption isotherm also displays a hysteresis loop, implying the beneficial evidence of mesoporous structure. The pore size distribution of mesoporous lithium titanate evaluated by BJH model is narrow, and the average size of voids is around 4 nm. It is demonstrated that the electrochemical performance is significantly improved by the mesoporous structure. The mesoporous lithium titanate exhibits a stable capacity of 140 mAhg -1 at 0.5 C. Besides, the reversible capacity at 30 C remains over half of that at 0.5 C. The superior C-rate performance is associated with the mesoporous structure, facilitating lithium transportation ability during cycling.

Electroencephalographic patterns of lithium poisoning: a study of the effect/concentration relationships in the rat.

PubMed

Hanak, Anne-Sophie; Malissin, Isabelle; Poupon, Joël; Risède, Patricia; Chevillard, Lucie; Mégarbane, Bruno

2017-03-01

Lithium overdose may result in encephalopathy and electroencephalographic abnormalities. Three poisoning patterns have been identified based on the ingested dose, previous treatment duration and renal function. Whether the severity of lithium-induced encephalopathy depends on the poisoning pattern has not been established. We designed a rat study to investigate lithium-induced encephalopathy and correlate its severity to plasma, erythrocyte, cerebrospinal fluid and brain lithium concentrations previously determined in rat models mimicking human poisoning patterns. Lithium-induced encephalopathy was assessed and scored using continuous electroencephalography. We demonstrated that lithium overdose was consistently responsible for encephalopathy, the severity of which depended on the poisoning pattern. Acutely poisoned rats developed rapid-onset encephalopathy which reached a maximal grade of 2/5 at 6 h and disappeared at 24 h post-injection. Acute-on-chronically poisoned rats developed persistent and slightly fluctuating encephalopathy which reached a maximal grade of 3/5. Chronically poisoned rats developed rapid-onset but gradually increasing life-threatening encephalopathy which reached a maximal grade of 4/5. None of the acutely, 20% of the acute-on-chronically and 57% of the chronically lithium-poisoned rats developed seizures. The relationships between encephalopathy severity and lithium concentrations fitted a sigmoidal E max model based on cerebrospinal fluid concentrations in acute poisoning and brain concentrations in acute-on-chronic poisoning. In chronic poisoning, worsening of encephalopathy paralleled the increase in plasma lithium concentrations. The severity of lithium-induced encephalopathy is dependent on the poisoning pattern, which was previously shown to determine lithium accumulation in the brain. Our data support the proposition that electroencephalography is a sensitive tool for scoring lithium-related neurotoxicity. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Protective Effects of Lithium on Sumatriptan-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice.

PubMed

Nikoui, Vahid; Javadi-Paydar, Mehrak; Salehi, Mahtab; Behestani, Selda; Dehpour, Ahmad-Reza

2016-04-01

Lithium is a drug used for the treatment of bipolar disorder. It has several mechanisms of action, and recently it is shown that lithium can antagonize the 5-HT1B/1D serotonin receptors. Sumatriptan is a 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist used for the treatment of cluster headaches and migraine which might cause memory impairment as a potential side effect. In this study, effects of lithium on sumatriptan-induced memory impairment have been determined in a two-trial recognition Y-maze and passive avoidance tests. Male mice weighing 25-30 g were divided into several groups randomly. In Y-maze test, effects of lithium (1,5,10,20,40,80 mg/kg) and sumatriptan (1,5,10 mg/kg) were assessed on memory acquisition, then lithium (0.1,1,10 mg/kg) and sumatriptan (1,10 mg/kg) were studied in passive avoidance test. Effects of lithium (1mg/kg) on sumatriptan (10 mg/kg)-induced memory impairment were studied in both of tests. The present study demonstrated that sumatriptan impaired memory in Y-maze and passive avoidance tests (P<0.05, P<0.01, respectively). Lithium did not show any significant effect on memory function compared to saline-treated control group in both tests (P>0.05), but significantly reversed sumatriptan-induced memory impairment in Y-maze and passive avoidance tests (P<0.001, P<0.05, respectively). It is concluded that lithium reverses the sumatriptan-induced memory impairment probably through 5-HT1B/1D receptors antagonism.

An anion-immobilized composite electrolyte for dendrite-free lithium metal anodes

PubMed Central

Zhao, Chen-Zi; Zhang, Xue-Qiang; Cheng, Xin-Bing; Zhang, Rui; Xu, Rui; Chen, Peng-Yu; Peng, Hong-Jie; Huang, Jia-Qi

2017-01-01

Lithium metal is strongly regarded as a promising electrode material in next-generation rechargeable batteries due to its extremely high theoretical specific capacity and lowest reduction potential. However, the safety issue and short lifespan induced by uncontrolled dendrite growth have hindered the practical applications of lithium metal anodes. Hence, we propose a flexible anion-immobilized ceramic–polymer composite electrolyte to inhibit lithium dendrites and construct safe batteries. Anions in the composite electrolyte are tethered by a polymer matrix and ceramic fillers, inducing a uniform distribution of space charges and lithium ions that contributes to a dendrite-free lithium deposition. The dissociation of anions and lithium ions also helps to reduce the polymer crystallinity, rendering stable and fast transportation of lithium ions. Ceramic fillers in the electrolyte extend the electrochemically stable window to as wide as 5.5 V and provide a barrier to short circuiting for realizing safe batteries at elevated temperature. The anion-immobilized electrolyte can be applied in all–solid-state batteries and exhibits a small polarization of 15 mV. Cooperated with LiFePO4 and LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathodes, the all–solid-state lithium metal batteries render excellent specific capacities of above 150 mAh⋅g−1 and well withstand mechanical bending. These results reveal a promising opportunity for safe and flexible next-generation lithium metal batteries. PMID:28973945

Phase Equilibria of Stored Chemical Energy Reactants.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-07-25

aluminate-lithium ferrate system. Detection of a Li1 Al4/7Fe 3/704 compound: C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. C, V. 273, No. 15, p. 888-90. McNicol, B. D. and Pott...thermodynamic properties of lithium ferrate (LiO.5Fe2 .504) and lithium aluminate (LiO 5Al 2 504) from 5 to 545 K: J. Chem. Thermodyn., V. 7, No. 7, p. 693- 2...1977, Study of low-temperature hydrothermal crystallization in lithium oxide-silicon dioxide-water, potassium oxide-silicon dioxide-water, and

LiBi{sub 3}S{sub 5}—A lithium bismuth sulfide with strong cation disorder

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nakhal, Suliman; Wiedemann, Dennis, E-mail: dennis.wiedemann@chem.tu-berlin.de; Stanje, Bernhard

Among chalcogenide semiconductors for thermoelectric applications, alkali-metal bismuth compounds occur in many complex compositions favorable for high performance. Although LiBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} had been announced in 1977, the potential 1D lithium-ion conductor has hitherto eluded selective synthesis and structure determination. In this study, we present a solid-state route to phase-pure LiBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} powder starting from LiBiS{sub 2} and Bi{sub 2}S{sub 3}. Neutron diffractograms and lithium NMR spectra reveal its crystal structure to be a cation-disordered variety of the AgBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} type (synthetic pavonite; monoclinic, C2/m). Topological analyses and lithium NMR relaxometry suggest that correlated lithium-ion diffusion with activationmore » energies up to 0.66(2) eV occurs along the channels in b direction including tetrahedral voids. Because of cation disorder, immobile bismuth(III) ions clog these pathways, making LiBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} a moderate to poor ionic conductor. The synthesis route reported is nonetheless promising for new lithium bismuth sulfides with, possibly ordered, structure types of the pavonite homologous series. - Graphical abstract: Phase-pure LiBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} has been synthesized and shown to crystallize in cation-disordered variety of the AgBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} type (synthetic pavonite, C2/m) using neutron diffractometry. Topological analyses and NMR relaxometry suggest that immobile Bi{sup 3+} ions clog migration channels along b, making the material a poor lithium conductor. Display Omitted - Highlights: • Phase-pure LiBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} has been synthesized using a promising solid-state route. • LiBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} crystallizes in a cation-disordered variant of the AgBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} type. • Topological analyses suggest lithium diffusion in channels along b. • NMR relaxometry finds activation energies of diffusion as high as 0.66(2) eV. • Because of disorder, LiBi{sub 3}S{sub 5} is a moderate to poor lithium-ion conductor.« less

Technical Challenges for Vehicle 14V/28V Lithium Ion Battery Replacement

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-19

or lithium iron phosphate ( LiFePO4 ), on a current collector of aluminum foil, (iii) a microporous separator between the electrodes, and (iv) a liquid...with four LiFePO4 lithium ion cells will likely result in a closely matched voltage. However, other types of lithium ion cells also consisting of...20.5 15- 24.6 17.5- 28.7 20- 32.8 22.5- 36.9 Voltage(V) ( LiFePO4 ) 3.3 6.6 9.9 13.2 16.5 19.8 23.1 26.4 29.7 n x 3.3 Voltage range (V

Thin-film Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Dudney, N. J.; Bates, J. B.; Lubben, D.

1995-06-01

Thin film rechargeable lithium batteries using ceramic electrolyte and cathode materials have been fabricated by physical deposition techniques. The lithium phosphorous oxynitride electrolyte has exceptional electrochemical stability and a good lithium conductivity. The lithium insertion reaction of several different intercalation materials, amorphous V{sub 2}O{sub 5}, amorphous LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}, and crystalline LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} films, have been investigated using the completed cathode/electrolyte/lithium thin film battery.

Absence of PKC-Alpha Attenuates Lithium-Induced Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

PubMed Central

Sim, Jae H.; Himmel, Nathaniel J.; Redd, Sara K.; Pulous, Fadi E.; Rogers, Richard T.; Black, Lauren N.; Hong, Seongun M.; von Bergen, Tobias N.; Blount, Mitsi A.

2014-01-01

Lithium, an effective antipsychotic, induces nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) in ∼40% of patients. The decreased capacity to concentrate urine is likely due to lithium acutely disrupting the cAMP pathway and chronically reducing urea transporter (UT-A1) and water channel (AQP2) expression in the inner medulla. Targeting an alternative signaling pathway, such as PKC-mediated signaling, may be an effective method of treating lithium-induced polyuria. PKC-alpha null mice (PKCα KO) and strain-matched wild type (WT) controls were treated with lithium for 0, 3 or 5 days. WT mice had increased urine output and lowered urine osmolality after 3 and 5 days of treatment whereas PKCα KO mice had no change in urine output or concentration. Western blot analysis revealed that AQP2 expression in medullary tissues was lowered after 3 and 5 days in WT mice; however, AQP2 was unchanged in PKCα KO. Similar results were observed with UT-A1 expression. Animals were also treated with lithium for 6 weeks. Lithium-treated WT mice had 19-fold increased urine output whereas treated PKCα KO animals had a 4-fold increase in output. AQP2 and UT-A1 expression was lowered in 6 week lithium-treated WT animals whereas in treated PKCα KO mice, AQP2 was only reduced by 2-fold and UT-A1 expression was unaffected. Urinary sodium, potassium and calcium were elevated in lithium-fed WT but not in lithium-fed PKCα KO mice. Our data show that ablation of PKCα preserves AQP2 and UT-A1 protein expression and localization in lithium-induced NDI, and prevents the development of the severe polyuria associated with lithium therapy. PMID:25006961

Directly Formed Alucone on Lithium Metal for High-Performance Li Batteries and Li-S Batteries with High Sulfur Mass Loading.

PubMed

Chen, Lin; Huang, Zhennan; Shahbazian-Yassar, Reza; Libera, Joseph A; Klavetter, Kyle C; Zavadil, Kevin R; Elam, Jeffrey W

2018-02-28

Lithium metal is considered the "holy grail" of next-generation battery anodes. However, severe parasitic reactions at the lithium-electrolyte interface deplete the liquid electrolyte and the uncontrolled formation of high surface area and dendritic lithium during cycling causes rapid capacity fading and battery failure. Engineering a dendrite-free lithium metal anode is therefore critical for the development of long-life batteries using lithium anodes. In this study, we deposit a conformal, organic/inorganic hybrid coating, for the first time, directly on lithium metal using molecular layer deposition (MLD) to alleviate these problems. This hybrid organic/inorganic film with high cross-linking structure can stabilize lithium against dendrite growth and minimize side reactions, as indicated by scanning electron microscopy. We discovered that the alucone coating yielded several times longer cycle life at high current rates compared to the uncoated lithium and achieved a steady Coulombic efficiency of 99.5%, demonstrating that the highly cross-linking structured material with great mechanical properties and good flexibility can effectively suppress dendrite formation. The protected Li was further evaluated in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries with a high sulfur mass loading of ∼5 mg/cm 2 . After 140 cycles at a high current rate of ∼1 mA/cm 2 , alucone-coated Li-S batteries delivered a capacity of 657.7 mAh/g, 39.5% better than that of a bare lithium-sulfur battery. These findings suggest that flexible coating with high cross-linking structure by MLD is effective to enable lithium protection and offers a very promising avenue for improved performance in the real applications of Li-S batteries.

A large format in operando wound cell for analysing the structural dynamics of lithium insertion materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brant, William R.; Roberts, Matthew; Gustafsson, Torbjörn; Biendicho, Jordi Jacas; Hull, Stephen; Ehrenberg, Helmut; Edström, Kristina; Schmid, Siegbert

2016-12-01

This paper presents a large wound cell for in operando neutron diffraction (ND) from which high quality diffraction patterns are collected every 15 min while maintaining conventional electrochemical performance. Under in operando data collection conditions the oxygen atomic displacement parameters (ADPs) and cell parameters were extracted for Li0.18Sr0.66Ti0.5Nb0.5O3. Analysis of diffraction data collected under in situ conditions revealed that the lithium is located on the (0.5 0.5 0) site, corresponding to the 3c Wyckoff position in the cubic perovskite unit cell, after the cell is discharged to 1 V. When the cell is discharged under potentiostatic conditions the quantity of lithium on this site increases, indicating a potential position where lithium becomes pinned in the thermodynamically stable phase. During this potentiostatic step the oxygen ADPs reduce significantly. On discharge, however, the oxygen ADPs were observed to increase gradually as more lithium is inserted into the structure. Finally, the rate of unit cell expansion changed by ∼44% once the lithium content approached ∼0.17 Li per formula unit. A link between lithium content and degree of mobility, disorder of the oxygen positions and changing rate of unit cell expansion at various stages during lithium insertion and extraction is thus presented.

Theoretical Study of Si(x)Ge(y)Li(z)- (x=4-10, y=1-10, z=0-10) Clusters for Designing of Novel Nanostructured Materials to be Utilized as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-16

AFRL-OSR-VA-TR-2015-0088 Theoretical Study of Novel Nanostructured Materials for Lithium - Ion Batteries Mario Sanchez-Vazquez CENTRO DE INVESTIGACION...of Novel Nanostructured Materials to Be Utilized as Anodes for Lithium - ion Batteries 5a.  CONTRACT NUMBER 5b.  GRANT NUMBER FA9550-13-1-0175 5c...as anodes for Lithium - ion batteries Final Report Nancy Perez-Peralta and Mario Sanchez-Vazquez Abstract In order to find out if silicon

Enhancing effects of chronic lithium on memory in the rat.

PubMed

Tsaltas, Eleftheria; Kontis, Dimitrios; Boulougouris, Vasileios; Papakosta, Vasiliki-Maria; Giannou, Haralambos; Poulopoulou, Cornelia; Soldatos, Constantine

2007-02-12

In spite of recent enrichment of neurochemical and behavioural data establishing a neuroprotective role for lithium, its primary effects on cognitive functioning remain ambiguous. This study examines chronic lithium effects on spatial working memory and long-term retention. In three discrete experiments, rats subjected to 30 daily intraperitoneal injections (2mmol/kg) of lithium (lithium groups: serum lithium=0.5+/-0.4mEq/l, 12h post-injection) or saline (controls) were trained in 0-s delay T-maze alternation and then tested in 30-, 45- and 60-s delay alternation (Experiments 1, 2, 3, respectively). Animals from Experiment 1 were further tested in one-trial step-through passive avoidance under mild shock parameters (0.5mA, 1s). Retention was assessed 6h later. Daily lithium or saline injections continued throughout behavioural testing. Lithium animals were indistinguishable from controls during 0-delay alternation baseline (Experiments 1-3, accuracy>88%) but showed significantly higher accuracy than controls at 30- and 45-s delays (93% versus 85% and 92% versus 82%, Experiments 1 and 2, respectively). At 60-s delay (Experiment 3) this beneficial effect of lithium was no longer apparent (lithium and control accuracy=78%). In Experiment 4, the shock used did not support 6-h passive avoidance retention in controls, whereas lithium animals showed significant step-through latency increases. Chronic lithium enhanced spatial working memory and promoted long-term retention of a weak aversive contingency. The results suggest that lithium may have potential as a cognitive enhancer.

Michael Thackeray on Lithium-air Batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thackeray, Michael

2009-01-01

Michael Thackeray, Distinguished Fellow at Argonne National Laboratory, speaks on the new technology Lithium-air batteries, which could potentially increase energy density by 5-10 times over lithium-ion batteries.

Khalil Amine on Lithium-air Batteries

ScienceCinema

Khalil Amine

2017-12-09

Khalil Amine, materials scientist at Argonne National Laboratory, speaks on the new technology Lithium-air batteries, which could potentially increase energy density by 5-10 times over lithium-ion batteries.

Michael Thackeray on Lithium-air Batteries

ScienceCinema

Thackeray, Michael

2018-02-06

Michael Thackeray, Distinguished Fellow at Argonne National Laboratory, speaks on the new technology Lithium-air batteries, which could potentially increase energy density by 5-10 times over lithium-ion batteries.

Evaluation of tantalum-alloy-clad uranium mononitride fuel specimens from 7500-hour, 1040 C pumped-lithium-loop test

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Watson, G. K.

1974-01-01

Simulated nuclear fuel element specimens, consisting of uranium mononitride (UN) fuel cylinders clad with tungsten-lined T-111, were exposed for up to 7500 hr at 1040 C (1900 F) in a pumped-lithium loop. The lithium flow velocity was 1.5 m/sec (5 ft/sec) in the specimen test section. No evidence of any compatibility problems between the specimens and the flowing lithium was found based on appearance, weight change, chemistry, and metallography. Direct exposure of the UN to the lithium through a simulated cladding crack resulted in some erosion of the UN in the area of the defect. The T-111 cladding was ductile after lithium exposure, but it was sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement during post-test handling.

Lithium Ion Testing at NSWC Crane in Support of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brown, Harry; Jung, David; Lee, Leonine

2010-01-01

This viewgraph presentation reviews Lithium Ion Cell testing at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Crane, India. The contents include: 1) Quallion 15 Ahr Lithium-Ion Cells, LEO Life Cycle Test; 2) Lithion 50 Ahr Lithium-Ion Cells, LEO Life Cycle Test; 3) ABSL 5 Ahr Lithium-Ion Battery, LRO-LLO Life Cycle Test, SDO-GEO Life Cycle Test; and 4) A123 40 Ahr Lithium-Ion Battery, GPM Life Cycle Test, MMS Life Cycle Test.

Lithium-methomyl induced seizures in rats: A new model of status epilepticus?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kaminski, Rafal M.; Blaszczak, Piotr; Dekundy, Andrzej

2007-03-15

Behavioral, electroencephalographic (EEG) and neuropathological effects of methomyl, a carbamate insecticide reversibly inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity, were studied in naive or lithium chloride (24 h, 3 mEq/kg, s.c.) pretreated male Wistar rats. In naive animals, methomyl with equal potency produced motor limbic seizures and fatal status epilepticus. Thus, the CD50 values (50% convulsant dose) for these seizure endpoints were almost equal to the LD50 (50% lethal dose) of methomyl (13 mg/kg). Lithium pretreated rats were much more susceptible to convulsant, but not lethal effect of methomyl. CD50 values of methomyl for motor limbic seizures and status epilepticus were reduced by lithiummore » pretreatment to 3.7 mg/kg (a 3.5-fold decrease) and 5.2 mg/kg (a 2.5-fold decrease), respectively. In contrast, lithium pretreatment resulted in only 1.3-fold decrease of LD50 value of methomyl (9.9 mg/kg). Moreover, lithium-methomyl treated animals developed a long-lasting status epilepticus, which was not associated with imminent lethality observed in methomyl-only treated rats. Scopolamine (10 mg/kg) or diazepam (10 mg/kg) protected all lithium-methomyl treated rats from convulsions and lethality. Cortical and hippocampal EEG recordings revealed typical epileptic discharges that were consistent with behavioral seizures observed in lithium-methomyl treated rats. In addition, convulsions induced by lithium-methomyl treatment were associated with widespread neurodegeneration of limbic structures. Our observations indicate that lithium pretreatment results in separation between convulsant and lethal effects of methomyl in rats. As such, seizures induced by lithium-methomyl administration may be an alternative to lithium-pilocarpine model of status epilepticus, which is associated with high lethality.« less

[Profile of lithium carbonate use in patients with bipolar disorder in Colombia].

PubMed

Machado-Duque, Manuel Enrique; Alzate-Carvajal, Catalina; Zapata-Castañeda, Kevin; Machado-Alba, Jorge Enrique

2017-04-01

Lithium is the drug of choice for the treatment of bipolar affective disorder. To define lithium therapeutic profile and adverse reactions to its use in patients with bipolar affective disorder in Colombia. We conducted an observational retrospective cohort study between January 1 and December 31, 2013, which included patients with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder treated with lithium carbonate in 25 Colombian cities; we evaluated socio-demographic variables, lithium dose, co-medication, drug interactions and adverse reactions. A multivariate analysis was done using SPSS 22.0. The 331 patients had an average age of 44.5 ± 13.9 years; 59.2% were women. The mean dose of lithium was 898 ± 294 mg/day; 22% received doses lower than recommended, and patients had received lithium for 38.0 ± 39.5 months (range: 12-159 months). Lithium levels in blood had been measured only in 13.5% of patients; 71.3% of them had received adjuvant therapy for bipolar disorder with other drugs, especially clozapine (16.6%) and valproic acid (16.6%). The main comorbidities were hypothyroidism (18.1%) and hypertension (12.7%); 390 potentially toxic drug interactions were found, and adverse reactions were reported in 1.2% of patients. A statistically significant association was found between a lower risk of combination therapy and receiving treatment in the cities of Bogotá (OR=0.4, p=0.025), Cartagena (OR=0.3, p=0.015) and Ibagué (OR=0.3, p=0.025). Lithium was generally used at recommended doses and intervals, but a significant percentage of patients received lower doses than those recommended, and it was not possible to compare with lithium levels in blood. Adverse reactions and blood lithium levels reporting should be improved in patients with bipolar disorder in Colombia.

75 FR 70665 - Proposed Significant New Use Rule for Cobalt Lithium Manganese Nickel Oxide

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-18

... Proposed Significant New Use Rule for Cobalt Lithium Manganese Nickel Oxide AGENCY: Environmental... as cobalt lithium manganese nickel oxide (CAS No. 182442-95-1) which was the subject of... section 5(a)(2) of TSCA for the chemical substance identified as cobalt lithium manganese nickel oxide...

76 FR 47996 - Cobalt Lithium Manganese Nickel Oxide; Significant New Use Rule

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-08

... 2070-AB27 Cobalt Lithium Manganese Nickel Oxide; Significant New Use Rule AGENCY: Environmental... lithium manganese nickel oxide (CAS No. 182442-95-1), which was the subject of premanufacture notice (PMN... 5(a)(2) (15 U.S.C. 2604(a)(2)) for the chemical substance identified as cobalt lithium manganese...

Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties Characterization of SnO2-coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Cathode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

Synthesis and electrochemical properties characterization of SnO2-coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode material for lithium ion batteries Ping Yang...electrochemical properties characterization of SnO2-coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode material for lithium ion batteries 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER...electrochemical reaction. References 1. N Yabuuchi, T Ohzuku, “Novel lithium insertion material of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 for advanced lithium - ion batteries ”, J

Oxidatively stable fluorinated sulfone electrolytes for high voltage high energy lithium-ion batteries

DOE PAGES

Su, Chi -Cheung; He, Meinan; Redfern, Paul C.; ...

2017-03-16

New fluorinated sulfones were synthesized and evaluated in high voltage lithium-ion batteries using LiNi 0.5Mn 1.5O 4 (LNMO) cathode. Fluorinated sulfones with an α-trifluoromethyl group exhibit enhanced oxidation stability, reduced viscosity and superior separator wettability as compared to their non-fluorinated counterparts. Finally, the improved performance in high voltage cells makes it a promising high voltage electrolyte for 5-V lithium-ion chemistry.

The low temperature oxidation of lithium thin films on HOPG by O 2 and H 2O

DOE PAGES

Wulfsberg, Steven M.; Koel, Bruce E.; Bernasek, Steven L.

2016-04-16

Lithiated graphite and lithium thin films have been used in fusion devices. In this environment, lithiated graphite will undergo oxidation by background gases. In order to gain insight into this oxidation process, thin (< 15 monolayer (ML)) lithium films on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) were exposed in this paper to O 2(g) and H 2O (g) in an ultra-high vacuum chamber. High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) was used to identify the surface species formed during O 2(g) and H 2O (g) exposure. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) was used to obtain the relative oxidation rates during O 2(g)more » and H 2O (g) exposure. AES showed that as the lithium film thickness decreased from 15 to 5 to 1 ML, the oxidation rate decreased for both O 2(g) and H 2O (g). HREELS showed that a 15 ML lithium film was fully oxidized after 9.7 L (L) of O 2(g) exposure and Li 2O was formed. HREELS also showed that during initial exposure (< 0.5 L) H 2O (g), lithium hydride and lithium hydroxide were formed on the surface of a 15 ML lithium film. Finally, after 0.5 L of H 2O (g) exposure, the H 2O (g) began to physisorb, and after 15 L of H 2O (g) exposure, the 15 ML lithium film was not fully oxidized.« less

The low temperature oxidation of lithium thin films on HOPG by O 2 and H 2O

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wulfsberg, Steven M.; Koel, Bruce E.; Bernasek, Steven L.

Lithiated graphite and lithium thin films have been used in fusion devices. In this environment, lithiated graphite will undergo oxidation by background gases. In order to gain insight into this oxidation process, thin (< 15 monolayer (ML)) lithium films on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) were exposed in this paper to O 2(g) and H 2O (g) in an ultra-high vacuum chamber. High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) was used to identify the surface species formed during O 2(g) and H 2O (g) exposure. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) was used to obtain the relative oxidation rates during O 2(g)more » and H 2O (g) exposure. AES showed that as the lithium film thickness decreased from 15 to 5 to 1 ML, the oxidation rate decreased for both O 2(g) and H 2O (g). HREELS showed that a 15 ML lithium film was fully oxidized after 9.7 L (L) of O 2(g) exposure and Li 2O was formed. HREELS also showed that during initial exposure (< 0.5 L) H 2O (g), lithium hydride and lithium hydroxide were formed on the surface of a 15 ML lithium film. Finally, after 0.5 L of H 2O (g) exposure, the H 2O (g) began to physisorb, and after 15 L of H 2O (g) exposure, the 15 ML lithium film was not fully oxidized.« less

[Effect of hydrofluoric acid concentration on the surface morphology and bonding effectiveness of lithium disilicate glass ceramics to resin composites].

PubMed

Hailan, Qian; Lingyan, Ren; Rongrong, Nie; Xiangfeng, Meng

2017-12-01

This study aimed at determining the influence of hydrofluoric acid (HF) in varied concentrations on the surface morphology of lithium disilicate glass ceramics and bond durability between resin composites and post-treated lithium disilicate glass ceramics. After being sintered, ground, and washed, 72 as-prepared specimens of lithium disilicate glass ceramics with dimensions of 11 mm×13 mm×2 mm were randomly divided into three groups. Each group was treated with acid solution [32% phosphoric acid (PA) or 4% or 9.5% HF] for 20 s. Then, four acidified specimens from each group were randomly selected. One of the specimens was used to observe the surface morphology using scanning electron microscopy, and the others were used to observe the surface roughness using a surface roughness meter (including Ra, Rz, and Rmax). After treatment with different acid solutions in each group, 20 samples were further treated with silane coupling agent/resin adhesive/resin cement (Monobond S/Multilink Primer A&B/Multilink N), followed by bonding to a composite resin column (Filtek™ Z350) with a diameter of 3 mm. A total of 20 specimens in each group were randomly divided into two subgroups, which were used for measuring the microshear bond strength, with one of them subjected to cool-thermal cycle for 20 000 times. The surface roughness (Ra, Rz, and Rmax) of lithium disilicate glass ceramics treated with 4% or 9.5% HF was significantly higher than that of the ceramic treated with PA (P<0.05). The lithium disilicate glass ceramics treated with 9.5% HF also demonstrated better surface roughness (Rz and Rmax) than that of the ceramics treated with 4% HF. Cool-thermal cycle treatment reduced the bond strength of lithium disilicate glass ceramics in all groups (P<0.05). After cool-thermal cycle, the lithium disilicate glass ceramics treated with HF had higher bond strength than that of the ceramics treated with PA. The lithium disilicate glass ceramics treated with 4% HF had higher bond strength than that of the ceramics treated with 9.5% HF (P<0.05). During cool-thermal cycle, the lithium disilicate glass ceramics treated with 4% HF demonstrated higher reduction in bond strength than that of the samples treated with 9.5% HF (P<0.05). The concentration of HF significantly affected the surface morphology of lithium disilicate glass ceramics and the bond durability between resin composites and post-treated lithium disilicate glass ceramics. The bond strength between resin composites and post-treated lithium disilicate glass ceramic was more efficiently maintained by treatment with 9.5% HF.

Structure of Li5AlS4 and comparison with other lithium-containing metal sulfides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lim, Hanjin; Kim, Sung-Chul; Kim, Jaegyeom; Kim, Young-Il; Kim, Seung-Joo

2018-01-01

Lithium aluminum sulfide (Li5AlS4) was synthesized by solid state reaction, and its crystal structure was characterized by ab initio structure determination on the basis of powder neutron diffraction (ND) data. Li5AlS4 was found to have monoclinic unit cell (space group, P21/m) with the lattice parameters: a = 6.8583(4) Å, b = 7.8369(4) Å, c = 6.2488(4) Å, and β = 90.333(4)°. This structure is built from a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) arrangement of sulfur atoms with a stacking sequence of …ABAB…. The hcp sulfide lattice consists of two different double-sulfide layers alternately stacked along the c-axis. Between the first pair of sulfur layers all the tetrahedral interstices (T+ and T- sites) are filled with lithium and aluminum atoms. All octahedral interstices between the second pair of sulfur layers are occupied by the remaining lithium atoms. The structure of Li5AlS4 is compared with those of various lithium-containing metal sulfides like Li2FeS2, NaLiMS2 (M = Zn, Cd), Li4GeS4, LiM‧S2 (M‧ = Al, Ga, In) and γ-Li3PS4. Each sulfide represents a specific distribution of lithium atoms in the lattice depending on how the octahedral and tetrahedral interstitial sites are filled. The low ionic conductivity of Li5AlS4 (9.7 × 10-9 S cm-1 at 323 K) relative to other sulfides may be due to the highly-ordered distribution of the lithium atoms in the layered structure and the lack of adjacent void spaces that can be used for lithium ion hopping.

Chemical State of Surface Oxygen on Carbon and Its Effects on the Capacity of the Carbon Anode in a Lithium-Ion Battery Investigated

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hung, Ching-Cheh

2001-01-01

In a lithium-ion battery, the lithium-storage capacity of the carbon anode is greatly affected by a surface layer formed during the first half cycle of lithium insertion and release into and out of the carbon anode. The formation of this solid-electrolyte interface, in turn, is affected by the chemistry of the carbon surface. A study at the NASA Glenn Research Center examined the cause-and-effect relations. Information obtained from this research could contribute in designing a high-capacity lithium-ion battery and, therefore, small, powerful spacecraft. In one test, three types of surfaces were examined: (1) a surface with low oxygen content (1.5 at.%) and a high concentration of active sites, (2) a surface with 4.5 at.% -OH or -OC type oxygen, and (3) a surface with 6.5 at.% O=C type oxygen. The samples were made from the same precursor and had similar bulk properties. They were tested under a constant current of 10 mA/g in half cells that used lithium metal as the counter electrode and 0.5 M lithium iodide in 50/50 (vol%) ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate as the electrolyte. For the first cycle of the electrochemical test, the graph describes the voltage of the carbon anode versus the lithium metal as a function of the capacity (amount of lithium insertion or release). From these data, it can be observed that the surface with low oxygen and a high concentration of active sites could result in a high irreversible capacity. Such a high irreversible capacity could be prevented if the active sites were allowed to react with oxygen in air, producing -OH or -OC type oxygen. The O=C type oxygen, on the other hand, could greatly reduce the capacity of lithium intercalation and, therefore, needs to be avoided during battery fabrication.

Pharmacologic Activation of Wnt Signaling by Lithium Normalizes Retinal Vasculature in a Murine Model of Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy.

PubMed

Wang, Zhongxiao; Liu, Chi-Hsiu; Sun, Ye; Gong, Yan; Favazza, Tara L; Morss, Peyton C; Saba, Nicholas J; Fredrick, Thomas W; He, Xi; Akula, James D; Chen, Jing

2016-10-01

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is characterized by delayed retinal vascular development, which promotes hypoxia-induced pathologic vessels. In severe cases FEVR may lead to retinal detachment and visual impairment. Genetic studies linked FEVR with mutations in Wnt signaling ligand or receptors, including low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) gene. Here, we investigated ocular pathologies in a Lrp5 knockout (Lrp5(-/-)) mouse model of FEVR and explored whether treatment with a pharmacologic Wnt activator lithium could bypass the genetic defects, thereby protecting against eye pathologies. Lrp5(-/-) mice displayed significantly delayed retinal vascular development, absence of deep layer retinal vessels, leading to increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and subsequent pathologic glomeruloid vessels, as well as decreased inner retinal visual function. Lithium treatment in Lrp5(-/-) mice significantly restored the delayed development of retinal vasculature and the intralaminar capillary networks, suppressed formation of pathologic glomeruloid structures, and promoted hyaloid vessel regression. Moreover, lithium treatment partially rescued inner-retinal visual function and increased retinal thickness. These protective effects of lithium were largely mediated through restoration of canonical Wnt signaling in Lrp5(-/-) retina. Lithium treatment also substantially increased vascular tubular formation in LRP5-deficient endothelial cells. These findings suggest that pharmacologic activation of Wnt signaling may help treat ocular pathologies in FEVR and potentially other defective Wnt signaling-related diseases. Copyright © 2016 American Society for Investigative Pathology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Grain boundary modification to suppress lithium penetration through garnet-type solid electrolyte

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hongahally Basappa, Rajendra; Ito, Tomoko; Morimura, Takao; Bekarevich, Raman; Mitsuishi, Kazutaka; Yamada, Hirotoshi

2017-09-01

Garnet-type solid electrolytes are one of key materials to enable practical usage of lithium metal anode for high-energy-density batteries. However, it suffers from lithium growth in pellets on charging, which causes short circuit. In this study, grain boundaries of Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZT) pellets are modified with Li2CO3 and LiOH to investigate the influence of the microstructure of grain boundaries on lithium growth and to study the mechanism of the lithium growth. In spite of similar properties (relative density of ca. 96% and total ionic conductivity of 7 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 25 °C), the obtained pellets exhibit different tolerance on the short circuit. The LLZT pellets prepared from LiOH-modified LLZT powders exhibit rather high critical current density of 0.6 mA cm-2, at which short circuit occurs. On the other hand, the LLZT pellets without grain boundary modification short-circuited at 0.15 mA cm-2. Microstructural analyses by means of SEM, STEM and EIS suggest that lithium grows through interconnected open voids, and reveal that surface layers such as Li2CO3 and LiOH are not only plug voids but also facilitate the sintering of LLZT to suppress the lithium growth. The results indicate a strategy towards short-circuit-free lithium metal batteries.

Lithium poisoning in the intensive care unit: predictive factors of severity and indications for extracorporeal toxin removal to improve outcome.

PubMed

Vodovar, Dominique; El Balkhi, Souleiman; Curis, Emmanuel; Deye, Nicolas; Mégarbane, Bruno

2016-09-01

Lithium is responsible for life-threatening poisoning, not consistently improved by extracorporeal toxin removal (ECTR). Our aim was to identify predictive factors on admission of poisoning severity and based on an evaluation of practice, report indications for ECTR susceptible to improve outcome Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study including all lithium-poisoned patients admitted to the ICU in a university hospital. The usual clinical, biological and toxicological variables were collected. Poisoning severity was defined by seizures, catecholamine infusion, mechanical ventilation >48 h and/or fatality. Univariate followed by multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify prognosticators of poisoning severity and ECTR use. From 1992 to 2013, 128 lithium-poisoned patients including acutely (10%), acute-on-chronically (63%) and chronically poisoned patients (27%) were included. The presumed ingested dose of lithium was 17.0 g [8.0-24.5] (median [25th-75th percentiles]). Serum lithium concentrations were 2.6 mmol/l [1.5-4.6], 2.8 mmol/l [1.8-4.5] and 2.8 mmol/l [2.1-3.0] on admission, peaking at 3.6 mmol/l [2.6; 6.2], 4.3 mmol/l [2.4; 6.2] and 2.8 mmol/l [2.1; 3.1] in the three groups, respectively. Severe poisoning occurred in 48 patients (38%) including four fatalities. Using the regression analysis, predictive factors of poisoning severity were Glasgow coma score ≤10 (Odds ratio (OR), 11.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), [4.1-33.3], p < 0.0001) and lithium concentration ≥5.2 mmol/l (OR, 6.0; CI, [1.7-25.5], p = 0.005). Ninety-eight patients (77%) developed acute kidney injury according to KDIGO criteria and 22 (17%) were treated with ECTR. Peak lithium concentration ≥5.2 mmol/l (OR, 22.4; CI, [6.4-96.4]; p < 0.0001) and peak creatinine concentration ≥200 μmol/l (OR, 5.0; CI, [1.4-19.2]; p = 0.01) were associated with ECTR use. Only 21/46 patients who presented one of these two criteria were actually treated with ECTR. More significant neurological impairment persisted on discharge in patients not treated with ECTR (p = 0.0007) despite not significantly shorter length of ICU stay. Lithium poisoning is responsible for severe impairments but rare fatalities. Severity can be predicted on admission using Glasgow coma score and lithium concentration. Our results suggest that ECTR could be indicated if serum lithium ≥5.2 mmol/l or creatinine ≥200 μmol/l.

Comparative analysis of ex-situ and operando X-ray diffraction experiments for lithium insertion materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brant, William R.; Li, Dan; Gu, Qinfen; Schmid, Siegbert

2016-01-01

A comparative study of ex-situ and operando X-ray diffraction techniques using the fast lithium ion conductor Li0.18Sr0.66Ti0.5Nb0.5O3 is presented. Ex-situ analysis of synchrotron X-ray diffraction data suggests that a single phase material exists for all discharges to as low as 0.422 V. For samples discharged to 1 V or lower, i.e. with higher lithium content, it is possible to determine the lithium position from the X-ray data. However, operando X-ray diffraction from a coin cell reveals that a kinetically driven two phase region occurs during battery cycling below 1 V. Through monitoring the change in unit cell dimension during electrochemical cycling the dynamics of lithium insertion are explored. A reduction in the rate of unit cell expansion of 22(2)% part way through the first discharge and 13(1)% during the second discharge is observed. This reduction may be caused by a drop in lithium diffusion into the bulk material for higher lithium contents. A more significant change is a jump in the unit cell expansion by 60(2)% once the lithium content exceeds one lithium ion per vacant site. It is suggested that this jump is caused by damping of octahedral rotations, thus establishing a link between lithium content and octahedral rotations.

On the Mechanism of Lithium-Induced Diabetes Insipidus in Man and the Rat

PubMed Central

Forrest, John N.; Cohen, Alan D.; Torretti, Jorge; Himmelhoch, Jonathan M.; Epstein, Franklin H.

1974-01-01

The mechanism of lithium-induced diabetes insipidus was investigated in 96 patients and in a rat model. Polydipsia was reported by 40% and polyuria (more than 3 liter/day) by 12% of patients receiving lithium. Maximum concentrating ability after dehydration and vasopressin was markedly impaired in 10 polyuric patients and was reduced in 7 of 10 nonpolyuric patients studied before and during lithium therapy. Severe polyuria (more than 6 liter/day) was unresponsive to trials of vasopressin and chlorpropamide, but improved on chlorothiazide. Rats receiving lithium (3-4 meq/kg/day) developed massive polyuria that was resistant to vasopressin, in comparison to rats with comparable polyuria induced by drinking glucose. Analysis of renal tissue in rats with lithium polyuria showed progressive increase in the concentration of lithium from cortex to papilla with a 2.9-fold corticopapillary gradient for lithium. The normal corticopapillary gradient for sodium was not reduced by lithium treatment. The polyuria was not interrupted by brief intravenous doses of vasopressin (5-10 mU/kg) or dibutyryl cyclic AMP (10-15 mg/kg) capable of reversing water diuresis in normal and hypothalamic diabetes insipidus rats (Brattleboro strain). The present studies suggest that nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is a common finding after lithium treatment and results in part from interference with the mediation of vasopressin at a step distal to the formation of 3′,5′ cyclic AMP. PMID:4360856

Lithium alters the morphology of neurites regenerating from cultured adult spiral ganglion neurons.

PubMed

Shah, S M; Patel, C H; Feng, A S; Kollmar, R

2013-10-01

The small-molecule drug lithium (as a monovalent ion) promotes neurite regeneration and functional recovery, is easy to administer, and is approved for human use to treat bipolar disorder. Lithium exerts its neuritogenic effect mainly by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3, a constitutively-active serine/threonine kinase that is regulated by neurotrophin and "wingless-related MMTV integration site" (Wnt) signaling. In spiral ganglion neurons of the cochlea, the effects of lithium and the function of glycogen synthase kinase 3 have not been investigated. We, therefore, set out to test whether lithium modulates neuritogenesis from adult spiral ganglion neurons. Primary cultures of dissociated spiral ganglion neurons from adult mice were exposed to lithium at concentrations between 0 and 12.5 mM. The resulting neurite morphology and growth-cone appearance were measured in detail by using immunofluorescence microscopy and image analysis. We found that lithium altered the morphology of regenerating neurites and their growth cones in a differential, concentration-dependent fashion. Low concentrations of 0.5-2.5 mM (around the half-maximal inhibitory concentration for glycogen synthase kinase 3 and the recommended therapeutic serum concentration for bipolar disorder) enhanced neurite sprouting and branching. A high concentration of 12.5 mM, in contrast, slowed elongation. As the lithium concentration rose from low to high, the microtubules became increasingly disarranged and the growth cones more arborized. Our results demonstrate that lithium selectively stimulates phases of neuritogenesis that are driven by microtubule reorganization. In contrast, most other drugs that have previously been tested on spiral ganglion neurons are reported to inhibit neurite outgrowth or affect only elongation. Lithium sensitivity is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for the involvement of glycogen synthase kinase 3. Our results are, therefore, consistent with, but do not prove lithium inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3 activity in spiral ganglion neurons. Experiments with additional drugs and molecular-genetic tools will be necessary to test whether glycogen synthase kinase 3 regulates neurite regeneration from spiral ganglion neurons, possibly by integrating neurotrophin and Wnt signals at the growth cone. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Assessment of the 3H and 7Be generation in the IFMIF lithium loop

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simakov, S. P.; Fischer, U.; von Möllendorff, U.

2004-08-01

A complete evaluation of the 7Be and tritium inventory induced in the IFMIF lithium loop by deuterons and neutrons was performed on the basis of 3D Monte Carlo calculations with the M CDeLicious code and evaluated d-Li and n-Li cross-section data. The associated reaction cross-sections and thick lithium target yields were checked against available experimental data. The IFMIF calculations showed that the deuteron beam will produce 1.5 g of 7Be and 6 g of 3H per full power year in the lithium jet. The tritium generation in the whole lithium loop due to neutron induced reactions is at a rate of 1.5 g/fpy. The radio-active decay results in an equilibrium concentration 0.3 mg of 7Be and 50 mg of 3H per 1 kg of circulating lithium if no radioactive products are removed from the loop.

Method for producing a secondary lithium cell comprising a heat-sensitive protective mechanism

DOEpatents

Ullrich, Matthias; Bechtold, Dieter; Rabenstein, Heinrich; Brohm, Thomas

2003-01-01

A method for producing a secondary lithium cell which has at least one lithium-cycling negative electrode, at least one lithium-intercalating positive electrode, at least one separator disposed between the positive and the negative electrode, and a nonaqueous lithium ion-conducting electrolyte. The method is carried out by the electrodes and/or the separator being coated, by means of electrostatic powder coating, with wax particles which are insoluble in the electrolyte and have a melting temperature of from about 50 to about 150 .degree. C. and a mean particle size of from about 6 to about 20 .mu.m, the amount of wax being between about 0.5 and about 2.5 mg/cm.sup.2 of electrode area.

The AMBRE project: Constraining the lithium evolution in the Milky Way

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guiglion, G.; de Laverny, P.; Recio-Blanco, A.; Worley, C. C.; De Pascale, M.; Masseron, T.; Prantzos, N.; Mikolaitis, Š.

2016-10-01

Context. The chemical evolution of lithium in the Milky Way represents a major problem in modern astrophysics. Indeed, lithium is, on the one hand, easily destroyed in stellar interiors, and, on the other hand, produced at some specific stellar evolutionary stages that are still not well constrained. Aims: The goal of this paper is to investigate the lithium stellar content of Milky Way stars in order to put constraints on the lithium chemical enrichment in our Galaxy, in particular in both the thin and thick discs. Methods: Thanks to high-resolution spectra from the ESO archive and high quality atmospheric parameters, we were able to build a massive and homogeneous catalogue of lithium abundances for 7300 stars derived with an automatic method coupling, a synthetic spectra grid, and a Gauss-Newton algorithm. We validated these lithium abundances with literature values, including those of the Gaia benchmark stars. Results: In terms of lithium galactic evolution, we show that the interstellar lithium abundance increases with metallicity by 1 dex from [M/H] = -1 dex to + 0.0 dex. Moreover, we find that this lithium ISM abundance decreases by about 0.5 dex at super-solar metalllicity. Based on a chemical separation, we also observed that the stellar lithium content in the thick disc increases rather slightly with metallicity, while the thin disc shows a steeper increase. The lithium abundance distribution of α-rich, metal-rich stars has a peak at ALi ~ 3 dex. Conclusions: We conclude that the thick disc stars suffered of a low lithium chemical enrichment, showing lithium abundances rather close to the Spite plateau while the thin disc stars clearly show an increasing lithium chemical enrichment with the metallicity, probably thanks to the contribution of low-mass stars. Full Table 2 is only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (http://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/595/A18

Impact of lithium alone or in combination with haloperidol on oxidative stress parameters and cell viability in SH-SY5Y cell culture.

PubMed

Gawlik-Kotelnicka, Oliwia; Mielicki, Wojciech; Rabe-Jabłońska, Jolanta; Lazarek, Jerry; Strzelecki, Dominik

2016-02-01

It has been reported that lithium may inhibit lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. Lithium salts also appear to stimulate cell proliferation, increase neurogenesis, and delay cell death. Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration may play an important role in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and the disease course thereof. The aim of this research is to estimate the influence of lithium (alone and in combination with haloperidol) on the parameters of oxidative stress and viability of SH-SY5Y cell lines in neutral and pro-oxidative conditions. The evaluated oxidative stress parameter was lipid peroxidation. The viability of the cell lines was measured utilising the MTT test. In neutral conditions, higher levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were observed in those samples which contained both haloperidol and lithium than in other samples. However, these differences were not statistically significant. Cell viability was significantly higher in therapeutic lithium samples than in the controls; samples of haloperidol alone as well as those of haloperidol with lithium did not differ from controls. The results of our study may indicate that lithium possess neuroprotective properties that may be partly due to antioxidative effects. The combination of lithium and haloperidol may generate increased oxidative stress.

Stoichiometric Lithium Niobate (SLN) Based Linearized Electro-Optic (EO) Modulator

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-01-01

AFRL-SN-RS-TR-2006-15 Final Technical Report January 2006 STOICHIOMETRIC LITHIUM NIOBATE (SLN) BASED LINEARIZED ELECTRO - OPTIC (EO...LITHIUM NIOBATE (SLN) BASED LINEARIZED ELECTRO - OPTIC (EO) MODULATOR 6. AUTHOR(S) Dr Stuart Kingsley, Dr Sri Sriram 5. FUNDING NUMBERS C...SUBJECT TERMS electro - optic modulator, linearization, directional coupler, variable coupling, optical waveguide, Mach-Zehnder, photonic link, lithium

Chunmei Ban | NREL

Science.gov Websites

degradation in silicon nanowires for lithium ion battery," ACS Nano, 2015, 9(5), pp 5559-5566, DOI molecular layer deposited coating on silicon nanoparticles for lithium ion battery anodes," ACS Nano lithium-ion batteries, lithium-air batteries, organic radical batteries, and magnesium-ion batteries. The

Theoretical Study of Si(x) Ge(y)Li(z) (x=4-10, y=1-10, z=0-10) Clusters for Designing of Novel Nanostructured Materials to be Utilized as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-16

AFRL-OSR-VA-TR-2015-0088 Theoretical Study of Novel Nanostructured Materials for Lithium - Ion Batteries Mario Sanchez-Vazquez CENTRO DE INVESTIGACION...SiGeLi Clusters for Design of Novel Nanostructured Materials to Be Utilized as Anodes for Lithium - ion Batteries 5a.  CONTRACT NUMBER 5b.  GRANT NUMBER...utilized as anodes for Lithium - ion batteries Final Report Nancy Perez-Peralta and Mario Sanchez-Vazquez Abstract In order to find out if

Density Optimization of Lithium Lanthanum Titanate Ceramics for Lightweight Lithium-Air Batteries

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-11-01

Thangadurai V, Weppner W. Lithium lanthanum titanates: a review. Chemistry of Materials. 2003;15:3974–3990. 4. Knauth P. Inorganic solid Li ion conductors...an overview. Solid State Ionics. 2009;180:911–916. 5. Ban CW, Choi GM. The effect of sintering on the grain boundary conductivity of lithium ...lanthanum titanates. Solid State Ionics. 2001;140:285–292. 6. Inada R, Kimura K, Kusakabe K, Tojo T, Sakurai Y. Synthesis and lithium -ion conductivity

Electroactive compositions with poly(arylene oxide) and stabilized lithium metal particles

DOEpatents

Zhang, Zhengcheng; Yuan, Shengwen; Amine, Khalil

2015-05-12

An electroactive composition includes an anodic material; a poly(arylene oxide); and stabilized lithium metal particles; where the stabilized lithium metal particles have a size less than about 200 .mu.m in diameter, are coated with a lithium salt, are present in an amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %, and are dispersed throughout the composition. Lithium secondary batteries including the electroactive composition along with methods of making the electroactive composition are also discussed.

Comparative study of structural and magnetic properties of nano-crystalline Li 0.5Fe 2.5O 4 prepared by various methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Verma, Vivek; Pandey, Vibhav; Singh, Sukhveer; Aloysius, R. P.; Annapoorni, S.; Kotanala, R. K.

2009-08-01

Lithium ferrite has been considered as one of the highly strategic magnetic material. Nano-crystalline Li 0.5Fe 2.5O 4 was prepared by four different techniques and characterized by X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Fourier transform infrareds (FTIR). The effect of annealing temperature (700, 900 and 1050 °C) on microstructure has been correlated to the magnetic properties. From X-ray diffraction patterns, it is confirmed that the pure phase of lithium ferrite began to form at 900 °C annealing. The particle size of as-prepared lithium ferrite was observed around 40, 31, 22 and 93 nm prepared by flash combustion, sol-gel, citrate precursor and standard ceramic technique, respectively. Lithium ferrite prepared by citrate precursor method shows a maximum saturation magnetization 67.6 emu/g at 5 KOe.

Study to determine and improve design for lithium-doped solar cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brucker, G.; Faith, T. J.; Holmes-Siedle, A.

1971-01-01

Solar cell experiments show that a single lithium density parameter, the lithium density gradient, calculated from nondestructive capacitance measurements, provides the basis for accurate predictions of lithium cell behavior in a 1-MeV electron environment for fluences ranging between 3 X 10 to the 13th power e/sq cm and 3 X 10 to the 15th power/e sq cm. The oxygen-rich (quartz crucible) lithium cell with phosphorous starting dopant and lithium gradient between approximately 5 X 10 to the 18th power and 1.5 x 10 to the 19th power/cm to the 4th power was found superior in performance to the commercial 10 ohm-cm n/p control cells. Post-recovery stability of oxygen-rich cells was satisfactory. An average post-recovery current drop of approximately 1 mA was observed for 70 crucible cells after 1 year-equivalent storage time at 80 C. In contrast the oxygen-poor (float zone and Lopex) lithium cells displayed spotty initial performance and stability problems at room temperature.

Excess lithium storage and charge compensation in nanoscale Li4+xTi5O12

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Feng; Wu, Lijun; Ma, Chao; Su, Dong; Zhu, Yimei; Graetz, Jason

2013-10-01

Lithium titanate spinel (Li4Ti5O12; LTO) is a promising candidate for anodes in lithium-ion batteries due to its excellent cyclability and safety performance, and has been known as a ‘zero-strain’ material that allows reversible lithium insertion-deinsertion with little change in the lattice parameters. For a better understanding of lithium reaction mechanisms in this material, it has been of great interest to identify where lithium is inserted and how it migrates during charge and discharge, which is often difficult with x-ray and electron scattering techniques due to the low scattering power of lithium. In this study, we employed atomic-resolution annular bright-field imaging to directly image the lithium on interstitial sites in nanoscale LTO, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy to measure local lithium occupancy and electronic structure at different states of charge. During lithiation, charge compensation occurs primarily at O sites, rather than at Ti sites, and no significant change was found in the projected density of states (Ti 3d) until the voltage was lowered to ˜50 mV or below. The Li K-edge spectra were simulated via ab initio calculations, providing a direct correlation between the near-edge fine structure and the local lithium coordination. During the initial states of discharge, lithium ions on 8a sites migrate to 16c sites (above 740 mV). Further lithiation causes the partial re-occupation of 8a sites, initially in the near-surface region at ˜600 mV, and then in the bulk at lower voltages (˜50 mV). We attribute the enhanced capacity in nanostructured LTO to extra storage of lithium in the near-surface region, primarily at {111} facets.

Lithium Suppresses Astrogliogenesis by Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells by Inhibiting STAT3 Pathway Independently of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta

PubMed Central

Zhu, Zhenzhong; Kremer, Penny; Tadmori, Iman; Ren, Yi; Sun, Dongming; He, Xijing; Young, Wise

2011-01-01

Transplanted neural stem and progenitor cells (NSCs) produce mostly astrocytes in injured spinal cords. Lithium stimulates neurogenesis by inhibiting GSK3b (glycogen synthetase kinase 3-beta) and increasing WNT/beta catenin. Lithium suppresses astrogliogenesis but the mechanisms were unclear. We cultured NSCs from subventricular zone of neonatal rats and showed that lithium reduced NSC production of astrocytes as well as proliferation of glia restricted progenitor (GRP) cells. Lithium strongly inhibited STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) activation, a messenger system known to promote astrogliogenesis and cancer. Lithium abolished STAT3 activation and astrogliogenesis induced by a STAT3 agonist AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-beta-D-ribofuranoside), suggesting that lithium suppresses astrogliogenesis by inhibiting STAT3. GSK3β inhibition either by a specific GSK3β inhibitor SB216763 or overexpression of GID5-6 (GSK3β Interaction Domain aa380 to 404) did not suppress astrogliogenesis and GRP proliferation. GSK3β inhibition also did not suppress STAT3 activation. Together, these results indicate that lithium inhibits astrogliogenesis through non-GSK3β-mediated inhibition of STAT. Lithium may increase efficacy of NSC transplants by increasing neurogenesis and reducing astrogliogenesis. Our results also may explain the strong safety record of lithium treatment of manic depression. Millions of people take high-dose (>1 gram/day) lithium carbonate for a lifetime. GSK3b inhibition increases WNT/beta catenin, associated with colon and other cancers. STAT3 inhibition may reduce risk for cancer. PMID:21931595

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dees, D. W.; Kawauchi, S.; Abraham, D. P.

Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) experiments were conducted to determine the lithium diffusion coefficient of LiNi{sub 0.8}Co{sub 0.15}Al{sub 0.05}O{sub 2}, used as the active material in a lithium-ion battery porous composite positive electrode. An electrochemical model, based on concentrated solution porous electrode theory, was developed to analyze the GITT experimental results and compare to the original GITT analytical theory. The GITT experimental studies on the oxide active material were conducted between 3.5 and 4.5 V vs. lithium, with the maximum lithium diffusion coefficient value being 10{sup -10} cm{sup 2} s{sup -1} at 3.85 V. The lithium diffusion coefficient values obtainedmore » from this study agree favorably with the values obtained from an earlier electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study.« less

The effect of lithium on electrolyte transport by the in situ choroid plexus of the cat.

PubMed Central

Reed, D J; Yen, M H

1980-01-01

1. The effects of lithium on electrolyte transport were studied by using the cat choroid plexus isolated in a chamber in situ. 2. Lithium infused intravenously to produce plasma lithium concentrations up to 5 m-equiv/l. caused an increase in plasma magnesium with no effect on the concentration of magnesium in the chamber fluid. 3. When 22NaCl was infused intravenously the chamber fluid/plasma ratio of 22Na was nearly 1 in the first 30 min sample and at the steady state it was significantly greater than 1. 4. When lithium chloride (1.5 m-equiv/l.) or potassium chloride (6.6 m-equiv/l.) was added to the chamber at the start of a collection period with plasma 22Na in the steady state, the 22Na content of the chamber fluid promptly increased 118 and 68%, respectively, above the control value with no increase in secretory rate. 5. The addition of ouabain to the chamber fluid, in addition to the lithium chloride or potassium chloride, tended to stimulate or have no significant effect on 22Na uptake at a concentration of 10(-5) M and to reduce it as well as the secretory rate at 10(-3) M. 6. The date are compatible with there being two functionally separate sodium transport systems in the choroid plexus. One transports sodium accompanied by an anion and water to provide the fluid secreted into the chamber (c.s.f.) and the other operates primarily to regulate the potassium concentration of the c.s.f. by pumping potassium out in exchange for sodium. 7. Lithium can be transported by both systems to a limited extent and the presence of lithium in the c.s.f. stimulates the sodium-potassium regulating pump. PMID:7252869

Sustainable and Superior Heat-Resistant Alginate Nonwoven Separator of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li Batteries Operated at 55 °C.

PubMed

Wen, Huijie; Zhang, Jianjun; Chai, Jingchao; Ma, Jun; Yue, Liping; Dong, Tiantian; Zang, Xiao; Liu, Zhihong; Zhang, Botao; Cui, Guanglei

2017-02-01

High-voltage lithium-ion batteries have become a major research focus. As a major part of lithium batteries, the separator plays a critical role in the development of high-voltage lithium batteries. Herein, we demonstrated a sustainable and superior heat-resistant alginate nonwoven separator for high-voltage (5 V) lithium batteries. It was demonstrated that the resultant alginate nonwoven separator exhibited better mechanical property (37 MPa), superior thermal stability (up to 150 °C), and higher ionic conductivity (1.4 × 10 -3 S/cm) as compared to commercially available polyolefin (PP) separator. More impressively, the 5 V class LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 (LNMO)/Li cell with this alginate nonwoven separator delivered much better cycling stability (maintaining 79.6% of its initial discharge capacity) than that (69.3%) of PP separator after 200 cycles at an elevated temperature of 55 °C. In addition, the LiFePO 4 /Li cell assembled with such alginate nonwoven separator could still charge and discharge normally even at an elevated temperature of 150 °C. The above-mentioned fascinating characteristics of alginate separator provide great probability for its application for high-voltage (5 V) lithium batteries at elevated temperatures.

Jeff Chamberlain on Lithium-air batteries

ScienceCinema

Chamberlain, Jeff

2018-01-08

Jeff Chamberlain, technology transfer expert at Argonne National Laboratory, speaks on the new technology Lithium-air batteries, which could potentially increase energy density by 5-10 times over lithium-ion batteries. More information at http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News/2009/batteries090915.html

Prevention of Memory Impairment and Neurotrophic Factors Increased by Lithium in Wistar Rats Submitted to Pneumococcal Meningitis Model

PubMed Central

Simões, Lutiana R.; Abreu, Roberta R. E. S.; Goularte, Jéssica A.; Collodel, Allan; Giridharan, Vijayasree Vayalanellore

2017-01-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lithium on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression in the hippocampus and on memory in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. The mood-stabilizer lithium is known as a neuroprotective agent with many effects on the brain. In this study, animals received either artificial cerebrospinal fluid or Streptococcus pneumoniae suspension at a concentration of 5 × 109 CFU/mL. Eighteen hours after induction, all animals received ceftriaxone. The animals received saline or lithium (47.5 mg/kg) or tamoxifen (1 mg/kg) as adjuvant treatment, and they were separated into six groups: control/saline, control/lithium, control/tamoxifen, meningitis/saline, meningitis/lithium, and meningitis/tamoxifen. Ten days after meningitis induction, animals were subjected to open-field habituation and the step-down inhibitory avoidance tasks. Immediately after these tasks, the animals were killed and their hippocampus was removed to evaluate the expression of BDNF, NGF, and GDNF. In the meningitis group, treatment with lithium and tamoxifen resulted in improvement in memory. Meningitis group showed decreased expression of BDNF and GDNF in the hippocampus while lithium reestablished the neurotrophin expression. Lithium was able to prevent memory impairment and reestablishes hippocampal neurotrophin expression in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. PMID:29200666

Lithium Promotes Neuronal Repair and Ameliorates Depression-Like Behavior following Trimethyltin-Induced Neuronal Loss in the Dentate Gyrus

PubMed Central

Yoneyama, Masanori; Shiba, Tatsuo; Hasebe, Shigeru; Umeda, Kasumi; Yamaguchi, Taro; Ogita, Kiyokazu

2014-01-01

Lithium, a mood stabilizer, is known to ameliorate the stress-induced decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis seen in animal models of stress-related disorders. However, it is unclear whether lithium has beneficial effect on neuronal repair following neuronal damage in neuronal degenerative diseases. Here, we evaluated the effect of in vivo treatment with lithium on the hippocampal neuronal repair in a mouse model of trimethyltin (TMT)-induced neuronal loss/self-repair in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (such mice referred to as “impaired animals”) [Ogita et al. (2005) J Neurosci Res 82: 609–621]. The impaired animals had a dramatically increased number of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-incorporating cells in their dentate gyrus at the initial time window (days 3 to 5 post-TMT treatment) of the self-repair stage. A single treatment with lithium produced no significant change in the number of BrdU-incorporating cells in the dentate granule cell layer and subgranular zone on day 3 post-TMT treatment. On day 5 post-TMT treatment, however, BrdU-incorporating cells were significantly increased in number by lithium treatment for 3 days. Most interestingly, chronic treatment (15 days) with lithium increased the number of BrdU-incorporating cells positive for NeuN or doublecortin in the dentate granule cell layer of the impaired animals, but not in that of naïve animals. The results of a forced swimming test revealed that the chronic treatment with lithium improved the depression-like behavior seen in the impaired animals. Taken together, our data suggest that lithium had a beneficial effect on neuronal repair following neuronal loss in the dentate gyrus through promoted proliferation and survival/neuronal differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells in the subgranular zone. PMID:24504050

Lithium-coated polymeric matrix as a minimum volume-change and dendrite-free lithium metal anode

PubMed Central

Liu, Yayuan; Lin, Dingchang; Liang, Zheng; Zhao, Jie; Yan, Kai; Cui, Yi

2016-01-01

Lithium metal is the ideal anode for the next generation of high-energy-density batteries. Nevertheless, dendrite growth, side reactions and infinite relative volume change have prevented it from practical applications. Here, we demonstrate a promising metallic lithium anode design by infusing molten lithium into a polymeric matrix. The electrospun polyimide employed is stable against highly reactive molten lithium and, via a conformal layer of zinc oxide coating to render the surface lithiophilic, molten lithium can be drawn into the matrix, affording a nano-porous lithium electrode. Importantly, the polymeric backbone enables uniform lithium stripping/plating, which successfully confines lithium within the matrix, realizing minimum volume change and effective dendrite suppression. The porous electrode reduces the effective current density; thus, flat voltage profiles and stable cycling of more than 100 cycles is achieved even at a high current density of 5 mA cm−2 in both carbonate and ether electrolyte. The advantages of the porous, polymeric matrix provide important insights into the design principles of lithium metal anodes. PMID:26987481

Lithium-coated polymeric matrix as a minimum volume-change and dendrite-free lithium metal anode

DOE PAGES

Liu, Yayuan; Lin, Dingchang; Liang, Zheng; ...

2016-03-18

Lithium metal is the ideal anode for the next generation of high-energy-density batteries. Nevertheless, dendrite growth, side reactions and infinite relative volume change have prevented it from practical applications. Here, we demonstrate a promising metallic lithium anode design by infusing molten lithium into a polymeric matrix. The electrospun polyimide employed is stable against highly reactive molten lithium and, via a conformal layer of zinc oxide coating to render the surface lithiophilic, molten lithium can be drawn into the matrix, affording a nano-porous lithium electrode. Importantly, the polymeric backbone enables uniform lithium stripping/plating, which successfully confines lithium within the matrix, realizingmore » minimum volume change and effective dendrite suppression. The porous electrode reduces the effective current density; thus, flat voltage profiles and stable cycling of more than 100 cycles is achieved even at a high current density of 5 mA cm -2 in both carbonate and ether electrolyte. Furthermore, the advantages of the porous, polymeric matrix provide important insights into the design principles of lithium metal anodes.« less

Lithium-coated polymeric matrix as a minimum volume-change and dendrite-free lithium metal anode

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Yayuan; Lin, Dingchang; Liang, Zheng

Lithium metal is the ideal anode for the next generation of high-energy-density batteries. Nevertheless, dendrite growth, side reactions and infinite relative volume change have prevented it from practical applications. Here, we demonstrate a promising metallic lithium anode design by infusing molten lithium into a polymeric matrix. The electrospun polyimide employed is stable against highly reactive molten lithium and, via a conformal layer of zinc oxide coating to render the surface lithiophilic, molten lithium can be drawn into the matrix, affording a nano-porous lithium electrode. Importantly, the polymeric backbone enables uniform lithium stripping/plating, which successfully confines lithium within the matrix, realizingmore » minimum volume change and effective dendrite suppression. The porous electrode reduces the effective current density; thus, flat voltage profiles and stable cycling of more than 100 cycles is achieved even at a high current density of 5 mA cm -2 in both carbonate and ether electrolyte. Furthermore, the advantages of the porous, polymeric matrix provide important insights into the design principles of lithium metal anodes.« less

Dosimetric properties of dysprosium doped lithium borate glass irradiated by 6 MV photons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ab Rasid, A.; Wagiran, H.; Hashim, S.; Ibrahim, Z.; Ali, H.

2015-07-01

Undoped and dysprosium doped lithium borate glass system with empirical formula (70-x) B2O3-30 Li2O-(x) Dy2O3 (x=0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 mol%) were prepared using the melt-quenching technique. The dosimetric measurements were performed by irradiating the samples to 6 MV photon beam using linear accelerator (LINAC) over a dose range of 0.5-5.0 Gy. The glass series of dysprosium doped lithium borate glass produced the best thermoluminescence (TL) glow curve with the highest intensity peak from sample with 1.0 mol% Dy2O3 concentration. Minimum detectable dose was detected at 2.24 mGy, good linearity of regression coefficient, high reproducibility and high sensitivity compared to the undoped glass are from 1.0 mol% dysprosium doped lithium borate glass. The results indicated that the series of dysprosium doped lithium glasses have a great potential to be considered as a thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD).

In-Situ Crystallization of a Lithium Disilicate Glass--Effect of Pressure on Crystal Growth Rate

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fuss, T.; Ray, C. S.; Lesher, C. E.; Day, D. E.

2006-01-01

Crystallization of a Li2O.2SiO2 (LS2) glass subjected to a uniform hydrostatic pressure of 4.5 GPa and 6 GPa was investigated up to a temperature of 750 C. The density of the compressed glass is about 2% greater at 4.5 GPa than at 1 atm and, depending upon the processing temperature, up to 10% greater at 6 GPa. Crystal growth rates investigated as a function of temperature and pressure show that lithium disilicate crystal growth is an order of magnitude slower at 4.5 GPa than 1 atm resulting in a shift of +45 C (plus or minus 10 C) in the growth rate curve at high pressure compared to 1 atm condition. At 6 GPa lithium disilicate crystallization is suppressed entirely, while a new high pressure lithium metasilicate crystallizes at temperatures 95 C (plus or minus 10 C) higher than those reported for lithium disilicate crystallization at 1 atm. The decrease in crystal growth rate with increasing pressure for lithium disilicate glass up to 750 C is related to an increase in viscosity with pressure associated with fundamental changes in glass structure accommodating densification.

Combined treatment with subchronic lithium and acute intracerebral mirtazapine microinjection into the median raphe nucleus exerted an anxiolytic-like effect synergistically.

PubMed

An, Yan; Inoue, Takeshi; Kitaichi, Yuji; Chen, Chong; Nakagawa, Shin; Wang, Ce; Kusumi, Ichiro

2016-07-15

Although preclinical and clinical studies have established the efficacy of lithium augmentation of antidepressant drugs, the mechanism of action of lithium augmentation is not fully understood. Our previous study reported that subchronic lithium treatment enhanced the anxiolytic-like effect of systemic mirtazapine. In the present study, we examined the effect of subchronic lithium in combination with acute local intracerebral injection of mirtazapine on fear-related behaviors in a contextual fear conditioning test in rats to clarify the target brain region of lithium augmentation of mirtazapine. After conditioning by footshock, diet (food pellets) containing Li2CO3 at a concentration of 0.2% was administered for 7 days. Ten min before testing and 7 days after conditioning, mirtazapine (3μg/site) in a volume of 0.5µl was acutely injected into the median raphe nucleus (MRN), hippocampus or amygdala. The combination of subchronic lithium and acute mirtazapine microinjection into the MRN but not the hippocampus or the amygdala reduced fear expression synergistically. These results suggest that intra-MRN mirtazapine treatment with subchronic lithium exerts the anxiolytic-like effect through the facilitation of the MRN-5HT pathway. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Checkerboard deposition of lithium manganese oxide spinel (LiMn2O4) by RF magnetron sputtering on a stainless steel in all-solid-state thin film battery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hsueh, T. H.; Yu, Y. Q.; Jan, D. J.; Su, C. H.; Chang, S. M.

2018-03-01

All-solid-state thin film lithium batteries (TFLBs) are the most competitive low-power sources to be applied in various kinds of micro-electro-mechanical systems and have been draw a lot of attention in academic research. In this paper, the checkerboard deposition of all-solid-state TFLB was composed of thin film lithium metal anode, lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) solid electrolyte, and checkerboard deposition of lithium manganese oxide spinel (LiMn2O4) cathode. The LiPON and LiMn2O4 were deposited by a radio frequency magnetron sputtering system, and the lithium metal was deposited by a thermal evaporation coater. The electrochemical characterization of this lithium battery showed the first discharge capacity of 107.8 μAh and the capacity retention was achieved 95.5% after 150 charge-discharge cycles between 4.3V and 3V at a current density of 11 μA/cm2 (0.5C). Obviously, the checkerboard of thin film increased the charge exchange rate; also this lithium battery exhibited high C-rate performance, with better capacity retention of 82% at 220 μA/cm2 (10C).

Lithium toxicity and myxedema crisis in an elderly patient.

PubMed

Mir, Shahnaz Ahmad; Wani, Arshad Iqbal; Masoodi, Shariq Rashid; Bashir, Mir Iftikhar; Ahmad, Nadeem

2013-12-01

While thyroid dysfunction is a frequent complication of lithium treatment, myxedema crisis is a rare occurrence with a handful of cases described. Here, we describe a patient receiving lithium for about a decade for bipolar disorder, who presented with myxedema crisis and lithium toxicity. In this patient, myxedema crisis was likely precipitated by lithium toxicity and community acquired pneumonia. The effects of lithium on thyroid are briefly reviewed. To describe an elderly male who was diagnosed with myxedema crisis and lithium toxicity. A 70-year-old male was admitted in our hospital with history of gradual onset progressive decrease in level of consciousness and altered behavior for last 1 month. Patient also had history of respiratory tract symptoms for 1 week. Patient was a known case of diabetes and bipolar affective disorder for which he had been receiving insulin and lithium for 10 years. One year earlier, patient was admitted in our ward for glycemic control and evaluation of complications and was found to be clinically and biochemically euthyroid; he never returned for follow up until the present admission. On examination patient had incoherent speech, hypothermia, and bradycardia. Thyroid function showed thyroid-stimulating hormone >150 IU/ml, Tetraiodothyronine (T4) <1 μg/dl, anti-thyroid peroxidase titer of 60 IU/ml. The serum lithium level was 2.9 nmol/L (therapeutic level 0.2-1.2 nmol/L). He was managed with levothyroxine, starting with a loading oral dose of 500 μg through ryles tube followed by 100 μg daily, IV antibiotics and fluids; lithium was stopped after consultation with a psychiatrist. From day 5, patient started showing progressive improvement and by day 10, he had a Glasgow Coma Scale of 15/15, normal electrolyte, serum creatinine of 1.8 mg/dl and serum lithium level of 0.5 nmol/L. Lithium-induced hypothyroidism may be life-threatening, thyroid function should be monitored before and during lithium therapy and drug should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted if hypothyroidism develops.

Exposure to lithium through drinking water and calcium homeostasis during pregnancy: A longitudinal study.

PubMed

Harari, Florencia; Åkesson, Agneta; Casimiro, Esperanza; Lu, Ying; Vahter, Marie

2016-05-01

There is increasing evidence of adverse health effects due to elevated lithium exposure through drinking water but the impact on calcium homeostasis is unknown. This study aimed at elucidating if lithium exposure through drinking water during pregnancy may impair the maternal calcium homeostasis. In a population-based mother-child cohort in the Argentinean Andes (n=178), with elevated lithium concentrations in the drinking water (5-1660μg/L), blood lithium concentrations (correlating significantly with lithium in water, urine and plasma) were measured repeatedly during pregnancy by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and used as exposure biomarker. Markers of calcium homeostasis included: plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations in serum and urine. The median maternal blood lithium concentration was 25μg/L (range 1.9-145). In multivariable-adjusted mixed-effects linear regression models, blood lithium was inversely associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (-6.1nmol/L [95%CI -9.5; -2.6] for a 25μg/L increment in blood lithium). The estimate increased markedly with increasing percentiles of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. In multivariable-adjusted mixed-effects logistic regression models, the odds ratio of having 25-hydroxyvitamin D3<30nmol/L (19% of the women) was 4.6 (95%CI 1.1; 19.3) for a 25μg/L increment in blood lithium. Blood lithium was also positively associated with serum magnesium, but not with serum calcium and PTH, and inversely associated with urinary calcium and magnesium. In conclusion, our study suggests that lithium exposure through drinking water during pregnancy may impair the calcium homeostasis, particularly vitamin D. The results reinforce the need for better control of lithium in drinking water, including bottled water. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Lithium in Stellar Atmospheres: Observations and Theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lyubimkov, L. S.

2016-09-01

Of all the light elements, lithium is the most sensitive indicator of stellar evolution. This review discusses current data on the abundance of lithium in the atmospheres of A-, F-, G-, and K-stars of different types, as well as the consistency of these data with theoretical predictions. The variety of observed Li abundances is illustrated by the following objects in different stages of evolution: (1) Old stars in the galactic halo, which have a lithium abundance logɛ(Li)=2.2 (the "lithium plateau") that appears to be 0.5 dex lower than the primordial abundance predicted by cosmological models. (2) Young stars in the galactic disk, which have been used to estimate the contemporary initial lithium abundance logɛ(Li)=3.2±0.1 for stars in the Main sequence. Possible sources of lithium enrichment in the interstellar medium during evolution of the galaxy are discussed. (3) Evolving FGK dwarfs in the galactic disk, which have lower logɛ(Li) for lower effective temperature T eff and mass M. The "lithium dip" near T eff ~6600 K in the distribution of logɛ(Li) with respect to T eff in old clusters is discussed. (4) FGK giants and supergiants, of which most have no lithium at all. This phenomenon is consistent with rotating star model calculations. (5) Lithium rich cold giants with logɛ(Li) ≥ 2.0, which form a small, enigmatic group. Theoretical models with rotation can explain the existence of these stars only in the case of low initial rotation velocities V 0 <50 km/s. In all other cases it is necessary to assume recent synthesis of lithium (capture of a giant planet is an alternative). (6) Magnetic Ap-stars, where lithium is concentrated in spots located at the magnetic poles. There the lithium abundance reaches logɛ(Li)=6. Discrepancies between observations and theory are noted for almost all the stars discussed in this review.

Additive anticonvulsant effects of agmatine and lithium chloride on pentylenetetrazole-induced clonic seizure in mice: involvement of α₂-adrenoceptor.

PubMed

Bahremand, Arash; Ziai, Pouya; Payandemehr, Borna; Rahimian, Reza; Amouzegar, Afsaneh; Khezrian, Mina; Montaser-Kouhsari, Laleh; Meibodi, Maryam Aghaei; Ebrahimi, Ali; Ghasemi, Abbas; Ghasemi, Mehdi; Dehpour, Ahmad Reza

2011-09-01

After 60 years, lithium is still the mainstay in the treatment of mood disorders and widely used in clinic. In addition to its mood stabilizer effects, lithium also shows some anticonvulsant properties. Similar to lithium, agmatine also plays a protective role in the CNS against seizures and has been reported to enhance the effect of different antiepileptic agents. Moreover, both agmatine and lithium have modulatory effects on α(2)-adrenoceptors. So, we designed this study: 1) to investigate whether agmatine and lithium show an additive effect against clonic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole; 2) to assess whether this additive effect is mediated through the α(2)-adrenoceptor or not. In our study, acute administration of a single effective dose of lithium chloride (30 mg/kg, i.p.) increased the seizure threshold. Pre-treatment with low and, per se, non-effective doses of agmatine (1 and 3mg/kg) potentiated a sub-effective dose of lithium (10mg/kg). Interestingly, the anticonvulsant effects of these effective combinations of lithium and agmatine were prevented by pre-treatment with low and non-effective doses of yohimbine [α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist] (0.1 and 0.5mg/kg). On the other hand, clonidine [α(2)-adrenoceptor agonist] augmented the anticonvulsant effect of a sub-effective combination of lithium (5mg/kg i.p.) and agmatine (1mg/kg) at relatively low doses (0.1 and 0.25mg/kg). In summary, our findings demonstrate that agmatine and lithium chloride exhibit additive anticonvulsant properties which seem to be mediated through α(2)-adrenoceptor. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Lithium toxicity in a neonate owing to false elevation of blood lithium levels caused by contamination in a lithium heparin container: case report and review of the literature.

PubMed

Arslan, Zainab; Athiraman, Naveen K; Clark, Simon J

2016-08-01

Lithium toxicity in a neonate can occur owing to antenatal exposure as a result of maternal treatment for psychiatric illnesses. False elevation of lithium levels has been reported in the paediatric population when the sample was mistakenly collected in a lithium heparin container. A term, male infant was born to a mother who was on lithium treatment for a psychiatric illness. On day 1, the infant was jittery, had a poor suck with difficulties in establishing feeds. Blood taken from the infant approximately 8 hours after birth demonstrated a lithium level of 4.9 mmol/L (adult toxic level w1.5 mmol/L). However, the sample for lithium levels was sent in a lithium heparin container and the probability of false elevation was considered. He was closely monitored in the neonatal intensive care unit and his hydration was optimised with intravenous fluids. Clinically, he remained well and commenced feeding, and his jitteriness had decreased the following day. A repeat blood lithium level, collected in a gel container, was only 0.4 mmol/L. The initially raised lithium level was owing to contamination from the lithium heparin container.

Lithium use in batteries

USGS Publications Warehouse

Goonan, Thomas G.

2012-01-01

Lithium has a number of uses but one of the most valuable is as a component of high energy-density rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Because of concerns over carbon dioxide footprint and increasing hydrocarbon fuel cost (reduced supply), lithium may become even more important in large batteries for powering all-electric and hybrid vehicles. It would take 1.4 to 3.0 kilograms of lithium equivalent (7.5 to 16.0 kilograms of lithium carbonate) to support a 40-mile trip in an electric vehicle before requiring recharge. This could create a large demand for lithium. Estimates of future lithium demand vary, based on numerous variables. Some of those variables include the potential for recycling, widespread public acceptance of electric vehicles, or the possibility of incentives for converting to lithium-ion-powered engines. Increased electric usage could cause electricity prices to increase. Because of reduced demand, hydrocarbon fuel prices would likely decrease, making hydrocarbon fuel more desirable. In 2009, 13 percent of worldwide lithium reserves, expressed in terms of contained lithium, were reported to be within hard rock mineral deposits, and 87 percent, within brine deposits. Most of the lithium recovered from brine came from Chile, with smaller amounts from China, Argentina, and the United States. Chile also has lithium mineral reserves, as does Australia. Another source of lithium is from recycled batteries. When lithium-ion batteries begin to power vehicles, it is expected that battery recycling rates will increase because vehicle battery recycling systems can be used to produce new lithium-ion batteries.

Inhibition of Lithium-Sensitive Phosphatase BPNT-1 Causes Selective Neuronal Dysfunction in C. elegans.

PubMed

Meisel, Joshua D; Kim, Dennis H

2016-07-25

Lithium has been a mainstay for the treatment of bipolar disorder, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying its action remain enigmatic. Bisphosphate 3'-nucleotidase (BPNT-1) is a lithium-sensitive phosphatase that catalyzes the breakdown of cytosolic 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (PAP), a byproduct of sulfation reactions utilizing the universal sulfate group donor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) [1-3]. Loss of BPNT-1 leads to the toxic accumulation of PAP in yeast and non-neuronal cell types in mice [4, 5]. Intriguingly, BPNT-1 is expressed throughout the mammalian brain [4], and it has been hypothesized that inhibition of BPNT-1 could contribute to the effects of lithium on behavior [5]. Here, we show that loss of BPNT-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans results in the selective dysfunction of two neurons, the bilaterally symmetric pair of ASJ chemosensory neurons. As a result, BPNT-1 mutants are defective in behaviors dependent on the ASJ neurons, such as dauer exit and pathogen avoidance. Acute treatment with lithium also causes dysfunction of the ASJ neurons, and we show that this effect is reversible and mediated specifically through inhibition of BPNT-1. Finally, we show that the selective effect of lithium on the nervous system is due in part to the limited expression of the cytosolic sulfotransferase SSU-1 in the ASJ neuron pair. Our data suggest that lithium, through inhibition of BPNT-1 in the nervous system, can cause selective toxicity to specific neurons, resulting in corresponding effects on behavior of C. elegans. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lithium-aluminum-iron electrode composition

DOEpatents

Kaun, Thomas D.

1979-01-01

A negative electrode composition is presented for use in a secondary electrochemical cell. The cell also includes an electrolyte with lithium ions such as a molten salt of alkali metal halides or alkaline earth metal halides that can be used in high-temperature cells. The cell's positive electrode contains a a chalcogen or a metal chalcogenide as the active electrode material. The negative electrode composition includes up to 50 atom percent lithium as the active electrode constituent in an alloy of aluminum-iron. Various binary and ternary intermetallic phases of lithium, aluminum and iron are formed. The lithium within the intermetallic phase of Al.sub.5 Fe.sub.2 exhibits increased activity over that of lithium within a lithium-aluminum alloy to provide an increased cell potential of up to about 0.25 volt.

Discovery of high-gain stimulated polariton scattering near 4  THz from lithium niobate.

PubMed

Chiu, Yu-Chung; Wang, Tsong-Dong; Zhao, Gang; Huang, Yen-Chieh

2017-12-01

Lithium niobate is the most popular material for terahertz wave generation via stimulated polariton scattering (SPS), previously known to have a gain peak near 2 THz. Here we report the discovery of another phase-matched gain peak near 4 THz in lithium niobate, which greatly extends the useful gain spectrum of lithium niobate. Despite the relatively high 4 THz absorption in lithium niobate, the 4 THz SPS becomes dominant over the 2 THz one in an intensely pumped short lithium niobate crystal due to less diffraction-induced absorption and mode-area mismatch. We also demonstrate a signal-seeded OTPO that generates 1.4 nJ at 4.2 THz from lithium niobate with 17.5 mJ pump energy.

The Lithium Abundances of a Large Sample of Red Giants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Y. J.; Tan, K. F.; Wang, L.; Zhao, G.; Sato, Bun'ei; Takeda, Y.; Li, H. N.

2014-04-01

The lithium abundances for 378 G/K giants are derived with non-local thermodynamic equilibrium correction considered. Among these are 23 stars that host planetary systems. The lithium abundance is investigated, as a function of metallicity, effective temperature, and rotational velocity, as well as the impact of a giant planet on G/K giants. The results show that the lithium abundance is a function of metallicity and effective temperature. The lithium abundance has no correlation with rotational velocity at v sin i < 10 km s-1. Giants with planets present lower lithium abundance and slow rotational velocity (v sin i < 4 km s-1). Our sample includes three Li-rich G/K giants, 36 Li-normal stars, and 339 Li-depleted stars. The fraction of Li-rich stars in this sample agrees with the general rate of less than 1% in the literature, and the stars that show normal amounts of Li are supposed to possess the same abundance at the current interstellar medium. For the Li-depleted giants, Li-deficiency may have already taken place at the main sequence stage for many intermediate mass (1.5-5 M ⊙) G/K giants. Finally, we present the lithium abundance and kinematic parameters for an enlarged sample of 565 giants using a compilation of the literature, and confirm that the lithium abundance is a function of metallicity and effective temperature. With the enlarged sample, we investigate the differences between the lithium abundance in thin-/thick-disk giants, which indicate that the lithium abundance in thick-disk giants is more depleted than that in thin-disk giants.

Electrolytic Deposition and Diffusion of Lithium onto Magnesium-9 Wt Pct Yttrium Bulk Alloy in Low-Temperature Molten Salt of Lithium Chloride and Potassium Chloride

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dong, Hanwu; Wu, Yaoming; Wang, Lidong; Wang, Limin

2009-10-01

The electrolytic deposition and diffusion of lithium onto bulk magnesium-9 wt pct yttrium alloy cathode in molten salt of 47 wt pct lithium chloride and 53 wt pct potassium chloride at 693 K were investigated. Results show that magnesium-yttrium-lithium ternary alloys are formed on the surface of the cathodes, and a penetration depth of 642 μm is acquired after 2 hours of electrolysis at the cathodic current density of 0.06 A·cm-2. The diffusion of lithium results in a great amount of precipitates in the lithium containing layer. These precipitates are the compound of Mg41Y5, which arrange along the grain boundaries and hinder the diffusion of lithium, and solid solution of yttrium in magnesium. The grain boundaries and the twins of the magnesium-9 wt pct yttrium substrate also have negative effects on the diffusion of lithium.

Surface cleaning techniques and efficient B-field profiles for lithium ion sources on extraction ion diodes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cuneo, M.E.; Menge, P.R.; Hanson, D.L.

Application of ion beams to Inertial Confinement Fusion requires efficient production, transport and focusing of an intense, low microdivergence beam of an appropriate range ion. At Sandia, the authors are studying the production of lithium ion beams in extraction applied-B ion diodes on the SABRE accelerator (5 MV, 250 kA). Evidence on both SABRE (1 TW) and PBFA-II (20 TW) indicates that the lithium beam turns off and is replaced by a beam of mostly protons and carbon, possibly due to electron thermal and stimulated desorption of hydrocarbon surface contamination with subsequent avalanche ionization. Turn-off of the lithium beam ismore » accompanied by rapid impedance collapse. Surface cleaning techniques are being developed to reduce beam contamination, increase the total lithium energy and reduce the rate of diode impedance collapse. Application of surface cleaning techniques has increased the production of lithium from passive LiF sources by a factor of 2. Improved diode electric and magnetic field profiles have increased the diode efficiency and production of lithium by a factor of 5, without surface cleaning. Work is ongoing to combine these two advances which are discussed here.« less

High-Resolution Tracking Asymmetric Lithium Insertion and Extraction and Local Structure Ordering in SnS2.

PubMed

Gao, Peng; Wang, Liping; Zhang, Yu-Yang; Huang, Yuan; Liao, Lei; Sutter, Peter; Liu, Kaihui; Yu, Dapeng; Wang, En-Ge

2016-09-14

In the rechargeable lithium ion batteries, the rate capability and energy efficiency are largely governed by the lithium ion transport dynamics and phase transition pathways in electrodes. Real-time and atomic-scale tracking of fully reversible lithium insertion and extraction processes in electrodes, which would ultimately lead to mechanistic understanding of how the electrodes function and why they fail, is highly desirable but very challenging. Here, we track lithium insertion and extraction in the van der Waals interactions dominated SnS2 by in situ high-resolution TEM method. We find that the lithium insertion occurs via a fast two-phase reaction to form expanded and defective LiSnS2, while the lithium extraction initially involves heterogeneous nucleation of intermediate superstructure Li0.5SnS2 domains with a 1-4 nm size. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the Li0.5SnS2 is kinetically favored and structurally stable. The asymmetric reaction pathways may supply enlightening insights into the mechanistic understanding of the underlying electrochemistry in the layered electrode materials and also suggest possible alternatives to the accepted explanation of the origins of voltage hysteresis in the intercalation electrode materials.

Development of internal/external short circuit protection for lithium D cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcdonald, Robert C.; Bragg, Bobby J.

1992-01-01

A brief discussion of short circuit protection for lithium D cells is given in viewgraph format. The following topics are presented: (1) historical need; (2) program objectives; (3) composite thermal switch (CTS) development; (4) laboratory cells with CTS; and (5) the incorporation of CTS into lithium D cells.

Effective Trapping of Lithium Polysulfides Using a Functionalized Carbon Nanotube-Coated Separator for Lithium-Sulfur Cells with Enhanced Cycling Stability.

PubMed

Ponraj, Rubha; Kannan, Aravindaraj G; Ahn, Jun Hwan; Lee, Jae Hee; Kang, Joonhee; Han, Byungchan; Kim, Dong-Won

2017-11-08

The critical issues that hinder the practical applications of lithium-sulfur batteries, such as dissolution and migration of lithium polysulfides, poor electronic conductivity of sulfur and its discharge products, and low loading of sulfur, have been addressed by designing a functional separator modified using hydroxyl-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTOH). Density functional theory calculations and experimental results demonstrate that the hydroxyl groups in the CNTOH provoked strong interaction with lithium polysulfides and resulted in effective trapping of lithium polysulfides within the sulfur cathode side. The reduction in migration of lithium polysulfides to the lithium anode resulted in enhanced stability of the lithium electrode. The conductive nature of CNTOH also aided to efficiently reutilize the adsorbed reaction intermediates for subsequent cycling. As a result, the lithium-sulfur cell assembled with a functional separator exhibited a high initial discharge capacity of 1056 mAh g -1 (corresponding to an areal capacity of 3.2 mAh cm -2 ) with a capacity fading rate of 0.11% per cycle over 400 cycles at 0.5 C rate.

Lithium sorption properties of HMnO in seawater and wastewater.

PubMed

Park, HyunJu; Singhal, Naresh; Jho, Eun Hea

2015-12-15

The lithium concentration in seawater is 0.17 mg/L, which is very low, but the overall quantity is approximately 2.5 × 10(14) kg. Therefore, seawater, which contains a vast amount of lithium, could be a major alternative source that might supply the rising demand for lithium. This research was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of a manganese oxide (HMnO) adsorbent, which was produced after leaching lithium from lithium manganese oxide, for lithium collection from seawater. The HMnO was synthesized and deformed to a plastic after wet blending of manganese oxide and lithium hydroxide, and subsequently, the influence of pH, sorption isotherms, sorption rates, sorption energies, and effects of the co-ions were measured. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° indicated that the nature of the lithium sorption was both spontaneous and endothermic. The used HMnO could be regenerated by washing it with an HCl solution. The results demonstrated that HMnO could be effectively used for the collection of lithium from seawater with good selectivity. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measured and calculated fast neutron spectra in a depleted uranium and lithium hydride shielded reactor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lahti, G. P.; Mueller, R. A.

1973-01-01

Measurements of MeV neutron were made at the surface of a lithium hydride and depleted uranium shielded reactor. Four shield configurations were considered: these were assembled progressively with cylindrical shells of 5-centimeter-thick depleted uranium, 13-centimeter-thick lithium hydride, 5-centimeter-thick depleted uranium, 13-centimeter-thick lithium hydride, 5-centimeter-thick depleted uranium, and 3-centimeter-thick depleted uranium. Measurements were made with a NE-218 scintillation spectrometer; proton pulse height distributions were differentiated to obtain neutron spectra. Calculations were made using the two-dimensional discrete ordinates code DOT and ENDF/B (version 3) cross sections. Good agreement between measured and calculated spectral shape was observed. Absolute measured and calculated fluxes were within 50 percent of one another; observed discrepancies in absolute flux may be due to cross section errors.

Lithium in drinking water and the incidence of bipolar disorder: A nation-wide population-based study.

PubMed

Kessing, Lars V; Gerds, Thomas A; Knudsen, Nikoline N; Jørgensen, Lisbeth F; Kristiansen, Søren M; Voutchkova, Denitza; Ernstsen, Vibeke; Schullehner, Jörg; Hansen, Birgitte; Andersen, Per K; Ersbøll, Annette K

2017-11-01

Animal data suggest that subtherapeutic doses, including micro doses, of lithium may influence mood, and lithium levels in drinking water have been found to correlate with the rate of suicide. It has never been investigated whether consumption of lithium may prevent the development of bipolar disorder (primary prophylaxis). In a nation-wide population-based study, we investigated whether long-term exposure to micro levels of lithium in drinking water correlates with the incidence of bipolar disorder in the general population, hypothesizing an inverse association in which higher long-term lithium exposure is associated with lower incidences of bipolar disorder. We included longitudinal individual geographical data on municipality of residence, data from drinking water lithium measurements and time-specific data from all cases with a hospital contact with a diagnosis of mania/bipolar disorder from 1995 to 2013 (N=14 820) and 10 age- and gender-matched controls from the Danish population (N= 140 311). Average drinking water lithium exposure was estimated for all study individuals. The median of the average lithium exposure did not differ between cases with a diagnosis of mania/bipolar disorder (12.7 μg/L; interquartile range [IQR]: 7.9-15.5 μg/L) and controls (12.5 μg/L; IQR: 7.6-15.7 μg/L; P=.2). Further, the incidence rate ratio of mania/bipolar disorder did not decrease with higher long-term lithium exposure, overall, or within age categories (0-40, 41-60 and 61-100 years of age). Higher long-term lithium exposure from drinking water was not associated with a lower incidence of bipolar disorder. The association should be investigated in areas with higher lithium levels than in Denmark. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Some aspects of the inhibition of the action of antidiuretic hormone by lithium ions in the rat kidney and bladder of the toad Bufo marinus

PubMed Central

Harris, Carol A.; Jenner, F. A.

1972-01-01

1. The effect of intravenous infusions of various ions on the antidiuretic action of antidiuretic hormone has been studied in rats. 2. Lithium (13 mmol/l.) reversibly inhibits the antidiuretic responses. Similar concentrations of potassium, rubidium, strontium, magnesium, choline and calcium do not. Lithium has a similar effect on the antidiuretic activity of oxytocin. 3. The inhibition is not simply related to blood nor whole body lithium concentrations. 4. Lithium (2 mmol/l.) in contact with the serosal surface also inhibits the transport of water facilitated by either 0·5 U/l. antidiuretic hormone or 1·1 mmol/l. cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the isolated toad bladder. 5. Choline (2 mmol/l.) on the serosal surface also inhibits the transport of water facilitated by vasopressin in the toad bladder. PMID:4358411

Negative electrode composition

DOEpatents

Kaun, Thomas D.; Chilenskas, Albert A.

1982-01-01

A secondary electrochemical cell and a negative electrode composition for use therewith comprising a positive electrode containing an active material of a chalcogen or a transiton metal chalcogenide, a negative electrode containing a lithium-aluminum alloy and an amount of a ternary alloy sufficient to provide at least about 5 percent overcharge capacity relative to a negative electrode solely of the lithium-aluminum alloy, the ternary alloy comprising lithium, aluminum, and iron or cobalt, and an electrolyte containing lithium ions in contact with both of the positive and the negative electrodes. The ternary alloy is present in the electrode in the range of from about 5 percent to about 50 percent by weight of the electrode composition and may include lithium-aluminum-nickel alloy in combination with either the ternary iron or cobalt alloys. A plurality of series connected cells having overcharge capacity can be equalized on the discharge side without expensive electrical equipment.

Cathode limited charge transport and performance of thin-film rechargeable lithium batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bates, J.B.; Hart, F.X.; Lubben, D.

1994-11-01

Several types of thin-film rechargeable batteries based on lithium metal anodes and amorphous V{sub 2}O{sub 5} (aV{sub 2}O{sub 5}), LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}, and LiCoO{sub 2} cathodes have been investigated in this laboratory. In all cases, the current density of these cells is limited by lithium ion transport in the cathodes. This paper, discusses sources of this impedance in Li-aV{sub 2}O{sub 5} and Li-LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} thin-film cells and their effect on cell performance.

Solid composite electrolytes for lithium batteries

DOEpatents

Kumar, Binod; Scanlon, Jr., Lawrence G.

2001-01-01

Solid composite electrolytes are provided for use in lithium batteries which exhibit moderate to high ionic conductivity at ambient temperatures and low activation energies. In one embodiment, a polymer-ceramic composite electrolyte containing poly(ethylene oxide), lithium tetrafluoroborate and titanium dioxide is provided in the form of an annealed film having a room temperature conductivity of from 10.sup.-5 S cm.sup.-1 to 10.sup.-3 S cm.sup.-1 and an activation energy of about 0.5 eV.

Carbon/PTFE Electrode for Lithium/Air-Water Batteries

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-03-01

non-electronically conducting ceramic membrane impervious to water but with a high ionic conductivity for lithium-ions. LiTixAly(PO4)3 is one such...example of a ceramic composition that has been used in this manner. The lithium ion can be thought of as being solvated by the ceramic membrane as it...through 5) provides current. To balance the overall charge in the reaction, positive lithium ions flow 1 through an ionically conducting ceramic

[The acute renal and cerebral toxicity of lithium: a cerebro-renal syndrome? A case report].

PubMed

Prencipe, M; Cicchella, A; Del Giudice, A; Di Giorgio, A; Scarlatella, A; Vergura, M; Aucella, F

2013-01-01

This descriptive report describes the case of a 50 year-old woman with bipolar disorder, whose maintenance therapy comprised risperidone, sodium valproato and lithium carbonate without any past occurrence of toxicity. Her past medical history was significant for hypertension, cardiopathy and obesity. She presented with a 1-week history of fever, increasing confusion and slurred speech. At presentation, the patient was somnolent. Laboratory investigations revealed a serum creatinine of 3,6 mg/dl, BUN 45 mg/dl serum lithium 3,0 mEq/L with polyuria defined as more than 3 litres a day. EEG and ECG were abnormal. CT brain scanning and lumbar puncture were negative for brain haemorrage or infection. Lithium toxicity causes impairment of renal concentration and encephalopathy due to lithium recirculation, a mechanism responsible for the so-called cerebro-renal syndrome, where dialysis plays an important role in treatment.The patient was treated with continous veno-venous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) over 35 hours with gradual improvement of her general condition and efficacy of renal concentration. Our case highlights a few important points. Lithium nefrotoxicity and neurotoxicity can cause a cerebro-renal syndrome even when serum lithium levels are not particularly raised (2,5-3,5 mEq/L). Haemodialysis is the treatment of choice to reduce the molecular mechanisms of lithium-related changes in urinary concentration and reinstate dopaminergic activity in the brain.

Flexible, solid-state, ion-conducting membrane with 3D garnet nanofiber networks for lithium batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kun, Kelvin; Gong, Yunhui; Dai, Jiaqi; Gong, Amy; Han, Xiaogang; Yao, Yonggang; Wang, Chengwei; Wang, Yibo; Chen, Yanan; Yan, Chaoyi; Li, Yiju; Wachsman, Eric D.; Hu, Liangbing

2016-06-01

Beyond state-of-the-art lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology with metallic lithium anodes to replace conventional ion intercalation anode materials is highly desirable because of lithium's highest specific capacity (3,860 mA/g) and lowest negative electrochemical potential (˜3.040 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode). In this work, we report for the first time, to our knowledge, a 3D lithium-ion-conducting ceramic network based on garnet-type Li6.4La3Zr2Al0.2O12 (LLZO) lithium-ion conductor to provide continuous Li+ transfer channels in a polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based composite. This composite structure further provides structural reinforcement to enhance the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix. The flexible solid-state electrolyte composite membrane exhibited an ionic conductivity of 2.5 × 10-4 S/cm at room temperature. The membrane can effectively block dendrites in a symmetric Li | electrolyte | Li cell during repeated lithium stripping/plating at room temperature, with a current density of 0.2 mA/cm2 for around 500 h and a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2 for over 300 h. These results provide an all solid ion-conducting membrane that can be applied to flexible LIBs and other electrochemical energy storage systems, such as lithium-sulfur batteries.

An ion-conductive Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3-based composite protective layer for lithium metal anode in lithium-sulfur batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Changzhi; Huang, Xiao; Jin, Jun; Lu, Yang; Wang, Qing; Yang, Jianhua; Wen, Zhaoyin

2018-02-01

Lithium (Li) metal plays an indispensable role in Li-S batteries, but its fast degradation seriously impedes the practical application of Li-S batteries. Here, an ion-conductive LAGP-based composite protective layer (CPL) consisting of lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is prepared on Li metal anode via a facile casting method. In the presence of LAGP, the negative effect of CPL on the diffusion of Li+ is minimized. Hence, it can not only effectively resist corrosive action of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) on Li metal anode, but also reduce interfacial polarization and restrain dendritic Li growth. The protected Li anode exhibits exceptional cycling stability and low voltage polarization (∼30 mV at 0.5 mA cm-2) for 300 h. The electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries with protected Li anode is also greatly enhanced. The discharge specific capacity of 832.1 mAh g-1 and an average coulombic efficiency of 92% are obtained for up to 100 cycles at 0.5 C in LiNO3-free electrolyte. Additionally, the rate capability of Li-S batteries is significantly improved, delivering a reversible capacity of 565 mAh g-1 at 4 C. Our results also indicate this protection strategy can be extended to the Li-S pouch cells.

Conductivity dependence of lithium diffusivity and electrochemical performance for electrospun TiO2 fibers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qing, Rui; Liu, Li; Bohling, Christian; Sigmund, Wolfgang

2015-01-01

TiO2 is one of the most exciting anode candidates for safe application in lithium ion batteries. However, its low intrinsic electronic conductivity limits application. In this paper, a simple sol-gel based route is presented to produce nanosize TiO2 fibers with 119 ± 27 nm diameters via electrospinning. Subsequent calcination in various atmospheres was applied to achieve anatase and anatase-rutile mixed phase crystallites with and without carbon coating. The crystallite size was 5 nm for argon calcined fibers and 13-20 nm for air calcined fibers. Argon calcined TiO2 nanofibers exhibited electronic conductivity orders of magnitude higher than those of air-calcined samples. Lithium diffusivity was increased by one time and specific capacity by 26.9% due to the enhanced conductivity. It also had a different intercalation mechanism of lithium. Hydrogen post heat-treatment was found to benefit electronic conductivity (by 3-4.5 times), lithium diffusivity (1.5-2 times) and consequently the high rate performance of the TiO2 nanofibers (over 80%). The inner mechanism and structure-property relations among these parameters were also discussed.

Elevated Thyrotropin in Bipolar Youths Prescribed Both Lithium and Divalproex Sodium

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gracious, Barbara L.; Findling, Robert L.; Seman, Christopher; Youngstrom, Eric A.; Demeter, Christine A.; Calabrese, Joseph R.

2004-01-01

Objective: To examine the effect of combined lithium and divalproex sodium on thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in children and adolescents with bipolar disorders and to identify risk factors for lithium-induced hypothyroidism. Method: Bipolar youths aged 5 to 17 years participating in an open-label clinical trial received treatment with…

21 CFR 177.1550 - Perfluorocarbon resins.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... may not be used with the optional component, lithium polysilicate, mentioned in paragraph (b)(4) of... substances Limitations Lithium polysilicate containing not more than 20 weight percent silica, not more than 2.1 percent lithium oxide and having a maximum mole ratio of Si02/Li20 of 8.5 to 1 For use only as a...

21 CFR 177.1550 - Perfluorocarbon resins.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... may not be used with the optional component, lithium polysilicate, mentioned in paragraph (b)(4) of... substances Limitations Lithium polysilicate containing not more than 20 weight percent silica, not more than 2.1 percent lithium oxide and having a maximum mole ratio of Si02/Li20 of 8.5 to 1 For use only as a...

21 CFR 177.1550 - Perfluorocarbon resins.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... may not be used with the optional component, lithium polysilicate, mentioned in paragraph (b)(4) of... substances Limitations Lithium polysilicate containing not more than 20 weight percent silica, not more than 2.1 percent lithium oxide and having a maximum mole ratio of Si02/Li20 of 8.5 to 1 For use only as a...

21 CFR 177.1550 - Perfluorocarbon resins.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... may not be used with the optional component, lithium polysilicate, mentioned in paragraph (b)(4) of... substances Limitations Lithium polysilicate containing not more than 20 weight percent silica, not more than 2.1 percent lithium oxide and having a maximum mole ratio of Si02/Li20 of 8.5 to 1 For use only as a...

High performance batteries with carbon nanomaterials and ionic liquids

DOEpatents

Lu, Wen [Littleton, CO

2012-08-07

The present invention is directed to lithium-ion batteries in general and more particularly to lithium-ion batteries based on aligned graphene ribbon anodes, V.sub.2O.sub.5 graphene ribbon composite cathodes, and ionic liquid electrolytes. The lithium-ion batteries have excellent performance metrics of cell voltages, energy densities, and power densities.

78 FR 51816 - Notice of Actions on Special Permit Applications

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-21

... OtterBox, Fort transportation in commerce Collins, CO. of a lithium ion battery which is permanently installed in a cell phone case as ``Lithium batteries contained in equipment.'' (modes 1, 4, 5) Denied 11296.... transportation in commerce of certain damaged or defective lithium batteries. (modes 1, 2, 3) Emergency Special...

Symposium on High Power, Ambient Temperature Lithium Batteries, 180th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Phoenix, AZ, Oct. 13-17, 1991, Proceedings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Clark, W. D. K. (Editor); Halpert, Gerald (Editor)

1992-01-01

Papers presented in these proceedings are on the state of the art in high-power lithium batteries, a design analysis of high-power Li-TiS2 battery, the performance and safety features of spiral wound lithium/thionyl chloride cells, the feasibility of a superhigh energy density battery of the Li/BrF3 electrochemical system, and an enhanced redox process of disulfide compounds and their application in high energy storage. Attention is also given to the structure and charge-discharge characteristics of mesophase-pitch based carbons, a study of carbons and graphites as anodes for lithium rechargeable cells, Li metal-free rechargeable Li(1+x)Mn2O4/carbon cells, and rechargeable lithium batteries using V6O13/V5O5 as the positive electrode material. Other papers discuss the electrochemical stability of organic electrolytes in contact with solid inorganic cathode materials, the electrochemical behavior of methyl formate solutions, and the interface between a solid polymer electrolyte and lithium anode.

Corrosion of V?Ti?Cr alloys in liquid lithium: influence of alloy composition and concentration of nitrogen in lithium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eliseeva, O. I.; Fedirko, V. N.; Chernov, V. M.; Zavialsky, L. P.

2000-12-01

The effect of V-(0-70)Ti-(0-30)Cr (at.%) compositions on their compatibility with nitrogen-containing lithium (0.0015-0.67 at.% N) at 7000°C under steady-state test conditions and long-term contact with lithium (up to 2000 h) has been studied. The conditions for formation and stable coexistence of nitride layers on the surface of various compositions under variable nitrogen concentration in lithium have been defined. The V-(8-10)Ti-(4-5)Cr compositions showed the best characteristics from the standpoint of corrosion resistance, nitride layer stability under conditions of variable nitrogen concentration in lithium, and the possibility of 'in situ' protective nitride layer formation.

The lithium abundances of a large sample of red giants

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Y. J.; Tan, K. F.; Wang, L.

2014-04-20

The lithium abundances for 378 G/K giants are derived with non-local thermodynamic equilibrium correction considered. Among these are 23 stars that host planetary systems. The lithium abundance is investigated, as a function of metallicity, effective temperature, and rotational velocity, as well as the impact of a giant planet on G/K giants. The results show that the lithium abundance is a function of metallicity and effective temperature. The lithium abundance has no correlation with rotational velocity at v sin i < 10 km s{sup –1}. Giants with planets present lower lithium abundance and slow rotational velocity (v sin i < 4more » km s{sup –1}). Our sample includes three Li-rich G/K giants, 36 Li-normal stars, and 339 Li-depleted stars. The fraction of Li-rich stars in this sample agrees with the general rate of less than 1% in the literature, and the stars that show normal amounts of Li are supposed to possess the same abundance at the current interstellar medium. For the Li-depleted giants, Li-deficiency may have already taken place at the main sequence stage for many intermediate mass (1.5-5 M {sub ☉}) G/K giants. Finally, we present the lithium abundance and kinematic parameters for an enlarged sample of 565 giants using a compilation of the literature, and confirm that the lithium abundance is a function of metallicity and effective temperature. With the enlarged sample, we investigate the differences between the lithium abundance in thin-/thick-disk giants, which indicate that the lithium abundance in thick-disk giants is more depleted than that in thin-disk giants.« less

Lithium-induced alterations in the testis of the male roseringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) : evidence for significant structural changes and disruption in the spermatogenetic activity.

PubMed

Banerji, T K; Maitra, S K; Basu, A; Hawkins, H K

1999-02-01

In this report, we have examined the effects of lithium on testicular morphology in a male subtropical wild avian species, the roseringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri). Adult male birds were collected during the months of February-March, a time when the testicular gametogenic activity in these seasonally breeding birds is at its peak. They were injected, intramuscularly, twice daily (07:00 and 19:00 h) with lithium chloride (Sigma Chemical Company) at a dosage of 0.5 mEq/Kg body weight either for 5 or 10 days. A significant decrease in both the absolute and relative testicular weights was evident in the lithium-treated birds as compared to those of the saline-injected control animals. Light microscopic studies of the testis in the lithium-treated animals showed a wide range of degenerative changes. These included a) a significant reduction in the diameter of seminiferous tubules; b) necrosis and exfoliation of most of the germ cells in the seminiferous tubular lumen with the exception of the spermatogonia; and c) a significant reduction in the number of mature spermatozoa in the tubular lumen. These degenerative changes were dependent on the duration of lithium treatment and were evident when the plasma lithium concentrations were well below the human therapeutic range. Leydig cell morphology was not affected by lithium however. Our results provide the first experimental evidence of lithium's adverse reproductive function in an avian species. These data provide further support to the view that lithium adversely affects the male reproductive system and that these effects extend beyond mammalian species.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jeff Chamberlain

Jeff Chamberlain, technology transfer expert at Argonne National Laboratory, speaks on the new technology Lithium-air batteries, which could potentially increase energy density by 5-10 times over lithium-ion batteries.

[Comparison of pharmacological renal preconditioning with dalargin and lithium ions in the model of gentamycin-induced acute renal failure].

PubMed

Cherpakov, R A; Grebenchikov, O A; Plotnikov, E Ju; Likhvantsev, V V

2015-01-01

To examine the efficacy of renal preconditioning effect of dalargin and lithium ions by observing the model of gentamycin-induced acute renalfailure. The experiments were performed on white rats, male. The influence of dalargin and lithium ions on the development of gentamycin-induced acute renalfailure was studied in vivo. On the first 24 hours after dalargin injections were terminated, the rats were euthanized humanly. After this we took the blood for a biochemistry study and a renal culture for biochemical test and also for the test of gsk-3β activity. Concentrations of creatinine and urea were studied in serum. The culture samples of renal tubular epithelium before insertion of gentamycin were incubated in dalargin or lithium ions in different concentrations. After that the substratum was immediately changed to gentamycin in different concentrations also and the incubated for 24 hours. After all the standards MTT-test was performed (based on the ability of living cells to reduce the unpainted form by 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-difenilterarazola to blue crystalline farmazan). Lithium precondition leads to the 250% increase of gsk-3β concentration (p = 0.035). The same results were observed after injection of dalargin in 50 mcg/kg concentration. Concentration of creatinine was 44% lower in the dalargin group than in the control group (p = 0.022). Concentration of creatinine was 32% lower in the lithium group than in the control group (p = 0.030). Concentration of urea was 27% lower in the lithium group than in the control group (p = 0.049). Morphological inflammatory changes in the control group were more significant also. In vitro studies showed the maximum efficacy in the lithium group. The most effective dalargin concentration was 5 mg/ml. Lithium and dalargine preconditioning lowers the signs of gentamycine induced acute renal failure and damage rate of renal parenchyma in vivo and in vitro.

Differential pattern of response in mood symptoms and suicide risk measures in severely ill depressed patients assigned to citalopram with placebo or citalopram combined with lithium: role of lithium levels.

PubMed

Khan, Arif; Khan, Shirin R F; Hobus, Joy; Faucett, James; Mehra, Vishaal; Giller, Earl L; Rudolph, Richard L

2011-11-01

The assumption that antidepressants may reduce suicide risk by reducing depressive symptoms is not based on data. Further, it is unclear if the retrospectively based anti-suicidal effects of lithium can be prospectively evaluated using lithium as an augmenting agent to antidepressants. To verify our hypothesis, we designed and conducted an exploratory proof of concept trial of four weeks duration using a randomized, double-blind, parallel group method. Forty patients were assigned to citalopram + lithium and 40 were assigned to citalopram + placebo. The primary dependent measures were the Sheehan-Suicidality Tracking Scale (S-STS) and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). The reduction of S-STS scores was large (43%) and twice that seen in MADRS scores (25%) among the eighty patients included in the trial. Both response (χ(2) = 8.8, p < 0.01) and remission (χ(2) = 4.6, p = 0.03) rates showed similar patterns. There were no significant differences in mean total S-STS change scores among patients assigned to citalopram with placebo (4.8 ± 5.1) and patients assigned to citalopram with lithium (5.1 ± 5.2). When explored further, a subgroup of the patients assigned to citalopram and lithium achieved therapeutic serum levels and had significantly higher S-STS remission rates (45% compared to 19%, p < 0.05). There were no deaths by suicide or other causes indicating that trials enrolling acutely suicidal patients are feasible. These results suggest that citalopram may have a direct therapeutic effect on suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Further, lithium when used in therapeutic doses may augment such effects. These data warrant further exploration of lithium and an antidepressant combination for anti-suicidal effects. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Interfacial strain effects on lithium diffusion pathways in the spinel solid electrolyte Li-doped MgAl2O4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Rourke, Conn; Morgan, Benjamin J.

2018-04-01

The (Li,Al)-codoped magnesium spinel (LixMg1 -2 xAl2 +xO4 ) is a solid lithium-ion electrolyte with potential use in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. The spinel structure means that interfaces with spinel electrodes, such as LiyMn2O4 and Li4 +3 zTi5O12 , may be lattice matched, with potentially low interfacial resistances. Small lattice parameter differences across a lattice-matched interface are unavoidable, causing residual epitaxial strain. This strain potentially modifies lithium diffusion near the electrolyte-electrode interface, contributing to interfacial resistance. Here, we report a density functional theory study of strain effects on lithium diffusion pathways for (Li,Al)-codoped magnesium spinel, for xLi=0.25 and xLi=0.5 . We have calculated diffusion profiles for the unstrained materials, and for isotropic and biaxial tensile strains of up to 6 % , corresponding to {100 } epitaxial interfaces with LiyMn2O4 and Li4 +3 zTi5O12 . We find that isotropic tensile strain reduces lithium diffusion barriers by as much as 0.32 eV , with typical barriers reduced by ˜0.1 eV. This effect is associated with increased volumes of transitional octahedral sites, and broadly follows qualitative changes in local electrostatic potentials. For biaxial (epitaxial) strain, which more closely approximates strain at a lattice-matched electrolyte-electrode interface, changes in octahedral site volumes and in lithium diffusion barriers are much smaller than under isotropic strain. Typical barriers are reduced by only ˜0.05 eV. Individual effects, however, depend on the pathway considered and the relative strain orientation. These results predict that isotropic strain strongly affects ionic conductivities in (Li,Al)-codoped magnesium spinel electrolytes, and that tensile strain is a potential route to enhanced lithium transport. For a lattice-matched interface with candidate spinel-structured electrodes, however, epitaxial strain has a small, but complex, effect on lithium diffusion barriers.

Space Technology-5 Lithium-Ion Battery Design, Qualification and Integration and Testing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rao, Gopalakishna M.; Stewart, Karen; Ameen, Syed; Banfield, Peter K.

2005-01-01

This document is a viewgraph presentation that reviews the Lithium Ion Battery for the Space Technology-5 (ST-5) mission. Included in the document is a review of the ST-5 Mission, a review of the battery requirements, a description of the battery and the battery materials. The testing and the integration and qualification data is reviewed.

Lithium toxicity and myxedema crisis in an elderly patient

PubMed Central

Mir, Shahnaz Ahmad; Wani, Arshad Iqbal; Masoodi, Shariq Rashid; Bashir, Mir Iftikhar; Ahmad, Nadeem

2013-01-01

While thyroid dysfunction is a frequent complication of lithium treatment, myxedema crisis is a rare occurrence with a handful of cases described. Here, we describe a patient receiving lithium for about a decade for bipolar disorder, who presented with myxedema crisis and lithium toxicity. In this patient, myxedema crisis was likely precipitated by lithium toxicity and community acquired pneumonia. The effects of lithium on thyroid are briefly reviewed. Objective: To describe an elderly male who was diagnosed with myxedema crisis and lithium toxicity. Case Report: A 70-year-old male was admitted in our hospital with history of gradual onset progressive decrease in level of consciousness and altered behavior for last 1 month. Patient also had history of respiratory tract symptoms for 1 week. Patient was a known case of diabetes and bipolar affective disorder for which he had been receiving insulin and lithium for 10 years. One year earlier, patient was admitted in our ward for glycemic control and evaluation of complications and was found to be clinically and biochemically euthyroid; he never returned for follow up until the present admission. On examination patient had incoherent speech, hypothermia, and bradycardia. Thyroid function showed thyroid-stimulating hormone >150 IU/ml, Tetraiodothyronine (T4) <1 μg/dl, anti-thyroid peroxidase titer of 60 IU/ml. The serum lithium level was 2.9 nmol/L (therapeutic level 0.2-1.2 nmol/L). He was managed with levothyroxine, starting with a loading oral dose of 500 μg through ryles tube followed by 100 μg daily, IV antibiotics and fluids; lithium was stopped after consultation with a psychiatrist. From day 5, patient started showing progressive improvement and by day 10, he had a Glasgow Coma Scale of 15/15, normal electrolyte, serum creatinine of 1.8 mg/dl and serum lithium level of 0.5 nmol/L. Conclusion: Lithium-induced hypothyroidism may be life-threatening, thyroid function should be monitored before and during lithium therapy and drug should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted if hypothyroidism develops. PMID:24910829

Baseline Field Testing of BB-2590 Lithium-Ion Batteries using an iRobot FasTac 510 Robot

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-09-17

No. 21320 Baseline Field Testing of BB-2590 Lithium - Ion Batteries using an iRobot FasTac 510 Robot U.S. Army Tank...SEP 2010 2. REPORT TYPE N/A 3. DATES COVERED - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Baseline Field Testing of BB-2590 Lithium - Ion Batteries using an iRobot...COVERED (From - To) Baseline Field Testing of BB-2590 Lithium - Ion Batteries using an 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE iRobot FasTac 510 Robot 5a. CONTRACT

Stabilizing lithium metal using ionic liquids for long-lived batteries

PubMed Central

Basile, A.; Bhatt, A. I.; O'Mullane, A. P.

2016-01-01

Suppressing dendrite formation at lithium metal anodes during cycling is critical for the implementation of future lithium metal-based battery technology. Here we report that it can be achieved via the facile process of immersing the electrodes in ionic liquid electrolytes for a period of time before battery assembly. This creates a durable and lithium ion-permeable solid–electrolyte interphase that allows safe charge–discharge cycling of commercially applicable Li|electrolyte|LiFePO4 batteries for 1,000 cycles with Coulombic efficiencies >99.5%. The tailored solid–electrolyte interphase is prepared using a variety of electrolytes based on the N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide room temperature ionic liquid containing lithium salts. The formation is both time- and lithium salt-dependant, showing dynamic morphology changes, which when optimized prevent dendrite formation and consumption of electrolyte during cycling. This work illustrates that a simple, effective and industrially applicable lithium metal pretreatment process results in a commercially viable cycle life for a lithium metal battery. PMID:27292652

Efficiently photo-charging lithium-ion battery by perovskite solar cell

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Jiantie; Chen, Yonghua; Dai, Liming

2015-08-01

Electric vehicles using lithium-ion battery pack(s) for propulsion have recently attracted a great deal of interest. The large-scale practical application of battery electric vehicles may not be realized unless lithium-ion batteries with self-charging suppliers will be developed. Solar cells offer an attractive option for directly photo-charging lithium-ion batteries. Here we demonstrate the use of perovskite solar cell packs with four single CH3NH3PbI3 based solar cells connected in series for directly photo-charging lithium-ion batteries assembled with a LiFePO4 cathode and a Li4Ti5O12 anode. Our device shows a high overall photo-electric conversion and storage efficiency of 7.80% and excellent cycling stability, which outperforms other reported lithium-ion batteries, lithium-air batteries, flow batteries and super-capacitors integrated with a photo-charging component. The newly developed self-chargeable units based on integrated perovskite solar cells and lithium-ion batteries hold promise for various potential applications.

Highly efficient lithium composite anode with hydrophobic molten salt in seawater

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yancheng; Urquidi-Macdonald, Mirna

A lithium composite anode (lithium/1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazoleum hexafluorophosphate (BMI +PF 6-)/4-VLZ) for primary lithium/seawater semi-fuel-cells is proposed to reduce lithium-water parasitic reaction and, hence, increase the lithium anodic efficiency up to 100%. The lithium composite anode was activated when in contact with artificial seawater (3% NaCl solution) and the output was a stable anodic current density at 0.2 mA/cm 2, which lasted about 10 h under potentiostatic polarization at +0.5 V versus open circuit potential (OCP); the anodic efficiency was indirectly measured to be 100%. With time, a small traces of water diffused through the hydrophobic molten salt, BMI +PF 6-, reached the lithium interface and formed a double layer film (LiH/LiOH). Accordingly, the current density decreased and the anodic efficiency was estimated to be 90%. The hypothesis of small traces of water penetrating the molten salt and reaching the lithium anode—after several hours of operation—is supported by the collected experimental current density and hydrogen evolution, electrochemical impedance spectrum analysis, and non-mechanistic interface film modeling of lithium/BMI +PF 6-.

Depth profiling the solid electrolyte interphase on lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) using synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nordh, Tim; Younesi, Reza; Brandell, Daniel; Edström, Kristina

2015-10-01

The presence of a surface layer on lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) anodes, which has been a topic of debate in scientific literature, is here investigated with tunable high surface sensitive synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) to obtain a reliable depth profile of the interphase. Li||LTO cells with electrolytes consisting of 1 M lithium hexafluorophosphate dissolved in ethylene carbonate:diethyl carbonate (LiPF6 in EC:DEC) were cycled in two different voltage windows of 1.0-2.0 V and 1.4-2.0 V. LTO electrodes were characterized after 5 and 100 cycles. Also the pristine electrode as such, and an electrode soaked in the electrolyte were analyzed by varying the photon energies enabling depth profiling of the outermost surface layer. The main components of the surface layer were found to be ethers, P-O containing compounds, and lithium fluoride.

Reversible Lithium Neurotoxicity: Review of the Literature

PubMed Central

Netto, Ivan

2012-01-01

Objective: Lithium neurotoxicity may be reversible or irreversible. Reversible lithium neurotoxicity has been defined as cases of lithium neurotoxicity in which patients recovered without any permanent neurologic sequelae, even after 2 months of an episode of lithium toxicity. Cases of reversible lithium neurotoxicity differ in clinical presentation from those of irreversible lithium neurotoxicity and have important implications in clinical practice. This review aims to study the clinical presentation of cases of reversible lithium neurotoxicity. Data Sources: A comprehensive electronic search was conducted in the following databases: MEDLINE (PubMed), 1950 to November 2010; PsycINFO, 1967 to November 2010; and SCOPUS (EMBASE), 1950 to November 2010. MEDLINE and PsycINFO were searched by using the OvidSP interface. Study Selection: A combination of the following search terms was used: lithium AND adverse effects AND central nervous system OR neurologic manifestation. Publications cited include articles concerned with reversible lithium neurotoxicity. Data Extraction: The age, sex, clinical features, diagnostic categories, lithium doses, serum lithium levels, precipitating factors, and preventive measures of 52 cases of reversible lithium neurotoxicity were extracted. Data Synthesis: Among the 52 cases of reversible lithium neurotoxicity, patients ranged in age from 10 to 80 years and a greater number were female (P = .008). Most patients had affective disorders, schizoaffective disorders, and/or depression (P < .001) and presented mainly with acute organic brain syndrome. In most cases, the therapeutic serum lithium levels were less than or equal to 1.5 mEq/L (P < .001), and dosage regimens were less than 2,000 mg/day. Specific drug combinations with lithium, underlying brain pathology, abnormal tissue levels, specific diagnostic categories, and elderly populations were some of the precipitating factors reported for reversible lithium neurotoxicity. The preventive measures were also described. Conclusions: Reversible lithium neurotoxicity presents with a certain clinical profile and precipitating factors for which there are appropriate preventive measures. This recognition will help in early diagnosis and prompt treatment of lithium neurotoxicity. PMID:22690368

Jeff Chamberlain

ScienceCinema

Jeff Chamberlain

2017-12-09

Jeff Chamberlain, technology transfer expert at Argonne National Laboratory, speaks on the new technology Lithium-air batteries, which could potentially increase energy density by 5-10 times over lithium-ion batteries.

U.S. Army Hybrid Propulsion System R&D Overview ATA/Technology & Maintenance Council 2011 Fall Meeting, Hybrid Powertrain Task Force Session

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-19

Integration – Non-Thermal Plasma JP8 reformer & SOFC system – Lithium-Iron Phosphate Battery Technology – Lithium Ion Battery & energy storage systems...regeneration and includes a lithium ion battery energy storage – Export power capabilities meeting mission requirements (5-50 kilowatt [kW]) – Air

Power System Electronics Accommodation for a Lithium Ion Battery on the Space Technology 5 (ST5) Mission

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Castell, Karen; Day, John H. (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

ST5 mission requirements include validation of Lithium-ion battery in orbit. Accommodation in the power system for Li-ion battery can be reduced with smaller amp-hour size, highly matched cells when compared to the larger amp-hour size approach. Result can be lower system mass and increased reliability.

Lithium-Ion Electrolytes with Improved Safety Tolerance to High Voltage Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smart, Marshall C. (Inventor); Prakash, Surya G. (Inventor); Bugga, Ratnakumar V. (Inventor); Krause, Frederick C. (Inventor)

2015-01-01

The invention discloses various embodiments of electrolytes for use in lithium-ion batteries, the electrolytes having improved safety and the ability to operate with high capacity anodes and high voltage cathodes. In one embodiment there is provided an electrolyte for use in a lithium-ion battery comprising an anode and a high voltage cathode. The electrolyte has a mixture of a cyclic carbonate of ethylene carbonate (EC) or mono-fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) co-solvent, ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), a flame retardant additive, a lithium salt, and an electrolyte additive that improves compatibility and performance of the lithium-ion battery with a high voltage cathode. The lithium-ion battery is charged to a voltage in a range of from about 2.0 V (Volts) to about 5.0 V (Volts).

Exposure to lithium through drinking water and calcium homeostasis during pregnancy: A longitudinal study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Harari, Florencia; Åkesson, Agneta; Casimiro, Esperanza

There is increasing evidence of adverse health effects due to elevated lithium exposure through drinking water but the impact on calcium homeostasis is unknown. This study aimed at elucidating if lithium exposure through drinking water during pregnancy may impair the maternal calcium homeostasis. In a population-based mother-child cohort in the Argentinean Andes (n=178), with elevated lithium concentrations in the drinking water (5–1660 μg/L), blood lithium concentrations (correlating significantly with lithium in water, urine and plasma) were measured repeatedly during pregnancy by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and used as exposure biomarker. Markers of calcium homeostasis included: plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D{sub 3},more » serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations in serum and urine. The median maternal blood lithium concentration was 25 μg/L (range 1.9–145). In multivariable-adjusted mixed-effects linear regression models, blood lithium was inversely associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D{sub 3} (−6.1 nmol/L [95%CI −9.5; −2.6] for a 25 μg/L increment in blood lithium). The estimate increased markedly with increasing percentiles of 25-hydroxyvitamin D{sub 3}. In multivariable-adjusted mixed-effects logistic regression models, the odds ratio of having 25-hydroxyvitamin D3<30 nmol/L (19% of the women) was 4.6 (95%CI 1.1; 19.3) for a 25 μg/L increment in blood lithium. Blood lithium was also positively associated with serum magnesium, but not with serum calcium and PTH, and inversely associated with urinary calcium and magnesium. In conclusion, our study suggests that lithium exposure through drinking water during pregnancy may impair the calcium homeostasis, particularly vitamin D. The results reinforce the need for better control of lithium in drinking water, including bottled water. - Highlights: • Elevated drinking water lithium (Li) concentrations are increasingly reported. • We studied a Li-exposed population-based mother-child cohort in northern Argentina. • Li exposure during pregnancy affected maternal calcium homeostasis. • Blood Li was consistently inversely associated with maternal plasma vitamin D{sub 3}. • Associations were independent of season of sampling and lifestyle.« less

Mixed solvent electrolytes for ambient temperature secondary lithium cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shen, David H. (Inventor); Surampudi, Subbarao (Inventor); Deligiannis, Fotios (Inventor); Halpert, Gerald (Inventor)

1991-01-01

The present invention comprises an improved electrolyte for secondary lithium-based cells as well as batteries fabricated using this electrolyte. The electrolyte is a lithium containing salt dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent, which is made from a mixture of ethylene carbonate, ethylene propylene diene terpolymer, 2-methylfuran, and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. This improved, mixed solvent electrolyte is more conductive than prior electrolytes and much less corrosive to lithium anodes. Batteries constructed with this improved electrolyte utilize lithium or lithium alloy anodes and cathodes made of metal chalcogenides or oxides, such as TiS.sub.2, NbSe.sub.3, V.sub.6 O.sub.13, V.sub.2 O.sub.5, MoS.sub.2, MoS.sub.3, CoO.sub.2, or CrO.sub.2, dissolved in a supporting polymer matrix, like EPDM. The preferred non-aqueous solvent mixture comprises approximately 5 to 30 volume percent ethylene carbonate, approximately 0.01 to 0.1 weight percent ethylene propylene diene terpolymer, and approximately 0.2 to 2 percent 2-methylfuran, with the balance being 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. The most preferred solvent comprises approximately 10 to 20 volume percent ethylene carbonate, about 0.05 weight percent ethylene propylene diene terpolymer, and about 1.0 percent 2-methylfuran, with the balance being 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. The concentration of lithium arsenic hexafluoride can range from about 1.0 to 1.8 M; a concentration 1.5 M is most preferred. Secondary batteries made with the improved electrolyte of this invention have lower internal impedance, longer cycle life, higher energy density, low self-discharge, and longer shelf life.

Molecular dynamics simulations of spinels: LiMn2O4 and Li4Mn5O12 at high temperatures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ledwaba, R. S.; Matshaba, M. G.; Ngoepe, P. E.

2015-04-01

Energy storage technologies are critical in addressing the global challenge of clean sustainable energy. Spinel lithium manganates have attracted attention due to their electrochemical properties and also as promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The current study focused on the effects of high temperatures on the materials, in order to understand the sustainability in cases where the battery heats up to high temperature and analysis of lithium diffusion aids in terms of intercalation host compatibility. It is also essential to understand the high temperature behaviour and lithium ion host capability of these materials in order to perform the armorphization and recrystalization of spinel nano-architectures. Molecular dynamics simulations carried out to predict high temperature behaviour of the spinel systems. The NVE ensemble was employed, in the range 300 - 3000K. The melting temperature, lithium-ion diffusion and structural behaviour were monitored in both supercell systems. LiMn2O4 indicated a diffusion rate that increased rapidly above 1500K, just before melting (˜1700K) and reached its maximum diffusion at 2.756 × 10-7 cm2s-1 before it decreased. Li4Mn5O12 indicated an exponential increase above 700K reaching 8.303 × 10-7 cm2s-1 at 2000K and allowing lithium intercalation even above its melting point of around 1300K. This indicated better structural stability of Li4Mn5O12 and capability to host lithium ions at very high temperatures (up to 3000 K) compared to LiMn2O4.

High-power liquid-lithium jet target for neutron production

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Halfon, S.; Feinberg, G.; Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904

2013-12-15

A compact liquid-lithium target (LiLiT) was built and tested with a high-power electron gun at the Soreq Nuclear Research Center. The lithium target, to be bombarded by the high-intensity proton beam of the Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility (SARAF), will constitute an intense source of neutrons produced by the {sup 7}Li(p,n){sup 7}Be reaction for nuclear astrophysics research and as a pilot setup for accelerator-based Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. The liquid-lithium jet target acts both as neutron-producing target and beam dump by removing the beam thermal power (>5 kW, >1 MW/cm{sup 3}) with fast transport. The target was designed based onmore » a thermal model, accompanied by a detailed calculation of the {sup 7}Li(p,n) neutron yield, energy distribution, and angular distribution. Liquid lithium is circulated through the target loop at ∼200 °C and generates a stable 1.5 mm-thick film flowing at a velocity up to 7 m/s onto a concave supporting wall. Electron beam irradiation demonstrated that the liquid-lithium target can dissipate electron power areal densities of >4 kW/cm{sup 2} and volume power density of ∼2 MW/cm{sup 3} at a lithium flow of ∼4 m/s while maintaining stable temperature and vacuum conditions. The LiLiT setup is presently in online commissioning stage for high-intensity proton beam irradiation (1.91–2.5 MeV, 1–2 mA) at SARAF.« less

Separation and transport of lithium of 10(-5) M in the presence of sodium chloride higher than 0.1 M by 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octabromo-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin.

PubMed

Sun, H; Tabata, M

1999-07-01

A water-soluble porphyrin (2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octabromo-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (H(2)(obtpps)(4-), H(2)P(4-)) synthesized in our laboratory was applied to a solvent extraction method and a liquid membrane transport of lithium as low as 10(-5) M (M=mol dm(-3)) in the presence of sodium chloride higher than 0.1 M. The lithium porphyrin with five negative charges was extracted successfully into chloroform with tetrabutylammonium ion (But(4)N(+)) at pH 12.7. The extraction constant for the reaction of [LiP(5-)](a)+5[But(4)N](+)(a)right harpoon over left harpoon[(But(4)N)(5)LiP](o) was found to be (1.9+/-0.3)x10(18) M(-5), where the subscripts a and o denote chemical species in aqueous and organic phases, respectively. Lithium was transported to an aqueous phase at pH 7 through a chloroform liquid membrane containing [(But(4)N)(5)HP]. The extraction and transport mechanism was discussed on the basis of extraction constants, chemical species and transportation rate. Lithium in sea water or serum sample was separated and its concentration was determined spectrophotometrically by the present method without any interference from sodium chloride. The interference from transition and heavy metal ions was masked by Mg-EDTA. A calibration curve was linear over a range of 2x10(-6) to 2x10(-5) M at a precision of 1.51% (RSD).

Assembly and Design Miniaturization of Floating Spacecraft Simulator and Its Magnetic Docking Interface

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-01

Lithium Ion Battery Pack. Source: [13]. .....................................................................................16 Figure 17. BB-04SR...reducing friction. Figure 5. FSS Pneumatic Schematic Figure 6 illustrates the electrical schematic of the FSS. Two lithium - ion batteries ...D. MAJOR COMPONENTS FOR ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 1. Portable Battery Two rechargeable smart lithium ion battery packs (see Figure 16) are used to power

Degradation of lithium ion batteries employing graphite negatives and nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide + spinel manganese oxide positives: Part 2, chemical-mechanical degradation model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Purewal, Justin; Wang, John; Graetz, Jason; Soukiazian, Souren; Tataria, Harshad; Verbrugge, Mark W.

2014-12-01

Capacity fade is reported for 1.5 Ah Li-ion batteries containing a mixture of Li-Ni-Co-Mn oxide (NCM) + Li-Mn oxide spinel (LMO) as positive electrode material and a graphite negative electrode. The batteries were cycled at a wide range of temperatures (10 °C-46 °C) and discharge currents (0.5C-6.5C). The measured capacity losses were fit to a simple physics-based model which calculates lithium inventory loss from two related mechanisms: (1) mechanical degradation at the graphite anode particle surface caused by diffusion-induced stresses (DIS) and (2) chemical degradation caused by lithium loss to continued growth of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI). These two mechanisms are coupled because lithium is consumed through SEI formation on newly exposed crack surfaces. The growth of crack surface area is modeled as a fatigue phenomenon due to the cyclic stresses generated by repeated lithium insertion and de-insertion of graphite particles. This coupled chemical-mechanical degradation model is consistent with the observed capacity loss features for the NCM + LMO/graphite cells.

Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes as Lithium Nanopipettes and SPM Probes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Larson, Jonathan; Bharath, Satyaveda; Cullen, William; Reutt-Robey, Janice

2014-03-01

A multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) - terminated SPM cantilever, was utilized to perform nanolithography and surface diffusion measurements on a thin film of vapor-deposited lithium atop a silicon (111) substrate under ultra-high vacuum conditions. In these investigations the MWCNT tip was shown to act as both a lithium nanopipette and a probe for non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) measurements. With the application of appropriate bias conditions, the MWCNT could site-selectively extract (expel) nano-scale amounts of lithium from (to) the sample surface. Depressions, mounds, and spikes were generated on the surface in this way and were azimuthally symmetric about the selected point of pipetting. Following lithium transfer to/from the substrate, the MWCNT pipette-induced features were sequentially imaged with NC-AFM using the MWCNT as the probe. Vacancy pits of ca. 300 nm diameter and 1.5 nm depth were observed to decay on a timescale of hours at room temperature, through diffusion-limited decay processes. A continuum model was utilized to simulate the island decay rates, and the lithium surface diffusion coefficient of D =7.5 (+/-1.3)*10-15 cm2/s was extracted. U.S. Department of Energy Award Number DESC0001160.

Vanadium—lithium in-pile loop for comprehensive tests of vanadium alloys and multipurpose coatings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lyublinski, I. E.; Evtikhin, V. A.; Ivanov, V. B.; Kazakov, V. A.; Korjavin, V. M.; Markovchev, V. K.; Melder, R. R.; Revyakin, Y. L.; Shpolyanskiy, V. N.

1996-10-01

The reliable information on design and material properties of self-cooled Li sbnd Li blanket and liquid metal divertor under neutron radiation conditions can be obtained using the concept of combined technological and material in-pile tests in a vanadium—lithium loop. The method of in-pile loop tests includes studies of vanadium—base alloys resistance, weld resistance under mechanical stress, multipurpose coating formation processes and coatings' resistance under the following conditions: high temperature (600-700°C), lithium velocities up to 10 m/s, lithium with controlled concentration of impurities and technological additions, a neutron load of 0.4-0.5 MW/m 2 and level of irradiation doses up to 5 dpa. The design of such an in-pile loop is considered. The experimental data on corrosion and compatibility with lithium, mechanical properties and welding technology of the vanadium alloys, methods of coatings formation and its radiation tests in lithium environment in the BOR-60 reactor (fast neutron fluence up to 10 26 m -2, irradiation temperature range of 500-523°C) are presented and analyzed as a basis for such loop development.

Lithium and Isotopic Ratio Li6/Li7 in Magnetic roAp Stars as an Indicator of Active Processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Polosukhina, N.; Shavrina, A.; Lyashko, D.; Nesvacil, N.; Drake, N.; Smirnova, M.

2015-04-01

The lines of lithium at 6708 Å and 6103 Å are analyzed in high resolution spectra of some sharp-lined and slowly rotating roAp stars. Three spectral synthesis codes— STARSP, ZEEMAN2, and SYNTHM—were used. New lines of rare earth elements (REE) from the DREAM database and the lines calculated on the basis of the NIST energy levels were included. Magnetic splitting and other line broadening processes were taken into account. For both lithium lines, the enhanced abundances of lithium in the atmospheres of the stars studied are obtained. The lithium abundance determined from the Li 6103 Å line is higher than that from the Li 6708 Å for all the stars. This may be evidence of vertical lithium stratification, abnormal temperature distribution, or unidentified blending of the 6103 Å line. Our work on two roAp stars, HD 83368 and HD 60435 (Shavrina et al. 2001) provides evidence of an enhanced lithium abundance near the magnetic-field poles. We can expect similar effects in the sharp-lined roAp stars. High lithium abundance for all the stars and the estimates of the 6Li/7Li ratio (0.2-0.5) can be explained by production of Li in the cosmic ray spallation reactions in the interstellar medium where the stars were born, and by preservation of the original 6Li and 7Li by strong magnetic fields of these stars. The values of the 6Li/7Li ratio expected from production by cosmic rays are about 0.5-0.8 (Knauth et al. 2003; Webber et al. 2002). New laboratory and theoretical gf-values for REE lines are necessary in order to refine our estimates of lithium abundances and the isotopic ratio.

Development of lithium powder based anode with conductive carbon materials for lithium batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, Man Su

Current lithium ion battery with a graphite anode shows stable cycle performance and safety. However, the lithium ion battery still has the limitation of having a low energy density caused by the application of lithium intercalated cathode and anode with low energy density. The combination of high capacity non-lithiated cathode such as sulfur and carbon and lithium metal anode has been researched for a long time to maximize battery's energy density. However, this cell design also has a lot of technical challenges to be solved. Among the challenges, lithium anode's problem related to lithium dendrite growth causing internal short and low cycling efficiency is very serious. Thus, extensive research on lithium metal anode has been performed to solve the lithium dendrite problem and a major part of the research has been focused on the control of the interface between lithium and electrolyte. However, research on lithium anode design itself has not been much conducted. In this research, innovative lithium anode design for less dendrite growth and higher cycling efficiency was suggested. Literature review for the lithium dendrite growth mechanism was conducted in Chapter 2 to develop electrode design concept and the importance of the current density on lithium dendrite growth was also found in the literatures. The preliminary test was conducted to verify the developed electrode concept by using lithium powder based anode (LIP) with conductive carbon materials and the results showed that lithium dendrite growth could be suppressed in this electrode design due to its increased electrochemical surface area and lithium deposition sites during lithium deposition. The electrode design suggested in Chapter 2 was extensively studied in Chapter 3 in terms of lithium dendrite growth morphology, lithium cycling efficiency and full cell cycling performance. This electrode concept was further developed to maximize the electrode's performance and safety in Chapter 4. In this new electrode design, electrically isolated super-p carbon agglomerates in the electrode were effectively reduced by adding conductive fillers such as graphite and further improvement in cycling performance and safety was also verified. The lithium powder based anode with conductive carbon materials is very useful concept as an alternative anode design instead of pure lithium metal anode for high energy density lithium batteries such as lithium-sulfur and lithium-air. As shown in Chapter 5, this electrode concept can be further developed and optimized through the application of new carbon materials and structure.

Lithium cell test results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bragg, B. J.

1977-01-01

Three lithium SO2 cells, two lithium CF cells, and a vinyl chloride cell, all with crimped seals, and all strictly experimental, were independently discharged on resistors. Three temperatures were used and several different storage temperatures. Discharge rate generally on the nominal discharges were 0.1 amp, 0.5 amp, and 1 amp. Tests results show that the crimp seals are inadequate, especially for the SO2 cells. Normal discharges present no hazards. All cells discharge to zero. The problem of lithium cell explosions, such as occurred during off-limits testing, is discussed.

Use of a Polyacetylene Cathode in Primary Lithium-Thionyl Chloride Cells.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-10-01

BUJREAU OF STANDAFRfA1.-, A 70 o 0 :0 .0 0 S S 0. 5, * ...- 7. * E~1 ~ C -TR-83-281 USE OF A POLYACETYLENE CATHODE IN PRIMARY LITHIUM -THIONYL CHLORIDE...CELLS ,.710 c-- -IGEO-CENTERS, INC. C. t 2G’ X=. 2. . ~t ~ ~* ~.4 . . ~. t ~ GC-TR-83-281 USE OF A POLYACETYLENE CATHODE IN PRIMARY LITHIUM -THIONYL...cathode material in a lithium /thionyl chloride (Li/SOCl 2) battery. S?The objective of the project was three-fold: -. (1) To characterize and

A Comparative Study of Structural Stability and Mechanical and Optical Properties of Fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F) and Lithium Disilicate (Li2Si2O5) Components Forming Dental Glass-Ceramics: First Principles Study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Biskri, Z. E.; Rached, H.; Bouchear, M.; Rached, D.; Aida, M. S.

2016-10-01

The aim of this paper is a comparative study of structural stability and mechanical and optical properties of fluorapatite (FA) (Ca5(PO4)3F) and lithium disilicate (LD) (Li2Si2O5), using the first principles pseudopotential method based on density functional theory (DFT) within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The stability of fluorapatite and lithium disilicate compounds has been evaluated on the basis of their formation enthalpies. The results show that fluorapatite is more energetically stable than lithium disilicate. The independent elastic constants and related mechanical properties, including bulk modulus ( B), shear modulus ( G), Young's modulus ( E) and Poisson's ratio ( ν) as well as the Vickers hardness ( H v), have been calculated for fluorapatite compound and compared with other theoretical and experimental results. The obtained values of the shear modulus, Young's modulus and Vickers hardness are smaller in comparison with those of lithium disilicate compound, implying that lithium disilicate is more rigid than fluorapatite. The brittle and ductile properties were also discussed using B/ G ratio and Poisson's ratio. Optical properties such as refractive index n( ω), extinction coefficient k( ω), absorption coefficient α( ω) and optical reflectivity R( ω) have been determined from the calculations of the complex dielectric function ɛ( ω), and interpreted on the basis of the electronic structures of both compounds. The calculated values of static dielectric constant ɛ 1(0) and static refractive index n(0) show that the Li2Si2O5 compound has larger values compared to those of the Ca5(PO4)3F compound. The results of the extinction coefficient show that Li2Si2O5 compound exhibits a much stronger ultraviolet absorption. According to the absorption and reflectivity spectra, we inferred that both compounds are theoretically the best visible and infrared transparent materials.

Hydrogel-forming microneedle arrays: Potential for use in minimally-invasive lithium monitoring.

PubMed

Eltayib, Eyman; Brady, Aaron J; Caffarel-Salvador, Ester; Gonzalez-Vazquez, Patricia; Zaid Alkilani, Ahlam; McCarthy, Helen O; McElnay, James C; Donnelly, Ryan F

2016-05-01

We describe, for the first time, hydrogel-forming microneedle (s) (MN) arrays for minimally-invasive extraction and quantification of lithium in vitro and in vivo. MN arrays, prepared from aqueous blends of hydrolysed poly(methyl-vinylether-co-maleic anhydride) and crosslinked by poly(ethyleneglycol), imbibed interstitial fluid (ISF) upon skin insertion. Such MN were always removed intact. In vitro, mean detected lithium concentrations showed no significant difference following 30min MN application to excised neonatal porcine skin for lithium citrate concentrations of 0.9 and 2mmol/l. However, after 1h application, the mean lithium concentrations extracted were significantly different, being appropriately concentration-dependent. In vivo, rats were orally dosed with lithium citrate equivalent to 15mg/kg and 30mg/kg lithium carbonate, respectively. MN arrays were applied 1h after dosing and removed 1h later. The two groups, having received different doses, showed no significant difference between lithium concentrations in serum or MN. However, the higher dosed rats demonstrated a lithium concentration extracted from MN arrays equivalent to a mean increase of 22.5% compared to rats which received the lower dose. Hydrogel-forming MN clearly have potential as a minimally-invasive tool for lithium monitoring in outpatient settings. We will now focus on correlation between serum and MN lithium concentrations. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of bicarbonate on lithium transport in human red cells

PubMed Central

1978-01-01

Lithium influx into human erythrocytes increased 12-fold, when chloride was replaced with bicarbonate in a 150 mM lithium medium (38 degrees C. pH 7.4). The increase was linearly related to both lithium- and bicarbonate concentration, and was completely eliminated by the amino reagent 4, 4'- diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS). DIDS binds to an integral membrane protein (mol wt approximately 10(5) dalton) involved in anion exchange. Inhibition of both anion exchange and of bicarbonate-stimulated lithium influx was linearly related to DIDS binding. 1.1 X 10(6) DIDS molecules per cell caused complete inhibition of both processes. Both Cl- and Li+ can apparently be transported by the anion transport mechanism. The results support our previous proposal that bicarbonate-induced lithium permeability is due to transport of lithium-carbonate ion pairs (LiCO-3). DIDS-sensitive lithium influx had a high activation energy (24 kcal/mol), compatible with transport by the anion exchange mechanism. We have examined how variations of passive lithium permeability, induced by bicarbonate, affect the sodium-driven lithium counter-transport in human erythrocytes. The ability of the counter-transport system to establish a lithium gradient across the membrane decrease linearly with bicarbonate concentration in the medium. The counter-transport system was unaffected by DIDS treatement. At a plasma bicarbonate concentration of 24 mM, two-thirds of the lithium influx is mediated by the bicarbonate-stimulated pathway, and the fraction will increase significantly in metabolic alkalosis. PMID:670928

Lithium insertion in graphite from ternary ionic liquid-lithium salt electrolytes: II. Evaluation of specific capacity and cycling efficiency and stability at room temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lux, Simon F.; Schmuck, Martin; Appetecchi, Giovanni B.; Passerini, Stefano; Winter, Martin; Balducci, Andrea

In this paper we report the results about the use of ternary room temperature ionic liquid-lithium salt mixtures as electrolytes for lithium-ion battery systems. Mixtures of N-methyl- N-propyl pyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide, PYR 13FSI, and N-butyl- N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethansulfonyl) imide, PYR 14TFSI, with lithium hexafluorophosphate, LiPF 6 and lithium bis(trifluoromethansulfonyl) imide, LiTFSI, containing 5 wt.% of vinylene carbonate (VC) as additive, have been used in combination with a commercial graphite, KS6 TIMCAL. The performance of the graphite electrodes has been considered in term of specific capacity, cycling efficiency and cycling stability. The results clearly show the advantage of the use of ternary mixtures on the performance of the graphite electrode.

Lithium Treatment Prevents Apoptosis in Neonatal Rat Hippocampus Resulting from Sevoflurane Exposure.

PubMed

Zhou, Xue; da Li, Wen-; Yuan, Bao-Long; Niu, Li-Jun; Yang, Xiao-Yu; Zhou, Zhi-Bin; Chen, Xiao-Hui; Feng, Xia

2016-08-01

We aimed to observe the therapeutic effects of lithium on inhalational anesthetic sevoflurane-induced apoptosis in immature brain hippocampus. From postnatal day 5 (P5) to P28, male Sprague-Dawley pups were intraperitoneally injected with lithium chloride or 0.9 % sodium chloride. On P7 after the injection, pups were exposed to 2.3 % sevoflurane or air for 6 h. Brain tissues were harvested 12 h and 3 weeks after exposure. Cleaved caspase-3, nNOS protein, GSK-3β,p-GSK-3β were assessed by Western blot, and histopathological changes were assessed using Nissl stain and TUNEL stain. From P28, we used the eight-arm radial maze test and step-through test to evaluate the influence of sevoflurane exposure on the learning and memory of juvenile rats. The results showed that neonatal sevoflurane exposure induced caspase-3 activation and histopathological changes in hippocampus can be attenuated by lithium chloride. Sevoflurane increased GSK-3β activity while pretreatment of lithium decreased GSK-3β activity. Moreover, sevoflurane showed possibly slight but temporal influence on the spatial learning and the memory of juvenile rats, and chronic use of lithium chloride might have the therapeutic effect. Our current study suggests that lithium attenuates sevoflurane induced neonatal hippocampual damage by GSK-3β pathway and might improve learning and memory deficits in rats after neonatal exposure.

Rechargeable Thin-film Lithium Batteries

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Bates, J. B.; Gruzalski, G. R.; Dudney, N. J.; Luck, C. F.; Yu, Xiaohua

1993-08-01

Rechargeable thin film batteries consisting of lithium metal anodes, an amorphous inorganic electrolyte, and cathodes of lithium intercalation compounds have recently been developed. The batteries, which are typically less than 6 {mu}m thick, can be fabricated to any specified size, large or small, onto a variety of substrates including ceramics, semiconductors, and plastics. The cells that have been investigated include Li TiS{sub 2}, Li V{sub 2}O{sub 5}, and Li Li{sub x}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 4}, with open circuit voltages at full charge of about 2.5, 3.6, and 4.2, respectively. The development of these batteries would not have been possible without the discovery of a new thin film lithium electrolyte, lithium phosphorus oxynitride, that is stable in contact with metallic lithium at these potentials. Deposited by rf magnetron sputtering of Li{sub 3}PO{sub 4} in N{sub 2}, this material has a typical composition of Li{sub 2.9}PO{sub 3.3}N{sub 0.46} and a conductivity at 25{degrees}C of 2 {mu}S/cm. The maximum practical current density obtained from the thin film cells is limited to about 100 {mu}A/cm{sup 2} due to a low diffusivity of Li{sup +} ions in the cathodes. In this work, the authors present a short review of their work on rechargeable thin film lithium batteries.

Strong lithium polysulfide chemisorption on electroactive sites of nitrogen-doped carbon composites for high-performance lithium-sulfur battery cathodes.

PubMed

Song, Jiangxuan; Gordin, Mikhail L; Xu, Terrence; Chen, Shuru; Yu, Zhaoxin; Sohn, Hiesang; Lu, Jun; Ren, Yang; Duan, Yuhua; Wang, Donghai

2015-03-27

Despite the high theoretical capacity of lithium-sulfur batteries, their practical applications are severely hindered by a fast capacity decay, stemming from the dissolution and diffusion of lithium polysulfides in the electrolyte. A novel functional carbon composite (carbon-nanotube-interpenetrated mesoporous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres, MNCS/CNT), which can strongly adsorb lithium polysulfides, is now reported to act as a sulfur host. The nitrogen functional groups of this composite enable the effective trapping of lithium polysulfides on electroactive sites within the cathode, leading to a much improved electrochemical performance (1200 mAh g(-1) after 200 cycles). The enhancement in adsorption can be attributed to the chemical bonding of lithium ions by nitrogen functional groups in the MNCS/CNT framework. Furthermore, the micrometer-sized spherical structure of the material yields a high areal capacity (ca. 6 mAh cm(-2)) with a high sulfur loading of approximately 5 mg cm(-2), which is ideal for practical applications of the lithium-sulfur batteries. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Lithium in drinking water and thyroid function.

PubMed

Broberg, Karin; Concha, Gabriela; Engström, Karin; Lindvall, Magnus; Grandér, Margareta; Vahter, Marie

2011-06-01

High concentrations of lithium in drinking water were previously discovered in the Argentinean Andes Mountains. Lithium is used worldwide for treatment of bipolar disorder and treatment-resistant depression. One known side effect is altered thyroid function. We assessed associations between exposure to lithium from drinking water and other environmental sources and thyroid function. Women (n=202) were recruited in four Andean villages in northern Argentina. Lithium exposure was assessed based on concentrations in spot urine samples, measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Thyroid function was evaluated by plasma free thyroxine (T4) and pituitary gland thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), analyzed by routine immunometric methods. The median urinary lithium concentration was 3,910 μg/L (5th, 95th percentiles, 270 μg/L, 10,400 μg/L). Median plasma concentrations (5th, 95th percentiles) of T4 and TSH were 17 pmol/L (13 pmol/L, 21 pmol/L) and 1.9 mIU/L, (0.68 mIU/L, 4.9 mIU/L), respectively. Urine lithium was inversely associated with T4 [β for a 1,000-μg/L increase=-0.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), -0.31 to -0.068; p=0.002] and positively associated with TSH (β=0.096; 95% CI, 0.033 to 0.16; p=0.003). Both associations persisted after adjustment (for T4, β=-0.17; 95% CI, -0.32 to -0.015; p=0.032; for TSH: β=0.089; 95% CI, 0.024 to 0.15; p=0.007). Urine selenium was positively associated with T4 (adjusted T4 for a 1 μg/L increase: β=0.041; 95% CI, 0.012 to 0.071; p=0.006). Exposure to lithium via drinking water and other environmental sources may affect thyroid function, consistent with known side effects of medical treatment with lithium. This stresses the need to screen for lithium in all drinking water sources.

Association and linkage studies of candidate genes involved in GABAergic neurotransmission in lithium-responsive bipolar disorder.

PubMed Central

Duffy, A; Turecki, G; Grof, P; Cavazzoni, P; Grof, E; Joober, R; Ahrens, B; Berghöfer, A; Müller-Oerlinghausen, B; Dvoráková, M; Libigerová, E; Vojtĕchovský, M; Zvolský, P; Nilsson, A; Licht, R W; Rasmussen, N A; Schou, M; Vestergaard, P; Holzinger, A; Schumann, C; Thau, K; Robertson, C; Rouleau, G A; Alda, M

2000-01-01

OBJECTIVE: To test for genetic linkage and association with GABAergic candidate genes in lithium-responsive bipolar disorder. DESIGN: Polymorphisms located in genes that code for GABRA3, GABRA5 and GABRB3 subunits of the GABAA receptor were investigated using association and linkage strategies. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 138 patients with bipolar 1 disorder with a clear response to lithium prophylaxis, selected from specialized lithium clinics in Canada and Europe that are part of the International Group for the Study of Lithium-Treated Patients, and 108 psychiatrically healthy controls. Families of 24 probands were suitable for linkage analysis. OUTCOME MEASURES: The association between the candidate genes and patients with bipolar disorder versus that of controls and genetic linkage within families. RESULTS: There was no significant association or linkage found between lithium-responsive bipolar disorder and the GABAergic candidate genes investigated. CONCLUSIONS: This study does not support a major role for the GABAergic candidate genes tested in lithium-responsive bipolar disorder. PMID:11022400

Lithium Oxysilicate Compounds Final Report.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Apblett, Christopher A.; Coyle, Jaclyn

In this study, the structure and composition of lithium silicate thin films deposited by RF magnetron co-sputtering is investigated. Five compositions ranging from Li2Si2O5 to Li8SiO6 were confirmed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and structure analysis on the evolution of non-bridging oxygens in the thin films was conducted with fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It was found that non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) increased as the silicate network breaks apart with increasing lithium content which agrees with previous studies on lithium silicates. Thin film impurities were examined with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopymore » (TOFSIMS) and traced back to target synthesis. This study utilizes a unique synthesis technique for lithium silicate thin films and can be referred to in future studies on the ionic conductivity of lithium silicates formed on the surface of silicon anodes in lithium ion batteries.« less

Particle control and plasma performance in the Lithium Tokamak eXperimenta)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Majeski, R.; Abrams, T.; Boyle, D.; Granstedt, E.; Hare, J.; Jacobson, C. M.; Kaita, R.; Kozub, T.; LeBlanc, B.; Lundberg, D. P.; Lucia, M.; Merino, E.; Schmitt, J.; Stotler, D.; Biewer, T. M.; Canik, J. M.; Gray, T. K.; Maingi, R.; McLean, A. G.; Kubota, S.; Peebles, W. A.; Beiersdorfer, P.; Clementson, J. H. T.; Tritz, K.

2013-05-01

The Lithium Tokamak eXperiment is a small, low aspect ratio tokamak [Majeski et al., Nucl. Fusion 49, 055014 (2009)], which is fitted with a stainless steel-clad copper liner, conformal to the last closed flux surface. The liner can be heated to 350 °C. Several gas fueling systems, including supersonic gas injection and molecular cluster injection, have been studied and produce fueling efficiencies up to 35%. Discharges are strongly affected by wall conditioning. Discharges without lithium wall coatings are limited to plasma currents of order 10 kA, and discharge durations of order 5 ms. With solid lithium coatings discharge currents exceed 70 kA, and discharge durations exceed 30 ms. Heating the lithium wall coating, however, results in a prompt degradation of the discharge, at the melting point of lithium. These results suggest that the simplest approach to implementing liquid lithium walls in a tokamak—thin, evaporated, liquefied coatings of lithium—does not produce an adequately clean surface.

[Acute lithium poisoning: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and treatment].

PubMed

Burguera Vion, Víctor; Montes, José Manuel; Del Rey, José Manuel; Rivera-Gorrín, Maite; Rodao, José María; Tenorio, Maite; Saiz-Ruiz, Jerónimo; Liaño, Fernando

2017-02-01

Lithium continues to be the treatment of choice for bipolar disorder. Acute lithium poisoning is a potentially serious event. We present a retrospective observational significative study of episodes of acute lithium poisoning during a 52- month period. Poisoning was defined by a blood lithium concentration of 1.5 mEq/L or higher. We analyzed treatment and epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of 70 episodes were identified (incidence density among treated patients, 1.76 per 100 patient-years). The most frequent cause of lithium poisoning was a concurrent medical condition (46%). Most poisonings were mild (74.2%), but neurologic involvement was identified in 40.3%. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were found in 8 cases. Acute renal failure, found in 23 patients (37.1%), was mild in most cases, although 11 patients required hemodialysis. We concluded that acute lithium poisoning is an uncommon complication, but risk needs to be lowered. Patients should be warned to avoid dosage errors and to take special care during concurrent illnesses and while taking other medications.

Efficiently photo-charging lithium-ion battery by perovskite solar cell

PubMed Central

Xu, Jiantie; Chen, Yonghua; Dai, Liming

2015-01-01

Electric vehicles using lithium-ion battery pack(s) for propulsion have recently attracted a great deal of interest. The large-scale practical application of battery electric vehicles may not be realized unless lithium-ion batteries with self-charging suppliers will be developed. Solar cells offer an attractive option for directly photo-charging lithium-ion batteries. Here we demonstrate the use of perovskite solar cell packs with four single CH3NH3PbI3 based solar cells connected in series for directly photo-charging lithium-ion batteries assembled with a LiFePO4 cathode and a Li4Ti5O12 anode. Our device shows a high overall photo-electric conversion and storage efficiency of 7.80% and excellent cycling stability, which outperforms other reported lithium-ion batteries, lithium–air batteries, flow batteries and super-capacitors integrated with a photo-charging component. The newly developed self-chargeable units based on integrated perovskite solar cells and lithium-ion batteries hold promise for various potential applications. PMID:26311589

Further evidence for a potassium-like action of lithium ions on sodium efflux in frog skeletal muscle

PubMed Central

Beaugé, L. A.; Ortiz, Olga

1972-01-01

1. The efflux of labelled sodium as well as net sodium and lithium changes were studied in aged high sodium sartorius muscles of the South American frog Leptodactilus ocelatus. 2. In the presence of 2·5 mM potassium in the media, the replacement of external sodium with lithium or magnesium resulted in an increase in sodium efflux. The magnitude of such increase was always larger in lithium. 3. With the absence of potassium in the media, the response of sodium efflux to replacement of external sodium varied with the cation used as a substitute. In lithium Ringer there was always a noticeable increase, whereas in magnesium there was always a marked reduction. The same results were observed when calcium was substituted for magnesium. 4. The replacement of 60 mM external sodium with sucrose did not prevent the stimulating effect of 5 mM potassium on sodium efflux, nor the inhibitory action of 10-4 M ouabain. This indicates that neither sucrose by itself, nor the lowering of the ionic strength, modified to an appreciable extent the function of the sodium pump. 5. Net sodium extrusion took place against an electrochemical gradient in potassium-free — 50 mM sodium — mM lithium Ringer. About 75% of this efflux was ouabain sensitive. 6. Muscles made both sodium and lithium rich and incubated in potassium-free — 60 mM sodium — 50 mM lithium Ringer also showed net sodium extrusion against an electrochemical gradient, which was 85% ouabain sensitive. This extrusion took place even under conditions where the changes in free energy favouring lithium entry were always lower than the changes in free energy opposing sodium going out. This indicates that a sodium-lithium exchange by a counter-transport process is unlikely. 7. External potassium reduced the ouabain sensitive lithium influx in muscles incubated in lithium Ringer. The values found were 5·90 ± 0·39 μ-mole/g.hr and 2·66 ± 0·43 μmole/g.hr in potassium-free and 15 mM potassium respectively. At the same time potassium had no effect on the ouabain-insensitive lithium uptake. 8. Muscles incubated in potassium-free-magnesium Ringer had a residual sodium efflux which could not be accounted for by passive movement. About 40% of it was abolished by 10-4 M ouabain. This ouabain-sensitive part could be a consequence of some stimulation of the sodium pump by potassium leaking out of the cells. If this is correct it should be inhibited by external sodium and should not contribute to the total sodium efflux in potassium-free sodium media. 9. Magnesium was used as the reference cation to study the sodium-stimulated sodium efflux under potassium-free conditions. The total sodium efflux amounted to 0·668 hr-1 (rate constant) and was 71% ouabain sensitive. 10. The present experiments demonstrated that lithium ions have a direct stimulating effect on sodium efflux in high sodium skeletal muscle, and strongly support the notion that this effect is produced by an activation of the sodium pump through a potassium-like action. PMID:4637626

A Safe High-Performance All-Solid-State Lithium-Vanadium Battery with a Freestanding V2O5 Nanowire Composite Paper Cathode.

PubMed

Zhang, Yue; Lai, Jingyuan; Gong, Yudong; Hu, Yongming; Liu, Jin; Sun, Chunwen; Wang, Zhong Lin

2016-12-21

The electronic conductivity and structural stability are still challenges for vanadium pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ) as cathode materials in batteries. Here, we report a V 2 O 5 nanowire-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite paper for direct use as a cathode without any additives for high-temperature and high-safety solid polymer electrolyte [PEO-MIL-53(Al)-LiTFSI] lithium-vanadium batteries. The batteries can show a fast and stable lithium-ion-storage performance in a wide voltage window of 1.0-4.0 V versus Li + /Li at 80 °C, in which with an average capacity of 329.2 mAh g -1 at 17 mA g -1 and a stable cycling performance over 40 cycles are achieved. The excellent electrochemical performance is mainly ascribed to integration of the electronic conductivity of rGO and interconnected networks of the V 2 O 5 nanowires and solid electrolyte. This is a promising lithium battery for flexible and highly safe energy-storage devices.

Superconcentrated electrolytes for a high-voltage lithium-ion battery

PubMed Central

Wang, Jianhui; Yamada, Yuki; Sodeyama, Keitaro; Chiang, Ching Hua; Tateyama, Yoshitaka; Yamada, Atsuo

2016-01-01

Finding a viable electrolyte for next-generation 5 V-class lithium-ion batteries is of primary importance. A long-standing obstacle has been metal-ion dissolution at high voltages. The LiPF6 salt in conventional electrolytes is chemically unstable, which accelerates transition metal dissolution of the electrode material, yet beneficially suppresses oxidative dissolution of the aluminium current collector; replacing LiPF6 with more stable lithium salts may diminish transition metal dissolution but unfortunately encounters severe aluminium oxidation. Here we report an electrolyte design that can solve this dilemma. By mixing a stable lithium salt LiN(SO2F)2 with dimethyl carbonate solvent at extremely high concentrations, we obtain an unusual liquid showing a three-dimensional network of anions and solvent molecules that coordinate strongly to Li+ ions. This simple formulation of superconcentrated LiN(SO2F)2/dimethyl carbonate electrolyte inhibits the dissolution of both aluminium and transition metal at around 5 V, and realizes a high-voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/graphite battery that exhibits excellent cycling durability, high rate capability and enhanced safety. PMID:27354162

Superior lithium electroactive mesoporous Si@carbon core-shell nanowires for lithium battery anode material.

PubMed

Kim, Hyesun; Cho, Jaephil

2008-11-01

Mesoporous Si@carbon core-shell nanowires with a diameter of approximately 6.5 nm were prepared for a lithium battery anode material using a SBA-15 template. As-synthesized nanowires demonstrated excellent first charge capacity of 3163 mA h/g with a Coulombic efficiency of 86% at a rate of 0.2 C (600 mA/g) between 1.5 and 0 V in coin-type half-cells. Moreover, the capacity retention after 80 cycles was 87% and the rate capability at 2 C (6000 mA/g) was 78% the capacity at 0.2 C.

Glass ceramic seals to inconel

DOEpatents

McCollister, Howard L.; Reed, Scott T.

1983-11-08

A glass ceramic composition prepared by subjecting a glass composition comprising, by weight, 65-80% SiO.sub.2, 8-16%, Li.sub.2 O, 2-8% , Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, 1-8% K.sub.2 O, 1-5% P.sub.2 O.sub.5 and 1.5-7% B.sub.2 O.sub.3, to the following processing steps of heating the glass composition to a temperature sufficient to crystallize lithium metasilicate therein, holding the glass composition at a temperature and for a time period sufficient to dissolve the lithium metasilicate therein thereby creating cristobalite nucleii, cooling the glass composition and maintaining the composition at a temperature and for a time period sufficient to recrystallize lithium metasilicate therein, and thermally treating the glass composition at a temperature and for a time period sufficient to cause growth of cristobalite and further crystallization of lithium metasilicate producing a glass ceramic composition having a specific thermal expansion coefficient and products containing said composition.

All-solid-state lithium organic battery with composite polymer electrolyte and pillar[5]quinone cathode.

PubMed

Zhu, Zhiqiang; Hong, Meiling; Guo, Dongsheng; Shi, Jifu; Tao, Zhanliang; Chen, Jun

2014-11-26

The cathode capacity of common lithium ion batteries (LIBs) using inorganic electrodes and liquid electrolytes must be further improved. Alternatively, all-solid-state lithium batteries comprising the electrode of organic compounds can offer much higher capacity. Herein, we successfully fabricated an all-solid-state lithium battery based on organic pillar[5]quinone (C35H20O10) cathode and composite polymer electrolyte (CPE). The poly(methacrylate) (PMA)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-LiClO4-3 wt % SiO2 CPE has an optimum ionic conductivity of 0.26 mS cm(-1) at room temperature. Furthermore, pillar[5]quinine cathode in all-solid-state battery rendered an average operation voltage of ∼2.6 V and a high initial capacity of 418 mAh g(-1) with a stable cyclability (94.7% capacity retention after 50 cycles at 0.2C rate) through the reversible redox reactions of enolate/quinonid carbonyl groups, showing favorable prospect for the device application with high capacity.

Glass ceramic-to-metal seals

DOEpatents

Not Available

1982-04-19

A glass ceramic composition prepared by subjecting a glass composition comprising, by weight, 65 to 80% SiO/sub 2/, 8 to 16% Li/sub 2/O, 2 to 8% Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, 1 to 8% K/sub 2/O, 1 to 5% P/sub 2/O/sub 5/ and 1.5 to 7% B/sub 2/O/sub 3/, to the following processing steps of heating the glass composition to a temperature sufficient to crystallize lithium metasilicate therein, holding the glass composition at a temperature and for a time period sufficient to dissolve the lithium metasilicate therein thereby creating cristobalite nucleii, cooling the glass composition and maintaining the composition at a temperature and for a time period sufficient to recrystallize lithium metasilicate therein, and thermally treating the glass composition at a temperature and for a time period sufficient to caus growth of cristobalite and further crystallization of lithium metasilicate producing a glass ceramic composition having a specific thermal expansion coefficient and products containing said composition.

Neutron scattering study on cathode LiMn2O4 and solid electrolyte 5(Li2O)(P2O5)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kartini, E.; Putra, Teguh P.; Jahya, A. K.; Insani, A.; Adams, S.

2014-09-01

Neutron scattering is very important technique in order to investigate the energy storage materials such as lithium-ion battery. The unique advantages, neutron can see the light atoms such as Hydrogen, Lithium, and Oxygen, where those elements are negligible by other corresponding X-ray method. On the other hand, the energy storage materials, such as lithium ion battery is very important for the application in the electric vehicles, electronic devices or home appliances. The battery contains electrodes (anode and cathode), and the electrolyte materials. There are many challenging to improve the existing lithium ion battery materials, in order to increase their life time, cyclic ability and also its stability. One of the most scientific challenging is to investigate the crystal structure of both electrode and electrolyte, such as cathodes LiCoO2, LiMn2O4 and LiFePO4, and solid electrolyte Li3PO4. Since all those battery materials contain Lithium ions and Oxygen, the used of neutron scattering techniques to study their structure and related properties are very important and indispensable. This article will review some works of investigating electrodes and electrolytes, LiMn2O4 and 5(Li2O)(P2O5), by using a high resolution powder diffraction (HRPD) at the multipurpose research reactor, RSG-Sywabessy of the National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN), Indonesia.

A reversible dendrite-free high-areal-capacity lithium metal electrode

PubMed Central

Wang, Hui; Matsui, Masaki; Kuwata, Hiroko; Sonoki, Hidetoshi; Matsuda, Yasuaki; Shang, Xuefu; Takeda, Yasuo; Yamamoto, Osamu; Imanishi, Nobuyuki

2017-01-01

Reversible dendrite-free low-areal-capacity lithium metal electrodes have recently been revived, because of their pivotal role in developing beyond lithium ion batteries. However, there have been no reports of reversible dendrite-free high-areal-capacity lithium metal electrodes. Here we report on a strategy to realize unprecedented stable cycling of lithium electrodeposition/stripping with a highly desirable areal-capacity (12 mAh cm−2) and exceptional Coulombic efficiency (>99.98%) at high current densities (>5 mA cm−2) and ambient temperature using a diluted solvate ionic liquid. The essence of this strategy, that can drastically improve lithium electrodeposition kinetics by cyclic voltammetry premodulation, lies in the tailoring of the top solid-electrolyte interphase layer in a diluted solvate ionic liquid to facilitate a two-dimensional growth mode. We anticipate that this discovery could pave the way for developing reversible dendrite-free metal anodes for sustainable battery chemistries. PMID:28440299

An improved high-performance lithium-air battery.

PubMed

Jung, Hun-Gi; Hassoun, Jusef; Park, Jin-Bum; Sun, Yang-Kook; Scrosati, Bruno

2012-06-10

Although dominating the consumer electronics markets as the power source of choice for popular portable devices, the common lithium battery is not yet suited for use in sustainable electrified road transport. The development of advanced, higher-energy lithium batteries is essential in the rapid establishment of the electric car market. Owing to its exceptionally high energy potentiality, the lithium-air battery is a very appealing candidate for fulfilling this role. However, the performance of such batteries has been limited to only a few charge-discharge cycles with low rate capability. Here, by choosing a suitable stable electrolyte and appropriate cell design, we demonstrate a lithium-air battery capable of operating over many cycles with capacity and rate values as high as 5,000 mAh g(carbon)(-1) and 3 A g(carbon)(-1), respectively. For this battery we estimate an energy density value that is much higher than those offered by the currently available lithium-ion battery technology.

The effect of long-term lithium treatment of bipolar disorder on stem cells circulating in peripheral blood.

PubMed

Ferensztajn-Rochowiak, Ewa; Kucharska-Mazur, Jolanta; Samochowiec, Jerzy; Ratajczak, Mariusz Z; Michalak, Michal; Rybakowski, Janusz K

2017-02-01

To investigate the effect of long-term lithium treatment on very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs), haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) circulating in peripheral blood (PB), in bipolar disorder (BD). The study included 15 BD patients (aged 55 ± 6 years) treated with lithium for 8-40 years (mean 16 years), 15 BD patients (aged 53 ± 7 years) with duration of illness >10 years, who had never received lithium, and 15 healthy controls (aged 50 ± 5 years). The VSELs, HSCs, MSCs and EPCs were measured by flow cytometric analysis. In BD subjects not taking lithium the number of CD34 +  VSELs was significantly higher, and MSCs and EPCs numerically higher, than in control subjects and the number of CD34 +  VSELs correlated with the duration of illness. In lithium-treated patients these values were similar to controls and the number of CD34 +  VSELs correlated negatively with the duration of lithium treatment and serum lithium concentration. Long-term treatment with lithium may suppress the activation of regenerative processes by reducing the number of VSELs circulating in PB. These cells, in BD patients not treated with lithium, may provide a new potential biological marker of the illness and its clinical progress.

Influence of Surface Conditioning Protocols on Reparability of CAD/CAM Zirconia-reinforced Lithium Silicate Ceramic.

PubMed

Al-Thagafi, Rana; Al-Zordk, Walid; Saker, Samah

2016-01-01

To test the effect of surface conditioning protocols on the reparability of CAD/CAM zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic compared to lithium-disilicate glass ceramic. Zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic (Vita Suprinity) and lithium disilicate glass-ceramic blocks (IPS e.max CAD) were categorized into four groups based on the surface conditioning protocol used. Group C: no treatment (control); group HF: 5% hydrofluoric acid etching for 60 s, silane (Monobond-S) application for 60 s, air drying; group HF-H: 5% HF acid etching for 60 s, application of silane for 60 s, air drying, application of Heliobond, light curing for 20 s; group CO: sandblasting with CoJet sand followed by silanization. Composite resin (Tetric EvoCeram) was built up into 4 x 6 x 3 mm blocks using teflon molds. All specimens were subjected to thermocycling (5000x, 5°C to 55°C). The microtensile bond strength test was employed at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. SEM was employed for evaluation of all the debonded microbars, the failure type was categorized as either adhesive (failure at adhesive layer), cohesive (failure at ceramic or composite resin), or mixed (failure between adhesive layer and substrate). Two-way ANOVA and the Tukey's HSD post-hoc test were applied to test for significant differences in bond strength values in relation to different materials and surface pretreatment (p < 0.05). The highest microtensile repair bond strength for Vita Suprinity was reported in group CO (33.1 ± 2.4 MPa) and the lowest in group HF (27.4 ± 4.4 MPa). Regarding IPS e.max CAD, group CO showed the highest (30.5 ± 4.9 MPa) and HF the lowest microtensile bond strength (22.4 ± 5.7 MPa). Groups HF, HF-H, and CO showed statistically significant differences in terms of all ceramic types used (p < 0.05). The control group showed exclusively adhesive failures, while in HF, HF-H, and CO groups, mixed failures were predominant. Repair bond strength to zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramics and lithium-disilicate glass ceramic could be improved when ceramic surfaces are sandblasted with CoJet sand followed by silanization.

Fracture load of ceramic restorations after fatigue loading.

PubMed

Baladhandayutham, Balasudha; Lawson, Nathaniel C; Burgess, John O

2015-08-01

A clinician must decide what ceramic coping and veneer material to prescribe based on the amount of tooth reduction possible and the desired esthetic outcome of the restoration. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the fracture strength of monolithic and bilayered lithium disilicate (IPS e.max) and zirconia (LAVA) crowns at clinically relevant thicknesses after load cycling. Crowns (n=8) were fabricated from 6 groups: 1.2-mm monolithic lithium disilicate, 1.5-mm monolithic lithium disilicate, 1.5-mm bilayered lithium disilicate with hand-layered veneer, 0.6 mm monolithic zirconia, 1.2-mm bilayered zirconia with hand-layered veneer, and 1.2-mm bilayered zirconia with milled veneer (dimension represents thickness at the occlusal pit). Crowns were cemented to identical milled resin dies with resin-modified glass ionomer cement. Cemented crowns were stored at 37°C for 24 hours and load cycled for 200,000 cycles at 25 N at a rate of 40 cycles/minute. The ultimate fracture load for each specimen was measured in a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed with a 1-way ANOVA and Tukey honest significant difference post hoc analysis (α=.05). Mean ±SD fracture load values were 1465 ±330 N for monolithic lithium disilicate (1.2-mm thickness) and 2027 ±365 N (1.5-mm thickness) and 1732 ±315 N for bilayered hand-veneered lithium disilicate (1.5-mm thickness). Fracture loads were 1669 ±311 N for monolithic zirconia crowns (0.6mm thickness), 2625 ±300 N for zirconia milled-veneered (1.2-mm thickness), and 2655 ±590N for zirconia hand-veneered crowns (1.2mm thickness). One-way ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference among the groups (P<.01). Veneered zirconia crowns showed the highest fracture strength, 1.2-mm hand veneered zirconia was similar to that of 1.5-mm monolithic zirconia, and all other groups were not statistically different. Crowns of 1.2-mm bilayered zirconia had higher fracture loads than 0.6-mm zirconia or 1.2-mm lithium disilicate monolithic crowns. Copyright © 2015 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Studies on the crystalline lens. XXI. Bidirectional carrier-mediated transport of lithium

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kinsey, V.E.; McLean, I.W.

1974-10-01

Movement of lithium both into and out of cultured rabbit lenses occurs by processes that obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics as well as by a nonsaturable process. The parameters describing the kinetics of transport are evaluated on the basis of a modified version of a pump-leak hypothesis that was shown previously to account for the fluxes of other alkali metal cations. Potassium is a potent competitive inhibitor of the carrier-mediated transport of lithium into the lens. Lithium weakly inhibits the influx of potassium by a noncompetitive process. The observation that lithium is a weak inhibitor of potassium transport (Ki = 70 mM)more » while having a moderate affinity for its carrier (Km = 4.0 mM) suggests that more than one site may be responsible for the transport of potassium and lithium into the lens. Active transport of lithium out of the lens does not appear to involve the sodium pump, since the rate of sodium efflux is unaffected by lithium. Both influx and efflux of lithium are inhibited by ouabain (10/sup -5/ M) but not by amiloride (10/sup -4/ M) or oxytocin (20 milliunits per milliliter). Lithium displaces proportionate amounts of sodium and potassium from intracellular fluid when lenses are cultured in the presence of this cation. The nonsaturable exchange of lithium is independent of observed differences in electric potential, indicating that lithium does not permeate the lenticular membranes by simple diffusion of lithium ions, but rather as a complex with either a free anion or a carrier within the membrane. The affinity of lithium for the carrier is essentially equal to that of cesium and much lower than that for rubidium, whereas the kd of both lithium and rubidium is much higher than that for cesium. These differences indicate that a common pathway cannot be responsible for the discrimination between cations by both the pump and the leak.« less

A Novel Optical Diagnostic for In Situ Measurements of Lithium Polysulfides in Battery Electrolytes.

PubMed

Saqib, Najmus; Silva, Cody J; Maupin, C Mark; Porter, Jason M

2017-07-01

An optical diagnostic technique to determine the order and concentration of lithium polysulfides in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery electrolytes has been developed. One of the major challenges of lithium-sulfur batteries is the problem of polysulfide shuttling between the electrodes, which leads to self-discharge and loss of active material. Here we present an optical diagnostic for quantitative in situ measurements of lithium polysulfides using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Simulated infrared spectra of lithium polysulfide molecules were generated using computational quantum chemistry routines implemented in Gaussian 09. The theoretical spectra served as a starting point for experimental characterization of lithium polysulfide solutions synthesized by the direct reaction of lithium sulfide and sulfur. Attenuated total reflection FT-IR spectroscopy was used to measure absorption spectra. The lower limit of detection with this technique is 0.05 M. Measured spectra revealed trends with respect to polysulfide order and concentration, consistent with theoretical predictions, which were used to develop a set of equations relating the order and concentration of lithium polysulfides in a sample to the position and area of a characteristic infrared absorption band. The diagnostic routine can measure the order and concentration to within 5% and 0.1 M, respectively.

Monitoring and toxicity evaluation of phytoplankton on lithium manganese oxide adsorbents at lithium recovery pilot plant field.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoon, H. O.; Kim, J. A.; Kim, J. C.; Chung, K. S.; Ryu, J. H.

2015-12-01

For recovery of rare mineral resources such as lithium or boron from seawater, the lithium adsorbent material have been made by Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) and pilot plant was conducted in Okgye Harbor, Gangneung, Korea. The application of lithium adsorbent in pilot plant, it is important to consider the impact on the marine environment. Especially phytoplankton communities are important marine microorganism to represent marine primary product. At the same time, phytoplankton is possible to induce the decrease of lithium recovery rate due to cause of biofouling to surfaces of lithium adsorbents. Therefore long-term and periodic monitoring of phytoplankton is necessary to understand the environmental impact and biofouling problems near the lithium pilot plant. The abundance and biomass of phytoplankton have been evaluated through monthly interval sampling from February 2013 to May 2015. Abundance and species diversity of phytoplankton went up to summer from winter. When lithium adsorbents were immersing to seawater, eco-toxicities of released substances were determined using Microtox with bioluminescence bacteria Vibrio fischeri. The adsorbents were soaked in sterilized seawater and aeration for 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days intervals under controlled temperature. Maximum EC50 concentration was 61.4% and this toxicity was showed in more than 10 days exposure.

Status of lithium-filled specimen subcapsules for the HFIR-MFE-RB10J experiment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Robertson, J.P.; Howell, M.; Lenox, K.E.

1998-09-01

The HFIR-MFE-RB-10J experiment will be irradiated in a Removable Beryllium position in the HFIR for 10 reactor cycles, accumulating approximately 5 dpa in steel. The upper region of the capsule contains two lithium-filled subcapsules containing vanadium specimens. This report describes the techniques developed to achieve a satisfactory lithium fill with a specimen occupancy of 26% in each subcapsule.

Compliant Nanospring Interfaces

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-01-26

for new generation lithium ion batteries ”, Nano Letters, 2015. [21] Krishnan R, Lu TM and Koratkar N, “Functionally strain-graded nanoscoops for high...for Lithium - Ion Batteries , Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2003, 6(9), A198-A201. [48] Teki R, Datta MK, Krishnan R, Parker TC, Lu TM, Kumta PN and...Koratkar N. Nanostructured silicon anodes for lithium ion rechargeable batteries , Small, 2009, 5, 2236-2242. [49] Fleischauer MD, Li J and Brett

76 FR 18194 - Notice of Patent Application Deadline for Advanced Battery Technology Related Patents for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-01

...,524,579 B1). 5. ARL 04-29--Safer, Less Expensive Lithium Ion Batteries (US 7,629,080). 6. ARL 05-18... Performance by Reducing Resistance in Lithium Ion Batteries. Filed with USPTO on 2/3/2010 (S/N 12/699,182). 11.... ARL 01-37--Choosing Electrolytes for Lithium/Air Batteries (US 7,585,579). 2. ARL 02-06--Solvent...

Lack of effect of non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs on lithium clearance and on delivery of tubular fluid to the loop of Henle in rats.

PubMed

Lassen, E; Thomsen, K; Sørensen, S S; Pedersen, E B

1986-11-01

This paper examines a possible interaction between non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAI drugs) and renal lithium clearance in conscious, unoperated rats with diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain) and ordinary Wistar rats. The drugs were given with the food for 5 days before clearance determinations in the following daily doses per kg body weight: acetylsalicyclic acid 115 mg/kg, phenylbutazone 20 mg/kg, indomethacin 5 mg/kg, and penicillamine 65 mg/kg. None of the drugs affected the lithium clearance. Also urine flow, sodium clearance, potassium clearance, and prostaglandin E2 excretion remained unaffected by the treatments. The results suggest that a continued lowering of lithium clearance cannot be produced, at least not by administration of the drugs with the food. Since lithium clearance is a quantitative measure of the delivery of tubular fluid from the proximal tubules to the loop of Henle, the results also suggest that chronic administration of NSAI drugs does not influence delivery from the proximal tubules in rats. The lowering of lithium clearance observed by others after administration of the drugs by injection or by gastric tube may have been transient, lasting only for a short period after each administration.

Lithium delays the radiation-induced apoptotic process in external granule cells of mouse cerebellum.

PubMed

Inouye, M; Yamamura, H; Nakano, A

1995-09-01

Proliferating cells of the external granular layer (EGL) in the developing cerebellum are highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. We examined the effect of lithium, an inhibitor of intracellular signaling, on the manifestation of radiation-induced apoptosis. Newborn mice were exposed to 0.5 Gy gamma-irradiation alone, or first were treated with lithium (10 mumol/g, SC) then given 0.5 Gy irradiation 2 hr later. The EGL was examined histologically for apoptosis at various times after treatment. Apoptotic cells increased rapidly, peaked (about 14%) 6 hr after irradiation, then decreased gradually to the control level by 24 hr. Prior treatment with lithium delayed the manifestation of apoptosis, the peak appearing at 12 hr. The disappearance of dead cells was delayed for about one day. The lithium concentration in the whole brain increased rapidly, being 30 micrograms/g at the time of irradiation and remaining at more than 40 micrograms/g for 40 hr. Lithium is reported to inhibit guanine-nucleotide binding to G proteins as well as phosphoinositide turnover. Of the variety of lesions induced by radiation, DNA double strand breaks are the most important source of cell lethality. The present findings, however, suggest that cyclic AMP-mediated and/or phosphoinositidemediated signaling systems regulate radiation-induced apoptosis.

Voluntary lithium intake, antidotal thirst' and concurrent behavior of rats.

PubMed Central

Langham, R J; Syme, G J; Syme, L A

1975-01-01

1 Voluntary intake of various pair combinations of fluids (100 mM, 10 mM LiC1, 10 mM NaC1, water) and body weight was measured daily in rats. 2 More lithium was consumed when water was available. 3 When offered a lithium-sodium choice the rats did not consume significantly more saline than water on the previous trial. While saline consumption increased over the two days, lithium decreased slightly. 4 Following the lithium-only trial, water and saline were provided. Marked polydipsia was observed on the first day and the rats drank more water than saline. On the second day there was a significant drop in saline intake while water consumption returned to baseline levels. 5 Behavioural measurements overall confirmed the depressant effect of lithium: decreased ambulation and rearing and increased time spent immobile/grooming. 6 These findings are discussed with reference to lithium toxicity, which may be a comfounding variable in studies concerned with the effects of this salt on the behavior of laboratory rodents. Behavioural irritability such as aggression reported in situations using long-term lithium treatment may be reduced by provision for voluntary saline consumption. PMID:1203626

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chamberlain, Jeff

Jeff Chamberlain, technology transfer expert at Argonne National Laboratory, speaks on the new technology Lithium-air batteries, which could potentially increase energy density by 5-10 times over lithium-ion batteries. More information at http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News/2009/batteries090915.html

Development of a 300 Amp-hr high rate lithium thionyl chloride cell

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boyle, Gerard H.

1991-01-01

The development of a high-rate lithium thionyl chloride cylindrical cell with parallel plate electrodes is discussed. The development was divided into three phases: phase 1, a 150 Amp/hour low rate (1 mA/sq cm) design; phase 2, a 25 Amp/hour high rate (5 mA/sq cm) design; and phase 3, a 300 Amp/hour high rate (5 mA/sq cm) design. The basic design is the same for all three cells. The electrodes are perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. Multiple electrodes are bussed up the side of the cylinder, 180 deg apart allowing excellent anode and cathode utilization. It is a lithium limited design with excess electrolyte. The cathode is Shawinigan or Gulf Acetylene black with no catalyst. The electrolyte is 1.8 Molar lithium tetrachloroaluminate (LiAlCl4) in thionyl chloride. All cell cases are 304L Stainless Steel with a BS&B burst disc.

New Avenue for Limiting Degradation in NanoLi4Ti5O12 for Ultrafast-Charge Lithium-Ion Batteries: Hybrid Polymer-Inorganic Particles.

PubMed

Daigle, Jean-Christophe; Asakawa, Yuichiro; Beaupré, Mélanie; Vieillette, René; Laul, Dharminder; Trudeau, Michel; Zaghib, Karim

2017-12-13

Lithium titanium oxide (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 )-based cells are a very promising battery technology for ultrafast-charge-discharge and long-cycle-life batteries. However, the surface reactivity of lithium titanium oxide in the presence of organic electrolytes continues to be a problem that may cause expansion of pouch cells. In this study, we report on the development of a simple and economical grafting method for forming hybrid polymer-Li 4 Ti 15 O 12 nanoparticles, which can be successfully applied in lithium-ion batteries. This method utilizes a low-cost and scalable hydrophobic polymer that is applicable in industrial processes. The hybrid materials demonstrated exceptional capability for preventing the degradation of cells in accelerated aging and operating over 150 cycles at 1C and 45 °C.

Ab initio study of radiation effects on the Li4Ti5O12 electrode used in lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Samin, Adib; Kurth, Michael; Cao, Lei

2015-04-01

Lithium-ion batteries are currently in wide use owing to their high energy density and enhanced capabilities. Li4Ti5O12 is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries because of its advantageous properties. Lithium-ion batteries could be exposed to radiation occurring in various conditions such as during outer space exploration and nuclear accidents. In this study, we apply density functional theory to explore the effect of radiation damage on this electrode and, ultimately, on the performance of the battery. It was found that radiation could affect the structural stability of the material. Furthermore, the electrode was shown to undergo a transition from insulator to metal, following the defects due to radiation. In addition, the effect of radiation on the intercalation potential was found to be highly dependent on the nature of the defect induced.

Surface Acoustic Wave Devices as Chemical Vapor Sensors

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-26

x105cm/s) (x10−6cm1/2g1/2) (pF/cm) (ppm/oC) Quartz ST 3.158 0.13 1.34 0.88 0.0011 0.5 ∼ 0 X Lithium Niobate -Y 3.488 0 0.83 0.56 0.048 4.6 94 X Gallium ...sensitivity, followed by lithium niobate and gallium arsenide in ratios of 7.4:5.9:4.8, re- spectively. Thus, even though lithium niobate has the superior...Acoustic Wave (SAW) Sensor for 2,4-Dinitro Toluene (DNT) Vapour Detection,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 328–334, 2004. 8

Lithium in M67

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hobbs, L. M.; Pilachowski, Catherine

1986-01-01

Echelle spectra recorded at the Li I 6707-A line are reported for seven main-sequence members and one cool subgiant in M67. The spectral types of the seven dwarfs studied range from about F8 at the turnoff point to about G5. The principal result is that the average lithium abundance in the three hottest main-sequence stars is 0.45 x 10 to the -9th. Any enrichment of lithium in the gas of the Galactic disk in the last 5 Gyr therefore has not exceeded a factor of about two and probably is entirely negligible, when the corresponding results for NGC 752 and the Hyades are taken into account.

Effect of progressively increasing lithium conditioning on edge transport and stability in high triangularity NSTX H-modes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maingi, R.; Canik, J. M.; Bell, R. E.

A sequence of H-mode discharges with increasing levels of pre-discharge lithium evaporation (‘dose’) was conducted in high triangularity and elongation boundary shape in NSTX. Energy confinement increased, and recycling decreased with increasing lithium dose, similar to a previous lithium dose scan in medium triangularity and elongation plasmas. Data-constrained SOLPS interpretive modeling quantified the edge transport change: the electron particle diffusivity decreased by 10-30x. The electron thermal diffusivity decreased by 4x just inside the top of the pedestal, but increased by up to 5x very near the separatrix. These results provide a baseline expectation for lithium benefits in NSTX-U, which ismore » optimized for a boundary shape similar to the one in this experiment.« less

Effect of progressively increasing lithium conditioning on edge transport and stability in high triangularity NSTX H-modes

DOE PAGES

Maingi, R.; Canik, J. M.; Bell, R. E.; ...

2016-07-19

A sequence of H-mode discharges with increasing levels of pre-discharge lithium evaporation (‘dose’) was conducted in high triangularity and elongation boundary shape in NSTX. Energy confinement increased, and recycling decreased with increasing lithium dose, similar to a previous lithium dose scan in medium triangularity and elongation plasmas. Data-constrained SOLPS interpretive modeling quantified the edge transport change: the electron particle diffusivity decreased by 10-30x. The electron thermal diffusivity decreased by 4x just inside the top of the pedestal, but increased by up to 5x very near the separatrix. These results provide a baseline expectation for lithium benefits in NSTX-U, which ismore » optimized for a boundary shape similar to the one in this experiment.« less

Lithium in giant stars in NGC 752 and M67

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pilachowski, Catherine; Saha, A.; Hobbs, L. M.

1988-04-01

Spectra of giant stars in the intermediate-age galactic cluster NGC 752 and in the old cluster M67 have been examined for the presence of Li I λ6707. The lithium feature is not present in any of the M67 giants observed, leading to upper-limit abundances of log ɛ(Li) ≤ -1.0 to 0.3. While lithium is not present in most NGC 752 giants, the feature is strong in two giants, Heinemann 77 and 208, log ɛ(Li) = +1.1 and +1.4, respectively. In the remaining giants in NGC 752, log ɛ(Li) < 0.5. The absence of lithium in M67 giants may be because these giants evolve from progenitors in the region of the main-sequence lithium dip.

Lithium brines: A global perspective: Chapter 14

USGS Publications Warehouse

Munk, LeeAnn; Hynek, Scott; Bradley, Dwight C.; Boutt, David; Labay, Keith A.; Jochens, Hillary; Verplanck, Philip L.; Hitzman, Murray W.

2016-01-01

Lithium is a critical and technologically important element that has widespread use, particularly in batteries for hybrid cars and portable electronic devices. Global demand for lithium has been on the rise since the mid-1900s and is projected to continue to increase. Lithium is found in three main deposit types: (1) pegmatites, (2) continental brines, and (3) hydrothermally altered clays. Continental brines provide approximately three-fourths of the world’s Li production due to their relatively low production cost. The Li-rich brine systems addressed here share six common characteristics that provide clues to deposit genesis while also serving as exploration guidelines. These are as follows: (1) arid climate; (2) closed basin containing a salar (salt crust), a salt lake, or both; (3) associated igneous and/or geothermal activity; (4) tectonically driven subsidence; (5) suitable lithium sources; and (6) sufficient time to concentrate brine. Two detailed case studies of Li-rich brines are presented; one on the longest produced lithium brine at Clayton Valley, Nevada, and the other on the world’s largest producing lithium brine at the Salar de Atacama, Chile.

Is 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone a suitable solvent for lithium-ion batteries?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gzara, L.; Chagnes, A.; Carré, B.; Dhahbi, M.; Lemordant, D.

3-Methyl-2-oxazolidinone (MeOx) has been mixed to ethylene carbonate (EC) or dimethyl carbonate (DMC) in presence of lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4) or lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6) for use as electrolyte in lithium batteries. The optimized electrolytes in term of conductivity and viscosity are MeOx:EC, x(MeOx) = 0.5 and MeOx:DMC, x(MeOx) = 0.4 in presence of LiBF 4 (1 M) or LiPF 6 (1 M). MeOx:EC electrolytes have a better thermal stability than MeOx:DMC electrolytes but the low wettability of the Celgard separator by MeOx:EC prevents its use in lithium batteries. No lithium insertion-deinsertion occurs when LiPF 6 is used as salt in MeOx-based electrolytes. MeOx:DMC, x(MeOx) = 0.4 + LiBF 4 (1 M) exhibits a good cycling ability at a graphite electrode but all the investigated electrolytes containing MeOx have a low stability in oxidation at a lithium cobalt oxide electrode (Li xCoO 2).

Chronic lithium treatment elicits its antimanic effects via BDNF-TrkB dependent synaptic downscaling.

PubMed

Gideons, Erinn S; Lin, Pei-Yi; Mahgoub, Melissa; Kavalali, Ege T; Monteggia, Lisa M

2017-06-16

Lithium is widely used as a treatment for Bipolar Disorder although the molecular mechanisms that underlie its therapeutic effects are under debate. In this study, we show brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is required for the antimanic-like effects of lithium but not the antidepressant-like effects in mice. We performed whole cell patch clamp recordings of hippocampal neurons to determine the impact of lithium on synaptic transmission that may underlie the behavioral effects. Lithium produced a significant decrease in α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR)-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) amplitudes due to postsynaptic homeostatic plasticity that was dependent on BDNF and its receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB). The decrease in AMPAR function was due to reduced surface expression of GluA1 subunits through dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a requirement for BDNF in the antimanic action of lithium and identify enhanced dynamin-dependent endocytosis of AMPARs as a potential mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of lithium.

Chronic lithium treatment elicits its antimanic effects via BDNF-TrkB dependent synaptic downscaling

PubMed Central

Gideons, Erinn S; Lin, Pei-Yi; Mahgoub, Melissa; Kavalali, Ege T; Monteggia, Lisa M

2017-01-01

Lithium is widely used as a treatment for Bipolar Disorder although the molecular mechanisms that underlie its therapeutic effects are under debate. In this study, we show brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is required for the antimanic-like effects of lithium but not the antidepressant-like effects in mice. We performed whole cell patch clamp recordings of hippocampal neurons to determine the impact of lithium on synaptic transmission that may underlie the behavioral effects. Lithium produced a significant decrease in α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR)-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) amplitudes due to postsynaptic homeostatic plasticity that was dependent on BDNF and its receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB). The decrease in AMPAR function was due to reduced surface expression of GluA1 subunits through dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a requirement for BDNF in the antimanic action of lithium and identify enhanced dynamin-dependent endocytosis of AMPARs as a potential mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of lithium. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25480.001 PMID:28621662

A Pulsed Power System Design Using Lithium-ion Batteries and One Charger per Battery

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-01

zinc-bromine and vanadium redox batteries • NAS: high-temperature sodium batteries • EDLC: Electric Double-Layer Capacitors • SMES...terminology used in this figure. • Conventional: lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and nickel-metal hydride batteries . • Lithium: lithium ion batteries . • Flow ...than the second stage due to less current flowing to the battery [5], [7], [8], [9]. Figure 4 shows typical current, voltage, and capacity curves

40 CFR 372.65 - Chemicals and chemical categories to which this part applies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...,3H)-pyrimidinedione) 314-40-9 1/1/95 Bromacil, lithium salt [2,4-(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinedione, 5-bromo-6-methyl-3-(1-methylpropyl), lithium salt] 53404-19-6 1/1/95 Bromine 7726-95-6 1/1/95 1-Bromo-1....alpha.,6.beta.)-] 58-89-9 1/1/87 Linuron 330-55-2 1/1/95 Lithium carbonate 554-13-2 1/1/95 Malathion 121...

40 CFR 372.65 - Chemicals and chemical categories to which this part applies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...,3H)-pyrimidinedione) 314-40-9 1/1/95 Bromacil, lithium salt [2,4-(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinedione, 5-bromo-6-methyl-3-(1-methylpropyl), lithium salt] 53404-19-6 1/1/95 Bromine 7726-95-6 1/1/95 1-Bromo-1....alpha.,6.beta.)-] 58-89-9 1/1/87 Linuron 330-55-2 1/1/95 Lithium carbonate 554-13-2 1/1/95 Malathion 121...

40 CFR 372.65 - Chemicals and chemical categories to which this part applies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...,3H)-pyrimidinedione) 314-40-9 1/1/95 Bromacil, lithium salt [2,4-(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinedione, 5-bromo-6-methyl-3-(1-methylpropyl), lithium salt] 53404-19-6 1/1/95 Bromine 7726-95-6 1/1/95 1-Bromo-1....alpha.,6.beta.)-] 58-89-9 1/1/87 Linuron 330-55-2 1/1/95 Lithium carbonate 554-13-2 1/1/95 Malathion 121...

Lithium Fast-Ion Conductors: Polymer Based Materials.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-05-30

significant ambient temperature ionic conductivities. Some of the -aterials may be of interest in other contexts. A study of lithium tetra...This work was a search for lithium-containing materials with ambient temperature ionic conductivities of 10- 5 (ohm-cm) " or larger. The work began with...1-8). The discovery of solids, e.g., sodium.8-alumina(l), and polymer-salt complexes, e.g., (PEO) 8 LiCIO 4 (3), with ionic conductivities approaching

The McGill Geriatric Lithium-Induced Diabetes Insipidus Clinical Study (McGLIDICS).

PubMed

Rej, Soham; Segal, Marilyn; Low, Nancy C P; Mucsi, Istvan; Holcroft, Christina; Shulman, Kenneth; Looper, Karl

2014-06-01

Despite being a common and potentially serious condition, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) remains poorly understood in older lithium users. Our main objective was to compare the prevalence of NDI symptoms and decreased urine osmolality ([UOsm] < 300 milli-Osmoles [mOsm/kg]) among geriatric and adult lithium users. We also assessed NDI symptoms, serum sodium (Na+), and urine specific gravity (USG) as possible surrogate measures of decreased UOsm, and ascertained whether potential etiologic factors independently correlated with decreased UOsm. This was a cross-sectional study of 100 consecutive outpatients treated with lithium from 6 tertiary care clinics, of which 45 were geriatric (aged 65 years and older) and 55 adult (aged 18 to 64 years). Patients completed a symptom questionnaire and underwent laboratory tests, including UOsm, serum Na+, and USG. Geriatric and adult lithium users had similar rates of decreased UOsm (12.5%, compared with 17.9%, P = 0.74), but geriatric patients reported less symptoms (P < 0.05). Although UOsm did not correlate with symptoms or current serum Na+, USG of less than 1.010 was suggestive of UOsm of less than 300 mOsm/kg. Age, lithium duration, and serum lithium level were independently associated with UOsm. The prevalence of decreased UOsm is similar in geriatric and adult lithium users, but older patients are less likely to report urinary and thirst symptoms. Although subjective symptoms do not correlate with UOsm, USG may be a cost-efficient clinical surrogate measure for UOsm. We suggest clinicians increase their vigilance for decreased UOsm, especially in lithium users with advanced age, longer duration of lithium exposure, and higher lithium levels. This may potentially prevent lithium intoxication, falls, hypernatremic events, and renal dysfunction.

Marginal Fit Comparison of CAD/CAM Crowns Milled from Two Different Materials.

PubMed

Azarbal, Atousa; Azarbal, Mohsen; Engelmeier, Robert L; Kunkel, Thomas C

2018-06-01

To evaluate the marginal fit of CAD/CAM copings milled from hybrid ceramic (Vita Enamic) blocks and lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD) blocks, and to evaluate the effect of crystallization firing on the marginal fit of lithium disilicate copings. A standardized metal die with a 1-mm-wide shoulder finish line was imaged using the CEREC AC Bluecam. The coping was designed using CEREC 3 software. The design was used to fabricate 15 lithium disilicate and 15 hybrid ceramic copings. Design and milling were accomplished by one operator. The copings were seated on the metal die using a pressure clamp with a uniform pressure of 5.5 lbs. A Macroview Microscope (14×) was used for direct viewing of the marginal gap. Four areas were imaged on each coping (buccal, distal, lingual, mesial). Image analysis software was used to measure the marginal gaps in μm at 15 randomly selected points on each of the four surfaces. A total of 60 measurements were made per specimen. For lithium disilicate copings the measurements for marginal gap were made before and after crystallization firing. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and Kruskal-Wallis test. The overall mean difference in marginal gap between the hybrid ceramic and crystallized lithium disilicate copings was statistically significant (p < 0.01). Greater mean marginal gaps were measured for crystallized lithium disilicate copings. The overall mean difference in marginal gap before and after firing (precrystallized and crystallized lithium disilicate copings) showed an average of 62 μm increase in marginal gap after firing. This difference was also significant (p < 0.01). A significant difference exists in the marginal gap discrepancy when comparing hybrid ceramic and lithium disilicate CAD/CAM crowns. Also crystallization firing can result in a significant increase in the marginal gap of lithium disilicate CAD/CAM crowns. © 2017 by the American College of Prosthodontists.

Treatments for acute bipolar depression: meta-analyses of placebo-controlled, monotherapy trials of anticonvulsants, lithium and antipsychotics.

PubMed

Selle, V; Schalkwijk, S; Vázquez, G H; Baldessarini, R J

2014-03-01

Optimal treatments for bipolar depression, and the relative value of specific drugs for that purpose, remain uncertain, including agents other than antidepressants. We searched for reports of placebo-controlled, monotherapy trials of mood-stabilizing anticonvulsants, second-generation antipsychotics, or lithium for acute major depressive episodes in patients diagnosed with type I or II bipolar disorder and applied random-effects meta-analysis to evaluate their efficacy, comparing outcomes based on standardized mean drug-placebo differences (SMD) in improvement, relative response rates (RR), and number-needed-to-treat (NNT). We identified 24 trials of 10 treatments (lasting 7.5 weeks, with ≥ 50 collaborating sites/trial) that met eligibility criteria: lamotrigine (5 trials), quetiapine (5), valproate (4), 2 each for aripiprazole, olanzapine, ziprasidone, and 1 each for carbamazepine, lithium, lurasidone, and olanzapine-fluoxetine. Overall, pooled drug-over-placebo responder-rate superiority (RR) was moderate (29% [CI: 19-40%]), and NNT was 8.2 (CI: 6.4-11). By SMD, apparent efficacy ranked: olanzapine + fluoxetine ≥ valproate > quetiapine > lurasidone > olanzapine, aripiprazole, and carbamazepine; ziprasidone was ineffective, and lithium remains inadequately studied. Notably, drugs were superior to placebo in only 11/24 trials (5/5 with quetiapine, 2/4 with valproate), and only lamotrigine, quetiapine and valproate had > 2 trials. Treatment-associated mania-like reactions were uncommon (drugs: 3.7%; placebo: 4.7%). Controlled trials of non-antidepressant treatments for bipolar depression remain scarce, but findings with olanzapine-fluoxetine, lurasidone, quetiapine, and perhaps carbamazepine and valproate were encouraging; lithium requires adequate testing. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Carbon-free Li4Ti5O12 porous nanofibers as high-rate and ultralong-life anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bian, Min; Yang, Yong; Tian, Ling

2018-02-01

In this work, the carbon-free Li4Ti5O12 porous nanofibers (Li4Ti5O12-P-NFs) have been successfully fabricated through an electrospinning approach followed by a one-step solid-state reaction. The structural and morphological characterization indicates that the as-prepared Li4Ti5O12-P-NFs has a spinel Li4Ti5O12 phase and many nanosized pores are homogeneously dispersed in the one-dimensional nanofibers. When used as anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the Li4Ti5O12-P-NFs exhibit excellent battery performances in terms of high-rate capability and ultralong-life stability, which can be attributed to the unique carbon-free porous nanostructure composed of well-crystallized Li4Ti5O12 nanocrystals. Thus, we can speculate that this novel concept may also be applicable to prepare other electrode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.

Ceramic molar crown reproducibility by digital workflow manufacturing: An in vitro study.

PubMed

Jeong, Ii-Do; Kim, Woong-Chul; Park, Jinyoung; Kim, Chong-Myeong; Kim, Ji-Hwan

2017-08-01

This in vitro study aimed to analyze and compare the reproducibility of zirconia and lithium disilicate crowns manufactured by digital workflow. A typodont model with a prepped upper first molar was set in a phantom head, and a digital impression was obtained with a video intraoral scanner (CEREC Omnicam; Sirona GmbH), from which a single crown was designed and manufactured with CAD/CAM into a zirconia crown and lithium disilicate crown (n=12). Reproducibility of each crown was quantitatively retrieved by superimposing the digitized data of the crown in 3D inspection software, and differences were graphically mapped in color. Areas with large differences were analyzed with digital microscopy. Mean quadratic deviations (RMS) quantitatively obtained from each ceramic group were statistically analyzed with Student's t-test (α=.05). The RMS value of lithium disilicate crown was 29.2 (4.1) µm and 17.6 (5.5) µm on the outer and inner surfaces, respectively, whereas these values were 18.6 (2.0) µm and 20.6 (5.1) µm for the zirconia crown. Reproducibility of zirconia and lithium disilicate crowns had a statistically significant difference only on the outer surface ( P <.001). The outer surface of lithium disilicate crown showed over-contouring on the buccal surface and under-contouring on the inner occlusal surface. The outer surface of zirconia crown showed both over- and under-contouring on the buccal surface, and the inner surface showed under-contouring in the marginal areas. Restoration manufacturing by digital workflow will enhance the reproducibility of zirconia single crowns more than that of lithium disilicate single crowns.

Conference report on the 3rd International Symposium on Lithium Application for Fusion Devices

DOE PAGES

Mazzitelli, Guiseppe; Hirooka, Y.; Hu, J. S.; ...

2015-01-14

The third International Symposium on Lithium Application for Fusion Device (ISLA-2013) was held on 9-11 October 2013 at ENEA Frascati Centre with growing participation and interest from the community working on more general aspect of liquid metal research for fusion energy development. ISLA-2013 has been confirmed to be the largest and the most important meeting dedicated to liquid metal application for the magnetic fusion research. Overall, 45 presentation plus 5 posters were given, representing 28 institutions from 11 countries. The latest experimental results from nine magnetic fusion devices were presented in 16 presentations from NSTX (PPPL, USA), FTU (ENEA, Italy),more » T-11M (Trinity, RF), T-10 (Kurchatov Institute, RF), TJ-II (CIEMAT, Spain), EAST(ASIPP, China), HT-7 (ASIPP, China), RFX (Padova, Italy), KTM (NNC RK, Kazakhstan). Sessions were devoted to the following: (I) lithium in magnetic confinement experiments (facility overviews), (II) lithium in magnetic confinement experiments (topical issues), (III) special session on liquid lithium technology, (IV) lithium laboratory test stands, (V) Lithium theory/modelling/comments, (VI) innovative lithium applications and (VII) special Session on lithium-safety and lithium handling. There was a wide participation from the fusion technology communities, including IFMIF and TBM communities providing productive exchange with the physics oriented magnetic confinement liquid metal research groups. Furthermore, this international workshop will continue on a biennial basis (alternating with the Plasma-Surface Interactions (PSI) Conference) and the next workshop will be held at CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain, in 2015.« less

Conference Report on the 3rd International Symposium on Lithium Application for Fusion Devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mazzitelli, G.; Hirooka, Y.; Hu, J. S.; Mirnov, S. V.; Nygren, R.; Shimada, M.; Ono, M.; Tabares, F. L.

2015-02-01

The third International Symposium on Lithium Application for Fusion Device (ISLA-2013) was held on 9-11 October 2013 at ENEA Frascati Centre with growing participation and interest from the community working on more general aspect of liquid metal research for fusion energy development. ISLA-2013 has been confirmed to be the largest and the most important meeting dedicated to liquid metal application for the magnetic fusion research. Overall, 45 presentation plus 5 posters were given, representing 28 institutions from 11 countries. The latest experimental results from nine magnetic fusion devices were presented in 16 presentations from NSTX (PPPL, USA), FTU (ENEA, Italy), T-11M (Trinity, RF), T-10 (Kurchatov Institute, RF), TJ-II (CIEMAT, Spain), EAST(ASIPP, China), HT-7 (ASIPP, China), RFX (Padova, Italy), KTM (NNC RK, Kazakhstan). Sessions were devoted to the following: (I) lithium in magnetic confinement experiments (facility overviews), (II) lithium in magnetic confinement experiments (topical issues), (III) special session on liquid lithium technology, (IV) lithium laboratory test stands, (V) Lithium theory/modelling/comments, (VI) innovative lithium applications and (VII) special Session on lithium-safety and lithium handling. There was a wide participation from the fusion technology communities, including IFMIF and TBM communities providing productive exchange with the physics oriented magnetic confinement liquid metal research groups. This international workshop will continue on a biennial basis (alternating with the Plasma-Surface Interactions (PSI) Conference) and the next workshop will be held at CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain, in 2015.

An extremely primitive star in the Galactic halo.

PubMed

Caffau, Elisabetta; Bonifacio, Piercarlo; François, Patrick; Sbordone, Luca; Monaco, Lorenzo; Spite, Monique; Spite, François; Ludwig, Hans-G; Cayrel, Roger; Zaggia, Simone; Hammer, François; Randich, Sofia; Molaro, Paolo; Hill, Vanessa

2011-08-31

The early Universe had a chemical composition consisting of hydrogen, helium and traces of lithium; almost all other elements were subsequently created in stars and supernovae. The mass fraction of elements more massive than helium, Z, is known as 'metallicity'. A number of very metal-poor stars has been found, some of which have a low iron abundance but are rich in carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. For theoretical reasons and because of an observed absence of stars with Z < 1.5 × 10(-5), it has been suggested that low-mass stars cannot form from the primitive interstellar medium until it has been enriched above a critical value of Z, estimated to lie in the range 1.5 × 10(-8) to 1.5 × 10(-6) (ref. 8), although competing theories claiming the contrary do exist. (We use 'low-mass' here to mean a stellar mass of less than 0.8 solar masses, the stars that survive to the present day.) Here we report the chemical composition of a star in the Galactic halo with a very low Z (≤ 6.9 × 10(-7), which is 4.5 × 10(-5) times that of the Sun) and a chemical pattern typical of classical extremely metal-poor stars--that is, without enrichment of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. This shows that low-mass stars can be formed at very low metallicity, that is, below the critical value of Z. Lithium is not detected, suggesting a low-metallicity extension of the previously observed trend in lithium depletion. Such lithium depletion implies that the stellar material must have experienced temperatures above two million kelvin in its history, given that this is necessary to destroy lithium.

Electrochemical synthesis of azanucleoside derivatives using a lithium perchlorate-nitromethane system.

PubMed

Kim, Shokaku; Shoji, Takao; Kitano, Yoshikazu; Chiba, Kazuhiro

2013-07-25

We have developed a highly efficient synthetic method for azanucleosides using a lithium perchlorate-nitromethane reaction medium, allowing direct and exclusive installation of various nucleophiles, including protected nucleobases into prolinol derivatives at the preferred 5-position.

78 FR 12418 - Office of Hazardous Materials Safety Actions on Special Permit Applications

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-22

... commerce of damaged or defective lithium ion batteries (originally approved under CA2011050032) that do not... lithium Administration battery along with Washington, DC. the SAFER assembly (modes 1, 3, 4, 5) 15793-N...

Nanostructured and layered lithium manganese oxide and method of manufacturing the same

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Singhal, Amit (Inventor); Skandan, Ganesh (Inventor)

2005-01-01

Nanostructured and layered lithium manganese oxide powders and methods of producing same. The powders are represented by the chemical formula, LixMn1-yMyO2, where 0.5

Lithium and memantine improve spatial memory impairment and neuroinflammation induced by β-amyloid 1-42 oligomers in rats.

PubMed

Budni, J; Feijó, D P; Batista-Silva, H; Garcez, M L; Mina, F; Belletini-Santos, T; Krasilchik, L R; Luz, A P; Schiavo, G L; Quevedo, J

2017-05-01

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. The main hallmarks of this disease include progressive cognitive dysfunction and an accumulation of soluble oligomers of β-amyloid (Aβ) 1-42 peptide. In this research, we show the effects of lithium and memantine on spatial memory and neuroinflammation in an Aβ1-42 oligomers-induced animal model of dementia in rats. Aβ 1-42 oligomers were administered intrahippocampally to male wistar rats to induce dementia. Oral treatments with memantine (5mg/kg), lithium (5mg/kg), or both drugs in combination were performed over a period of 17days. 14days after the administration of the Aβ1-42 oligomers, the radial arm-maze task was performed. At the end of the test period, the animals were euthanized, and the frontal cortex and hippocampus were removed for use in our analysis. Our results showed that alone treatments with lithium or memantine ameliorate the spatial memory damage caused by Aβ1-42. The animals that received combined doses of lithium and memantine showed better cognitive performance in their latency time and total errors to find food when compared to the results from alone treatments. Moreover, in our study, lithium and/or memantine were able to reverse the decreases observed in the levels of interleukin (IL)-4 that were induced by Aβ1-42 in the frontal cortex. In the hippocampus, only memantine and the association of memantine and lithium were able to reverse this effect. Alone doses of lithium and memantine or the association of lithium and memantine caused reductions in the levels of IL-1β in the frontal cortex and hippocampus, and decreased the levels of TNF-α in the hippocampus. Taken together, these data suggest that lithium and memantine might be a potential therapy against cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation induced by Aβ1-42, and their association may be a promising alternative to be investigated in the treatment of AD-like dementia. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Lithium modulates the muscarinic facilitation of synaptic plasticity and theta-gamma coupling in the hippocampal-prefrontal pathway.

PubMed

Ruggiero, Rafael N; Rossignoli, Matheus T; Lopes-Aguiar, Cleiton; Leite, João P; Bueno-Junior, Lezio S; Romcy-Pereira, Rodrigo N

2018-06-01

Mood disorders are associated to functional unbalance in mesolimbic and frontal cortical circuits. As a commonly used mood stabilizer, lithium acts through multiple biochemical pathways, including those activated by muscarinic cholinergic receptors crucial for hippocampal-prefrontal communication. Therefore, here we investigated the effects of lithium on prefrontal cortex responses under cholinergic drive. Lithium-treated rats were anesthetized with urethane and implanted with a ventricular cannula for muscarinic activation, a recording electrode in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and a stimulating electrode in the intermediate hippocampal CA1. Either of two forms of synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP) or depression (LTD), were induced during pilocarpine effects, which were monitored in real time through local field potentials. We found that lithium attenuates the muscarinic potentiation of cortical LTP (<20 min) but enhances the muscarinic potentiation of LTD maintenance (>80 min). Moreover, lithium treatment promoted significant cross-frequency coupling between CA1 theta (3-5 Hz) and mPFC low-gamma (30-55 Hz) oscillations. Interestingly, lithium by itself did not affect any of these measures. Thus, lithium pretreatment and muscarinic activation synergistically modulate the hippocampal-prefrontal connectivity. Because these alterations varied with time, oscillatory parameters, and type of synaptic plasticity, our study suggests that lithium influences prefrontal-related circuits through intricate dynamics, informing future experiments on mood disorders. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Lithium-based surfaces controlling fusion plasma behavior at the plasma-material interfacea)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Allain, Jean Paul; Taylor, Chase N.

2012-05-01

The plasma-material interface and its impact on the performance of magnetically confined thermonuclear fusion plasmas are considered to be one of the key scientific gaps in the realization of nuclear fusion power. At this interface, high particle and heat flux from the fusion plasma can limit the material's lifetime and reliability and therefore hinder operation of the fusion device. Lithium-based surfaces are now being used in major magnetic confinement fusion devices and have observed profound effects on plasma performance including enhanced confinement, suppression and control of edge localized modes (ELM), lower hydrogen recycling and impurity suppression. The critical spatial scale length of deuterium and helium particle interactions in lithium ranges between 5-100 nm depending on the incident particle energies at the edge and magnetic configuration. Lithium-based surfaces also range from liquid state to solid lithium coatings on a variety of substrates (e.g., graphite, stainless steel, refractory metal W/Mo/etc., or porous metal structures). Temperature-dependent effects from lithium-based surfaces as plasma facing components (PFC) include magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instability issues related to liquid lithium, surface impurity, and deuterium retention issues, and anomalous physical sputtering increase at temperatures above lithium's melting point. The paper discusses the viability of lithium-based surfaces in future burning-plasma environments such as those found in ITER and DEMO-like fusion reactor devices.

A simple approach for making a viable, safe, and high-performances lithium-sulfur battery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carbone, Lorenzo; Coneglian, Thomas; Gobet, Mallory; Munoz, Stephen; Devany, Matthew; Greenbaum, Steve; Hassoun, Jusef

2018-02-01

We report an electrolyte with low flammability, based on diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME) dissolving lithium bis-trifluoromethane sulfonimidate (LiTFSI), and lithium nitrate (LiNO3) for high-performances lithium/sulfur battery. Self-diffusion coefficients, conductivity, and lithium transport number of the electrolyte are obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Interface stability, lithium stripping/deposition ability, and the electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte are determined by voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. The tests suggest conductivity higher than 10-2 S cm-1, lithium transport number of about 0.5, electrochemical stability extending from 0 V to 4.6 V, and excellent compatibility with lithium metal. A composite cathode using sulfur and multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is characterized in terms of structure and morphology by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The study shows spherical flakes in which the carbon nanotubes protect the crystalline sulfur from excessive dissolution, and create the optimal host for allowing the proper cell operation. The Li/S cell reveals highly reversible process during charge/discharge cycles, fast kinetic, and lithium diffusion coefficient in the sulfur electrode ranging from 10-12 to 10-10 cm2 s-1. The cell evidences a coulombic efficiency approaching 100%, capacity from 1300 mAh g-1 to 900 mAh g-1 and practical energy density higher than 400 Wh kg-1.

Chemisorption of polysulfides through redox reactions with organic molecules for lithium-sulfur batteries.

PubMed

Li, Ge; Wang, Xiaolei; Seo, Min Ho; Li, Matthew; Ma, Lu; Yuan, Yifei; Wu, Tianpin; Yu, Aiping; Wang, Shun; Lu, Jun; Chen, Zhongwei

2018-02-16

Lithium-sulfur battery possesses high energy density but suffers from severe capacity fading due to the dissolution of lithium polysulfides. Novel design and mechanisms to encapsulate lithium polysulfides are greatly desired by high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries towards practical applications. Herein, we report a strategy of utilizing anthraquinone, a natural abundant organic molecule, to suppress dissolution and diffusion of polysulfides species through redox reactions during cycling. The keto groups of anthraquinone play a critical role in forming strong Lewis acid-based chemical bonding. This mechanism leads to a long cycling stability of sulfur-based electrodes. With a high sulfur content of ~73%, a low capacity decay of 0.019% per cycle for 300 cycles and retention of 81.7% over 500 cycles at 0.5 C rate can be achieved. This finding and understanding paves an alternative avenue for the future design of sulfur-based cathodes toward the practical application of lithium-sulfur batteries.

Directing lateral growth of lithium dendrites in micro-compartmented anode arrays for safe lithium metal batteries.

PubMed

Zou, Peichao; Wang, Yang; Chiang, Sum-Wai; Wang, Xuanyu; Kang, Feiyu; Yang, Cheng

2018-01-31

Uncontrolled growth of lithium dendrites during cycling has remained a challenging issue for lithium metal batteries. Thus far, various approaches have been proposed to delay or suppress dendrite growth, yet little attention has been paid to the solutions that can make batteries keep working when lithium dendrites are already extensively present. Here we develop an industry-adoptable technology to laterally direct the growth of lithium dendrites, where all dendrites are retained inside the compartmented copper current collector in a given limited cycling capacity. This featured electrode layout renders superior cycling stability (e.g., smoothly running for over 150 cycles at 0.5 mA cm -2 ). Numerical simulations indicate that reduced dendritic stress and damage to the separator are achieved when the battery is abusively running over the ceiling capacity to generate protrusions. This study may contribute to a deeper comprehension of metal dendrites and provide a significant step towards ultimate safe batteries.

Sorption of atmospheric gases by bulk lithium metal

DOE PAGES

Hart, C. A.; Skinner, C. H.; Capece, A. M.; ...

2016-01-01

Lithium conditioning of plasma facing components has enhanced the performance of several fusion devices. Elemental lithium will react with air during maintenance activities and with residual gases (H 2O, CO, CO 2) in the vacuum vessel during operations. We have used a mass balance (microgram sensitivity) to measure the mass gain of lithium samples during exposure of a ~1 cm 2 surface to ambient and dry synthetic air. For ambient air, we found an initial mass gain of several mg/h declining to less than 1 mg/h after an hour and decreasing by an order of magnitude after 24 h. Amore » 9 mg sample achieved a final mass gain corresponding to complete conversion to Li 2CO 3 after 5 days. Exposure to dry air resulted in a 30 times lower initial rate of mass gain. The results have implications for the chemical state of lithium plasma facing surfaces and for safe handling of lithium coated components.« less

Cleaning techniques for applied-B ion diodes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cuneo, M.E.; Menge, P.R.; Hanson, D.L.

Measurements and theoretical considerations indicate that the lithium-fluoride (LiF) lithium ion source operates by electron-assisted field-desorption, and provides a pure lithium beam for 10--20 ns. Evidence on both the SABRE (1 TW) and PBFA-II (20 TW) accelerators indicates that the lithium beam is replaced by a beam of protons, and carbon resulting from electron thermal desorption of hydrocarbon surface and bulk contamination with subsequent avalanche ionization. Appearance of contaminant ions in the beam is accompanied by rapid impedance collapse, possibly resulting from loss of magnetic insulation in the rapidly expanding and ionizing, neutral layer. Electrode surface and source substrate cleaningmore » techniques are being developed on the SABRE accelerator to reduce beam contamination, plasma formation, and impedance collapse. We have increased lithium current density a factor of 3 and lithium energy a factor of 5 through a combination of in-situ surface and substrate coatings, impermeable substrate coatings, and field profile modifications.« less

Evaluation of lithium serum level in multiple sclerosis patients: A neuroprotective element.

PubMed

Karimi, Atieh; Bahrampour, Kobra; Momeni Moghaddam, Mohammad Amin; Asadikaram, Gholamreza; Ebrahimi, Ghasem; Torkzadeh-Mahani, Masoud; Esmaeili Tarzi, Mojdeh; Nematollahi, Mohammad Hadi

2017-10-01

It has been claimed that continuous and high production of nitric oxide (NO) and its metabolites may be involved in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis. A number of studies have demonstrated that lithium regulates NO levels in disorders of the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to investigate whether NO as a marker of disease activity is correlated with lithium deficiency in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS). This case-controlled study comprised 44 patients with RR-MS and 43 healthy subjects matched by age, gender, smoking status, and body mass index. The Griess reaction was used to measure the NO metabolites, nitrite and nitrate in serum. In addition serum lithium levels were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry method. The mean serum NO concentrations in the groups RR-MS and the control were 18.5 ± 3.1µM and 15.5 ± 2.9µM, respectively. Data analysis showed a statistically significant difference between subjects with RR-MS and the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, serum lithium concentrations in RR-MS (0.57 ± 0.2) were remarkably lower in RR-MS patients than the controls (2.29 ± 0.7) (p < 0.05). The present findings suggest that lithium deficiency may upregulates NO production in RR-MS. Further studies with larger samples are needed to confirm the effects of lithium treatment on NO pathway and its association with synaptic plasticity in RR-MS patients. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Flexible, solid-state, ion-conducting membrane with 3D garnet nanofiber networks for lithium batteries

PubMed Central

Fu, Kun (Kelvin); Gong, Yunhui; Dai, Jiaqi; Gong, Amy; Han, Xiaogang; Yao, Yonggang; Wang, Chengwei; Wang, Yibo; Chen, Yanan; Yan, Chaoyi; Li, Yiju; Wachsman, Eric D.; Hu, Liangbing

2016-01-01

Beyond state-of-the-art lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology with metallic lithium anodes to replace conventional ion intercalation anode materials is highly desirable because of lithium’s highest specific capacity (3,860 mA/g) and lowest negative electrochemical potential (∼3.040 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode). In this work, we report for the first time, to our knowledge, a 3D lithium-ion–conducting ceramic network based on garnet-type Li6.4La3Zr2Al0.2O12 (LLZO) lithium-ion conductor to provide continuous Li+ transfer channels in a polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based composite. This composite structure further provides structural reinforcement to enhance the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix. The flexible solid-state electrolyte composite membrane exhibited an ionic conductivity of 2.5 × 10−4 S/cm at room temperature. The membrane can effectively block dendrites in a symmetric Li | electrolyte | Li cell during repeated lithium stripping/plating at room temperature, with a current density of 0.2 mA/cm2 for around 500 h and a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2 for over 300 h. These results provide an all solid ion-conducting membrane that can be applied to flexible LIBs and other electrochemical energy storage systems, such as lithium–sulfur batteries. PMID:27307440

Engineering experimental program on the effects of near-space radiation on lithium doped solar cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1971-01-01

The results of an experimental evaluation of the real-time degradation characteristics of lithium-diffused silicon solar cells are reported. A strontium-90 radioisotope was used for simulation of a typical earth-orbital electron environment. The experiment was performed in an ion pump vacuum chamber with samples maintained at -50, +20, +50, and +80 C. Samples were illuminated during the 6-month exposure run with solar cell 1-5 characteristics measured periodically in situ. This 6-month exposure corresponded to a 1 MeV equivalent fluence of approximately 10 to the 14th power electrons/sq cm. Several types of lithium cells were irradiatied and compared directly with conventional N/P cells. The best lithium cells compared favorably with N/P cells, particularly at the higher test temperatures. With a slight improvement of initial performance characteristics, lithium cells appear feasible for 5 to 10 year missions at synchronous altitude. Based on the reported results and those of other irradiation experiments, lithium cells would appear to be superior to N/P cells in proton-dominated earth-orbital environments. Another important conclusion of the effort was that illuminated/loaded cells degrade more rapidly than do dark/unloaded cells. The irradiation experiment provided data of high quality with a high degree of confidence because of the experimental and statistical analysis techniques utilized.

Hierarchical Carbon with High Nitrogen Doping Level: A Versatile Anode and Cathode Host Material for Long-Life Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

PubMed

Reitz, Christian; Breitung, Ben; Schneider, Artur; Wang, Di; von der Lehr, Martin; Leichtweiss, Thomas; Janek, Jürgen; Hahn, Horst; Brezesinski, Torsten

2016-04-27

Nitrogen-rich carbon with both a turbostratic microstructure and meso/macroporosity was prepared by hard templating through pyrolysis of a tricyanomethanide-based ionic liquid in the voids of a silica monolith template. This multifunctional carbon not only is a promising anode candidate for long-life lithium-ion batteries but also shows favorable properties as anode and cathode host material owing to a high nitrogen content (>8% after carbonization at 900 °C). To demonstrate the latter, the hierarchical carbon was melt-infiltrated with sulfur as well as coated by atomic layer deposition (ALD) of anatase TiO2, both of which led to high-quality nanocomposites. TiO2 ALD increased the specific capacity of the carbon while maintaining high Coulombic efficiency and cycle life: the composite exhibited stable performance in lithium half-cells, with excellent recovery of low rate capacities after thousands of cycles at 5C. Lithium-sulfur batteries using the sulfur/carbon composite also showed good cyclability, with reversible capacities of ∼700 mA·h·g(-1) at C/5 and without obvious decay over several hundred cycles. The present results demonstrate that nitrogen-rich carbon with an interconnected multimodal pore structure is very versatile and can be used as both active and inactive electrode material in high-performance lithium-based batteries.

Dietary intake of barium, bismuth, chromium, lithium, and strontium in a Spanish population (Canary Islands, Spain).

PubMed

González-Weller, Dailos; Rubio, Carmen; Gutiérrez, Ángel José; González, Gara Luis; Caballero Mesa, José María; Revert Gironés, Consuelo; Burgos Ojeda, Antonio; Hardisson, Arturo

2013-12-01

The aim of this study was to analyze barium, bismuth, chromium, lithium, and strontium contents in food and beverages consumed by the population of the Canary Islands (Spain) as well as determine dietary intake of these metals in the archipelago as a whole and in its individual islands. To this end, 440 samples were analyzed by ICP-OES and GFAAS. Barium concentrations ranged from 5.210 ± 2.117 mg/kg in nuts to 0.035 ± 0.043 mg/L in water. Viscera exhibited the highest levels of bismuth (38.07 ± 36.80 mg/kg). The cold meat and sausages group stood out for its high chromium concentrations (0.494 ± 0.257 mg/kg). The highest concentration of lithium and strontium came out in nuts (8.761 ± 5.368 mg/kg and 9.759 ± 5.181 mg/kg, respectively). The total intakes of barium, bismuth, chromium, lithium, and strontium were 0.685, 1.274, 0.087, 3.674, and 1.923 mg/day, respectively. Cereals turned out to contribute most to the dietary intake of barium, bismuth, chromium, and lithium in the Canary Islands, while fruit contributes most to the strontium intake. We also performed a metal intake study by age and sex of the population and compared the outcome with data from other regions, both national and international.

Fabrication of ultrathin solid electrolyte membranes of β-Li 3PS 4 nanoflakes by evaporation-induced self-assembly for all-solid-state batteries

DOE PAGES

Wang, Hui; Hood, Zachary D.; Xia, Younan; ...

2016-04-25

All-solid-state lithium batteries are attractive candidates for next-generation energy storage devices because of their anticipated high energy density and intrinsic safety. Owing to their excellent ionic conductivity and stability with metallic lithium anodes, nanostructured lithium thiophosphate solid electrolytes such as β-Li 3PS 4 have found use in the fabrication of all-solid lithium batteries for large-scale energy storage systems. However, current methods for preparing air-sensitive solid electrolyte membranes of lithium thiophosphates can only generate thick membranes that compromise the battery's gravimetric/volumetric energy density and thus its rate performance. To overcome this limitation, the solid electrolyte's thickness needs to be effectively decreasedmore » to achieve ideal energy density and enhanced rate performance. In this paper, we show that the evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) technique produces ultrathin membranes of a lithium thiophosphate solid electrolyte with controllable thicknesses between 8 and 50 μm while maintaining the high ionic conductivity of β-Li 3PS 4 and stability with metallic lithium anodes up to 5 V. Finally, it is clearly demonstrated that this facile EISA approach allows for the preparation of ultrathin lithium thiophosphate solid electrolyte membranes for all-solid-state batteries.« less

Lithium intoxication: Incidence, clinical course and renal function - a population-based retrospective cohort study.

PubMed

Ott, Michael; Stegmayr, Bernd; Salander Renberg, Ellinor; Werneke, Ursula

2016-10-01

When prescribing lithium, the risk of toxicity remains a concern. In this study, we examined a cohort of patients exposed to lithium between 1997 and 2013. The aims of this study were to determine the frequency of lithium intoxication and to evaluate the clinical course and changes in renal function. Of 1340 patients, 96 had experienced at least one episode of lithium levels ⩾1.5 mmol/L, yielding an incidence of 0.01 per patient-year. Seventy-seven patients available for review had experienced 91 episodes, of whom 34% required intensive care and 13% were treated with haemodialysis. There were no fatalities. Acute kidney injury occurred, but renal function at baseline was not different to renal function after the episode. Renal impairment was often associated with co-morbidities and other factors. Both intermittent and continuous-venovenous haemodialysis were used, but the clearance of continuous-venovenous haemodialysis can be too low in cases where large amounts of lithium have been ingested. Saline and forced diuresis have been used and are safe. Lithium intoxication seems rare and can be safely managed in most cases. Physicians should not withhold lithium for fear of intoxication in patients who benefit from it. Yet, physicians should have a low threshold to screen for toxicity. © The Author(s) 2016.

Lithium intoxication: Incidence, clinical course and renal function – a population-based retrospective cohort study

PubMed Central

Ott, Michael; Stegmayr, Bernd; Salander Renberg, Ellinor; Werneke, Ursula

2016-01-01

When prescribing lithium, the risk of toxicity remains a concern. In this study, we examined a cohort of patients exposed to lithium between 1997 and 2013. The aims of this study were to determine the frequency of lithium intoxication and to evaluate the clinical course and changes in renal function. Of 1340 patients, 96 had experienced at least one episode of lithium levels ⩾1.5 mmol/L, yielding an incidence of 0.01 per patient-year. Seventy-seven patients available for review had experienced 91 episodes, of whom 34% required intensive care and 13% were treated with haemodialysis. There were no fatalities. Acute kidney injury occurred, but renal function at baseline was not different to renal function after the episode. Renal impairment was often associated with co-morbidities and other factors. Both intermittent and continuous-venovenous haemodialysis were used, but the clearance of continuous-venovenous haemodialysis can be too low in cases where large amounts of lithium have been ingested. Saline and forced diuresis have been used and are safe. Lithium intoxication seems rare and can be safely managed in most cases. Physicians should not withhold lithium for fear of intoxication in patients who benefit from it. Yet, physicians should have a low threshold to screen for toxicity. PMID:27307388

Unravelling the impact of reaction paths on mechanical degradation of intercalation cathodes for lithium-ion batteries

DOE PAGES

Li, Juchuan; Zhang, Qinglin; Xiao, Xingcheng; ...

2015-10-18

The intercalation compounds are generally considered as ideal electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries thanks to their minimum volume expansion and fast lithium ion diffusion. However, cracking still occurs in those compounds and has been identified as one of the critical issues responsible for their capacity decay and short cycle life, although the diffusion-induced stress and volume expansion are much smaller than those in alloying-type electrodes. Here, we designed a thin-film model system that enables us to tailor the cation ordering in LiNi 0.5Mn 1.5O 4 spinels and correlate the stress patterns, phase evolution, and cycle performances. Surprisingly, we found thatmore » distinct reaction paths cause negligible difference in the overall stress patterns but significantly different cracking behaviors and cycling performances: 95% capacity retention for disordered LiNi 0.5Mn 1.5O 4 and 48% capacity retention for ordered LiNi 0.5Mn 1.5O 4 after 2000 cycles. We were able to pinpoint that the extended solid-solution region with suppressed phase transformation attributed to the superior electrochemical performance of disordered spinel. Furthermore, this work envisions a strategy for rationally designing stable cathodes for lithium-ion batteries through engineering the atomic structure that extends the solid-solution region and suppresses phase transformation.« less

Content and distribution of arsenic, bismuth, lithium and selenium in mineral and synthetic fertilizers and their contribution to soil

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Senesi, N.; Polemio, M.; Lorusso, L.

1979-01-01

Concentrations of arsenic, bismuth, lithium and selenium were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 32 samples of commercial fertilizers from various manufacturers and distributors. Arsenic and lithium were detected in all investigated samples, bismuth in 50% of samples and selenium only in two samples. Arsenic content ranged from 2 to 321 ppM; lithium varied from 5 to 0.1 ppM; bismuth was always lower than 0.5 ppM; selenium was detectable at the levels of 10 and 13 ppM. Fertilizers made from rock phosphates contained trace element amounts generally higher than those derived from rock carbonates, synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and potassium sulphate.more » Additions of trace elements from fertilizers applied at common rates to cultivated soils are tabulated and discussed on the basis of the natural soil reserves and toxicity levels for plants. Whereas applications of bismuth resulted always very low to influence the usual soil content and plant uptakes and selenium was only rarely present in fertilizers, lithium and moreover arsenic additions by fertilizers could influence the trace element status in soil, overcoming occasionally the toxicity levels for more sensitive crops.« less

Hybrid electrolytes incorporated with dandelion-like silane-Al2O3 nanoparticles for high-safety high-voltage lithium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Hewei; Shi, Junli; Hu, Guosheng; He, Ying; Xia, Yonggao; Yin, Shanshan; Liu, Zhaoping

2018-07-01

One of the crucial challenge for developing high safety and high voltage lithium ion batteries is to find a reliable electrolyte system. In this work, we report a kind of hybrid electrolytes, which are used for high-voltage lithium ion batteries and are expected to be able to effectively enhance the battery safety. The hybrid electrolytes are obtained by incorporating silane-Al2O3 (Al2O3-ST) into liquid electrolyte, which combines the merits of both solid electrolyte and liquid electrolyte. The Al2O3-ST nanoparticles help to increase lithium-ion transference number and to enhance battery safety, while liquid electrolyte contributes to high ionic conductivity. The cycling stability and rate capacity of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li batteries are improved by using the hybrid electrolytes. Nail-penetration tests indicate that LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2/graphite battery with hybrid electrolyte owns obviously enhanced safety than that using traditional liquid electrolyte. This work provides new insight on electrolyte design for high-safety high-voltage lithium ion batteries.

Thin-film Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Bates, J. B.; Gruzalski, G. R.; Dudney, N. J.; Luck, C. F.; Yu, X.

1993-11-01

Rechargeable thin films batteries with lithium metal anodes, an amorphous inorganic electrolyte, and cathodes of lithium intercalation compounds have been fabricated and characterized. The cathodes include TiS{sub 2}, the {omega} phase of V{sub 2}O{sub 5}, and the cubic spinel Li{sub x}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 4} with open circuit voltages at full charge of about 2.5 V, 3.7 V, and 4.2 V, respectively. The development of these robust cells, which can be cycled thousands of times, was possible because of the stability of the amorphous lithium electrolyte, lithium phosphorus oxynitride. This material has a typical composition of Li{sub 2.9}PO{sub 3.3}N{sub 0.46} and a conductivity at 25 C of 2 {mu}S/cm. Thin film cells have been cycled at 100% depth of discharge using current densities of 2 to 100 {mu}A/cm{sup 2}. The polarization resistance of the cells is due to the slow insertion rate of Li{sup +} ions into the cathode. Chemical diffusion coefficients for Li{sup +} ions in the three types of cathodes have been estimated from the analysis of ac impedance measurements.

Lithium diffusion in sputter-deposited Li4Ti5O12 thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wunde, F.; Berkemeier, F.; Schmitz, G.

2012-10-01

Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) thin films are deposited by dc-ion beam sputtering at different oxygen partial pressures and different substrate temperatures. In order to investigate, how these two parameters influence the atomic structure, the specimens are characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical characterization of the films is done by cyclic voltammetry and chrono-potentiometry. To determine an averaged chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium, a method is developed, evaluating c-rate tests. The results obtained by this method are compared to results obtained by the well established galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), which is used to determine a concentration dependent diffusion coefficient of lithium in LTO.

Association between Lithium Use and Melanoma Risk and Mortality: A Population-Based Study.

PubMed

Asgari, Maryam M; Chien, Andy J; Tsai, Ai Lin; Fireman, Bruce; Quesenberry, Charles P

2017-10-01

Laboratory studies show that lithium, an activator of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway, slows melanoma progression, but to our knowledge no published epidemiologic studies have explored this association. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult white Kaiser Permanente Northern California members (n = 2,213,848) from 1997-2012 to examine the association between lithium use and melanoma risk. Lithium exposure (n = 11,317) was assessed from pharmacy databases, serum lithium levels were obtained from electronic laboratory databases, and incident cutaneous melanomas (n = 14,056) were identified from an established cancer registry. In addition to examining melanoma incidence, melanoma hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for lithium exposure were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for potential confounders. Melanoma incidence per 100,000 person-years among lithium-exposed individuals was 67.4, compared with 92.5 in unexposed individuals (P = 0.027). Lithium-exposed individuals had a 32% lower risk of melanoma (hazard ratio = 0.68, 95% confidence interval = 0.51-0.90) in unadjusted analysis, but the estimate was attenuated and nonsignificant in adjusted analysis (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.77, 95% confidence interval = 0.58-1.02). No lithium-exposed individuals presented with thick (>4 mm) or advanced-stage melanoma at diagnosis. Among melanoma patients, lithium-exposed individuals were less likely to suffer melanoma-associated mortality (rate = 4.68/1,000 person-years) compared with the unexposed (rate = 7.21/1,000 person-years). Our findings suggest that lithium may reduce melanoma risk and associated mortality. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Colorimetric determinations of lithium levels in drop-volumes of human plasma for monitoring patients with bipolar mood disorder.

PubMed

Qassem, M; Hickey, M; Kyriacou, P A

2016-08-01

Lithium preparations are considered the most reliable form of mood stabilizing medication for patients with Bipolar disorder. Nevertheless, lithium is a toxic element and its therapeutic range is extremely narrow, with levels of 0.61.0 mEq considered normal, whereas levels above 1.5 mEq are toxic. Thus unfortunately, many patients reach toxic levels that lead to unnecessary complications. It is believed that personal monitoring of blood lithium levels would benefit patients taking lithium medication. Therefore, our aim is to develop a personal lithium blood level analyzer for patients with bipolar mood disorder, and we report here our initial results of a colorimetric-based method used to test drop-volumes of human plasma that had been spiked with lithium. It was possible to validate results with standard flame photometry readings. Applying the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method on preprocessed spectra, therapeutic concentrations of lithium in a single drop can be predicted in a rapid manner, and furthermore, the calibration results were used to select effective wavelengths which were employed as inputs in Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). The simplified algorithms of this would prove useful when developing a personal lithium analyzer. Overall, both calibration methods gave high correlation and small error outputs with a R2= 0.99036 and RMSEC = 0.03778, and R2= 0.994148 and RMSEC= 0.0294404, for PLS and MLR methods, respectively. The results show that the spectrophotometric determination of blood lithium levels can be extended beyond laboratory applications and indicate the capability of this testing principle to be employed in a personal monitoring device. Future work will now focus on the technical development of a miniaturized system for measurement of lithium levels in blood with an acceptable level of accuracy and sensitivity.

Relationship between altitude and lithium in groundwater in the United States of America: results of a 1992-2003 study.

PubMed

Huber, Rebekah S; Kim, Namkug; Renshaw, Carl E; Renshaw, Perry F; Kondo, Douglas G

2014-11-01

Therapeutic dosages of lithium are known to reduce suicide rates, which has led to investigations of confounding environmental risk factors for suicide such as lithium in groundwater. It has been speculated that this might play a role in the potential relationship between suicide and altitude. A recent study in Austria involving geospatial analysis of lithium in groundwater and suicide found lower levels of lithium at higher altitudes. Since there is no reason to suspect this correlation is universal given variation in geology, the current study set out to investigate the relationship between altitude and lithium in groundwater in the United States of America (USA). The study utilised data extracted from the National Water-Quality Assessment programme implemented by the United States Geological Survey that has collected 5,183 samples from 48 study areas in USA for the period of 1992 to 2003. Lithium was the trace-element of interest and 518 samples were used in the current analyses. Due to uneven lithium sampling within the country, only the states (n=15) with the highest number of lithium samples were included. Federal information processing standard codes were used to match data by county with the mean county altitude calculated using altitude data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. The study was controlled for potential confounding factors known to affect levels of lithium in groundwater including aquifer, aquifer type, lithology, water level and the depths of wells. The levels of lithium in groundwater, increased with altitude (R(2) = 0.226, P <0.001) during the study period. These findings differ from the Austrian study and suggest a need for further research accounting also for the impact of geographical variation.

77 FR 64311 - Potential Market Impact of the Proposed Fiscal Year 2014 Annual Materials Plan; National Defense...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-19

...,000 (5) Cadmium Zinc Tellurium (CZT) substrates.. cm\\2\\ 24,000 (6) Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) Kg 750 (6) Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide kg 540 (6) (NCA). Mesocarbon Microbeads (MCMB) kg 648 (6...

Lithium-mediated long-term neuroprotection in neonatal rat hypoxia-ischemia is associated with antiinflammatory effects and enhanced proliferation and survival of neural stem/progenitor cells

PubMed Central

Li, Hongfu; Li, Qian; Du, Xiaonan; Sun, Yanyan; Wang, Xiaoyang; Kroemer, Guido; Blomgren, Klas; Zhu, Changlian

2011-01-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of lithium treatment on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, inflammation, and neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) proliferation and survival. Nine-day-old male rats were subjected to unilateral hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and 2 mmol/kg lithium chloride was injected intraperitoneally immediately after the insult. Additional lithium injections, 1 mmol/kg, were administered at 24-hour intervals for 7 days. Animals were killed 6, 24, 72 hours, or 7 weeks after HI. Lithium reduced total tissue loss by 69%, from 89.4±14.6 mm3 in controls (n=15) to 27.6±6.2 mm3 in lithium-treated animals (n=14) 7 weeks after HI (P<0.001). Microglia activation was inhibited by lithium treatment, as judged by Iba-1 and galectin-3 immunostaining, and reduced interleukin-1β and CCL2 levels. Lithium increased progenitor, rather than stem cell, proliferation in both nonischemic and ischemic brains, as judged by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine labeling 24 and 72 hours as well as by phospho-histone H3 and brain lipid-binding protein labeling 7 weeks after HI. Lithium treatment also promoted survival of newborn NSPCs, without altering the relative levels of neuronal and astroglial differentiation. In summary, lithium conferred impressive, morphological long-term protection against neonatal HI, at least partly by inhibiting inflammation and promoting NSPC proliferation and survival. PMID:21587270

Glass for sealing lithium cells

DOEpatents

Leedecke, C.J.

1981-08-28

Glass compositions resistant to corrosion by lithium cell electrolyte and having an expansion coefficient of 45 to 85 x 10/sup -70/C/sup -1/ have been made with SiO/sub 2/, 25 to 55% by weight; B/sub 2/O/sub 3/, 5 to 12%; Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, 12 to 35%; CaO, 5 to 15%; MgO, 5 to 15%; SrO, 0 to 10%; and La/sub 2/O/sub 3/, 0 to 5%. Preferred compositions within that range contain 3 to 8% SrO and 0.5 to 2.5% La/sub 2/O/sub 3/.

Ternary tin-based chalcogenide nanoplates as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Qiming; Su, Heng; Cui, Yanhui; Baker, Andrew P.; Liu, Yanchen; Lu, Juan; Song, Xiaona; Zhang, Huayu; Wu, Junwei; Yu, Haijun; Qu, Deyang

2018-03-01

As an advanced anode material for lithium-ion batteries, tin-chalcogenides receive substantial attention due to their high lithium-ion storage capacity. Here, tin chalcogenide (SnSe0.5S0.5) nanoplates are synthesized using a facile and quick polyol-method, followed by heating at different temperatures. Results show that the as-prepared of SnSe0.5S0.5 heated at temperature of 180 °C exhibits the best electrochemical performance with an outstanding discharge specific capacity of 1144 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 after 100 cycles and 682 mA h g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 after 200 cycles with a high coulombic efficiency (CE) of 98.7%. Even at a high current density of 5 A g-1, this anode material delivers a specific capacity of 473 mA h g-1. The high electrochemical performance of SnSe0.5S0.5 is shown by in-situ XRD analysis to originate from an enhanced Li+ intercalation and an alloy conversion process.

Contamination of lithium heparin blood by K2-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA): an experimental evaluation.

PubMed

Lima-Oliveira, Gabriel; Salvagno, Gian Luca; Danese, Elisa; Brocco, Giorgio; Guidi, Gian Cesare; Lippi, Giuseppe

2014-01-01

The contamination of serum or lithium heparin blood with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) salts may affect accuracy of some critical analytes and jeopardize patient safety. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lithium heparin sample contamination with different amounts of K2EDTA. Fifteen volunteers were enrolled among the laboratory staff. Two lithium heparin tubes and one K2EDTA tube were collected from each subject. The lithium-heparin tubes of each subject were pooled and divided in 5 aliquots. The whole blood of K2EDTA tube was then added in scalar amount to autologous heparinised aliquots, to obtained different degrees of K2EDTA blood volume contamination (0%; 5%; 13%; 29%; 43%). The following clinical chemistry parameters were then measured in centrifuged aliquots: alanine aminotranspherase (ALT), bilirubin (total), calcium, chloride, creatinine, iron, lactate dehydrogenase (LD), lipase, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, sodium. A significant variation starting from 5% K2EDTA contamination was observed for calcium, chloride, iron, LD, magnesium (all decreased) and potassium (increased). The variation of phosphate and sodium (both increased) was significant after 13% and 29% K2EDTA contamination, respectively. The values of ALT, bilirubin, creatinine and lipase remained unchanged up to 43% K2EDTA contamination. When variations were compared with desirable quality specifications, the bias was significant for calcium, chloride, LD, magnesium and potassium (from 5% K2EDTA contamination), sodium, phosphate and iron (from 29% K2EDTA contamination). The concentration of calcium, magnesium, potassium, chloride and LD appears to be dramatically biased by even modest K2EDTA contamination (i.e., 5%). The values of iron, phosphate, and sodium are still reliable up to 29% K2EDTA contamination, whereas ALT, bilirubin, creatinine and lipase appear overall less vulnerable towards K2EDTA contamination.

Ceramic molar crown reproducibility by digital workflow manufacturing: An in vitro study

PubMed Central

Kim, Chong-Myeong

2017-01-01

PURPOSE This in vitro study aimed to analyze and compare the reproducibility of zirconia and lithium disilicate crowns manufactured by digital workflow. MATERIALS AND METHODS A typodont model with a prepped upper first molar was set in a phantom head, and a digital impression was obtained with a video intraoral scanner (CEREC Omnicam; Sirona GmbH), from which a single crown was designed and manufactured with CAD/CAM into a zirconia crown and lithium disilicate crown (n=12). Reproducibility of each crown was quantitatively retrieved by superimposing the digitized data of the crown in 3D inspection software, and differences were graphically mapped in color. Areas with large differences were analyzed with digital microscopy. Mean quadratic deviations (RMS) quantitatively obtained from each ceramic group were statistically analyzed with Student's t-test (α=.05). RESULTS The RMS value of lithium disilicate crown was 29.2 (4.1) µm and 17.6 (5.5) µm on the outer and inner surfaces, respectively, whereas these values were 18.6 (2.0) µm and 20.6 (5.1) µm for the zirconia crown. Reproducibility of zirconia and lithium disilicate crowns had a statistically significant difference only on the outer surface (P<.001). The outer surface of lithium disilicate crown showed over-contouring on the buccal surface and under-contouring on the inner occlusal surface. The outer surface of zirconia crown showed both over- and under-contouring on the buccal surface, and the inner surface showed under-contouring in the marginal areas. CONCLUSION Restoration manufacturing by digital workflow will enhance the reproducibility of zirconia single crowns more than that of lithium disilicate single crowns. PMID:28874991

Effect of Acetylene Black Content to Half Cells Li-ion Battery Performance Based on Li4Ti5O12 using Li2CO3 as Lithium Ion Source with Hydrothermal Mechanochemical Process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Priyono, B.; Faizah; Syahrial, A. Z.; Subhan, A.

2017-07-01

Lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12)/LTO is a promising candidate to be used as anode electrode in Li-ion battery, to replace graphite in Li-ion battery application. Crystal structure of lithium titanate/LTO is more stable or undergoes less strain than graphite during intercalation and de-intercalation process Li+ ions. However, although lithium titanate has good stability, the material has low electrical conductivity and lithium ion diffusion. The purpose of this research is to synthesis the spinel LTO using combinated hydrothermal and mechanochemical processes from xerogel TiO2. Then, to increase the conductivity, in the half-cell battery assembly process it was added acetylene black conductive (AB) additive with various from 10%, to 15% in wt. The LTO obtained were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The XRD showed a rutile as minor phase, while SEM showed homogeneous distribution of particle with an average particle size of 0.35 μm. The BET showed that the surface area of LTO formed is 2.26 m2/g. The assembled coin half cells used this Li4Ti5O12 as a cathode and lithium metal foil as the anode were tested using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge discharge (CD). The conductivity value obtained from EIS corresponds to the contents of AB. Meanwhile, the CV and CD testing showed that higher percentage of AB causing the decrease of battery specific capacity. The highest specific capacity at the rate of 10C is obtained at the mixture of 10wt% AB with the value of 40.91 mAh/g.

High ion conductive Sb2O5-doped β-Li3PS4 with excellent stability against Li for all-solid-state lithium batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Dongjiu; Chen, Shaojie; Zhang, Zhihua; Ren, Jie; Yao, Lili; Wu, Linbin; Yao, Xiayin; Xu, Xiaoxiong

2018-06-01

The combination of high conductivity and good stability against Li is not easy to achieve for solid electrolytes, hindering the development of high energy solid-state batteries. In this study, doped electrolytes of Li3P1-xSbxS4-2.5xO2.5x are successfully prepared via the high energy ball milling and subsequent heat treatment. Plenty of techniques like XRD, Raman, SEM, EDS and TEM are utilized to characterize the crystal structures, particle sizes, and morphologies of the glass-ceramic electrolytes. Among them, the Li3P0.98Sb0.02S3.95O0.05 (x = 0.02) exhibits the highest ionic conductivity (∼1.08 mS cm-1) at room temperature with an excellent stability against lithium. In addition, all-solid-state lithium batteries are assembled with LiCoO2 as cathode, Li10GeP2S12/Li3P0.98Sb0.02S3.95O0.05 as the bi-layer electrolyte, and lithium as anode. The constructed solid-state batteries delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 133 mAh g-1 at 0.1C in the range of 3.0-4.3 V vs. Li/Li+ at room temperature, and shows a capacity retention of 78.6% after 50 cycles. Most importantly, the all-solid-state lithium batteries with the Li10GeP2S12/Li3P0.98Sb0.02S3.95O0.05 electrolyte can be workable even at -10 °C. This study provides a promising electrolyte with the improved conductivity and stability against Li for the application of all-solid-state lithium batteries.

A high-rate long-life Li4Ti5O12/Li[Ni0.45Co0.1Mn1.45]O4 lithium-ion battery.

PubMed

Jung, Hun-Gi; Jang, Min Woo; Hassoun, Jusef; Sun, Yang-Kook; Scrosati, Bruno

2011-11-01

Lithium batteries are receiving considerable attention as storage devices in the renewable energy and sustainable road transport fields. However, low-cost, long-life lithium batteries with higher energy densities are required to facilitate practical application. Here we report a lithium-ion battery that can be cycled at rates as high as 10 C has a life exceeding 500 cycles and an operating temperature range extending from -20 to 55 °C. The estimated energy density is 260 W h kg(-1), which is considerably higher than densities delivered by the presently available Li-ion batteries.

High temperature solid state storage cell

DOEpatents

Rea, Jesse R.; Kallianidis, Milton; Kelsey, G. Stephen

1983-01-01

A completely solid state high temperature storage cell comprised of a solid rechargeable cathode such as TiS.sub.2, a solid electrolyte which remains solid at the high temperature operating conditions of the cell and which exhibits high ionic conductivity at such elevated temperatures such as an electrolyte comprised of lithium iodide, and a solid lithium or other alkali metal alloy anode (such as a lithium-silicon alloy) with 5-50% by weight of said anode being comprised of said solid electrolyte.

Determination of the heat capacities of Lithium/BCX (bromide chloride in thionyl chloride) batteries

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kubow, Stephen A.; Takeuchi, Kenneth J.; Takeuchi, Esther S.

1989-01-01

Heat capacities of twelve different Lithium/BCX (BrCl in thionyl chloride) batteries in sizes AA, C, D, and DD were determined. Procedures and measurement results are reported. The procedure allowed simple, reproducible, and precise determinations of heat capacities of industrially important Lithium/BCX cells, without interfering with performance of the cells. Use of aluminum standards allowed the accuracy of the measurements to be maintained. The measured heat capacities were within 5 percent of calculated heat capacity values.

LiH thermal energy storage device

DOEpatents

Olszewski, M.; Morris, D.G.

1994-06-28

A thermal energy storage device for use in a pulsed power supply to store waste heat produced in a high-power burst operation utilizes lithium hydride as the phase change thermal energy storage material. The device includes an outer container encapsulating the lithium hydride and an inner container supporting a hydrogen sorbing sponge material such as activated carbon. The inner container is in communication with the interior of the outer container to receive hydrogen dissociated from the lithium hydride at elevated temperatures. 5 figures.

Lithium and oxidative stress lessons from the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease.

PubMed

Arraf, Zaher; Amit, Tamar; Youdim, Moussa B H; Farah, Raymond

2012-05-10

Lithium has been successfully employed therapeutically for treatment of bipolar depressive illness; however, its mechanism of action is poorly understood. Recently, it has been demonstrated by us that lithium can prevent 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice. From analyzing the pattern of protection in various parameters, we suggest that lithium protects against MPTP-induced depletion of striatal dopamine (DA) by preventing free radical-induced inactivation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis. Possible neuroprotective effect of lithium against H(2)O(2)-induced cell death was assessed in human neuroblastoma; SH-SY5Y cell line. Pretreatment with LiCl (2mM and 4mM) for 7 days protected against H(2)O(2) neurotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. However, this protection could not be achieved through short-term incubation with LiCl. In agreement; we found that lithium lacks immediate antioxidant activity using the in vitro lipid peroxidation essay indicating that not acute but chronic treatment with lithium allows cells to deal better with oxidative stress. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dendrite-Suppressed Lithium Plating from a Liquid Electrolyte via Wetting of Li 3N

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Park, Kyusung; Goodenough, John B.

Lithium metal is an ultimate anode material to provide the highest energy density for a given cathode by providing a higher capacity and cell voltage. However, lithium is not used as the anode in commercial lithium-ion batteries because electrochemical dendrite formation and growth during charge can induce a cell short circuit that ignites the flammable liquid electrolyte. Plating of lithium through a bed of Li 3N particles is shown to transform dendrite growth into a 3D lithium network formed by wetting the particle surfaces; plating through a Li 3N particle is without dendrite nucleation. The Li 3N particles create amore » higher overpotential during Li deposition than that with dendrite growth in galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. The characteristic overpotential increase is correlated with the morphological changes and a more isotropic growth behavior. The Li 3N-modified Li electrode shows a stable cycling performance at 0.5 and 1.0 mA cm -2 for more than 100 cycles. In this paper, the origin of the bonding responsible for wetting of the Li 3N particles by lithium and for plating through a Li 3N particle is discussed.« less

Dendrite-Suppressed Lithium Plating from a Liquid Electrolyte via Wetting of Li 3N

DOE PAGES

Park, Kyusung; Goodenough, John B.

2017-07-10

Lithium metal is an ultimate anode material to provide the highest energy density for a given cathode by providing a higher capacity and cell voltage. However, lithium is not used as the anode in commercial lithium-ion batteries because electrochemical dendrite formation and growth during charge can induce a cell short circuit that ignites the flammable liquid electrolyte. Plating of lithium through a bed of Li 3N particles is shown to transform dendrite growth into a 3D lithium network formed by wetting the particle surfaces; plating through a Li 3N particle is without dendrite nucleation. The Li 3N particles create amore » higher overpotential during Li deposition than that with dendrite growth in galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. The characteristic overpotential increase is correlated with the morphological changes and a more isotropic growth behavior. The Li 3N-modified Li electrode shows a stable cycling performance at 0.5 and 1.0 mA cm -2 for more than 100 cycles. In this paper, the origin of the bonding responsible for wetting of the Li 3N particles by lithium and for plating through a Li 3N particle is discussed.« less

Attenuation and cross-attenuation in taste aversion learning in the rat: Studies with ionizing radiation, lithium chloride and ethanol

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rabin, B.M.; Hunt, W.A.; Lee, J.

1988-12-01

The preexposure paradigm was utilized to evaluate the similarity of ionizing radiation, lithium chloride and ethanol as unconditioned stimuli for the acquisition of a conditioned taste aversion. Three unpaired preexposures to lithium chloride (3.0 mEq/kg, IP) blocked the acquisition of a taste aversion when a novel sucrose solution was paired with either the injection of the same dose of lithium chloride or exposure to ionizing radiation (100 rad). Similar pretreatment with radiation blocked the acquisition of a radiation-induced aversion, but had no effect on taste aversions produced by lithium chloride (3.0 or 1.5 mEq/kg). Preexposure to ethanol (4 g/kg, PO)more » disrupted the acquisition of an ethanol-induced taste aversion, but not radiation- or lithium chloride-induced aversions. In contrast, preexposure to either radiation or lithium chloride attenuated an ethanol-induced taste aversion in intact rats, but not in rats with lesions of the area postrema. The results are discussed in terms of relationships between these three unconditioned stimuli and in terms of implications of these results for understanding the nature of the proximal unconditioned stimulus in taste aversion learning.« less

Influence of lithium cations on prolyl peptide bonds.

PubMed

Kunz, Claudia; Jahreis, Günther; Günther, Robert; Berger, Stefan; Fischer, Gunter; Hofmann, Hans-Jörg

2012-06-01

The influence of lithium cations on the cis/trans isomerization of prolyl peptide bonds was investigated in a quantitative manner in trifluoroethanol (TFE) and acetonitrile, employing NMR techniques. The focus was on various environmental and structural aspects, such as lithium cation and water concentrations, the type of the partner amino acid in the prolyl peptide bond, and the peptide sequence length. Comparison of the thermodynamic parameters of the isomerization in LiCl/TFE and TFE shows a lithium cation concentration dependence of the cis/trans ratio, which saturates at cation concentrations >200 mM. A pronounced increase in the cis isomer content in the presence of lithium cations occurs with the exception of peptides with Gly-Pro and Asp-Pro moieties. The cation effect appears already at the dipeptide level. The salt concentration can considerably be reduced in solvents with a lower number of nucleophilic centers like acetonitrile. The lithium cation effect decreases with small amounts of water and disappears at a water concentration of about 5%. The isomerization kinetics under the influence of lithium cations suggests a weak cation interaction with the carbonyl oxygen of the peptide bond. Copyright © 2012 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Attenuation and cross-attenuation in taste aversion learning in the rat: studies with ionizing radiation, lithium chloride and ethanol.

PubMed

Rabin, B M; Hunt, W A; Lee, J

1988-12-01

The preexposure paradigm was utilized to evaluate the similarity of ionizing radiation, lithium chloride and ethanol as unconditioned stimuli for the acquisition of a conditioned taste aversion. Three unpaired preexposures to lithium chloride (3.0 mEq/kg, IP) blocked the acquisition of a taste aversion when a novel sucrose solution was paired with either the injection of the same dose of lithium chloride or exposure to ionizing radiation (100 rad). Similar pretreatment with radiation blocked the acquisition of a radiation-induced aversion, but had no effect on taste aversions produced by lithium chloride (3.0 or 1.5 mEq/kg). Preexposure to ethanol (4 g/kg, PO) disrupted the acquisition of an ethanol-induced taste aversion, but not radiation- or lithium chloride-induced aversions. In contrast, preexposure to either radiation or lithium chloride attenuated an ethanol-induced taste aversion in intact rats, but not in rats with lesions of the area postrema. The results are discussed in terms of relationships between these three unconditioned stimuli and in terms of implications of these results for understanding the nature of the proximal unconditioned stimulus in taste aversion learning.

Carbon Materials Embedded with Metal Nanoparticles as Anode in Lithium-Ion Batteries

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hung, Ching-cheh

2002-01-01

Carbon materials containing metal nanoparticles that can form an alloy with lithium were tested for their capacity and cycle life to store and release lithium electrochemically. Metal nanoparticles may provide the additional lithium storage capacity as well as additional channels to conduct lithium in carbon. The cycle life of this carbon-metal composite can be long because the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) on the carbon surface may protect both lithium and the metal particles in the carbon interior. In addition, the voids in the carbon interior may accommodate the nanoparticle's volume change, and such volume change may not cause much internal stress due to small sizes of the nanoparticles. This concept of improving carbon's performance to store and release lithium was demonstrated using experimental cells of C(Pd)/0.5M Lil-50/50 (vol.%) EC and DMC/Li, where C(Pd) was graphitized carbon fibers containing palladium nanoparticles, EC was ethylene carbonate, and DMC was dimethyl carbonate. However, such improvement was not observed if the Pd nanoparticles are replaced by aluminum, possibly because the aluminum nanoparticles were oxidized in air during storage, resulting in an inert oxide of aluminum. Further studies are needed to use this concept for practical applications.

Electron spin resonance and electron spin echo modulation of n-doxylstearic acid and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylbenzidine photoionization in sodium versus lithium dodecyl sulfate micellar solutions: effect of 15-crown-5 and 18-crown-6 ether addition

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Baglioni, P.; Rivara-Minten, E.; Kevan, L.

1988-08-11

Electron spin echo modulation and electron spin resonance spectra of photogenerated N,N,N',N'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) cation radical and n-doxylstearic acids (n-DSA) in frozen micellar solutions of sodium and lithium dodecyl sulfate containing 15-crown-5 and 18-crown-6 ethers in D/sub 2/O have been studied as a function of crown ether concentration. Modulation effects due to N-DSA with water deuteriums give direct evidence that both crown ethers are mainly located at the micellar interface and that this causes a decrease of the hydration of the micellar interface. Crown ether complexation constants for sodium and lithium micellar counterions are reported and show that 18-crown-6 > 15-crown-5more » for sodium counterion and 15-crown-5 > 18-crown-6 for lithium counterion. Modulation effects from TMB/sup +/ interaction with water deuteriums indicate that the TMB molecule moves toward the micelle interfacial region when sodium or lithium cations are complexed by crown ethers. The TMB/sup +/ yield upon TMB photoionization increases by about 10% with crown ether addition for SDS and LDS micellar systems, but it is greater if the absolute values for the LDS system are compared to those for the SDS micellar system. This behavior correlates with the strength of TMB/sup +/-water interactions and suggests that the main factor in the photoionization efficiency is the photocation-water interaction.« less

Neutron scattering study on cathode LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} and solid electrolyte 5(Li{sub 2}O)(P{sub 2}O{sub 5})

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kartini, E., E-mail: kartini@batan.go.id; Putra, Teguh P., E-mail: kartini@batan.go.id; Jahya, A. K., E-mail: kartini@batan.go.id

2014-09-30

Neutron scattering is very important technique in order to investigate the energy storage materials such as lithium-ion battery. The unique advantages, neutron can see the light atoms such as Hydrogen, Lithium, and Oxygen, where those elements are negligible by other corresponding X-ray method. On the other hand, the energy storage materials, such as lithium ion battery is very important for the application in the electric vehicles, electronic devices or home appliances. The battery contains electrodes (anode and cathode), and the electrolyte materials. There are many challenging to improve the existing lithium ion battery materials, in order to increase their lifemore » time, cyclic ability and also its stability. One of the most scientific challenging is to investigate the crystal structure of both electrode and electrolyte, such as cathodes LiCoO{sub 2}, LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} and LiFePO{sub 4}, and solid electrolyte Li{sub 3}PO{sub 4}. Since all those battery materials contain Lithium ions and Oxygen, the used of neutron scattering techniques to study their structure and related properties are very important and indispensable. This article will review some works of investigating electrodes and electrolytes, LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} and 5(Li{sub 2}O)(P{sub 2}O{sub 5}), by using a high resolution powder diffraction (HRPD) at the multipurpose research reactor, RSG-Sywabessy of the National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN), Indonesia.« less

Facile Synthesis of Carbon-Coated Spinel Li4Ti5O12/Rutile-TiO2 Composites as an Improved Anode Material in Full Lithium-Ion Batteries with LiFePO4@N-Doped Carbon Cathode.

PubMed

Wang, Ping; Zhang, Geng; Cheng, Jian; You, Ya; Li, Yong-Ke; Ding, Cong; Gu, Jiang-Jiang; Zheng, Xin-Sheng; Zhang, Chao-Feng; Cao, Fei-Fei

2017-02-22

The spinel Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /rutile-TiO 2 @carbon (LTO-RTO@C) composites were fabricated via a hydrothermal method combined with calcination treatment employing glucose as carbon source. The carbon coating layer and the in situ formed rutile-TiO 2 can effectively enhance the electric conductivity and provide quick Li + diffusion pathways for Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 . When used as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the rate capability and cycling stability of LTO-RTO@C composites were improved in comparison with those of pure Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 or Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /rutile-TiO 2 . Moreover, the potential of approximately 1.8 V rechargeable full lithium-ion batteries has been achieved by utilizing an LTO-RTO@C anode and a LiFePO 4 @N-doped carbon cathode.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mazzitelli, Guiseppe; Hirooka, Y.; Hu, J. S.

The third International Symposium on Lithium Application for Fusion Device (ISLA-2013) was held on 9-11 October 2013 at ENEA Frascati Centre with growing participation and interest from the community working on more general aspect of liquid metal research for fusion energy development. ISLA-2013 has been confirmed to be the largest and the most important meeting dedicated to liquid metal application for the magnetic fusion research. Overall, 45 presentation plus 5 posters were given, representing 28 institutions from 11 countries. The latest experimental results from nine magnetic fusion devices were presented in 16 presentations from NSTX (PPPL, USA), FTU (ENEA, Italy),more » T-11M (Trinity, RF), T-10 (Kurchatov Institute, RF), TJ-II (CIEMAT, Spain), EAST(ASIPP, China), HT-7 (ASIPP, China), RFX (Padova, Italy), KTM (NNC RK, Kazakhstan). Sessions were devoted to the following: (I) lithium in magnetic confinement experiments (facility overviews), (II) lithium in magnetic confinement experiments (topical issues), (III) special session on liquid lithium technology, (IV) lithium laboratory test stands, (V) Lithium theory/modelling/comments, (VI) innovative lithium applications and (VII) special Session on lithium-safety and lithium handling. There was a wide participation from the fusion technology communities, including IFMIF and TBM communities providing productive exchange with the physics oriented magnetic confinement liquid metal research groups. Furthermore, this international workshop will continue on a biennial basis (alternating with the Plasma-Surface Interactions (PSI) Conference) and the next workshop will be held at CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain, in 2015.« less

XRD, TEM, IR, Raman and NMR Spectroscopy of In Situ Crystallization of Lithium Disilicate Glass

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fuss, T.; Mogus-Milankovic, A.; Ray, C. S.; Lesher, C. E.; Youngman, R.; Day, D. E.

2006-01-01

The structure of a Li2O-2SiO2 (LS2) glass was investigated as a function of pressure and temperature up to 6 GPa and 750 C respectively, using XRD, TEM, IR, Raman and NMR spectroscopy. Glass densified at 6 GPa has an average Si-O-Si bond angle approx.7deg lower than that found in glass processed at 4.5 GPa. At 4.5 GPa, lithium disilicate crystallizes from the glass, while at 6 GPa a new high pressure form of lithium metasilicate crystallizes. The new phase, while having lithium metasilicate crystal symmetry, contains at least 4 different Si sites. NMR results for 6 GPa sample indicate the presence of Q4 species with (Q(sup 4))Si-O-Si(Q(sup 4)) bond angles of approx.157deg. This is the first reported occurrence of Q(sup 4) species with such large bond angles in alumina free alkali silicate glass. No five- or six- coordinated Si are found.

Iron and Manganese Pyrophosphates as Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhou, Hui; Upreti, Shailesh; Chernova, Natasha A.

2015-10-15

The mixed-metal phases, (Li{sub 2}Mn{sub 1-y}Fe{sub y}P{sub 2}O{sub 7}, 0 {le} y {le} 1), were synthesized using a 'wet method', and found to form a solid solution in the P2{sub 1}/a space group. Both thermogravimetric analysis and magnetic susceptibility measurements confirm the 2+ oxidation state for both the Mn and Fe. The electrochemical capacity improves as the Fe concentration increases, as do the intensities of the redox peaks of the cyclic voltammogram, indicating higher lithium-ion diffusivity in the iron phase. The two Li{sup +} ions in the three-dimensional tunnel structure of the pyrophosphate phase allows for the cycling of moremore » than one lithium per redox center. Cyclic voltammograms show a second oxidation peak at 5 V and 5.3 V, indicative of the extraction of the second lithium ion, in agreement with ab initio computation predictions. Thus, electrochemical capacities exceeding 200 Ah/kg may be achieved if a stable electrolyte is found.« less

Sol-gel derived lithium-releasing glass for cartilage regeneration.

PubMed

Li, Siwei; Maçon, Anthony L B; Jacquemin, Manon; Stevens, Molly M; Jones, Julian R

2017-07-01

Wnt-signalling cascade is one of the crucial pathways involved in the development and homeostasis of cartilage. Influencing this pathway can potentially contribute to improved cartilage repair or regeneration. One key molecular regulator of the Wnt pathway is the glycogen synthase kinase-3 enzyme, the inhibition of which allows initiation of the signalling pathway. This study aims to utilise a binary SiO 2 -Li 2 O sol-gel derived glass for controlled delivery of lithium, a known glycogen synthase kinase-3 antagonist. The effect of the dissolution products of the glass on chondrogenic differentiation in an in vitro 3D pellet culture model is reported. Dissolution products that contained 5 mM lithium and 3.5 mM silicon were capable of inducing chondrogenic differentiation and hyaline cartilaginous matrix formation without the presence of growth factors such as TGF-β3. The results suggest that sol-gel derived glass has the potential to be used as a delivery vehicle for therapeutic lithium ions in cartilage regeneration applications.

Mixed Electronic and Ionic Conductor-Coated Cathode Material for High-Voltage Lithium Ion Battery.

PubMed

Shim, Jae-Hyun; Han, Jung-Min; Lee, Joon-Hyung; Lee, Sanghun

2016-05-18

A lithium ionic conductor, Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP), is introduced as a coating material on the surface of Mg-doped LiCoO2 to improve electrochemical performances for high-voltage (4.5 V) lithium ion batteries. Structure, morphology, elemental distribution, and electrical properties of the materials are thoroughly characterized by SEM, TEM, EELS, EDS, and C-AFM. The coating layer is electrically conductive with the aid of Mg ions which are used as a dopant for the active materials; therefore, this mixed electronic ionic conductor strongly enhances the electrochemical performances of initial capacity, cycling property, and rate capability. The LATP coating layer also demonstrates very promising applicability for 4.4 V prismatic full cells with graphite anode, which correspond to the 4.5 V half-cells with lithium anode. The 2900 mA h full cells show 85% of capacity retention after 500 cycles and more than 60% after 700 cycles.

Graphene Based Surface Plasmon Polariton Modulator Controlled by Ferroelectric Domains in Lithium Niobate

PubMed Central

Wang, Hao; Zhao, Hua; Hu, Guangwei; Li, Siren; Su, Hang; Zhang, Jingwen

2015-01-01

We proposed a ferroelectric domain controlled graphene based surface plasmon polariton modulator. Ferroelectricity-induced electronic and optical property tuning of graphene by domain in lithium niobate was theoretically investigated considering both interband and intraband contributions of surface conductivity. With the corrected Sellmeier equation of lithium niobate, the propagation of transverse magnetic mode surface plasmon polaritons in an air/graphene/lithium niobate structure was studied when monolayer graphene was tuned by down polarization direction ferroelectric domain with different polarization levels. The length of the ferroelectric domain was optimized to be 90 nm for a wavelength of 5.0 μm with signal extinction per unit 14.7 dB/μm, modulation depth 474.1 dB/μm and figure of merit 32.5. This work may promote the study of highly efficient modulators and other ultra-compact nonvolatile electronic and photonic devices in which two-dimensional materials and ferroelectric materials are combined. PMID:26657622

Electrolytes for Low Impedance, Wide Operating Temperature Range Lithium-Ion Battery Module

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hallac, Boutros (Inventor); Krause, Frederick C. (Inventor); Jiang, Junwei (Inventor); Smart, Marshall C. (Inventor); Metz, Bernhard M. (Inventor); Bugga, Ratnakumar V. (Inventor)

2018-01-01

A lithium ion battery cell includes a housing, a cathode disposed within the housing, wherein the cathode comprises a cathode active material, an anode disposed within the housing, wherein the anode comprises an anode active material, and an electrolyte disposed within the housing and in contact with the cathode and anode. The electrolyte consists essentially of a solvent mixture, a lithium salt in a concentration ranging from approximately 1.0 molar (M) to approximately 1.6 M, and an additive mixture. The solvent mixture includes a cyclic carbonate, an non-cyclic carbonate, and a linear ester. The additive mixture consists essentially of lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) in an amount ranging from approximately 0.5 weight percent to approximately 2.0 weight percent based on the weight of the electrolyte, and vinylene carbonate (VC) in an amount ranging from approximately 0.5 weight percent to approximately 2.0 weight percent based on the weight of the electrolyte.

Primary batteries for implantable pacemakers and defibrillators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drews, J.; Fehrmann, G.; Staub, R.; Wolf, R.

The lithium-iodine battery is established as the standard system for low-rate implantable applications, namely pacemakers because of its excellent volumetric energy density. Within defibrillators/cardioverters lithium-silver-oxovanadium (SVO) and lithium-manganese-dioxide (MDX) high-rate batteries are in use. The concept of a hybrid system which makes use of a high-rate battery and a low-rate battery within one application is described. Experimental results obtained from a MDX battery and a lithium-iodine battery, both with the same dimensions, are showing that MDX batteries of that size are able to combine excellent volumetric energy density and medium power ratings. Energy densities of 650 mWh/cm 3 for the MDX battery with a lode of 30 kΩ to an end voltage of 2.5 V have been confirmed. These results show the potential of lithium-manganese-dioxide batteries to be used as low-rate and medium-rate sources within implantable applications.

Oxysulfide LiAlSO: A Lithium Superionic Conductor from First Principles.

PubMed

Wang, Xuelong; Xiao, Ruijuan; Li, Hong; Chen, Liquan

2017-05-12

Through first-principles calculations and crystal structure prediction techniques, we identify a new layered oxysulfide LiAlSO in orthorhombic structure as a novel lithium superionic conductor. Two kinds of stacking sequences of layers of AlS_{2}O_{2} are found in different temperature ranges. Phonon and molecular dynamics simulations verify their dynamic stabilities, and wide band gaps up to 5.6 eV are found by electronic structure calculations. The lithium migration energy barrier simulations reveal the collective interstitial-host ion "kick-off" hopping mode with barriers lower than 50 meV as the dominating conduction mechanism for LiAlSO, indicating it to be a promising solid-state electrolyte in lithium secondary batteries with fast ionic conductivity and a wide electrochemical window. This is a first attempt in which the lithium superionic conductors are designed by the crystal structure prediction method and may help explore other mixed-anion battery materials.

Oxysulfide LiAlSO: A Lithium Superionic Conductor from First Principles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Xuelong; Xiao, Ruijuan; Li, Hong; Chen, Liquan

2017-05-01

Through first-principles calculations and crystal structure prediction techniques, we identify a new layered oxysulfide LiAlSO in orthorhombic structure as a novel lithium superionic conductor. Two kinds of stacking sequences of layers of AlS2O2 are found in different temperature ranges. Phonon and molecular dynamics simulations verify their dynamic stabilities, and wide band gaps up to 5.6 eV are found by electronic structure calculations. The lithium migration energy barrier simulations reveal the collective interstitial-host ion "kick-off" hopping mode with barriers lower than 50 meV as the dominating conduction mechanism for LiAlSO, indicating it to be a promising solid-state electrolyte in lithium secondary batteries with fast ionic conductivity and a wide electrochemical window. This is a first attempt in which the lithium superionic conductors are designed by the crystal structure prediction method and may help explore other mixed-anion battery materials.

Dependence of LTX plasma performance on surface conditions as determined by in situ analysis of plasma facing components

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lucia, M.; Kaita, R.; Majeski, R.; Bedoya, F.; Allain, J. P.; Abrams, T.; Bell, R. E.; Boyle, D. P.; Jaworski, M. A.; Schmitt, J. C.

2015-08-01

The Materials Analysis and Particle Probe (MAPP) diagnostic has been implemented on the Lithium Tokamak Experiment (LTX) at PPPL, providing the first in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) surface characterization of tokamak plasma facing components (PFCs). MAPP samples were exposed to argon glow discharge conditioning (GDC), lithium evaporations, and hydrogen tokamak discharges inside LTX. Samples were analyzed with XPS, and alterations to surface conditions were correlated against observed LTX plasma performance changes. Argon GDC caused the accumulation of nm-scale metal oxide layers on the PFC surface, which appeared to bury surface carbon and oxygen contamination and thus improve plasma performance. Lithium evaporation led to the rapid formation of a lithium oxide (Li2O) surface; plasma performance was strongly improved for sufficiently thick evaporative coatings. Results indicate that a 5 h argon GDC or a 50 nm evaporative lithium coating will both significantly improve LTX plasma performance.

Rechargeable Lithium/Polymer Cathode Batteries

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-06-15

rechargeable lithium batteries. PPy films prepared with P-anion and/or t.substrate precoated with niLrile butadieve rubber ( NBR ) were excellent cathode...in the polymerization and with NBR (nitrile butadiene rubber )-guided- solution gives beautiful reversibility of anion grown method(4,5). Since an...Tokyo, Japan 169 density of 2.5 mA cm- 2 (3). Moreover, PPy prepa- ration through the host polymer of NBR insulat- SCorrosion Research Center, ing film

Superior lithium adsorption and required magnetic separation behavior of iron-doped lithium ion-sieves

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Shulei; Zheng, Shili; Wang, Zheming

The recent research on adsorption-based lithium recovery from lithium-containing solutions has been centred on adsorption capacity and separation of lithium ion-sieves powder from solutions. Herein, an effective iron-doped lithium titanium oxide (Fe-doped Li 2TiO 3) was synthesized by Fe-doping via solid state reactions followed by acid treatment to form iron-doped lithium ion-sieves (Fe/Ti-x(H)). The resulting solid powder displays both superior adsorption capacity of lithium and high separation efficiency of the adsorbent from the solutions. SEM imaging and BET surface area measurement results showed that at Fe doping levels x ≤ 0.15, Fe-doping led to grain shrinkage as compared to Limore » 2TiO 3 and at the same time the BET surface area increased. The Fe/Ti-0.15(H) exhibited saturated magnetization values of 13.76 emu g -1, allowing effective separation of the material from solid suspensions through the use of a magnet. Consecutive magnetic separation results suggested that the Fe/Ti-0.15(H) powders could be applied at large-scale and continuously removed from LiOH solutions with separation efficiency of 96% or better. Lithium adsorption studies indicated that the equilibrium adsorption capacity of Fe/Ti-0.15(H) in LiOH solutions (1.8 g L -1 Li, pH 12) reached 53.3 mg g -1 within 24 h, which was higher than that of pristine Li 2TiO 3 (50.5 mg g-1) without Fe doping. Competitive adsorption and regeneration results indicated that the Fe/Ti-0.15(H) possessed a high selectivity for Li with facile regeneration. Therefore, it could be expected that the iron-doped lithium ion-sieves have practical applicability potential for large scale lithium extraction and recovery from lithium-bearing solutions.« less

Superior lithium adsorption and required magnetic separation behavior of iron-doped lithium ion-sieves

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Shulei; Zheng, Shili; Wang, Zheming

The recent research on adsorption-based lithium recovery from lithium-containing solutions has been centred on adsorption capacity and separation of lithium ion-sieves powder from solutions. Herein, an effective iron-doped lithium titanium oxide (Fe-doped Li2TiO3) was synthesized by Fe-doping via solid state reactions followed by acid treatment to form iron-doped lithium ion-sieves (Fe/Ti-x(H)). The resulting solid powder displays both superior adsorption capacity of lithium and high separation efficiency of the adsorbent from the solutions. SEM imaging and BET surface area measurement results showed that at Fe doping levels x0.15, Fe-doping led to grain shrinkage as compared to Li2TiO3 and at the samemore » time the BET surface area increased. The Fe/Ti-0.15(H) exhibited saturated magnetization values of 13.76 emu g-1, allowing effective separation of the material from solid suspensions through the use of a magnet. Consecutive magnetic separation results suggested that the Fe/Ti-0.15(H) powders could be applied at large-scale and continuously removed from LiOH solutions with separation efficiency of 96% or better. Lithium adsorption studies indicated that the equilibrium adsorption capacity of Fe/Ti-0.15(H) in LiOH 2 solutions (1.8 g L-1 Li, pH 12) reached 53.3 mg g-1 within 24 h, which was higher than that of pristine Li2TiO3 (50.5 mg g-1) without Fe doping. Competitive adsorption and regeneration results indicated that the Fe/Ti-0.15(H) possessed a high selectivity for Li with facile regeneration. Therefore, it could be expected that the iron-doped lithium ion-sieves have practical applicability potential for large scale lithium extraction and recovery from lithium-bearing solutions.« less

Superior lithium adsorption and required magnetic separation behavior of iron-doped lithium ion-sieves

DOE PAGES

Wang, Shulei; Zheng, Shili; Wang, Zheming; ...

2018-09-09

The recent research on adsorption-based lithium recovery from lithium-containing solutions has been centred on adsorption capacity and separation of lithium ion-sieves powder from solutions. Herein, an effective iron-doped lithium titanium oxide (Fe-doped Li 2TiO 3) was synthesized by Fe-doping via solid state reactions followed by acid treatment to form iron-doped lithium ion-sieves (Fe/Ti-x(H)). The resulting solid powder displays both superior adsorption capacity of lithium and high separation efficiency of the adsorbent from the solutions. SEM imaging and BET surface area measurement results showed that at Fe doping levels x ≤ 0.15, Fe-doping led to grain shrinkage as compared to Limore » 2TiO 3 and at the same time the BET surface area increased. The Fe/Ti-0.15(H) exhibited saturated magnetization values of 13.76 emu g -1, allowing effective separation of the material from solid suspensions through the use of a magnet. Consecutive magnetic separation results suggested that the Fe/Ti-0.15(H) powders could be applied at large-scale and continuously removed from LiOH solutions with separation efficiency of 96% or better. Lithium adsorption studies indicated that the equilibrium adsorption capacity of Fe/Ti-0.15(H) in LiOH solutions (1.8 g L -1 Li, pH 12) reached 53.3 mg g -1 within 24 h, which was higher than that of pristine Li 2TiO 3 (50.5 mg g-1) without Fe doping. Competitive adsorption and regeneration results indicated that the Fe/Ti-0.15(H) possessed a high selectivity for Li with facile regeneration. Therefore, it could be expected that the iron-doped lithium ion-sieves have practical applicability potential for large scale lithium extraction and recovery from lithium-bearing solutions.« less

V2O5-C-SnO2 Hybrid Nanobelts as High Performance Anodes for Lithium-ion Batteries

PubMed Central

Zhang, Linfei; Yang, Mingyang; Zhang, Shengliang; Wu, Zefei; Amini, Abbas; Zhang, Yi; Wang, Dongyong; Bao, Shuhan; Lu, Zhouguang; Wang, Ning; Cheng, Chun

2016-01-01

The superior performance of metal oxide nanocomposites has introduced them as excellent candidates for emerging energy sources, and attracted significant attention in recent years. The drawback of these materials is their inherent structural pulverization which adversely impacts their performance and makes the rational design of stable nanocomposites a great challenge. In this work, functional V2O5-C-SnO2 hybrid nanobelts (VCSNs) with a stable structure are introduced where the ultradispersed SnO2 nanocrystals are tightly linked with glucose on the V2O5 surface. The nanostructured V2O5 acts as a supporting matrix as well as an active electrode component. Compared with existing carbon-V2O5 hybrid nanobelts, these hybrid nanobelts exhibit a much higher reversible capacity and architectural stability when used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The superior cyclic performance of VCSNs can be attributed to the synergistic effects of SnO2 and V2O5. However, limited data are available for V2O5-based anodes in lithium-ion battery design. PMID:27677326

V2O5-C-SnO2 Hybrid Nanobelts as High Performance Anodes for Lithium-ion Batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Linfei; Yang, Mingyang; Zhang, Shengliang; Wu, Zefei; Amini, Abbas; Zhang, Yi; Wang, Dongyong; Bao, Shuhan; Lu, Zhouguang; Wang, Ning; Cheng, Chun

2016-09-01

The superior performance of metal oxide nanocomposites has introduced them as excellent candidates for emerging energy sources, and attracted significant attention in recent years. The drawback of these materials is their inherent structural pulverization which adversely impacts their performance and makes the rational design of stable nanocomposites a great challenge. In this work, functional V2O5-C-SnO2 hybrid nanobelts (VCSNs) with a stable structure are introduced where the ultradispersed SnO2 nanocrystals are tightly linked with glucose on the V2O5 surface. The nanostructured V2O5 acts as a supporting matrix as well as an active electrode component. Compared with existing carbon-V2O5 hybrid nanobelts, these hybrid nanobelts exhibit a much higher reversible capacity and architectural stability when used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The superior cyclic performance of VCSNs can be attributed to the synergistic effects of SnO2 and V2O5. However, limited data are available for V2O5-based anodes in lithium-ion battery design.

Fabrication of spinel Li4-xTi5O12 via ion exchange for high-rate lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Chongling; Liu, Hongjiang; Li, Jun; Xue, Xin; Cao, Hui; Wang, Dayang; Shi, Liyi

2015-06-01

The present work demonstrates that lithium ions can be stepwise substituted by protons from spinel Li4Ti5O12 crystalline particles though simple ion-exchange in aqueous HCl solution with the aid of heat treatment. This enables us to continuously tune the Li-to-Ti stoichiometric ratios from 0.80 to 0.59, 0.41, 0.21, 0.15, and 0.09, thus transforming Li4Ti5O12 to Li4-xTi5O12 nanocrystals. The resulting nanocrystals maintain the spinel crystal structure when x becomes smaller than 3. Among as-prepared the Li4-xTi5O12 crystalline particles, Li1Ti5O12 shows the highest capacity of 193 mAh g-1 at 1C and 148 mAh g-1 at 20C, lower current impedance (47 Ω), significantly improved rate capability and fairly long cycle life. This excellent electrochemical performance makes spinel Li4-xTi5O12 particles as a promising anode candidate for lithium ion batteries superior.

Robust Pinhole-free Li3N Solid Electrolyte Grown from Molten Lithium

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Lithium metal is the ultimate anode choice for high energy density rechargeable lithium batteries. However, it suffers from inferior electrochemical performance and safety issues due to its high reactivity and the growth of lithium dendrites. It has long been desired to develop a materials coating on Li metal, which is pinhole-free, mechanically robust without fracture during Li metal deposition and stripping, and chemically stable against Li metal and liquid electrolytes, all while maintaining adequate ionic conductivity. However, such an ideal material coating has yet to be found. Here we report a novel synthesis method by reacting clean molten lithium foil directly with pure nitrogen gas to generate instantaneously a pinhole-free and ionically conductive α-Li3N film directly bonded onto Li metal foil. The film consists of highly textured large Li3N grains (tens of μm) with (001) crystalline planes parallel to the Li metal surface. The bonding between textured grains is strong, resulting in a mechanically robust film which does not crack even when bent to a 0.8 cm curvature radius and is found to maintain pinhole-free coverage during Li metal deposition and stripping. The measured ionic conductivity is up to 5.2 × 10–4 S cm–1, sufficient for maintaining regular current densities for controllable film thicknesses ranging from 2 to 30 μm. This Li3N coating is chemically stable, isolating the reactive metallic lithium from liquid electrolyte, prevents continuous electrolyte consumption during battery cycling, and promotes dendrite-free uniform lithium plating/stripping underneath. We demonstrated Li|Li4Ti5O12 cells with stable and flat potential profiles for 500 cycles without capacity decay or an increase in potential hysteresis. PMID:29392181

Neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity caused by combined use of lithium and risperidone: a case report and literature review.

PubMed

Hsu, Chih-Wei; Lee, Yu; Lee, Chun-Yi; Lin, Pao-Yen

2016-12-14

Combination lithium, a mood stabilizer, and risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic drug, is widely used for treatment of psychotic disorders. Rare reports concern severe adverse drug reaction in multiple organic systems with their combined use. We report two episodes of neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in a patient following the combined use of lithium and risperidone. A 55-year-old male had a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder at the age of 51. He was initially treated with a combination of lithium and olanzapine 5 to 15 mg/day for 2 years. He was admitted to psychiatric ward at the age of 53 due to manic episode with psychotic feature. Because of poor blood sugar control, we switched olanzapine 20 mg/day to risperidone 4.5 mg/day with combination of lithium 900mg/day. The patient presented neurotoxicity, neuroleptic-malignant-syndrome like symptoms, and nephrotoxicity, elevation of blood creatinine and decreased urine output few days later. These signs were fully recovered within 2 days after we discontinued all medications and gave normal saline hydration. Then we re-administered decreased dosage of lithium 600 mg/day and risperidone 3 mg/day, and the similar episode occurred again 3 days later. All drugs were discontinued again, then his delirium resolved and abnormal data returned to normal 1 day later. Finally, the patient was treated with risperidone 2 mg/day as monotherapy, and no episode of neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity appeared in the following 2 years. The case exemplifies neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity after combined use of lithium and risperidone. These adverse effects resolved soon after discontinuing these medications and adequate hydration. Clinicians should be cautious about neurological and renal adverse effects.

Fracture strength of lithium disilicate crowns compared to polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network and zirconia reinforced lithium silicate crowns.

PubMed

Sieper, Kim; Wille, Sebastian; Kern, Matthias

2017-10-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fracture strength of crowns made from current CAD/CAM materials. In addition the influence of crown thickness and chewing simulation on the fracture strength was evaluated. Crowns were fabricated from lithium disilicate, zirconia reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS-ceramic) and a polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network (PICN) with an occlusal thickness of 1.0mm or 1.5mm, respectively (n=16). Crowns were cemented on composite dies. Subgroups of eight specimens were loaded with 5kg in a chewing simulator for 1,200,000 cycles with thermal cycling. Finally, all specimens were loaded until fracture in a universal testing machine. Three-way ANOVA was used to detect statistical interaction. Differences regarding the materials were tested with two-way ANOVA, following one-way ANOVA and a post-hoc Tukey's-Test. All crowns survived the chewing simulation. The material had a significant influence on the fracture resistance (p≤0.05). Lithium disilicate achieved the highest values of fracture strength in almost all groups followed by ZLS-ceramic. PICN achieved the lowest values of fracture strength. Chewing simulation increased the fracture strength of thick lithium disilicate crown significantly. Greater occlusal thickness of all crown materials resulted in higher crown fracture strength before chewing simulation. After chewing simulation occlusal thickness of lithium disilicate and PICN crowns had no significant influence on the fracture strength. All crowns revealed fracture strength above the clinically expected loading forces. Therefore the durability of the tested CAD/CAM materials seems promising also in an occlusal thickness of 1.0mm. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hydrometallurgical process for recovery of cobalt from waste cathodic active material generated during manufacturing of lithium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Swain, Basudev; Jeong, Jinki; Lee, Jae-chun; Lee, Gae-Ho; Sohn, Jeong-Soo

The paper presents a new leaching-solvent extraction hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of a pure and marketable form of cobalt sulfate solution from waste cathodic active material generated during manufacturing of lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Leaching of the waste was carried out as a function of the leachant H 2SO 4 concentration, temperature, pulp density and reductant H 2O 2 concentration. The 93% of cobalt and 94% of lithium were leached at suitable optimum conditions of pulp density: 100 g L -1, 2 M H 2SO 4, 5 vol.% of H 2O 2, with a leaching time 30 min and a temperature 75 °C. In subsequent the solvent extraction study, 85.42% of the cobalt was recovered using 1.5 M Cyanex 272 as an extractant at an O/A ratio of 1.6 from the leach liquor at pH 5.00. The rest of the cobalt was totally recovered from the raffinate using 0.5 M of Cyanex 272 and an O/A ratio of 1, and a feed pH of 5.35. Then the co-extracted lithium was scrubbed from the cobalt-loaded organic using 0.1 M Na 2CO 3. Finally, the cobalt sulfate solution with a purity 99.99% was obtained from the cobalt-loaded organic by stripping with H 2SO 4.

The Obtaining of Nano Oxide Systems SiO2-REE with Alkoxide Technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amelina, Anna; Grinberg, Evgenii

A lot of oxides systems with REE as dopants are used in catalytic processes in organic synthesis. They are very perspectives as thermostable coating in aerospace technics. These systems are usually based on silicon or aluminium oxides and doped with rare-earth elements. This systems can be produced by different methods. One of the most perspective of them is “sol-gel”-method with silicium, aluminium and rare-earth alkoxides as a precursor of doped silica and alumina, or their derivatives. Thus the obtaining of composite SiO _{2} - REE oxide materials by the hydrolysis doped with rare-earth elements was suggested. Some of alcoholate derivatives such as El(OR)n were used in this processes. The SiO _{2}- REE oxides were precipitated during the sol-gel process, where tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as used as SiO _{2} sources. Also it is known that alkoxides of alkali metals, including lithium alkoxides, are widely used in industry and synthetic chemistry, as well as a source of lithium in various mixed oxide compositions, such as lithium niobate, lithium tantalate or lithium silicate. Therefore, we attempted to obtain the lithium silicate, which is also doped with rare-earth elements. Lithium silicate was obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane with lithium alkoxide. Lithium alkoxide were synthesized by dissolving at metal in the corresponding alcohol are examined. The dependence of the rate of dissolving of the metal on the method of mixing of the reaction mixture and the degree of metal dispersion was investigated. The mathematical model of the process was composed and also optimization of process was carried out. Some oxide SiO _{2}, Al _{2}O _{3} and rare-earth nanostructured systems were obtained by sol-gel-method. The size of particle was determined by electron and X-ray spectroscopy and was in the range of 5 - 15 nm. Purity of this oxide examples for contaminating of heavy metals consists n.(1E-4...1E-5) wt%. Sols obtained by this method may be used for producing of thin coats on ceramics and metallic surfaces.

Towards more thermally stable Li-ion battery electrolytes with salts and solvents sharing nitrile functionality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kerner, Manfred; Lim, Du-Hyun; Jeschke, Steffen; Rydholm, Tomas; Ahn, Jou-Hyeon; Scheers, Johan

2016-11-01

The overall safety of Li-ion batteries is compromised by the state-of-the-art electrolytes; the thermally unstable lithium salt, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), and flammable carbonate solvent mixtures. The problem is best addressed by new electrolyte compositions with thermally robust salts in low flammability solvents. In this work we introduce electrolytes with either of two lithium nitrile salts, lithium 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (LiDCTA) or lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-trifluoromethylimidazolide (LiTDI), in solvent mixtures with high flashpoint adiponitrile (ADN), as the main component. With sulfolane (SL) and ethylene carbonate (EC) as co-solvents the liquid temperature range of the electrolytes are extended to lower temperatures without lowering the flashpoint, but at the expense of high viscosities and moderate ionic conductivities. The anodic stabilities of the electrolytes are sufficient for LiFePO4 cathodes and can be charged/discharged for 20 cycles in Li/LiFePO4 cells with coulombic efficiencies exceeding 99% at best. The excellent thermal stabilities of the electrolytes with the solvent combination ADN:SL are promising for future electrochemical investigations at elevated temperatures (> 60 °C) to compensate the moderate transport properties and rate capability. The electrolytes with EC as a co-solvent, however, release CO2 by decomposition of EC in presence of a lithium salt, which potentially makes EC unsuitable for any application targeting higher operating temperatures.

Development of a ceramic membrane from a lithian spinel, Li1+xMyMn2-yO4 (M=trivalent or tetravalent cations) for a Li ion-selective electrode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoon, H.; Venugopal, N.; Rim, T.; Yang, B.; Chung, K.; Ko, T.

2010-12-01

Recently a few lithium containing ceramics are reported as promising cathodes for application in lithium batteries. Among them, a spinel-type lithium manganate (LM) exhibits an exceptionally high ion selectivity at room temperature. Thus, LM could have a great potential as an ion selective membrane material for screening interfering ions from lithium ion for the determination of lithium ion in salt solution. In this study, we developed an ion-selective electrode based on LM as a membrane material and investigated its lithium ion selectivity by varying the content of M in composition. A sol-gel process was successfully applied for preparing LM films without resorting to calcination at a high temperature. The LM thin film-type membranes exhibit a high selectivity for Li ion over other cations, a wide operation detection range of 10-5 ~ 10-2 M, and a fast response time less than 60 s. Furthermore, our result demonstrates a linear potentiometric response over a wide range of lithium concentration, which is compared to that of a lithium ion-selective electrode based on an ionophore. Acknowledgements: This research was supported by a grant from the Development of Technology for Extraction of Resources Dissolved in Sea Water Program funded by Ministry of Land Transport and Maritime Affairs in Korean Government (2010).

Association of Lithium in Drinking Water With the Incidence of Dementia.

PubMed

Kessing, Lars Vedel; Gerds, Thomas Alexander; Knudsen, Nikoline Nygård; Jørgensen, Lisbeth Flindt; Kristiansen, Søren Munch; Voutchkova, Denitza; Ernstsen, Vibeke; Schullehner, Jörg; Hansen, Birgitte; Andersen, Per Kragh; Ersbøll, Annette Kjær

2017-10-01

Results from animal and human studies suggest that lithium in therapeutic doses may improve learning and memory and modify the risk of developing dementia. Additional preliminary studies suggest that subtherapeutic levels, including microlevels of lithium, may influence human cognition. To investigate whether the incidence of dementia in the general population covaries with long-term exposure to microlevels of lithium in drinking water. This Danish nationwide, population-based, nested case-control study examined longitudinal, individual geographic data on municipality of residence and data from drinking water measurements combined with time-specific data from all patients aged 50 to 90 years with a hospital contact with a diagnosis of dementia from January 1, 1970, through December 31, 2013, and 10 age- and sex-matched control individuals from the Danish population. The mean lithium exposure in drinking water since 1986 was estimated for all study individuals. Data analysis was performed from January 1, 1995, through December 31, 2013. A diagnosis of dementia in a hospital inpatient or outpatient contact. Diagnoses of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia were secondary outcome measures. In primary analyses, distribution of lithium exposure was compared between patients with dementia and controls. A total of 73 731 patients with dementia and 733 653 controls (median age, 80.3 years; interquartile range, 74.9-84.6 years; 44 760 female [60.7%] and 28 971 male [39.3%]) were included in the study. Lithium exposure was statistically significantly different between patients with a diagnosis of dementia (median, 11.5 µg/L; interquartile range, 6.5-14.9 µg/L) and controls (median, 12.2 µg/L; interquartile range, 7.3-16.0 µg/L; P < .001). A nonlinear association was observed. Compared with individuals exposed to 2.0 to 5.0 µg/L, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of dementia was decreased in those exposed to more than 15.0 µg/L (IRR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.81-0.85; P < .001) and 10.1 to 15.0 µg/L (IRR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-1.01; P = .17) and increased with 5.1 to 10.0 µg/L (IRR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.19-1.25; P < .001). Similar patterns were found with Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia as outcomes. Long-term increased lithium exposure in drinking water may be associated with a lower incidence of dementia in a nonlinear way; however, confounding from other factors associated with municipality of residence cannot be excluded.

Lithium vapor/aerosol studies. Interim summary report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Whitlow, G.A.; Bauerle, J.E.; Down, M.G.

1979-04-01

The temperature/cover gas pressure regime, in which detectable lithium aerosol is formed in a static system has been mapped for argon and helium cover gases using a portable He--Ne laser device. At 538/sup 0/C (1000/sup 0/F), lithium aerosol particles were observed over the range 0.5 to 20 torr and 2 to 10 torr for argon and helium respectively. The experimental conditions in this study were more conducive to aerosol formation than in a fusion reactor. In the real reactor system, very high intensity mechanical and thermal disturbances will be made to the liquid lithium. These disturbances, particularly transient increases inmore » lithium vapor pressure appear to be capable of producing high concentrations of optically-dense aerosol. A more detailed study is, therefore, proposed using the basic information generated in these preliminary experiments, as a starting point. Areas recommended include the kinetics of aerosol formation and the occurrence of supersaturated vapor during rapid vapor pressure transients, and also the effect of lithium agitation (falls, jets, splashing, etc.) on aerosol formation.« less

Cycling-Induced Changes in the Entropy Profiles of Lithium Cobalt Oxide Electrodes

DOE PAGES

Hudak, N. S.; Davis, L. E.; Nagasubramanian, G.

2014-12-09

Entropy profiles of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) electrodes were measured at various stages in the cycle life to examine performance degradation and cycling-induced changes, or lack thereof, in thermodynamics. LiCoO 2 electrodes were cycled at C/2 rate in half-cells (vs. lithium anodes) up to 20 cycles or C/5 rate in full cells (vs. MCMB anodes) up to 500 cycles. The electrodes were then subjected to entropy measurements (∂E/∂T, where E is open-circuit potential and T is temperature) in half-cells at regular intervals over the approximate range 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1 in LixCoO 2. Despite significant losses in capacity uponmore » cycling, neither cycling rate resulted in any change to the overall shape of the entropy profile relative to an uncycled electrode, indicating retention of the basic LiCoO 2 structure, lithium insertion mechanism, and thermodynamics. This confirms that cycling-induced performance degradation in LiCoO 2 electrodes is primarily caused by kinetic barriers that increase with cycling. In the case of electrodes cycled at C/5, there was a subtle, quantitative, and gradual change in the entropy profile in the narrow potential range of the hexagonal-to-monoclinic phase transition. The observed change is indicative of a decrease in the intralayer lithium ordering that occurs at these potentials, and it demonstrates that a cyclinginduced structural disorder accompanies the kinetic degradation mechanisms.« less

Relationship between vomiting and taste aversion learning in the ferret: studies with ionizing radiation, lithium chloride, and amphetamine.

PubMed

Rabin, B M; Hunt, W A

1992-09-01

The relationship between emesis and taste aversion learning was studied in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) following exposure to ionizing radiation (50-200 cGy) or injection of lithium chloride (1.5-3.0 mEq/kg, ip). When 10% sucrose or 0.1% saccharin was used as the conditioned stimulus, neither unconditioned stimulus produced a taste aversion, even when vomiting was produced by the stimulus (Experiments 1 and 2). When a canned cat food was used as the conditioned stimulus, lithium chloride, but not ionizing radiation, produced a taste aversion (Experiment 3). Lithium chloride was effective in producing a conditioned taste aversion when administration of the toxin was delayed by up to 90 min following the ingestion of the canned cat food, indicating that the ferrets are capable of showing long-delay learning (Experiment 4). Experiment 5 examined the capacity of amphetamine, which is a qualitatively different stimulus than lithium chloride or ionizing radiation, to produce taste aversion learning in rats and cats as well as in ferrets. Injection of amphetamine (3 mg/kg, ip) produced a taste aversion in rats and cats but not in ferrets which required a higher dose (> 5 mg/kg). The results of these experiments are interpreted as indicating that, at least for the ferret, there is no necessary relationship between toxin-induced illness and the acquisition of a CTA and that gastrointestinal distress is not a sufficient condition for CTA learning.

Increase of glucocorticoids is not required for the acquisition, but hinders the extinction, of lithium-induced conditioned taste aversion.

PubMed

Kim, Kyu-Nam; Kim, Bom-Taeck; Kim, Young-Sang; Lee, Jong-Ho; Jahng, Jeong Won

2014-05-05

Lithium chloride at doses sufficient to induce conditioned taste aversion (CTA) causes c-Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus and increases the plasma level of corticosterone with activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This study was conducted to define the role of glucocorticoid in the acquisition and extinction of lithium-induced CTA. In experiment 1, Sprague-Dawley rats received dexamethasone (2mg/kg) or RU486 (20mg/kg) immediately after 5% sucrose access, and then an intraperitoneal injection of isotonic lithium chloride (12ml/kg) was followed with 30min interval. Rats had either 1 or 7 days of recovery period before the daily sucrose drinking tests. In experiment 2, rats were conditioned with the sucrose-lithium pairing, and then received dexamethasone or vehicle at 30min before each drinking test. In experiment 3, adrenalectomized (ADX or ADX+B) rats were subjected to sucrose drinking tests after the sucrose-lithium pairing. Dexamethasone, but not RU486, pretreatment blunted the formation of lithium-induced CTA memory. Dexamethasone prior to each drinking test suppressed sucrose consumption and prolonged the extinction of lithium-induced CTA. Sucrose consumption was significantly suppressed not only in ADX+B rats but also in ADX rats during the first drinking session; however, a significant decrease was found only in ADX rats on the fourth drinking session. These results reveal that glucocorticoid is not a necessary component in the acquisition, but an important player in the extinction, of lithium-induced CTA, and suggest that a pulse increase of glucocorticoid may hinder the extinction memory formation of lithium-induced CTA. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The effect of storage conditions, contamination modes and cleaning procedures on the resin bond strength to lithium disilicate ceramic.

PubMed

Klosa, Karsten; Wolfart, Stefan; Lehmann, Frank; Wenz, Hans-Jürgen; Kern, Matthias

2009-04-01

The purpose of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the resin bond strength to pre-etched lithium disilicate ceramic using different cleaning methods after two contamination modes (saliva or saliva and silicone). Plexiglas tubes filled with composite resin (MultiCore Flow) were bonded to etched and silanized ceramic disks made of lithium disilicate ceramic (IPS e.max Press) using a luting resin (Multilink Automix). Either etched or unetched ceramic surfaces were contaminated with saliva or with saliva followed by a disclosing silicone. Groups of 16 specimens each were bonded after pretreatment using 4 surface cleaning agents (37% phosphoric acid, 5% hydrofluoric acid, 96% isopropanol, air polishing device with sodium bicarbonate) in different combinations. Before measuring tensile bond strength, specimens were stored for 3 or 150 days with thermocycling. After 150 days of storage, etching of saliva-contaminated surfaces with 5% hydrofluoric acid and/or 37% phosphoric acid provided statistically significantly higher bond strengths (37.9 to 49.5 MPa) than the other cleaning methods (1.7 to 15.5 MPa). After saliva and silicone contamination, etching with 5% hydrofluoric acid provided statistically significantly higher bond strengths (44.5 to 50.3 MPa) than all other cleaning methods (0.3 to 13.5 MPa). Ceramic cleaning methods after try-in procedures have a significant influence on the resin bond strength and are dependent on the type of contamination. Re-etching lithium disilicate ceramic with 5% hydrofluoric acid is most effective in removing contamination with saliva and/or a silicone disclosing medium.

Potassium vanadate K0.23V2O5 as anode materials for lithium-ion and potassium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Cailing; Luo, Shaohua; Huang, Hongbo; Wang, Zhiyuan; Wang, Qing; Zhang, Yahui; Liu, Yanguo; Zhai, Yuchun; Wang, Zhaowen

2018-06-01

A layered potassium vanadate K0.23V2O5 has been successfully prepared by the hydrothermal method and evaluated as an anode material for lithium-ion and potassium-ion batteries. High structural stability is demonstrated by the ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ex situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM). When used as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the K0.23V2O5 exhibits a reversible capacity of 480.4 mAh g-1 at 20 mA g-1 after 100 cycles and 439.7 mAh g-1 at 200 mA g-1 after 300 cycles as well as good cycling stability. Even at a high current density of 800 mA g-1, a high reversible capacity of 202.5 mAh g-1 can be retained, indicating excellent rate performance. Whereas in potassium-ion batteries, it retains a capacity of 121.6 mAh g-1 after 150 cycles at 20 mA g-1 and 97.6 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 after 100 cycles. Such superior electrochemical performance of K0.23V2O5 can be ascribed to the special flower-like morphology and structure. Overall, the results highlight the great potential of K0.23V2O5 as an anode material for both lithium-ion and potassium-ion batteries.

Protective coating on positive lithium-metal-oxide electrodes for lithium batteries

DOEpatents

Johnson, Christopher S.; Thackeray, Michael M.; Kahaian, Arthur J.

2006-05-23

A positive electrode for a non-aqueous lithium cell comprising a LiMn_2-xM_xO₄ spinel structure in which M is one or more metal cations with an atomic number less than 52, such that the average oxidation state of the manganese ions is equal to or greater than 3.5, and in which 0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.0.15, having one or more lithium spine oxide LiM'₂O₄ or lithiated spinel oxide Li_1+yM'₂O₄ compounds on the surface thereof in which M' are cobalt cations and in which 0.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.1.

Determination of lithium in rocks by distillation

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fletcher, M.H.

1949-01-01

A method for the quantitative extraction and recovery of lithium from rocks is based on a high temperature volatilization procedure. The sample is sintered with a calcium carbonate-calcium chloride mixture at 1200?? C. for 30 minutes in a platinum ignition tube, and the volatilization product is collected in a plug of Pyrex glass wool in a connecting Pyrex tube. The distillate, which consists of the alkali chlorides with a maximum of 5 to 20 mg. of calcium oxide and traces of a few other elements, is removed from the apparatus by dissolving in dilute hydrochloric acid and subjected to standard analytiaal procedures. The sinter residues contained less than 0.0005% lithium oxide. Lithium oxide was recovered from synthetic samples with an average error of 1.1%.

Polysulfide-Scission Reagents for the Suppression of the Shuttle Effect in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

PubMed

Hua, Wuxing; Yang, Zhi; Nie, Huagui; Li, Zhongyu; Yang, Jizhang; Guo, Zeqing; Ruan, Chunping; Chen, Xi'an; Huang, Shaoming

2017-02-28

Lithium-sulfur batteries have become an appealing candidate for next-generation energy-storage technologies because of their low cost and high energy density. However, one of their major practical problems is the high solubility of long-chain lithium polysulfides and their infamous shuttle effect, which causes low Coulombic efficiency and sulfur loss. Here, we introduced a concept involving the dithiothreitol (DTT) assisted scission of polysulfides into lithium-sulfur system. Our designed porous carbon nanotube/S cathode coupling with a lightweight graphene/DTT interlayer (PCNTs-S@Gra/DTT) exhibited ultrahigh cycle-ability even at 5 C over 1100 cycles, with a capacity degradation rate of 0.036% per cycle. Additionally, the PCNTs-S@Gra/DTT electrode with a 3.51 mg cm -2 sulfur mass loading delivered a high initial areal capacity of 5.29 mAh cm -2 (1509 mAh g -1 ) at current density of 0.58 mA cm -2 , and the reversible areal capacity of the cell was maintained at 3.45 mAh cm -2 (984 mAh g -1 ) over 200 cycles at a higher current density of 1.17 mA cm -2 . Employing this molecule scission principle offers a promising avenue to achieve high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries.

Two-Dimensional Wavelike Spinel Lithium Titanate for Fast Lithium Storage

PubMed Central

Liu, Jiehua; Wei, Xiangfeng; Liu, Xue-Wei

2015-01-01

Safe fast-charging lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have huge potential market size on demand according to their shortened charging time for high-power devices. Zero-strain spinel Li4Ti5O12 is one of ideal candidates for safe high-power batteries owing to its good cycling performance, low cost and safety. However, the inherent insulating characteristic of LTO seriously limits its high-rate capability. In this work, we successfully synthesize novel wavelike spinel LTO nanosheets using a facile ‘co-hydrolysis’ method, which is superior to molten-salt approach and traditional solvothermal method in some respects. The unique 2D structures have single-crystal framework with shortened path for Li ion transport. As a result, the N-doped 2D wavelike LTO with 0.6 wt.% of ‘carbon joint’ not only exhibits exciting capacity of ~180 and ~150 mA h g−1 for fast lithium storage at high discharge/charge rates of 1.7 and 8.5 A g−1 (10C and 50C) respectively, but also shows excellent low-temperature performance at −20°C. In addition, the cost may be further decreased due to recycled functional reagents. This novel nanostructured 2D LTO anode material makes it possible to develop safe fast-charging high-power lithium ion batteries. PMID:25985465

Solid electrolyte: The key for high-voltage lithium batteries

DOE PAGES

Li, Juchuan; Ma, Cheng; Chi, Miaofang; ...

2014-10-14

A solid-state high-voltage (5 V) lithium battery is demonstrated to deliver a cycle life of 10 000 with 90% capacity retention. Furthermore, the solid electrolyte enables the use of high-voltage cathodes and Li anodes with minimum side reactions, leading to a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.98+%.

Prototype Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. Phase 1

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-01

pentoxide [ V2o5 ], titanium disulfide [TiS ], vanadium V) sulfide [V2S 5 ], and lithium cobalt oxide [Li Co02]) witi high conductivity, ester-Eased...2400 envelope while the cathodes were supported with porous glass disks to maintain good electrical contact with the expanded metal current collectors...cells consisted of an electrode stack mounted between two glass slides held together with stainless steel wire and sealed in a Fisher & Porter 3-ounce

Multiwatt-level continuous-wave midwave infrared generation using difference frequency mixing in periodically poled MgO-doped lithium niobate.

PubMed

Guha, Shekhar; Barnes, Jacob O; Gonzalez, Leonel P

2014-09-01

Over 3.5 W of continuous-wave power at 3.4 μm was obtained by single-pass difference frequency mixing of 1.064 and 1.55 μm fiber lasers in a 5 cm long periodically poled lithium niobate crystal. Good agreement was obtained between the observed temperature dependence of the generated power and the prediction from focused Gaussian beam theory.

A comparison of complexation of Li+ ion with macrocyclic ligands 15-crown-5 and 12-crown-4 in binary nitromethane-acetonitrile mixtures by using lithium-7 NMR technique and ab initio calculation.

PubMed

Alizadeh, Nina

2011-01-01

Lithium-7 NMR measurements were used to investigate the stoichiometry and stability of Li+ complexes with 15-crown-5 (15C5), benzo-15-crown-5 (B15C5), dibenzo-15-crown-5 (DB15C5) and 12-crown-4 (12C4) in a number of nitromethane (NM)-acetonitrile (AN) binary mixtures. In all cases, the exchange between the free and complexed lithium ion was fast on the NMR time scale and a single population average resonance was observed. While all crown ethers form 1:1 complexes with Li+ ion in the binary mixtures used, both 1:1 and 2:1 (sandwich) complexes were observed between lithium ion and 12C4 in pure nitromethane solution. Stepwise formation constants of the 1:1 and 2:1 (ligand/metal) complexes were evaluated from computer fitting of the NMR-mole ratio data to equations which relate the observed metal ion chemical shifts to formation constants. There is an inverse linear relationship between the logarithms of the stability constants and the mole fraction of acetonitrile in the solvent mixtures. The stability order of the 1:1 complexes was found to be 15C5·Li+>B15C5·Li+>DB15C5·Li+>12C4·Li+. The optimized structures of the free ligands and their 1:1 and 2:1 complexes with Li+ ion were predicted by ab initio theoretical calculations using the Gaussian 98 software, and the results are discussed. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Full and Partial Thickness Burns from Spontaneous Combustion of E-Cigarette Lithium-Ion Batteries with Review of Literature.

PubMed

Treitl, Daniela; Solomon, Rachele; Davare, Dafney L; Sanchez, Rafael; Kiffin, Chauniqua

2017-07-01

In recent years, the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has increased worldwide. Most electronic nicotine delivery systems use rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, which are relatively safe, but in rare cases these batteries can spontaneously combust, leading to serious full and partial thickness burn injuries. Explosions from lithium-ion batteries can cause a flash fire and accelerant-related burn injuries. A retrospective chart review was conducted of 3 patients with lithium-ion battery burns seen at our Level I community-based trauma center. Clinical presentation, management, and outcome are presented. All 3 patients sustained burn injuries (total body surface area range 5-13%) from the spontaneous combustion of lithium-ion batteries used for e-cigarettes. All patients were treated with debridement and local wound care. All fully recovered without sequelae. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Emergency physicians can expect to treat burn cases due to spontaneous lithium-ion battery combustion as e-cigarette use continues to increase. The cases presented here are intended to bring attention to lithium-ion battery-related burns, prepare physicians for the clinical presentation of this burn mechanism, and facilitate patient education to minimize burn risk. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Lithium levels in the public drinking water supply and risk of suicide: A pilot study.

PubMed

Liaugaudaite, Vilma; Mickuviene, Narseta; Raskauskiene, Nijole; Naginiene, Rima; Sher, Leo

2017-09-01

Suicide is a major public health concern affecting both the society and family life. There are data indicating that higher level lithium intake with drinking water is associated with lower suicide rate. This pilot study examined the relationship between lithium levels in drinking water and suicide rates in Lithuania. Twenty-two samples from public drinking water systems were taken in 9 cities of Lithuania. The lithium concentration in these samples was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The suicide data were obtained from the Lithuania Database of Health Indicators, and comprised all registered suicides across all ages and gender within the 5-year period from 2009 to 2013. The study demonstrated an inverse correlation between levels of lithium (log natural transformed), number of women for 1000 men and standardized mortality rate for suicide among total study population. After adjusting for confounder (the number of women for 1000 men), the lithium level remained statistically significant in men, but not in women. Our study suggested that higher levels of lithium in public drinking water are associated with lower suicide rates in men. It might have a protective effect on the risk of suicide in men. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.

Tol1, a fission yeast phosphomonoesterase, is an in vivo target of lithium, and its deletion leads to sulfite auxotrophy.

PubMed

Miyamoto, R; Sugiura, R; Kamitani, S; Yada, T; Lu, Y; Sio, S O; Asakura, M; Matsuhisa, A; Shuntoh, H; Kuno, T

2000-07-01

Lithium is the drug of choice for the treatment of bipolar affective disorder. The identification of an in vivo target of lithium in fission yeast as a model organism may help in the understanding of lithium therapy. For this purpose, we have isolated genes whose overexpression improved cell growth under high LiCl concentrations. Overexpression of tol1(+), one of the isolated genes, increased the tolerance of wild-type yeast cells for LiCl but not for NaCl. tol1(+) encodes a member of the lithium-sensitive phosphomonoesterase protein family, and it exerts dual enzymatic activities, 3'(2'),5'-bisphosphate nucleotidase and inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase. tol1(+) gene-disrupted cells required high concentrations of sulfite in the medium for growth. Consistently, sulfite repressed the sulfate assimilation pathway in fission yeast. However, tol1(+) gene-disrupted cells could not fully recover from their growth defect and abnormal morphology even when the medium was supplemented with sulfite, suggesting the possible implication of inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase activity for cell growth and morphology. Given the remarkable functional conservation of the lithium-sensitive dual-specificity phosphomonoesterase between fission yeast and higher-eukaryotic cells during evolution, it may represent a likely in vivo target of lithium action across many species.

Effects of Surface Oxygen on the Performance of Carbon as an Anode in Lithium-Ion Batteries

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hung, Ching-Cheh; Clark, Gregory W.

2001-01-01

Carbon materials with similar bulk structure but different surface oxygen were compared for their performance as anodes in lithium-ion battery. The bulk structure was such that the graphene planes were perpendicular to the surface. Three types of surfaces were examined: surface containing C=O type oxygen. surface containing -O-C type oxygen, and surface containing high concentration of active sites. The test involved cycles of lithium insertion into and release from the carbon materials, which was in the half cells of carbon/saturated LiI-50/50 (vol %) EC and DMC/lithium. During the first cycle of lithium insertion, the presence of adsorbed oxygen, -O-C type oxygen, active carbon sites, and C=O type oxygen resulted in the formation of solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) when the carbon's voltage relative to lithium metal was >1.35, 1 to 1.35, 0.5 to 1, and 0.67 to 0.7 V, respectively. An optimum -O-C type oxygen and a minimum C=O type oxygen was found to increase the reversible and decrease the irreversible capacity of carbon. Active sites on the carbon surface result in a large irreversible capacity and a second lithium insertion-release mechanism. However, this new mechanism has a short cycle life.

MAS-NMR investigations of the crystallization behaviour of lithium aluminum silicate (LAS) glasses containing P 2O 5 and TiO 2 nucleants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ananthanarayanan, A.; Kothiyal, G. P.; Montagne, L.; Revel, B.

2010-06-01

Lithium aluminum silicate (LAS) glass of composition (mol%) 20.4Li 2O-4.0Al 2O 3-68.6SiO 2-3.0K 2O-2.6B 2O 3-0.5P 2O 5-0.9TiO 2 was prepared by melt quenching. The glass was then nucleated and crystallized based on differential thermal analysis (DTA) data and was characterized by 29Si, 31P, 11B and 27Al MAS-NMR. XRD and 29Si NMR showed that lithium metasilicate (Li 2SiO 3) is the first phase to c form followed by cristobalite (SiO 2) and lithium disilicate (Li 2Si 2O 5). 29Si MAS-NMR revealed a change in the network structure already for the glasses nucleated at 550 °C. Since crystalline Li 3PO 4, as observed by 31P MAS-NMR, forms concurrently with the silicate phases, we conclude that crystalline Li 3PO 4 does not act as a nucleating agent for lithium silicate phases. Moreover, 31P NMR indicates the formation of M-PO 4 ( M=B, Al or Ti) complexes. The presence of BO 3 and BO 4 structural units in all the glass/glass-ceramic samples is revealed through 11B MAS-NMR. B remains in the residual glass and the crystallization of silicate phases causes a reduction in the number of alkali ions available for charge compensation. As a result, the number of trigonally coordinated B (BO 3) increases at the expense of tetrahedrally coordinated B (BO 4). The 27Al MAS-NMR spectra indicate the presence of tetrahedrally coordinated Al species, which are only slightly perturbed by the crystallization.

Lithium ion beam divergence on SABRE extraction ion diode experiments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hanson, D.L.; Cuneo, M.E.; Johnson, D.J.

Intense lithium beams are of particular interest for light ion inertial confinement fusion applications because lithium ions can be accelerated at high voltage in a single charge state (Li{sup +}) with a high mass-to-charge ratio and appropriate range for efficient focusing and heating of a hohlraum ICF target. Scaling to ion power densities adequate to drive high gain pellet implosions (600 TW at 30 MeV) will require a large number of beams transported, temporally bunched, and focused onto a target, with the necessary target standoff to ensure survival of the driver modules. For efficient long distance transport and focusing tomore » a small pellet, lithium beam divergence must be reduced to about 12 mrad or less (depending on the transport scheme). To support the eventual development of a light ion driver module for ICF applications, the authors are currently working to improve the composition, uniformity, and divergence of lithium ion beams produced by both passive LiF and active laser-generated lithium ion sources on extraction applied-B ion diodes on the SABRE accelerator (1 TW, 5 MV, 250 kA). While lithium beam divergence accounting and control are an essential goal of these experiments, divergence measurements for lithium beams present some unique problems not encountered to the same degree in divergence measurements on proton sources. To avoid these difficulties, the authors have developed a large aperture ion imaging diagnostic for time-resolved lithium divergence measurements. The authors will report on the operation of this lithium beam divergence diagnostic and on results of time-resolved divergence measurements in progress for passive LiF ion sources and laser-produced active lithium sources operated in diode configurations designed to control divergence growth. Comparisons will also be made with time-integrated divergence results obtained with small entrance aperture ultracompact pinhole cameras.« less

Agmatine enhances the anticonvulsant effect of lithium chloride on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice: Involvement of L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway.

PubMed

Bahremand, Arash; Ziai, Pouya; Khodadad, Tina Kabiri; Payandemehr, Borna; Rahimian, Reza; Ghasemi, Abbas; Ghasemi, Mehdi; Hedayat, Tina; Dehpour, Ahmad Reza

2010-07-01

After nearly 60years, lithium is still the mainstay in the treatment of mood disorders. In addition to its antimanic and antidepressant effects, lithium also has anticonvulsant properties. Similar to lithium, agmatine plays a protective role in the central nervous system against seizures and has been reported to enhance the effect of different antiepileptic agents. Moreover, both agmatine and lithium have modulatory effects on the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway. This study was designed to investigate: (1) whether agmatine and lithium exert a synergistic effect against clonic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole and (2) whether or not this synergistic effect is mediated through inhibition of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway. In our study, acute administration of a single potent dose of lithium chloride (30mg/kg ip) increased seizure threshold, whereas pretreatment with a low and independently noneffective dose of agmatine (3mg/kg) potentiated a subeffective dose of lithium (10mg/kg). N(G)-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, nonspecific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) at 1 and 5mg/kg and 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, preferential neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) at 15 and 30mg/kg augmented the anticonvulsant effect of the noneffective combination of lithium (10mg/kg ip) and agmatine (1mg/kg), whereas several doses (20 and 40mg/kg) of aminoguanidine (inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) failed to alter the seizure threshold of the same combination. Furthermore, pretreatment with independently noneffective doses (30 and 60mg/kg) of L-arginine (substrate for nitric oxide synthase) inhibited the potentiating effect of agmatine (3mg/kg) on lithium (10mg/kg). Our findings demonstrate that agmatine and lithium chloride have synergistic anticonvulsant properties that may be mediated through the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway. In addition, the role of constitutive nitric oxide synthase versus inducible nitric oxide synthase is prominent in this phenomenon. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chemical, structural, and electrochemical characterization of 5 V spinel and complex layered oxide cathodes of lithium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tiruvannamalai Annamalai, Arun Kumar

2007-12-01

Lithium ion batteries have revolutionized the portable electronics market since their commercialization first by Sony Corporation in 1990. They are also being intensively pursued for electric and hybrid electric vehicle applications. Commercial lithium ion cells are currently made largely with the layered LiCoO 2 cathode. However, only 50% of the theoretical capacity of LiCoO 2 can be utilized in practical cells due to the chemical and structural instabilities at deep charge as well as safety concerns. These drawbacks together with the high cost and toxicity of Co have created enormous interest in alternative cathodes. In this regard, spinel LiMn2O4 has been investigated widely as Mn is inexpensive and environmentally benign. However, LiMn 2O4 exhibits severe capacity fade on cycling, particularly at elevated temperatures. With an aim to overcome the capacity fading problems, several cationic substitutions to give LiMn2-yMyO 4 (M = Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) have been pursued in the literature. Among the cation-substituted systems, LiMn1.5Ni0.5O 4 has become attractive as it shows a high capacity of ˜ 130 mAh/g (theoretical capacity: 147 mAh/g) at around 4.7 V. With an aim to improve the electrochemical performance of the 5 V LiMn 1.5Ni0.5O4 spinel oxide, various cation-substituted LiMn1.5-yNi0.5-zMy+zO4 (M = Li, Mg, Fe, Co, and Zn) spinel oxides have been investigated by chemical lithium extraction. The cation-substituted LiMn1.5-yNi0.5-zM y+zO4 spinel oxides exhibit better cyclability and rate capability in the 5 V region compared to the unsubstituted LiMn1.5Ni 0.5O4 cathodes although the degree of manganese dissolution does not vary significantly. The better electrochemical properties of LiMn 1.5-yNi0.5-zMy+zO4 are found to be due to a smaller lattice parameter difference among the three cubic phases formed during the charge-discharge process. In addition, while the spinel Li1-xMn1.58Ni0.42O4 was chemically stable, the spinel Li1-xCo2O4 was found to exhibit both proton insertion and oxygen loss at deep lithium extraction due to the chemical instability arising from a overlap of the Co3+/4+:3d band on the top of the O2-:2p band. The irreversible oxygen loss during the first charge and the consequent reversible capacities of the solid solutions between Li[Li1/3Mn 2/3]O2 and Li[Co1-yNiy]O2 has been found to be determined by the amount of lithium in the transition metal layer of the O3 type layered structure. The lithium content in the transition metal layer is, however, sensitively influenced by the tendency of Ni 3+ to get reduced to Ni2+ and the consequent volatilization of lithium during synthesis. Moreover, high Mn4+ content causes a decrease in oxygen mobility and loss. In addition, the chemically delithiated samples were found to adopt either the parent O3 type structure or the new P3 or O1 type structures depending upon the composition and synthesis temperature of the parent samples and the proton content inserted into the delithiated sample. In essence, the chemical and structural stabilities and the electrochemical performance factors of the layered (1-z) Li[Li1/3 Mn2/3]O2 · (z) Li[Co1-yNi y]O2 solid solution cathodes are found to be maximized by optimizing the contents of the various ions.

Accumulation of radiation defects and products of radiolysis in lithium orthosilicate pebbles with silicon dioxide additions under action of high absorbed doses and high temperature in air and inert atmosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zarins, A.; Supe, A.; Kizane, G.; Knitter, R.; Baumane, L.

2012-10-01

One of the technological problems of a fusion reactor is the change in composition and structure of ceramic breeders (Li4SiO4 or Li2TiO3 pebbles) during long-term operation. In this study changes in the composition and microstructure of Li4SiO4 pebbles with 2.5 wt% silicon dioxide additions, fabricated by a melt-spraying process, were investigated after fast electron irradiation (E = 5 MeV, dose rate up to 88 MGy h-1) with high absorbed dose from 1.3 to 10.6 GGy at high temperature (543-573 K) in air and argon atmosphere. Three types of pebbles with different diameters and grain sizes were investigated. Products of radiolysis were studied by means of FTIR and XRD. TSL and ESR spectroscopy were used to detect radiation defects. SEM was used to investigate structure of pebbles. Experiments showed that Li4SiO4 pebbles with a diameter of 500 μm had similar radiation stability as pebbles with diameter <50 μm which were annealed at 1173 K for 128 h in argon and air atmosphere. As well as determined that lithium orthosilicate pebbles with size 500 (1243 K 168 h) and <50 μm (1173 K 128 h) have a higher radiation stability in air and argon atmosphere than pebbles with size <50 μm (1073 K 1 h). Degree of decomposition α10.56 of the lithium orthosilicate pebbles at an absorbed dose of 10.56 GGy in air atmosphere is 1.5% and 0.15% at irradiation in dry argon. It has been suggested that changes of radiation stability of lithium orthosilicate pebbles in air atmosphere comparing with irradiated pebbles in argon atmosphere is effect of chemical reaction of lithium orthosilicate surface with air containing - H2O and CO2 in irradiation process. As well as it has been suggested that silicon dioxide - lithium metasilicate admixtures do not affect formation mechanism of radiation defect and products of radiolysis in lithium orthosilicate pebbles.

Nano-carbon coating layer prepared by the thermal evaporation of fullerene C60 for lithium metal anodes in rechargeable lithium batteries.

PubMed

Arie, Arenst Andreas; Lee, Joong Kee

2011-07-01

A nano carbon coating layer was prepared by the thermal evaporation of fullerene C60 on the surface of lithium metal anodes for rechargeable lithium batteries. The morphology and structure of the carbon layer was firstly investigated by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effects of the nano-carbon coating layer on the electrochemical performance of the lithium electrode were then examined by charge-discharge tests and impedance spectroscopy. Raman spectra of carbon coating layer showed two main peaks (D and G peaks), indicating the amorphous structure of the film. A honey comb-like structure of carbon film was observed by TEM photographs, providing a transport path for the transport of lithium ions at the electrode/electrolyte interface. The carbon coated lithium electrodes exhibited a higher initial coulombic efficiency (91%) and higher specific capacity retention (88%) after the 30th cycle at 0.2 C-rate between 3.4 and 4.5 V. Impedance measurements showed that the charge transfer resistance was significantly reduced after cycle tests for the carbon coated electrodes, revealing that the more stable solid electrolyte (SEI) layer was established on their surface. Based on the experimental results, it suggested that the presence of the nano-carbon coating layer might suppress the dendritic growth on the surface of lithium metal electrodes, as confirmed by the observation of SEM images after cycle tests.

Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth of High Crystalline Quality LiNbO3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tellekamp, M. Brooks; Shank, Joshua C.; Goorsky, Mark S.; Doolittle, W. Alan

2016-12-01

Lithium niobate is a multi-functional material with wide reaching applications in acoustics, optics, and electronics. Commercial applications for lithium niobate require high crystalline quality currently limited to bulk and ion sliced material. Thin film lithium niobate is an attractive option for a variety of integrated devices, but the research effort has been stagnant due to poor material quality. Both lattice matched and mismatched lithium niobate are grown by molecular beam epitaxy and studied to understand the role of substrate and temperature on nucleation conditions and material quality. Growth on sapphire produces partially coalesced columnar grains with atomically flat plateaus and no twin planes. A symmetric rocking curve shows a narrow linewidth with a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 8.6 arcsec (0.0024°), which is comparable to the 5.8 arcsec rocking curve FWHM of the substrate, while the film asymmetric rocking curve is 510 arcsec FWHM. These values indicate that the individual grains are relatively free of long-range disorder detectable by x-ray diffraction with minimal measurable tilt and twist and represents the highest structural quality epitaxial material grown on lattice mismatched sapphire without twin planes. Lithium niobate is also grown on lithium tantalate producing high quality coalesced material without twin planes and with a symmetric rocking curve of 193 arcsec, which is nearly equal to the substrate rocking curve of 194 arcsec. The surface morphology of lithium niobate on lithium tantalate is shown to be atomically flat by atomic force microscopy.

Lithium Decreases Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in a Mouse Model of Alexander Disease

PubMed Central

LaPash Daniels, Christine M.; Paffenroth, Elizabeth; Austin, Elizabeth V.; Glebov, Konstantin; Lewis, Diana; Walter, Jochen; Messing, Albee

2015-01-01

Alexander disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the astrocyte intermediate filament glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The disease is characterized by elevated levels of GFAP and the formation of protein aggregates, known as Rosenthal fibers, within astrocytes. Lithium has previously been shown to decrease protein aggregates by increasing the autophagy pathway for protein degradation. In addition, lithium has also been reported to decrease activation of the transcription factor STAT3, which is a regulator of GFAP transcription and astrogliogenesis. Here we tested whether lithium treatment would decrease levels of GFAP in a mouse model of Alexander disease. Mice with the Gfap-R236H point mutation were fed lithium food pellets for 4 to 8 weeks. Four weeks of treatment with LiCl at 0.5% in food pellets decreased GFAP protein and transcripts in several brain regions, although with mild side effects and some mortality. Extending the duration of treatment to 8 weeks resulted in higher mortality, and again with a decrease in GFAP in the surviving animals. Indicators of autophagy, such as LC3, were not increased, suggesting that lithium may decrease levels of GFAP through other pathways. Lithium reduced the levels of phosphorylated STAT3, suggesting this as one pathway mediating the effects on GFAP. In conclusion, lithium has the potential to decrease GFAP levels in Alexander disease, but with a narrow therapeutic window separating efficacy and toxicity. PMID:26378915

Beneficial synergistic effects of microdose lithium with pyrroloquinoline quinone in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.

PubMed

Zhao, Lei; Gong, Neng; Liu, Meng; Pan, Xiaoli; Sang, Shaoming; Sun, Xiaojing; Yu, Zhe; Fang, Qi; Zhao, Na; Fei, Guoqiang; Jin, Lirong; Zhong, Chunjiu; Xu, Tianle

2014-12-01

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complicated, neurodegenerative disorder involving multifactorial pathogeneses and still lacks effective clinical treatment. Recent studies show that lithium exerts disease-modifying effects against AD. However, the intolerant side effects at conventional effective dosage limit the clinical use of lithium in treating AD. To explore a novel AD treatment strategy with microdose lithium, we designed and synthesized a new chemical, tri-lithium pyrroloquinoline quinone (Li3PQQ), to study the synergistic effects of low-dose lithium and pyrroloquinoline quinone, a native compound with powerful antioxidation and mitochondrial amelioration. The results showed that Li3PQQ at a relative low dose (6 and 12 mg/kg) exhibited more powerful effects in restoring the impairment of learning and memory, facilitating hippocampal long-term potentiation, and reducing cerebral amyloid deposition and phosphorylated tau level in APP/PS1 transgenic mice than that of lithium chloride at both low and high dose (5 and 100 mg/kg). We further found that Li3PQQ inhibited the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 and increased the activity of β-amyloid-binding alcohol dehydrogenase, which might underlie the beneficial effects of Li3PQQ on APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Our study demonstrated the efficacy of a novel AD therapeutic strategy targeting at multiple disease-causing mechanisms through the synergistic effects of microdose lithium and pyrroloquinoline quinone. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

In situ characterization of charge rate dependent stress and structure changes in V2O5 cathode prepared by atomic layer deposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jung, Hyun; Gerasopoulos, Konstantinos; Talin, A. Alec; Ghodssi, Reza

2017-02-01

The insertion/extraction of lithium into/from various host materials is the basic process by which lithium-ion batteries reversible store charge. This process is generally accompanied by strain in the host material, inducing stress which can lead to capacity loss. Therefore, understanding of both the structural changes and the associated stress - investigated almost exclusively separate to date - is a critical factor for developing high-performance batteries. Here, we report an in situ method, which utilizes Raman spectroscopy in parallel with optical interferometry to study effects of varying charging rates (C-rates) on the structure and stress in a V2O5 thin film cathode. Abrupt stress changes at specific crystal phase transitions in the Lisbnd Vsbnd O system are observed and the magnitude of the stress changes with the amount of lithium inserted into the electrode are correlated. A linear increase in the stress as a function of x in LixV2O5 is observed, indicating that C-rate does not directly contribute to larger intercalation stress. However, a more rapid increase in disorder within the LixV2O5 layers is correlated with higher C-rate. Ultimately, these experiments demonstrate how the simultaneous stress/Raman in situ approach can be utilized as a characterization platform for investigating various critical factors affecting lithium-ion battery performance.

Neutron Scattering Studies of the Hydration Structure of Li +

DOE PAGES

Mason, P. E.; Ansell, S.; Neilson, G. W.; ...

2015-01-05

New results derived from the experimental method of neutron diffraction and isotopic substitution (NDIS) are presented for the hydration structure of the lithium cation (Li +) in aqueous solutions of lithium chloride in heavy water (D 2O) at concentrations of 6, 3 and 1 molal and at 1.5 molal lithium sulphate. By introducing new and more accurate data reduction procedures than in our earlier studies (Howell and Neilson, (1996)), we find in the first hydration shell of Li +,~4.3(2) water molecules at 6 molal, 4.9(3) at 3 molal, 4.8(3) at 1 molal in the LiCl solutions, and 5.0(3) water moleculesmore » in the case of Li 2SO 4 solution. The general form of the first hydration shell is similar in all four solutions, with the correlations for Li-O and Li-D sited at 1.96 (0.02) Å and 2.58 (0.02) Å, respectively. The results resemble those presented in 1996 in terms of ion-water distances and local coordination, but the hydration number is significantly lower for the case at 1 molal than the 6.5 (1.0) given at that time. Thus, experimental and theoretical results now agree that lithium is hydrated by a small number of waters (4-5) in the nearest coordination shell.« less

New Liquid Cathodes for Lithium Batteries. Part A. Halocarbons,

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-05-01

difluoroethane , 99 percent; PCR Inc. thionyl chloride, doubly-distilled, Apache Chemicals, Seward, Ill. l.5M LiAlCI4 in SOC1 2 , ɝppm Fe, Lithium Corp. of...tetrachloroethane, and 1,2-dichloro-l,1- difluoroethane appeared stable towards Li during the study. When in contact with electrolyte solutions of 50

Analysis of laser induced plasma of lithium iron phosphate/LiFePO4 using Nd:YAG laser at low pressure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suliyanti, M. M.; Hidayah, A. N.; Isnaeni

2017-04-01

Preliminary analysis of lithium in Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) powder using laser induced plasma spectroscopy at low pressure had been done. Recently, LiFePO4-based batteries are widely used in most electric cars and bikes due to less toxic. However, lithium (Li) element is very difficult to detect since it is a very light element. In this work, we used a Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm wavelength, 5 ns pulse width at 10 Hz repetition rate) that was focused on LiFePO4 sample at low pressure. The main Li peak emission in LiFePO4 powder and sheet can be easily detected using this technique. We report the results of experimental study on Li element emission lines at wavelength 460.18 nm, 610.37 nm and 670.83 nm using 2 mJ and 12 mJ laser irradiation at 5 Torr and 35 Torr air atmosphere. The results of this study showed promising application of laser-induced plasma spectroscopy to detect and analyse Li in various samples.

N/S Co-doped Carbon Derived From Cotton as High Performance Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Xiong, Jiawen; Pan, Qichang; Zheng, Fenghua; Xiong, Xunhui; Yang, Chenghao; Hu, Dongli; Huang, Chunlai

2018-01-01

Highly porous carbon with large surface areas is prepared using cotton as carbon sources which derived from discard cotton balls. Subsequently, the sulfur-nitrogen co-doped carbon was obtained by heat treatment the carbon in presence of thiourea and evaluated as Lithium-ion batteries anode. Benefiting from the S, N co-doping, the obtained S, N co-doped carbon exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. As a result, the as-prepared S, N co-doped carbon can deliver a high reversible capacity of 1,101.1 mA h g -1 after 150 cycles at 0.2 A g -1 , and a high capacity of 531.2 mA h g -1 can be observed even after 5,000 cycles at 10.0 A g -1 . Moreover, excellently rate capability also can be observed, a high capacity of 689 mA h g -1 can be obtained at 5.0 A g -1 . This superior lithium storage performance of S, N co-doped carbon make it as a promising low-cost and sustainable anode for high performance lithium ion batteries.

Additive-containing ionic liquid electrolytes for secondary lithium battery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Jinqiang; Yang, Jun; NuLi, Yanna; Wang, Jiulin; Zhang, Zongshuang

Room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) consisting of N-methyl- N-propylpiperidinium (PP13) cation and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI) anion was synthesized and its electrochemical stability was investigated in comparison with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIBF 4) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIPF 6). The electrochemical window of PP13-TFSI (5.8 V versus Li/Li +) is wider than that of BMIBF 4 (4.7 V) and BMIPF 6 (4.5 V). The cathodic limit of the PP13-TFSI is about -0.3 V versus Li/Li +, against 0.7 V for BMIPF 6 and BMIBF 4, so it may be used as the electrolyte for second lithium batteries based on lithium anode. In this work, charge efficiency of lithium plating/striping on nickel substrate and the cycle life have been measured using 0.4 M LiTFSI/PP13-TFSI electrolyte both without and with additives such as vinyl acetate (VA), ethylene sulfite (ES), and ethylene carbonate (EC). Remarkable improvement in cycling efficiency and cycle life was found for EC as additive.

Polycarbonate-based polyurethane as a polymer electrolyte matrix for all-solid-state lithium batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bao, Junjie; Shi, Gaojian; Tao, Can; Wang, Chao; Zhu, Chen; Cheng, Liang; Qian, Gang; Chen, Chunhua

2018-06-01

Four kinds of polycarbonate-based polyurethane with 8-14 wt% hard segments content are synthesized via reactions of polycarbonatediol, hexamethylene diisocyanate and diethylene glycol. The mechanical strength of the polyurethanes increase with the increase of hard segments content. Solid polymer electrolytes composed of the polycarbonate-based polyurethanes and LiTFSI exhibits fascinating characteristics for all-solid-state lithium batteries with a high ionic conductivity of 1.12 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 80 °C, an electrochemical stability window up to 4.5 V (vs. Li+/Li), excellent mechanical strength and superior interfacial stability against lithium metal. The all-solid-state batteries using LiFePO4 cathode can deliver high discharge capacities (161, 158, 134 and 93 mAh g-1 at varied rates of 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 C) at 80 °C and excellent cycling performance (with 91% capacity retention after 600 cycles at 1 C). All the results indicate that such a polyurethane-based solid polymer electrolyte can be a promising candidate for all-solid-state lithium batteries.

N/S Co-doped Carbon Derived From Cotton as High Performance Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries

PubMed Central

Xiong, Jiawen; Pan, Qichang; Zheng, Fenghua; Xiong, Xunhui; Yang, Chenghao; Hu, Dongli; Huang, Chunlai

2018-01-01

Highly porous carbon with large surface areas is prepared using cotton as carbon sources which derived from discard cotton balls. Subsequently, the sulfur-nitrogen co-doped carbon was obtained by heat treatment the carbon in presence of thiourea and evaluated as Lithium-ion batteries anode. Benefiting from the S, N co-doping, the obtained S, N co-doped carbon exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. As a result, the as-prepared S, N co-doped carbon can deliver a high reversible capacity of 1,101.1 mA h g−1 after 150 cycles at 0.2 A g−1, and a high capacity of 531.2 mA h g−1 can be observed even after 5,000 cycles at 10.0 A g−1. Moreover, excellently rate capability also can be observed, a high capacity of 689 mA h g−1 can be obtained at 5.0 A g−1. This superior lithium storage performance of S, N co-doped carbon make it as a promising low-cost and sustainable anode for high performance lithium ion batteries. PMID:29755966

TOPOTACTIC LITHIUM INSERTION/EXTRACTION PROPERTIES OF A NEW POLYANION MATERIAL LiXCo2(MoO4)3 [0 ≤ X < 3] FOR RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERIES

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Begam, K. M.; Michael, M. S.; Prabaharan, S. R. S.

An open framework type new material LixCo2(MoO4)3 [0 ≤ x < 3] possessing NASICON structure was identified as positive electrode material for use in 3V class lithium batteries. The new material was synthesized in its non-lithiated phase employing a metal/organic precursor method using a soft-combustion approach. We report here on the structural and electrochemical Li+ insertion/extraction properties of the resultant product. XRD revealed a single phase Co2(MoO4)3 powders and the annealed powders were found to contain ultrafine spherical grains. The redox behavior of the new material was demonstrated in lithium containing cells using the conventional wet cell configuration under Li+ aprotic organic electrolyte environment. The material offered a discharge capacity of 110 mAh/g between 3.5V and 1.5V during the first cycle and 50% of the initial capacity was retained at the end of 20th cycle.

Study on High Speed Lithium Jet For Neutron Source of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takahashi, Minoru; Kobayashi, Tooru; Zhang, Mingguang; Mák, Michael; Štefanica, Jirí; Dostál, Václav; Zhao, Wei

The feasibility study of a liquid lithium type proton beam target was performed for the neutron source of the boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). As the candidates of the liquid lithium target, a thin sheet jet and a thin film flow on a concave wall were chosen, and a lithium flow experiment was conducted to investigate the hydrodynamic stability of the targets. The surfaces of the jets and film flows with a thickness of 0.5 mm and a width of 50 mm were observed by means of photography. It has been found that a stable sheet jet and a stable film flow on a concave wall can be formed up to certain velocities by using a straight nozzle and a curved nozzle with the concave wall, respectively.

The effect of lithium and related metal ions on the urinary excretion of 2-oxoglutarate and citrate in the rat

PubMed Central

Bond, P.A.; Jenner, F.A.

1974-01-01

1 Administration of lithium ions to rats, either acutely by intraperitoneal injection or chronically in food, causes increased excretion of 2-oxoglutarate and citrate. 2 Chronic administration in food of rubidium and caesium causes decreased excretion of 2-oxoglutarate and citrate. 3 The effects described are not due to changes in urine volume, nor pH, nor are they simply related to the excretion of the injected ion. 4 Acute administration of lithium caused an increased level of 2-oxoglutarate in kidney and reduced the ratio of glutamate to 2-oxoglutarate. 5 Renal gluconeogenesis in slices was only slightly affected by either acute administration of lithium to the animals or by its presence in the incubation medium of renal slices. PMID:4425767

Field Trial on a Rack-mounted DC Power Supply System with 80-Ah Lithium-ion Batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matsushima, Toshio

Using an industrial lithium-ion battery that has higher energy density than conventional valve-regulated lead-acid batteries, a rack-mounted DC-power-supply system was assembled and tested at a base transceiver station (BTS) offering actual services. A nominal output voltage and maximum output current of the system is 53.5V and 20A, respectively. An 80-Ah lithium-ion battery composed of 13 cells connected in series was applied in the system and maintained in a floating charge method. The DC-power-supply system was installed in a 19-inch power rack in the telecommunications equipment box at BTS. The characteristics of the 80Ah lithium-ion battery, specifications of the DC-power-supply system and field-test results were shown in this paper.

Super Soft All-Ethylene Oxide Polymer Electrolyte for Safe All-Solid Lithium Batteries

PubMed Central

Porcarelli, Luca; Gerbaldi, Claudio; Bella, Federico; Nair, Jijeesh Ravi

2016-01-01

Here we demonstrate that by regulating the mobility of classic −EO− based backbones, an innovative polymer electrolyte system can be architectured. This polymer electrolyte allows the construction of all solid lithium-based polymer cells having outstanding cycling behaviour in terms of rate capability and stability over a wide range of operating temperatures. Polymer electrolytes are obtained by UV-induced (co)polymerization, which promotes an effective interlinking between the polyethylene oxide (PEO) chains plasticized by tetraglyme at various lithium salt concentrations. The polymer networks exhibit sterling mechanical robustness, high flexibility, homogeneous and highly amorphous characteristics. Ambient temperature ionic conductivity values exceeding 0.1 mS cm−1 are obtained, along with a wide electrochemical stability window (>5 V vs. Li/Li+), excellent lithium ion transference number (>0.6) as well as interfacial stability. Moreover, the efficacious resistance to lithium dendrite nucleation and growth postulates the implementation of these polymer electrolytes in next generation of all-solid Li-metal batteries working at ambient conditions. PMID:26791572

Conductive Polymer Binder-Enabled SiO–Sn xCo yC z Anode for High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries

DOE PAGES

Zhao, Hui; Fu, Yanbao; Ling, Min; ...

2016-05-10

In this paper, a SiOSnCoC composite anode is assembled using a conductive polymer binder for the application in next-generation high energy density lithium-ion batteries. A specific capacity of 700 mAh/g is achieved at a 1C (900 mA/g) rate. A high active material loading anode with an areal capacity of 3.5 mAh/cm 2 is demonstrated by mixing SiOSnCoC with graphite. To compensate for the lithium loss in the first cycle, stabilized lithium metal powder (SLMP) is used for prelithiation; when paired with a commercial cathode, a stable full cell cycling performance with a 86% first cycle efficiency is realized. Finally, bymore » achieving these important metrics toward a practical application, this conductive polymer binder/SiOSnCoC anode system presents great promise to enable the next generation of high-energy lithium-ion batteries.« less

Effect of Nickel Coated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Electrochemical Performance of Lithium-Sulfur Rechargeable Batteries.

PubMed

Wu, Xiao; Yao, Shanshan; Hou, Jinli; Jing, Maoxiang; Qian, Xinye; Shen, Xiangqian; Xiang, Jun; Xi, Xiaoming

2017-04-01

Conventional lithium-sulfur batteries suffer from severe capacity fade, which is induced by low electron conductivity and high dissolution of intermediated polysulfides. Recent studies have shown the metal (Pt, Au, Ni) as electrocatalyst of lithium polysulfides and improved the performance for lithium sulfur batteries. In this work, we present the nickel coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Ni-MWNTs) as additive materials for elemental sulfur positive electrodes for lithium-sulfur rechargeable batteries. Compared with MWNTs, the obtained Ni-MWNTs/sulfur composite cathode demonstrate a reversible specific capacity approaching 545 mAh after 200 cycles at a rate of 0.5C as well as improved cycling stability and excellent rate capacity. The improved electrochemical performance can be attributed to the fact the MWNTs shows a vital role on polysulfides adsorption and nickel has a catalytic effect on the redox reactions during charge–discharge process. Meanwhile, the Ni-MWNTs is a good electric conductor for sulfur cathode.

Two-stage energy storage equalization system for lithium-ion battery pack

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, W.; Yang, Z. X.; Dong, G. Q.; Li, Y. B.; He, Q. Y.

2017-11-01

How to raise the efficiency of energy storage and maximize storage capacity is a core problem in current energy storage management. For that, two-stage energy storage equalization system which contains two-stage equalization topology and control strategy based on a symmetric multi-winding transformer and DC-DC (direct current-direct current) converter is proposed with bidirectional active equalization theory, in order to realize the objectives of consistent lithium-ion battery packs voltages and cells voltages inside packs by using a method of the Range. Modeling analysis demonstrates that the voltage dispersion of lithium-ion battery packs and cells inside packs can be kept within 2 percent during charging and discharging. Equalization time was 0.5 ms, which shortened equalization time of 33.3 percent compared with DC-DC converter. Therefore, the proposed two-stage lithium-ion battery equalization system can achieve maximum storage capacity between lithium-ion battery packs and cells inside packs, meanwhile efficiency of energy storage is significantly improved.

Change the morphology of lithium oxides by Nd-Yag laser beam to use as a sand in water-cooled reactors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karwi, Abbas Ali Mahmmod

2018-04-01

Laser has many attractive specifications which made it adaptable for material processing. Laser has been taken as a modern heat treatment source to prevent the formation of non-protective oxide layer with intensity equals to (1.31×105 w/cm2), lasing time equals to (300 µs), wave length equals to (1.063 µm), and the spot radius equals to (125 µm). Lithium is depleted through the conventional heat treatment processes. The main factors affected on lithium depletion are temperature and time. Lithium kept as a solid solution at casting method. Micro hardness of the affected zone reaches to acceptable values for various ageing times and hardening depths. The main conventional heat treatment processes are; homogenization, solution heat treatment, and ageing. Alloys prepared with the specific amounts of lithium concentration (2-2.5%). Oxides with different shapes are formed. Temperature distribution, heating, and cooling rates used externally and internally to see the effect of pulse generation by laser on bulk body.

Super Soft All-Ethylene Oxide Polymer Electrolyte for Safe All-Solid Lithium Batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Porcarelli, Luca; Gerbaldi, Claudio; Bella, Federico; Nair, Jijeesh Ravi

2016-01-01

Here we demonstrate that by regulating the mobility of classic -EO- based backbones, an innovative polymer electrolyte system can be architectured. This polymer electrolyte allows the construction of all solid lithium-based polymer cells having outstanding cycling behaviour in terms of rate capability and stability over a wide range of operating temperatures. Polymer electrolytes are obtained by UV-induced (co)polymerization, which promotes an effective interlinking between the polyethylene oxide (PEO) chains plasticized by tetraglyme at various lithium salt concentrations. The polymer networks exhibit sterling mechanical robustness, high flexibility, homogeneous and highly amorphous characteristics. Ambient temperature ionic conductivity values exceeding 0.1 mS cm-1 are obtained, along with a wide electrochemical stability window (>5 V vs. Li/Li+), excellent lithium ion transference number (>0.6) as well as interfacial stability. Moreover, the efficacious resistance to lithium dendrite nucleation and growth postulates the implementation of these polymer electrolytes in next generation of all-solid Li-metal batteries working at ambient conditions.

The Synthesis and Characterization of Cerium Carbonate Hydroxide Nanorods as an Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Yining; Liu, Hefen; Liu, Jianqiang; Liu, Haowen

2018-03-01

Nanorods cerium carbonate hydroxide, CeCO3OH, was synthesized through a low-temperature reaction route. The data of x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the as-prepared samples were CeCO3OH nanorods. The diameters of the nanorods were in the range of 50-100 nm, and the lengths were around 300-500 nm. As an anode of a lithium ion battery, the charge-discharge capacity, cyclability and lithium-ion diffusion kinetics of CeCO3OH nanorods were investigated. The calculated lithium ion diffusion coefficient was 1.36 × 10-19 cm2 s-1. The initial discharge capacity was about 621.6 mA h g-1 at 0.2 mA cm-2 in 0.05-2.5 V. After 100 cycles, the discharge capacity stabilized at about 362 mA h g-1 and the Coulombic efficiency was nearly 98%, indicating the potential application in anodes of lithium-ion batteries.

Greatly Suppressed Shuttle Effect for Improved Lithium Sulfur Battery Performance through Short Chain Intermediates.

PubMed

Xu, Na; Qian, Tao; Liu, Xuejun; Liu, Jie; Chen, Yu; Yan, Chenglin

2017-01-11

The high solubility of long-chain lithium polysulfides and their infamous shuttle effect in lithium sulfur battery lead to rapid capacity fading along with low Coulombic efficiency. To address above issues, we propose a new strategy to suppress the shuttle effect for greatly enhanced lithium sulfur battery performance mainly through the formation of short-chain intermediates during discharging, which allows significant improvements including high capacity retention of 1022 mAh/g with 87% retention for 450 cycles. Without LiNO 3 -containing electrolytes, the excellent Coulombic efficiency of ∼99.5% for more than 500 cycles is obtained, suggesting the greatly suppressed shuttle effect. In situ UV/vis analysis of electrolyte during cycling reveals that the short-chain Li 2 S 2 and Li 2 S 3 polysulfides are detected as main intermediates, which are theoretically verified by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our strategy may open up a new avenue for practical application of lithium sulfur battery.

Electrochemical Performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 by Sol-gel Self-combustion Reaction Method in Different Kinds of Electrolyte for High-voltage Rechargeable Lithium Cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liang, Xinghua; Shi, Lin; Liu, Yusi; Zeng, Shuaibo; Ye, Chaochao

2015-07-01

LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode material was synthesized through sol-gel self-combustion reaction method. LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 powders were subsequently characterized as cathode materials in a Li-ion coin cell comprising a Li anode with electrolyte A or electrolyte B. 1.0 mol/L Lithium Hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) dissolved in volume ration of ethylene carbonate (EC) to ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) to diethyl carbonate (DEC) corresponded to 4:3:3as electrolyte A, 1.0 mol/L LiPF6 dissolved in volume ration of EC to EMC to DEC corresponded to 4:2:4 as electrolyte B. Electrochemical performance of lithium cells was evaluated. These tests showed that no matter the cells with electrolyte A or electrolyte B has good discharge platform in 4.7V range (3.5V-4.75V) at the rate of 0.1C, the initial discharge capacity of cell with electrolyte B was higher than that with electrolyte A.

Novel binary deep eutectic electrolytes for rechargeable Li-ion batteries based on mixtures of alkyl sulfonamides and lithium perfluoroalkylsulfonimide salts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Geiculescu, O. E.; DesMarteau, D. D.; Creager, S. E.; Haik, O.; Hirshberg, D.; Shilina, Y.; Zinigrad, E.; Levi, M. D.; Aurbach, D.; Halalay, I. C.

2016-03-01

Ionic liquids (IL's) were proposed for use in Li-ion batteries (LIBs), in order to mitigate some of the well-known drawbacks of LiPF6/mixed organic carbonates solutions. However, their large cations seriously decrease lithium transference numbers and block lithium insertion sites at electrode-electrolyte interfaces, leading to poor LIB rate performance. Deep eutectic electrolytes (DEEs) (which share some of the advantages of ILs but possess only one cation, Li+), were then proposed, in order to overcome the difficulties associated with ILs. We report herein on the preparation, thermal properties (melting, crystallization, and glass transition temperatures), transport properties (specific conductivity and viscosity) and thermal stability of binary DEEs based on mixtures of lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide or lithium bis(fluoro)sulfonimide salts with an alkyl sulfonamide solvent. Promise for LIB applications is demonstrated by chronoamperometry on Al current collectors, and cycling behavior of negative and positive electrodes. Residual current densities of 12 and 45 nA cm-2 were observed at 5 V vs. Li/Li+ on aluminum, 1.5 and 16 nA cm-2 at 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+, respectively for LiFSI and LiTFSI based DEEs. Capacities of 220, 130, and 175 mAh· g-1 were observed at low (C/13 or C/10) rates, respectively for petroleum coke, LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 (a.k.a. NMC 111) and LiAl0.05Co0.15Ni0.8O2 (a.k.a. NCA).

Nb{sub 2}O{sub 5} hollow nanospheres as anode material for enhanced performance in lithium ion batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sasidharan, Manickam; Gunawardhana, Nanda; Yoshio, Masaki, E-mail: yoshio@cc.saga-u.ac.jp

2012-09-15

Graphical abstract: Nb{sub 2}O{sub 5} hollow nanosphere constructed electrode delivers high capacity of 172 mAh g{sup −1} after 250 cycles and maintains structural integrity and excellent cycling stability. Highlights: ► Nb{sub 2}O{sub 5} hollow nanospheres synthesis was synthesized by soft-template. ► Nb{sub 2}O{sub 5} hollow nanospheres were investigated as anode material in Li-ion battery. ► Nanostructured electrode delivers high capacity of 172 mAh g{sup −1} after 250 cycles. ► The electrode maintains the structural integrity and excellent cycling stability. ► Nanosized shell domain facilitates fast lithium intercalation/deintercalation. -- Abstract: Nb{sub 2}O{sub 5} hollow nanospheres of average diameter ca. ∼29 nmmore » and hollow cavity size ca. 17 nm were synthesized using polymeric micelles with core–shell–corona architecture under mild conditions. The hollow particles were thoroughly characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal (TG/DTA) and nitrogen adsorption analyses. Thus obtained Nb{sub 2}O{sub 5} hollow nanospheres were investigated as anode materials for lithium ion rechargeable batteries for the first time. The nanostructured electrode delivers high capacity of 172 mAh g{sup −1} after 250 cycles of charge/discharge at a rate of 0.5 C. More importantly, the hollow particles based electrodes maintains the structural integrity and excellent cycling stability even after exposing to high current density 6.25 A g{sup −1}. The enhanced electrochemical behavior is ascribed to hollow cavity coupled with nanosized Nb{sub 2}O{sub 5} shell domain that facilitates fast lithium intercalation/deintercalation kinetics.« less

Air-stable and freestanding lithium alloy/graphene foil as an alternative to lithium metal anodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Jie; Zhou, Guangmin; Yan, Kai; Xie, Jin; Li, Yuzhang; Liao, Lei; Jin, Yang; Liu, Kai; Hsu, Po-Chun; Wang, Jiangyan; Cheng, Hui-Ming; Cui, Yi

2017-10-01

Developing high-capacity anodes is a must to improve the energy density of lithium batteries for electric vehicle applications. Alloy anodes are one promising option, but without pre-stored lithium, the overall energy density is limited by the low-capacity lithium metal oxide cathodes. Recently, lithium metal has been revived as a high-capacity anode, but faces several challenges owing to its high reactivity and uncontrolled dendrite growth. Here, we show a series of Li-containing foils inheriting the desirable properties of alloy anodes and pure metal anodes. They consist of densely packed LixM (M = Si, Sn, or Al) nanoparticles encapsulated by large graphene sheets. With the protection of graphene sheets, the large and freestanding LixM/graphene foils are stable in different air conditions. With fully expanded LixSi confined in the highly conductive and chemically stable graphene matrix, this LixSi/graphene foil maintains a stable structure and cyclability in half cells (400 cycles with 98% capacity retention). This foil is also paired with high-capacity Li-free V2O5 and sulfur cathodes to achieve stable full-cell cycling.

Synthesis and characterization of polyphosphazene electrolytes including cyclic ether side groups

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fiedler, Carsten; Luerssen, Bjoern; Lucht, Brett; Janek, Juergen

2018-04-01

This paper presents the synthesis and detailed characterization of two polyphosphazene based polymers, including different cyclic ether side groups. The final polymers were obtained by a well-known method employing a living cationic polymerization and subsequent nucleophilic substitution. The synthesized polymers Poly [(1,3-dioxane-5-oxy) (1,3-dioxolane-4-methoxy)phosphazene] (DOPP) and Poly[bis(2-Tetrahydro-3-furanoxy)phosphazene] (THFPP) were mixed with varied amounts of lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide (LiTFSI) and the interactions between the salt and the polymer chains were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. Electrochemical characterization was performed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and direct current polarization in the temperature range of 20-60 °C. These measurements were utilized to calculate the lithium transference number (t+), the lithium conductivity (σ) and its activation energy in order to elucidate the lithium transport behavior. Relatively high lithium transference numbers of 0.6 (DOPP) and 0.7 (THFPP) at 60 °C are found and reveal maximum lithium conductivities of 2.8·10-6 Sṡcm-1 and 9.0·10-7 Sṡcm-1 for DOPP and THFPP at 60 °C, respectively.

Pb17Li and lithium: A thermodynamic rationalisation of their radically different chemistry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hubberstey, Peter

1997-08-01

The contrasting chemistry of Pb17Li and lithium is attributed to their lithium activities. PbLi alloys exhibit marked negative deviations from ideality owing to 'chemical short range order', giving γ Li = 7.26 × 10 -4, aLi = 1.23 × 10 -4 and overlineGLi = -57.8 kJ mol -1 in Pb-17Li at 773 K. This overlineGLi value is sufficiently negative to prevent the reaction of Pb17Li with gaseous hydrogen and nitrogen to form LiH and Li 3N but not with oxygen containing gases to form Li 2O. Similarly, nitride and carbide ceramics are compatible with Pb-17Li but oxide ceramics are liable to degradation. In contrast, unit activity liquid lithium reacts with all the gases and, depending on their free energy of formation, some of the ceramics. Wherea, dissolved oxygen is corrosive in Pb-17Li, giving LiCrO 2, dissolved nitrogen adopts the corrosive role in lithium giving Li 9CrN 5. The instability of LiH in Pb-17Li renders tritium extraction facile; this contrasts with lithium for which tritium extraction is difficult owing to LiH formation.

Cycling and rate performance of Li-LiFePO 4 cells in mixed FSI-TFSI room temperature ionic liquids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lewandowski, A. P.; Hollenkamp, A. F.; Donne, S. W.; Best, A. S.

A study is conducted of the performance of lithium iron(II) phosphate, LiFePO 4, as a cathode material in a lithium secondary battery that features an ionic liquid electrolyte solution and a metallic lithium anode. The electrolyte solution comprises an ionic liquid of a N-methyl-N-alkyl-pyrrolidinium (alkyl = n-propyl or n-butyl) cation and either the bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide [(FSO 2) 2N -] or bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [(F 3CSO 2) 2N -] anion, together with 0.5 mol kg -1 of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt. For N-methyl-N-propyl-pyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, coin cells discharging at rates of C/10 and 4C yield specific capacities of 153 and 110 mAh g -1, respectively, at an average coulombic efficiency of 99.8%. This performance is maintained for over 400 cycles at 50 °C and therefore indicates that these electrolyte solutions support long-term cycling of both LiFePO 4 and metallic lithium while, due to the negligible volatility of ionic liquids, surrounding the lithium in an inherently safe, non-flammable medium.

Air-stable and freestanding lithium alloy/graphene foil as an alternative to lithium metal anodes

DOE PAGES

Zhao, Jie; Zhou, Guangmin; Yan, Kai; ...

2017-07-10

Developing high-capacity anodes is a must to improve the energy density of lithium batteries for electric vehicle applications. Alloy anodes are one promising option, but without pre-stored lithium, the overall energy density is limited by the low-capacity lithium metal oxide cathodes. Recently, lithium metal has been revived as a high-capacity anode, but faces several challenges owing to its high reactivity and uncontrolled dendrite growth. Here, we show a series of Li-containing foils inheriting the desirable properties of alloy anodes and pure metal anodes. They consist of densely packed Li xM (M = Si, Sn, or Al) nanoparticles encapsulated by largemore » graphene sheets. With the protection of graphene sheets, the large and freestanding Li xM/graphene foils are stable in different air conditions. With fully expanded Li xSi confined in the highly conductive and chemically stable graphene matrix, this LixSi/graphene foil maintains a stable structure and cyclability in half cells (400 cycles with 98% capacity retention). As a result, this foil is also paired with high-capacity Li-free V 2O 5 and sulfur cathodes to achieve stable full-cell cycling.« less

Air-stable and freestanding lithium alloy/graphene foil as an alternative to lithium metal anodes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhao, Jie; Zhou, Guangmin; Yan, Kai

Developing high-capacity anodes is a must to improve the energy density of lithium batteries for electric vehicle applications. Alloy anodes are one promising option, but without pre-stored lithium, the overall energy density is limited by the low-capacity lithium metal oxide cathodes. Recently, lithium metal has been revived as a high-capacity anode, but faces several challenges owing to its high reactivity and uncontrolled dendrite growth. Here, we show a series of Li-containing foils inheriting the desirable properties of alloy anodes and pure metal anodes. They consist of densely packed Li xM (M = Si, Sn, or Al) nanoparticles encapsulated by largemore » graphene sheets. With the protection of graphene sheets, the large and freestanding Li xM/graphene foils are stable in different air conditions. With fully expanded Li xSi confined in the highly conductive and chemically stable graphene matrix, this LixSi/graphene foil maintains a stable structure and cyclability in half cells (400 cycles with 98% capacity retention). As a result, this foil is also paired with high-capacity Li-free V 2O 5 and sulfur cathodes to achieve stable full-cell cycling.« less

Biologically enhanced cathode design for improved capacity and cycle life for lithium-oxygen batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oh, Dahyun; Qi, Jifa; Lu, Yi-Chun; Zhang, Yong; Shao-Horn, Yang; Belcher, Angela M.

2013-11-01

Lithium-oxygen batteries have a great potential to enhance the gravimetric energy density of fully packaged batteries by two to three times that of lithium ion cells. Recent studies have focused on finding stable electrolytes to address poor cycling capability and improve practical limitations of current lithium-oxygen batteries. In this study, the catalyst electrode, where discharge products are deposited and decomposed, was investigated as it has a critical role in the operation of rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries. Here we report the electrode design principle to improve specific capacity and cycling performance of lithium-oxygen batteries by utilizing high-efficiency nanocatalysts assembled by M13 virus with earth-abundant elements such as manganese oxides. By incorporating only 3-5 wt% of palladium nanoparticles in the electrode, this hybrid nanocatalyst achieves 13,350 mAh g-1c (7,340 mAh g-1c+catalyst) of specific capacity at 0.4 A g-1c and a stable cycle life up to 50 cycles (4,000 mAh g-1c, 400 mAh g-1c+catalyst) at 1 A g-1c.

Flammability limits of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway vent gas in air and the inerting effects of halon 1301

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karp, Matthew Eugene

Lithium-ion (rechargeable) and lithium-metal (non-rechargeable) battery cells put aircraft at risk of igniting and fueling fires. Lithium batteries can be packed in bulk and shipped in the cargo holds of freighter aircraft; currently lithium batteries are banned from bulk shipment on passenger aircraft [1]. The federally regulated Class C cargo compartment extinguishing system's utilization of a 5 %vol Halon 1301 knockdown concentration and a sustained 3 %vol Halon 1301 may not be sufficient at inerting lithium-ion battery vent gas and air mixtures [2]. At 5 %vol Halon 1301 the flammability limits of lithium-ion premixed battery vent gas (Li-Ion pBVG) in air range from 13.80 %vol to 26.07 %vol Li-Ion pBVG. Testing suggests that 8.59 %vol Halon 1301 is required to render all ratios of the Li-Ion pBVG in air inert. The lower flammability limit (LFL) and upper flammability limit (UFL) of hydrogen and air mixtures are 4.95 %vol and 76.52 %vol hydrogen, respectively. With the addition of 10 %vol and 20 %vol Halon 1301 the LFL is 9.02 %vol and 11.55 %vol hydrogen, respectively, and the UFL is 45.70 %vol and 28.39 %vol hydrogen, respectively. The minimum inerting concentration (MIC) of Halon 1301 in hydrogen and air mixtures is 26.72 %vol Halon 1301 at 16.2 %vol hydrogen. The LFL and UFL of Li-Ion pBVG and air mixtures are 7.88 %vol and 37.14 %vol Li-Ion pBVG, respectively. With the addition of 5 %vol, 7 %vol, and 8 %vol Halon 1301 the LFL is 13.80 %vol, 16.15 %vol, and 17.62 % vol Li-Ion pBVG, respectively, and the UFL is 26.07 %vol, 23.31 %vol, and 21.84 %vol Li- Ion pBVG, respectively. The MIC of Halon 1301 in Li-Ion pBVG and air mixtures is 8.59 %vol Halon 1301 at 19.52 %vol Li-Ion pBVG. Le Chatelier's mixing rule has been shown to be an effective measure for estimating the flammability limits of Li-Ion pBVGes. The LFL has a 1.79 % difference while the UFL has a 4.53 % difference. The state of charge (SOC) affects the flammability limits in an apparent parabolic manner, where the widest flammability limits are at or near 100 % SOC. [1] IATA. Lithium Battery Guidance Document. 7 Jan. 2016. Guidance for complying with provisions applicable to the transport by air of lithium batteries as set out in the 57th Edition of the IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR). [2] Webster, Harry. Flammability assessment of bulk-packed, rechargeable lithium-ion cells in transport category aircraft. Office of Aviation Research, Federal Aviation Administration, 2006.

Fast charging of lithium-ion batteries at all temperatures.

PubMed

Yang, Xiao-Guang; Zhang, Guangsheng; Ge, Shanhai; Wang, Chao-Yang

2018-06-25

Fast charging is a key enabler of mainstream adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). None of today's EVs can withstand fast charging in cold or even cool temperatures due to the risk of lithium plating. Efforts to enable fast charging are hampered by the trade-off nature of a lithium-ion battery: Improving low-temperature fast charging capability usually comes with sacrificing cell durability. Here, we present a controllable cell structure to break this trade-off and enable lithium plating-free (LPF) fast charging. Further, the LPF cell gives rise to a unified charging practice independent of ambient temperature, offering a platform for the development of battery materials without temperature restrictions. We demonstrate a 9.5 Ah 170 Wh/kg LPF cell that can be charged to 80% state of charge in 15 min even at -50 °C (beyond cell operation limit). Further, the LPF cell sustains 4,500 cycles of 3.5-C charging in 0 °C with <20% capacity loss, which is a 90× boost of life compared with a baseline conventional cell, and equivalent to >12 y and >280,000 miles of EV lifetime under this extreme usage condition, i.e., 3.5-C or 15-min fast charging at freezing temperatures.

Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta downregulates total tau proteins in cultured neurons and its reversal by the blockade of protein phosphatase-2A.

PubMed

Martin, Ludovic; Magnaudeix, Amandine; Esclaire, Françoise; Yardin, Catherine; Terro, Faraj

2009-02-03

In tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), the molecular mechanisms of tau protein aggregation into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and their contribution to neurodegeneration remain not understood. It was recently demonstrated that tau, regardless of its aggregation, might represent a key mediator of neurodegeneration. Therefore, reduction of tau levels might represent a mechanism of neuroprotection. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta) and protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A) are key enzymes involved in the regulation of tau phosphorylation, and have been suggested to be involved in the abnormal tau phosphorylation and aggregation in AD. Connections between PP2A and GSK3beta signaling have been reported. We have previously demonstrated that exposure of cultured cortical neurons to lithium decreased tau protein expression and provided neuroprotection against Abeta. Since lithium is not a specific inhibitor of GSK3beta (ID50=2.0 mM), whether or not the lithium-induced tau decrease involves GSK3beta remained to be determined. For that purpose, cultured cortical neurons were exposed to 6-bromo-indirubin-3'-oxime (6-BIO), a more selective and potent GSK3beta inhibitor (ID50=1.5 microM) or to lithium. Analysis of tau levels and phosphorylation by western-blot assays showed that lithium and 6-BIO dose-dependently decreased both tau protein levels and tau phosphorylation. Conversely, inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK5) by roscovitine decreased phosphorylated tau but failed to alter tau protein levels. These data indicate that GSK3beta might be selectively involved in the regulation of tau protein levels. Moreover, inhibition of PP2A by okadaic acid, but not that of PP2B (protein phosphatase-2B)/calcineurin by FK506, dose-dependently reversed lithium-induced tau decrease. These data indicate that GSK3beta regulates both tau phosphorylation and total tau levels through PP2A.

Effect of Crystallization Firing on Marginal Gap of CAD/CAM Fabricated Lithium Disilicate Crowns.

PubMed

Gold, Steven A; Ferracane, Jack L; da Costa, Juliana

2018-01-01

To evaluate the marginal gaps of CAD/CAM (CEREC 3) produced crowns made from leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic (IPS Empress CAD) blocks (LG), and lithium-disilicate (IPS e.max CAD) blocks before (LD-B), and after (LD-A) crystallization firing. A human molar tooth (#19) was mounted with adjacent teeth on a typodont and prepared for a full-coverage ceramic crown. The typodont was assembled in the mannequin head to simulate clinical conditions. After tooth preparation 15 individual optical impressions were taken by the same operator using titanium dioxide powder and a CEREC 3 camera per manufacturer's instructions. One operator designed and machined the crowns in leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic blocks (n = 5) and lithium-disilicate blocks (n = 10) using the CEREC 3 system. The crowns were rigidly seated on the prepared tooth, and marginal gaps (μm) were measured with an optical microscope (500×) at 12 points, 3 on each of the M, B, D, and L surfaces of the leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic crowns and the lithium-disilicate crowns before and after crystallization firing. Results were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey's post hoc multiple comparison test (α = 0.05). The overall mean marginal gaps (μm) for the crowns evaluated were: LG = 49.2 ± 5.5, LD-B = 42.9 ± 12.2, and LD-A = 57.2 ± 16.0. The marginal gaps for LG and LD-B were not significantly different, but both were significantly less than for LD-A. The type of ceramic material did not affect the marginal gap of CAD/CAM crowns. The crystallization firing process required for lithium-disilicate crowns resulted in a significant increase in marginal gap size, likely due to shrinkage of the ceramic during the crystallization process. The marginal gap of CAD/CAM-fabricated lithium disilicate crowns increases following crystallization firing. The marginal gap still remains within clinically acceptable parameters. © 2017 by the American College of Prosthodontists.

WNT activation by lithium abrogates TP53 mutation associated radiation resistance in medulloblastoma.

PubMed

Zhukova, Nataliya; Ramaswamy, Vijay; Remke, Marc; Martin, Dianna C; Castelo-Branco, Pedro; Zhang, Cindy H; Fraser, Michael; Tse, Ken; Poon, Raymond; Shih, David J H; Baskin, Berivan; Ray, Peter N; Bouffet, Eric; Dirks, Peter; von Bueren, Andre O; Pfaff, Elke; Korshunov, Andrey; Jones, David T W; Northcott, Paul A; Kool, Marcel; Pugh, Trevor J; Pomeroy, Scott L; Cho, Yoon-Jae; Pietsch, Torsten; Gessi, Marco; Rutkowski, Stefan; Bognár, Laszlo; Cho, Byung-Kyu; Eberhart, Charles G; Conter, Cecile Faure; Fouladi, Maryam; French, Pim J; Grajkowska, Wieslawa A; Gupta, Nalin; Hauser, Peter; Jabado, Nada; Vasiljevic, Alexandre; Jung, Shin; Kim, Seung-Ki; Klekner, Almos; Kumabe, Toshihiro; Lach, Boleslaw; Leonard, Jeffrey R; Liau, Linda M; Massimi, Luca; Pollack, Ian F; Ra, Young Shin; Rubin, Joshua B; Van Meir, Erwin G; Wang, Kyu-Chang; Weiss, William A; Zitterbart, Karel; Bristow, Robert G; Alman, Benjamin; Hawkins, Cynthia E; Malkin, David; Clifford, Steven C; Pfister, Stefan M; Taylor, Michael D; Tabori, Uri

2014-12-24

TP53 mutations confer subgroup specific poor survival for children with medulloblastoma. We hypothesized that WNT activation which is associated with improved survival for such children abrogates TP53 related radioresistance and can be used to sensitize TP53 mutant tumors for radiation. We examined the subgroup-specific role of TP53 mutations in a cohort of 314 patients treated with radiation. TP53 wild-type or mutant human medulloblastoma cell-lines and normal neural stem cells were used to test radioresistance of TP53 mutations and the radiosensitizing effect of WNT activation on tumors and the developing brain. Children with WNT/TP53 mutant medulloblastoma had higher 5-year survival than those with SHH/TP53 mutant tumours (100% and 36.6%±8.7%, respectively (p<0.001)). Introduction of TP53 mutation into medulloblastoma cells induced radioresistance (survival fractions at 2Gy (SF2) of 89%±2% vs. 57.4%±1.8% (p<0.01)). In contrast, β-catenin mutation sensitized TP53 mutant cells to radiation (p<0.05). Lithium, an activator of the WNT pathway, sensitized TP53 mutant medulloblastoma to radiation (SF2 of 43.5%±1.5% in lithium treated cells vs. 56.6±3% (p<0.01)) accompanied by increased number of γH2AX foci. Normal neural stem cells were protected from lithium induced radiation damage (SF2 of 33%±8% for lithium treated cells vs. 27%±3% for untreated controls (p=0.05). Poor survival of patients with TP53 mutant medulloblastoma may be related to radiation resistance. Since constitutive activation of the WNT pathway by lithium sensitizes TP53 mutant medulloblastoma cells and protect normal neural stem cells from radiation, this oral drug may represent an attractive novel therapy for high-risk medulloblastomas.

Synthesis and characterization of lithium ion nanobatteries and lithium battery nanoelectrode arrays

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vullum, Fride

2005-07-01

Arrays of individual nanobatteries were constructed by confining V 2O5 ambigel and a PEO wax electrolyte containing lithium triflate in the porous structure of an alumina membrane. The pores had an average diameter of 200 nm. Cyclic voltammetry data indicated that this configuration could be described by a nanoelectrode array model. A.C. impedance data of the macro cell coupled with a lithium anode showed that there was little or no unstable passivation behavior of the lithium anode in contact with the PEO wax electrolyte. This was attributed to a self-assembled hydrocarbon layer that formed at the surface of the wax preventing the lithium metal from chemically reacting with oxygen atoms in the PEO backbone. Individual nanobatteries were characterized by charge/discharge analysis. Electrical contact with individual nanocathodes was achieved using the cantilever tip of an atomic force microscope. Of the three different anode materials that were investigated SnO2 seemed to perform better than either graphite or lithium metal. This was attributed to SnO2 being able to accept more lithium ions into its structure than graphite. The favorable capacity values compared to the lithium anode batteries were attributed to better contact between the electrolyte and the anode. Average volumetric capacities for the SnO2 system were found to be around 45 muAh/cm2mum, which compare favorably to similar systems reported in literature. These nanobatteries also exhibited capacitor-like behavior, having capacitances around 300-400 F/g, which is in the range of what is expected for a supercapacitor. An electrochemical cell combining battery-like and capacitor-like behavior is a very promising power supply for applications such as electric vehicle propulsion systems.

The lithium-rotation connection in the 125 Myr-old Pleiades cluster

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bouvier, J.; Barrado, D.; Moraux, E.; Stauffer, J.; Rebull, L.; Hillenbrand, L.; Bayo, A.; Boisse, I.; Bouy, H.; DiFolco, E.; Lillo-Box, J.; Calderón, M. Morales

2018-06-01

Context. The evolution of lithium abundance over a star's lifetime is indicative of transport processes operating in the stellar interior. Aims: We revisit the relationship between lithium content and rotation rate previously reported for cool dwarfs in the Pleiades cluster. Methods: We derive new LiI 670.8 nm equivalent width measurements from high-resolution spectra obtained for low-mass Pleiades members. We combine these new measurements with previously published ones, and use the Kepler K2 rotational periods recently derived for Pleiades cool dwarfs to investigate the lithium-rotation connection in this 125 Myr-old cluster. Results: The new data confirm the correlation between lithium equivalent width and stellar spin rate for a sample of 51 early K-type members of the cluster, where fast rotating stars are systematically lithium-rich compared to slowly rotating ones. The correlation is valid for all stars over the (J-Ks) color range 0.50-0.70 mag, corresponding to a mass range from about 0.75 to 0.90 M⊙, and may extend down to lower masses. Conclusions: We argue that the dispersion in lithium equivalent widths observed for cool dwarfs in the Pleiades cluster reflects an intrinsic scatter in lithium abundances, and suggest that the physical origin of the lithium dispersion pattern is to be found in the pre-main sequence rotational history of solar-type stars. Based on observations made at Observatoire de Haute Provence (CNRS), France, at the Nordic Optical Telescope (IAC), Spain, and at the W. M. Keck Observatory, Hawaii, USA.Full Table B.1 is only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (ftp://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/613/A63

Analysis of heat generation of lithium ion rechargeable batteries used in implantable battery systems for driving undulation pump ventricular assist device.

PubMed

Okamoto, Eiji; Nakamura, Masatoshi; Akasaka, Yuhta; Inoue, Yusuke; Abe, Yusuke; Chinzei, Tsuneo; Saito, Itsuro; Isoyama, Takashi; Mochizuki, Shuichi; Imachi, Kou; Mitamura, Yoshinori

2007-07-01

We have developed internal battery systems for driving an undulation pump ventricular assist device using two kinds of lithium ion rechargeable batteries. The lithium ion rechargeable batteries have high energy density, long life, and no memory effect; however, rise in temperature of the lithium ion rechargeable battery is a critical issue. Evaluation of temperature rise by means of numerical estimation is required to develop an internal battery system. Temperature of the lithium ion rechargeable batteries is determined by ohmic loss due to internal resistance, chemical loss due to chemical reaction, and heat release. Measurement results of internal resistance (R(cell)) at an ambient temperature of 37 degrees C were 0.1 Omega in the lithium ion (Li-ion) battery and 0.03 Omega in the lithium polymer (Li-po) battery. Entropy change (DeltaS) of each battery, which leads to chemical loss, was -1.6 to -61.1 J/(mol.K) in the Li-ion battery and -9.6 to -67.5 J/(mol.K) in the Li-po battery depending on state of charge (SOC). Temperature of each lithium ion rechargeable battery under a discharge current of 1 A was estimated by finite element method heat transfer analysis at an ambient temperature of 37 degrees C configuring with measured R(cell) and measured DeltaS in each SOC. Results of estimation of time-course change in the surface temperature of each battery coincided with results of measurement results, and the success of the estimation will greatly contribute to the development of an internal battery system using lithium ion rechargeable batteries.

Polyethylene oxide film coating enhances lithium cycling efficiency of an anode-free lithium-metal battery.

PubMed

Assegie, Addisu Alemayehu; Cheng, Ju-Hsiang; Kuo, Li-Ming; Su, Wei-Nien; Hwang, Bing-Joe

2018-03-29

The practical implementation of an anode-free lithium-metal battery with promising high capacity is hampered by dendrite formation and low coulombic efficiency. Most notably, these challenges stem from non-uniform lithium plating and unstable SEI layer formation on the bare copper electrode. Herein, we revealed the homogeneous deposition of lithium and effective suppression of dendrite formation using a copper electrode coated with a polyethylene oxide (PEO) film in an electrolyte comprising 1 M LiTFSI, DME/DOL (1/1, v/v) and 2 wt% LiNO3. More importantly, the PEO film coating promoted the formation of a thin and robust SEI layer film by hosting lithium and regulating the inevitable reaction of lithium with the electrolyte. The modified electrode exhibited stable cycling of lithium with an average coulombic efficiency of ∼100% over 200 cycles and low voltage hysteresis (∼30 mV) at a current density of 0.5 mA cm-2. Moreover, we tested the anode-free battery experimentally by integrating it with an LiFePO4 cathode into a full-cell configuration (Cu@PEO/LiFePO4). The new cell demonstrated stable cycling with an average coulombic efficiency of 98.6% and capacity retention of 30% in the 200th cycle at a rate of 0.2C. These impressive enhancements in cycle life and capacity retention result from the synergy of the PEO film coating, high electrode-electrolyte interface compatibility, stable polar oligomer formation from the reduction of 1,3-dioxolane and the generation of SEI-stabilizing nitrite and nitride upon lithium nitrate reduction. Our result opens up a new route to realize anode-free batteries by modifying the copper anode with PEO to achieve ever more demanding yet safe interfacial chemistry and control of dendrite formation.

Contamination of lithium heparin blood by K2-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA): an experimental evaluation

PubMed Central

Lima-Oliveira, Gabriel; Salvagno, Gian Luca; Danese, Elisa; Brocco, Giorgio; Guidi, Gian Cesare; Lippi, Giuseppe

2014-01-01

Introduction: The contamination of serum or lithium heparin blood with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) salts may affect accuracy of some critical analytes and jeopardize patient safety. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lithium heparin sample contamination with different amounts of K2EDTA. Materials and methods: Fifteen volunteers were enrolled among the laboratory staff. Two lithium heparin tubes and one K2EDTA tube were collected from each subject. The lithium-heparin tubes of each subject were pooled and divided in 5 aliquots. The whole blood of K2EDTA tube was then added in scalar amount to autologous heparinised aliquots, to obtained different degrees of K2EDTA blood volume contamination (0%; 5%; 13%; 29%; 43%). The following clinical chemistry parameters were then measured in centrifuged aliquots: alanine aminotranspherase (ALT), bilirubin (total), calcium, chloride, creatinine, iron, lactate dehydrogenase (LD), lipase, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, sodium. Results: A significant variation starting from 5% K2EDTA contamination was observed for calcium, chloride, iron, LD, magnesium (all decreased) and potassium (increased). The variation of phosphate and sodium (both increased) was significant after 13% and 29% K2EDTA contamination, respectively. The values of ALT, bilirubin, creatinine and lipase remained unchanged up to 43% K2EDTA contamination. When variations were compared with desirable quality specifications, the bias was significant for calcium, chloride, LD, magnesium and potassium (from 5% K2EDTA contamination), sodium, phosphate and iron (from 29% K2EDTA contamination). Conclusions: The concentration of calcium, magnesium, potassium, chloride and LD appears to be dramatically biased by even modest K2EDTA contamination (i.e., 5%). The values of iron, phosphate, and sodium are still reliable up to 29% K2EDTA contamination, whereas ALT, bilirubin, creatinine and lipase appear overall less vulnerable towards K2EDTA contamination. PMID:25351354

Combining 7Li NMR field-cycling relaxometry and stimulated-echo experiments: a powerful approach to lithium ion dynamics in solid-state electrolytes.

PubMed

Graf, Magnus; Kresse, Benjamin; Privalov, Alexei F; Vogel, Michael

2013-01-01

We use (7)Li NMR to study lithium ion dynamics in a (Li2S)-(P2S5) glass. In particular, it is shown that a combination of (7)Li field-cycling relaxometry and (7)Li stimulated-echo experiments allows us to cover a time window extending over 10 orders of magnitude without any gaps. While the (7)Li stimulated-echo method proved suitable to measure correlation functions F2(t) of lithium ion dynamics in solids in recent years, we establish the (7)Li field-cycling technique as a versatile tool to ascertain the spectral density J2(ω) of the lithium ionic motion in this contribution. It is found that the dynamic range of (7)Li field-cycling relaxometry is 10(-9)-10(-5)s and, hence, it complements in an ideal way that of (7)Li stimulated-echo experiments, which amounts to 10(-5)-10(1)s. Transformations between time and frequency domains reveal that the field-cycling and stimulated-echo approaches yield results for the translational motion of the lithium ions that are consistent both with each other and with findings for the motional narrowing of (7)Li NMR spectra of the studied (Li2S)-(P2S5) glass. In the (7)Li field-cycling studies of the (Li2S)-(P2S5) glass, we observe the translational ionic motion at higher temperatures and the nearly constant loss at lower temperatures. For the former motion, the frequency dependence of the measured spectral density is well described by a Cole-Davidson function. For the latter phenomenon, which was considered as an universal phenomenon of disordered solids in the literature, we find an exponential temperature dependence. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chemical stability of Lithium 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazolide, an electrolyte salt for Li-ion cells

DOE PAGES

Shkrob, Ilya A.; Pupek, Krzysztof Z.; Gilbert, James A.; ...

2016-12-01

Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6) is ubiquitous in commercial lithium-ion batteries, but it is hydrolytically unstable and corrosive on electrode surfaces. Using a more stable salt would confer multiple benefits for high-voltage operation, but many such electrolyte systems facilitate anodic dissolution and pitting corrosion of aluminum current collectors that negate their advantages. Lithium 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazolide (LiTDI) is a new salt that was designed specifically for high-voltage cells. In this study we demonstrate that in carbonate electrolytes, LiTDI prevents anodic dissolution of Al current collectors, which places it into a select group of corrosion inhibitors. However, we also demonstrate that LiTDI becomes reducedmore » on lithiated graphite, undergoing sequential defluorination and yielding a thick and resistive solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), which increases impedance and lowers electrode capacity. The mechanistic causes for this behavior are examined using computational chemistry methods in the light of recent spectroscopic studies. Here, we demonstrate that LiTDI reduction can be prevented by certain electrolyte additives, which include fluoroethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate and lithium bis(oxalato)borate. This beneficial action is due to preferential reduction of these additives over LiTDI at a higher potential vs. Li/Li +, so the resulting SEI can prevent the direct reduction of LiTDI at lower potentials on the graphite electrode.« less

Cleaning techniques for intense ion beam sources

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Menge, P.R.; Cuneo, M.E.; Bailey, J.E.

Generation of high power lithium ion beams on the SABRE (1TW) and PBFA-X (20 TW) accelerators have been limited by the parallel acceleration of contaminant ions. during the beam pulse lithium is replaced by protons and carbon ions. This replacement is accompanied by rapid impedance decay of the diode. The contaminant hydrogen and carbon is believed to originate from impurity molecules on the surface and in the bulk of the lithium ion source and its substrate material. Cleaning techniques designed to remove hydrocarbons from the ion source have been employed with some success in test stand experiments and on SABRE.more » The test stand experiments have shown that a lithium fluoride (LiF) ion source film can accrue dozens of hydrocarbon monolayers on its surface while sitting in vacuum. Application of 13.5 MHz RF discharge cleaning with 90% Ar/10% O{sub 2} can significantly reduce the surface hydrocarbon layers on the LiF film. On SABRE, combinations of RF discharge cleaning, anode heating, layering gold between the source film (LiF) and its substrate, and cryogenic cathode cooling produced an increase by a factor of 1.5--2 in the quantity of high energy lithium in the ion beam. A corresponding decrease in protons and carbon ions was also observed. Cleaning experiments on PBFA-X are underway. New designs of contamination resistant films and Li ion sources are currently being investigated.« less

Shield materials recommended for space power nuclear reactors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaszubinski, L. J.

1973-01-01

Lithium hydride is recommended for neutron attenuation and depleted uranium is recommended for gamma ray attenuation. For minimum shield weights these materials must be arranged in alternate layers to attenuate the secondary gamma rays efficiently. In the regions of the shield near the reactor, where excessive fissioning occurs in the uranium, a tungsten alloy is used instead. Alloys of uranium such as either the U-0.5Ti or U-8Mo are available to accommodate structural requirements. The zone-cooled casting process is recommended for lithium hydride fabrication. Internal honeycomb reinforcement to control cracks in the lithium hydride is recommended.

Electronic and Electrochemical Properties of Li 1–x Mn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 Spinel Cathodes As a Function of Lithium Content and Cation Ordering

DOE PAGES

Moorhead-Rosenberg, Zach; Huq, Ashfia; Goodenough, John B.; ...

2015-10-05

The electronic and electrochemical properties of the high-voltage spinel LiMn 1.5Ni 0.5O 4 as a function of cation ordering and lithium content have been investigated. Conductivity and activation energy measurements confirm that charge transfer occurs by small polaron hopping and the charge carrier conduction is easier in the Ni:3d band than in the in Mn:3d band. Seebeck coefficient data reveal that the Ni 2+/ 3+. and Ni 3+/ 4+ redox couples are combined in a single,3d band, and that maximum charge carrier concentration occurs where the average Ni oxidation state is close to 3+, corresponding to x = 0.5 inmore » Li Li 1-xMn 1.5Ni 0.5O 4. Furthermore, maximum electronic conductivity is found at x = 0.5, regardless of cation ordering. The thermodynamically stable phases formed during cycling were investigated by recording the X-ray diffraction (XRD) of chemically delithiated powders. The more ordered spinels maintained two separate two-phase regions upon lithium extraction, while the more disordered samples exhibited a solid-solubility region from LiMn 1.5Ni 0.5O 4 to Li 0.5Mn 1.5Ni 0.5O 4. The conductivity and phase-transformation data of four samples with varying degrees of cation ordering were compared to the electrochemical data collected with lithium cells. Only the most ordered spinel showed inferior rate performance, while the sample annealed for a shorter time performed comparable to the unannealed or disordered samples. Our results challenge the most common beliefs about high-voltage spinel: (i) low Mn 3+ content is responsible for poor rate performance and (ii) thermodynamically stable solid-solubility is critical for fast kinetics.« less

High-flux neutron source based on a liquid-lithium target

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Halfon, S.; Feinberg, G.; Paul, M.; Arenshtam, A.; Berkovits, D.; Kijel, D.; Nagler, A.; Eliyahu, I.; Silverman, I.

2013-04-01

A prototype compact Liquid Lithium Target (LiLiT), able to constitute an accelerator-based intense neutron source, was built. The neutron source is intended for nuclear astrophysical research, boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) in hospitals and material studies for fusion reactors. The LiLiT setup is presently being commissioned at Soreq Nuclear research Center (SNRC). The lithium target will produce neutrons through the 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction and it will overcome the major problem of removing the thermal power generated by a high-intensity proton beam, necessary for intense neutron flux for the above applications. The liquid-lithium loop of LiLiT is designed to generate a stable lithium jet at high velocity on a concave supporting wall with free surface toward the incident proton beam (up to 10 kW). During off-line tests, liquid lithium was flown through the loop and generated a stable jet at velocity higher than 5 m/s on the concave supporting wall. The target is now under extensive test program using a high-power electron-gun. Up to 2 kW electron beam was applied on the lithium flow at velocity of 4 m/s without any flow instabilities or excessive evaporation. High-intensity proton beam irradiation will take place at SARAF (Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility) superconducting linear accelerator currently in commissioning at SNRC.

A binder-free sulfur/reduced graphene oxide aerogel as high performance electrode materials for lithium sulfur batteries

PubMed Central

Nitze, Florian; Agostini, Marco; Lundin, Filippa; Palmqvist, Anders E. C.; Matic, Aleksandar

2016-01-01

Societies’ increasing need for energy storage makes it necessary to explore new concepts beyond the traditional lithium ion battery. A promising candidate is the lithium-sulfur technology with the potential to increase the energy density of the battery by a factor of 3–5. However, so far the many problems with the lithium-sulfur system have not been solved satisfactory. Here we report on a new approach utilizing a self-standing reduced graphene oxide based aerogel directly as electrodes, i.e. without further processing and without the addition of binder or conducting agents. We can thereby disrupt the common paradigm of “no battery without binder” and can pave the way to a lithium-sulfur battery with a high practical energy density. The aerogels are synthesized via a one-pot method and consist of more than 2/3 sulfur, contained inside a porous few-layered reduced graphene oxide matrix. By combining the graphene-based aerogel cathode with an electrolyte and a lithium metal anode, we demonstrate a lithium-sulfur cell with high areal capacity (more than 3 mAh/cm2 after 75 cycles), excellent capacity retention over 200 cycles and good sulfur utilization. Based on this performance we estimate that the energy density of this concept-cell can significantly exceed the Department of Energy (DEO) 2020-target set for transport applications. PMID:28008981

Realisation of an all solid state lithium battery using solid high temperature plastic crystal electrolytes exhibiting liquid like conductivity.

PubMed

Shekibi, Youssof; Rüther, Thomas; Huang, Junhua; Hollenkamp, Anthony F

2012-04-07

Replacement of volatile and combustible electrolytes in conventional lithium batteries is desirable for two reasons: safety concerns and increase in specific energy. In this work we consider the use of an ionic organic plastic crystal material (IOPC), N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate, [C2mpyr][BF(4)], as a solid-state electrolyte for lithium battery applications. The effect of inclusion of 1 to 33 mol% lithium tetrafluoroborate, LiBF(4), into [C2mpyr][BF(4)] has been investigated over a wide temperature range by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and cycling of full Li|LiFePO(4) batteries. The increases in ionic conductivity by orders of magnitude observed at higher temperature are most likely associated with an increase in Li ion mobility in the highest plastic phase. At concentrations >5 mol% LiBF(4) the ionic conductivity of these solid-state composites is comparable to the ionic conductivity of room temperature ionic liquids. Galvanostatic cycling of Li|Li symmetrical cells showed that the reversibility of the lithium metal redox reaction at the interface of this plastic crystal electrolyte is sufficient for lithium battery applications. For the first time we demonstrate an all solid state lithium battery incorporating solid electrolytes based on IOPC as opposed to conventional flammable organic solvents.

Neuroprotective action of lithium in disorders of the central nervous system

PubMed Central

CHIU, Chi-Tso; CHUANG, De-Maw

2011-01-01

Substantial in vitro and in vivo evidence of neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of lithium suggests that it may also have considerable potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions. Lithium's main mechanisms of action appear to stem from its ability to inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity and also to induce signaling mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. This in turn alters a wide variety of downstream efectors, with the ultimate effect of enhancing pathways to cell survival. In addition, lithium contributes to calcium homeostasis. By inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated calcium influx, for instance, it suppresses the calcium-dependent activation of pro-apoptotic signaling pathways. By inhibiting the activity of phosphoinositol phosphatases, it decreases levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, a process recently identified as a novel mechanism for inducing autophagy. These mechanisms alow therapeutic doses of lithium to protect neuronal cells from diverse insults that would otherwise lead to massive cell death. Lithium, moreover, has been shown to improve behavioral and cognitive deficits in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, including stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, fragile X syndrome, and Huntington's, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases. Since lithium is already FDA-approved for the treatment of bipolar disorder, our conclusions support the notion that its clinical relevance can be expanded to include the treatment of several neurological and neurodegenerative-related diseases. PMID:21743136

A binder-free sulfur/reduced graphene oxide aerogel as high performance electrode materials for lithium sulfur batteries.

PubMed

Nitze, Florian; Agostini, Marco; Lundin, Filippa; Palmqvist, Anders E C; Matic, Aleksandar

2016-12-23

Societies' increasing need for energy storage makes it necessary to explore new concepts beyond the traditional lithium ion battery. A promising candidate is the lithium-sulfur technology with the potential to increase the energy density of the battery by a factor of 3-5. However, so far the many problems with the lithium-sulfur system have not been solved satisfactory. Here we report on a new approach utilizing a self-standing reduced graphene oxide based aerogel directly as electrodes, i.e. without further processing and without the addition of binder or conducting agents. We can thereby disrupt the common paradigm of "no battery without binder" and can pave the way to a lithium-sulfur battery with a high practical energy density. The aerogels are synthesized via a one-pot method and consist of more than 2/3 sulfur, contained inside a porous few-layered reduced graphene oxide matrix. By combining the graphene-based aerogel cathode with an electrolyte and a lithium metal anode, we demonstrate a lithium-sulfur cell with high areal capacity (more than 3 mAh/cm 2 after 75 cycles), excellent capacity retention over 200 cycles and good sulfur utilization. Based on this performance we estimate that the energy density of this concept-cell can significantly exceed the Department of Energy (DEO) 2020-target set for transport applications.

A binder-free sulfur/reduced graphene oxide aerogel as high performance electrode materials for lithium sulfur batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nitze, Florian; Agostini, Marco; Lundin, Filippa; Palmqvist, Anders E. C.; Matic, Aleksandar

2016-12-01

Societies’ increasing need for energy storage makes it necessary to explore new concepts beyond the traditional lithium ion battery. A promising candidate is the lithium-sulfur technology with the potential to increase the energy density of the battery by a factor of 3-5. However, so far the many problems with the lithium-sulfur system have not been solved satisfactory. Here we report on a new approach utilizing a self-standing reduced graphene oxide based aerogel directly as electrodes, i.e. without further processing and without the addition of binder or conducting agents. We can thereby disrupt the common paradigm of “no battery without binder” and can pave the way to a lithium-sulfur battery with a high practical energy density. The aerogels are synthesized via a one-pot method and consist of more than 2/3 sulfur, contained inside a porous few-layered reduced graphene oxide matrix. By combining the graphene-based aerogel cathode with an electrolyte and a lithium metal anode, we demonstrate a lithium-sulfur cell with high areal capacity (more than 3 mAh/cm2 after 75 cycles), excellent capacity retention over 200 cycles and good sulfur utilization. Based on this performance we estimate that the energy density of this concept-cell can significantly exceed the Department of Energy (DEO) 2020-target set for transport applications.

Lithium rich cathode/graphite anode combination for lithium ion cells with high tolerance to near zero volt storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crompton, K. R.; Staub, J. W.; Hladky, M. P.; Landi, B. J.

2017-03-01

Management of reversible lithium is an advantageous approach to design lithium ion cells that are tolerant to near zero volt (NZV) storage under fixed resistive load towards highly controllable, enhanced user-inactive safety. Presently, the first cycle loss from a high energy density Li-rich HE5050 cathode is used to provide excess reversible lithium when paired with an appropriately capacity matched mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) anode. Cells utilizing 1.2 M LiPF6 3:7 v/v ethylene carbonate:ethyl methyl carbonate electrolyte and a lithium reference were used for 3-electrode testing. After conditioning, a fixed resistive load was applied to 3-electrode cells for 72 or 168-h during which the anode potential and electrode asymptotic potential (EAP) remained less than the copper dissolution potential. After multiple storage cycles (room temperature or 40 °C), the NZV coulombic efficiency (cell reversibility) exceeded 97% and the discharge capacity retention was >98%. Conventional 2-electrode HE5050/MCMB pouch cells stored at NZV or open circuit for 3 days had nearly identical rate capability (up to 5C) and discharge performance stability (for 500 cycles under a 30% depth of discharge low-earth-orbit regime). Thus, lithium ion cells with appropriately capacity matched HE5050/MCMB electrodes have excellent tolerance to prolonged NZV storage, which can lead to enhanced user-inactive safety.

Shuttle inhibition by chemical adsorption of lithium polysulfides in B and N co-doped graphene for Li-S batteries.

PubMed

Li, Fen; Su, Yan; Zhao, Jijun

2016-09-14

The advance of lithium sulfur batteries is now greatly restricted by the fast capacity fading induced by shuttle effect. Using first-principles calculations, various vacancies, N doping, and B,N co-doping in graphene sheets have been systematically explored for lithium polysufides entrapped in Li-S batteries. The LiS, LiC, LiN and SB bonds and Hirshfeld charges in the Li 2 S 6 adsorbed defective graphene systems have been analyzed to understand the intrinsic mechanism of retaining lithium polysulfides in these systems. Total and local densities of states analyses elucidate the strongest adsorption sites among the N and B-N co-doped graphene systems. The overall electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries varies with the types of defects in graphene. Among the defective graphene systems, only the reconstructed pyrrole-like vacancy is effective for retaining lithium polysulfides. N doping induces a strong LiN interaction in the defective graphene systems, in which the pyrrolic N rather than the pyridinic N plays a dominant role in trapping of lithium polysulfides. The shuttle effect can be further depressed via pyrrolic B,N co-doped defective graphene materials, especially the G-B-N-hex system with extremely strong adsorption of lithium polysulfides (4-5 eV), and simultaneous contribution from the strong LiN and SB interactions.

High-flux neutron source based on a liquid-lithium target

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Halfon, S.; Feinberg, G.; Paul, M.

2013-04-19

A prototype compact Liquid Lithium Target (LiLiT), able to constitute an accelerator-based intense neutron source, was built. The neutron source is intended for nuclear astrophysical research, boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) in hospitals and material studies for fusion reactors. The LiLiT setup is presently being commissioned at Soreq Nuclear research Center (SNRC). The lithium target will produce neutrons through the {sup 7}Li(p,n){sup 7}Be reaction and it will overcome the major problem of removing the thermal power generated by a high-intensity proton beam, necessary for intense neutron flux for the above applications. The liquid-lithium loop of LiLiT is designed to generatemore » a stable lithium jet at high velocity on a concave supporting wall with free surface toward the incident proton beam (up to 10 kW). During off-line tests, liquid lithium was flown through the loop and generated a stable jet at velocity higher than 5 m/s on the concave supporting wall. The target is now under extensive test program using a high-power electron-gun. Up to 2 kW electron beam was applied on the lithium flow at velocity of 4 m/s without any flow instabilities or excessive evaporation. High-intensity proton beam irradiation will take place at SARAF (Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility) superconducting linear accelerator currently in commissioning at SNRC.« less

Structural and Luminescent property of Holmium doped Borate Glasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Usharani, V. L.; Eraiah, B.

2018-02-01

Holmium doped Lithium Lead Borate glasses of different compositions were prepared by melt quenching technique. Fourier transform infrared investigations on lithium lead borate glasses have been made to study the local order and vibrations of atoms in the glass network and it contains mainly BO3 and BO4 structural units. Photoluminescence techniques were employed to investigate the luminescent property of these glasses excited at 451nm. Blue emission have been observed from the transition 495 (5F3 → 5I8).

A novel electrolyte salt additive for lithium-ion batteries with voltages greater than 4.7 V

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Yunchao; Wan, Shun; Veith, Gabriel M.

2016-11-07

Here, lithium bis(2-methyl-2-fluoromalonato)borate (LiBMFMB), as an additive in conventional electrolyte for LiNi 0.5Mn 1.5O 4, exhibits improved coulombic efficiencies and cycling stability. Cyclic voltammograms indicate the cells with additive form good SEIs during the first cycle whereas no additive cell needs more cycles to form a functional SEI. XPS reveals LiBMFMB could reduce the decomposition of LiPF 6 salt and solvents, resulting in thinner SEI.

Recovery and recycling of lithium value from spent lithium titanate (Li2TiO3) pebbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mandal, D.

2013-09-01

In the first generation fusion reactors the fusion of deuterium (D) and tritium (T) is considered to produce energy to meet the future energy demand. Deuterium is available in nature whereas, tritium is not. Lithium-6 (Li6) isotope has the ability to produce tritium in the n, α nuclear reaction with neutrons. Thus lithium-based ceramics enriched by Li6 isotope are considered for the tritium generation for its use in future fusion reactors. Lithium titanate is one such Li-based ceramic material being considered for its some attractive properties viz., high thermal and chemical stability, high thermal conductivity, and low tritium solubility. It is reported in the literature, that the burn up of these pebbles in the fusion reactor will be limited to only 15-17 atomic percentage. At the end of life, the pebbles will contain more than 45% unused Li6 isotope. Due to the high cost of enriched Li6 and the waste disposal considerations, it is necessary to recover the unused Li from the spent lithium titanate pebbles. Till date, only the feasibilities of different processes are reported, but no process details are available. Experiments were carried out for the recovery of Li from simulated Li2TiO3 pebbles and to reuse of lithium in lithium titanate pebble fabrication. The details of the experiments and results are discussed in this paper. Simulated lithium titanate (Li2TiO3) pebbles. The objective of the study is to develop a process which can be used to recover lithium value form the spent Li2TiO3 pebbles from future fusion reactor. The Li2TiO3 pebbles used in the study were synthesized and fabricated by the solid state reaction process developed by Mandal et al. described in details somewhere else [1,2]. Spherical Li2TiO3 pebbles of size 1.0 mm were used and the properties of the Li2TiO3 pebbles used in the study are shown in Table 1. Hydrochloric acid (HCl), of 99.8% purity, purchased from Merck and Loba Chemicals, Mumbai, India. To leach lithium from Li2TiO3 Hydrochloric acid was used. The reasons to use hydrochloric acid are discussed below. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) analytical grade, procured form Merck Chemicals, Mumbai, India. To precipitate lithium as lithium carbonate from lithium hydroxide solution sodium carbonate was used. Distilled water. Distilled was used in the experiments, primarily to dilute hydrochloric acid to the desired molar solution. Leaching agent. Concentration of the leaching agent. Temperature. Speed of agitation. Solid to liquid ratio, and Particle Size. In the experimental work spherical Li2TiO3 pebbles of size 1.0 was used as mentioned above. To study the effect of particle size on the recovery of lithium from fine Li2TiO3 particles of size range 100-200 μm were used. These fines were obtained by pulverizing 1.0 mm Li2TiO3 pebbles in a planetary ball mill and classified standard sieves.It is reported that both HNO3 and HCl give relatively more recovery of lithium compared to H2SO4[11-13]. Though the handling of HCl is difficulties due to the chloride corrosion, it is preferred to HNO3 because the deposal of nitrate waste which will generate due to the latter's use viz. sodium nitrate is a problem as per the norms of pollution control standard [11,12].The leaching of Li2TiO3 pebbles were carried out in a 1000 ml three necked and flat bottom glass reactor. The flux was fitted with a reflux condenser to reduce the loss of solution by evaporation and a thermometer. The solid was suspended in the solution by stirring the solution using a magnetic stirrer. The flux was kept on a hot plate with a temperature controller to heat the slurry at constant temperature. The temperature of the solution was controlled within ±3 °C and the temperature of the slurry was noted at an interval of 5 min and the average temperature of each run is determined by time average of the noted readings.A known of volume of HCl solution with known concentration was added to the flux. After the desired stirring speed and reaction temperature were attained, the solid sample of 5 g was added to the solution in reactor. 5 ml solution was withdrawn and filtered after specific time for analyzing the concentration of lithium in the solution by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and 5 ml fresh lixiviant was added into the reactor immediately to maintain the volume of the solution constant.To obtain the optimum conditions, leaching experiments were tested under various conditions, i.e. changing speed of agitation, temperature, S/L ratio and concentration of the acid.

Novel lithium titanate-graphene hybrid containing two graphene conductive frameworks for lithium-ion battery with excellent electrochemical performance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ruiyi, Li; Tengyuan, Chen; Beibei, Sun

Graphical abstract: We developed a new Novel lithium titanate-graphene nanohybrid containing two graphene conductive frameworks. The unique architecture creates fast electron transfer and rapid mass transport of electrolyte. The hybrid electrode provides excellent electrochemical performances for lithium-ion batteries, including high specific capacity, outstanding rate capability and intriguing cycling stability. - Highlights: • We reported a new LTO-graphene nanohybrid containing two graphene conductive frameworks. • One graphene framework greatly improves the electrical conductivity of LTO crystal. • Another graphene framework enhances electrical conductivity of between LTO crystals and electrolyte transport. • The unique architecture creates big tap density, ultrafast electron transfermore » and rapid mass transport. • The hybrid electrode provides excellent electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries. - ABSTRACT: The paper reported the synthesis of lithium titanate(LTO)-graphene hybrid containing two graphene conductive frameworks (G@LTO@G). Tetrabutyl titanate and graphene were dispersed in tertbutanol and heated to reflux state by microwave irradiation. Followed by adding lithium acetate to produce LTO precursor/graphene (p-LTO/G). The resulting p-LTO/G offers homogeneous morphology and ultra small size. All graphene sheets were buried in the spherical agglomerates composed of primitive particles through the second agglomeration. The p-LTO/G was calcined to LTO@graphene (LTO@G). To obtain G@LTO@G, the LTO@G was further hybridized with graphene. The as-prepared G@LTO@G shows well-defined three-dimensional structure and hierarchical porous distribution. Its unique architecture creates big tap density, fast electron transfer and rapid electrolyte transport. As a result, the G@LTO@G provides high specific capacity (175.2 mA h g{sup −1} and 293.5 mA cm{sup −3}), outstanding rate capability (155.7 mAh g{sup −1} at 10C) and intriguing cycling stability (97.2% capacity retention at 5C after 1000 cycles)« less

High-power electron beam tests of a liquid-lithium target and characterization study of (7)Li(p,n) near-threshold neutrons for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy.

PubMed

Halfon, S; Paul, M; Arenshtam, A; Berkovits, D; Cohen, D; Eliyahu, I; Kijel, D; Mardor, I; Silverman, I

2014-06-01

A compact Liquid-Lithium Target (LiLiT) was built and tested with a high-power electron gun at Soreq Nuclear Research Center (SNRC). The target is intended to demonstrate liquid-lithium target capabilities to constitute an accelerator-based intense neutron source for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) in hospitals. The lithium target will produce neutrons through the (7)Li(p,n)(7)Be reaction and it will overcome the major problem of removing the thermal power >5kW generated by high-intensity proton beams, necessary for sufficient therapeutic neutron flux. In preliminary experiments liquid lithium was flown through the target loop and generated a stable jet on the concave supporting wall. Electron beam irradiation demonstrated that the liquid-lithium target can dissipate electron power densities of more than 4kW/cm(2) and volumetric power density around 2MW/cm(3) at a lithium flow of ~4m/s, while maintaining stable temperature and vacuum conditions. These power densities correspond to a narrow (σ=~2mm) 1.91MeV, 3mA proton beam. A high-intensity proton beam irradiation (1.91-2.5MeV, 2mA) is being commissioned at the SARAF (Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility) superconducting linear accelerator. In order to determine the conditions of LiLiT proton irradiation for BNCT and to tailor the neutron energy spectrum, a characterization of near threshold (~1.91MeV) (7)Li(p,n) neutrons is in progress based on Monte-Carlo (MCNP and Geant4) simulation and on low-intensity experiments with solid LiF targets. In-phantom dosimetry measurements are performed using special designed dosimeters based on CR-39 track detectors. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

STUDY ON LITHIUM FAST ION CONDUCTORS OF Li2O SiO2 V2O5 SYSTEM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Geng; Wang, Wenji

Fast ion conductors of Li2O SiO2 V2O5 system have been prepared by using Li2O, SiO2 and V2O5 as starting materials. The optimal ratio of starting materials was designed by Uniform Design. The conductivities of both electric and ionic were investigated. The highest ion conductivity is 1.5 × 10-4S/cm at ambient temperature for the above lithium fast ion conductor system, the electronic conductivity is 4 orders of magnitude lower than the ionic conductivity.

Study of multiple hologram recording in lithium niobate

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gaylord, T. K.; Callen, W. R.

1974-01-01

The results of detailed experimental and theoretical considerations relating to multiple hologram recording in lithium niobate are reported. The following problem areas are identified and discussed: (1) the angular selectivity of the stored holograms, (2) interference effects due to the crystal surfaces, (3) beam divergence effects, (4) material recording sensitivity, and (5) scattered light from material inhomogeneities.

Double-Blind 18-Month Trial of Lithium Versus Divalproex Maintenance Treatment in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Findling, Robert L.; McNamara, Nora K.; Youngstrom, Eric A.; Stansbrey, Robert; Gracious, Barbara L.; Reed, Michael D.; Calabrese, Joseph R.

2005-01-01

Objective: To determine whether divalproex sodium (DVPX) was superior to lithium carbonate ([Li.sup.+]) in the maintenance monotherapy treatment of youths diagnosed with bipolar disorder who had been previously stabilized on combination [Li.sup.+] and DVPX ([Li.sup.+]/DVPX) pharmacotherapy. Method: Youths ages 5-17 years with bipolar I or II…

A study of the effects of synthesis conditions on Li5FeO4/carbon nanotube composites

PubMed Central

Lee, Suk-Woo; Kim, Hyun-Kyung; Kim, Myeong-Seong; Roh, Kwang Chul; Kim, Kwang-Bum

2017-01-01

Li5FeO4/carbon nanotube (LFO/CNT) composites composed of sub-micron sized LFO and a nanocarbon with high electrical conductivity were successfully synthesized for the use as lithium ion predoping source in lithium ion cells. The phase of LFO in the composite was found to be very sensitive to the synthesis conditions, such as the heat treatment temperature, type of lithium salt, and physical state of the precursors (powder or pellet), due to the carbothermic reduction of Fe3O4 by CNTs during high temperature solid state reaction. Under optimized synthesis conditions, LFO/CNT composites could be synthesized without the formation of impurities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis and characterization of a sub-micron sized LFO/CNT composites. PMID:28422146

A study of the effects of synthesis conditions on Li5FeO4/carbon nanotube composites.

PubMed

Lee, Suk-Woo; Kim, Hyun-Kyung; Kim, Myeong-Seong; Roh, Kwang Chul; Kim, Kwang-Bum

2017-04-19

Li 5 FeO 4 /carbon nanotube (LFO/CNT) composites composed of sub-micron sized LFO and a nanocarbon with high electrical conductivity were successfully synthesized for the use as lithium ion predoping source in lithium ion cells. The phase of LFO in the composite was found to be very sensitive to the synthesis conditions, such as the heat treatment temperature, type of lithium salt, and physical state of the precursors (powder or pellet), due to the carbothermic reduction of Fe 3 O 4 by CNTs during high temperature solid state reaction. Under optimized synthesis conditions, LFO/CNT composites could be synthesized without the formation of impurities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis and characterization of a sub-micron sized LFO/CNT composites.

Study of the temperature dependent transport properties in nanocrystalline lithium lanthanum titanate for lithium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abhilash, K. P.; Christopher Selvin, P.; Nalini, B.; Somasundaram, K.; Sivaraj, P.; Chandra Bose, A.

2016-04-01

The nano-crystalline Li0.5La0.5TiO3 (LLTO) was prepared as an electrolyte material for lithium-ion batteries by the sol-gel method. The prepared LLTO material is characterized by structural, morphological and electrical characterizations. The LLTO shows the cubic perovskite structure with superlattice formation. The uniform distribution of LLTO particles has been analyzed by the SEM and TEM analysis of the sample. Impedance measurements at various temperatures were carried out and the temperature dependent conductivity of as prepared LLTO nanopowders at different temperatures from room temperature to 448 K has been analyzed. The transport mechanism has been analyzed using the dielectric and modulus analysis of the sample. Maximum grain conductivity of the order of 10-3 S cm-1 has been obtained for the sample at higher temperatures.

Population pharmacokinetic model of lithium and drug compliance assessment.

PubMed

Pérez-Castelló, Isabel; Mangas-Sanjuan, Víctor; González-García, Ignacio; Gonzalez-Alvarez, Isabel; Bermejo, Marival; Marco-Garbayo, Jose Luis; Trocóniz, Iñaki F

2016-12-01

Population pharmacokinetic analysis of lithium during therapeutic drug monitoring and drug compliance assessment was performed in 54 patients and 246 plasma concentrations levels were included in this study. Patients received several treatment cycles (1-9) and one plasma concentration measurement for each patient was obtained always before starting next cycle (pre-dose) at steady state. Data were analysed using the population approach with NONMEM version 7.2. Lithium measurements were described using a two-compartment model (CL/F=0.41Lh -1 , V 1 /F=15.3L, Q/F=0.61Lh -1 , and V 2 /F = 15.8L) and the most significant covariate on lithium CL was found to be creatinine clearance (reference model). Lithium compliance was analysed using inter-occasion variability or Markovian features (previous lithium measurement as ordered categorical covariate) on bioavailability parameter. Markov-type model predicted the lithium compliance in the next cycle with higher success rate (79.8%) compared to IOV model (65.2%) and reference model (43.2%). This model becomes an efficient tool, not only being able to adequately describe the observed outcome, but also to predict the individual drug compliance in the next cycle. Therefore, Bipolar disorder patients can be classified regarding their probability to become extensive or poor compliers in the next cycle and then, individual probabilities lower than 0.5 highlight the need of intensive monitoring, as well as other pharmaceutical care measurements that might be applied to enhance drug compliance for a better and safer lithium treatment. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP. All rights reserved.

Common effects of lithium and valproate on mitochondrial functions: protection against methamphetamine-induced mitochondrial damage.

PubMed

Bachmann, Rosilla F; Wang, Yun; Yuan, Peixiong; Zhou, Rulun; Li, Xiaoxia; Alesci, Salvatore; Du, Jing; Manji, Husseini K

2009-07-01

Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the progression of a variety of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Thus, enhancing mitochondrial function could potentially help ameliorate the impairments of neural plasticity and cellular resilience associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. A series of studies was undertaken to investigate the effects of mood stabilizers on mitochondrial function, and against mitochondrially mediated neurotoxicity. We found that long-term treatment with lithium and valproate (VPA) enhanced cell respiration rate. Furthermore, chronic treatment with lithium or VPA enhanced mitochondrial function as determined by mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial oxidation in SH-SY5Y cells. In-vivo studies showed that long-term treatment with lithium or VPA protected against methamphetamine (Meth)-induced toxicity at the mitochondrial level. Furthermore, these agents prevented the Meth-induced reduction of mitochondrial cytochrome c, the mitochondrial anti-apoptotic Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity. Oligoarray analysis demonstrated that the gene expression of several proteins related to the apoptotic pathway and mitochondrial functions were altered by Meth, and these changes were attenuated by treatment with lithium or VPA. One of the genes, Bcl-2, is a common target for lithium and VPA. Knock-down of Bcl-2 with specific Bcl-2 siRNA reduced the lithium- and VPA-induced increases in mitochondrial oxidation. These findings illustrate that lithium and VPA enhance mitochondrial function and protect against mitochondrially mediated toxicity. These agents may have potential clinical utility in the treatment of other diseases associated with impaired mitochondrial function, such as neurodegenerative diseases and schizophrenia.

Lithium tri borate (LiB3O5) embedded polymer electret for mechanical sensing application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murugan, S.; Praveen, E.; Prasad, M. V. N.; Jayakumar, K.

2017-05-01

Lithium tri borate (LiB3O5) particles were synthesized by precipitation assisted high temperature solid state reaction. The particles were embedded in chitosan polymer and used as an electret. This electret was characterized for the suitability as a sensing element in vibration accelerometer. It is observed that LiB3O5 embedded electret exhibiting piezoelectric property. The electret is also giving an isolation of > 999 MΩ at 100 Vdc, 250 Vdc, 500 Vdc and 1kVdc confirms compatible for intrinsically safe sensing alternative in vibration accelerometer.

Changes in body weight and body mass index among psychiatric patients receiving lithium, valproate, or topiramate: an open-label, nonrandomized chart review.

PubMed

Chengappa, K N Roy; Chalasani, L; Brar, Jaspreet S; Parepally, H; Houck, Patricia; Levine, Joseph

2002-10-01

Subsets of psychiatric patients gain excess body weight while receiving mood-stabilizing agents such as lithium carbonate or valproate sodium. Patients who gain excess weight may discontinue therapy, with severe consequences. Among the newer anticonvulsant agents, topiramate is a candidate agent for bipolar disorder and is associated with weight loss when used as adjunctive treatment. This open-label, nonrandomized, chart-review study assessed changes in body weight and body mass index (BMI) in patients receiving topiramate, lithium, or valproate. Data were extracted from the medical charts of patients admitted in 1999 and 2000 to a state psychiatric hospital with either schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or other psychiatric diagnoses who were prescribed valproate, lithium, or topiramate and were reviewed for changes in body weight and BMI. The use of concomitant psychotropic medicines was recorded (eg, antipsychotic agents, antidepressant agents, other mood stabilizers such as gabapentin or carbamazepine). Continuous variables were analyzed using a factorial analysis of variance and the Student t test. Contingency statistics were used to analyze categorical variables. A total of 214 patients were included in the chart review (123 men, 91 women; mean age, 39.4 years). Significantly more women than men received topiramate (P = 0.004). Patients receiving either lithium or valproate gained a mean (SD) of 6.3 (9.0) kg and 6.4 (9.0) kg, respectively, whereas patients receiving topiramate lost a mean 1.2 (6.3) kg (F = 11.54, df = 2,198; P < 0.001). Lithium- or valproate-treated patients experienced an increase in BMI (mean, 2.1 [3.0] for both groups), whereas topiramate-treated patients experienced a reduction in BMI (mean, -0.5 [2.4]); this result was statistically significant (F = 11.40, df = 2,198; P < 0.001). Finally, lithium- or valproate-treated patients gained >8% of their baseline body weight (8.2% [11.5%] for lithium-treated patients and 8.5% [11.9%] for valproate-treated patients), whereas topiramate-treated patients lost 0.7% (7.2%) of their body weight (F = 9.93, df= 2,198; P < 0.001). Controlled studies for the efficacy of topiramate therapy in various psychiatric conditions are awaited. These data indicate that patients receiving topiramate experience body weight loss and a reduction in BMI. This advantage of topiramate may promote long-term adherence to treatment among psychiatric patients and possibly decrease the medical risks associated with obesity.

Operating experiences with electrolytes containing lithium fluoride

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wendt, Günther

1971-12-01

Additions of lithium salts to the cryolite bath of horizontal stud Soederberg cells have been tested for the last 10 years, at first with some pilot cells and then with full potlines of 35 and 40 kamp cells. Under special conditions, economic benefits result. Voltage, power, anode paste, and fluorine electrolyte consumptions are lower; current efficiency is increased. On the other hand, more attention is necessary in pot operations because the alumina solubility is reduced. The addition of a readily soluble alumina is advantageous. The LiF-content in the electrolyte seems to be limited according to type of pot to 2 to 5 pct. Type and method of adding the lithium salts affect the consumption of lithium salts. The influence of supplementary additions, as CaF2, KF, MgF2, and NaCl, will be discussed.

New Aptes Cross-linked Polymers from Poly(ethylene oxide)s and Cyanuric Chloride for Lithium Batteries

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tigelaar, Dean M.; Meador, Mary Ann B.; Kinder, James D.; Bennett, William R.

2005-01-01

A new series of polymer electrolytes for use as membranes for lithium batteries are described. Electrolytes were made by polymerization between cyanuric chloride and diamino-terminated poly(ethylene oxide)s, followed by cross-linking via a sol-gel process. Thermal analysis and lithium conductivity of freestanding polymer films were studied. The effects of several variables on conductivity were investigated, such as length of backbone PEO chain, length of branching PEO chain, extent of branching, extent of cross-linking, salt content, and salt counterion. Polymer films with the highest percentage of PEO were found to be the most conductive, with a maximum lithium conductivity of 3.9 x 10(exp -5) S/cm at 25 C. Addition of plasticizer to the dry polymers increased conductivity by an order of magnitude.

Effects of lithium doping on microstructure, electrical properties, and chemical bonds of sol-gel derived NKN thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Chun-Cheng; Chen, Chan-Ching; Weng, Chung-Ming; Chu, Sheng-Yuan; Hong, Cheng-Shong; Tsai, Cheng-Che

2015-02-01

Highly (100/110) oriented lead-free Lix(Na0.5K0.5)1-xNbO3 (LNKN, x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06) thin films are fabricated on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates via a sol-gel processing method. The lithium (Li) dopants modify the microstructure and chemical bonds of the LNKN films, and therefore improve their electrical properties. The optimal values of the remnant polarization (Pr = 14.3 μC/cm2), piezoelectric coefficient (d33 = 48.1 pm/V), and leakage current (<10-5 A/cm2) are obtained for a lithium addition of x = 0.04 (i.e., 4 at. %). The observation results suggest that the superior electrical properties are the result of an improved crystallization, a larger grain size, and a smoother surface morphology. It is shown that the ion transport mechanism is dominated by an Ohmic behavior under low electric fields and the Poole-Frenkel emission effect under high electric fields.

Lithium as a prooxidant? A possible protective role of selenium - in vitro study.

PubMed

Musik, Irena; Kiełczykowska, Małgorzata; Rajtar, Barbara; Świątek, Łukasz; Polz-Dacewicz, Małgorzata; Kocot, Joanna

2017-09-21

Lithium is used in medicine but its application may cause diverse side effects. Selenium has been found to show protective properties against negative influence of different harmful factors. This study was aimed at evaluating the influence of non-toxic dose of lithium on antioxidant parameters in FaDu (ATCC HTB-43) and Vero (ECACC No. 84113001) cell lines as well as the possible protective effect of non-toxic concentration of sodium selenite. The cells were subjected to 0.17 mmol/L of Li₂CO₃ and/or 2.9 µmol/L of Na₂SeO₃ · 5H₂O for Vero as well as 0.47 mmol/L of Li₂CO₃ and/or 3.0 µmol/L of Na₂SeO₃ · 5H₂O for FaDu cells. The incubation was continued for the subsequent 72 h. In the cells total antioxidant status (TAS) values, activities of antioxidant enzymes - superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as well as the reduced glutathione concentration (GSH) were determined. In Vero cells lithium decreased all studied parameters, particularly GPx. Selenium co-treatment showed a distinct protective effect. In FaDu cells the similar effect was observed only in case of GSH. The results point to differences in action of lithium and selenium in physiological and pathological state. As long-term lithium therapy is applied in psychiatric patients the results regarding Vero line let suggest that selenium might be considered as an adjuvant alleviating side effects of Li-treatment.

Homeostasis of chosen bioelements in organs of rats receiving lithium and/or selenium.

PubMed

Kiełczykowska, Małgorzata; Musik, Irena; Żelazowska, Renata; Lewandowska, Anna; Kurzepa, Jacek; Kocot, Joanna

2016-10-01

Lithium is an essential trace element, widely used in medicine and its application is often long-term. Despite beneficial effects, its administration can lead to severe side effects including hyperparathyroidism, renal and thyroid disorders. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the influence of lithium and/or selenium treatment on magnesium, calcium and silicon levels in rats' organs as well as the possibility of using selenium as an adjuvant in lithium therapy. The study was performed on rats divided into four groups (six animals each): control-treated with saline; Li-treated with Li2CO3 (2.7 mg Li/kg b.w.); Se-treated with Na2SeO3·H2O (0.5 mg Se/kg b.w.); Se + Li-treated simultaneously with Li2CO3 and Na2SeO3·H2O (2.7 mg Li/kg b.w. and of 0.5 mg Se/kg b.w., respectively). The administration was performed in form of water solutions by stomach tube once a day for 3 weeks. In the organs (liver, kidney, brain, spleen, heart, lung and femoral muscle) the concentrations of magnesium, calcium and silicon were determined. Magnesium was increased in liver of Se and Se + Li given rats. Lithium decreased tissue Ca and co-administration of selenium reversed this effect. Silicon was not affected by any treatment. The beneficial effect of selenium on disturbances of calcium homeostasis let suggest that further research on selenium application as an adjuvant in lithium therapy is worth being performed.

The seven sisters DANCe. II. Proper motions and the lithium rotation-activity connection for G and K Pleiades

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barrado, D.; Bouy, H.; Bouvier, J.; Moraux, E.; Sarro, L. M.; Bertin, E.; Cuillandre, J.-C.; Stauffer, J. R.; Lillo-Box, J.; Pollock, A.

2016-12-01

Context. Stellar clusters open the window to understanding stellar evolution and, in particular, the change with time and the dependence on mass of different stellar properties. As such, stellar clusters act as laboratories where different theories can be tested. Aims: We try to understand the origin of the connection between lithium depletion in F, G, and K stars, rotation and activity in the Pleiades open cluster. Methods: We have collected all the relevant data in the literature, including information regarding rotation period, binarity, and activity, and cross-matched this data with proper motions, multiwavelength photometry, and membership probability from the DANCe database. To avoid biases, we only included single members of the Pleiades with probabilities larger than 75% in the discussion. Results: The analysis confirms that there is a strong link between activity, rotation, and the lithium equivalent width excess, especially for the range Lum(bol) = 0.5-0.2L⊙ (about K2-K7 spectral types or 0.75-0.95 M⊙). Conclusions: It is not possible to disentangle these effects, but we cannot exclude that the observed lithium overabundance is partially an observational effect from enhanced activity owing to a large coverage by stellar spots induced by high rotation rates. Since a bona fide lithium enhancement is present in young, fast rotators, both activity and rotation should play a role in the lithium problem. Tables 1-3 are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (http://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/596/A113

Meta-analysis of pharmacogenetic interactions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis clinical trials.

PubMed

van Eijk, Ruben P A; Jones, Ashley R; Sproviero, William; Shatunov, Aleksey; Shaw, Pamela J; Leigh, P Nigel; Young, Carolyn A; Shaw, Christopher E; Mora, Gabriele; Mandrioli, Jessica; Borghero, Giuseppe; Volanti, Paolo; Diekstra, Frank P; van Rheenen, Wouter; Verstraete, Esther; Eijkemans, Marinus J C; Veldink, Jan H; Chio, Adriano; Al-Chalabi, Ammar; van den Berg, Leonard H; van Es, Michael A

2017-10-31

To assess whether genetic subgroups in recent amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) trials responded to treatment with lithium carbonate, but that the treatment effect was lost in a large cohort of nonresponders. Individual participant data were obtained from 3 randomized trials investigating the efficacy of lithium carbonate. We matched clinical data with data regarding the UNC13A and C9orf72 genotype. Our primary outcome was survival at 12 months. On an exploratory basis, we assessed whether the effect of lithium depended on the genotype. Clinical data were available for 518 of the 606 participants. Overall, treatment with lithium carbonate did not improve 12-month survival (hazard ratio [HR] 1.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.7-1.4; p = 0.96). Both the UNC13A and C9orf72 genotype were independent predictors of survival (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.3-4.3; p = 0.006 and HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.2; p = 0.032, respectively). The effect of lithium was different for UNC13A carriers ( p = 0.027), but not for C9orf72 carriers ( p = 0.22). The 12-month survival probability for UNC13A carriers treated with lithium carbonate improved from 40.1% (95% CI 23.2-69.1) to 69.7% (95% CI 50.4-96.3). This study incorporated genetic data into past ALS trials to determine treatment effects in a genetic post hoc analysis. Our results suggest that we should reorient our strategies toward finding treatments for ALS, start focusing on genotype-targeted treatments, and standardize genotyping in order to optimize randomization and analysis for future clinical trials. Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.

Treatment of Suicide Attempters With Bipolar Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Lithium and Valproate in the Prevention of Suicidal Behavior

PubMed Central

Oquendo, Maria A.; Galfalvy, Hanga C.; Currier, Dianne; Grunebaum, Michael F.; Sher, Leo; Sullivan, Gregory M.; Burke, Ainsley K.; Harkavy-Friedman, Jill; Sublette, M. Elizabeth; Parsey, Ramin V.; Mann, J. John

2013-01-01

Objective Bipolar disorder is associated with high risk for suicidal acts. Observational studies suggest a protective effect of lithium against suicidal behavior. However, testing this effect in randomized clinical trials is logistically and ethically challenging. The authors tested the hypothesis that lithium offers bipolar patients with a history of suicide attempt greater protection against suicidal behavior compared to valproate. Method Patients with bipolar disorder and past suicide attempts (N=98) were randomly assigned to treatment with lithium or valproate, plus adjunctive medications as indicated, in a double-blind 2.5-year trial. An intent-to-treat analysis was performed using the log-rank test for survival data. Two models were fitted: time to suicide attempt and time to suicide event (attempt or hospitalization or change in medication in response to suicide plans). Results There were 45 suicide events in 35 participants, including 18 suicide attempts made by 14 participants, six from the lithium group and eight from the valproate group. There were no suicides. Intent-to-treat analysis using the log-rank test showed no differences between treatment groups in time to suicide attempt or to suicide event. Post hoc power calculations revealed that the modest sample size, reflective of challenges in recruitment, only permits detection of a relative risk of 5 or greater. Conclusions Despite the high frequency of suicide events during the study, this randomized controlled trial detected no difference between lithium and valproate in time to suicide attempt or suicide event in a sample of suicide attempters with bipolar disorder. However, smaller clinically significant differences between the two drugs were not ruled out. PMID:21768611

Advances in ambient temperature secondary lithium cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Subbarao, S.; Shen, D. H.; Deligiannis, F.; Huang, C-K.; Halpert, G.

1989-01-01

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is involved in a Research and Development program sponsored by NASA/OAST on the development of ambient temperature secondary lithium cells for future space applications. Some of the projected applications are planetary spacecraft, planetary rovers, and astronaut equipment. The main objective is to develop secondary lithium cells with greater than 100 Wh/kg specific energy while delivering 1000 cycles at 50 percent Depth of Discharge (DOD). To realize these ambitious goals, the work was initially focused on several important basic issues related to the cell chemistry, selection of cathode materials and electrolytes, and component development. The performance potential of Li-TiS2, Li-MoS3, Li-V6O13 and Li-NbSe3 electrochemical systems was examined. Among these four, the Li-TiS2 system was found to be the most promising system in terms of realizable specific energy and cycle life. Some of the major advancements made so far in the development of Li-TiS2 cells are in the areas of cathode processing technology, mixed solvent electrolytes, and cell assembly. Methods were developed for the fabrication of large size high performance TiS2 cathodes. Among the various electrolytes examined, 1.5M LiAsF6/EC + 2-MeTHF mixed solvent electrolyte was found to be more stable towards lithium. Experimental cells activated with this electrolyte exhibited more than 300 cycles at 100 percent Depth of Discharge. Work is in progress in other areas such as selection of lithium alloys as candidate anode materials, optimization of cell design, and development of 5 Ah cells. The advances made at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory on the development of secondary lithium cells are summarized.

Elevated neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin 4/5 levels in unmedicated bipolar depression and the effects of lithium.

PubMed

Loch, Alexandre A; Zanetti, Marcus V; de Sousa, Rafael T; Chaim, Tiffany M; Serpa, Mauricio H; Gattaz, Wagner F; Teixeira, Antonio L; Machado-Vieira, Rodrigo

2015-01-02

Bipolar disorder (BD) has been associated with diverse abnormalities in neural plasticity and cellular resilience. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5) support synaptic neuronal survival and differentiation. NT-3 and NT-4/5 levels were found to be altered in BD, potentially representing a physiological response against cellular stress. However, the use of psychopharmacological agents and heterogeneous mood states may constitute important biases in such studies. Thus, we aimed to assess NT-3 and NT-4/5 levels in medication-free BD type I or II individuals in a current depressive episode, before and after 6 weeks of lithium monotherapy and matched with healthy controls. Twenty-three patients with BD type I or II during a depressive episode and 28 healthy controls were studied. Patients were required to have a 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score ≥18 and had not undergone any psychopharmacological treatment for at least 6 weeks prior to study entry. Patients were treated with lithium for 6 weeks and plasma NT-3 and NT-4/5 levels were determined at baseline and endpoint using ELISA method. Baseline plasma levels of both NT-3 and NT-4/5 were significantly increased in acutely depressed BD subjects in comparison to healthy controls (p=0.040 and 0.039, respectively). The NT-3 and NT-4/5 levels did not significantly change after lithium treatment. NT-3 and NT-4/5 levels were positively correlated to illness duration in BD (p=0.032 and 0.034, respectively). Our findings suggest that NT-3 and NT-4/5 levels are increased in the depressive phase of BD, which seems directly associated with illness duration. The increased levels of NT-3 and NT-4/5 may underlie a biological response to cellular stress associated with the course of BD. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Elaborate strategy for preparing Li4Ti5O12-based anode materials with significantly improved lithium storage: TiO2 nanodots in-situ decoration and hierarchical structure construction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Hui; Tian, Qinghua; Huang, Jun; Bao, Dongmei; Zhang, Zhengxi; Yang, Li

2017-11-01

Spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) has attracted extensive attention as potential anode materials for power lithium-ion batteries due to its outstanding structural stability and remarkable safety. However, it's practical application yet be limited by such disadvantages of dissatisfied specific capacity, poor electron conductivity and low lithium-ion diffusion coefficient. Thus, design and preparation of LTO anodes with desirable performance is still a challenge. Herein, we have successfully and greatly improved the performance of LTO anodes, in terms of rate capability, life and specific capacity in particular via dot-to-face anatase TiO2in-situ decoration and hierarchical structure construction under a facile approach (directly using the tetrabutyl titanate as titanium source instead of specially prepared titanium oxide precursors). The as-prepared LTO-based anode (denoted as T-LTO) delivers an ultra-high reversible specific capacity of 196.5 mAh g-1 after 300 cycles at 20 mA g-1, and superior rate performance and even ultra-long life of more than 145.8 mAh g-1 at 28.5C between 1.0 and 3.0 V. The achieved outstanding electrochemical performance largely surpasses that of reportedly state-of-the-art LTO-based anode materials. This work may open up a broader vision into developing advanced LTO-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

In situ characterization of charge rate dependent stress and structure changes in V 2O 5 cathode prepared by atomic layer deposition

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jung, Hyun; Gerasopoulos, Konstantinos; Talin, Albert Alec

Here, the insertion/extraction of lithium into/from various host materials is the basic process by which lithium-ion batteries reversible store charge. This process is generally accompanied by strain in the host material, inducing stress which can lead to capacity loss. Therefore, understanding of both the structural changes and the associated stress – investigated almost exclusively separate to date – is a critical factor for developing high-performance batteries. Here, we report an in situ method, which utilizes Raman spectroscopy in parallel with optical interferometry to study effects of varying charging rates (C-rates) on the structure and stress in a V 2O 5more » thin film cathode. Abrupt stress changes at specific crystal phase transitions in the Li—V—O system are observed and the magnitude of the stress changes with the amount of lithium inserted into the electrode are correlated. A linear increase in the stress as a function of x in Li xV 2O 5 is observed, indicating that C-rate does not directly contribute to larger intercalation stress. However, a more rapid increase in disorder within the Li xV 2O 5 layers is correlated with higher C-rate. Ultimately, these experiments demonstrate how the simultaneous stress/Raman in situ approach can be utilized as a characterization platform for investigating various critical factors affecting lithium-ion battery performance.« less

In situ characterization of charge rate dependent stress and structure changes in V 2O 5 cathode prepared by atomic layer deposition

DOE PAGES

Jung, Hyun; Gerasopoulos, Konstantinos; Talin, Albert Alec; ...

2016-11-22

Here, the insertion/extraction of lithium into/from various host materials is the basic process by which lithium-ion batteries reversible store charge. This process is generally accompanied by strain in the host material, inducing stress which can lead to capacity loss. Therefore, understanding of both the structural changes and the associated stress – investigated almost exclusively separate to date – is a critical factor for developing high-performance batteries. Here, we report an in situ method, which utilizes Raman spectroscopy in parallel with optical interferometry to study effects of varying charging rates (C-rates) on the structure and stress in a V 2O 5more » thin film cathode. Abrupt stress changes at specific crystal phase transitions in the Li—V—O system are observed and the magnitude of the stress changes with the amount of lithium inserted into the electrode are correlated. A linear increase in the stress as a function of x in Li xV 2O 5 is observed, indicating that C-rate does not directly contribute to larger intercalation stress. However, a more rapid increase in disorder within the Li xV 2O 5 layers is correlated with higher C-rate. Ultimately, these experiments demonstrate how the simultaneous stress/Raman in situ approach can be utilized as a characterization platform for investigating various critical factors affecting lithium-ion battery performance.« less

Surface modification of cathode material 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 by alumina for lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Yonghu; Chang, Xingping; Xu, Qunjie; Lai, Chunyan; Liu, Xinnuan; Yuan, Xiaolei; Liu, Haimei; Min, Yulin

2018-02-01

In an attempt to overcome the irreversible capacity loss occurred during the first cycle and stabilize the surface structure, an alumina coating layer has been triumphantly prepared on the surface of 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 cathode material with different amounts (1, 2, and 3 wt%) through a simple hydrolysis reaction, followed by an annealing process. The results reveal that the coated materials have a higher crystallinity and the particles are evenly distributed. As a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, the 2-wt% coated sample delivers initial discharge specific capacity of 211.7 mAh g-1 at a rate of 1 C between 2.0 and 4.8 V with an initial columbic efficiency of 73.2%. Meanwhile, it exhibits the highest discharge specific capacity of 206.2 mAh g-1 with 97.4% capacity retention after 100 cycles at and much elevated rate capability compared to uncoated material. The excellent cycling stability and more superior rate property can be ascribed to alumina coating layer, which has a surface stabilization effect on these cathode materials, lessening the dissolution of metal ions. The electrochemical impedance and cyclic voltammetry studies indicate that coated by alumina improved the kinetic performance for lithium-rich layered materials, showing a prospect for practical lithium battery application.

MAS-NMR studies of lithium aluminum silicate (LAS) glasses and glass-ceramics having different Li 2O/Al 2O 3 ratio

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ananthanarayanan, A.; Kothiyal, G. P.; Montagne, L.; Revel, B.

2010-01-01

Emergence of phases in lithium aluminum silicate (LAS) glasses of composition (wt%) xLi 2O-71.7SiO 2-(17.7- x)Al 2O 3-4.9K 2O-3.2B 2O 3-2.5P 2O 5 (5.1≤ x≤12.6) upon heat treatment were studied. 29Si, 27Al, 31P and 11B MAS-NMR were employed for structural characterization of both LAS glasses and glass-ceramics. In glass samples, Al is found in tetrahedral coordination, while P exists mainly in the form of orthophosphate units. B exists as BO 3 and BO 4 units. 27Al NMR spectra show no change with crystallization, ruling out the presence of any Al containing phase. Contrary to X-ray diffraction studies carried out, 11B (high field 18.8 T) and 29Si NMR spectra clearly indicate the unexpected crystallization of a borosilicate phase (Li,K)BSi 2O 6, whose structure is similar to the aluminosilicate virgilite. Also, lithium disilicate (Li 2Si 2O 5), lithium metasilicate (Li 2SiO 3) and quartz (SiO 2) were identified in the 29Si NMR spectra of the glass-ceramics. 31P NMR spectra of the glass-ceramics revealed the presence of Li 3PO 4 and a mixed phase (Li,K) 3PO 4 at low alkali concentrations.

Effect of surface preparation with Nd:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers on the repair bond strength of lithium disilicate glass ceramic to a silorane-based composite resin.

PubMed

Ebrahimi Chaharom, Mohammad Esmaeel; Pournaghi Azar, Fatemeh; Mohammadi, Narmin; Nasiri, Rezvan

2018-01-01

Background. This study was undertaken to evaluate the repair bond strength of lithium disilicate glass ceramic to a silorane-based composite resin after surface preparation with Nd:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers. Methods. A total of 102 lithium disilicate glass ceramic samples (IPS e.max Press), measuring 5 mm in diameter and 4 mm in thickness, were randomly assigned to 6 groups (n=17): group 1, no surface preparation (control); group 2, acid etching with 9.5% hydrofluoric acid (HF); group 3, surface preparation with 4.5-W Nd:YAG laser; group 4, surface preparation with 6-W Nd:YAG laser; group 5, surface preparation with 1.5-W Er,Cr:YSGG laser; and group 6, surface preparation with 6-W Er,Cr:YSGG laser. After preparation of surfaces and application of silane, all the samples were repaired with the use of a silorane-based composite resin, followed by storage in distilled water at a temperature of 37°C for 24 hours and thermocycling. Finally, the samples were subjected to a shearing bond strength test; the fracture modes were determined under a stereomi-croscope. Results. There were significant differences between the HF group and the other groups (P=0.000). Two-by-two comparisons of the other groups revealed no significant differences (P>0.05). Conclusion. Use of HF proved the most effective surface preparation technique to increase the repair bond strength between lithium disilicate glass ceramic and silorane-based composite resin; compared to the control group.

Association of Polygenic Score for Schizophrenia and HLA Antigen and Inflammation Genes With Response to Lithium in Bipolar Affective Disorder: A Genome-Wide Association Study.

PubMed

Amare, Azmeraw T; Schubert, Klaus Oliver; Hou, Liping; Clark, Scott R; Papiol, Sergi; Heilbronner, Urs; Degenhardt, Franziska; Tekola-Ayele, Fasil; Hsu, Yi-Hsiang; Shekhtman, Tatyana; Adli, Mazda; Akula, Nirmala; Akiyama, Kazufumi; Ardau, Raffaella; Arias, Bárbara; Aubry, Jean-Michel; Backlund, Lena; Bhattacharjee, Abesh Kumar; Bellivier, Frank; Benabarre, Antonio; Bengesser, Susanne; Biernacka, Joanna M; Birner, Armin; Brichant-Petitjean, Clara; Cervantes, Pablo; Chen, Hsi-Chung; Chillotti, Caterina; Cichon, Sven; Cruceanu, Cristiana; Czerski, Piotr M; Dalkner, Nina; Dayer, Alexandre; Del Zompo, Maria; DePaulo, J Raymond; Étain, Bruno; Falkai, Peter; Forstner, Andreas J; Frisen, Louise; Frye, Mark A; Fullerton, Janice M; Gard, Sébastien; Garnham, Julie S; Goes, Fernando S; Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Maria; Grof, Paul; Hashimoto, Ryota; Hauser, Joanna; Herms, Stefan; Hoffmann, Per; Hofmann, Andrea; Jamain, Stephane; Jiménez, Esther; Kahn, Jean-Pierre; Kassem, Layla; Kuo, Po-Hsiu; Kato, Tadafumi; Kelsoe, John; Kittel-Schneider, Sarah; Kliwicki, Sebastian; König, Barbara; Kusumi, Ichiro; Laje, Gonzalo; Landén, Mikael; Lavebratt, Catharina; Leboyer, Marion; Leckband, Susan G; Tortorella, Alfonso; Manchia, Mirko; Martinsson, Lina; McCarthy, Michael J; McElroy, Susan; Colom, Francesc; Mitjans, Marina; Mondimore, Francis M; Monteleone, Palmiero; Nievergelt, Caroline M; Nöthen, Markus M; Novák, Tomas; O'Donovan, Claire; Ozaki, Norio; Ösby, Urban; Pfennig, Andrea; Potash, James B; Reif, Andreas; Reininghaus, Eva; Rouleau, Guy A; Rybakowski, Janusz K; Schalling, Martin; Schofield, Peter R; Schweizer, Barbara W; Severino, Giovanni; Shilling, Paul D; Shimoda, Katzutaka; Simhandl, Christian; Slaney, Claire M; Squassina, Alessio; Stamm, Thomas; Stopkova, Pavla; Maj, Mario; Turecki, Gustavo; Vieta, Eduard; Volkert, Julia; Witt, Stephanie; Wright, Adam; Zandi, Peter P; Mitchell, Philip B; Bauer, Michael; Alda, Martin; Rietschel, Marcella; McMahon, Francis J; Schulze, Thomas G; Baune, Bernhard T

2018-01-01

Lithium is a first-line mood stabilizer for the treatment of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD). However, the efficacy of lithium varies widely, with a nonresponse rate of up to 30%. Biological response markers are lacking. Genetic factors are thought to mediate treatment response to lithium, and there is a previously reported genetic overlap between BPAD and schizophrenia (SCZ). To test whether a polygenic score for SCZ is associated with treatment response to lithium in BPAD and to explore the potential molecular underpinnings of this association. A total of 2586 patients with BPAD who had undergone lithium treatment were genotyped and assessed for long-term response to treatment between 2008 and 2013. Weighted SCZ polygenic scores were computed at different P value thresholds using summary statistics from an international multicenter genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 36 989 individuals with SCZ and genotype data from patients with BPAD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics. For functional exploration, a cross-trait meta-GWAS and pathway analysis was performed, combining GWAS summary statistics on SCZ and response to treatment with lithium. Data analysis was performed from September 2016 to February 2017. Treatment response to lithium was defined on both the categorical and continuous scales using the Retrospective Criteria of Long-Term Treatment Response in Research Subjects with Bipolar Disorder score. The effect measures include odds ratios and the proportion of variance explained. Of the 2586 patients in the study (mean [SD] age, 47.2 [13.9] years), 1478 were women and 1108 were men. The polygenic score for SCZ was inversely associated with lithium treatment response in the categorical outcome, at a threshold P < 5 × 10-2. Patients with BPAD who had a low polygenic load for SCZ responded better to lithium, with odds ratios for lithium response ranging from 3.46 (95% CI, 1.42-8.41) at the first decile to 2.03 (95% CI, 0.86-4.81) at the ninth decile, compared with the patients in the 10th decile of SCZ risk. In the cross-trait meta-GWAS, 15 genetic loci that may have overlapping effects on lithium treatment response and susceptibility to SCZ were identified. Functional pathway and network analysis of these loci point to the HLA antigen complex and inflammatory cytokines. This study provides evidence for a negative association between high genetic loading for SCZ and poor response to lithium in patients with BPAD. These results suggest the potential for translational research aimed at personalized prescribing of lithium.

Hydrogen determination in chemically delithiated lithium ion battery cathodes by prompt gamma activation analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alvarez, Emilio, II

2007-12-01

Lithium ion batteries, due to their relatively high energy density, are now widely used as the power source for portable electronics. Commercial lithium ion cells currently employ layered LiCoO2 as a cathode but only 50% of its theoretical capacity can be utilized. The factors that cause the limitation are not fully established in the literature. With this perspective, prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA) has been employed to determine the hydrogen content in various oxide cathodes that have undergone chemical extraction of lithium (delithiation). The PGAA data is complemented by data obtained from atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), redox titration, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and mass spectroscopy to better understand the capacity limitations and failure mechanisms of lithium ion battery cathodes. As part of this work, the PGAA facility has been redesigned and reconstructed. The neutron and gamma-ray backgrounds have been reduced by more than an order of magnitude. Detection limits for elements have also been improved. Special attention was given to the experimental setup including potential sources of error and system calibration for the detection of hydrogen. Spectral interference with hydrogen arising from cobalt was identified and corrected for. Limits of detection as a function of cobalt mass present in a given sample are also discussed. The data indicates that while delithiated layered Li1- xCoO2, Li1-xNi 1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, and Li1- xNi0.5Mn0.5O2 take significant amounts of hydrogen into the lattice during deep extraction, orthorhombic Li 1-xMnO2, spinel Li1- xMn2O4, and olivine Li1- xFePO4 do not. Layered LiCoO2, LiNi 0.5Mn0.5O2, and LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co 1/3O2 have been further analyzed to assess their relative chemical instabilities while undergoing stepped chemical delithiation. Each system takes increasing amounts of protons at lower lithium contents. The differences are attributed to the relative chemical instabilities of the various cathodes that could be related to the position of the transition metal band and the top of the O2-:2p band. Chemically delithiated layered Li[Li0.17Mn0.33Co 0.5-yNiy]O 2 cathodes have also been characterized. The first charge and discharge capacities decrease with increasing nickel content. The decrease in the capacity with increasing nickel content is due to a decrease in the lithium content present in the transition metal layer and a consequent decrease in the amount of oxygen irreversibly lost during the first charge.

A Host-Configured Lithium-Sulfur Cell Built on 3D Nickel Photonic Crystal with Superior Electrochemical Performances.

PubMed

Lin, Shengxuan; Yan, Yang; Cai, Zihe; Liu, Lin; Hu, Xiaobin

2018-04-18

The insulator of the sulfur cathode and the easy dendrites growth of the lithium anode are the main barriers for lithium-sulfur cells in commercial application. Here, a 3D NPC@S/3D NPC@Li full cell is reported based on 3D hierarchical and continuously porous nickel photonic crystal (NPC) to solve the problems of sulfur cathode and lithium anode at the same time. In this case, the 3D NPC@S cathode can not only offer a fast transfer of electron and lithium ion, but also effectively prevent the dissolution of polysulfides and the tremendous volume change during cycling, and the 3D NPC@Li anode can efficiently inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites and volume expansion, too. As a result, the cell exhibits a high reversible capacity of 1383 mAh g -1 at 0.5 C (the current density of 837 mA g -1 ), superior rate ability (the reversible capacity of 735 mAh g -1 at the extremely high current density of 16 750 mA g -1 ) with excellent coulombic efficiency of about 100% and an excellent cycle life over 500 cycles with only about 0.026% capacity loss per cycle. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Surface Chemistry in Cobalt Phosphide-Stabilized Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

PubMed

Zhong, Yiren; Yin, Lichang; He, Peng; Liu, Wen; Wu, Zishan; Wang, Hailiang

2018-01-31

Chemistry at the cathode/electrolyte interface plays an important role for lithium-sulfur batteries in which stable cycling of the sulfur cathode requires confinement of the lithium polysulfide intermediates and their fast electrochemical conversion on the electrode surface. While many materials have been found to be effective for confining polysulfides, the underlying chemical interactions remain poorly understood. We report a new and general lithium polysulfide-binding mechanism enabled by surface oxidation layers of transition-metal phosphide and chalcogenide materials. We for the first time find that CoP nanoparticles strongly adsorb polysulfides because their natural oxidation (forming Co-O-P-like species) activates the surface Co sites for binding polysulfides via strong Co-S bonding. With a surface oxidation layer capable of confining polysulfides and an inner core suitable for conducting electrons, the CoP nanoparticles are thus a desirable candidate for stabilizing and improving the performance of sulfur cathodes in lithium-sulfur batteries. We demonstrate that sulfur electrodes that hold a high mass loading of 7 mg cm -2 and a high areal capacity of 5.6 mAh cm -2 can be stably cycled for 200 cycles. We further reveal that this new surface oxidation-induced polysulfide-binding scheme applies to a series of transition-metal phosphide and chalcogenide materials and can explain their stabilizing effects for lithium-sulfur batteries.

Upstream Density for Plasma Detachment with Conventional and Lithium Vapor-Box Divertors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goldston, Rj; Schwartz, Ja

2016-10-01

Fusion power plants are likely to require detachment of the divertor plasma from material targets. The lithium vapor box divertor is designed to achieve this, while limiting the flux of lithium vapor to the main plasma. We develop a simple model of near-detachment to evaluate the required upstream plasma density, for both conventional and lithium vapor-box divertors, based on particle and dynamic pressure balance between up- and down-stream, at near-detachment conditions. A remarkable general result is found, not just for lithium-induced detachment, that the upstream density divided by the Greenwald-limit density scales as (P 5 / 8 /B 3 / 8) Tdet1 / 2 / (ɛcool + γTdet) , with no explicit size scaling. Tdet is the temperature just before strong pressure loss, 1/2 of the ionization potential of the dominant recycling species, ɛcool is the average plasma energy lost per injected hydrogenic and impurity atom, and γ is the sheath heat transmission factor. A recent 1-D calculation agrees well with this scaling. The implication is that the plasma exhaust problem cannot be solved by increasing R. Instead significant innovation, such as the lithium vapor box divertor, will be required. This work supported by DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-09CH11466.

Hot filament technique for measuring the thermal conductivity of molten lithium fluoride

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jaworske, Donald A.; Perry, William D.

1990-01-01

Molten salts, such as lithium fluoride, are attractive candidates for thermal energy storage in solar dynamic space power systems because of their high latent heat of fusion. However, these same salts have poor thermal conductivities which inhibit the transfer of heat into the solid phase and out of the liquid phase. One concept for improving the thermal conductivity of the thermal energy storage system is to add a conductive filler material to the molten salt. High thermal conductivity pitch-based graphite fibers are being considered for this application. Although there is some information available on the thermal conductivity of lithium fluoride solid, there is very little information on lithium fluoride liquid, and no information on molten salt graphite fiber composites. This paper describes a hot filament technique for determining the thermal conductivity of molten salts. The hot filament technique was used to find the thermal conductivity of molten lithium fluoride at 930 C, and the thermal conductivity values ranged from 1.2 to 1.6 W/mK. These values are comparable to the slightly larger value of 5.0 W/mK for lithium fluoride solid. In addition, two molten salt graphite fiber composites were characterized with the hot filament technique and these results are also presented.

Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: from Liquid to Solid Cells?

DOE PAGES

Lin, Zhan; Liang, Chengdu

2014-11-11

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries supply a theoretical specific energy 5 times higher than that of lithium-ion batteries (2,500 vs. ~500 Wh kg-1). However, the insulating properties and polysulfide shuttle effects of the sulfur cathode and the safety concerns of the lithium anode in liquid electrolytes are still key limitations to practical use of traditional Li-S batteries. In this review, we start with a brief discussion on fundamentals of Li-S batteries and key challenges associated with the conventional liquid cells. Then, we introduce the most recent progresses in the liquid systems, including the sulfur positive electrodes, the lithium negative electrodes, and themore » electrolytes and binders. We discuss the significance of investigating electrode reaction mechanisms in liquid cells using in-situ techniques to monitor the compositional and morphological changes. By moving from the traditional liquid cells to recent solid cells, we discuss the importance of this game-changing shift with positive advances in both solid electrolytes and electrode materials. Finally, the opportunities and perspectives for future research on Li-S batteries are presented.« less

Highly Conductive, Stretchable, and Transparent Solid Polymer Electrolyte Membrane

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Ruixuan; Echeverri, Mauricio; Kyu, Thein

2014-03-01

With the guidance of ternary phase diagrams, completely amorphous polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM) were successfully prepared by melt processing for lithium-ion battery. The PEM under consideration consisted of poly (ethylene glycol diacrylate) (PEGDA), succinonitrile (SCN) and Lithium bis(trifluoro-methane)sulfonamide (LiTFSI). After UV-crosslinking, the PEM is transparent and light-weight. Addition of SCN plastic crystal affords not only dissociation of the lithium salt, but also plasticization to the crosslinked PEGDA network. Of particular importance is the achievement of room-temperature ionic conductivity of ~10-3 S/cm, which is comparable to that of commercial liquid electrolyte. Higher ionic conductivities were achieved at elevated temperatures or with use of a moderately higher molecular weight of PEGDA. In terms of electrochemical and chemical stability, the PEM exhibited oxidative stability up to 5 V against lithium reference electrode. Stable interface behavior between the PEM and lithium electrode is also seen with ageing time. In the tensile tests, samples containing low molecular weight PEGDA are stiffer, whereas the high molecular weight PEGDA is stretchable up to 80% elongation. Supported by NSF-DMR 1161070.

Megawatt Class Nuclear Space Power Systems (MCNSPS) conceptual design and evaluation report. Volume 1: Objectives, summary results and introduction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wetch, J. R.

1988-01-01

The objective was to determine which reactor, conversion, and radiator technologies would best fulfill future Megawatt Class Nuclear Space Power System Requirements. Specifically, the requirement was 10 megawatts for 5 years of full power operation and 10 years systems life on orbit. A variety of liquid metal and gas cooled reactors, static and dynamic conversion systems, and passive and dynamic radiators were considered. Four concepts were selected for more detailed study. The concepts are: a gas cooled reactor with closed cycle Brayton turbine-alternator conversion with heat pipe and pumped tube-fin heat rejection; a lithium cooled reactor with a free piston Stirling engine-linear alternator and a pumped tube-fin radiator; a lithium cooled reactor with potassium Rankine turbine-alternator and heat pipe radiator; and a lithium cooled incore thermionic static conversion reactor with a heat pipe radiator. The systems recommended for further development to meet a 10 megawatt long life requirement are the lithium cooled reactor with the K-Rankine conversion and heat pipe radiator, and the lithium cooled incore thermionic reactor with heat pipe radiator.

High-Voltage Lithium-Metal Batteries Enabled by Localized High-Concentration Electrolytes.

PubMed

Chen, Shuru; Zheng, Jianming; Mei, Donghai; Han, Kee Sung; Engelhard, Mark H; Zhao, Wengao; Xu, Wu; Liu, Jun; Zhang, Ji-Guang

2018-03-25

Rechargeable lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) are regarded as the "holy grail" of energy-storage systems, but the electrolytes that are highly stable with both a lithium-metal anode and high-voltage cathodes still remain a great challenge. Here a novel "localized high-concentration electrolyte" (HCE; 1.2 m lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in a mixture of dimethyl carbonate/bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (1:2 by mol)) is reported that enables dendrite-free cycling of lithium-metal anodes with high Coulombic efficiency (99.5%) and excellent capacity retention (>80% after 700 cycles) of Li||LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 batteries. Unlike the HCEs reported before, the electrolyte reported in this work exhibits low concentration, low cost, low viscosity, improved conductivity, and good wettability that make LMBs closer to practical applications. The fundamental concept of "localized HCEs" developed in this work can also be applied to other battery systems, sensors, supercapacitors, and other electrochemical systems. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Thermoluminescence response of rare earth activated zinc lithium borate glass

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saidu, A.; Wagiran, H.; Saeed, M. A.; Obayes, H. K.; Bala, A.; Usman, F.

2018-03-01

New glasses of zinc lithium borate doped with terbium oxide were synthesized by high temperature solid-state reaction. The amorphous nature of the glasses was confirmed using x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Thermoluminescence (TL) response of pure zinc lithium borate (ZLB) and zinc lithium borate doped with terbium (ZLB: Tb) exposed to gamma radiation was measured and compared. There is significant enhancement in the TL yields of ZLB: Tb compared to that of pure ZLB. Effect of varying concentration of dopant (Tb4O7) on the TL response of zinc lithium borate was investigated. 0.3 mol% concentration of Tb exhibited strongest TL intensity. Thermoluminescence curve of the phosphor consist of single isolated peak. The TL response of the new materials to the exposed radiation is linear within 0.5-100 Gy range of dose with sublinearity at the lower region of the curve. High sensitivity was exhibited by the new amorphous materials. Reproducibility, thermal fading and energy response of the proposed TLD were investigated and shows remarkable result that made the phosphor suitable for radiation dosimetry.

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Enables High-Efficiency Recognition and Trapping Lithium Polysulfides for Stable Lithium Sulfur Battery.

PubMed

Liu, Jie; Qian, Tao; Wang, Mengfan; Liu, Xuejun; Xu, Na; You, Yizhou; Yan, Chenglin

2017-08-09

Using molecularly imprinted polymer to recognize various target molecules emerges as a fascinating research field. Herein, we applied this strategy for the first time to efficiently recognize and trap long-chain polysulfides (Li 2 S x , x = 6-8) in lithium sulfur battery to minimize the polysulfide shuttling between anode and cathode, which enables us to achieve remarkable electrochemical performance including a high specific capacity of 1262 mAh g -1 at 0.2 C and superior capacity retention of over 82.5% after 400 cycles at 1 C. The outstanding performance is attributed to the significantly reduced concentration of long-chain polysulfides in electrolyte as evidenced by in situ UV/vis spectroscopy and Li 2 S nucleation tests, which were further confirmed by density functional theory calculations. The molecular imprinting is demonstrated as a promising approach to effectively prevent the free diffusion of long-chain polysulfides, providing a new avenue to efficiently recognize and trap lithium polysulfides for high-performance lithium sulfur battery with greatly suppressed shuttle effect.

Synthesis of three-dimensionally interconnected sulfur-rich polymers for cathode materials of high-rate lithium-sulfur batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Hoon; Lee, Joungphil; Ahn, Hyungmin; Kim, Onnuri; Park, Moon Jeong

2015-06-01

Elemental sulfur is one of the most attractive cathode active materials in lithium batteries because of its high theoretical specific capacity. Despite the positive aspect, lithium-sulfur batteries have suffered from severe capacity fading and limited rate capability. Here we report facile large-scale synthesis of a class of organosulfur compounds that could open a new chapter in designing cathode materials to advance lithium-sulfur battery technologies. Porous trithiocyanuric acid crystals are synthesized for use as a soft template, where the ring-opening polymerization of elemental sulfur takes place along the thiol surfaces to create three-dimensionally interconnected sulfur-rich phases. Our lithium-sulfur cells display discharge capacity of 945 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 C with high-capacity retention of 92%, as well as lifetimes of 450 cycles. Particularly, the organized amine groups in the crystals increase Li+-ion transfer rate, affording a rate performance of 1210, mAh g-1 at 0.1 C and 730 mAh g-1 at 5 C.

Synthesis and electrospinning carboxymethyl cellulose lithium (CMC-Li) modified 9,10-anthraquinone (AQ) high-rate lithium-ion battery.

PubMed

Qiu, Lei; Shao, Ziqiang; Liu, Minglong; Wang, Jianquan; Li, Pengfa; Zhao, Ming

2014-02-15

New cellulose derivative CMC-Li was synthesized, and nanometer CMC-Li fiber was applied to lithium-ion battery and coated with AQ by electrospinning. Under the protection of inert gas, modified AQ/carbon nanofibers (CNF)/Li nanometer composite material was obtained by carbonization in 280 °C as lithium battery anode materials for the first time. The morphologies and structures performance of materials were characterized by using IR, (1)H NMR, SEM, CV and EIS, respectively. Specific capacity was increased from 197 to 226.4 mAhg(-1) after modification for the first discharge at the rate of 2C. Irreversible reduction reaction peaks of modified material appeared between 1.5 and 1.7 V and the lowest oxidation reduction peak of the difference were 0.42 V, the polarization was weaker. Performance of cell with CMC-Li with the high degree of substitution (DS) was superior to that with low DS. Cellulose materials were applied to lithium battery to improve battery performance by electrospinning. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

High Cycle Life Cathode for High Voltage (5V) Lithium Ion Batteries

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-16

lithium cobalt phosphate (LiCoPO4) that provides higher energy density (15% > LiFePO4 demonstrated, up to 40% greater with further R&D). •The invention...standard LiFePO4 • Higher voltage at cell level may reduce number of cells required for application • Easy and inexpensive method to prepare • Offers safety

TVDG LET Calculator

Science.gov Websites

Sodium Iodide Water Select your Ion from the list 1 Hydrogen 1 2 Helium 4 3 Lithium 7 4 Beryllium 9 5 . It works reasonably well for ion energies larger than ~1 MeV/amu and for ions heavier than lithium the Specified Ion in the Specified Target. Select the Target Material from the dropdown list. Select

All-solid-state lithium-oxygen battery with high safety in wide ambient temperature range

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kitaura, Hirokazu; Zhou, Haoshen

2015-08-01

There is need to develop high energy storage devices with high safety to satisfy the growing industrial demands. Here, we show the potential to realize such batteries by assembling a lithium-oxygen cell using an inorganic solid electrolyte without any flammable liquid or polymer materials. The lithium-oxygen battery using Li1.575Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 solid electrolyte was examined in the pure oxygen atmosphere from room temperature to 120 °C. The cell works at room temperature and first full discharge capacity of 1420 mAh g-1 at 10 mA g-1 (based on the mass of carbon material in the air electrode) was obtained. The charge curve started from 3.0 V, and that the majority of it lay below 4.2 V. The cell also safely works at high temperature over 80 °C with the improved battery performance. Furthermore, fundamental data of the electrochemical performance, such as cyclic voltammogram, cycle performance and rate performance was obtained and this work demonstrated the potential of the all-solid-state lithium-oxygen battery for wide temperature application as a first step.

All-solid-state lithium-oxygen battery with high safety in wide ambient temperature range

PubMed Central

Kitaura, Hirokazu; Zhou, Haoshen

2015-01-01

There is need to develop high energy storage devices with high safety to satisfy the growing industrial demands. Here, we show the potential to realize such batteries by assembling a lithium-oxygen cell using an inorganic solid electrolyte without any flammable liquid or polymer materials. The lithium-oxygen battery using Li1.575Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 solid electrolyte was examined in the pure oxygen atmosphere from room temperature to 120 °C. The cell works at room temperature and first full discharge capacity of 1420 mAh g−1 at 10 mA g−1 (based on the mass of carbon material in the air electrode) was obtained. The charge curve started from 3.0 V, and that the majority of it lay below 4.2 V. The cell also safely works at high temperature over 80 °C with the improved battery performance. Furthermore, fundamental data of the electrochemical performance, such as cyclic voltammogram, cycle performance and rate performance was obtained and this work demonstrated the potential of the all-solid-state lithium-oxygen battery for wide temperature application as a first step. PMID:26293134

All-solid-state lithium-oxygen battery with high safety in wide ambient temperature range.

PubMed

Kitaura, Hirokazu; Zhou, Haoshen

2015-08-21

There is need to develop high energy storage devices with high safety to satisfy the growing industrial demands. Here, we show the potential to realize such batteries by assembling a lithium-oxygen cell using an inorganic solid electrolyte without any flammable liquid or polymer materials. The lithium-oxygen battery using Li1.575Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 solid electrolyte was examined in the pure oxygen atmosphere from room temperature to 120 °C. The cell works at room temperature and first full discharge capacity of 1420 mAh g(-1) at 10 mA g(-1) (based on the mass of carbon material in the air electrode) was obtained. The charge curve started from 3.0 V, and that the majority of it lay below 4.2 V. The cell also safely works at high temperature over 80 °C with the improved battery performance. Furthermore, fundamental data of the electrochemical performance, such as cyclic voltammogram, cycle performance and rate performance was obtained and this work demonstrated the potential of the all-solid-state lithium-oxygen battery for wide temperature application as a first step.

[Dependence of ion transport across the plasma membrane on cell culture density. II. Active and passive cation transport during the growth of L cell cultures].

PubMed

Marakhova, I I; Sal'nikov, K V; Vinogradova, T A

1985-10-01

Rubidium and lithium influxes as well as intracellular potassium and sodium contents were investigated in L cells during the culture growth. In sparse culture over the cell densities 0.5-3 X 10(4) cells/cm2 ouabain-sensitive rubidium influx is small and ouabain-resistant lithium influx in high. With the increase in culture density up to 4-5 X 10(4) cells/cm2 the active rubidium influx, mediated by ouabain-sensitive component, is enhanced, and ion "leakage" tested by lithium influx is diminished. Simultaneously with the exponential growth of culture the intracellular potassium content is increased and the intracellular sodium content is decreased resulting in the higher K/Na ratio in cell. During the further transition to dense culture and in stationary state (10-17 X 10(4) cells/cm2) the sodium content and lithium influx do not change significantly, but the potassium content is decreased. The decrease in intracellular potassium is correlated with that in the portion of cells in S-phase from 27-30 to 12%. Thus, in transformed cells the density-dependent alterations in membrane cation transport are observed.

Dependence of defect introduction on temperature and resistivity and some long-term annealing effects

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brucker, G. J.

1971-01-01

The effort reported here represents data of lithium properties in bulk-silicon samples before and after irradiation for analytical information required to characterize the interactions of lithium with radiation-induced defects in silicon. A model of the damage and recovery mechanisms in irradiated-lithium-containing solar cells is developed based on making measurements of the Hall coefficient and resistivity of samples irradiated by 1-MeV electrons. Experiments on bulk samples included Hall coefficient and resistivity measurements taken as a function of: (1) bombardment temperature, (2) resistivity, (3) fluence, (4) oxygen concentration, and (5) annealing time at temperatures from 300 to 373 K.

Conceptual design of a pre-loaded liquid lithium divertor target for NSTX-U

DOE PAGES

Rindt, P.; Lopes Cardozo, N. J.; van Dommelen, J. A. W.; ...

2016-09-03

In this study, a conceptual design for a pre-filled liquid lithium divertor target for the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) is presented. The design is aimed at facilitating experiments with high lithium flux from the plasma facing components (PFCs) in NSTX-U and investigating the potential of capillary based liquid lithium components. In the design, lithium is supplied from a reservoir in the PFC to the plasma facing surface via capillary action in a wicking structure. This working principle is also demonstrated experimentally. Next, a titanium zirconium molybdenum (TZM) prototype design is presented, required to withstand a steady state heatmore » flux peaking at 10 MW m –2 for 5 s and edge localized modes depositing (130 kJ in 2 ms at 10 Hz). The main challenge is to sufficiently reduce the thermal stresses. This is achieved by dividing the surface into brushes and filling the slots in between with liquid lithium. The principle of using this liquid “interlayer” allows for thermal expansion and simultaneously heat conduction, and could be used to significantly reduce the demands to solids in future PFCs. Lithium flow to the surface is analyzed using a novel analytical model, ideally suited for design purposes. Thermal stresses in the PFC are analyzed using the finite element method. As a result, the requirements are met, and thus a prototype will be manufactured for physical testing.« less

Switch Rates During Acute Treatment for Bipolar II Depression With Lithium, Sertraline, or the Two Combined: A Randomized Double-Blind Comparison.

PubMed

Altshuler, Lori L; Sugar, Catherine A; McElroy, Susan L; Calimlim, Brian; Gitlin, Michael; Keck, Paul E; Aquino-Elias, Ana; Martens, Brian E; Fischer, E Grace; English, Teri L; Roach, Janine; Suppes, Trisha

2017-03-01

The authors compared medication-induced mood switch risk (primary outcome), as well as treatment response and side effects (secondary outcomes) with three acute-phase treatments for bipolar II depression. In a 16-week, double-blind, multisite comparison study, 142 participants with bipolar II depression were randomly assigned to receive lithium monotherapy (N=49), sertraline monotherapy (N=45), or combination treatment with lithium and sertraline (N=48). At each visit, mood was assessed using standardized rating scales. Rates of switch were compared, as were rates of treatment response and the presence and severity of treatment-emergent side effects. Twenty participants (14%) experienced a switch during the study period (hypomania, N=17; severe hypomania, N=3). Switch rates did not differ among the three treatment groups, even after accounting for dropout. No patient had a manic switch or was hospitalized for a switch. Most switches occurred within the first 5 weeks of treatment. The treatment response rate for the overall sample was 62.7% (N=89), without significant differences between groups after accounting for dropout. The lithium/sertraline combination group had a significantly higher overall dropout rate than the monotherapy groups but did not have an accelerated time to response. Lithium monotherapy, sertraline monotherapy, and lithium/sertraline combination therapy were associated with similar switch and treatment response rates in participants with bipolar II depression. The dropout rate was higher in the lithium/sertraline combination treatment group, without any treatment acceleration advantage.

Conceptual design of a pre-loaded liquid lithium divertor target for NSTX-U

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rindt, P.; Lopes Cardozo, N. J.; van Dommelen, J. A. W.

In this study, a conceptual design for a pre-filled liquid lithium divertor target for the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) is presented. The design is aimed at facilitating experiments with high lithium flux from the plasma facing components (PFCs) in NSTX-U and investigating the potential of capillary based liquid lithium components. In the design, lithium is supplied from a reservoir in the PFC to the plasma facing surface via capillary action in a wicking structure. This working principle is also demonstrated experimentally. Next, a titanium zirconium molybdenum (TZM) prototype design is presented, required to withstand a steady state heatmore » flux peaking at 10 MW m –2 for 5 s and edge localized modes depositing (130 kJ in 2 ms at 10 Hz). The main challenge is to sufficiently reduce the thermal stresses. This is achieved by dividing the surface into brushes and filling the slots in between with liquid lithium. The principle of using this liquid “interlayer” allows for thermal expansion and simultaneously heat conduction, and could be used to significantly reduce the demands to solids in future PFCs. Lithium flow to the surface is analyzed using a novel analytical model, ideally suited for design purposes. Thermal stresses in the PFC are analyzed using the finite element method. As a result, the requirements are met, and thus a prototype will be manufactured for physical testing.« less

Technologies for Extracting Valuable Metals and Compounds from Geothermal Fluids

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Harrison, Stephen

2014-04-30

Executive Summary Simbol Materials studied various methods of extracting valuable minerals from geothermal brines in the Imperial Valley of California, focusing on the extraction of lithium, manganese, zinc and potassium. New methods were explored for managing the potential impact of silica fouling on mineral extraction equipment, and for converting silica management by-products into commercial products.` Studies at the laboratory and bench scale focused on manganese, zinc and potassium extraction and the conversion of silica management by-products into valuable commercial products. The processes for extracting lithium and producing lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide products were developed at the laboratory scale andmore » scaled up to pilot-scale. Several sorbents designed to extract lithium as lithium chloride from geothermal brine were developed at the laboratory scale and subsequently scaled-up for testing in the lithium extraction pilot plant. Lithium The results of the lithium studies generated the confidence for Simbol to scale its process to commercial operation. The key steps of the process were demonstrated during its development at pilot scale: 1. Silica management. 2. Lithium extraction. 3. Purification. 4. Concentration. 5. Conversion into lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate products. Results show that greater than 95% of the lithium can be extracted from geothermal brine as lithium chloride, and that the chemical yield in converting lithium chloride to lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate products is greater than 90%. The product purity produced from the process is consistent with battery grade lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide. Manganese and zinc Processes for the extraction of zinc and manganese from geothermal brine were developed. It was shown that they could be converted into zinc metal and electrolytic manganese dioxide after purification. These processes were evaluated for their economic potential, and at the present time Simbol Materials is evaluating other products with greater commercial value. Potassium Silicotitanates, zeolites and other sorbents were evaluated as potential reagents for the extraction of potassium from geothermal brines and production of potassium chloride (potash). It was found that zeolites were effective at removing potassium but the capacity of the zeolites and the form that the potassium is in does not have economic potential. Iron-silica by-product The conversion of iron-silica by-product produced during silica management operations into more valuable materials was studied at the laboratory scale. Results indicate that it is technically feasible to convert the iron-silica by-product into ferric chloride and ferric sulfate solutions which are precursors to a ferric phosphate product. However, additional work to purify the solutions is required to determine the commercial viability of this process. Conclusion Simbol Materials is in the process of designing its first commercial plant based on the technology developed to the pilot scale during this project. The investment in the commercial plant is hundreds of millions of dollars, and construction of the commercial plant will generate hundreds of jobs. Plant construction will be completed in 2016 and the first lithium products will be shipped in 2017. The plant will have a lithium carbonate equivalent production capacity of 15,000 tonnes per year. The gross revenues from the project are expected to be approximately $ 80 to 100 million annually. During this development program Simbol grew from a company of about 10 people to over 60 people today. Simbol is expected to employ more than 100 people once the plant is constructed. Simbol Materials’ business is scalable in the Imperial Valley region because there are eleven geothermal power plants already in operation, which allows Simbol to expand its business from one plant to multiple plants. Additionally, the scope of the resource is vast in terms of potential products such as lithium, manganese and zinc and potentially potassium.« less

P1,P4-diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) inhibits proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium in rats.

PubMed

Stiepanow-Trzeciak, Anna; Jankowski, Maciej; Angielski, Stefan; Szczepanska-Konkel, Miroslawa

2007-01-01

P1,P4-diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) is a vasoactive dinucleotide possessing natriuretic activity. It is unclear, however, which part of the nephron is the target site of action for Ap4A. We evaluated the tubular sites of Ap4A action using the lithium clearance technique. Ap4A at a priming dose of 2 micromol/kg with subsequent infusion at 20 nmol/kg/min increased fractional water and sodium excretion 2.5- and 5.6-fold, respectively. Moreover, Ap4A increased lithium clearance 1.9-fold and fractional lithium excretion 2.8-fold. Fractional water and sodium excretion from distal nephron segments was not significantly affected by Ap4A. These results suggest that Ap4A induces natriuresis mainly through inhibition of proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium. Copyright 2007 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Integrated Interface Strategy toward Room Temperature Solid-State Lithium Batteries.

PubMed

Ju, Jiangwei; Wang, Yantao; Chen, Bingbing; Ma, Jun; Dong, Shanmu; Chai, Jingchao; Qu, Hongtao; Cui, Longfei; Wu, Xiuxiu; Cui, Guanglei

2018-04-25

Solid-state lithium batteries have drawn wide attention to address the safety issues of power batteries. However, the development of solid-state lithium batteries is substantially limited by the poor electrochemical performances originating from the rigid interface between solid electrodes and solid-state electrolytes. In this work, a composite of poly(vinyl carbonate) and Li 10 SnP 2 S 12 solid-state electrolyte is fabricated successfully via in situ polymerization to improve the rigid interface issues. The composite electrolyte presents a considerable room temperature conductivity of 0.2 mS cm -1 , an electrochemical window exceeding 4.5 V, and a Li + transport number of 0.6. It is demonstrated that solid-state lithium metal battery of LiFe 0.2 Mn 0.8 PO 4 (LFMP)/composite electrolyte/Li can deliver a high capacity of 130 mA h g -1 with considerable capacity retention of 88% and Coulombic efficiency of exceeding 99% after 140 cycles at the rate of 0.5 C at room temperature. The superior electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the good compatibility of the composite electrolyte with Li metal and the integrated compatible interface between solid electrodes and the composite electrolyte engineered by in situ polymerization, which leads to a significant interfacial impedance decrease from 1292 to 213 Ω cm 2 in solid-state Li-Li symmetrical cells. This work provides vital reference for improving the interface compatibility for room temperature solid-state lithium batteries.

Utility of Lithium in Rare-Earth Metal Reduction Reactions to Form Nontraditional Ln2+ Complexes and Unusual [Li(2.2.2-cryptand)]1+ Cations.

PubMed

Huh, Daniel N; Darago, Lucy E; Ziller, Joseph W; Evans, William J

2018-02-19

The utility of lithium compared to other alkali metals in generating Ln 2+ rare-earth metal complexes via reduction of Ln 3+ precursors in reactions abbreviated as LnA 3 /M (Ln = rare-earth metal; A = anionic ligand; M = alkali metal) is described. Lithium reduction of Cp' 3 Ln (Cp' = C 5 H 4 SiMe 3 ; Ln = Y, Tb, Dy, Ho) under Ar in the presence of 2.2.2-cryptand (crypt) forms new examples of crystallographically characterizable Ln 2+ complexes of these metals, [Li(crypt)][Cp' 3 Ln]. In each complex, lithium is found in an N 2 O 4 donor atom coordination geometry that is unusual for the cryptand ligand. Magnetic susceptibility data on these new examples of nontraditional divalent lanthanide complexes are consistent with 4f n 5d 1 electronic configurations. The Dy and Ho complexes have exceptionally high single-ion magnetic moments, 11.35 and 11.67 μ B , respectively. Lithium reduction of Cp' 3 Y under N 2 at -35 °C forms the Y 2+ complex (Cp' 3 Y) 1- , which reduces dinitrogen upon warming to room temperature to generate the (N 2 ) 2- complex [Cp' 2 Y(THF)] 2 (μ-η 2 :η 2 -N 2 ). These results provide insight on the factors that lead to reduced dinitrogen complexes and/or stable divalent lanthanide complexes as a function of the specific reducing agent and conditions.

Thermal oxidation behavior of an Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahmad, Maqsood

1987-04-01

The chemical composition of oxide films formed during thermal treatments of an Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy has been studied by means of Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The oxide layers formed after oxidation of 2.5 minutes to 30 minutes at 530 °C in lab air have been characterized. In the early stages of oxidation the surface is composed of both the lithium rich oxides and magnesium rich oxides. However, after longer oxidation times the oxidation of lithium becomes predominant and the air/oxide interface is completely covered by lithium compounds. Oxidation products formed on the alloy surface have been studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. The following three phases, namely, Li2CO3, α-Li5AlO4, and γ-LiAlO2, were identified. During heat treatment in lab air at 530 °C and at atmospheric pressure the dominating reaction product is Li2CO3. Due to the selective oxidation of lithium a soft surface layer is developed. The width of the soft layer formed during solution heat treatments carried out in lab air and in salt bath environments has been determined by microhardness measurements. The lithium concentration profiles were calculated from a diffusion equation. The depletion of alloying elements from the near surface region during heat treatments has been investigated using energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The oxide morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy.

Thermal oxidation behavior of an Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahmad, Maqsood

1987-05-01

The chemical composition of oxide films formed during thermal treatments of an Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy has been studied by means of Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The oxide layers formed after oxidation of 2.5 minutes to 30 minutes at 530 °C in lab air have been characterized. In the early stages of oxidation the surface is composed of both the lithium rich oxides and magnesium rich oxides. However, after longer oxidation times the oxidation of lithium becomes predominant and the air/oxide interface is completely covered by lithium compounds. Oxidation products formed on the alloy surface have been studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. The following three phases, namely, Li2CO3, α-Li5AlO4, and γ-LiAlO2, were identified. During heat treatment in lab air at 530 °C and at atmospheric pressure the dominating reaction product is Li2CO3. Due to the selective oxidation of lithium a soft surface layer is developed. The width of the soft layer formed during solution heat treatments carried out in lab air and in salt bath environments has been determined by microhardness measurements. The lithium concentration profiles were calculated from a diffusion equation. The depletion of alloying elements from the near surface region during heat treatments has been investigated using energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The oxide morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy.

Recent results on aqueous electrolyte cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wessells, Colin; Huggins, Robert A.; Cui, Yi

2011-03-01

The improved safety of aqueous electrolytes makes aqueous lithium-ion batteries an attractive alternative to commercial cells utilizing flammable and expensive organic electrolytes. Two important issues relating to their use have been addressed in this work. One is the extension of the usable voltage range by the incorporation of lithium salts, and the other is the investigation of a useful negative electrode reactant, LiTi2(PO4)3. The electrochemical stability of aqueous lithium salt solutions containing two lithium salts, LiNO3 and Li2SO4, has been characterized using a constant current technique. In both cases, concentrated solutions had effective electrolyte stability windows substantially greater than that of pure water under standard conditions. At an electrolyte leakage current of 10 μA cm-2 between two platinum electrodes in 5 M LiNO3 the cell voltage can reach 2.0 V, whereas with a leakage current of 50 μA cm-2 it can reach 2.3 V. LiTi2(PO4)3 was synthesized using a Pechini method and cycled in pH-neutral Li2SO4. At a reaction potential near the lower limit of electrolyte stability, an initial discharge capacity of 118 mAh g-1 was measured at a C/5 rate, while about 90% of this discharge capacity was retained after 100 cycles. This work demonstrates that it is possible to have useful aqueous electrolyte lithium-ion batteries using the LiTi2(PO4)3 anode with cell voltages of 2 V and above.

Development of all-solid lithium-ion battery using Li-ion conducting glass-ceramics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Inda, Yasushi; Katoh, Takashi; Baba, Mamoru

We have developed a high performance lithium-ion conducting glass-ceramics. This glass-ceramics has the crystalline form of Li 1+ x+ yAl xTi 2- xSi yP 3- yO 12 with a NASICON-type structure, and it exhibits a high lithium-ion conductivity of 10 -3 S cm -1 or above at room temperature. Moreover, since this material is stable in the open atmosphere and even to exposure to moist air, it is expected to be applied for various uses. One of applications of this material is as a solid electrolyte for a lithium-ion battery. Batteries were developed by combining a LiCoO 2 positive electrode, a Li 4Ti 5O 12 negative electrode, and a composite electrolyte. The battery using the composite electrolyte with a higher conductivity exhibited a good charge-discharge characteristic.

Development of membranes and a study of their interfaces for rechargeable lithium-air battery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Jitendra; Kumar, Binod

This paper describes an investigation with an objective to screen and select high performance membrane materials for a working, rechargeable lithium-air battery. Membrane laminates comprising glass-ceramic (GC) and polymer-ceramic (PC) membranes were assembled, evaluated and analyzed. A superionic conducting GC membrane with a chemical composition of Li 1+ xAl xGe 2- x(PO 4) 3 (x = 0.5) was used. Polymer membranes comprising of PC(BN), PC(AlN), PC(Si 3N 4) and PC(Li 2O) electrochemically coupled the GC membrane with the lithium anode. The cell and membrane laminates were characterized by determining cell conductivity, open circuit voltage and carrier concentration and its mobility. The measurements identified Li 2O and BN as suitable dopants in polymer matrix which catalyzed anodic charge transfer reaction, formed stable SEI layer and provided high lithium ion conductivity.

Confined Sulfur in 3 D MXene/Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Nanosheets for Lithium-Sulfur Battery.

PubMed

Bao, Weizhai; Xie, Xiuqiang; Xu, Jing; Guo, Xin; Song, Jianjun; Wu, Wenjian; Su, Dawei; Wang, Guoxiu

2017-09-12

Three-dimensional metal carbide MXene/reduced graphene oxide hybrid nanosheets are prepared and applied as a cathode host material for lithium-sulfur batteries. The composite cathodes are obtained through a facile and effective two-step liquid-phase impregnation method. Owing to the unique 3 D layer structure and functional 2 D surfaces of MXene and reduced graphene oxide nanosheets for effective trapping of sulfur and lithium polysulfides, the MXene/reduced graphene oxide/sulfur composite cathodes deliver a high initial capacity of 1144.2 mAh g -1 at 0.5 C and a high level of capacity retention of 878.4 mAh g -1 after 300 cycles. It is demonstrated that hybrid metal carbide MXene/reduced graphene oxide nanosheets could be a promising cathode host material for lithium-sulfur batteries. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

One-step electrolytic preparation of Si-Fe alloys as anodes for lithium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Hailong; Sun, Diankun; Song, Qiqi; Xie, Wenqi; Jiang, Xu; Zhang, Bo

2016-06-01

One-step electrolytic formation of uniform crystalline Si-Fe alloy particles was successfully demonstrated in direct electro-reduction of solid mixed oxides of SiO2 and Fe2O3 in molten CaCl2 at 900∘C. Upon constant voltage electrolysis of solid mixed oxides at 2.8V between solid oxide cathode and graphite anode for 5h, electrolytic Si-Fe with the same Si/Fe stoichimetry of the precursory oxides was generated. The firstly generated Fe could function as depolarizers to enhance reduction rate of SiO2, resulting in the enhanced reduction kinetics to the electrolysis of individual SiO2. When evaluated as anode for lithium ion batteries, the prepared SiFe electrode showed a reversible lithium storage capacity as high as 470mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at 200mA g-1, promising application in high-performance lithium ion batteries.

Micro-channel-based high specific power lithium target

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mastinu, P.; Martın-Hernández, G.; Praena, J.; Gramegna, F.; Prete, G.; Agostini, P.; Aiello, A.; Phoenix, B.

2016-11-01

A micro-channel-based heat sink has been produced and tested. The device has been developed to be used as a Lithium target for the LENOS (Legnaro Neutron Source) facility and for the production of radioisotope. Nevertheless, applications of such device can span on many areas: cooling of electronic devices, diode laser array, automotive applications etc. The target has been tested using a proton beam of 2.8MeV energy and delivering total power shots from 100W to 1500W with beam spots varying from 5mm2 to 19mm2. Since the target has been designed to be used with a thin deposit of lithium and since lithium is a low-melting-point material, we have measured that, for such application, a specific power of about 3kW/cm2 can be delivered to the target, keeping the maximum surface temperature not exceeding 150° C.

Compliant glass–polymer hybrid single ion-conducting electrolytes for lithium batteries

PubMed Central

Villaluenga, Irune; Wujcik, Kevin H.; Tong, Wei; Devaux, Didier; Wong, Dominica H. C.; DeSimone, Joseph M.; Balsara, Nitash P.

2016-01-01

Despite high ionic conductivities, current inorganic solid electrolytes cannot be used in lithium batteries because of a lack of compliance and adhesion to active particles in battery electrodes as they are discharged and charged. We have successfully developed a compliant, nonflammable, hybrid single ion-conducting electrolyte comprising inorganic sulfide glass particles covalently bonded to a perfluoropolyether polymer. The hybrid with 23 wt% perfluoropolyether exhibits low shear modulus relative to neat glass electrolytes, ionic conductivity of 10−4 S/cm at room temperature, a cation transference number close to unity, and an electrochemical stability window up to 5 V relative to Li+/Li. X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicates that the hybrid electrolyte limits lithium polysulfide dissolution and is, thus, ideally suited for Li-S cells. Our work opens a previously unidentified route for developing compliant solid electrolytes that will address the challenges of lithium batteries. PMID:26699512

Characterization of the Phase Composition of Nanosized Lithium Titanates Synthesized by Inductive Thermal Plasma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Quesnel, François; Soucy, Gervais; Veilleux, Jocelyn; Hovington, Pierre; Zhu, Wen; Zaghib, Karim

The properties of lithium titanates anodes in Li-ion batteries are highly dependent on their secondary constituents. While their main phase is usually constituted of Li4Ti5O12, significant quantity of lithium titanates compounds of various stoichiometry are often present, due to either the processing, usage or aging of the material. These may go underreported, as many of these spectrums overlap or display low signal in X-ray diffraction (XRD). Samples of nanosized lithium titanates synthetized by inductive plasma were characterized by XRD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as they provide a regular yet typical crystallite size and shape including multiple phases. A Rietveld refinement was developed to extract the composition of these samples. Mass balance through further annealing and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) enthalpy measurements from phase transformations were also used as identification and validation techniques.

Ion chromatographic determination of lithium at trace level concentrations. Application to a tracer experiment in a high-mountain lake.

PubMed

Nickus, U; Thies, H

2001-06-22

The water residence time of a high-mountain seepage lake in the Austrian Alps was derived from the flushing rate of a tracer substance. A diluted lithium chloride solution was injected into the lake during holomictic conditions in order to favour the homogeneous distribution of the tracer. The exponential decline of the mass of lithium in the lake revealed a water residence time of 1.5 to 3 months for summer and almost no lake water exchange during winter. Lithium concentrations ranged from background values of 0.06 microg l(-1) to about 3 microg l(-1) immediately after the tracer injection. Lake water samples were analyzed with ion-exchange chromatography using a Dionex device with a CS 12A separation column. The method detection limit determined according to the definition of the US Envirinmental Protection Agency amounted to 0.009 microg l(-1).

Compliant glass–polymer hybrid single ion-conducting electrolytes for lithium batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Villaluenga, Irune; Wujcik, Kevin H.; Tong, Wei

2015-12-22

Despite high ionic conductivities, current inorganic solid electrolytes cannot be used in lithium batteries because of a lack of compliance and adhesion to active particles in battery electrodes as they are discharged and charged. Here, we have successfully developed a compliant, nonflammable, hybrid single ion-conducting electrolyte comprising inorganic sulfide glass particles covalently bonded to a perfluoropolyether polymer. The hybrid with 23 wt% perfluoropolyether exhibits low shear modulus relative to neat glass electrolytes, ionic conductivity of 10 -4 S/cm at room temperature, a cation transference number close to unity, and an electrochemical stability window up to 5 V relative to Limore » +/Li. X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicates that the hybrid electrolyte limits lithium polysulfide dissolution and is, thus, ideally suited for Li-S cells. Our work opens a previously unidentified route for developing compliant solid electrolytes that will address the challenges of lithium batteries.« less

Li+-Permeable Film on Lithium Anode for Lithium Sulfur Battery.

PubMed

Yang, Yan-Bo; Liu, Yun-Xia; Song, Zhiping; Zhou, Yun-Hong; Zhan, Hui

2017-11-08

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery is an important candidate for next-generation energy storage. However, the reaction between polysulfide and lithium (Li) anode brings poor cycling stability, low Coulombic efficiency, and Li corrosion. Herein, we report a Li protection technology. Li metal was treated in crown ether containing electrolyte, and thus, treated Li was further used as the anode in Li-S cell. Due to the coordination between Li + and crown ether, a Li + -permeable film can be formed on Li, and the film is proved to be able to block the detrimental reaction between Li anode and polysulfide. By using the Li anode pretreated in 2 wt % B15C5-containing electrolyte, Li-S cell exhibits significantly improved cycling stability, such as∼900 mAh g -1 after 100 cycles, and high Coulombic efficiency of>93%. In addition, such effect is also notable when high S loading condition is applied.

Prognostics of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Wavelet Denoising and DE-RVM

PubMed Central

Zhang, Chaolong; He, Yigang; Yuan, Lifeng; Xiang, Sheng; Wang, Jinping

2015-01-01

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in many electronic systems. Therefore, it is significantly important to estimate the lithium-ion battery's remaining useful life (RUL), yet very difficult. One important reason is that the measured battery capacity data are often subject to the different levels of noise pollution. In this paper, a novel battery capacity prognostics approach is presented to estimate the RUL of lithium-ion batteries. Wavelet denoising is performed with different thresholds in order to weaken the strong noise and remove the weak noise. Relevance vector machine (RVM) improved by differential evolution (DE) algorithm is utilized to estimate the battery RUL based on the denoised data. An experiment including battery 5 capacity prognostics case and battery 18 capacity prognostics case is conducted and validated that the proposed approach can predict the trend of battery capacity trajectory closely and estimate the battery RUL accurately. PMID:26413090

Effect of lithium salts addition on the ionic liquid based extraction of essential oil from Farfarae Flos.

PubMed

Li, Zhen-Yu; Zhang, Sha-Sha; Jie-Xing; Qin, Xue-Mei

2015-01-01

In this study, an ionic liquids (ILs) based extraction approach has been successfully applied to the extraction of essential oil from Farfarae Flos, and the effect of lithium chloride was also investigated. The results indicated that the oil yields can be increased by the ILs, and the extraction time can be reduced significantly (from 4h to 2h), compared with the conventional water distillation. The addition of lithium chloride showed different effect according to the structures of ILs, and the oil yields may be related with the structure of cation, while the chemical compositions of essential oil may be related with the anion. The reduction of extraction time and remarkable higher efficiency (5.41-62.17% improved) by combination of lithium salt and proper ILs supports the suitability of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Internal short circuit and accelerated rate calorimetry tests of lithium-ion cells: Considerations for methane-air intrinsic safety and explosion proof/flameproof protection methods.

PubMed

Dubaniewicz, Thomas H; DuCarme, Joseph P

2016-09-01

Researchers with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) studied the potential for lithium-ion cell thermal runaway from an internal short circuit in equipment for use in underground coal mines. In this third phase of the study, researchers compared plastic wedge crush-induced internal short circuit tests of selected lithium-ion cells within methane (CH 4 )-air mixtures with accelerated rate calorimetry tests of similar cells. Plastic wedge crush test results with metal oxide lithium-ion cells extracted from intrinsically safe evaluated equipment were mixed, with one cell model igniting the chamber atmosphere while another cell model did not. The two cells models exhibited different internal short circuit behaviors. A lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ) cell model was tolerant to crush-induced internal short circuits within CH 4 -air, tested under manufacturer recommended charging conditions. Accelerating rate calorimetry tests with similar cells within a nitrogen purged 353-mL chamber produced ignitions that exceeded explosion proof and flameproof enclosure minimum internal pressure design criteria. Ignition pressures within a 20-L chamber with 6.5% CH 4 -air were relatively low, with much larger head space volume and less adiabatic test conditions. The literature indicates that sizeable lithium thionyl chloride (LiSOCl 2 ) primary (non rechargeable) cell ignitions can be especially violent and toxic. Because ignition of an explosive atmosphere is expected within explosion proof or flameproof enclosures, there is a need to consider the potential for an internal explosive atmosphere ignition in combination with a lithium or lithium-ion battery thermal runaway process, and the resulting effects on the enclosure.

Peripheral mRNA expression of pluripotency markers in bipolar disorder and the effect of long-term lithium treatment.

PubMed

Ferensztajn-Rochowiak, Ewa; Tarnowski, Maciej; Samochowiec, Jerzy; Michalak, Michal; Ratajczak, Mariusz Z; Rybakowski, Janusz K

2016-10-01

The aim was to evaluate the peripheral mRNA expression of pluripotency master transcriptional factors such as octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4), sex-determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2) and homeobox protein Nanog, in patients with bipolar disorder (BD), and the effect of long-term lithium treatment. Fifteen BD patients (aged 53±7years) not treated with lithium, with duration of illness>10years, 15 BD patients (aged 55±6years) treated with lithium for 8-40 years (mean 16years) and 15 control subjects (aged 50±5years) were included. Assessment of the mRNA levels of pluripotency markers (Oct-4, Sox 2 and Nanog) was performed, using the Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RQ-PCR) procedure, and the number of CD34+ very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) was measured by flow cytometric analysis. In those BD patients not treated with lithium the expression of all three pluripotency genes was significantly higher than that in the control subjects. Oct-4, Sox2 and Nanog also positively correlated with the number of CD34+ VSELs/[ul] in this group. In the lithium-treated patients the mRNA levels of Nanog were significantly higher than in the control individuals and correlated with the number and % of CD34+ VSELs. The overexpression of the pluripotency master transcriptional factors in patients with a long duration of BD not treated with lithium, may contribute to the pathogenesis of the illness and make them potential biological markers of BD. Long-term lithium treatment may attenuate these excessive regenerative processes, especially in relation to the transcription factors Oct-4 and Sox2. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Urban & Partner Sp. z o.o.

Fracture resistance of glazed, full-contour ZLS incisor crowns.

PubMed

Schwindling, Franz Sebastian; Rues, Stefan; Schmitter, Marc

2017-07-01

To compare the failure behaviour of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (Celtra Duo, DeguDent) with that of lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent) and feldspar (Mark II, VITA) ceramics. Three groups of sixteen glazed maxillary incisor crowns were produced. The inner surfaces of the crowns were etched, then luted to metal dies with self-adhesive cement. Single load-to-failure tests were performed before and after thermo-mechanical ageing. To simulate clinical conditions, the specimens were thermocycled (10,000 cycles between 6.5°C and 60°C) and underwent chewing simulation (1,200,000 cycles, F max =86N). Statistical analyses were performed by use of non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests. Before ageing, all the monolithic incisor crowns fractured at test forces >285N. Mean fracture loads were highest for zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (725N, SD 162N), slightly lower for lithium disilicate (701N, SD 276N), and lowest for feldspar (554N, SD 190N). The differences between the results were not statistically significant. After ageing, fracture resistance decreased for all materials except zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate. Mean fracture loads were highest for zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (766N, SD 98N) and significantly lower for both lithium disilicate (485N, SD 64N) and feldspar (372N, SD 116N). Monolithic restorations fabricated from zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate retain high fracture resistance after extensive thermo-mechanical ageing. This preclinical study suggests that cohesive failures of monolithic anterior crowns produced of these ceramics will not be a major problem in dental practice. Copyright © 2017 Japan Prosthodontic Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[1,5]-Anion relay via intramolecular proton transfer to generate 3,3-bis(silyl) allyloxy lithium: a useful scaffold for syn-addition to aldehydes and ketones.

PubMed

Lin, Xinglong; Ye, Xincui; Sun, Xianwei; Zhang, Yuebao; Gao, Lu; Song, Zhenlei

2014-02-21

A [1,5]-anion relay has been achieved in 3,3-bis(silyl) benzyl enol ether. Deprotonation at the sterically more accessible benzyl position triggers an intramolecular proton transfer to generate the thermodynamically more stable 3,3-bis(silyl) allyloxy lithium. This endo-oriented allyl anion is stable at -78 °C and undergoes diastereoselective syn-addition at the γ-position with aldehydes and ketones to give monobenzyl-substituted 1,2-diols.

Layered lithium manganese(0.4) nickel(0.4) cobalt(0.2) oxide(2) as cathode for lithium batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Miaomiao

The lithium ion battery occupies a dominant position in the portable battery market today. Intensive research has been carried out on every part of the battery to reduce cost, avoid environmental hazards, and improve battery performance. The commercial cathode material LiCoO2 has been partially replaced by LiNiyCo1- yO2 in the last two years, and mixed metal oxides have been introduced in the last quarter. From a resources point of view, only about 10 million tons of cobalt deposits are available from the world's minerals. However, there is about 500 times more manganese available than cobalt. Moreover, cobalt itself is not environmentally friendly. The purpose of this work is to find a promising alternative cathode material that can maintain good cycling performance, while at the same time reducing the cost and toxicity. When the cost is lowered, it is then possible to consider the larger scale use of lithium ion batteries in application such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). The research work presented in this thesis has focused on a specific composition of a layered lithium transition metal oxide, LiMn0.4Ni 0.4Co0.2O2 with the R3¯m structure. The presence of cobalt plays a critical role in minimizing transition metal migration to the lithium layer, and perhaps also in enhancing the electronic conductivity; however, cobalt is in limited supply and it is therefore more costly than nickel or manganese. The performance of LiMn0.4Ni0.4Co 0.2O2 was investigated and characterized utilizing various techniques an its performance compared with cobalt free LiMn0.5N i0.5O2, as well as with LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co 1/3O2, which is the most extensively studied replacement candidate for LiNiyCo1- yO2, and may be in SONY'S new hybrid cells. First, the structure and cation distribution in LiMn0.4Ni 0.4Co0.2O2 was studied by a combination of X-ray and neutron diffraction experiments. This combination study shows that about 3--5% nickel is present in the lithium layer, while manganese and cobalt are not observed in the lithium layer. In addition, the study did not reveal any ordering of the manganese, nickel, and cobalt, in the transition metal layer at room temperature. The structure changes during the first charge were also investigated both by ex situ and in situ X-ray diffractions. The same cell parameter trends are observed using both techniques. The hexagonal structure is maintained up to 4.6V, which is above the limit for normal cycling. Excess lithium addition reduces the cation disorder just as cobalt addition does. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Materials and Electronic Equipment Corrosion Tests in Some U.S. Navy Geothermal Environments.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-03-01

dissolved solids ə 5.0 ə 5.0 Mercury ɘ.0002 ɘ.0002 Lithium ɘ.01 ɘ.01 Silica as Si0 2 ə.0 ə.0 Aluminum 0.1 ɘ.1 Boron 0.01 ɘ.01 Phosphate ɘ.1 ɘ...Nitrate 2.7 Fluoride 2.80 Iron 0.08 Manganese 0.07 Arsenic 0.20 Copper 0.02 Zinc 0.27 Total dissolved solids 7013.0 Mercury ɘ.0002 Lithium 0.16 Silica as...Behavior of Passive Layers on Titanium," Corrosion, Vol. 38 (5), 1982, pp. 237-240. 7. J. S. Smith and J. D. A. Miller. "Nature of Sulphides and Their

Increased hippocampal, thalamus and amygdala volume in long-term lithium-treated bipolar I disorder patients compared with unmedicated patients and healthy subjects.

PubMed

López-Jaramillo, Carlos; Vargas, Cristian; Díaz-Zuluaga, Ana M; Palacio, Juan David; Castrillón, Gabriel; Bearden, Carrie; Vieta, Eduard

2017-02-01

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in bipolar I disorder (BD-I) suggest that lithium is associated with increased volumes of cortico-limbic structures. However, more rigorous control of confounding factors is needed to obtain further support for this hypothesis. The aim of the present study was to assess differences in brain volumes among long-term lithium-treated BD-I patients, unmedicated BD-I patients, and healthy controls. This was a cross-sectional study with 32 euthymic BD-I patients (16 on lithium monotherapy for a mean of 180 months, and 16 receiving no medication for at least the 2 months prior to the study) and 20 healthy controls. Patients were euthymic (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HDRS] <6 and Young Mania Rating Scale [YMRS] <7) and had not taken psychotropic medications other than lithium for at least 6 months. Brain images were acquired on a 1.5 Tesla MRI (Phillips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and segmented to generate volumetric measures of cortical and subcortical brain areas, ventricles and global brain. Significant differences were found in the volumes of the left amygdala (P=.0003), right amygdala (P=.030), left hippocampus (P=.022), left thalamus (P=.022), and right thalamus (P=.019) in long-term lithium-treated BD-I patients, compared to unmedicated patients and controls, after multivariable adjustment. No differences were observed in global brain volume or in ventricular size among the three groups. Likewise, there was no correlation between serum lithium levels and the increase in size in the described brain areas. The structural differences found among the three groups, and specifically those between long-term lithium-treated and unmedicated BD-I patients, indicate increased limbic structure volumes in lithium-treated patients. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Compatibility of lithium plasma-facing surfaces with high edge temperatures in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment (LTX)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Majeski, Dick

2016-10-01

High edge electron temperatures (200 eV or greater) have been measured at the wall-limited plasma boundary in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX). High edge temperatures, with flat electron temperature profiles, are a long-predicted consequence of low recycling boundary conditions. The temperature profile in LTX, measured by Thomson scattering, varies by as little as 10% from the plasma axis to the boundary, determined by the lithium-coated high field-side wall. The hydrogen plasma density in the outer scrape-off layer is very low, 2-3 x 1017 m-3 , consistent with a low recycling metallic lithium boundary. The plasma surface interaction in LTX is characterized by a low flux of high energy protons to the lithium PFC, with an estimated Debye sheath potential approaching 1 kV. Plasma-material interactions in LTX are consequently in a novel regime, where the impacting proton energy exceeds the peak in the sputtering yield for the lithium wall. In this regime, further increases in the edge temperature will decrease, rather than increase, the sputtering yield. Despite the high edge temperature, the core impurity content is low. Zeff is 1.2 - 1.5, with a very modest contribution (<0.1) from lithium. So far experiments are transient. Gas puffing is used to increase the plasma density. After gas injection stops, the discharge density is allowed to drop, and the edge is pumped by the low recycling lithium wall. An upgrade to LTX which includes a 35A, 20 kV neutral beam injector to provide core fueling to maintain constant density, as well as auxiliary heating, is underway. Two beam systems have been loaned to LTX by Tri Alpha Energy. Additional results from LTX, as well as progress on the upgrade - LTX- β - will be discussed. Work supported by US DOE contracts DE-AC02-09CH11466 and DE-AC05-00OR22725.

Novel Slurry Electrolyte Containing Lithium Metasilicate for High Electrochemical Performance of a 5 V Cathode.

PubMed

Ren, Yonghuan; Mu, Daobin; Wu, Feng; Wu, Borong

2015-10-21

We report a novel slurry electrolyte with ultrahigh concentration of insoluble inorganic lithium metasilicate (Li2SiO3) that is exploited for lithium ion batteries to combine the merits of solid and liquid electrolytes. The safety, conductivity, and anodic and storage stabilities of the eletrolyte are examined, which are all enhanced compared to a base carbonate electrolyte. The compatibility of the elecrolyte with a LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode is evaluated under high voltage. A discharge capacity of 173.8 mAh g(-1) is still maintained after 120 cycles, whereas it is only 74.9 mAh g(-1) in the base electrolyte. Additionally, the rate capability of the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode is also improved with reduced electrode polarization. TEM measurements indicate that the electrode interface is modified by Li2SiO3 with a thinner solid electrolyte interphase film. Density functional theory computations demonstrate that LiPF6 is stabilized against its decomposition by Li2SiO3. A possible path for the reaction between PF5 and Li2SiO3 is also proposed by deducing the transition states involved in the process using the DFT method.

The Pharmacogenomics of Bipolar Disorder study (PGBD): identification of genes for lithium response in a prospective sample.

PubMed

Oedegaard, Ketil J; Alda, Martin; Anand, Anit; Andreassen, Ole A; Balaraman, Yokesh; Berrettini, Wade H; Bhattacharjee, Abesh; Brennand, Kristen J; Burdick, Katherine E; Calabrese, Joseph R; Calkin, Cynthia V; Claasen, Ana; Coryell, William H; Craig, David; DeModena, Anna; Frye, Mark; Gage, Fred H; Gao, Keming; Garnham, Julie; Gershon, Elliot; Jakobsen, Petter; Leckband, Susan G; McCarthy, Michael J; McInnis, Melvin G; Maihofer, Adam X; Mertens, Jerome; Morken, Gunnar; Nievergelt, Caroline M; Nurnberger, John; Pham, Son; Schoeyen, Helle; Shekhtman, Tatyana; Shilling, Paul D; Szelinger, Szabolcs; Tarwater, Bruce; Yao, Jun; Zandi, Peter P; Kelsoe, John R

2016-05-05

Bipolar disorder is a serious and common psychiatric disorder characterized by manic and depressive mood switches and a relapsing and remitting course. The cornerstone of clinical management is stabilization and prophylaxis using mood-stabilizing medications to reduce both manic and depressive symptoms. Lithium remains the gold standard of treatment with the strongest data for both efficacy and suicide prevention. However, many patients do not respond to this medication, and clinically there is a great need for tools to aid the clinician in selecting the correct treatment. Large genome wide association studies (GWAS) investigating retrospectively the effect of lithium response are in the pipeline; however, few large prospective studies on genetic predictors to of lithium response have yet been conducted. The purpose of this project is to identify genes that are associated with lithium response in a large prospective cohort of bipolar patients and to better understand the mechanism of action of lithium and the variation in the genome that influences clinical response. This study is an 11-site prospective non-randomized open trial of lithium designed to ascertain a cohort of 700 subjects with bipolar I disorder who experience protocol-defined relapse prevention as a result of treatment with lithium monotherapy. All patients will be diagnosed using the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS) and will then enter a 2-year follow-up period on lithium monotherapy if and when they exhibit a score of 1 (normal, not ill), 2 (minimally ill) or 3 (mildly ill) on the Clinical Global Impressions of Severity Scale for Bipolar Disorder (CGI-S-BP Overall Bipolar Illness) for 4 of the 5 preceding weeks. Lithium will be titrated as clinically appropriate, not to exceed serum levels of 1.2 mEq/L. The sample will be evaluated longitudinally using a wide range of clinical scales, cognitive assessments and laboratory tests. On relapse, patients will be discontinued or crossed-over to treatment with valproic acid (VPA) or treatment as usual (TAU). Relapse is defined as a DSM-IV manic, major depressive or mixed episode or if the treating physician decides a change in medication is clinically necessary. The sample will be genotyped for GWAS. The outcome for lithium response will be analyzed as a time to event, where the event is defined as clinical relapse, using a Cox Proportional Hazards model. Positive single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from past genetic retrospective studies of lithium response, the Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen), will be tested in this prospective study sample; a meta-analysis of these samples will then be performed. Finally, neurons will be derived from pluripotent stem cells from lithium responders and non-responders and tested in vivo for response to lithium by gene expression studies. SNPs in genes identified in these cellular studies will also be tested for association to response. Lithium is an extraordinarily important therapeutic drug in the clinical management of patients suffering from bipolar disorder. However, a significant proportion of patients, 30-40 %, fail to respond, and there is currently no method to identify the good lithium responders before initiation of treatment. Converging evidence suggests that genetic factors play a strong role in the variation of response to lithium, but only a few genes have been tested and the samples have largely been retrospective or quite small. The current study will collect an entirely unique sample of 700 patients with bipolar disorder to be stabilized on lithium monotherapy and followed for up to 2 years. This study will produce useful information to improve the understanding of the mechanism of action of lithium and will add to the development of a method to predict individual response to lithium, thereby accelerating recovery and reducing suffering and cost. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01272531 Registered: January 6, 2011.

The Control of Orbital Mixing in Ruthenium Complexes Containing Quinone Related Ligands

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-04-04

and sodium, respectively. Tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) and tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (Kodak; TBAH) were recrystallized from...solution. Lithium perchlorate trihydrate (0.036 g; 0.23 mmol) in methanol (2 mL) was added to the hot reaction mixture. The mixture was cooled to room...and lithium aluminum hydride suspension in THF (this required the use of the 4,5-dimethylated orthophenylenediamine complex for solubility reasons

Electrochemical activity in oxyborates toward lithium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pralong, V.; Le Roux, B.; Malo, S.; Guesdon, A.; Lainé, F.; Colin, J. F.; Martin, C.

2017-11-01

We report the lithium insertion into a copper iron oxyborate, i.e. Cu2FeBO5. Four electrons are involved in the course of the first discharge, which is ascribed to the Cu2+/Cu redox couple. The reaction is associated with a collapse of the structure but this material shows a reversible and stable capacity of 180 mAh/g at 2.35 V vs. Li+/Li.

Recovery of lithium and cobalt from waste lithium ion batteries of mobile phone

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jha, Manis Kumar, E-mail: mkjha@nmlindia.org; Kumari, Anjan; Jha, Amrita Kumari

Graphical abstract: Recovery of valuable metals from scrap batteries of mobile phone. - Highlights: • Recovery of Co and Li from spent LIBs was performed by hydrometallurgical route. • Under the optimum condition, 99.1% of lithium and 70.0% of cobalt were leached. • The mechanism of the dissolution of lithium and cobalt was studied. • Activation energy for lithium and cobalt were found to be 32.4 kJ/mol and 59.81 kJ/mol, respectively. • After metal recovery, residue was washed before disposal to the environment. - Abstract: In view of the stringent environmental regulations, availability of limited natural resources and ever increasingmore » need of alternative energy critical elements, an environmental eco-friendly leaching process is reported for the recovery of lithium and cobalt from the cathode active materials of spent lithium-ion batteries of mobile phones. The experiments were carried out to optimize the process parameters for the recovery of lithium and cobalt by varying the concentration of leachant, pulp density, reductant volume and temperature. Leaching with 2 M sulfuric acid with the addition of 5% H{sub 2}O{sub 2} (v/v) at a pulp density of 100 g/L and 75 °C resulted in the recovery of 99.1% lithium and 70.0% cobalt in 60 min. H{sub 2}O{sub 2} in sulfuric acid solution acts as an effective reducing agent, which enhance the percentage leaching of metals. Leaching kinetics of lithium in sulfuric acid fitted well to the chemical controlled reaction model i.e. 1 − (1 − X){sup 1/3} = k{sub c}t. Leaching kinetics of cobalt fitted well to the model ‘ash diffusion control dense constant sizes spherical particles’ i.e. 1 − 3(1 − X){sup 2/3} + 2(1 − X) = k{sub c}t. Metals could subsequently be separated selectively from the leach liquor by solvent extraction process to produce their salts by crystallization process from the purified solution.« less

Analysis of the Influence of microRNAs in Lithium Response in Bipolar Disorder.

PubMed

Reinbold, Céline S; Forstner, Andreas J; Hecker, Julian; Fullerton, Janice M; Hoffmann, Per; Hou, Liping; Heilbronner, Urs; Degenhardt, Franziska; Adli, Mazda; Akiyama, Kazufumi; Akula, Nirmala; Ardau, Raffaella; Arias, Bárbara; Backlund, Lena; Benabarre, Antonio; Bengesser, Susanne; Bhattacharjee, Abesh K; Biernacka, Joanna M; Birner, Armin; Marie-Claire, Cynthia; Cervantes, Pablo; Chen, Guo-Bo; Chen, Hsi-Chung; Chillotti, Caterina; Clark, Scott R; Colom, Francesc; Cousins, David A; Cruceanu, Cristiana; Czerski, Piotr M; Dayer, Alexandre; Étain, Bruno; Falkai, Peter; Frisén, Louise; Gard, Sébastien; Garnham, Julie S; Goes, Fernando S; Grof, Paul; Gruber, Oliver; Hashimoto, Ryota; Hauser, Joanna; Herms, Stefan; Jamain, Stéphane; Jiménez, Esther; Kahn, Jean-Pierre; Kassem, Layla; Kittel-Schneider, Sarah; Kliwicki, Sebastian; König, Barbara; Kusumi, Ichiro; Lackner, Nina; Laje, Gonzalo; Landén, Mikael; Lavebratt, Catharina; Leboyer, Marion; Leckband, Susan G; López Jaramillo, Carlos A; MacQueen, Glenda; Manchia, Mirko; Martinsson, Lina; Mattheisen, Manuel; McCarthy, Michael J; McElroy, Susan L; Mitjans, Marina; Mondimore, Francis M; Monteleone, Palmiero; Nievergelt, Caroline M; Ösby, Urban; Ozaki, Norio; Perlis, Roy H; Pfennig, Andrea; Reich-Erkelenz, Daniela; Rouleau, Guy A; Schofield, Peter R; Schubert, K Oliver; Schweizer, Barbara W; Seemüller, Florian; Severino, Giovanni; Shekhtman, Tatyana; Shilling, Paul D; Shimoda, Kazutaka; Simhandl, Christian; Slaney, Claire M; Smoller, Jordan W; Squassina, Alessio; Stamm, Thomas J; Stopkova, Pavla; Tighe, Sarah K; Tortorella, Alfonso; Turecki, Gustavo; Volkert, Julia; Witt, Stephanie H; Wright, Adam J; Young, L Trevor; Zandi, Peter P; Potash, James B; DePaulo, J Raymond; Bauer, Michael; Reininghaus, Eva; Novák, Tomáš; Aubry, Jean-Michel; Maj, Mario; Baune, Bernhard T; Mitchell, Philip B; Vieta, Eduard; Frye, Mark A; Rybakowski, Janusz K; Kuo, Po-Hsiu; Kato, Tadafumi; Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Maria; Reif, Andreas; Del Zompo, Maria; Bellivier, Frank; Schalling, Martin; Wray, Naomi R; Kelsoe, John R; Alda, Martin; McMahon, Francis J; Schulze, Thomas G; Rietschel, Marcella; Nöthen, Markus M; Cichon, Sven

2018-01-01

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common, highly heritable neuropsychiatric disease characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. Lithium is the best-established long-term treatment for BD, even though individual response is highly variable. Evidence suggests that some of this variability has a genetic basis. This is supported by the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of lithium response to date conducted by the International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen). Recently, we performed the first genome-wide analysis of the involvement of miRNAs in BD and identified nine BD-associated miRNAs. However, it is unknown whether these miRNAs are also associated with lithium response in BD. In the present study, we therefore tested whether common variants at these nine candidate miRNAs contribute to the variance in lithium response in BD. Furthermore, we systematically analyzed whether any other miRNA in the genome is implicated in the response to lithium. For this purpose, we performed gene-based tests for all known miRNA coding genes in the ConLiGen GWAS dataset ( n = 2,563 patients) using a set-based testing approach adapted from the versatile gene-based test for GWAS (VEGAS2). In the candidate approach, miR-499a showed a nominally significant association with lithium response, providing some evidence for involvement in both development and treatment of BD. In the genome-wide miRNA analysis, 71 miRNAs showed nominally significant associations with the dichotomous phenotype and 106 with the continuous trait for treatment response. A total of 15 miRNAs revealed nominal significance in both phenotypes with miR-633 showing the strongest association with the continuous trait ( p = 9.80E-04) and miR-607 with the dichotomous phenotype ( p = 5.79E-04). No association between miRNAs and treatment response to lithium in BD in either of the tested conditions withstood multiple testing correction. Given the limited power of our study, the investigation of miRNAs in larger GWAS samples of BD and lithium response is warranted.

Free-anchored Nb2O5@graphene networks for ultrafast-stable lithium storage.

PubMed

Deng, Qinglin; Li, Mengjiao; Wang, Junyong; Jiang, Kai; Hu, Zhigao; Chu, Junhao

2018-05-04

Orthorhombic Nb 2 O 5 (T-Nb 2 O 5 ) has structural merit but poor electrical conductivity, limiting their applications in energy storage. Although graphene is frequently adopted to effectively improve its electrochemical properties, the ordinary modified methods cannot meet the growing demands for high-performance. Here, we demonstrate that different graphene modified routes play a vital role in affecting the electrochemical performances of T-Nb 2 O 5 . By only manual shaking within one minute, Nb 2 O 5 nano-particles can be rapidly adsorbed onto graphene, then the free-anchored T-Nb 2 O 5 @graphene three-dimensional networks can be successfully prepared based on hydrogel method. As for the application in lithium-ion batteries, it performs outstanding rate character (129 mA h g -1 (25C rate), 110 mA h g -1 (50C rate) and 90 mA h g -1 (100C rate), correspond to 79%, 67% and 55% capacity of 0.5C rate, respectively) and excellent long-term cycling feature (∼70% capacity retention after 20000 cycles). Moreover, it still maintains similar ultrafast-stable lithium storage performances when Cu foil is substituted by Al foil as current collector. In addition, relevant kinetics mechanisms are also expounded. This work provides a versatile strategy for the preparation of graphene modified Nb 2 O 5 or other types of nanoparticles.

Free-anchored Nb2O5@graphene networks for ultrafast-stable lithium storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deng, Qinglin; Li, Mengjiao; Wang, Junyong; Jiang, Kai; Hu, Zhigao; Chu, Junhao

2018-05-01

Orthorhombic Nb2O5 (T-Nb2O5) has structural merit but poor electrical conductivity, limiting their applications in energy storage. Although graphene is frequently adopted to effectively improve its electrochemical properties, the ordinary modified methods cannot meet the growing demands for high-performance. Here, we demonstrate that different graphene modified routes play a vital role in affecting the electrochemical performances of T-Nb2O5. By only manual shaking within one minute, Nb2O5 nano-particles can be rapidly adsorbed onto graphene, then the free-anchored T-Nb2O5@graphene three-dimensional networks can be successfully prepared based on hydrogel method. As for the application in lithium-ion batteries, it performs outstanding rate character (129 mA h g-1 (25C rate), 110 mA h g-1 (50C rate) and 90 mA h g-1 (100C rate), correspond to 79%, 67% and 55% capacity of 0.5C rate, respectively) and excellent long-term cycling feature (˜70% capacity retention after 20000 cycles). Moreover, it still maintains similar ultrafast-stable lithium storage performances when Cu foil is substituted by Al foil as current collector. In addition, relevant kinetics mechanisms are also expounded. This work provides a versatile strategy for the preparation of graphene modified Nb2O5 or other types of nanoparticles.

Hydrogen, lithium, and lithium hydride production

DOEpatents

Brown, Sam W.; Spencer, Larry S.; Phillips, Michael R.; Powell, G. Louis; Campbell, Peggy J.

2017-06-20

A method is provided for extracting hydrogen from lithium hydride. The method includes (a) heating lithium hydride to form liquid-phase lithium hydride; (b) extracting hydrogen from the liquid-phase lithium hydride, leaving residual liquid-phase lithium metal; (c) hydriding the residual liquid-phase lithium metal to form refined lithium hydride; and repeating steps (a) and (b) on the refined lithium hydride.

Novel Conjugated Ladder-Structured Oligomer Anode with High Lithium Storage and Long Cycling Capability.

PubMed

Xie, Jian; Rui, Xianhong; Gu, Peiyang; Wu, Jiansheng; Xu, Zhichuan J; Yan, Qingyu; Zhang, Qichun

2016-07-06

Herein we report the development of nanostructured poly(1,4-dihydro-11H-pyrazino[2',3':3,4]cyclopenta[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one) (PPCQ), a novel conjugated ladderlike oligomer with the presence of a rich amount of heteroatoms, as the anode material. Beyond its remarkable lithium storage of 972 mAh g(-1) after 120 cycles, the superior cycle life and stable capacity performance of 489 mAh g(-1) revealed by ultralong testing of 1000 cycles (with an average Coulombic efficiency 99.8%) at a high current density of 2.5 A g(-1) indicate its excellent electrochemical stability to be promisingly applied for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).

Triboelectric Nanogenerator Using Lithium Niobate Thin Film

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Geng, Juan; Zhang, Xinzheng; Kong, Yongfa; Xu, Jingjun

2017-06-01

We present a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) using a lithium niobate thin film, as one of the triboelectric pairs which was grown on a silicon substrate by laser molecule beam epitaxy (LMBE). The designed TENG has the advantages of simple structure, easy fabrication, small size (1.1*1.0*0.15 cm3). An open-circuit voltage of 136 V and a short-circuit current of 8.40 μA have been achieved. The maximum output power is 307.5μW under the load resistance of 10MΩ. This is the first time to use lithium niobate thin film as one of the friction pair, which may make it possible to expand the application of triboelectric nanogenerator to optical field.

Lithium Dendrite Suppression and Enhanced Interfacial Compatibility Enabled by an Ex Situ SEI on Li Anode for LAGP-Based All-Solid-State Batteries.

PubMed

Hou, Guangmei; Ma, Xiaoxin; Sun, Qidi; Ai, Qing; Xu, Xiaoyan; Chen, Lina; Li, Deping; Chen, Jinghua; Zhong, Hai; Li, Yang; Xu, Zhibin; Si, Pengchao; Feng, Jinkui; Zhang, Lin; Ding, Fei; Ci, Lijie

2018-06-06

The electrode-electrolyte interface stability is a critical factor influencing cycle performance of All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs). Here, we propose a LiF- and Li 3 N-enriched artificial solid state electrolyte interphase (SEI) protective layer on metallic lithium (Li). The SEI layer can stabilize metallic Li anode and improve the interface compatibility at the Li anode side in ASSLBs. We also developed a Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ge 1.5 (PO 4 ) 3 -poly(ethylene oxide) (LAGP-PEO) concrete structured composite solid electrolyte. The symmetric Li/LAGP-PEO/Li cells with SEI-protected Li anodes have been stably cycled with small polarization at a current density of 0.05 mA cm -2 at 50 °C for nearly 400 h. ASSLB-based on SEI-protected Li anode, LAGP-PEO electrolyte, and LiFePO 4 (LFP) cathode exhibits excellent cyclic stability with an initial discharge capacity of 147.2 mA h g -1 and a retention of 96% after 200 cycles.

Three-volt lithium-ion battery with Li[Ni 1/2Mn 3/2]O 4 and the zero-strain insertion material of Li[Li 1/3Ti 5/3]O 4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ariyoshi, Kingo; Yamamoto, Satoshi; Ohzuku, Tsutomu

A 3 V lithium-ion cell with Li[Ni 1/2Mn 3/2]O 4 ( Fd 3¯m ; a=8.17 Å) and the zero-strain insertion material of Li[Li 1/3Ti 5/3]O 4 ( Fd 3¯m ; a=8.36 Å) was examined with an emphasis on rate-capability and cycle life. This cell showed a quite flat operating voltage of 3.2 V with excellent cycleability. Accelerated cycle tests indicated that 83% of the initial capacity was delivered and stored even after 1100 cycles. Although the calculated energy density of a Li[Li 1/3Ti 5/3]O 4/Li[Ni 1/2Mn 3/2]O 4 cell was about 250 Wh kg -1 or 1000 Wh dm -3 based on the active material weight or volume, the 3 V lithium-ion battery exhibited positive characteristic features, such as flatness in operating voltage, high rate capability, and cycle life.

Ionic liquids in lithium battery electrolytes: Composition versus safety and physical properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilken, Susanne; Xiong, Shizhao; Scheers, Johan; Jacobsson, Per; Johansson, Patrik

2015-02-01

Ionic liquids have been highlighted as non-flammable, environmentally friendly, and suggested as possible solvents in lithium ion battery electrolytes. Here, the application of two ionic liquids from the EMIm-family in a state-of-the-art carbonate solvent based electrolyte is studied with a focus on safety improvement. The impact of the composition on physical and safety related properties is investigated for IL concentrations of additive (∼5 wt%) up to co-solvent concentrations (∼60 wt%). Furthermore, the role of the lithium salt concentration is separately addressed by studying a set of electrolytes at 0.5 M, 1 M, and 2 M LiPF6 concentrations. A large impact on the electrolyte properties is found for the electrolytes containing EMImTFSI and high salt concentrations. The composition 2 M LiPF6 EC:DEC:IL (1:1:3 wt%) is found non-flammable for both choices of ILs added. The macroscopic observations are complemented by a Raman spectroscopy analysis whereby a change in the Li+ solvation is detected for IL concentrations >4.5 mol%.

Ion and gas chromatography mass spectrometry investigations of organophosphates in lithium ion battery electrolytes by electrochemical aging at elevated cathode potentials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weber, Waldemar; Wagner, Ralf; Streipert, Benjamin; Kraft, Vadim; Winter, Martin; Nowak, Sascha

2016-02-01

The electrochemical aging of commercial non-aqueous lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6)/organic carbonate solvent based lithium ion battery electrolyte has been investigated in view of the formation of ionic and non-ionic alkylated phosphates. Subject was a solvent mixture of ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate EC:EMC (1:1, by wt.) with 1 M LiPF6 (LP50 Selectilyte™, BASF). The analysis was carried out by ion chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for ionic compounds and (headspace) gas chromatography mass spectrometry ((HS)-GC-MS) for non-ionic compounds. The electrochemical aging was performed by galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling and potentiostatic experiments with LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LMNO) as cathode material at increased cut-off potentials (>4.5 V vs. Li/Li+). A strong dependence of the formation of organophosphates on the applied electrode potential was observed and investigated by quantitative analysis of the formed phosphates. In addition, new possible ;fingerprint; compounds for describing the electrolyte status were investigated and compared to existing compounds.

A Newly Designed Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte Based on Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) for Enhanced Solid-State Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

PubMed

Xia, Yan; Wang, Xiuli; Xia, Xinhui; Xu, Ruochen; Zhang, Shengzhao; Wu, Jianbo; Liang, Yanfei; Gu, Changdong; Tu, Jiangping

2017-10-26

Developing high-performance solid-state electrolytes is crucial for the innovation of next-generation lithium-sulfur batteries. Herein, a facile method for preparation of a novel gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) based on poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) is reported. Furthermore, Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ti 1.5 (PO 4 ) 3 (LATP) nanoparticles as the active fillers are uniformly embedded into the GPE to form the final PVDF-HFP/LATP composite gel polymer electrolyte (CPE). Impressively, the obtained CPE demonstrates a high lithium ion transference number of 0.51 and improved electrochemical stability as compared to commercial liquid electrolyte. In addition, the assembled solid-sate Li-S battery with the composite gel polymer electrolyte membrane presents a high initial capacity of 918 mAh g -1 at 0.05 C, and better cycle performance than the counterparts with liquid electrolyte. Our designed PVDF-HFP/LATP composite can be a promising electrolyte for next-generation solid-state batteries with high cycling stability. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Startup of RAPID-L Lunar Base Reactor by Lithium Release Module

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kambe, Mitsuru

The 200 kWe uranium-nitride fueled lithium cooled fast reactor concept RAPID-L to be combined with thermoelectric power conversion system for lunar base power system is demonstrated. Unique challenges in reactivity control systems design have been attempted in RAPID-L concept. The reactor involves the following innovative reactivity control systems: Lithium Expansion Modules (LEM) for inherent reactivity feedback, Lithium Injection Modules (LIM) for inherent ultimate shutdown, and Lithium Release Modules (LRM) for automated reactor startup. All these systems adopt lithium-6 as a liquid poison instead of conventional B4C rods or Be reflectors. These systems are effective independent of the magnitude and direction of the gravity force. In 2006, however, the following design amendment has been made. 1) B4C poison rods were added to ensure criticality safety in unintended positive reactivity insertion by LRMs due to fire in the launch phase accident; because LRM freeze seal melts at 800°C which result in positive reactivity insertion. 2) Lower hot standby temperature of 200°C was adopted instead of conventional 800°C to reduce the external power at the startup. In this paper, development of the LRM orifice which dominates the startup transient of RAPID-L is discussed. An attention was focused how to achieve sufficiently small flow rate of 6Li in the orifice because it enables moderate positive reactivity insertion rate. The LRM orifice performance has been confirmed using 0.5 mm diameter SUS316 orifice/lithium flow test setup in the glove box.

Mechanical properties of zirconia reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramic.

PubMed

Elsaka, Shaymaa E; Elnaghy, Amr M

2016-07-01

The aim of this study was to assess the mechanical properties of recently introduced zirconia reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramic. Two types of CAD/CAM glass-ceramics (Vita Suprinity (VS); zirconia reinforced lithium silicate and IPS e.max CAD (IC); lithium disilicate) were used. Fracture toughness, flexural strength, elastic modulus, hardness, brittleness index, and microstructures were evaluated. Data were analyzed using independent t tests. Weibull analysis of flexural strength data was also performed. VS had significantly higher fracture toughness (2.31±0.17MPam(0.5)), flexural strength (443.63±38.90MPa), elastic modulus (70.44±1.97GPa), and hardness (6.53±0.49GPa) than IC (P<0.001). On the other hand, VS glass-ceramic revealed significantly a higher brittleness index (2.84±0.26μm(-1/2)) (lower machinability) than IC glass-ceramic (P<0.05). VS demonstrated a homogeneous fine crystalline structure while, IC revealed a structure with needle-shaped fine-grained crystals embedded in a glassy matrix. The VS glass-ceramic revealed a lower probability of failure and a higher strength than IC glass-ceramic according to Weibull analysis. The VS zirconia reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramic revealed higher mechanical properties compared with IC lithium disilicate glass-ceramic. Copyright © 2016 The Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Prevention of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy by lithium pretreatment

PubMed Central

Mo, Michelle; Erdelyi, Ildiko; Szigeti-Buck, Klara; Benbow, Jennifer H.; Ehrlich, Barbara E.

2012-01-01

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a debilitating side effect that occurs in many patients undergoing chemotherapy. It is often irreversible and frequently leads to early termination of treatment. In this study, we have identified two compounds, lithium and ibudilast, that when administered as a single prophylactic injection prior to paclitaxel treatment, prevent the development of CIPN in mice at the sensory-motor and cellular level. The prevention of neuropathy was not observed in paclitaxel-treated mice that were only prophylactically treated with a vehicle injection. The coadministration of lithium with paclitaxel also allows for administration of higher doses of paclitaxel (survival increases by 60%), protects against paclitaxel-induced cardiac abnormalities, and, notably, does not interfere with the antitumor effects of paclitaxel. Moreover, we have determined a mechanism by which CIPN develops and have discovered that lithium and ibudilast inhibit development of peripheral neuropathy by disrupting the interaction between paclitaxel, neuronal calcium sensor 1 (NCS-1), and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) to prevent treatment-induced decreases in intracellular calcium signaling. This study shows that lithium and ibudilast are candidate therapeutics for the prevention of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy and could enable patients to tolerate more aggressive treatment regimens.—Mo, M., Erdelyi, I., Szigeti-Buck, K., Benbow, J. H., Ehrlich, B. E. Prevention of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy by lithium pretreatment. PMID:22889832

A new strategy to mitigate the initial capacity loss of lithium ion batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Su, Xin; Lin, Chikai; Wang, Xiaoping

2016-08-01

Hard carbon (non-graphitizable) and related materials, like tin, tin oxide, silicon, and silicon oxide, have a high theoretical lithium delivery capacity (>550 mAh/g depending on their structural and chemical properties) but unfortunately they also exhibit a large initial capacity loss (ICL) that overrides the true reversible capacity in a full cell. Overcoming the large ICL of hard carbon in a full-cell lithium-ion battery (LIB) necessitates a new strategy wherein a sacrificial lithium source additive, such as, Li5FeO4 (LFO), is inserted on the cathode side. Full batteries using hard carbon coupled with LFO-LiCoO2 (LCO) are currently under development at our laboratory.more » We find that the reversible capacity of a cathode containing LFO can be increased by 14%. Furthermore, the cycle performance of full cells with LFO additive is improved from <90% to >95%. We show that the LFO additive not only can address the irreversible capacity loss of the anode, but can also provide the additional lithium ion source required to mitigate the lithium loss caused by side reactions. In addition, we have explored the possibility to achieve higher capacity with hard carbon, whereby the energy density of full cells can be increased from ca. 300 Wh/kg to >400 Wh/kg.« less

A Lithium-Ion Battery using a 3 D-Array Nanostructured Graphene-Sulfur Cathode and a Silicon Oxide-Based Anode.

PubMed

Benítez, Almudena; Di Lecce, Daniele; Elia, Giuseppe Antonio; Caballero, Álvaro; Morales, Julián; Hassoun, Jusef

2018-05-09

An efficient lithium-ion battery was assembled by using an enhanced sulfur-based cathode and a silicon oxide-based anode and proposed as an innovative energy-storage system. The sulfur-carbon composite, which exploits graphene carbon with a 3 D array (3DG-S), was synthesized by a reduction step through a microwave-assisted solvothermal technique and was fully characterized in terms of structure and morphology, thereby revealing suitable features for lithium-cell application. Electrochemical tests of the 3DG-S electrode in a lithium half-cell indicated a capacity ranging from 1200 to 1000 mAh g -1 at currents of C/10 and 1 C, respectively. Remarkably, the Li-alloyed anode, namely, Li y SiO x -C prepared by the sol-gel method and lithiated by surface treatment, showed suitable performance in a lithium half-cell by using an electrolyte designed for lithium-sulfur batteries. The Li y SiO x -C/3DG-S battery was found to exhibit very promising properties with a capacity of approximately 460 mAh g S -1 delivered at an average voltage of approximately 1.5 V over 200 cycles, suggesting that the characterized materials would be suitable candidates for low-cost and high-energy-storage applications. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Hydrogen, lithium, and lithium hydride production

DOEpatents

Brown, Sam W; Spencer, Larry S; Phillips, Michael R; Powell, G. Louis; Campbell, Peggy J

2014-03-25

A method of producing high purity lithium metal is provided, where gaseous-phase lithium metal is extracted from lithium hydride and condensed to form solid high purity lithium metal. The high purity lithium metal may be hydrided to provide high purity lithium hydride.

Nanoporous adsorption effect on altering Li+ diffusion pathway by a highly ordered porous electrolyte additive for high rate all-solid-state lithium metal batteries.

PubMed

Li, Wenwen; Zhang, Sanpei; Wang, Bangrun; Gu, Sui; Xu, Dong; Wang, Jianing; Chen, Chunhua; Wen, Zhaoyin

2018-06-19

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have shown extraordinary promise for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries with high energy density and flexibility but are mainly limited by the low ionic conductivity and their poor stability with lithium metal anode. In this work, we propose a highly ordered porous electrolyte additive derived from SSZ-13 for high-rate all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. The nanoporous adsorption effect provided by the highly ordered porous nanoparticles in the poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) electrolyte are found to significantly improve the Li + conductivity (1.91×10 -3 S cm -1 at 60°C, 4.43×10 -5 S cm -1 at 20°C) and widen the electrochemical stability window to 4.7 V vs Li + /Li. Meanwhile, the designed PEO-based electrolyte demonstrates enhanced stability with the lithium metal anode. Through systematically increasing Li + diffusion, widening the electrochemical stability window and enhancing the stability of the SSZ-CPE electrolyte, the LiFePO4/SSZ-CPE/Li cell is optimized to deliver high-rate capability and stable cycling performance, which demonstrates great potential for all-solid-state energy storage application.

Megawatt Class Nuclear Space Power Systems (MCNSPS) conceptual design and evaluation report. Volume 4: Concepts selection, conceptual designs, recommendations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wetch, J. R.

1988-01-01

A study was conducted by NASA Lewis Research Center for the Triagency SP-100 program office. The objective was to determine which reactor, conversion and radiator technologies would best fulfill future Megawatt Class Nuclear Space Power System Requirements. The requirement was 10 megawatts for 5 years of full power operation and 10 years system life on orbit. A variety of liquid metal and gas cooled reactors, static and dynamic conversion systems, and passive and dynamic radiators were considered. Four concepts were selected for more detailed study: (1) a gas cooled reactor with closed cycle Brayton turbine-alternator conversion with heatpipe and pumped tube fin rejection, (2) a Lithium cooled reactor with a free piston Stirling engine-linear alternator and a pumped tube-fin radiator,(3) a Lithium cooled reactor with a Potassium Rankine turbine-alternator and heat pipe radiator, and (4) a Lithium cooled incore thermionic static conversion reactor with a heat pipe radiator. The systems recommended for further development to meet a 10 megawatt long life requirement are the Lithium cooled reactor with the K-Rankine conversion and heat pipe radiator, and the Lithium cooled incore thermionic reactor with heat pipe radiator.

Lithium manganese oxide (LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}) nanoparticles synthesized by hydrothermal method as adsorbent of lithium recovery process from geothermal fluid of Lumpur Sidoarjo

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Noerochim, Lukman, E-mail: lukman@mat-eng.its.ac.id; Sapputra, Gede Panca Ady; Widodo, Amien

2016-04-19

Lumpur Sidoarjo is one of geothermal fluid types which has a great potential as source of lithium. Adsorption method with Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}) as an adsorbent has been chosen for lithium recovery process due to low production cost and environmental friendly. LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} was synthesized by hydrothermal method at 200 °C for 24 hrs, 48 hrs, and 72 hrs. As prepared LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} powder is treated by acid treatment with 0.5 M HCl solution for 24 hrs. XRD test result reveals that all of as-prepared samples are indexed as spinel structure of LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}more » (JCPDS card no 35-0782) with no impurity peaks detected. SEM images show that LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} has nanoparticles morphology with particle size around 25 nm. The highest adsorption efficiency of adsorbent is obtained by sample hydrothermal for 72 hrs with 42.76%.« less

A simplified fractional order impedance model and parameter identification method for lithium-ion batteries

PubMed Central

Yang, Qingxia; Xu, Jun; Cao, Binggang; Li, Xiuqing

2017-01-01

Identification of internal parameters of lithium-ion batteries is a useful tool to evaluate battery performance, and requires an effective model and algorithm. Based on the least square genetic algorithm, a simplified fractional order impedance model for lithium-ion batteries and the corresponding parameter identification method were developed. The simplified model was derived from the analysis of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data and the transient response of lithium-ion batteries with different states of charge. In order to identify the parameters of the model, an equivalent tracking system was established, and the method of least square genetic algorithm was applied using the time-domain test data. Experiments and computer simulations were carried out to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed model and parameter identification method. Compared with a second-order resistance-capacitance (2-RC) model and recursive least squares method, small tracing voltage fluctuations were observed. The maximum battery voltage tracing error for the proposed model and parameter identification method is within 0.5%; this demonstrates the good performance of the model and the efficiency of the least square genetic algorithm to estimate the internal parameters of lithium-ion batteries. PMID:28212405

Characterization of Liquid Lithium Wetting and Thermoelectric Properties for Nuclear Fusion Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fiflis, Peter; Xu, Wenyu; Christenson, Michael; Andruczyk, Daniel; Curreli, Davide; Ruzic, David

2013-10-01

Critical to the implementation of flowing liquid lithium plasma facing components is understanding the interactions of liquid lithium with various surfaces. Presented here are experiments investigating the material compatibility, wetting characteristics, and relative thermopower of liquid lithium with a variety of potential substrate candidates for the LiMIT concept. Wetting experiments with lithium used the contact angle as a metric. Among those materials investigated are 316 SS, Mo, Ta, and W. The contact angle, as well as its dependence on temperature was measured. For example, at 200 C, tungsten registers a contact angle of 130°, whereas above its wetting temperature of 350 C, the contact angle is less than 80°. Several methods were found to decrease the critical wetting temperature of various materials and are presented here. The thermopower of W, Mo, Ta, Li, Ga, Wood's metal and Sn has been measured relative to stainless steel, and the Seebeck coefficient of has then been calculated. For molybdenum the Seebeck coefficient has a linear rise with temperature from SMo = 3.9 μVK-1 at 30 °C to 7.5 μVK-1 at 275 °C. On Assignment at PPPL

Self-standing elastomeric composites based on lithium ferrites and their dielectric behavior

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soreto Teixeira, S.; Graça, M. P. F.; Dionisio, M.; Ilcíkova, M.; Mosnacek, J.; Spitalsky, Z.; Krupa, I.; Costa, L. C.

2014-12-01

Lithium ferrite (LiFe5O8) is an attractive material for technological applications due to its physical properties, which are significantly dependent on the preparation method and raw materials. In this work, LiFe5O8 crystallites were obtained by controlled heat-treatment process at 1100 °C, of a homogeneous mixture of Li2O-Fe2O3 powders, prepared by wet ball-milling and using lithium and iron nitrates as raw materials. The main goal was the preparation of a flexible and self-standing tick composite film by embedding lithium ferrite particles in a polymeric matrix, taking advantage of the good mechanical properties of the polymer and of the electrical and dielectric properties of the ferrite. The selected polymer matrix was styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene copolymer. To prepare the composites, the lithium ferrite particles were chemically modified in order to functionalize their surface. To analyse the influence of the particles surface modification, different composites were made, with modified and unmodified particles. The structure of the obtained composites was studied by FTIR, XRD, TGA, and DSC techniques. The dielectric properties were analysed, in the frequency range between 10 Hz and 1 MHz and in function of temperature in the range between -73 °C and 127 °C. These properties were related with the structure and concentration of the particles in the matrix network. The composites with the modified particles present higher dielectric constant, maintaining values of loss tangent sufficiently low (<10-2) that can be considered interesting for technological applications.

The Influence of Lithium and/or Selenium Treatment on Homeostasis of Chosen Bioelements in Rats.

PubMed

Kiełczykowska, Małgorzata; Musik, Irena; Kurzepa, Jacek; Żelazowska, Renata; Lewandowska, Anna; Paździor, Marek; Kocot, Joanna

2017-07-01

Lithium is widely used in medicine and the therapy is often long term. Apart from beneficial effects, its application can cause diverse side effects. The current study was performed with the aim of the evaluation of the effect of lithium and/or selenium administration on magnesium, calcium and silicon levels in rats. The study was performed on rats divided into four groups (six animals each): control-received saline, Li-received Li 2 CO 3 (2.7 mg Li/kg b.w.), Se-received Na 2 SeO 3 ·H 2 O (0.5 mg Se/kg b.w.), and Li+Se-received simultaneously Li 2 CO 3 and Na 2 SeO 3 ·H 2 O (2.7 and 0.5 mg Se/kg b.w.). The administration was performed in form of water solutions by a stomach tube once a day for 6 weeks. In the organs (liver, kidney, brain, spleen, heart, lung and femoral muscle), the concentrations of magnesium, calcium and silicon were determined. Lithium significantly increased Ca in the kidney, brain and spleen. Coadministration of selenium reversed this effect. No changes of magnesium in organs were observed. Silicon was affected only in spleen-an increase vs. control was observed in all studied groups. The beneficial influence of coadministration of selenium in case of calcium lets us suggest that an issue of its possible use as an adjuvant alleviating side effects in lithium-treated subjects is worth being continued.

Visualizing elemental deposition patterns on carbonaceous anodes from lithium ion batteries: A laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry study on factors influencing the deposition of lithium, nickel, manganese and cobalt after dissolution and migration from the Li1[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 and LiMn1.5 Ni0.5O4 cathode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schwieters, Timo; Evertz, Marco; Fengler, Alexander; Börner, Markus; Dagger, Tim; Stenzel, Yannick; Harte, Patrick; Winter, Martin; Nowak, Sascha

2018-03-01

In this study, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is applied to previously aged carbonaceous anodes from lithium ion batteries (LIBs). These electrodes are treated by cyclic aging in a lithium ion cell set-up against Li1[Ni1/3Mn 1/3Co1/3]O2 = NMC111 to elucidate factors that influence transition metal dissolution (TMD) of the cathode and subsequent deposition on the anode. The investigations are carried out by qualitatively visualizing the 7Li and TM patterns (60Ni, 55Mn and 59Co) of whole coin and pouch-bag electrodes. The lithium, as well as the TM amount, found on the anode, is directly correlated to the applied upper cut-off voltage (4.6, 4.7, 4.8 and 4.9 V) showing more deposition of Li and TMs at elevated voltages. While 7Li shows a more homogeneous pattern, the TM distribution is inhomogeneous but showing a similar pattern for all TMs of the same sample. An unequal pressure distribution, resulting in a nonparallel electrode alignment, on the electrode stack is identified to be responsible for the inhomogeneous TM deposition pattern. This uneven electrode orientation results in different diffusion pathways for the TM migration with regard to the spatial distances.

Characterization of Rhodococcus sp. A5wh isolated from a high altitude Andean lake to unravel the survival strategy under lithium stress.

PubMed

Belfiore, Carolina; Curia, María V; Farías, María E

2017-11-24

Lithium (Li) is widely distributed in nature and has several industrial applications. The largest reserves of Li (over 85%) are in the so-called "triangle of lithium" that includes the Salar de Atacama in Chile, Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia and Salar del Hombre Muerto in Argentina. Recently, the use of microorganisms in metal recovery such as copper has increased; however, there is little information about the recovery of lithium. The strain Rhodococcus sp. A5 wh used in this work was previously isolated from Laguna Azul. The assays revealed that this strain was able to accumulate Li (39.52% of Li/g microbial cells in 180min) and that it was able to grow in its presence up to 1M. In order to understand the mechanisms implicated in Li tolerance, a proteomic approach was conducted. Comparative proteomic analyses of strain A5 wh exposed and unexposed to Li reveal that 17 spots were differentially expressed. The identification of proteins was performed by MALDI-TOF/MS, and the obtained results showed that proteins involved in stress response, transcription, translations, and metabolism were expressed under Li stress. This knowledge constitutes the first proteomic approach to elucidate the strategy followed by Rhodococcus to adapt to Li. Copyright © 2017 Asociación Argentina de Microbiología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Smoke alarm and battery function 42 months after installation: a randomized trial.

PubMed

Peek-Asa, Corinne; Yang, Jingzhen; Hamann, Cara; Jones, Michael P; Young, Tracy; Zwerling, Craig

2010-10-01

This randomized trial presents findings from the longest follow-up study of smoke alarm and battery function to date. The purpose of this study is to examine differences in long-term function of smoke alarm and battery combinations. A total of 691 households in an ongoing cohort study were randomly allocated into smoke alarm groups of ionizing and photoelectric and battery groups of zinc and lithium. Smoke alarm function was measured in 633 (91.6%) households from January 2007 through February 2008, 42 months following original smoke alarm/battery installation. Data analyses were conducted in 2009. After 3.5 years, 81.9% of the 1898 smoke alarms were functional. Ionizing alarms with zinc batteries were the least likely to function (72.7%). In comparison, photoelectric alarms with lithium batteries were 2.9 times (95% CI=1.8, 4.5) more likely to function; ionizing alarms with lithium batteries were 2.0 times (95% CI=1.3, 3.1) more likely to function; and photoelectric alarms with zinc batteries were 1.7 times (95% CI=1.1, 2.5) more likely to function. Functionality was strongly tied to number of reports of nuisance alarms, which was higher for ionizing than photoelectric alarms. Photoelectric smoke alarms and lithium batteries are the most likely to function long after smoke alarm installation, and may be worthwhile investments despite their increased cost. Copyright © 2010 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Determination of discretionary salt intake in rural Guatemala and Benin to determine the iodine fortification of salt required to control iodine deficiency disorders: studies using lithium-labeled salt.

PubMed

Melse-Boonstra, A; Rozendaal, M; Rexwinkel, H; Gerichhausen, M J; van den Briel, T; Bulux, J; Solomons, N W; West, C E

1998-09-01

The use of discretionary salt, which is salt added during cooking and at the table, as a suitable vehicle for iodine intake was assessed by measuring salt consumption using the lithium-marker technique in rural areas of Guatemala and Benin. In both countries, we studied boys aged 6-12 y and their mothers. Subjects used lithium-labeled salt after all unlabeled salt was removed from their households. In Guatemala, 24-h urine samples for 9 mother-son pairs were collected at baseline and on days 7, 8, and 9 during the use of lithium-labeled salt. Total maternal salt intake averaged 5.2 +/- 1.7 g/d (mean +/- SD), of which 77 +/- 24% came from discretionary sources, whereas Guatemalan boys consumed 1.8 +/- 0.6 g salt/d, of which 72 +/- 12% came from discretionary sources. In Benin, urine collection from 13 mother-son pairs took place at baseline and on days 5 and 7. Beninese mothers had a total salt intake of 9.0 +/- 2.9 g/d and their sons had an intake of 5.7 +/- 2.8 g/d; discretionary salt contributed 52 +/- 14% and 50 +/- 13%, respectively, of total salt consumed. Therefore, fortification of household salt appears to be an appropriate method of controlling iodine deficiency in both countries, although fortification of other salt sources could be considered in Benin.

EPR and ENDOR Studies of Point Defects in Lithium Tetraborate Crystals

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-14

the US and its allies. Terrorist groups have shown interest in seeking and deploying weapons of mass destruction and mass disruption--weapons that...5]. Lithium tetraborate, has been grown pure and doped with many different elements including transition metals, actinides , and rare earth...microwave cavity is said to be “ critically coupled” when there is no reflected microwave power. Absorption of microwaves, which occurs when the magnetic

Inorganic Halogen Oxidizer Research.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-04-21

Hexafluorophosphate , High Detonation Pressure Explosives. 20. (Continued) (71.7 weight %). The formation and decomposition mechanism of NF4+ salts was...low-tern- Reaction of NFSbF, with CsBrF 4 0. Although CsBrF[O perature metathesis using a cesium salt is superior to a lithium reacts with HF...yield of perchloryl fluoride (97%) is achieved with a mixture of fluorosulfonic acid and SbF 5 as fluorinating medium. Potassium, sodium, lithium

Introduction to Piezoelectric Actuators and Transducers

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-06-17

a piezo-device and a metal fork. A piezoelectric buzzer is shown in Fig. 12, which has merits such as high electric power efficiency, compact size...coefficient for surface acoustic wave and so is used for SAW devices with high -stabilized frequencies. The another distinguished characteristic of...quartz is an extremely high mechanical quality factor Qm > 10 5. Lithium niobate and lithium tantalate belong to an isomorphous crystal system and

Structure-Property Relations in Aluminum-Lithium Alloys

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-01-01

adsorbed ( Mughrabi et al , 1983). Such dislocations could not re-enter the grain during the reverse cycle of stress and the associated slip would be...ASTM STP 601, ASTM, 33 Mughrabi , H., Wang, R., Differt, D., Essmann, U. (1983) ASTM STP 811, ASTM, 5 Muller, W. et al (1986) Aluminium-Lithium Alloys...behaviour of Al -Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloys ...... 34 2.4 Mechanical behaviour ......................................... 35 2.4.1 Elastic modulus

Crystallographic origin of cycle decay of the high-voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel lithium-ion battery electrode.

PubMed

Pang, Wei Kong; Lu, Cheng-Zhang; Liu, Chia-Erh; Peterson, Vanessa K; Lin, Hsiu-Fen; Liao, Shih-Chieh; Chen, Jin-Ming

2016-06-29

High-voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) is considered a potential high-power-density positive electrode for lithium-ion batteries, however, it suffers from capacity decay after extended charge-discharge cycling, severely hindering commercial application. Capacity fade is thought to occur through the significant volume change of the LNMO electrode occurring on cycling, and in this work we use operando neutron powder diffraction to compare the structural evolution of the LNMO electrode in an as-assembled 18650-type battery containing a Li4Ti5O12 negative electrode with that in an identical battery following 1000 cycles at high-current. We reveal that the capacity reduction in the battery post cycling is directly proportional to the reduction in the maximum change of the LNMO lattice parameter during its evolution. This is correlated to a corresponding reduction in the MnO6 octahedral distortion in the spinel structure in the cycled battery. Further, we find that the rate of lattice evolution, which reflects the rate of lithium insertion and removal, is ∼9 and ∼10% slower in the cycled than in the as-assembled battery during the Ni(2+)/Ni(3+) and Ni(3+)/Ni(4+) transitions, respectively.

A Novel Polar Copolymer Design as a Multi-Functional Binder for Strong Affinity of Polysulfides in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiao, Yu; Chen, Wei; Lei, Tianyu; Dai, Liping; Chen, Bo; Wu, Chunyang; Xiong, Jie

2017-03-01

High energy density, low cost and environmental friendliness are the advantages of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery which is regarded as a promising device for electrochemical energy storage systems. As one of the important ingredients in Li-S battery, the binder greatly affects the battery performance. However, the conventional binder has some drawbacks such as poor capability of absorbing hydrophilic lithium polysulfides, resulting in severe capacity decay. In this work, we reported a multi-functional polar binder (AHP) by polymerization of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) with ethylenediamine (EDA) bearing a large amount of amino groups, which were successfully used in electrode preparation with commercial sulfur powder cathodes. The abundant amide groups of the binder endow the cathode with multidimensional chemical bonding interaction with sulfur species within the cathode to inhibit the shuttling effect of polysulfides, while the suitable ductility to buffer volume change. Utilizing these advantageous features, composite C/S cathodes based the binder displayed excellent capacity retention at 0.5 C, 1 C, 1.5 C, and 3 C over 200 cycles. Accompany with commercial binder, AHP may act as an alternative feedstock to open a promising approach for sulfur cathodes in rechargeable lithium battery to achieve commercial application.

Rational Design of Statically and Dynamically Stable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with High Sulfur Loading and Low Electrolyte/Sulfur Ratio.

PubMed

Chung, Sheng-Heng; Manthiram, Arumugam

2018-02-01

The primary challenge with lithium-sulfur battery research is the design of sulfur cathodes that exhibit high electrochemical efficiency and stability while keeping the sulfur content and loading high and the electrolyte/sulfur ratio low. With a systematic investigation, a novel graphene/cotton-carbon cathode is presented here that enables sulfur loading and content as high as 46 mg cm -2 and 70 wt% with an electrolyte/sulfur ratio of as low as only 5. The graphene/cotton-carbon cathodes deliver peak capacities of 926 and 765 mA h g -1 , respectively, at C/10 and C/5 rates, which translate into high areal, gravimetric, and volumetric capacities of, respectively, 43 and 35 mA h cm -2 , 648 and 536 mA h g -1 , and 1067 and 881 mA h cm -3 with a stable cyclability. They also exhibit superior cell-storage capability with 95% capacity-retention, a low self-discharge constant of just 0.0012 per day, and stable poststorage cyclability after storing over a long period of six months. This work demonstrates a viable approach to develop lithium-sulfur batteries with practical energy densities exceeding that of lithium-ion batteries. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Lithium-ion capacitors using carbide-derived carbon as the positive electrode - A comparison of cells with graphite and Li4Ti5O12 as the negative electrode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rauhala, Taina; Leis, Jaan; Kallio, Tanja; Vuorilehto, Kai

2016-11-01

The use of carbide-derived carbon (CDC) as the positive electrode material for lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) is investigated. CDC based LIC cells are studied utilizing two different negative electrode materials: graphite and lithium titanate Li4Ti5O12 (LTO). The graphite electrodes are prelithiated before assembling the LICs, and LTO containing cells are studied with and without prelithiation. The rate capability and cycle life stability during 1000 cycles are evaluated by galvanostatic cycling at current densities of 0.4-4 mA cm-2. The CDC shows a specific capacitance of 120 F g-1 in the organic lithium-containing electrolyte, and the LICs demonstrate a good stability over 1000 charge-discharge cycles. The choice of the negative electrode is found to have an effect on the utilization of the CDC positive electrode during cycling and on the specific energy of the device. The graphite/CDC cell delivers a maximum specific discharge energy of 90 Wh kg-1 based on the total mass of active material in the cell. Both the prelithiated and non-prelithiated LTO/CDC cells show a specific energy of around 30 Wh kg-1.

Electrode materials for rechargeable battery

DOEpatents

Johnson, Christopher; Kang, Sun-Ho

2015-09-08

A positive electrode is disclosed for a non-aqueous electrolyte lithium rechargeable cell or battery. The electrode comprises a lithium containing material of the formula Na.sub.yLi.sub.xNi.sub.zMn.sub.1-z-z'M.sub.z'O.sub.d, wherein M is a metal cation, x+y>1, 0

Expert Assessment of Advanced Power Sources

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-07-01

including [13] LiCo1-yNiyO2 , LiNiO2, LiMnO2, LiMn2O4, LiV2O5 and LiFePO4 . The last compound, lithium iron phosphate [19], is attractive as iron is...cheaper and more environmentally friendly than cobalt, nickel or manganese. Commercial development of a lithium ion battery based on LiFePO4 is...electrochemical performance evaluated. Materials studied include: LiV2O5 and other vanadium oxides, LiCoO2, LiMnO2, LiMn2O4 and LiFePO4 . 3-D

Synthesis of tetraaza bromide macrocyclic and studies of its effect on poly(methyl methacrylate) grafted natural rubber (MG49) - lithium tertrafluoroborate (LiBF{sub 4}) films

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mariam, Siti Nor; Yamin, Bohari M.; Ahmad, Azizan

2013-11-27

Good Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Grafted natural Rubber (MG49) films with homogeneous and smooth surface were obtained in the presence of Lithium Tertrafluoroborate (LiBF{sub 4}) and 5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-7,14-dienium bromide, (Me{sub 6}N{sub 4}H{sub 4})Br{sub 2} as dopants. The conductivity was found to be 3.63×10{sup −6} S/cm an increase by seven fold compare to the undoped MG49.

Thermal behavior of an experimental 2.5-kWh lithium/iron sulfide battery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, C. C.; Olszanski, T. W.; Gibbard, H. F.

1981-10-01

The thermal energy generation and the gross thermal energy balance in the battery systems was studied. High temperature lithium/iron sulfide batteries for electric vehicle applications were developed. The preferred battery temperature range during operation and idle periods is 400 to 500 C. Thermal management is an essential part of battery design, the battery requires a thermal insulation vessel to minimize heat loss and heating and cooling systems to control temperature. Results of temperature measurements performed on a 2.5-kWh battery module, which was built to gain information for the design of larger systems are reported.

Spinel lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) as novel anode material for room-temperature sodium-ion battery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Liang; Pan, Hui-Lin; Hu, Yong-Sheng; Li, Hong; Chen, Li-Quan

2012-02-01

This is the first time that a novel anode material, spinel Li4Ti5O12 which is well known as a “zero-strain" anode material for lithium storage, has been introduced for sodium-ion battery. The Li4Ti5O12 shows an average Na storage voltage of about 1.0 V and a reversible capacity of about 145 mAh/g, thereby making it a promising anode for sodium-ion battery. Ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used to investigate the structure change in the Na insertion/deinsertion process. Based on this, a possible Na storage mechanism is proposed.

Protective lithium ion conducting ceramic coating for lithium metal anodes and associate method

DOEpatents

Bates, John B.

1994-01-01

A battery structure including a cathode, a lithium metal anode and an electrolyte disposed between the lithium anode and the cathode utilizes a thin-film layer of lithium phosphorus oxynitride overlying so as to coat the lithium anode and thereby separate the lithium anode from the electrolyte. If desired, a preliminary layer of lithium nitride may be coated upon the lithium anode before the lithium phosphorous oxynitride is, in turn, coated upon the lithium anode so that the separation of the anode and the electrolyte is further enhanced. By coating the lithium anode with this material lay-up, the life of the battery is lengthened and the performance of the battery is enhanced.

Silicon carbide-free graphene growth on silicon for lithium-ion battery with high volumetric energy density

PubMed Central

Son, In Hyuk; Hwan Park, Jong; Kwon, Soonchul; Park, Seongyong; Rümmeli, Mark H.; Bachmatiuk, Alicja; Song, Hyun Jae; Ku, Junhwan; Choi, Jang Wook; Choi, Jae-man; Doo, Seok-Gwang; Chang, Hyuk

2015-01-01

Silicon is receiving discernable attention as an active material for next generation lithium-ion battery anodes because of its unparalleled gravimetric capacity. However, the large volume change of silicon over charge–discharge cycles weakens its competitiveness in the volumetric energy density and cycle life. Here we report direct graphene growth over silicon nanoparticles without silicon carbide formation. The graphene layers anchored onto the silicon surface accommodate the volume expansion of silicon via a sliding process between adjacent graphene layers. When paired with a commercial lithium cobalt oxide cathode, the silicon carbide-free graphene coating allows the full cell to reach volumetric energy densities of 972 and 700 Wh l−1 at first and 200th cycle, respectively, 1.8 and 1.5 times higher than those of current commercial lithium-ion batteries. This observation suggests that two-dimensional layered structure of graphene and its silicon carbide-free integration with silicon can serve as a prototype in advancing silicon anodes to commercially viable technology. PMID:26109057

Physicochemical and electrochemical properties of N-methyl-N-methoxymethylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide and its lithium salt composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Horiuchi, Shunsuke; Yoshizawa-Fujita, Masahiro; Takeoka, Yuko; Rikukawa, Masahiro

2016-09-01

The ionic liquid (IL) N-Methyl-N-methoxymethylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide ([Pyr1,1O1][FSA]) was synthesized, and its physicochemical and electrochemical properties were investigated with respect to its application as an electrolyte in lithium-ion secondary batteries operating over a wide temperature range. [Pyr1,1O1][FSA]/Li salt (0.34 mol kg-1) composites were prepared by adding lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (LiTFSA) into the IL. [Pyr1,1O1][FSA] and [Pyr1,1O1][FSA]/LiTFSA exhibited melting temperatures (Tm) below -30 °C. [Pyr1,1O1][FSA] exhibited a higher ionic conductivity value as compared with that of the corresponding IL with only alkyl substituents. The electrochemical window for both [Pyr1,1O1][FSA] and [Pyr1,1O1][FSA]/LiTFSA was 5.1 V. Stable lithium deposition and dissolution occurred on a Ni electrode at 25 °C.

Environment assisted degradation mechanisms in aluminum-lithium alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gangloff, Richard P.; Stoner, Glenn E.; Swanson, Robert E.

1988-01-01

Section 1 of this report records the progress achieved on NASA-LaRC Grant NAG-1-745 (Environment Assisted Degradation Mechanisms in Al-Li Alloys), and is based on research conducted during the period April 1 to November 30, 1987. A discussion of work proposed for the project's second year is included. Section 2 provides an overview of the need for research on the mechanisms of environmental-mechanical degradation of advanced aerospace alloys based on aluminum and lithium. This research is to provide NASA with the basis necessary to permit metallurgical optimization of alloy performance and engineering design with respect to damage tolerance, long term durability and reliability. Section 3 reports on damage localization mechanisms in aqueous chloride corrosion fatigue of aluminum-lithium alloys. Section 4 reports on progress made on measurements and mechanisms of localized aqueous corrosion in aluminum-lithium alloys. Section 5 provides a detailed technical proposal for research on environmental degradation of Al-Li alloys, and the effect of hydrogen in this.

Hierarchically structured lithium titanate for ultrafast charging in long-life high capacity batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Odziomek, Mateusz; Chaput, Frédéric; Rutkowska, Anna; Świerczek, Konrad; Olszewska, Danuta; Sitarz, Maciej; Lerouge, Frédéric; Parola, Stephane

2017-05-01

High-performance Li-ion batteries require materials with well-designed and controlled structures on nanometre and micrometre scales. Electrochemical properties can be enhanced by reducing crystallite size and by manipulating structure and morphology. Here we show a method for preparing hierarchically structured Li4Ti5O12 yielding nano- and microstructure well-suited for use in lithium-ion batteries. Scalable glycothermal synthesis yields well-crystallized primary 4-8 nm nanoparticles, assembled into porous secondary particles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals presence of Ti+4 only; combined with chemical analysis showing lithium deficiency, this suggests oxygen non-stoichiometry. Electron microscopy confirms hierarchical morphology of the obtained material. Extended cycling tests in half cells demonstrates capacity of 170 mAh g-1 and no sign of capacity fading after 1,000 cycles at 50C rate (charging completed in 72 s). The particular combination of nanostructure, microstructure and non-stoichiometry for the prepared lithium titanate is believed to underlie the observed electrochemical performance of material.

Lithium battery lodged in the oesophagus: A report of three paediatric cases.

PubMed

Barabino, Arrigo Vittorio; Gandullia, Paolo; Vignola, Silvia; Arrigo, Serena; Zannini, Lucio; Di Pietro, Pasquale

2015-11-01

Over the last years the ingestion of disk batteries has become frequent in children with serious consequences. The severity of injuries is related to the growing use of new lithium batteries that may cause catastrophic damages when lodged in the oesophagus. The notes of three consecutive children with lithium batteries lodged in the oesophagus, admitted to our Institute from 2010 to 2014, were reviewed. Clinical presentation, management, and outcome were considered. The first child, a 22-month-old girl, died of a sudden exsanguination due to an aorto-oesophageal fistula. The second case, a 5-year-old boy, had an exploratory thoracotomy to exclude aortic lesion before battery removal, and a spontaneous oesophageal perforation. The third child, a 18-month-old boy, fully recovered after suffering ulcerative oesophageal burns. Lithium battery lodged in the oesophagus is a paediatric emergency requiring a multidisciplinary approach that can be implemented in a tertiary children's hospital. Copyright © 2015 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nitrogen-doped biomass-based ultra-thin carbon nanosheets with interconnected framework for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Shasha; Chen, Yaxin; Shi, Liluo; Dong, Yue; Ma, Jing; Chen, Xiaohong; Song, Huaihe

2018-04-01

In this paper, a low-cost and environmental friendly synthesis strategy is proposed to fabricate nitrogen-doped biomass-based ultra-thin carbon nanosheets (N-CNS) with interconnected framework by using soybean milk as the carbon precursor and sodium chloride as the template. The interconnected porous nanosheet structure is beneficial for lithium ion transportation, and the defects introduced by pyridine nitrogen doping are favorable for lithium storage. When used as the anodes for lithium-ion batteries, the N-CNS electrode shows a high initial reversible specific capacity of 1334 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1, excellent rate performance (1212, 555 and 336 mAh g-1 at 0.05, 0.5 and 2 A g-1, respectively) and good cycling stability (355 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1 after 1000 cycles). Furthermore, this study demonstrates the prospects of biomass and soybean milk, as the potential anode for the application of electrochemical energy storage devices.