Nanostructured metal oxide-based materials as advanced anodes for lithium-ion batteries.

PubMed

Wu, Hao Bin; Chen, Jun Song; Hng, Huey Hoon; Lou, Xiong Wen David

2012-04-21

The search for new electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has been an important way to satisfy the ever-growing demands for better performance with higher energy/power densities, improved safety and longer cycle life. Nanostructured metal oxides exhibit good electrochemical properties, and they are regarded as promising anode materials for high-performance LIBs. In this feature article, we will focus on three different categories of metal oxides with distinct lithium storage mechanisms: tin dioxide (SnO(2)), which utilizes alloying/dealloying processes to reversibly store/release lithium ions during charge/discharge; titanium dioxide (TiO(2)), where lithium ions are inserted/deinserted into/out of the TiO(2) crystal framework; and transition metal oxides including iron oxide and cobalt oxide, which react with lithium ions via an unusual conversion reaction. For all three systems, we will emphasize that creating nanomaterials with unique structures could effectively improve the lithium storage properties of these metal oxides. We will also highlight that the lithium storage capability can be further enhanced through designing advanced nanocomposite materials containing metal oxides and other carbonaceous supports. By providing such a rather systematic survey, we aim to stress the importance of proper nanostructuring and advanced compositing that would result in improved physicochemical properties of metal oxides, thus making them promising negative electrodes for next-generation LIBs.

A sulfur host based on titanium monoxide@carbon hollow spheres for advanced lithium–sulfur batteries

PubMed Central

Li, Zhen; Zhang, Jintao; Guan, Buyuan; Wang, Da; Liu, Li-Min; Lou, Xiong Wen (David)

2016-01-01

Lithium–sulfur batteries show advantages for next-generation electrical energy storage due to their high energy density and cost effectiveness. Enhancing the conductivity of the sulfur cathode and moderating the dissolution of lithium polysulfides are two key factors for the success of lithium–sulfur batteries. Here we report a sulfur host that overcomes both obstacles at once. With inherent metallic conductivity and strong adsorption capability for lithium-polysulfides, titanium monoxide@carbon hollow nanospheres can not only generate sufficient electrical contact to the insulating sulfur for high capacity, but also effectively confine lithium-polysulfides for prolonged cycle life. Additionally, the designed composite cathode further maximizes the lithium-polysulfide restriction capability by using the polar shells to prevent their outward diffusion, which avoids the need for chemically bonding all lithium-polysulfides on the surfaces of polar particles. PMID:27762261

Enhanced lithium storage capability of Li3V2(PO4)3@C co-modified with graphene and Ce3+ doping as high-power cathode for lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tong, Junjie; Fang, Yunhui

2017-12-01

As a high-voltage cathode material, monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3 has been proposed as the next-generation commercial electrode for lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, it remains a practical challenge to improve the poor electronic conductivity of Li3V2(PO4)3. Herein, we first design and fabricate the Li3V2(PO4)3@C (LVP@C) nanocrystals further modified by graphene and doped with Ce3+-ion via a facile sol-gel method. The Ce3+ doping can form a continuous conductive pathway in the electrode and thus improve the intrinsic electronic conductivity of Li3V2(PO4)3 material. Meanwhile, the residual carbon layer and graphene can also construct a conductive network, which is helpful to enhance the apparent conductivity of Li3V2(PO4)3. Therefore, the graphene and Ce3+ doping co-decorated LVP@C (G-LVCeP@C) composite exhibits better lithium storage capability than the LVP@C and Ce3+-doped LVP@C (LVCeP@C) materials. This novel design provides an effective strategy for the preparation of other electrodes for lithium-ion batteries.

Self-supported Zn3P2 nanowire arrays grafted on carbon fabrics as an advanced integrated anode for flexible lithium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Wenwu; Gan, Lin; Guo, Kai; Ke, Linbo; Wei, Yaqing; Li, Huiqiao; Shen, Guozhen; Zhai, Tianyou

2016-04-01

We, for the first time, successfully grafted well-aligned binary lithium-reactive zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) nanowire arrays on carbon fabric cloth by a facile CVD method. When applied as a novel self-supported binder-free anode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the hierarchical three-dimensional (3D) integrated anode shows excellent electrochemical performances: a highly reversible initial lithium storage capacity of ca. 1200 mA h g-1 with a coulombic efficiency of up to 88%, a long lifespan of over 200 cycles without obvious decay, and a high rate capability of ca. 400 mA h g-1 capacity retention at an ultrahigh rate of 15 A g-1. More interestingly, a flexible LIB full cell is assembled based on the as-synthesized integrated anode and the commercial LiFePO4 cathode, and shows striking lithium storage performances very close to the half cells: a large reversible capacity over 1000 mA h g-1, a long cycle life of over 200 cycles without obvious decay, and an ultrahigh rate performance of ca. 300 mA h g-1 even at 20 A g-1. Considering the excellent lithium storage performances of coin-type half cells as well as flexible full cells, the as-prepared carbon cloth grafted well-aligned Zn3P2 nanowire arrays would be a promising integrated anode for flexible LIB full cell devices.We, for the first time, successfully grafted well-aligned binary lithium-reactive zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) nanowire arrays on carbon fabric cloth by a facile CVD method. When applied as a novel self-supported binder-free anode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the hierarchical three-dimensional (3D) integrated anode shows excellent electrochemical performances: a highly reversible initial lithium storage capacity of ca. 1200 mA h g-1 with a coulombic efficiency of up to 88%, a long lifespan of over 200 cycles without obvious decay, and a high rate capability of ca. 400 mA h g-1 capacity retention at an ultrahigh rate of 15 A g-1. More interestingly, a flexible LIB full cell is assembled based on the as-synthesized integrated anode and the commercial LiFePO4 cathode, and shows striking lithium storage performances very close to the half cells: a large reversible capacity over 1000 mA h g-1, a long cycle life of over 200 cycles without obvious decay, and an ultrahigh rate performance of ca. 300 mA h g-1 even at 20 A g-1. Considering the excellent lithium storage performances of coin-type half cells as well as flexible full cells, the as-prepared carbon cloth grafted well-aligned Zn3P2 nanowire arrays would be a promising integrated anode for flexible LIB full cell devices. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08467a

Three-dimensional interconnected network of graphene-wrapped porous silicon spheres: in situ magnesiothermic-reduction synthesis and enhanced lithium-storage capabilities.

PubMed

Wu, Ping; Wang, Hui; Tang, Yawen; Zhou, Yiming; Lu, Tianhong

2014-03-12

A novel type of 3D porous Si-G micro/nanostructure (i.e., 3D interconnected network of graphene-wrapped porous silicon spheres, Si@G network) was constructed through layer-by-layer assembly and subsequent in situ magnesiothermic-reduction methodology. Compared with bare Si spheres, the as-synthesized Si@G network exhibits markedly enhanced anodic performance in terms of specific capacity, cycling stability, and rate capability, making it an ideal anode candidate for high-energy, long-life, and high-power lithium-ion batteries.

A nanoporous metal recuperated MnO2 anode for lithium ion batteries.

PubMed

Guo, Xianwei; Han, Jiuhui; Zhang, Ling; Liu, Pan; Hirata, Akihiko; Chen, Luyang; Fujita, Takeshi; Chen, Mingwei

2015-10-07

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been intensively studied to meet the increased demands for the high energy density of portable electronics and electric vehicles. The low specific capacity of the conventional graphite based anodes is one of the key factors that limit the capacity of LIBs. Transition metal oxides, such as NiO, MnO2 and Fe3O4, are known to be promising anode materials that are expected to improve the specific capacities of LIBs for several times. However, the poor electrical conductivity of these oxides significantly restricts the lithium ion storage and charge/discharge rate. Here we report that dealloyed nanoporous metals can realize the intrinsic lithium storage performance of the oxides by forming oxide/metal composites. Without any organic binder, conductive additive and additional current collector, the hybrid electrodes can be directly used as anodes and show highly reversible specific capacity with high-rate capability and long cyclic stability.

A Porphyrin Complex as a Self-Conditioned Electrode Material for High-Performance Energy Storage.

PubMed

Gao, Ping; Chen, Zhi; Zhao-Karger, Zhirong; Mueller, Jonathan E; Jung, Christoph; Klyatskaya, Svetlana; Diemant, Thomas; Fuhr, Olaf; Jacob, Timo; Behm, R Jürgen; Ruben, Mario; Fichtner, Maximilian

2017-08-21

The novel functionalized porphyrin [5,15-bis(ethynyl)-10,20-diphenylporphinato]copper(II) (CuDEPP) was used as electrodes for rechargeable energy-storage systems with an extraordinary combination of storage capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability. The ability of CuDEPP to serve as an electron donor or acceptor supports various energy-storage applications. Combined with a lithium negative electrode, the CuDEPP electrode exhibited a long cycle life of several thousand cycles and fast charge-discharge rates up to 53 C and a specific energy density of 345 Wh kg -1 at a specific power density of 29 kW kg -1 . Coupled with a graphite cathode, the CuDEPP anode delivered a specific power density of 14 kW kg -1 . Whereas the capacity is in the range of that of ordinary lithium-ion batteries, the CuDEPP electrode has a power density in the range of that of supercapacitors, thus opening a pathway toward new organic electrodes with excellent rate capability and cyclic stability. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Core–Shell Nanoparticle Coating as an Interfacial Layer for Dendrite-Free Lithium Metal Anodes

DOE PAGES

Liu, Wei; Li, Weiyang; Zhuo, Denys; ...

2017-02-08

Lithium metal based batteries represent a major challenge and opportunity in enabling a variety of devices requiring high-energy-density storage. However, dendritic lithium growth has limited the practical application of lithium metal anodes. Here we report a nanoporous, flexible and electrochemically stable coating of silica@poly(methyl methacrylate) (SiO 2@PMMA) core–shell nanospheres as an interfacial layer on lithium metal anode. This interfacial layer is capable of inhibiting Li dendrite growth while sustaining ionic flux through it, which is attributed to the nanoscaled pores formed among the nanospheres. Lastly, enhanced Coulombic efficiencies during lithium charge/discharge cycles have been achieved at various current densities andmore » areal capacities.« less

Core–Shell Nanoparticle Coating as an Interfacial Layer for Dendrite-Free Lithium Metal Anodes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Wei; Li, Weiyang; Zhuo, Denys

Lithium metal based batteries represent a major challenge and opportunity in enabling a variety of devices requiring high-energy-density storage. However, dendritic lithium growth has limited the practical application of lithium metal anodes. Here we report a nanoporous, flexible and electrochemically stable coating of silica@poly(methyl methacrylate) (SiO 2@PMMA) core–shell nanospheres as an interfacial layer on lithium metal anode. This interfacial layer is capable of inhibiting Li dendrite growth while sustaining ionic flux through it, which is attributed to the nanoscaled pores formed among the nanospheres. Lastly, enhanced Coulombic efficiencies during lithium charge/discharge cycles have been achieved at various current densities andmore » areal capacities.« less

Correlation of design with performance of primary lithium-sulfur oxyhalide cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Frank, H. A.

1982-01-01

Results and assessments of a focused literature review of primary lithium sulfur oxyhalide cells are presented. Major emphasis is placed on the effect of component materials and designs on performance (energy density and rate capability), safety, and storage life of these cells. This information is a reference guide for the design of high energy batteries for future use on NASA missions.

High-performance tin oxide-nitrogen doped graphene aerogel hybrids as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tan, Chunhui; Cao, Jing; Khattak, Abdul Muqsit; Cai, Feipeng; Jiang, Bo; Yang, Gai; Hu, Suqin

2014-12-01

Tin dioxide nanoparticles on nitrogen doped graphene aerogel (SnO2-NGA) hybrid are synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method and successfully applied in lithium-ion batteries as a free-standing anode. The electrochemical performance of SnO2-NGA hybrid is investigated by galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling, rate capability test, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It is found that the SnO2-NGA hybrid with freestanding spongy-like structure exhibit remarkable lithium storage capacity (1100 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles), good cycling stability and high rate capability. The outstanding performance is attributed to the uniform SnO2 nanoparticles, unique spongy-like structure and N doping defect for Li+ diffusion.

3D inverse-opal structured Li4Ti5O12 Anode for fast Li-Ion storage capabilities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Dahye; Quang, Nguyen Duc; Hien, Truong Thi; Chinh, Nguyen Duc; Kim, Chunjoong; Kim, Dojin

2017-11-01

Since the demand for high power Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is increasing, spinel-structured lithium titanate, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), as the anode material has attracted great attention because of its excellent cycle retention, good thermal stability, high rate capability, and so on. However, LTO shows relatively low conductivity due to empty 3 d orbital of Ti4+ state. Nanoscale architectures can shorten electron conduction path, thus such low electronic conductivity can be overcome while Li+ can be easily accessed due to large surface area. Herein, three dimensional bicontinuous LTO electrodes were prepared via close-packed self-assembly with polystyrene (PS) spheres followed by removal of them, which leads to no blockage of Li+ ion transportation pathways as well as fast electron conduction. 3D bicontinuous LTO electrodes showed high-rate lithium storage capability (103 mAh/g at 20 C), which is promising as the power sources that require rapid electrochemical response.[Figure not available: see fulltext.

A Universal Strategy for Hollow Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Encapsulated into B/N Co-Doped Graphitic Nanotubes as High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes.

PubMed

Tabassum, Hassina; Zou, Ruqiang; Mahmood, Asif; Liang, Zibin; Wang, Qingfei; Zhang, Hao; Gao, Song; Qu, Chong; Guo, Wenhan; Guo, Shaojun

2018-02-01

Yolk-shell nanostructures have received great attention for boosting the performance of lithium-ion batteries because of their obvious advantages in solving the problems associated with large volume change, low conductivity, and short diffusion path for Li + ion transport. A universal strategy for making hollow transition metal oxide (TMO) nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated into B, N co-doped graphitic nanotubes (TMO@BNG (TMO = CoO, Ni 2 O 3 , Mn 3 O 4 ) through combining pyrolysis with an oxidation method is reported herein. The as-made TMO@BNG exhibits the TMO-dependent lithium-ion storage ability, in which CoO@BNG nanotubes exhibit highest lithium-ion storage capacity of 1554 mA h g -1 at the current density of 96 mA g -1 , good rate ability (410 mA h g -1 at 1.75 A g -1 ), and high stability (almost 96% storage capacity retention after 480 cycles). The present work highlights the importance of introducing hollow TMO NPs with thin wall into BNG with large surface area for boosting LIBs in the terms of storage capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Vapor-phase fabrication of β-iron oxide nanopyramids for lithium-ion battery anodes.

PubMed

Carraro, Giorgio; Barreca, Davide; Cruz-Yusta, Manuel; Gasparotto, Alberto; Maccato, Chiara; Morales, Julián; Sada, Cinzia; Sánchez, Luis

2012-12-07

The other polymorph: A vapor-phase route for the fabrication of β-Fe(2)O(3) nanomaterials on Ti substrates at 400-500 °C is reported. For the first time, the β polymorph is tested as anode for lithium batteries, exhibiting promising performances in terms of Li storage and rate capability. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

High power, gel polymer lithium-ion cells with improved low temperature performance for NASA and DoD applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smart, M. C.; Ratnakumar, B. V.; Whitcanack, L. D.; Chin, K. B.; Surampudi, S.; Narayanan, S. R.; Alamgir, Mohamed; Yu, Ji-Sang; Plichta, Edward P.

2004-01-01

Both NASA and the U.S. Army have interest in developing secondary energy storage devices that are capable of meeting the demanding performance requirements of aerospace and man-portable applications. In order to meet these demanding requirements, gel-polymer electrolyte-based lithium-ion cells are being actively considered, due to their promise of providing high specific energy and enhanced safety aspects.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, Chi; Boota, Muhammad; Xie, Xiuqiang

In situpolymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) is achieved on the surface of 2D Ti 3C 2T xMXene without using any oxidant, resulting in improved lithium ion storage capability of Ti 3C 2T x/poly-EDOT hybrids.

Hybrid micro-/nano-structures derived from metal-organic frameworks: preparation and applications in energy storage and conversion.

PubMed

Cao, Xiehong; Tan, Chaoliang; Sindoro, Melinda; Zhang, Hua

2017-05-22

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), an important class of inorganic-organic hybrid crystals with intrinsic porous structures, can be used as versatile precursors or sacrificial templates for preparation of numerous functional nanomaterials for various applications. Recent developments of MOF-derived hybrid micro-/nano-structures, constructed by more than two components with varied functionalities, have revealed their extensive capabilities to overcome the weaknesses of the individual counterparts and thus give enhanced performance for energy storage and conversion. In this tutorial review, we summarize the recent advances in MOF-derived hybrid micro-/nano-structures. The synthetic strategies for preparing MOF-derived hybrid micro-/nano-structures are first introduced. Focusing on energy storage and conversion, we then discuss their potential applications in lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, supercapacitors, lithium-oxygen batteries and fuel cells. Finally, we give our personal insights into the challenges and opportunities for the future research of MOF-derived hybrid micro-/nano-structures.

Multi-timescale power and energy assessment of lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor hybrid system using extended Kalman filter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Yujie; Zhang, Xu; Liu, Chang; Pan, Rui; Chen, Zonghai

2018-06-01

The power capability and maximum charge and discharge energy are key indicators for energy management systems, which can help the energy storage devices work in a suitable area and prevent them from over-charging and over-discharging. In this work, a model based power and energy assessment approach is proposed for the lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor hybrid system. The model framework of the lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor hybrid system is developed based on the equivalent circuit model, and the model parameters are identified by regression method. Explicit analyses of the power capability and maximum charge and discharge energy prediction with multiple constraints are elaborated. Subsequently, the extended Kalman filter is employed for on-board power capability and maximum charge and discharge energy prediction to overcome estimation error caused by system disturbance and sensor noise. The charge and discharge power capability, and the maximum charge and discharge energy are quantitatively assessed under both the dynamic stress test and the urban dynamometer driving schedule. The maximum charge and discharge energy prediction of the lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor hybrid system with different time scales are explored and discussed.

Structurally tailored graphene nanosheets as lithium ion battery anodes: an insight to yield exceptionally high lithium storage performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xifei; Hu, Yuhai; Liu, Jian; Lushington, Andrew; Li, Ruying; Sun, Xueliang

2013-11-01

How to tune graphene nanosheets (GNSs) with various morphologies has been a significant challenge for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). In this study, three types of GNSs with varying size, edge sites, defects and layer numbers have been successfully achieved. It was demonstrated that controlling GNS morphology and microstructure has important effects on its cyclic performance and rate capability in LIBs. Diminished GNS layer number, decreased size, increased edge sites and increased defects in the GNS anode can be highly beneficial to lithium storage and result in increased electrochemical performance. Interestingly, GNSs treated with a hydrothermal approach delivered a high reversible discharge capacity of 1348 mA h g-1. This study demonstrates that the controlled design of high performance GNS anodes is an important concept in LIB applications.How to tune graphene nanosheets (GNSs) with various morphologies has been a significant challenge for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). In this study, three types of GNSs with varying size, edge sites, defects and layer numbers have been successfully achieved. It was demonstrated that controlling GNS morphology and microstructure has important effects on its cyclic performance and rate capability in LIBs. Diminished GNS layer number, decreased size, increased edge sites and increased defects in the GNS anode can be highly beneficial to lithium storage and result in increased electrochemical performance. Interestingly, GNSs treated with a hydrothermal approach delivered a high reversible discharge capacity of 1348 mA h g-1. This study demonstrates that the controlled design of high performance GNS anodes is an important concept in LIB applications. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: SEM morphologies of GNS-I-III at low magnification, the TEM image of GNSs hydrothermally treated with urea in a ratio of 1 : 0, XPS survey, and SEM morphology changes of the three GNS anodes at low magnification after 100 charge-discharge cycles. See DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04823c

The NASA Lithium Technology Program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Halpert, G.; Frank, H.

1984-01-01

NASA is sponsoring research to develop advanced primary and secondary lithium cells. Lithium cells are conducive to aerospace use because they have high specific energy, volumetric energy density, and long storage capability. The primary cell research is centered on the Li/SOCl2 system. It is in the late development stage and all effort is being placed on resolving safety problems. The secondary cell, which is in the development stage, is the Li/TiS2 system. The objective is to produce a 100 wh/kg cell capable of operating in a geosynchronous orbit for 10 years. The development of improved conductivity polymeric films for electrochemical use is also being investigated. The lightweight batteries will have many applications in space and are already being prepared for the 1986 Galileo mission to Jupiter.

Nitrogen-doped carbon coated silicon derived from a facile strategy with enhanced performance for lithium storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zeng, Lingxing; Liu, Renpin; Qiu, Heyuan; Chen, Xi; Huang, Xiaoxia; Xiong, Peixun; Qian, Qingrong; Chen, Qinghua; Wei, Mingdeng

2016-07-01

Silicon-based nanostructures are receiving intense interest in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because they have ultrahigh lithium ion storage ability. However, the fast capacity fading induced by the considerably tremendous volume changes of Si anode during the Li-ion intercalation processes as well as the low intrinsic electric conductivity have hindered its deployment. Herein, we initially developed an effective technique to synthesize the core-shell Si/nitrogen-doped carbon (Si/N-C), composite by combining in situ interfacial polymerization and decorate with melamine, followed by carbonization. When used as anode material for LIBs, the Si/N-C composite delivered a notable reversible capacity (1084 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1 for 50 cycles) and high rate capability (495 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1).

Superior lithium storage performance using sequentially stacked MnO2/reduced graphene oxide composite electrodes.

PubMed

Kim, Sue Jin; Yun, Young Jun; Kim, Ki Woong; Chae, Changju; Jeong, Sunho; Kang, Yongku; Choi, Si-Young; Lee, Sun Sook; Choi, Sungho

2015-04-24

Hybrid nanostructures based on graphene and metal oxides hold great potential for use in high-performance electrode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. Herein, a new strategy to fabricate sequentially stacked α-MnO2 /reduced graphene oxide composites driven by surface-charge-induced mutual electrostatic interactions is proposed. The resultant composite anode exhibits an excellent reversible charge/discharge capacity as high as 1100 mA h g(-1) without any traceable capacity fading, even after 100 cycles, which leads to a high rate capability electrode performance for lithium ion batteries. Thus, the proposed synthetic procedures guarantee a synergistic effect of multidimensional nanoscale media between one (metal oxide nanowire) and two dimensions (graphene sheet) for superior energy-storage electrodes. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Bottom-up synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene sheets for ultrafast lithium storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tian, Lei-Lei; Wei, Xian-Yong; Zhuang, Quan-Chao; Jiang, Chen-Hui; Wu, Chao; Ma, Guang-Yao; Zhao, Xing; Zong, Zhi-Min; Sun, Shi-Gang

2014-05-01

A facile bottom-up strategy was developed to fabricate nitrogen-doped graphene sheets (NGSs) from glucose using a sacrificial template synthesis method. Three main types of nitrogen dopants (pyridinic, pyrrolic and graphitic nitrogens) were introduced into the graphene lattice, and an inimitable microporous structure of NGS with a high specific surface area of 504 m2 g-1 was obtained. Particularly, with hybrid features of lithium ion batteries and Faradic capacitors at a low rate and features of Faradic capacitors at a high rate, the NGS presents a superior lithium storage performance. During electrochemical cycling, the NGS electrode afforded an enhanced reversible capacity of 832.4 mA h g-1 at 100 mA g-1 and an excellent cycling stability of 750.7 mA h g-1 after 108 discharge-charge cycles. Furthermore, an astonishing rate capability of 333 mA h g-1 at 10 000 mA g-1 and a high rate cycle performance of 280.6 mA h g-1 even after 1200 cycles were also achieved, highlighting the significance of nitrogen doping on the maximum utilization of graphene-based materials for advanced lithium storage.

Systematic Effect for an Ultralong Cycle Lithium-Sulfur Battery.

PubMed

Wu, Feng; Ye, Yusheng; Chen, Renjie; Qian, Ji; Zhao, Teng; Li, Li; Li, Wenhui

2015-11-11

Rechargeable lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are attractive candidates for energy storage devices because they have five times the theoretical energy storage of state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries. The main problems plaguing Li-S batteries are poor cycle life and limited rate capability, caused by the insulating nature of S and the shuttle effect associated with the dissolution of intermediate lithium polysulfides. Here, we report the use of biocell-inspired polydopamine (PD) as a coating agent on both the cathode and separator to address these problems (the "systematic effects"). The PD-modified cathode and separator play key roles in facilitating ion diffusion and keeping the cathode structure stable, leading to uniform lithium deposition and a solid electrolyte interphase. As a result, an ultralong cycle performance of more than 3000 cycles, with a capacity fade of only 0.018% per cycle, was achieved at 2 C. It is believed that the systematic modification of the cathode and separator for Li-S batteries is a new strategy for practical applications.

Investigating Electrochemical Processes in Secondary Batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cama, Christina A.

For the past twenty-six years, the lithium-ion battery has been the most popular recharge- able battery for portable devices and electric vehicles. Despite its success, the energy storage capability of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is significantly limited by both the electrodes and electrolytes employed. Typical LIBs rely on intercalation-type electrodes, that are not capable of storing more than 1 Li+ per formula unit. The energy storage capability of LIBs can be improved through the application of conversion-type materials and beyond lithium chemistries. This research involves multiple projects which explore the electrochemistry of conversion electrodes, magnesium-ion chemistry, and lithium-sulfur chemistry. Application of conversion-electrodes like copper ferrite, CuFe2O4, and magnetite, Fe3O4, are capable of lithium storage over five times greater than that achieved by electrodes used in commercial LIBs. The drawback to utilizing the conversion mechanism is that significant energy storage capability is lost during charge. In this research, X- ray characterization methods, including X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) are used to elucidate the lithiation and delithiation mechanism for CuFe2O4 and to understand the source of the irreversibility. These experiments provide significant insight into the reduction processes and cation migration within the structure. During lithiation, CuFe2O4 undergoes a three-step reduction mechanism involving (1) lithiation of CuFe2O4, (2) extrusion of copper metal nanoparticles and formation of rock- salt LiFeO2, followed by the (3) formation of iron metal nanoparticles. Upon delithiation, XAS spectra clearly demonstrate the feasibility of Fe0 oxidation to a rock-salt iron oxide; however, Cu0 oxidation is not observed. Additional experiments explored the kinetic limitations of lithiating Fe3O4 nanoparticles, with different crystallite sizes. The experiments demonstrate that the kinetics of the lithiation mechanism are influenced by the electroactive material’s agglomerate and crystallite size. The rate of lithiation involving small crystallites is dependent on diffusion within the agglomerates; however, as the crystallite size increases, the lithiation rate is inhibited by diffusion within both the agglomerate and the crystallite. Battery chemistries beyond lithium can also lead to energy storage capabilities an order of magnitude higher than LIBs. Both magnesium-ion and lithium-sulfur battery chemistries are investigated in this dissertation. The properties of ionic liquid electrolytes are explored as safer alternatives to harmful Grignard-reagent electrolytes commonly used for magnesium chemistries. Electrochemical evaluation of the ionic liquid electrolytes found that although better conductivity can be achieved with unsaturated electrolytes like imidizolium based electrolytes, greater oxidative voltages are possible with saturated electrolytes like the piperidinium and pyridinium based electrolytes. The higher oxidative voltage is a promising attribute for high voltage applications. Cathode additives, including FeS2 and microporous carbon, are studied to inhibit polysulfide dissolution within the electrolyte of Li|S batteries. Although FeS2 exhibited promising electrochemistry as its own cathode, it was found to be an ineffective additive within sulfur cathodes. Instead, the properties of microporous carbons are explored to identify an appropriate carbon additive to both increase conductivity and impede polysulfide dissolution. A wood based carbon exhibited high capacity and long cycle life at low rate compared to conventional microporous carbons. As a whole, this research has provided valuable insight into the electrochemical processes taking place within a battery, as well as the factors which affect these processes. Electrochemical, spectroscopic, and various scattering methods are used to probe processes which span from the reactions occurring within the electrode to the redox reactions which define the voltage limitations of the electrolyte. These studies demonstrate the impact of each battery component on the overall electrochemical performance and provide fundamental insight into battery operation.

Vertically aligned carbon nanotube electrodes for lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Welna, Daniel T.; Qu, Liangti; Taylor, Barney E.; Dai, Liming; Durstock, Michael F.

As portable electronics become more advanced and alternative energy demands become more prevalent, the development of advanced energy storage technologies is becoming ever more critical in today's society. In order to develop higher power and energy density batteries, innovative electrode materials that provide increased storage capacity, greater rate capabilities, and good cyclability must be developed. Nanostructured materials are gaining increased attention because of their potential to mitigate current electrode limitations. Here we report on the use of vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (VA-MWNTs) as the active electrode material in lithium-ion batteries. At low specific currents, these VA-MWNTs have shown high reversible specific capacities (up to 782 mAh g -1 at 57 mA g -1). This value is twice that of the theoretical maximum for graphite and ten times more than their non-aligned equivalent. Interestingly, at very high discharge rates, the VA-MWNT electrodes retain a moderate specific capacity due to their aligned nature (166 mAh g -1 at 26 A g -1). These results suggest that VA-MWNTs are good candidates for lithium-ion battery electrodes which require high rate capability and capacity.

Related Studies in Long Term Lithium Battery Stability

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Horning, R. J.; Chua, D. L.

1984-01-01

The continuing growth of the use of lithium electrochemical systems in a wide variety of both military and industrial applications is primarily a result of the significant benefits associated with the technology such as high energy density, wide temperature operation and long term stability. The stability or long term storage capability of a battery is a function of several factors, each important to the overall storage life and, therefore, each potentially a problem area if not addressed during the design, development and evaluation phases of the product cycle. Design (e.g., reserve vs active), inherent material thermal stability, material compatibility and self-discharge characteristics are examples of factors key to the storability of a power source.

Performance of (CoPC)n catalyst in active lithium-thionyl chloride cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shah, Pinakin M.

1990-01-01

An experimental study was conducted with anode limited D size cells to characterize the performance of an active lithium-thionyl chloride (Li/SOCl2) system using the polymeric cobalt phthalocyanine, (CoPC)n, catalyst in carbon cathodes. The author describes the results of this experiment with respect to initial voltage delays, operating voltages, and capacities. The effectiveness of the preconditioning methods evolved to alleviate passivation effects on storage are also discussed. The results clearly demonstrated the superior high rate capability of cells with the catalyst. The catalyst did not adversely impact the performance of cells after active storage for up to 6 months, while retaining its beneficial influences.

Enhanced lithium storage performance of hierarchical CuO nanomaterials with surface fractal characteristics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Ang; He, Renyue; Bian, Zhuo; Song, Huaihe; Chen, Xiaohong; Zhou, Jisheng

2018-06-01

Self-assembled hierarchical CuO nanostructures with fractal structures were prepared by a mild method and exhibited excellent lithium storage properties, certain of which even demonstrated a high reversible capacity of 827 mAh g-1 at a rate of 0.1 C. An interesting phenomenon was observed that the electrochemical performance varies along with the structure complexity, and the products with higher surface factal dimensions exhibited larger capability and better cyclability. Structural and electrochemical analysis methods were used to explore the lithiation kinetics of the samples and the reasons for the outstanding electrochemical performances related to the complexities of hierarchical nanostructures and the irregularities of surface and mass distribution.

Clusters of α-LiFeO2 nanoparticles incorporated into multi-walled carbon nanotubes: a lithium-ion battery cathode with enhanced lithium storage properties.

PubMed

Rahman, Md Mokhlesur; Glushenkov, Alexey M; Chen, Zhiqiang; Dai, Xiujuan J; Ramireddy, Thrinathreddy; Chen, Ying

2013-12-14

We report the preparation of a novel nanocomposite architecture of α-LiFeO2-MWCNT based on clusters of α-LiFeO2 nanoparticles incorporated into multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The composite represents a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. The preparation of the nanocomposite is achieved by combining a molten salt precipitation process and a radio frequency oxygen plasma for the first time. We demonstrate that clusters of α-LiFeO2 nanoparticles incorporated into MWCNTs are capable of delivering a stable and high reversible capacity of 147 mA h g(-1) at 1 C after 100 cycles with the first cycle Coulombic efficiency of ~95%. The rate capability of the composite is significantly improved and its reversible capacity is measured to be 101 mA h g(-1) at a high current rate of 10 C. Both rate capability and cycling stability are not simply a result of introduction of functionalized MWCNTs but most likely originate from the unique composite structure of clusters of α-LiFeO2 nanoparticles integrated into a network of MWCNTs. The excellent electrochemical performance of this new nanocomposite opens up new opportunities in the development of high-performance electrode materials for energy storage application using the radio frequency oxygen plasma technique.

Solvent-Directed Sol-Gel Assembly of 3-Dimensional Graphene-Tented Metal Oxides and Strong Synergistic Disparities in Lithium Storage

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ye, Jianchao; An, Yonghao; Montalvo, Elizabeth

Graphene/metal oxide (GMO) nanocomposites promise a broad range of utilities for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), pseudocapacitors, catalysts, and sensors. When applied as anodes for LIBs, GMOs often exhibit high capacity, improved rate capability and cycling performance. Numerous studies have attributed these favorable properties to a passive role played by the exceptional electronic and mechanical properties of graphene in enabling metal oxides (MOs) to achieve near-theoretical capacities. In contrast, the effects of MOs on the active lithium storage mechanisms of graphene remain enigmatic. Via a unique two-step solvent-directed sol-gel process, we have synthesized and directly compared the electrochemical performance of severalmore » representative GMOs, namely Fe2O3/graphene, SnO2/graphene, and TiO2/graphene. We observe that MOs can play an equally important role in empowering graphene to achieve large reversible lithium storage capacity. The magnitude of capacity improvement is found to scale roughly with the surface coverage of MOs, and depend sensitively on the type of MOs. We define a synergistic factor based on the capacity contributions. Our quantitative assessments indicate that the synergistic effect is most achievable in conversion-reaction GMOs (Fe2O3/graphene and SnO2/graphene) but not in intercalation-based TiO2/graphene. However, a long cycle stability up to 2000 cycles was observed in TiO2/graphene nanocomposites. We propose a surface coverage model to qualitatively rationalize the beneficial roles of MOs to graphene. Our first-principles calculations further suggest that the extra lithium storage sites could result from the formation of Li2O at the interface with graphene during the conversion-reaction. These results suggest an effective pathway for reversible lithium storage in graphene and shift design paradigms for graphene-based electrodes.« less

Facile solid-state synthesis of Ni@C nanosheet-assembled hierarchical network for high-performance lithium storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gu, Jinghe; Li, Qiyun; Zeng, Pan; Meng, Yulin; Zhang, Xiukui; Wu, Ping; Zhou, Yiming

2017-08-01

Micro/nano-architectured transition-metal@C hybrids possess unique structural and compositional features toward lithium storage, and are thus expected to manifest ideal anodic performances in advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we propose a facile and scalable solid-state coordination and subsequent pyrolysis route for the formation of a novel type of micro/nano-architectured transition-metal@C hybrid (i.e., Ni@C nanosheet-assembled hierarchical network, Ni@C network). Moreover, this coordination-pyrolysis route has also been applied for the construction of bare carbon network using zinc salts instead of nickel salts as precursors. When applied as potential anodic materials in LIBs, the Ni@C network exhibits Ni-content-dependent electrochemical performances, and the partially-etched Ni@C network manifests markedly enhanced Li-storage performances in terms of specific capacities, cycle life, and rate capability than the pristine Ni@C network and carbon network. The proposed solid-state coordination and pyrolysis strategy would open up new opportunities for constructing micro/nano-architectured transition-metal@C hybrids as advanced anode materials for LIBs.

Template-Free Synthesis of Sb2S3 Hollow Microspheres as Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Jianjun; Liu, Li; Xia, Jing; Zhang, Yue; Li, Min; Ouyang, Yan; Nie, Su; Wang, Xianyou

2018-03-01

Hierarchical Sb2S3 hollow microspheres assembled by nanowires have been successfully synthesized by a simple and practical hydrothermal reaction. The possible formation process of this architecture was investigated by X-ray diffraction, focused-ion beam-scanning electron microscopy dual-beam system, and transmission electron microscopy. When used as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries, Sb2S3 hollow microspheres manifest excellent rate property and enhanced lithium-storage capability and can deliver a discharge capacity of 674 mAh g-1 at a current density of 200 mA g-1 after 50 cycles. Even at a high current density of 5000 mA g-1, a discharge capacity of 541 mAh g-1 is achieved. Sb2S3 hollow microspheres also display a prominent sodium-storage capacity and maintain a reversible discharge capacity of 384 mAh g-1 at a current density of 200 mA g-1 after 50 cycles. The remarkable lithium/sodium-storage property may be attributed to the synergetic effect of its nanometer size and three-dimensional hierarchical architecture, and the outstanding stability property is attributed to the sufficient interior void space, which can buffer the volume expansion. [Figure not available: see fulltext.

Tuning the Shell Number of Multishelled Metal Oxide Hollow Fibers for Optimized Lithium-Ion Storage.

PubMed

Sun, Jin; Lv, Chunxiao; Lv, Fan; Chen, Shuai; Li, Daohao; Guo, Ziqi; Han, Wei; Yang, Dongjiang; Guo, Shaojun

2017-06-27

Searching the long-life transition-metal oxide (TMO)-based materials for future lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is still a great challenge because of the mechanical strain resulting from volume change of TMO anodes during the lithiation/delithiation process. To well address this challenging issue, we demonstrate a controlled method for making the multishelled TMO hollow microfibers with tunable shell numbers to achieve the optimal void for efficient lithium-ion storage. Such a particularly designed void can lead to a short diffusion distance for fast diffusion of Li + ions and also withstand a large volume variation upon cycling, both of which are the key for high-performance LIBs. Triple-shelled TMO hollow microfibers are a quite stable anode material for LIBs with high reversible capacities (NiO: 698.1 mA h g -1 at 1 A g -1 ; Co 3 O 4 : 940.2 mA h g -1 at 1 A g -1 ; Fe 2 O 3 : 997.8 mA h g -1 at 1 A g -1 ), excellent rate capability, and stability. The present work opens a way for rational design of the void of multiple shells in achieving the stable lithium-ion storage through the biomass conversion strategy.

Primary lithium cell life studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Capulli, John; Donley, Sam; Deligiannis, Frank; Shen, David

1990-01-01

One solution for providing a truly independent power source is to package, within the critical subsystem element, a primary battery that can remain dormant for time periods as long as the mission life, which can be 10-15 years, maximum. When primary power from the spacecraft solar array/battery system is interrupted, the backup battery system, which is connected through a diode to the power input line, would automatically support the load to avoid a power interruption to the critical load for a time period long enough to ensure that ground control could access the satellite and correct the anomaly by sending appropriate commands to the spacecraft. Critical subsystems identified for the application are telemetry and command circuits, volatile computer memory, attitude control circuits, and some critical payloads. Due to volume packaging and weight restrictions that exist on most spacecraft, coupled with the long storage periods required, lithium cell technology was selected for the backup power source. Because of the high energy density (200-400 Wh/kg), long shelf life, and load capability, soluble cathode primary lithium technology was chosen. The most important lithium cell properties that require detail characterization for this application are capacity loss, shelf life, and the voltage delay mechanism. These are functions of storage time and temperature. During storage, a passive film builds up on the lithium electrode. The film protects the lithium electrode from progressive capacity decay but requires time to break down when a load is applied. This phenomenon results in a depressed voltage during the period of film breakdown which can last from fractions of a second to minutes.

Low Temperature Vacuum Synthesis of Triangular CoO Nanocrystal/Graphene Nanosheets Composites with Enhanced Lithium Storage Capacity

PubMed Central

Guan, Qun; Cheng, Jianli; Li, Xiaodong; Wang, Bin; Huang, Ling; Nie, Fude; Ni, Wei

2015-01-01

CoO nanocrystal/graphene nanosheets (GNS) composites, consisting of a triangular CoO nanocrystal of 2~20 nm on the surface of GNS, are synthesized by a mild synthetic method. First, cobalt acetate tetrahydrate is recrystallized in the alcohol solution at a low temperature. Then, graphene oxide mixed with cobalt-precursor followed by high vacuum annealing to form the CoO nanocrystal/GNS composites. The CoO nanocrystal/GNS composites exhibit a high reversible capacity of 1481.9 m Ah g−1 after 30 cycles with a high Coulombic efficiency of over 96% when used as anode materials for lithium ion battery. The excellent electrochemical performances may be attributed to the special structure of the composites. The well-dispersed triangular CoO nanocrystal on the substrate of conductive graphene can not only have a shorter diffusion length for lithium ions, better stress accommodation capability during the charge-discharge processes and more accessible active sites for lithium-ion storage and electrolyte wetting, but also possess a good conductive network, which can significantly improve the whole electrochemical performance. PMID:25961670

Electrochemically active, crystalline, mesoporous covalent organic frameworks on carbon nanotubes for synergistic lithium-ion battery energy storage

PubMed Central

Xu, Fei; Jin, Shangbin; Zhong, Hui; Wu, Dingcai; Yang, Xiaoqing; Chen, Xiong; Wei, Hao; Fu, Ruowen; Jiang, Donglin

2015-01-01

Organic batteries free of toxic metal species could lead to a new generation of consumer energy storage devices that are safe and environmentally benign. However, the conventional organic electrodes remain problematic because of their structural instability, slow ion-diffusion dynamics, and poor electrical conductivity. Here, we report on the development of a redox-active, crystalline, mesoporous covalent organic framework (COF) on carbon nanotubes for use as electrodes; the electrode stability is enhanced by the covalent network, the ion transport is facilitated by the open meso-channels, and the electron conductivity is boosted by the carbon nanotube wires. These effects work synergistically for the storage of energy and provide lithium-ion batteries with high efficiency, robust cycle stability, and high rate capability. Our results suggest that redox-active COFs on conducting carbons could serve as a unique platform for energy storage and may facilitate the design of new organic electrodes for high-performance and environmentally benign battery devices. PMID:25650133

Electrochemically active, crystalline, mesoporous covalent organic frameworks on carbon nanotubes for synergistic lithium-ion battery energy storage.

PubMed

Xu, Fei; Jin, Shangbin; Zhong, Hui; Wu, Dingcai; Yang, Xiaoqing; Chen, Xiong; Wei, Hao; Fu, Ruowen; Jiang, Donglin

2015-02-04

Organic batteries free of toxic metal species could lead to a new generation of consumer energy storage devices that are safe and environmentally benign. However, the conventional organic electrodes remain problematic because of their structural instability, slow ion-diffusion dynamics, and poor electrical conductivity. Here, we report on the development of a redox-active, crystalline, mesoporous covalent organic framework (COF) on carbon nanotubes for use as electrodes; the electrode stability is enhanced by the covalent network, the ion transport is facilitated by the open meso-channels, and the electron conductivity is boosted by the carbon nanotube wires. These effects work synergistically for the storage of energy and provide lithium-ion batteries with high efficiency, robust cycle stability, and high rate capability. Our results suggest that redox-active COFs on conducting carbons could serve as a unique platform for energy storage and may facilitate the design of new organic electrodes for high-performance and environmentally benign battery devices.

High-capacity electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage: Role of nanoscale effects

DOE PAGES

Nanda, Jagjit; Martha, Surendra K.; Kalyanaraman, Ramki

2015-06-02

In this review, we summarize the current state-of-the art electrode materials used for high-capacity lithium-ion-based batteries and their significant role towards revolutionizing the electrochemical energy storage landscape in the area of consumer electronics, transportation and grid storage application. We discuss the role of nanoscale effects on the electrochemical performance of high-capacity battery electrode materials. Decrease in the particle size of the primary electrode materials from micron to nanometre size improves the ionic and electronic diffusion rates significantly. Nanometre-thick solid electrolyte (such as lithium phosphorous oxynitride) and oxides (such as Al 2O 3, ZnO, TiO 2 etc.) material coatings also improvemore » the interfacial stability and rate capability of a number of battery chemistries. Finally, we elucidate these effects in terms of different high-capacity battery chemistries based on intercalation and conversion mechanism.« less

Outstanding Li-storage performance of LiFePO4@MWCNTs cathode material with 3D network structure for lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Xiaodong; Zhang, Le

2018-05-01

In this work, the MWCNTs-decorated LiFePO4 microspheres (LiFePO4@MWCNTs) with a 3D network structure have been synthesized by a facile and efficient spray-drying approach followed by solid-state reaction in a reduction atmosphere. In the as-prepared composite, the MWCNTs around LiFePO4 nanoparticles can provide 3D conductive networks which greatly facilitate the transport of Li+-ion and electron during the electrochemical reaction. Compared to the pure LiFePO4 material, the LiFePO4@MWCNTs composite as cathode for lithium-ion batteries exhibits significantly improved Li-storage performance in terms of rate capability and cyclic stability. Therefore, we can speculate that the spray-drying approach is a promising route to prepare the high-performance electrode materials with 3D network structure for electrochemical energy storage.

High Capacitive Storage Performance of Sulfur and Nitrogen Codoped Mesoporous Graphene.

PubMed

Ma, Xinlong; Gao, Daowei

2018-03-22

Mesoporous graphene is synthesized based on the chemical vapor deposition methodology by using heavy MgO flakes as substrates in a fluidized-bed reactor. Subsequently, sulfur and nitrogen coincorporation into graphene frameworks is realized by the reaction between carbon atoms and thiourea molecules. The as-obtained sulfur and nitrogen codoped mesoporous graphene (SNMG) exhibits remarkable capacitive energy-storage behavior, as a result of well-developed pore channels, in terms of that in a symmetric supercapacitor and lithium-ion hybrid capacitor (LIHC). The ultrahigh durability of the SNMG/SNMG symmetric supercapacitor is demonstrated by long-term cycling, for which no capacitance decay is found after 20 000 cycles. A LIHC constructed from commercial Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO) as the anode and SNMG as the cathode is capable of delivering much enhanced lithium-storage ability and better rate capability than that of activated carbon (AC)/LTO LIHC. Moreover, SNMG/LTO LIHC exhibits maximum energy and power densities of 86.2 Wh kg -1 and 7443 W kg -1 and maintains 87 % capacitance retention after 2000 cycles. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

γ-Fe₂O₃ Nanocrystalline Microspheres with Hybrid Behavior of Battery-Supercapacitor for Superior Lithium Storage.

PubMed

Tian, Lei-Lei; Zhang, Ming-Jian; Wu, Chao; Wei, Yi; Zheng, Jia-Xin; Lin, Ling-Piao; Lu, Jun; Amine, Khalil; Zhuang, Quan-Chao; Pan, Feng

2015-12-02

Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanocrystalline microspheres (MNMs) self-assembled with 52 nm nanocrystals bridged with FeOOH around grain boundaries were formed by solvothermal reaction and thermal oxidation. The unique architecture endows the MNMs with the lithium storage behavior of a hybrid battery-supercapacitor electrode: initial charge capacity of 1060 mAh g(-1) at the 100 mA g(-1) rate, stable cyclic capacity of 1077.9 mAh g(-1) at the same rate after 140 cycles, and rate capability of 538.8 mAh g(-1) at 2400 mA g(-1). This outstanding performance was attributed to the nanocrystal superiority, which shortens the Li(+) diffusion paths. The mechanism of this hybrid anode material was investigated with experimental measurements and structural analysis. The results indicate that at the first discharge, the MNM nanocrystal microsphere, whose structure can buffer the volume change that occurs during lithiation/delithiation, goes through four stages: Li(+) insertion in cation vacancies, spinel-to-rocksalt transformation, Li(+) intercalation of Li(1.75+x)Fe2O3 nanocrystals, and interfacial Li storage around nanocrystal boundaries. Only the latter two stages were reversible at and after the second charging/discharging cycle, exhibiting the hybrid behavior of a battery-supercapacitor with superior lithium storage.

NASA Capabilities That Could Impact Terrestrial Smart Grids of the Future

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Beach, Raymond F.

2015-01-01

Incremental steps to steadily build, test, refine, and qualify capabilities that lead to affordable flight elements and a deep space capability. Potential Deep Space Vehicle Power system characteristics: power 10 kilowatts average; two independent power channels with multi-level cross-strapping; solar array power 24 plus kilowatts; multi-junction arrays; lithium Ion battery storage 200 plus ampere-hours; sized for deep space or low lunar orbit operation; distribution120 volts secondary (SAE AS 5698); 2 kilowatt power transfer between vehicles.

Enhancing Near Zero Volt Storage Tolerance of Lithium-ion Batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crompton, Kyle R.

There are inherent safety risks associated with inactive lithium ion batteries leading to greater restrictions and regulations on shipping and storage. Maintaining all cells of a lithium ion battery at near zero voltage with an applied fixed resistive load is one promising approach which can lessen (and potentially eliminate) the risk of a lithium ion battery entering thermal runaway when in an inactive state. However, in a conventional lithium ion cell, a near zero cell voltage can be damaging if the anode electrochemical potential increases to greater than the potential where dissolution of the standard copper current collector occurs (i.e. 3.1 V vs. Li/Li+ at room temperature). Past approaches to yield lithium ion cells that are resilient to a near zero volt state of charge involve use of secondary active materials or alternative current collectors which have anticipated tradeoffs in terms of cell performance and cost. In the the present dissertation work the approach of managing the amount of reversible lithium in a cell during construction to prevent the anode potential from increasing to greater than 3.1 V vs. Li/Li+ during near zero volt storage is introduced. Anode pre-lithiation was used in LiCoO 2/MCMB pouch cells to appropriately manage the amount of reversible lithium so that there is excess reversible lithium compared to the cathodes intercalation capacity (reversible lithium excess cell or RLE cell). RLE LiCoO 2/MCMB cells maintained 99% of their original capacity after three, 3-day and three, 7-day storage periods at near zero volts under fixed load. A LiCoO2/MCMB pouch cell fabricated with a pre-lithiated anode also maintained its original discharge performance after three, 3-day storage periods under fixed load at 45°C. The strong recharge performance after near zero volt storage is attributed to the anode potential remaining below the copper dissolution potential during near zero volt storage as informed by reference electrode measurements. Pulse discharge measurements were performed and show that double layer capacitance likely plays a major role in determining the behavior of electrode potentials during near zero volt storage. To further the viability of the anode pre-lithiation method in LiCoO2/MCMB cells, stabilization coatings on the cathode materials are being investigated to increase the tolerance of the cathode to the low potentials it may experience during near zero volt storage of an RLE lithium ion cell. Results show that an AlPO4 coating prevents cation exhange in the cathode crystal structure and substantially increases the cathode's resilience to low electrochemical potentials. Investigations into applying anode pre-lithiation to cells utilizing LiNiCoAlO2 (NCA) cathodes have also been initiated and found to maintain the anode potential below the copper dissolution potential during near zero volt storage. RLE NCA/MCMB cells showed strong recharge performance and improved rate capability retention over a conventional NCA/MCMB cell after ten, 3-day near zero volt storage periods. Scale up of reversible lithium management to NCA/MCMB x3450 pouch cells was achieved using bath lithium addition and rendered a cell that retained 100% of its discharge performance after a 14 day period at near zero volts under fixed load. The near zero volt storage tolerance of lithium ion cells utilizing an advanced, high energy density lithium rich cathode material (0.49Li2MnO3˙0.51LiNi 0.37Co0.24Mn0.39O2 or HE5050) has also been studied and found to be high at room temperature without the need for anode pre-lithiation. HE5050/MCMB cells maintained 100% of their discharge capacity after five, 3-day and five, 7-day near zero volt storage periods at room temperature. HE5050/MCMB also maintained 99% of their discharge capacity after two, 3-day near zero volt storage periods at 40°C. The high first cycle loss and lower intercalation potential of the HE5050 cathode lead to the anode potential remaining <2.8 V vs. Li/Li+ during near zero volt storage and as such, no copper dissolution is expected to be occurring. Finally, Carbon Nanotube (CNT) papers have been shown to be stable up to high potentials vs. Li/Li+ and thus, using them as an anode current collector in place of standard copper can generate lithium ion cells that can tolerate near zero volt storage. However, CNT papers suffer from significant irreversible loss due to their high surface area. An Al2O3 coating deposited by atomic layer deposition is investigated for its effect in reducing the irreversible losses of a CNT paper. The Al2O3 coating was found to reduce irreversible loss by 55% over 50 cycles and still serve as an effective current collector for a graphitic anode composite.

3D organic Na4C6O6/graphene architecture for fast sodium storage with ultralong cycle life.

PubMed

Gu, Jianan; Gu, Yue; Yang, Shubin

2017-11-23

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have aroused increasing interest as one of the most promising replacements for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Here, a novel organic-inorganic 3D Na 4 C 6 O 6 -graphene architecture was successfully fabricated from commercial Na 2 C 6 O 6 and for the first time applied for sodium storage. Hence, the 3D Na 4 C 6 O 6 -graphene architecture exhibits a high reversible capacity, good cyclic performance and high-rate capability for sodium storage.

A Facile Bottom-Up Approach to Construct Hybrid Flexible Cathode Scaffold for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

PubMed

Ghosh, Arnab; Manjunatha, Revanasiddappa; Kumar, Rajat; Mitra, Sagar

2016-12-14

Lithium-sulfur batteries mostly suffer from the low utilization of sulfur, poor cycle life, and low rate performances. The prime factors that affect the performance are enormous volume change of the electrode, soluble intermediate product formation, poor electronic and ionic conductivity of S, and end discharge products (i.e., Li 2 S 2 and Li 2 S). The attractive way to mitigate these challenges underlying in the fabrication of a sulfur nanocomposite electrode consisting of different nanoparticles with distinct properties of lithium storage capability, mechanical reinforcement, and ionic as well as electronic conductivity leading to a mechanically robust and mixed conductive (ionic and electronic conductive) sulfur electrode. Herein, we report a novel bottom-up approach to synthesize a unique freestanding, flexible cathode scaffold made of porous reduced graphene oxide, nanosized sulfur, and Mn 3 O 4 nanoparticles, and all are three-dimensionally interconnected to each other by hybrid polyaniline/sodium alginate (PANI-SA) matrix to serve individual purposes. A capacity of 1098 mAh g -1 is achieved against lithium after 200 cycles at a current rate of 2 A g -1 with 97.6% of initial capacity at a same current rate, suggesting the extreme stability and cycling performance of such electrode. Interestingly, with the higher current density of 5 A g -1 , the composite electrode exhibited an initial capacity of 1015 mA h g -1 and retained 71% of the original capacity after 500 cycles. The in situ Raman study confirms the polysulfide absorption capability of Mn 3 O 4 . This work provides a new strategy to design a mechanically robust, mixed conductive nanocomposite electrode for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries and a strategy that can be used to develop flexible large power storage devices.

Selective crystallization with preferred lithium-ion storage capability of inorganic materials

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Lithium-ion batteries are supposed to be a key method to make a more efficient use of energy. In the past decade, nanostructured electrode materials have been extensively studied and have presented the opportunity to achieve superior performance for the next-generation batteries which require higher energy and power densities and longer cycle life. In this article, we reviewed recent research activities on selective crystallization of inorganic materials into nanostructured electrodes for lithium-ion batteries and discuss how selective crystallization can improve the electrode performance of materials; for example, selective exposure of surfaces normal to the ionic diffusion paths can greatly enhance the ion conductivity of insertion-type materials; crystallization of alloying-type materials into nanowire arrays has proven to be a good solution to the electrode pulverization problem; and constructing conversion-type materials into hollow structures is an effective approach to buffer the volume variation during cycling. The major goal of this review is to demonstrate the importance of crystallization in energy storage applications. PMID:22353373

Peapod-like Li3 VO4 /N-Doped Carbon Nanowires with Pseudocapacitive Properties as Advanced Materials for High-Energy Lithium-Ion Capacitors.

PubMed

Shen, Laifa; Lv, Haifeng; Chen, Shuangqiang; Kopold, Peter; van Aken, Peter A; Wu, Xiaojun; Maier, Joachim; Yu, Yan

2017-07-01

Lithium ion capacitors are new energy storage devices combining the complementary features of both electric double-layer capacitors and lithium ion batteries. A key limitation to this technology is the kinetic imbalance between the Faradaic insertion electrode and capacitive electrode. Here, we demonstrate that the Li 3 VO 4 with low Li-ion insertion voltage and fast kinetics can be favorably used for lithium ion capacitors. N-doped carbon-encapsulated Li 3 VO 4 nanowires are synthesized through a morphology-inheritance route, displaying a low insertion voltage between 0.2 and 1.0 V, a high reversible capacity of ≈400 mAh g -1 at 0.1 A g -1 , excellent rate capability, and long-term cycling stability. Benefiting from the small nanoparticles, low energy diffusion barrier and highly localized charge-transfer, the Li 3 VO 4 /N-doped carbon nanowires exhibit a high-rate pseudocapacitive behavior. A lithium ion capacitor device based on these Li 3 VO 4 /N-doped carbon nanowires delivers a high energy density of 136.4 Wh kg -1 at a power density of 532 W kg -1 , revealing the potential for application in high-performance and long life energy storage devices. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Two-Dimensional Wavelike Spinel Lithium Titanate for Fast Lithium Storage

PubMed Central

Liu, Jiehua; Wei, Xiangfeng; Liu, Xue-Wei

2015-01-01

Safe fast-charging lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have huge potential market size on demand according to their shortened charging time for high-power devices. Zero-strain spinel Li4Ti5O12 is one of ideal candidates for safe high-power batteries owing to its good cycling performance, low cost and safety. However, the inherent insulating characteristic of LTO seriously limits its high-rate capability. In this work, we successfully synthesize novel wavelike spinel LTO nanosheets using a facile ‘co-hydrolysis’ method, which is superior to molten-salt approach and traditional solvothermal method in some respects. The unique 2D structures have single-crystal framework with shortened path for Li ion transport. As a result, the N-doped 2D wavelike LTO with 0.6 wt.% of ‘carbon joint’ not only exhibits exciting capacity of ~180 and ~150 mA h g−1 for fast lithium storage at high discharge/charge rates of 1.7 and 8.5 A g−1 (10C and 50C) respectively, but also shows excellent low-temperature performance at −20°C. In addition, the cost may be further decreased due to recycled functional reagents. This novel nanostructured 2D LTO anode material makes it possible to develop safe fast-charging high-power lithium ion batteries. PMID:25985465

Performance characterization of Lithium-ion cells possessing carbon-carbon composite-based anodes capable of operating over a wide temperature range

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smart, M. C.; Hossain, S.; Ratnakumar, B. V.; Loutfy, R.; Whitcanack, L. D.; Chin, K. B.; Davies, E. D.; Surampudi, S.; Narayanan, S. R.

2004-01-01

NASA has interest in secondary energy storage batteries that display high specific energy, high energy density, long life characteristics, and perform well over a wide range of temperatures, in order to enable a number of future applications.

MXene-Based Electrode with Enhanced Pseudocapacitance and Volumetric Capacity for Power-Type and Ultra-Long Life Lithium Storage.

PubMed

Niu, Shanshan; Wang, Zhiyu; Yu, Mingliang; Yu, Mengzhou; Xiu, Luyang; Wang, Song; Wu, Xianhong; Qiu, Jieshan

2018-04-24

Powerful yet thinner lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are eagerly desired to meet the practical demands of electric vehicles and portable electronic devices. However, the use of soft carbon materials in current electrode design to improve the electrode conductivity and stability does not afford high volumetric capacity due to their low density and capacity for lithium storage. Herein, we report a strategy leveraging the MXene with superior conductivity and density to soft carbon as matrix and additive material for comprehensively enhancing the power capability, lifespan, and volumetric capacity of conversion-type anode. A kinetics favorable 2D nanohybrid with high conductivity, compact density, accumulated pseudocapacitance, and diffusion-controlled behavior is fabricated by coupling Ti 3 C 2 MXene with high-density molybdenum carbide for fast lithium storage over 300 cycles with high capacities. By replacing the carbonaceous conductive agent with Ti 3 C 2 MXene, the electrodes with better conductivity and dramatically reduced thickens could be further manufactured to achieve 37-40% improvement in capacity retention and ultra-long life of 5500 cycles with extremely slow capacity loss of 0.002% per cycle at high current rates. Ultrahigh volumetric capacity of 2460 mAh cm -3 could be attained by such MXene-based electrodes, highlighting the great promise of MXene in the development of high-performance LIBs.

Superstructure ZrV2O7 nanofibres: thermal expansion, electronic and lithium storage properties.

PubMed

Li, Qidong; Zhao, Yanming; Kuang, Quan; Fan, Qinghua; Dong, Youzhong; Liu, Xudong

2016-11-30

ZrV 2 O 7 has attracted much attention as a negative thermal expansion (NTE) material due to its isotropic negative structure. However, rarely has investigation of the lithium storage behaviors been carried out except our first report on it. Meanwhile, the electrochemical behaviors and energy storage characteristics have not been studied in depth and will be explored in this article. Herein, we report on the synthesis, characterization and lithium intercalation mechanism of superstructure ZrV 2 O 7 nanofibres that were prepared through a facile solution-based method with a subsequent annealing process. The thermal in situ XRD technique combined with the Rietveld refinement method is adopted to analyze the change in the temperature-dependent crystal structure. Benefiting from the nanostructured morphology and relatively high electronic conductivity, it presents acceptable cyclic stability and rate capability. According to the operando evolution of the XRD patterns obtained from electrochemical in situ measurements, the Li intercalation mechanism of the solid solution process with a subsequent conversion reaction can be concluded. Finally, the amorphous state of the electrodes after the initial fully discharged state can effectively enhance the electrochemical performances.

Mesoporous LiFeBO3/C hollow spheres for improved stability lithium-ion battery cathodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Zhongxue; Cao, Liufei; Chen, Liang; Zhou, Haihui; Zheng, Chunman; Xie, Kai; Kuang, Yafei

2015-12-01

Polyanionic compounds are regarded as one of the most promising cathode materials for the next generation lithium-ion batteries due to their abundant resource and thermal stability. LiFeBO3 has a relatively higher capacity than olivine LiFePO4, however, moisture sensitivity and low conductivity hinder its further development. Here, we design and synthesize mesoporous LiFeBO3/C (LFB/C) hollow spheres to enhance its structural stability and electric conductivity, two LiFeBO3/C electrodes with different carbon content are prepared and tested. The experimental results show that mesoporous LiFeBO3/C hollow spheres with higher carbon content exhibit superior lithium storage capacity, cycling stability and rate capability. Particularly, the LFB/C electrode with higher carbon content demonstrates good structural stability, which can maintain its original crystal structure and Li storage properties even after three months of air exposure at room temperature. The exceptional structural stability and electrochemical performance may justify their potential use as high-performance cathode materials for advanced lithium-ion batteries. In addition, the synthesis strategy demonstrated herein is simple and versatile for the fabrication of other polyanionic cathode materials with mesoporous hollow spherical structure.

Integrated 3D porous C-MoS2/nitrogen-doped graphene electrode for high capacity and prolonged stability lithium storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, D.; Tang, W. J.; Xia, X. H.; Wang, D. H.; Zhou, D.; Shi, F.; Wang, X. L.; Gu, C. D.; Tu, J. P.

2015-11-01

Scrupulous design and fabrication of advanced anode materials are of great importance for developing high-performance lithium ion batteries. Herein, we report a facile strategy for construction of free-standing and free-binder 3D porous carbon coated MoS2/nitrogen-doped graphene (C-MoS2/N-G) integrated electrode via a hydrothermal-induced self-assembly process. The preformed carbon coated MoS2 is strongly anchored on the porous nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel architecture. As an anode for lithium ion batteries, the C-MoS2/N-G electrode delivers a high first discharge capacity of 1600 mAh g-1 and maintains 900 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g-1. Impressively, superior high-rate capability is achieved for the C-MoS2/N-G with a reversible capacity of 500 mAh g-1 at a high current density of 4000 mA g-1. Furthermore, the lithium storage mechanism of the obtained integrated electrode is investigated by ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy in detail.

Pyrrole as a promising electrolyte additive to trap polysulfides for lithium-sulfur batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Wu; Yang, Wang; Song, Ailing; Gao, Lijun; Sun, Gang; Shao, Guangjie

2017-04-01

Lithium-sulfur batteries are a promising energy storage devices beyond conventional lithium ion batteries. However, the "shuttle effect" of soluble polysulfides is a major barrier between electrodes, resulting in rapid capacity fading. To address above issue, pyrrole has been investigated as an electrolyte additive to trap polysulfides. When pyrrole is added into electrolyte, a surface protective layer of polypyrrole can be formed on the sulfur cathode, which not only acts as a conductive agent to provide an effective electron conduction path but also acts as an absorbing agent and barrier layer suppressing the diffusion of polysulfide intermediates. The results demonstrate that an appropriate amount of pyrrole added into the electrolyte leads to excellent cycling stability and rate capability. Apparently, pyrrole is an effective additive for the entrapment of polysulfides of lithium-sulfur batteries.

Flexible holey graphene paper electrodes with enhanced rate capability for energy storage applications.

PubMed

Zhao, Xin; Hayner, Cary M; Kung, Mayfair C; Kung, Harold H

2011-11-22

The unique combination of high surface area, high electrical conductivity and robust mechanical integrity has attracted great interest in the use of graphene sheets for future electronics applications. Their potential applications for high-power energy storage devices, however, are restricted by the accessible volume, which may be only a fraction of the physical volume, a consequence of the compact geometry of the stack and the ion mobility. Here we demonstrated that remarkably enhanced power delivery can be realized in graphene papers for the use in Li-ion batteries by controlled generation of in-plane porosity via a mechanical cavitation-chemical oxidation approach. These flexible, holey graphene papers, created via facile microscopic engineering, possess abundant ion binding sites, enhanced ion diffusion kinetics, and excellent high-rate lithium-ion storage capabilities, and are suitable for high-performance energy storage devices. © 2011 American Chemical Society

γ-Fe 2 O 3 Nanocrystalline Microspheres with Hybrid Behavior of Battery-Supercapacitor for Superior Lithium Storage

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tian, Lei-Lei; Zhang, Ming-Jian; Wu, Chao

Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanocrystalline microspheres (MNMs) self-assembled with 52 nm nanocrystals bridged with FeOOH around grain boundaries were formed by solvothermal reaction and thermal oxidation. The unique architecture endows the MNMs with the lithium storage behavior of a hybrid battery-supercapacitor electrode: initial charge capacity of 1060 mAh g–1 at the 100 mA g–1 rate, stable cyclic capacity of 1077.9 mAh g–1 at the same rate after 140 cycles, and rate capability of 538.8 mAh g–1 at 2400 mA g–1. This outstanding performance was attributed to the nanocrystal superiority, which shortens the Li+ diffusion paths. The mechanism of this hybrid anode materialmore » was investigated with experimental measurements and structural analysis. The results indicate that at the first discharge, the MNM nanocrystal microsphere, whose structure can buffer the volume change that occurs during lithiation/delithiation, goes through four stages: Li+ insertion in cation vacancies, spinel-to-rocksalt transformation, Li+ intercalation of Li1.75+xFe2O3 nanocrystals, and interfacial Li storage around nanocrystal boundaries. Only the latter two stages were reversible at and after the second charging/discharging cycle, exhibiting the hybrid behavior of a battery-supercapacitor with superior lithium storage.« less

Hydrothermal synthesis of nickel oxide nanosheets for lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors with excellent performance.

PubMed

Mondal, Anjon Kumar; Su, Dawei; Wang, Ying; Chen, Shuangqiang; Wang, Guoxiu

2013-11-01

Nickel oxide nanosheets have been successfully synthesized by a facile ethylene glycol mediated hydrothermal method. The morphology and crystal structure of the nickel oxide nanosheets were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission SEM, and TEM. When applied as electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, nickel oxide nanosheets exhibited a high, reversible lithium storage capacity of 1193 mA h g(-1) at a current density of 500 mA g(-1), an enhanced rate capability, and good cycling stability. Nickel oxide nanosheets also demonstrated a superior specific capacitance of 999 F g(-1) at a current density of 20 A g(-1) in supercapacitors. Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Nanoparticle Decorated Ultrathin Porous Nanosheets as Hierarchical Co3O4 Nanostructures for Lithium Ion Battery Anode Materials

PubMed Central

Mujtaba, Jawayria; Sun, Hongyu; Huang, Guoyong; Mølhave, Kristian; Liu, Yanguo; Zhao, Yanyan; Wang, Xun; Xu, Shengming; Zhu, Jing

2016-01-01

We report a facile synthesis of a novel cobalt oxide (Co3O4) hierarchical nanostructure, in which crystalline core-amorphous shell Co3O4 nanoparticles with a bimodal size distribution are uniformly dispersed on ultrathin Co3O4 nanosheets. When tested as anode materials for lithium ion batteries, the as-prepared Co3O4 hierarchical electrodes delivered high lithium storage properties comparing to the other Co3O4 nanostructures, including a high reversible capacity of 1053.1 mAhg−1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 0.2 C (1 C = 890 mAg−1), good cycling stability and rate capability. PMID:26846434

A high performance lithium ion capacitor achieved by the integration of a Sn-C anode and a biomass-derived microporous activated carbon cathode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Fei; Gao, Jihui; Zhu, Yuwen; Pi, Xinxin; Wang, Lijie; Liu, Xin; Qin, Yukun

2017-02-01

Hybridizing battery and capacitor materials to construct lithium ion capacitors (LICs) has been regarded as a promising avenue to bridge the gap between high-energy lithium ion batteries and high-power supercapacitors. One of the key difficulties in developing advanced LICs is the imbalance in the power capability and charge storage capacity between anode and cathode. Herein, we design a new LIC system by integrating a rationally designed Sn-C anode with a biomass-derived activated carbon cathode. The Sn-C nanocomposite obtained by a facile confined growth strategy possesses multiple structural merits including well-confined Sn nanoparticles, homogeneous distribution and interconnected carbon framework with ultra-high N doping level, synergically enabling the fabricated anode with high Li storage capacity and excellent rate capability. A new type of biomass-derived activated carbon featuring both high surface area and high carbon purity is also prepared to achieve high capacity for cathode. The assembled LIC (Sn-C//PAC) device delivers high energy densities of 195.7 Wh kg-1 and 84.6 Wh kg-1 at power densities of 731.25 W kg-1 and 24375 W kg-1, respectively. This work offers a new strategy for designing high-performance hybrid system by tailoring the nanostructures of Li insertion anode and ion adsorption cathode.

A high performance lithium ion capacitor achieved by the integration of a Sn-C anode and a biomass-derived microporous activated carbon cathode.

PubMed

Sun, Fei; Gao, Jihui; Zhu, Yuwen; Pi, Xinxin; Wang, Lijie; Liu, Xin; Qin, Yukun

2017-02-03

Hybridizing battery and capacitor materials to construct lithium ion capacitors (LICs) has been regarded as a promising avenue to bridge the gap between high-energy lithium ion batteries and high-power supercapacitors. One of the key difficulties in developing advanced LICs is the imbalance in the power capability and charge storage capacity between anode and cathode. Herein, we design a new LIC system by integrating a rationally designed Sn-C anode with a biomass-derived activated carbon cathode. The Sn-C nanocomposite obtained by a facile confined growth strategy possesses multiple structural merits including well-confined Sn nanoparticles, homogeneous distribution and interconnected carbon framework with ultra-high N doping level, synergically enabling the fabricated anode with high Li storage capacity and excellent rate capability. A new type of biomass-derived activated carbon featuring both high surface area and high carbon purity is also prepared to achieve high capacity for cathode. The assembled LIC (Sn-C//PAC) device delivers high energy densities of 195.7 Wh kg -1 and 84.6 Wh kg -1 at power densities of 731.25 W kg -1 and 24375 W kg -1 , respectively. This work offers a new strategy for designing high-performance hybrid system by tailoring the nanostructures of Li insertion anode and ion adsorption cathode.

A high performance lithium ion capacitor achieved by the integration of a Sn-C anode and a biomass-derived microporous activated carbon cathode

PubMed Central

Sun, Fei; Gao, Jihui; Zhu, Yuwen; Pi, Xinxin; Wang, Lijie; Liu, Xin; Qin, Yukun

2017-01-01

Hybridizing battery and capacitor materials to construct lithium ion capacitors (LICs) has been regarded as a promising avenue to bridge the gap between high-energy lithium ion batteries and high-power supercapacitors. One of the key difficulties in developing advanced LICs is the imbalance in the power capability and charge storage capacity between anode and cathode. Herein, we design a new LIC system by integrating a rationally designed Sn-C anode with a biomass-derived activated carbon cathode. The Sn-C nanocomposite obtained by a facile confined growth strategy possesses multiple structural merits including well-confined Sn nanoparticles, homogeneous distribution and interconnected carbon framework with ultra-high N doping level, synergically enabling the fabricated anode with high Li storage capacity and excellent rate capability. A new type of biomass-derived activated carbon featuring both high surface area and high carbon purity is also prepared to achieve high capacity for cathode. The assembled LIC (Sn-C//PAC) device delivers high energy densities of 195.7 Wh kg−1 and 84.6 Wh kg−1 at power densities of 731.25 W kg−1 and 24375 W kg−1, respectively. This work offers a new strategy for designing high-performance hybrid system by tailoring the nanostructures of Li insertion anode and ion adsorption cathode. PMID:28155853

Free-standing sulfur host based on titanium-dioxide-modified porous-carbon nanofibers for lithium-sulfur batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Xiong; Gao, Tuo; Wang, Suqing; Bao, Yue; Chen, Guoping; Ding, Liang-Xin; Wang, Haihui

2017-07-01

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are regarded as a promising next-generation electrical-energy-storage technology due to their low cost and high theoretical energy density. Furthermore, flexible and wearable electronics urgently requires their power sources to be mechanically robust and flexible. However, the effective progress of high-performance, flexible Li-S batteries is still hindered by the poor conductivity of sulfur cathodes and the dissolution of lithium polysulfides as well as the weak mechanical properties of sulfur cathodes. Herein, a new type of flexible porous carbon nanofiber film modified with graphene and ultrafine polar TiO2 nanoparticles is designed as a sulfur host, in which the artful structure enabled the highly efficient dispersion of sulfur for a high capacity and a strong confinement capability of lithium polysulfides, resulting in prolonged cycle life. Thus, the cathode shows an extremely high initial specific discharge capacity of 1501 mA h g-1 at 0.1 C and an excellent rate capability of 668 mA h g-1 at 5 C as well as prolonged cycling stability. The artful design provides a facile method to fabricate high-performance, flexible sulfur cathodes for Li-S batteries.

Nanosatellite Power System Considerations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Robyn, M.; Thaller, L.; Scott, D.

1995-01-01

The capability to build complex electronic functions into compact packages is opening the path to miniature satellites on the order of 1 kg mass, 10 cm across, packed with the computing processors, motion controllers, measurement sensors, and communications hardware necessary for operation. Power generation will be from short strings of silicon or gallium arsenide-based solar photovoltaic cells with the array power maximized by a peak power tracker (PPT). Energy storage will utilize a low voltage battery with nickel cadmium or lithium ion cells as the most likely selections for rechargeables and lithium (MnO2-Li) primary batteries for one shot short missions.

Comprehensive Enhancement of Nanostructured Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials via Conformal Graphene Dispersion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, Kan-Sheng; Xu, Rui; Luu, Norman S.

Efficient energy storage systems based on lithium-ion batteries represent a critical technology across many sectors including consumer electronics, electrified transportation, and a smart grid accommodating intermittent renewable energy sources. Nanostructured electrode materials present compelling opportunities for high-performance lithium-ion batteries, but inherent problems related to the high surface area to volume ratios at the nanometer-scale have impeded their adoption for commercial applications. Here, we demonstrate a materials and processing platform that realizes high-performance nanostructured lithium manganese oxide (nano-LMO) spinel cathodes with conformal graphene coatings as a conductive additive. The resulting nanostructured composite cathodes concurrently resolve multiple problems that have plagued nanoparticle-basedmore » lithium-ion battery electrodes including low packing density, high additive content, and poor cycling stability. Moreover, this strategy enhances the intrinsic advantages of nano-LMO, resulting in extraordinary rate capability and low temperature performance. With 75% capacity retention at a 20C cycling rate at room temperature and nearly full capacity retention at -20 degrees C, this work advances lithium-ion battery technology into unprecedented regimes of operation.« less

Comprehensive Enhancement of Nanostructured Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials via Conformal Graphene Dispersion.

PubMed

Chen, Kan-Sheng; Xu, Rui; Luu, Norman S; Secor, Ethan B; Hamamoto, Koichi; Li, Qianqian; Kim, Soo; Sangwan, Vinod K; Balla, Itamar; Guiney, Linda M; Seo, Jung-Woo T; Yu, Xiankai; Liu, Weiwei; Wu, Jinsong; Wolverton, Chris; Dravid, Vinayak P; Barnett, Scott A; Lu, Jun; Amine, Khalil; Hersam, Mark C

2017-04-12

Efficient energy storage systems based on lithium-ion batteries represent a critical technology across many sectors including consumer electronics, electrified transportation, and a smart grid accommodating intermittent renewable energy sources. Nanostructured electrode materials present compelling opportunities for high-performance lithium-ion batteries, but inherent problems related to the high surface area to volume ratios at the nanometer-scale have impeded their adoption for commercial applications. Here, we demonstrate a materials and processing platform that realizes high-performance nanostructured lithium manganese oxide (nano-LMO) spinel cathodes with conformal graphene coatings as a conductive additive. The resulting nanostructured composite cathodes concurrently resolve multiple problems that have plagued nanoparticle-based lithium-ion battery electrodes including low packing density, high additive content, and poor cycling stability. Moreover, this strategy enhances the intrinsic advantages of nano-LMO, resulting in extraordinary rate capability and low temperature performance. With 75% capacity retention at a 20C cycling rate at room temperature and nearly full capacity retention at -20 °C, this work advances lithium-ion battery technology into unprecedented regimes of operation.

Nanocarbon networks for advanced rechargeable lithium batteries.

PubMed

Xin, Sen; Guo, Yu-Guo; Wan, Li-Jun

2012-10-16

Carbon is one of the essential elements in energy storage. In rechargeable lithium batteries, researchers have considered many types of nanostructured carbons, such as carbon nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and nanoporous carbon, as anode materials and, especially, as key components for building advanced composite electrode materials. Nanocarbons can form efficient three-dimensional conducting networks that improve the performance of electrode materials suffering from the limited kinetics of lithium storage. Although the porous structure guarantees a fast migration of Li ions, the nanocarbon network can serve as an effective matrix for dispersing the active materials to prevent them from agglomerating. The nanocarbon network also affords an efficient electron pathway to provide better electrical contacts. Because of their structural stability and flexibility, nanocarbon networks can alleviate the stress and volume changes that occur in active materials during the Li insertion/extraction process. Through the elegant design of hierarchical electrode materials with nanocarbon networks, researchers can improve both the kinetic performance and the structural stability of the electrode material, which leads to optimal battery capacity, cycling stability, and rate capability. This Account summarizes recent progress in the structural design, chemical synthesis, and characterization of the electrochemical properties of nanocarbon networks for Li-ion batteries. In such systems, storage occurs primarily in the non-carbon components, while carbon acts as the conductor and as the structural buffer. We emphasize representative nanocarbon networks including those that use carbon nanotubes and graphene. We discuss the role of carbon in enhancing the performance of various electrode materials in areas such as Li storage, Li ion and electron transport, and structural stability during cycling. We especially highlight the use of graphene to construct the carbon conducting network for alloy anodes, such as Si and Ge, to accelerate electron transport, alleviate volume change, and prevent the agglomeration of active nanoparticles. Finally, we describe the power of nanocarbon networks for the next generation rechargeable lithium batteries, including Li-S, Li-O(2), and Li-organic batteries, and provide insights into the design of ideal nanocarbon networks for these devices. In addition, we address the ways in which nanocarbon networks can expand the applications of rechargeable lithium batteries into the emerging fields of stationary energy storage and transportation.

Molecular dynamics simulations of spinels: LiMn2O4 and Li4Mn5O12 at high temperatures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ledwaba, R. S.; Matshaba, M. G.; Ngoepe, P. E.

2015-04-01

Energy storage technologies are critical in addressing the global challenge of clean sustainable energy. Spinel lithium manganates have attracted attention due to their electrochemical properties and also as promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The current study focused on the effects of high temperatures on the materials, in order to understand the sustainability in cases where the battery heats up to high temperature and analysis of lithium diffusion aids in terms of intercalation host compatibility. It is also essential to understand the high temperature behaviour and lithium ion host capability of these materials in order to perform the armorphization and recrystalization of spinel nano-architectures. Molecular dynamics simulations carried out to predict high temperature behaviour of the spinel systems. The NVE ensemble was employed, in the range 300 - 3000K. The melting temperature, lithium-ion diffusion and structural behaviour were monitored in both supercell systems. LiMn2O4 indicated a diffusion rate that increased rapidly above 1500K, just before melting (˜1700K) and reached its maximum diffusion at 2.756 × 10-7 cm2s-1 before it decreased. Li4Mn5O12 indicated an exponential increase above 700K reaching 8.303 × 10-7 cm2s-1 at 2000K and allowing lithium intercalation even above its melting point of around 1300K. This indicated better structural stability of Li4Mn5O12 and capability to host lithium ions at very high temperatures (up to 3000 K) compared to LiMn2O4.

Graphene hybridization for energy storage applications.

PubMed

Li, Xianglong; Zhi, Linjie

2018-05-08

Graphene has attracted considerable attention due to its unique two-dimensional structure, high electronic mobility, exceptional thermal conductivity, excellent optical transmittance, good mechanical strength, and ultrahigh surface area. To meet the ever increasing demand for portable electronic products, electric vehicles, smart grids, and renewable energy integrations, hybridizing graphene with various functions and components has been demonstrated to be a versatile and powerful strategy to significantly enhance the performance of various energy storage systems such as lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors and beyond, because such hybridization can result in synergistic effects that combine the best merits of involved components and confer new functions and properties, thereby improving the charge/discharge efficiencies and capabilities, energy/power densities, and cycle life of these energy storage systems. This review will focus on diverse graphene hybridization principles and strategies for energy storage applications, and the proposed outline is as follows. First, graphene and its fundamental properties, followed by graphene hybrids and related hybridization motivation, are introduced. Second, the developed hybridization formulas of using graphene for lithium-ion batteries are systematically categorized from the viewpoint of material structure design, bulk electrode construction, and material/electrode collaborative engineering; the latest representative progress on anodes and cathodes of lithium-ion batteries will be reviewed following such classifications. Third, similar hybridization formulas for graphene-based supercapacitor electrodes will be summarized and discussed as well. Fourth, the recently emerging hybridization formulas for other graphene-based energy storage devices will be briefed in combination with typical examples. Finally, future prospects and directions on the exploration of graphene hybridization toward the design and construction of viable, high-class, and even newly-featured (e.g., flexible) energy storage materials, electrodes, and systems will be presented.

Advances in electrode materials for Li-based rechargeable batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Hui; Mao, Chengyu; Li, Jianlin

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries store energy as chemical energy in electrode materials during charge and can convert the chemical energy into electrical energy when needed. Tremendous attention has been paid to screen electroactive materials, to evaluate their structural integrity and cycling reversibility, and to improve the performance of electrode materials. This review discusses recent advances in performance enhancement of both anode and cathode through nanoengineering active materials and applying surface coatings, in order to effectively deal with the challenges such as large volume variation, instable interface, limited cyclability and rate capability. We also introduce and discuss briefly the diversity and newmore » tendencies in finding alternative lithium storage materials, safe operation enabled in aqueous electrolytes, and configuring novel symmetric electrodes and lithium-based flow batteries.« less

A Tunable Molten-Salt Route for Scalable Synthesis of Ultrathin Amorphous Carbon Nanosheets as High-Performance Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Wang, Yixian; Tian, Wei; Wang, Luhai; Zhang, Haoran; Liu, Jialiang; Peng, Tingyue; Pan, Lei; Wang, Xiaobo; Wu, Mingbo

2018-02-14

Amorphous carbon is regarded as a promising alternative to commercial graphite as the lithium-ion battery anode due to its capability to reversibly store more lithium ions. However, the structural disorder with a large number of defects can lead to low electrical conductivity of the amorphous carbon, thus limiting its application for high power output. Herein, ultrathin amorphous carbon nanosheets were prepared from petroleum asphalt through tuning the carbonization temperature in a molten-salt medium. The amorphous nanostructure with expanded carbon interlayer spacing can provide substantial active sites for lithium storage, while the two-dimensional (2D) morphology can facilitate fast electrical conductivity. As a result, the electrodes deliver a high reversible capacity, outstanding rate capability, and superior cycling performance (579 and 396 mAh g -1 at 2 and 5 A g -1 after 900 cycles). Furthermore, full cells consisting of the carbon anodes coupled with LiMn 2 O 4 cathodes exhibit high specific capacity (608 mAh g -1 at 50 mA g -1 ) and impressive cycling stability with slow capacity loss (0.16% per cycle at 200 mA g -1 ). The present study not only paves the way for industrial-scale synthesis of advanced carbon materials for lithium-ion batteries but also deepens the fundamental understanding of the intrinsic mechanism of the molten-salt method.

Two-stage energy storage equalization system for lithium-ion battery pack

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, W.; Yang, Z. X.; Dong, G. Q.; Li, Y. B.; He, Q. Y.

2017-11-01

How to raise the efficiency of energy storage and maximize storage capacity is a core problem in current energy storage management. For that, two-stage energy storage equalization system which contains two-stage equalization topology and control strategy based on a symmetric multi-winding transformer and DC-DC (direct current-direct current) converter is proposed with bidirectional active equalization theory, in order to realize the objectives of consistent lithium-ion battery packs voltages and cells voltages inside packs by using a method of the Range. Modeling analysis demonstrates that the voltage dispersion of lithium-ion battery packs and cells inside packs can be kept within 2 percent during charging and discharging. Equalization time was 0.5 ms, which shortened equalization time of 33.3 percent compared with DC-DC converter. Therefore, the proposed two-stage lithium-ion battery equalization system can achieve maximum storage capacity between lithium-ion battery packs and cells inside packs, meanwhile efficiency of energy storage is significantly improved.

Rational material design for ultrafast rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.

PubMed

Tang, Yuxin; Zhang, Yanyan; Li, Wenlong; Ma, Bing; Chen, Xiaodong

2015-10-07

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are important electrochemical energy storage devices for consumer electronics and emerging electrical/hybrid vehicles. However, one of the formidable challenges is to develop ultrafast charging LIBs with the rate capability at least one order of magnitude (>10 C) higher than that of the currently commercialized LIBs. This tutorial review presents the state-of-the-art developments in ultrafast charging LIBs by the rational design of materials. First of all, fundamental electrochemistry and related ionic/electronic conduction theories identify that the rate capability of LIBs is kinetically limited by the sluggish solid-state diffusion process in electrode materials. Then, several aspects of the intrinsic materials, materials engineering and processing, and electrode materials architecture design towards maximizing both ionic and electronic conductivity in the electrode with a short diffusion length are deliberated. Finally, the future trends and perspectives for the ultrafast rechargeable LIBs are discussed. Continuous rapid progress in this area is essential and urgent to endow LIBs with ultrafast charging capability to meet huge demands in the near future.

Oriented TiO2 nanotubes as a lithium metal storage medium

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, Jae-Hun; Kang, Hee-Kook; Woo, Sang-Gil

2014-07-01

A new strategy for suppressing dendritic lithium growth in rechargeable lithium metal batteries is introduced, in which TiO2 nanotube (NT) array electrodes prepared by anodization are used as a metallic lithium storage medium. During the first charge process, lithium ions are inserted into the crystal structure of the TiO2 NT arrays, and then, lithium metal is deposited on the surfaces of the NT arrays, i.e., in the NT pores and between NT walls. From the second cycle onward, the TiO2 material is used as lithium ion pathways, which results in the effective current distribution for lithium deposition and prevents disintegrationmore » of the deposited metallic lithium. Compared to a Li(Cu foil)-LiCoO2 cell, the Li(TiO2 NT)-LiCoO2 cell exhibits enhanced cycling efficiency. This new concept will enable other 3D structured negative active materials to be used as lithium metal storage media for lithium metal batteries.« less

Manganese-enriched electrochemistry of LiFePO4/RGO nanohybrid for aqueous energy storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rossouw, Claire A.; Raju, Kumar; Zheng, Haitao; Ozoemena, Kenneth I.

2017-07-01

Manganese-doped lithium iron phosphate (LFMP) integrated with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has been prepared via microwave-assisted synthesis and investigated as lithium-ion energy storage system in aqueous Li2SO4 electrolyte. The doping of the LFP was achieved with a low-cost commercial electrolytic manganese oxide (EMD) precursor using a microwave-assisted solvothermal technique. When compared to the undoped counterpart (LFP/RGO), obtained under similar experimental conditions, the LFMP/RGO nanohybrid showed an improved electrochemical performance. The LFMP/RGO gave a maximum areal capacitance of ca. 39.48 mF cm-2, power density of 70.3 mW cm-2 and energy density of 8 mWh cm-2 compared to the values for the pristine complex (LFP/RGO); ca. 16.85 mF cm-2, 54.4 mW cm-2 and 4.8 mWh cm-2. In addition, when the two types of electrochemical storage systems were subjected to voltage-holding (floating) experiment for 50 h, LFMP/RGO maintained 98% capacitance retention while LFP/G maintained 94% capacitance retention. The findings in this work prove that Mn-doping is capable of enhancing the electrochemical performance of the LFP material for energy storage.

Lithium doping on covalent organic framework-320 for enhancing hydrogen storage at ambient temperature

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xia, Liangzhi, E-mail: 15004110853@163.com; Liu, Qing

2016-12-15

Density Functional Theory (DFT) combines with grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations are performed to explore the effect of Li doping on the hydrogen storage capability of COF-320. The results show that the interaction energy between the H{sub 2} and the Li-doped COF-320 is about three times higher than that of pristine COF-320. GCMC simulations are employed to study the hydrogen uptake of Li-doped COF-320 at ambient temperature, further confirm that the lithium doping can improve the hydrogen uptake at ambient temperature. Our results demonstrate that Li-doped COFs have good potential in the field of hydrogen storage. - Graphical abstract:more » Fig. 1. The optimized cluster model used here to represent the COF-320 and possible adsorption sites (A, B, C) for adsorption of metals in the COF-320. The dangling bonds are terminated by H atoms. C, H, and N atoms are shown as gray, white, and blue colors, respectively. Fig. 2. The adsorption isotherm of H{sub 2} in the pristine and Li-doped COF-320 at 298 K. - Highlights: • The binding sites of single and two lithium atoms in COF-320 were studied. • The interaction energy between the H{sub 2} and the Li-doped COF-320 is about three times higher than that of pristine COF-320. • H{sub 2} uptakes on the Li-doped COFs obtain significant improvement at ambient temperature. • Lithium-doping is a successful strategy for improving hydrogen uptake.« less

Liquid-free rechargeable Li polymer battery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matsui, S.; Muranaga, T.; Higobashi, H.; Inoue, S.; Sakai, T.

Safety is a key concern for high-power energy storage systems such as will be required for electric vehicles. Present lithium ion batteries, which use a flammable organic liquid electrolyte, lack inherent safety. Our approach in solving this problem is to replace the liquid electrolyte with a liquid-free polymer electrolyte. Data of the composition of the positive electrode, charge-discharge and cycle-life capability are presented. The cell using metallic lithium anode and crosslinked polymer electrolyte P(EO/MEEGE/AGE)-LiTFSI showed a discharge capacity of 134 mAh g -1 of LiCoO 2 at 60°C and 140 mAh g -1 at 140°C.

Facile Synthesis of V₂O₅ Hollow Spheres as Advanced Cathodes for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Zhang, Xingyuan; Wang, Jian-Gan; Liu, Huanyan; Liu, Hongzhen; Wei, Bingqing

2017-01-18

Three-dimensional V₂O₅ hollow structures have been prepared through a simple synthesis strategy combining solvothermal treatment and a subsequent thermal annealing. The V₂O₅ materials are composed of microspheres 2-3 μm in diameter and with a distinct hollow interior. The as-synthesized V₂O₅ hollow microspheres, when evaluated as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, can deliver a specific capacity as high as 273 mAh·g -1 at 0.2 C. Benefiting from the hollow structures that afford fast electrolyte transport and volume accommodation, the V₂O₅ cathode also exhibits a superior rate capability and excellent cycling stability. The good Li-ion storage performance demonstrates the great potential of this unique V₂O₅ hollow material as a high-performance cathode for lithium-ion batteries.

Stretchable spiral thin-film battery capable of out-of-plane deformation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kammoun, Mejdi; Berg, Sean; Ardebili, Haleh

2016-11-01

There is a compelling need for innovative design concepts in energy storage devices such as flexible and stretchable batteries that can simultaneously provide electrochemical and mechanical functions to accommodate nonconventional applications including wearable and implantable devices. In this study, we report on the design and fabrication of a stretchable spiral thin-film lithium ion battery that is capable of large out-of-plane deformation of 1300% while exhibiting simultaneous electrochemical functionality. The spiral battery is fabricated using a flexible solid polymer nanocomposite electrolyte film that offers enhanced safety and stability compared to the conventional organic liquid-based electrolyte. The spiral lithium ion battery exhibits robust mechanical stretchability over 9000 stretching cycles and an energy density of 4.862 mWh/cm3 at ∼650% out-of-plane deformation. Finite element analysis of the spiral battery offers insights about the nature of stresses and strains during battery stretching.

Enhanced lithium storage performances of hierarchical hollow MoS₂ nanoparticles assembled from nanosheets.

PubMed

Wang, Meng; Li, Guangda; Xu, Huayun; Qian, Yitai; Yang, Jian

2013-02-01

MoS(2), because of its layered structure and high theoretical capacity, has been regarded as a potential candidate for electrode materials in lithium secondary batteries. But it suffers from the poor cycling stability and low rate capability. Here, hierarchical hollow nanoparticles of MoS(2) nanosheets with an increased interlayer distance are synthesized by a simple solvothermal reaction at a low temperature. The formation of hierarchical hollow nanoparticles is based on the intermediate, K(2)NaMoO(3)F(3), as a self-sacrificed template. These hollow nanoparticles exhibit a reversible capacity of 902 mA h g(-1) at 100 mA g(-1) after 80 cycles, much higher than the solid counterpart. At a current density of 1000 mA g(-1), the reversible capacity of the hierarchical hollow nanoparticles could be still maintained at 780 mAh g(-1). The enhanced lithium storage performances of the hierarchical hollow nanoparticles in reversible capacities, cycling stability and rate performances can be attributed to their hierarchical surface, hollow structure feature and increased layer distance of S-Mo-S. Hierarchical hollow nanoparticles as an ensemble of these features, could be applied to other electrode materials for the superior electrochemical performance.

Carbon-Encapsulated Co3O4 Nanoparticles as Anode Materials with Super Lithium Storage Performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leng, Xuning; Wei, Sufeng; Jiang, Zhonghao; Lian, Jianshe; Wang, Guoyong; Jiang, Qing

2015-11-01

A high-performance anode material for lithium storage was successfully synthesized by glucose as carbon source and cobalt nitrate as Co3O4 precursor with the assistance of sodium chloride surface as a template to reduce the carbon sheet thickness. Ultrafine Co3O4 nanoparticles were homogeneously embedded in ultrathin porous graphitic carbon in this material. The carbon sheets, which have large specific surface area, high electronic conductivity, and outstanding mechanical flexibility, are very effective to keep the stability of Co3O4 nanoparticales which has a large capacity. As a consequence, a very high reversible capacity of up to 1413 mA h g-1 at a current density of 0.1 A g-1 after 100 cycles, a high rate capability (845, 560, 461 and 345 mA h g-1 at 5, 10, 15 and 20 C, respectively, 1 C = 1 A g-1), and a superior cycling performance at an ultrahigh rate (760 mA h g-1 at 5 C after 1000 cycles) are achieved by this lithium-ion-battery anode material.

Large and stable reversible lithium-ion storages from mesoporous SnO2 nanosheets with ultralong lifespan over 1000 cycles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xiao; Jiang, Bin; Guo, Jinxue; Xie, Yaping; Tang, Lin

2014-12-01

The major challenge to promote the commercialization of SnO2 anode materials is to construct unique structures and/or composites that could alleviate the volume effect and extend the lifespan. This study develops an efficient synthetic solution for the preparation of mesoporous SnO2 nanosheets, which involves an evaporation-induced selfassembly process and the following thermal treatment. Surfactant F127 is used as the soft template to form abundant cores. The as-prepared sample intrinsically inherits flexible sheet-like structure and porous features, as characterized with XRD, SEM, TEM and BET techniques. Based on these combining structural benefits, the sample is utilized as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries and exhibits excellent Li+ storage performance such as large and stable reversible capacity, good rate capability, and especially the outstanding durable cycling life of over 1000 cycles, which meets the demands of practical applications. The structural changes of SnO2 nanosheets are observed from the decomposed electrodes after different electrochemical cycles. Moreover, this synthesis strategy may offer an alternative and universal approach for synthesis of other transitional metal oxides or their binary composites as high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

Nanosized CoO Loaded on Copper Foam for High-Performance, Binder-Free Lithium-Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Liao, Mingna; Zhang, Qilun; Tang, Fengling; Xu, Zhiwei; Zhou, Xin; Li, Youpeng; Zhang, Yali; Yang, Chenghao; Ru, Qiang; Zhao, Lingzhi

2018-03-22

The synthesis of nanosized CoO anodes with unique morphologies via a hydrothermal method is investigated. By adjusting the pH values of reaction solutions, nanoflakes (CoO-NFs) and nanoflowers (CoO-FLs) are successfully located on copper foam. Compared with CoO-FLs, CoO-NFs as anodes for lithium ion batteries present ameliorated lithium storage properties, such as good rate capability, excellent cycling stability, and large CoO nanoflakes; CoO nanoflowers; anodes; binder free; lithium ion batteriesreversible capacity. The initial discharge capacity is 1470 mA h g -1 , while the reversible capacity is maintained at 1776 m Ah g -1 after 80 cycles at a current density of 100 mA h g -1 . The excellent electrochemical performance is ascribed to enough free space and enhanced conductivity, which play crucial roles in facilitating electron transport during repetitive Li⁺ intercalation and extraction reaction as well as buffering the volume expansion.

Self-assembly synthesis of 3D graphene-encapsulated hierarchical Fe3O4 nano-flower architecture with high lithium storage capacity and excellent rate capability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Yating; Huang, Jian; Lin, Liang; Xie, Qingshui; Yan, Mengyu; Qu, Baihua; Wang, Laisen; Mai, Liqiang; Peng, Dong-Liang

2017-10-01

Graphene-encapsulated hierarchical metal oxides architectures can efficiently combine the merits of graphene and hierarchical metal oxides, which are deemed as the potential anode material candidates for the next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to the synergistic effect between them. Herein, a cationic surfactant induced self-assembly method is developed to construct 3D Fe3O4@reduction graphene oxide (H-Fe3O4@RGO) hybrid architecture in which hierarchical Fe3O4 nano-flowers (H-Fe3O4) are intimately encapsulated by 3D graphene network. Each H-Fe3O4 particle is constituted of rod-shaped skeletons surrounded by petal-like nano-flakes that are made up of enormous nanoparticles. When tested as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries, a high reversible capacity of 2270 mA h g-1 after 460 cycles is achieved under a current density of 0.5 A g-1. More impressively, even tested at a large current density of 10 A g-1, a decent reversible capacity of 490 mA h g-1 can be retained, which is still higher than the theoretical capacity of traditional graphite anode, demonstrating the remarkable lithium storage properties. The reasons for the excellent electrochemical performance of H-Fe3O4@RGO electrode have been discussed in detail.

Desired crystal oriented LiFePO4 nanoplatelets in situ anchored on a graphene cross-linked conductive network for fast lithium storage.

PubMed

Wang, Bo; Liu, Anmin; Abdulla, Wael Al; Wang, Dianlong; Zhao, X S

2015-05-21

Electron transfer and lithium ion diffusion rates are the key factors limiting the lithium ion storage in anisotropic LiFePO4 electrodes. In this work, we employed a facile solvothermal method to synthesize a "platelet-on-sheet" LiFePO4/graphene composite (LFP@GNs), which is LiFePO4 nanoplatelets in situ grown on graphene sheets with highly oriented (010) facets of LiFePO4 crystals. Such a two-phase contact mode with graphene sheets cross-linked to form a three-dimensional porous network is favourable for both fast lithium ion and electron transports. As a result, the designed LFP@GNs displayed a high rate capability (∼56 mA h g(-1) at 60 C) and long life cycling stability (∼87% capacity retention over 1000 cycles at 10 C). For comparison purposes, samples ex situ modified with graphene (LFP/GNs) as well as pure LiFePO4 platelets (LFP) were also prepared and investigated. More importantly, the obtained LFP@GNs can be used as a basic unit for constructing more complex structures to further improve electrochemical performance, such as coating the exposed LFP surface with a thin layer of carbon to build a C@LFP@GN composite to further enhance its cycling stability (∼98% capacity retention over 1000 cycles at 10 C).

Porous carbon nanotubes decorated with nanosized cobalt ferrite as anode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Lingyan; Zhuo, Linhai; Cheng, Haiyang; Zhang, Chao; Zhao, Fengyu

2015-06-01

Generally, the fast ion/electron transport and structural stability dominate the superiority in lithium-storage applications. In this work, porous carbon nanotubes decorated with nanosized CoFe2O4 particles (p-CNTs@CFO) have been rationally designed and synthesized by the assistance of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). When tested as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the p-CNTs@CFO composite exhibits outstanding electrochemical behavior with high lithium-storage capacity (1077 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles) and rate capability (694 mAh g-1 at 3 A g-1). These outstanding electrochemical performances are attributed to the synergistic effect of porous p-CNTs and nanosized CFO. Compared to pristine CNTs, the p-CNTs with substantial pores in the tubes possess largely increased specific surface area and rich oxygen-containing functional groups. The porous structure can not only accommodate the volume change during lithiation/delithiation processes, but also provide bicontinuous electron/ion pathways and large electrode/electrolyte interface, which facilitate the ion diffusion kinetics, improving the rate performance. Moreover, the CFO particles are bonded strongly to the p-CNTs through metal-oxygen bridges, which facilitate the electron fast capture from p-CNTs to CFO, and thus resulting in a high reversible capacity and excellent rate performance. Overall, the porous p-CNTs provide an efficient way for ion diffusion and continuous electron transport as anode materials.

Functionalized Fullerenes for Highly Efficient Lithium Ion Storage: Structure-Property-Performance Correlation with Energy Implications

DOE PAGES

Shan, Changsheng; Yen, Hung -Ju; Wu, Kaifeng; ...

2017-08-19

Here, we report that spherical C 60 derivatives with well-defined molecular structures hold great promise to be advanced anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). We studied four C 60 molecules with various functional groups, including pristine C 60, carboxyl C 60, ester C 60, and piperazine C 60. The comparison of these C 60s elucidated a strong correlation between functional group, overall packing (crystallinity), and the performance of C 60-based LIBs. Specifically, carboxyl C 60 and neutral ester C 60 showed higher charge capacities than pristine C 60, whereas positively-charged piperazine C 60 exhibited lower capacity. The highest charge capacitymore » was achieved on the carboxyl C 600 (861 mAh g -1 at 100th cycle), which is five times higher than that of pristine C 60 (170 mAh g -1), more than double the theoretical capacity of commercial graphite (372 mAh g -1), and even higher than the theoretical capacity of graphene (744 mAh g -1). Carboxyl C 60 also showed a high capacity at a fast discharge-charge rate (370 mAh g -1 at 5 C). The exceptional performance of carboxyl C 60 can be attributed to multiple key factors. They include the complex formation between lithium ions and oxygen atoms on the carboxyl group, the improved lithium-binding capability of C 60 cage due to electron donating from carboxylate groups, the electrostatic attraction between carboxylate groups and lithium ions, and the large lattice void space and high specific area due to carboxyl functionalization. In conclusion, this study indicates that, while maintaining the basic C 60 electronic properties, functionalization with desired groups can achieve remarkably enhanced capacity and rate performance for lithium storage, thus holding great promise for future LIBs.« less

Functionalized Fullerenes for Highly Efficient Lithium Ion Storage: Structure-Property-Performance Correlation with Energy Implications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shan, Changsheng; Yen, Hung -Ju; Wu, Kaifeng

Here, we report that spherical C 60 derivatives with well-defined molecular structures hold great promise to be advanced anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). We studied four C 60 molecules with various functional groups, including pristine C 60, carboxyl C 60, ester C 60, and piperazine C 60. The comparison of these C 60s elucidated a strong correlation between functional group, overall packing (crystallinity), and the performance of C 60-based LIBs. Specifically, carboxyl C 60 and neutral ester C 60 showed higher charge capacities than pristine C 60, whereas positively-charged piperazine C 60 exhibited lower capacity. The highest charge capacitymore » was achieved on the carboxyl C 600 (861 mAh g -1 at 100th cycle), which is five times higher than that of pristine C 60 (170 mAh g -1), more than double the theoretical capacity of commercial graphite (372 mAh g -1), and even higher than the theoretical capacity of graphene (744 mAh g -1). Carboxyl C 60 also showed a high capacity at a fast discharge-charge rate (370 mAh g -1 at 5 C). The exceptional performance of carboxyl C 60 can be attributed to multiple key factors. They include the complex formation between lithium ions and oxygen atoms on the carboxyl group, the improved lithium-binding capability of C 60 cage due to electron donating from carboxylate groups, the electrostatic attraction between carboxylate groups and lithium ions, and the large lattice void space and high specific area due to carboxyl functionalization. In conclusion, this study indicates that, while maintaining the basic C 60 electronic properties, functionalization with desired groups can achieve remarkably enhanced capacity and rate performance for lithium storage, thus holding great promise for future LIBs.« less

Ultralife's polymer electrolyte rechargeable lithium-ion batteries for use in the mobile electronics industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cuellar, Edward A.; Manna, Michael E.; Wise, Ralph D.; Gavrilov, Alexei B.; Bastian, Matthew J.; Brey, Rufus M.; DeMatteis, Jeffrey

Ultralife Polymer™ brand batteries for cellular phones as made by Nokia Mobile Phones Incorporated were introduced in July 2000. Characteristics of the UBC443483 cell and UB750N battery are described and related to the power and battery requirements of these cellular phones and chargers. Current, power, and pulse capability are presented as functions of temperature, depth of discharge, and storage at the cell level. Safety protection devices and chargers are discussed at the battery pack level, as well as performance in cellular phones under various wireless communication protocols. Performance is competitive with liquid lithium-ion systems while offering opportunity for non-traditional form factors.

3-dimensional interconnected framework of N-doped porous carbon based on sugarcane bagasse for application in supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Bin; Wang, Yunhui; Peng, Yueying; Wang, Xin; Wang, Jing; Zhao, Jinbao

2018-06-01

In this work, N-doped biomass derived porous carbon (NSBDC) has been prepared utilizing low-cost agricultural waste-sugarcane bagasse as the prototype, and needle-like PANI as the dopant. NSBDC possesses a special 3D interconnected framework structure, superior hierarchical pores and suitable heteroatom doping level, which benefits a large number of applications on ion storage and high-rate ion transfer. Typically, the NSBDC exhibits the high specific capacitance (298 F g-1 at 1 A g-1) and rate capability (58.7% capacitance retention at 20 A g-1), as well as the high cycle stability (5.5% loss over 5000 cycles) in three-electrode systems. A two-electrode asymmetric system has been fabricated employing NSBDC and the precursor of NSBDC (sugarcane bagasse derived carbon/PANI composite) as the negative and positive electrodes, respectively, and an energy density as high as 49.4 Wh kg-1 is verified in this asymmetric system. A NSBDC-based whole symmetric supercapacitors has also been assembled, and it can easily light a 1.5 V bulb due to its high energy density (27.7 Wh kg-1). In addition, for expanding the application areas of NSBDC, it is also applied to lithium ion battery, and a high reversible capacity of 1148 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 is confirmed. Even at 5 A g-1, NSBDC can still deliver a high reversible capacity of 357 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles, indicating its superior lithium storage capability.

Molten Salt Electrolytically Produced Carbon/Tin Nanomaterial as the Anode in a Lithium Ion Battery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Das Gupta, Rajshekar; Schwandt, Carsten; Fray, Derek J.

2017-03-01

A carbon/tin nanomaterial, consisting of predominantly Sn-filled carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles, is prepared by molten salt electrochemistry, using electrodes of graphite and an electrolyte of LiCl salt containing a small admixture of SnCl2. The C/Sn hybrid material generated is incorporated into the active anode material of a lithium ion battery and tested with regard to storage capacity and cycling behavior. The results demonstrate that the C/Sn material has favorable properties, in terms of energy density and in particular long-term stability, that exceed those of the individual components alone. The initial irreversible capacity of the material is somewhat larger than that of conventional battery graphite which is due to its unique nanostructure. Overall the results would indicate the suitability of this material for use in the anodes of lithium ion batteries with high rate capability.

Cobalt silicate hierarchical hollow spheres for lithium-ion batteries.

PubMed

Yang, Jun; Guo, Yuanyuan; Zhang, Yufei; Sun, Chencheng; Yan, Qingyu; Dong, Xiaochen

2016-09-09

In this paper, the synthesis of cobalt silicate novel hierarchical hollow spheres via a facile hydrothermal method is presented. With a unique hollow structure, the Co2SiO4 provides a large surface area, which can shorten the lithium ions diffusion length and effectively accommodate the volumetic variation during the lithiation/de-lithiation process. Serving as an anode material in lithium-ion battery application, the Co2SiO4 electrode demonstrates a high reversible specific capacity (first-cycle charge capacity of 948.6 mAh g(-1) at 100 mA g(-1)), a cycling durability (specific capacity of 791.4 mAh g(-1) after 100 cycles at 100 mA g(-1)), and a good rate capability (specific capacity of 349.4 mAh g(-1) at 10 A g(-1)). The results indicate that the cobalt silicate hierarchical hollow sphere holds the potential applications in energy storage electrodes.

Materials insights into low-temperature performances of lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Gaolong; Wen, Kechun; Lv, Weiqiang; Zhou, Xingzhi; Liang, Yachun; Yang, Fei; Chen, Zhilin; Zou, Minda; Li, Jinchao; Zhang, Yuqian; He, Weidong

2015-12-01

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been employed in many fields including cell phones, laptop computers, electric vehicles (EVs) and stationary energy storage wells due to their high energy density and pronounced recharge ability. However, energy and power capabilities of LIBs decrease sharply at low operation temperatures. In particular, the charge process becomes extremely sluggish at temperatures below -20 °C, which severely limits the applications of LIBs in some cold areas during winter. Extensive research has shown that the electrolyte/electrode composition and microstructure are of fundamental importance to low-temperature performances of LIBs. In this report, we review the recent findings in the role of electrolytes, anodes, and cathodes in the low temperature performances of LIBs. Our overview aims to understand comprehensively the fundamental origin of low-temperature performances of LIBs from a materials perspective and facilitates the development of high-performance lithium-ion battery materials that are operational at a large range of working temperatures.

Template-Free Synthesis of Hollow-Structured Co 3 O 4 Nanoparticles as High-Performance Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Deli; Yu, Yingchao; He, Huan

2015-02-24

We have developed a template-free procedure to synthesize Co3O4 hollow-structured nanoparticles on a Vulcan XC-72 carbon support. The material was synthesized via an impregnation–reduction method followed by air oxidation. In contrast to spherical particles, the hollow-structured Co3O4 nanoparticles exhibited excellent lithium storage capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability when used as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries. Electrochemical testing showed that the hollow-structured Co3O4 particles delivered a stable reversible capacity of about 880 mAh/g (near the theoretical capacity of 890 mAh/g) at a current density of 50 mA/g after 50 cycles. The superior electrochemical performance is attributed to its uniquemore » hollow structure, which combines nano- and microscale properties that facilitate electron transfer and enhance structural robustness.« less

Novel iron oxide nanotube arrays as high-performance anodes for lithium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhong, Yuan; Fan, Huiqing; Chang, Ling; Shao, Haibo; Wang, Jianming; Zhang, Jianqing; Cao, Chu-nan

2015-11-01

Nanostructured iron oxides can be promising anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, improvement on the rate capability and/or electrochemical cycling stability of iron oxide anode materials remains a key challenge because of their poor electrical conductivities and large volume expansion during cycling. Herein, the vertically aligned arrays of one-dimensional (1D) iron oxide nanotubes with 5.8 wt% carbon have been fabricated by a novel surfactant-free self-corrosion process and subsequent thermal treatment. The as-fabricated nanotube array electrode delivers a reversible capacity of 932 mAh g-1 after 50 charge-discharge cycles at a current of 0.6 A g-1. The electrode still shows a reversible capacity of 610 mAh g-1 even at a very high rate (8.0 A g-1), demonstrating its prominent rate capability. Furthermore, the nanotube array electrode also exhibits the excellent electrochemical cycling stability with a reversible capacity of 880 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles at a current of 4 A g-1. The nanotube array electrode with superior lithium storage performance reveals the promising potential as a high-performance anode for LIBs.

Electrochemically fabricated polypyrrole-cobalt-oxygen coordination complex as high-performance lithium-storage materials.

PubMed

Guo, Bingkun; Kong, Qingyu; Zhu, Ying; Mao, Ya; Wang, Zhaoxiang; Wan, Meixiang; Chen, Liquan

2011-12-23

Current lithium-ion battery (LIB) technologies are all based on inorganic electrode materials, though organic materials have been used as electrodes for years. Disadvantages such as limited thermal stability and low specific capacity hinder their applications. On the other hand, the transition metal oxides that provide high lithium-storage capacity by way of electrochemical conversion reaction suffer from poor cycling stability. Here we report a novel high-performance, organic, lithium-storage material, a polypyrrole-cobalt-oxygen (PPy-Co-O) coordination complex, with high lithium-storage capacity and excellent cycling stability. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure and Raman spectroscopy and other physical and electrochemical characterizations demonstrate that this coordination complex can be electrochemically fabricated by cycling PPy-coated Co(3)O(4) between 0.0 V and 3.0 V versus Li(+)/Li. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that each cobalt atom coordinates with two nitrogen atoms within the PPy-Co coordination layer and the layers are connected with oxygen atoms between them. Coordination weakens the C-H bonds on PPy and makes the complex a novel lithium-storage material with high capacity and high cycling stability. Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Synergetic interface between NiO/Ni3S2 nanosheets and carbon nanofiber as binder-free anode for highly reversible lithium storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, Jialin; Ma, Chao; Yang, Yinbo; Ding, Jingjing; Ji, Hongmei; Shi, Shaojun; Yang, Gang

2018-05-01

A novel heterostructure of NiO/Ni3S2 nanoflake is synthesized and composited with carbon nanofibers (CNF) membrane. NiO/Ni3S2 nanoflakes are homogeneously dispersed in CNF network, herein, NiO/Ni3S2 like leaf and CNF like branch. Carbon nanofibers network efficiently prevents the pulverization and buffers the volume changes of NiO/Ni3S2, meanwhile, NiO/Ni3S2 nanoflakes through the conductive channels of carbon nanofibers own improved Li+ diffusion ability and structural stability. The capacity of NiO/Ni3S2/CNF reaches to 519.2 mA g-1 after 200 cycles at the current density of 0.5 A g-1 while NiO/Ni3S2 fades to 71 mAh g-1 after 40 cycles. Owing to the synergetic structure, the resultant binder-free electrode NiO/Ni3S2/carbon nanofibers shows an excellent reversible lithium storage capability.

Reversible chemical delithiation/lithiation of LiFePO4: towards a redox flow lithium-ion battery.

PubMed

Huang, Qizhao; Li, Hong; Grätzel, Michael; Wang, Qing

2013-02-14

Reversible chemical delithiation/lithiation of LiFePO(4) was successfully demonstrated using ferrocene derivatives, based on which a novel energy storage system--the redox flow lithium-ion battery (RFLB), was devised by integrating the operation flexibility of a redox flow battery and high energy density of a lithium-ion battery. Distinct from the recent semi-solid lithium rechargeable flow battery, the energy storage materials of RFLB stored in separate energy tanks remain stationary upon operation, giving us a fresh perspective on building large-scale energy storage systems with higher energy density and improved safety.

Encapsulating Silica/Antimony into Porous Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers with Robust Structure Stability for High-Efficiency Lithium Storage.

PubMed

Wang, Hongkang; Yang, Xuming; Wu, Qizhen; Zhang, Qiaobao; Chen, Huixin; Jing, Hongmei; Wang, Jinkai; Mi, Shao-Bo; Rogach, Andrey L; Niu, Chunming

2018-04-24

To address the volume-change-induced pulverization problems of electrode materials, we propose a "silica reinforcement" concept, following which silica-reinforced carbon nanofibers with encapsulated Sb nanoparticles (denoted as SiO 2 /Sb@CNFs) are fabricated via an electrospinning method. In this composite structure, insulating silica fillers not only reinforce the overall structure but also contribute to additional lithium storage capacity; encapsulation of Sb nanoparticles into the carbon-silica matrices efficiently buffers the volume changes during Li-Sb alloying-dealloying processes upon cycling and alleviates the mechanical stress; the porous carbon nanofiber framework allows for fast charge transfer and electrolyte diffusion. These advantageous characteristics synergistically contribute to the superior lithium storage performance of SiO 2 /Sb@CNF electrodes, which demonstrate excellent cycling stability and rate capability, delivering reversible discharge capacities of 700 mA h/g at 200 mA/g, 572 mA h/g at 500 mA/g, and 468 mA h/g at 1000 mA/g each after 400 cycles. Ex situ as well as in situ TEM measurements confirm that the structural integrity of silica-reinforced Sb@CNF electrodes can efficiently withstand the mechanical stress induced by the volume changes. Notably, the SiO 2 /Sb@CNF//LiCoO 2 full cell delivers high reversible capacities of ∼400 mA h/g after 800 cycles at 500 mA/g and ∼336 mA h/g after 500 cycles at 1000 mA/g.

High Performance Lithium-Ion Hybrid Capacitors Employing Fe3O4-Graphene Composite Anode and Activated Carbon Cathode.

PubMed

Zhang, Shijia; Li, Chen; Zhang, Xiong; Sun, Xianzhong; Wang, Kai; Ma, Yanwei

2017-05-24

Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) are considered as promising energy storage devices to realize excellent electrochemical performance, with high energy-power output. In this work, we employed a simple method to synthesize a composite electrode material consisting of Fe 3 O 4 nanocrystallites mechanically anchored among the layers of three-dimensional arrays of graphene (Fe 3 O 4 -G), which exhibits several advantages compared with other traditional electrode materials, such as high Li storage capacity (820 mAh g -1 at 0.1 A g -1 ), high electrical conductivity, and improved electrochemical stability. Furthermore, on the basis of the appropriated charge balance between cathode and anode, we successfully fabricated Fe 3 O 4 -G//activated carbon (AC) soft-packaging LICs with a high energy density of 120.0 Wh kg -1 , an outstanding power density of 45.4 kW kg -1 (achieved at 60.5 Wh kg -1 ), and an excellent capacity retention of up to 94.1% after 1000 cycles and 81.4% after 10 000 cycles. The energy density of the Fe 3 O 4 -G//AC hybrid device is comparable with Ni-metal hydride batteries, and its capacitive power capability and cycle life is on par with supercapacitors (SCs). Therefore, this lithium-ion hybrid capacitor is expected to bridge the gap between Li-ion battery and SCs and gain bright prospects in next-generation energy storage fields.

Nanoporous adsorption effect on altering Li+ diffusion pathway by a highly ordered porous electrolyte additive for high rate all-solid-state lithium metal batteries.

PubMed

Li, Wenwen; Zhang, Sanpei; Wang, Bangrun; Gu, Sui; Xu, Dong; Wang, Jianing; Chen, Chunhua; Wen, Zhaoyin

2018-06-19

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have shown extraordinary promise for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries with high energy density and flexibility but are mainly limited by the low ionic conductivity and their poor stability with lithium metal anode. In this work, we propose a highly ordered porous electrolyte additive derived from SSZ-13 for high-rate all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. The nanoporous adsorption effect provided by the highly ordered porous nanoparticles in the poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) electrolyte are found to significantly improve the Li + conductivity (1.91×10 -3 S cm -1 at 60°C, 4.43×10 -5 S cm -1 at 20°C) and widen the electrochemical stability window to 4.7 V vs Li + /Li. Meanwhile, the designed PEO-based electrolyte demonstrates enhanced stability with the lithium metal anode. Through systematically increasing Li + diffusion, widening the electrochemical stability window and enhancing the stability of the SSZ-CPE electrolyte, the LiFePO4/SSZ-CPE/Li cell is optimized to deliver high-rate capability and stable cycling performance, which demonstrates great potential for all-solid-state energy storage application.

A Study on New Composite Thermoplastic Propellant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kahara, Takehiro; Nakayama, Masanobu; Hasegawa, Hiroshi; Katoh, Kazushige; Miyazaki, Shigehumi; Maruizumi, Haruki; Hori, Keiichi; Morita, Yasuhiro; Akiba, Ryojiro

Efforts have been paid to realize a new composite propellant using thermoplastics as a fuel binder and lithium as a metallic fuel. Thermoplastics binder makes it possible the storage of solid propellant in small blocks and to provide propellants blocks into rocket motor case at a quantity needed just before use, which enables the production facility of solid propellant at a minimum level, thus, production cost significantly lower. Lithium has been a candidate for a metallic fuel for the ammonium perchlorate based composite propellants owing to its capability to reduce the hydrogen chloride in the exhaust gas, however, never been used because lithium is not stable at room conditions and complex reaction products between oxygen, nitrogen, and water are formed at the surface of particles and even in the core. However, lithium particles whose surface shell structure is well controlled are rather stable and can be stored in thermoplastics for a long period. Evaluation of several organic thermoplastics whose melting temperatures are easily tractable was made from the standpoint of combustion characteristics, and it is shown that thermoplastics propellants can cover wide range of burning rate spectrum. Formation of well-defined surface shell of lithium particles and its kinetics are also discussed.

Lih thermal energy storage device

DOEpatents

Olszewski, Mitchell; Morris, David G.

1994-01-01

A thermal energy storage device for use in a pulsed power supply to store waste heat produced in a high-power burst operation utilizes lithium hydride as the phase change thermal energy storage material. The device includes an outer container encapsulating the lithium hydride and an inner container supporting a hydrogen sorbing sponge material such as activated carbon. The inner container is in communication with the interior of the outer container to receive hydrogen dissociated from the lithium hydride at elevated temperatures.

Ultradispersed Nanoarchitecture of LiV3O8 Nanoparticle/Reduced Graphene Oxide with High-Capacity and Long-Life Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mo, Runwei; Du, Ying; Rooney, David; Ding, Guqiao; Sun, Kening

2016-01-01

Lack of high-performance cathode materials has become the major barriers to lithium-ion battery applications in advanced communication equipment and electric vehicles. In this paper, we report a versatile interfacial reaction strategy, which is based on the idea of space confinement, for the synthesis of ultradispersed LiV3O8 nanoparticles (~10 nm) on graphene (denoted as LVO NPs-GNs) with an unprecedented degree of control on the separation and manipulation of the nucleation, growth, anchoring, and crystallization of nanoparticles in a water-in-oil emulsion system over free growth in solution. The prepared LVO NPs-GNs composites displayed high performance as an cathode material for lithium-ion battery, including high reversible lithium storage capacity (237 mA h g-1 after 200 cycles), high Coulombic efficiency (about 98%), excellent cycling stability and high rate capability (as high as 176 mA h g-1 at 0.9 A g-1, 128 mA h g-1 at 1.5 A g-1, 91 mA h g-1 at 3 A g-1 and 59 mA h g-1 at 6 A g-1, respectively). Very significantly, the preparation method employed can be easily adapted and may opens the door to complex hybrid materials design and engineering with graphene for advanced energy storage.

Discovery of abnormal lithium-storage sites in molybdenum dioxide electrodes

PubMed Central

Shon, Jeong Kuk; Lee, Hyo Sug; Park, Gwi Ok; Yoon, Jeongbae; Park, Eunjun; Park, Gyeong Su; Kong, Soo Sung; Jin, Mingshi; Choi, Jae-Man; Chang, Hyuk; Doo, Seokgwang; Kim, Ji Man; Yoon, Won-Sub; Pak, Chanho; Kim, Hansu; Stucky, Galen D.

2016-01-01

Developing electrode materials with high-energy densities is important for the development of lithium-ion batteries. Here, we demonstrate a mesoporous molybdenum dioxide material with abnormal lithium-storage sites, which exhibits a discharge capacity of 1,814 mAh g−1 for the first cycle, more than twice its theoretical value, and maintains its initial capacity after 50 cycles. Contrary to previous reports, we find that a mechanism for the high and reversible lithium-storage capacity of the mesoporous molybdenum dioxide electrode is not based on a conversion reaction. Insight into the electrochemical results, obtained by in situ X-ray absorption, scanning transmission electron microscopy analysis combined with electron energy loss spectroscopy and computational modelling indicates that the nanoscale pore engineering of this transition metal oxide enables an unexpected electrochemical mass storage reaction mechanism, and may provide a strategy for the design of cation storage materials for battery systems. PMID:27001935

Effective Interlayer Engineering of Two-Dimensional VOPO4 Nanosheets via Controlled Organic Intercalation for Improving Alkali Ion Storage.

PubMed

Peng, Lele; Zhu, Yue; Peng, Xu; Fang, Zhiwei; Chu, Wangsheng; Wang, Yu; Xie, Yujun; Li, Yafei; Cha, Judy J; Yu, Guihua

2017-10-11

Two-dimensional (2D) energy materials have shown the promising electrochemical characteristics for lithium ion storage. However, the decreased active surfaces and the sluggish charge/mass transport for beyond-lithium ion storage that has potential for large-scale energy storage systems, such as sodium or potassium ion storage, caused by the irreversible restacking of 2D materials during electrode processing remain a major challenge. Here we develop a general interlayer engineering strategy to address the above-mentioned challenges by using 2D ultrathin vanadyl phosphate (VOPO 4 ) nanosheets as a model material for challenging sodium ion storage. Via controlled intercalation of organic molecules, such as triethylene glycol and tetrahydrofuran, the sodium ion transport in VOPO 4 nanosheets has been significantly improved. In addition to advanced characterization including X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray absorption fine structure to characterize the interlayer and the chemical bonding/configuration between the organic intercalants and the VOPO 4 host layers, density functional theory calculations are also performed to understand the diffusion behavior of sodium ions in the pure and TEG intercalated VOPO 4 nanosheets. Because of the expanded interlayer spacing in combination with the decreased energy barriers for sodium ion diffusion, intercalated VOPO 4 nanosheets show much improved sodium ion transport kinetics and greatly enhanced rate capability and cycling stability for sodium ion storage. Our results afford deeper understanding of the interlayer-engineering strategy to improve the sodium ion storage performance of the VOPO 4 nanosheets. Our results may also shed light on possible multivalent-ion based energy storage such as Mg 2+ and Al 3+ .

A highly resilient mesoporous SiOx lithium storage material engineered by oil-water templating.

PubMed

Park, Eunjun; Park, Min-Sik; Lee, Jaewoo; Kim, Ki Jae; Jeong, Goojin; Kim, Jung Ho; Kim, Young-Jun; Kim, Hansu

2015-02-01

Mesoporous silicon-based materials gained considerable attention as high-capacity lithium-storage materials. However, the practical use is still limited by the complexity and limited number of available synthetic routes. Here, we report carbon-coated porous SiOx as high capacity lithium storage material prepared by using a sol-gel reaction of hydrogen silsesquioxane and oil-water templating. A hydrophobic oil is employed as a pore former inside the SiOx matrix and a precursor for carbon coating on the SiOx . The anode exhibits a high capacity of 730 mAh g(-1) and outstanding cycling performance over 100 cycles without significant dimensional changes. Carbon-coated porous SiOx also showed highly stable thermal reliability comparable to that of graphite. These promising properties come from the mesopores in the SiOx matrix, which ensures reliable operation of lithium storage in SiOx . The scalable sol-gel process presented here can open up a new avenue for the versatile preparation of porous SiOx lithium storage materials. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Free-standing and flexible organic cathode based on aromatic carbonyl compound/carbon nanotube composite for lithium and sodium organic batteries.

PubMed

Yuan, Chenpei; Wu, Qiong; Shao, Qi; Li, Qiang; Gao, Bo; Duan, Qian; Wang, Heng-Guo

2018-05-01

Free-standing and flexible organic cathode based on aromatic carbonyl compound/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been successfully synthesized by a simple vacuum filtration strategy. The obtained flexible and free-standing film could be directly used as the binder-, additive- and current collector-free cathode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Benefitting from the synergistic effect provided by the aromatic carbonyl compound and CNTs, the flexible organic cathode shows excellent lithium and sodium storage properties, including high reversible capacity (∼150 mAh g -1 at 50 mA g -1 for LIBs and 57.8 mAh g -1 at 25 mA g -1 for SIBs), excellent cycling stability (over 500 cycles for LIBs and 300 cycles for SIBs) and good rate capability (48 mAh g -1 even at 2000 mA g -1 for LIBs and 48 mAh g -1 even at 1000 mA g -1 for SIBs). In view of the simple preparation process and excellent performance, the proposed strategy might open new avenues for the design of high-performance flexible organic electrode for the application in energy storage and conversion. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Natural sisal fibers derived hierarchical porous activated carbon as capacitive material in lithium ion capacitor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Zhewei; Guo, Huajun; Li, Xinhai; Wang, Zhixing; Yan, Zhiliang; Wang, Yansen

2016-10-01

Lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) is a novel advanced electrochemical energy storage (EES) system bridging gap between lithium ion battery (LIB) and electrochemical capacitor (ECC). In this work, we report that sisal fiber activated carbon (SFAC) was synthesized by hydrothermal treatment followed by KOH activation and served as capacitive material in LIC for the first time. Different particle structure, morphology, specific surface area and heteroatoms affected the electrochemical performance of as-prepared materials and corresponding LICs. When the mass ratio of KOH to char precursor was 2, hierarchical porous structured SFAC-2 was prepared and exhibited moderate specific capacitance (103 F g-1 at 0.1 A g-1), superior rate capability and cyclic stability (88% capacity retention after 5000 cycles at 1 A g-1). The corresponding assembled LIC (LIC-SC2) with optimal comprehensive electrochemical performance, displayed the energy density of 83 Wh kg-1, the power density of 5718 W kg-1 and superior cyclic stability (92% energy density retention after 1000 cycles at 0.5 A g-1). It is worthwhile that the source for activated carbon is a natural and renewable one and the synthesis method is eco-friendly, which facilitate that hierarchical porous activated carbon has potential applications in the field of LIC and other energy storage systems.

Metal-Organic Framework Derived Porous Hollow Co3O4/N-C Polyhedron Composite with Excellent Energy Storage Capability.

PubMed

Kang, Wenpei; Zhang, Yu; Fan, Lili; Zhang, Liangliang; Dai, Fangna; Wang, Rongming; Sun, Daofeng

2017-03-29

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derived transition metal oxides exhibit enhanced performance in energy conversion and storage. In this work, porous hollow Co 3 O 4 with N-doped carbon coating (Co 3 O 4 /N-C) polyhedrons have been prepared using cobalt-based MOFs as a sacrificial template. Assembled from tiny nanoparticles and N-doped carbon coating, Co 3 O 4 /N-C composite shortens the diffusion length of Li + /Na + ions and possesses an enhanced conductivity. And the porous and hollow structure is also beneficial for tolerating volume changes in the galvanostatic discharge/charge cycles as lithium/sodium battery anode materials. As a result, it can exhibit impressive cycling and rating performance. At 1000 mA g -1 , the specific capacities maintaine stable values of ∼620 mAh g -1 within 2000 cycles as anodes in lithium ion battery, while the specific capacity keeps at 229 mAh g -1 within 150 cycles as sodium ion battery anode. Our work shows comparable cycling performance in lithium ion battery but even better high-rate cycling stability as sodium ion battery anode. Herein, we provide a facile method to construct high electrochemical performance oxide/N-C composite electrode using new MOFs as sacrificial template.

Flower-like hydrogenated TiO2(B) nanostructures as anode materials for high-performance lithium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Zhonghua; Zhou, Zhenfang; Nie, Sen; Wang, Honghu; Peng, Hongrui; Li, Guicun; Chen, Kezheng

2014-12-01

Flower-like hydrogenated TiO2(B) nanostructures have been synthesized via a facile solvothermal approach combined with hydrogenation treatment. The obtained TiO2(B) nanostructures show uniform and hierarchical flower-like morphology with a diameter of 124 ± 5 nm, which are further constructed by primary nanosheets with a thickness of 10 ± 1.2 nm. The Ti3+ species and/or oxygen vacancies are well introduced into the structures of TiO2(B) after hydrogen reduction, resulting in an enhancement in the electronic conductivity (up to 2.79 × 10-3 S cm-1) and the modified surface electrochemical activity. When evaluated for lithium storage capacity, the hydrogenated TiO2(B) nanostructures exhibit enhanced electrochemical energy storage performances compared to the pristine TiO2(B) nanostructures, including high capacity (292.3 mA h g-1 at 0.5C), excellent rate capability (179.6 mA h g-1 at 10C), and good cyclic stability (98.4% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 10C). The reasons for these improvements are explored in terms of the increased electronic conductivity and the facilitation of lithium ion transport arising from the introduction of oxygen vacancies and the unique flower-like morphologies.

[An ultra-low power, wearable, long-term ECG monitoring system with mass storage].

PubMed

Liu, Na; Chen, Yingmin; Zhang, Wenzan; Luo, Zhangyuan; Jin, Xun; Ying, Weihai

2012-01-01

In this paper, we described an ultra-low power, wearable ECG system capable of long term monitoring and mass storage. This system is based on micro-chip PIC18F27J13 with consideration of its high level of integration and low power consumption. The communication with the micro-SD card is achieved through SPI bus. Through the USB, it can be connected to the computer for replay and disease diagnosis. Given its low power cost, lithium cells are used to support continuous ECG acquiring and storage for up to 15 days. Meanwhile, the wearable electrodes avoid the pains and possible risks in implanting. Besides, the mini size of the system makes long wearing possible for patients and meets the needs of long-term dynamic monitoring and mass storage requirements.

Hierarchically porous Li3VO4/C nanocomposite as an advanced anode material for high-performance lithium-ion capacitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Xuena; Niu, Feier; Zhang, Dapeng; Chu, Chenxiao; Wang, Chunsheng; Yang, Jian; Qian, Yitai

2018-04-01

Lithium-ion capacitors, as a hybrid electrochemical energy storage device, realize high specific energy and power density within one device, thus attracting extensive attention. Here, hierarchically porous Li3VO4/C nanocomposite is prepared by a solvo-thermal reaction, followed with a post-annealing process. This composite has macropores at the center and mesopores in the wall, thus effectively promoting electrolyte penetration and structure stability upon cycling simultaneously. Compared to mesoporous Li3VO4, the enhanced rate capability and specific capacity of hierarchically porous Li3VO4/C indicate the synergistic effect of mesopores and macropores. Inspired by these results, this composite is coupled with mesoporous carbon (CMK-3) for lithium-ion capacitors, generating a specific energy density of 105 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 188 W kg-1. Even if the power density increases to 9.3 kW kg-1, the energy density still remains 62 Wh kg-1. All these results demonstrate the promising potential of hierarchically porous Li3VO4 in lithium ion capacitors.

N/S Co-doped Carbon Derived From Cotton as High Performance Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Xiong, Jiawen; Pan, Qichang; Zheng, Fenghua; Xiong, Xunhui; Yang, Chenghao; Hu, Dongli; Huang, Chunlai

2018-01-01

Highly porous carbon with large surface areas is prepared using cotton as carbon sources which derived from discard cotton balls. Subsequently, the sulfur-nitrogen co-doped carbon was obtained by heat treatment the carbon in presence of thiourea and evaluated as Lithium-ion batteries anode. Benefiting from the S, N co-doping, the obtained S, N co-doped carbon exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. As a result, the as-prepared S, N co-doped carbon can deliver a high reversible capacity of 1,101.1 mA h g -1 after 150 cycles at 0.2 A g -1 , and a high capacity of 531.2 mA h g -1 can be observed even after 5,000 cycles at 10.0 A g -1 . Moreover, excellently rate capability also can be observed, a high capacity of 689 mA h g -1 can be obtained at 5.0 A g -1 . This superior lithium storage performance of S, N co-doped carbon make it as a promising low-cost and sustainable anode for high performance lithium ion batteries.

N/S co-doped carbon derived from Cotton as high performance anode materials for lithium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiong, Jiawen; Pan, Qichang; Zheng, Fenghua; Xiong, Xunhui; Yang, Chenghao; Hu, Dongli; Huang, Chunlai

2018-04-01

Highly porous carbon with large surface areas is prepared using cotton as carbon sources which derived from discard cotton balls. Subsequently, the sulfur-nitrogen co-doped carbon was obtained by heat treatment the carbon in presence of thiourea and evaluated as Lithium-ion batteries anode. Benefiting from the S, N co-doping, the obtained S, N co-doped carbon exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. As a result, the as-prepared S, N co-doped carbon can deliver a high reversible capacity of 1101.1 mA h g-1 after 150 cycles at 0.2 A g-1, and a high capacity of 531.2 mA h g-1 can be observed even after 5000 cycles at 10.0 A g-1. Moreover, excellently rate capability also can be observed, a high capacity of 689 mA h g-1 can be obtained at 5.0 A g-1. This superior lithium storage performance of S, N co-doped carbon make it as a promising low-cost and sustainable anode for high performance lithium ion batteries.

A Nanocrystalline Fe2O3 Film Anode Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition for Lithium-Ion Batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Teng, Xiaoling; Qin, Youzhi; Wang, Xia; Li, Hongsen; Shang, Xiantao; Fan, Shuting; Li, Qiang; Xu, Jie; Cao, Derang; Li, Shandong

2018-02-01

Nanocrystalline Fe2O3 thin films are deposited directly on the conduct substrates by pulsed laser deposition as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. We demonstrate the well-designed Fe2O3 film electrodes are capable of excellent high-rate performance (510 mAh g- 1 at high current density of 15,000 mA g- 1) and superior cycling stability (905 mAh g- 1 at 100 mA g- 1 after 200 cycles), which are among the best reported state-of-the-art Fe2O3 anode materials. The outstanding lithium storage performances of the as-synthesized nanocrystalline Fe2O3 film are attributed to the advanced nanostructured architecture, which not only provides fast kinetics by the shortened lithium-ion diffusion lengths but also prolongs cycling life by preventing nanosized Fe2O3 particle agglomeration. The electrochemical performance results suggest that this novel Fe2O3 thin film is a promising anode material for all-solid-state thin film batteries.

N/S Co-doped Carbon Derived From Cotton as High Performance Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries

PubMed Central

Xiong, Jiawen; Pan, Qichang; Zheng, Fenghua; Xiong, Xunhui; Yang, Chenghao; Hu, Dongli; Huang, Chunlai

2018-01-01

Highly porous carbon with large surface areas is prepared using cotton as carbon sources which derived from discard cotton balls. Subsequently, the sulfur-nitrogen co-doped carbon was obtained by heat treatment the carbon in presence of thiourea and evaluated as Lithium-ion batteries anode. Benefiting from the S, N co-doping, the obtained S, N co-doped carbon exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. As a result, the as-prepared S, N co-doped carbon can deliver a high reversible capacity of 1,101.1 mA h g−1 after 150 cycles at 0.2 A g−1, and a high capacity of 531.2 mA h g−1 can be observed even after 5,000 cycles at 10.0 A g−1. Moreover, excellently rate capability also can be observed, a high capacity of 689 mA h g−1 can be obtained at 5.0 A g−1. This superior lithium storage performance of S, N co-doped carbon make it as a promising low-cost and sustainable anode for high performance lithium ion batteries. PMID:29755966

Facile synthesis and electrochemical properties of continuous porous spheres assembled from defect-rich, interlayer-expanded, and few-layered MoS2/C nanosheets for reversible lithium storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Biao; Lu, Huihui; Zhao, Naiqin; Shi, Chunsheng; Liu, Enzuo; He, Chunnian; Ma, Liying

2018-05-01

Hollow or continuous porous hierarchical MoS2/C structures with large Li-ion and electron transport kinetics, and high structural stability are urgent needs for their application in lithium ion batteries. In this regard, a novel continuous porous micro-sphere constructed from defect-rich, interlayer-expanded, and few-layered MoS2/C nanosheets is successfully synthesized through a facile one-pot hydrothermal method. The polyvinyl pyrrolidone surfactant serves as carbon source and supporter, while the CS2 works as soft template and sulfur source during hydrothermal process. The morphologies, structures, and electrochemical properties are systematically characterized. Importantly, it should be noted that the unique porous micro-spheres with merits of rich-defect, expanded-interlayer, few-layer (<5 layers), abundant pores and integrating carbon are favorable for lithium ion batteries application. When the uniform composites are used as lithium ion batteries anode materials, they deliver a high reversible capacity, excellent cycling performance (average capacity fading of 0.037% per cycle at 0.2 A g-1), and good rate capability.

Theoretical prediction of honeycomb carbon as Li-ion batteries anode material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Junping; Zhang, Xiaohang

2018-05-01

First principles calculations are performed to study the electronic properties and Li storage capability of honeycomb carbon. We find its right model consistent with the experimental result, the honeycomb carbon and its Li-intercalated configurations are all metallic which is beneficial to the electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The model 1 configuration shows fast Li diffusion and theoretical Li storage capacity of 319 mAh/g. Moreover, the average intercalation potentials for honeycomb carbon material is calculated to be low relatively. Our results suggest that the honeycomb carbon would be a new promising pure carbon anode material for Li-ion batteries.

Efficient sulfur host based on NiCo2O4 hollow microtubes for advanced Li-S batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iqbal, Azhar; Ali Ghazi, Zahid; Muqsit Khattak, Abdul; Ahmad, Aziz

2017-12-01

High energy density and cost effectiveness make lithium-sulfur battery a promising candidate for next-generation electrochemical energy storage technology. Here, we have synthesized a highly efficient sulfur host namely NiCo2O4 hollow microtubes/sulfur composite (NiCo2O4/S). The hollow interior cavity providing structural integrity while sufficient self-functionalized surfaces of NiCo2O4 chemically bind polysulfides to prevent their dissolution in the organic electrolyte. When used in lithium-sulfur batteries, the synthesized NiCo2O4/S cathode delivers high specific capacity (1274 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C), long cycling performance at 0.5 C, and good rate capability at high current rates.

LiH thermal energy storage device

DOEpatents

Olszewski, M.; Morris, D.G.

1994-06-28

A thermal energy storage device for use in a pulsed power supply to store waste heat produced in a high-power burst operation utilizes lithium hydride as the phase change thermal energy storage material. The device includes an outer container encapsulating the lithium hydride and an inner container supporting a hydrogen sorbing sponge material such as activated carbon. The inner container is in communication with the interior of the outer container to receive hydrogen dissociated from the lithium hydride at elevated temperatures. 5 figures.

Flexible phosphorus doped carbon nanosheets/nanofibers: Electrospun preparation and enhanced Li-storage properties as free-standing anodes for lithium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Desheng; Wang, Dongya; Rui, Kun; Ma, Zhongyuan; Xie, Ling; Liu, Jinhua; Zhang, Yu; Chen, Runfeng; Yan, Yan; Lin, Huijuan; Xie, Xiaoji; Zhu, Jixin; Huang, Wei

2018-04-01

The emerging wearable and foldable electronic devices drive the development of flexible lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Carbon materials are considered as one of the most promising electrode materials for LIBs due to their light weight, low cost and good structural stability against repeated deformations. However, the specific capacity, rate capability and long-term cycling performance still need to be improved for their applications in next-generation LIBs. Herein, we report a facile approach for immobilizing phosphorus into a large-area carbon nanosheets/nanofibers interwoven free-standing paper for LIBs. As an anode material for LIBs, it shows high reversible capacity of 1100 mAh g-1 at a current density of 200 mA g-1, excellent rate capabilities (e.g., 200 mAh g-1 at 20,000 mA g-1). Even at a high current density of 1000 mA g-1, it still maintains a superior specific capacity of 607 mAh g-1 without obvious decay.

Carbon Anode Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ogumi, Zempachi; Wang, Hongyu

Accompanying the impressive progress of human society, energy storage technologies become evermore urgent. Among the broad categories of energy sources, batteries or cells are the devices that successfully convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Lithium-based batteries stand out in the big family of batteries mainly because of their high-energy density, which comes from the fact that lithium is the most electropositive as well as the lightest metal. However, lithium dendrite growth after repeated charge-discharge cycles easily will lead to short-circuit of the cells and an explosion hazard. Substituting lithium metal for alloys with aluminum, silicon, zinc, and so forth could solve the dendrite growth problem.1 Nevertheless, the lithium storage capacity of alloys drops down quickly after merely several charge-discharge cycles because the big volume change causes great stress in alloy crystal lattice, and thus gives rise to cracking and crumbling of the alloy particles. Alternatively, Sony Corporation succeeded in discovering the highly reversible, low-voltage anode, carbonaceous material and commercialized the C/LiCoO2 rocking chair cells in the early 1990s.2 Figure 3.1 schematically shows the charge-discharge process for reversible lithium storage in carbon. By the application of a lithiated carbon in place of a lithium metal electrode, any lithium metal plating process and the conditions for the growth of irregular dendritic lithium could be considerably eliminated, which shows promise for reducing the chances of shorting and overheating of the batteries. This kind of lithium-ion battery, which possessed a working voltage as high as 3.6 V and gravimetric energy densities between 120 and 150 Wh/kg, rapidly found applications in high-performance portable electronic devices. Thus the research on reversible lithium storage in carbonaceous materials became very popular in the battery community worldwide.

Graphene and graphene-based materials for energy storage applications.

PubMed

Zhu, Jixin; Yang, Dan; Yin, Zongyou; Yan, Qingyu; Zhang, Hua

2014-09-10

With the increased demand in energy resources, great efforts have been devoted to developing advanced energy storage and conversion systems. Graphene and graphene-based materials have attracted great attention owing to their unique properties of high mechanical flexibility, large surface area, chemical stability, superior electric and thermal conductivities that render them great choices as alternative electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage systems. This Review summarizes the recent progress in graphene and graphene-based materials for four energy storage systems, i.e., lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, lithium-sulfur batteries and lithium-air batteries. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Spray-painted binder-free SnSe electrodes for high-performance energy-storage devices.

PubMed

Wang, Xianfu; Liu, Bin; Xiang, Qingyi; Wang, Qiufan; Hou, Xiaojuan; Chen, Di; Shen, Guozhen

2014-01-01

SnSe nanocrystal electrodes on three-dimensional (3D) carbon fabric and Au-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) wafer have been prepared by a simple spray-painting process and were further investigated as binder-free active-electrodes for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and flexible stacked all-solid-state supercapacitors. The as-painted SnSe nanocrystals/carbon fabric electrodes exhibit an outstanding capacity of 676 mAh g(-1) after 80 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g(-1) and a considerable high-rate capability in lithium storage because of the excellent ion transport from the electrolyte to the active materials and the efficient charge transport between current collector and electrode materials. The binder-free electrodes also provide a larger electrochemical active surface compared with electrodes containing binders, which leads to the enhanced capacities of energy-storage devices. A flexible stacked all-solid-state supercapacitor based on the SnSe nanocrystals on Au-coated PET wafers shows high capacitance reversibility with little performance degradation at different current densities after 2200 charge-discharge cycles and even when bent. This allows for many potential applications in facile, cost-effective, spray-paintable, and flexible energy-storage devices. The results indicate that the fabrication of binder-free electrodes by a spray painting process is an interesting direction for the preparation of high-performance energy-storage devices. Copyright © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Agile Thermal Management STT-RX: Themophysical Properties of Lithium Nitrate Trihydrate from - 20 degrees C to 80 degrees C (Preprint)

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

of interest as a thermal energy storage material, due to its large specific and volumetric heats of fusion and its low melting temperature. Here, we...compound to water and octadecane, two other potential thermal energy storage materials. Furthermore, we examine the lithium nitrate-water phase diagram and...lithium nitrate trihydrate-lithium nitrate eutectic point (Hfus = 264 ± 2 J·g-1, Tm = 28.3 °C). 15. SUBJECT TERMS salt hydrate, thermal energy

Power and Energy Storage Requirements for Ship Integration of Solid-State Lasers on Naval Platforms

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-01

output power is varied. 14. SUBJECT TERMS energy storage, lithium - ion batteries , lead acid batteries , atmospheric propagation, laser, ANCHOR 15...XE 70 Genesis battery (lead acid) .............................................................24 Figure 12. Saft VL 30 PFe lithium ion battery ...19 Table 6. Properties of lead acid battery Genesis XE 70...........................................25 Table 7. Properties of lithium - ion

Grid Scale Energy Storage (Symposium EE8)

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-01

27709-2211 Grid-Scale Energy Storage, electrolytes, systems ntegration, Lithium - ion chemistry, Redox flow batteries REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 11... Lithium - Ion Chemistry (4) Redox Flow Batteries Christopher J. Orendorff from Sandia National Laboratories kicked off the symposium on Tuesday...for redox flow batteries . SEI formation is a well-known process in standard lithium - ion battery operation; however, using aqueous electrolytes does

Lightweight carbon nanotube-based structural-energy storage devices for micro unmanned systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rivera, Monica; Cole, Daniel P.; Hahm, Myung Gwan; Reddy, Arava L. M.; Vajtai, Robert; Ajayan, Pulickel M.; Karna, Shashi P.; Bundy, Mark L.

2012-06-01

There is a strong need for small, lightweight energy storage devices that can satisfy the ever increasing power and energy demands of micro unmanned systems. Currently, most commercial and developmental micro unmanned systems utilize commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) lithium polymer batteries for their energy storage needs. While COTS lithium polymer batteries are the industry norm, the weight of these batteries can account for up to 60% of the overall system mass and the capacity of these batteries can limit mission durations to the order of only a few minutes. One method to increase vehicle endurance without adding mass or sacrificing payload capabilities is to incorporate multiple system functions into a single material or structure. For example, the body or chassis of a micro vehicle could be replaced with a multifunctional material that would serve as both the vehicle structure and the on-board energy storage device. In this paper we present recent progress towards the development of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based structural-energy storage devices for micro unmanned systems. Randomly oriented and vertically aligned CNT-polymer composite electrodes with varying degrees of flexibility are used as the primary building blocks for lightweight structural-supercapacitors. For the purpose of this study, the mechanical properties of the CNT-based electrodes and the charge-discharge behavior of the supercapacitor devices are examined. Because incorporating multifunctionality into a single component often degrades the properties or performance of individual structures, the performance and property tradeoffs of the CNT-based structural-energy storage devices will also be discussed.

Electrical, Mechanical, and Capacity Percolation Leads to High-Performance MoS2/Nanotube Composite Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes.

PubMed

Liu, Yuping; He, Xiaoyun; Hanlon, Damien; Harvey, Andrew; Khan, Umar; Li, Yanguang; Coleman, Jonathan N

2016-06-28

Advances in lithium ion batteries would facilitate technological developments in areas from electrical vehicles to mobile communications. While two-dimensional systems like MoS2 are promising electrode materials due to their potentially high capacity, their poor rate capability and low cycle stability are severe handicaps. Here, we study the electrical, mechanical, and lithium storage properties of solution-processed MoS2/carbon nanotube anodes. Nanotube addition gives up to 10(10)-fold and 40-fold increases in electrical conductivity and mechanical toughness, respectively. The increased conductivity results in up to a 100× capacity enhancement to ∼1200 mAh/g (∼3000 mAh/cm(3)) at 0.1 A/g, while the improved toughness significantly boosts cycle stability. Composites with 20 wt % nanotubes combine high reversible capacity with excellent cycling stability (e.g., ∼950 mAh/g after 500 cycles at 2 A/g) and high rate capability (∼600 mAh/g at 20 A/g). The conductivity, toughness, and capacity scale with nanotube content according to percolation theory, while the stability increases sharply at the mechanical percolation threshold. We believe that the improvements in conductivity and toughness obtained after addition of nanotubes can be transferred to other electrode materials, such as silicon nanoparticles.

Bio-derived hierarchically macro-meso-micro porous carbon anode for lithium/sodium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elizabeth, Indu; Singh, Bhanu Pratap; Trikha, Sunil; Gopukumar, Sukumaran

2016-10-01

Nitrogen doped hierarchically porous carbon derived from prawn shells have been efficiently synthesized through a simple, economically viable and environmentally benign approach. The prawn shell derived carbon (PSC) has high inherent nitrogen content (5.3%) and possesses a unique porous structure with the co-existence of macro, meso and micropores which can afford facile storage and transport channels for both Li and Na ions. PSC is well characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Transmission electron Microscopy (TEM), High resolution TEM (HR-TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and Solid state-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) studies have been conducted on pristine PSC and Li/Na interacted PSC. PSC as anode for Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) delivers superior electrochemical reversible specific capacity (740 mAh g-1 at 0.1 Ag-1 current density for 150 cycles) and high rate capability. When used as anode material for Sodium ion batteries (SIBs), PSC exhibits excellent reversible specific capacity of 325 mAh g-1 at 0.1 Ag-1 for 200 cycles and rate capability of 107 mAh g-1 at 2 Ag-1. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the employment of natural waste material as a potential anode for both LIB and SIB, which will definitively make a strike in the energy storage field.

Hyperspectral Polymer Solar Cells, Integrated Power for Microsystems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stiebitz, Paul

2014-05-27

The purpose of this research is to address a critical technology barrier to the deployment of next generation autonomous microsystems – the availability of efficient and reliable power sources. The vast majority of research on microsystems has been directed toward the development and miniaturization of sensors and other devices that enhance their intelligence, physical, and networking capabilities. However, the research into power generating and power storage technologies has not keep pace with this development. This research leveraged the capabilities of RIT’s NanoPower Research Laboratories (NPRL) in materials for advanced lithium ion batteries, nanostructured photovoltaics, and hybrid betavoltaics to develop reliablemore » power sources for microsystems.« less

Graphene Caging Silicon Particles for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Nie, Ping; Le, Zaiyuan; Chen, Gen; Liu, Dan; Liu, Xiaoyan; Wu, Hao Bin; Xu, Pengcheng; Li, Xinru; Liu, Fang; Chang, Limin; Zhang, Xiaogang; Lu, Yunfeng

2018-06-01

Silicon holds great promise as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries with higher energy density; its implication, however, is limited by rapid capacity fading. A catalytic growth of graphene cages on composite particles of magnesium oxide and silicon, which are made by magnesiothermic reduction reaction of silica particles, is reported herein. Catalyzed by the magnesium oxide, graphene cages can be conformally grown onto the composite particles, leading to the formation of hollow graphene-encapsulated Si particles. Such materials exhibit excellent lithium storage properties in terms of high specific capacity, remarkable rate capability (890 mAh g -1 at 5 A g -1 ), and good cycling retention over 200 cycles with consistently high coulombic efficiency at a current density of 1 A g -1 . A full battery test using LiCoO 2 as the cathode demonstrates a high energy density of 329 Wh kg -1 . © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Ultrahigh-Performance Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Film and Its Application in Microscale Thin-Film Lithium-Ion Battery: Comparison with SnO2.

PubMed

Lin, Jie; Guo, Jianlai; Liu, Chang; Guo, Hang

2016-12-21

To develop a high-performance anode for thin-film lithium-ion batteries (TFBs, with a total thickness on the scale of micrometers), a Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) thin film is fabricated by magnetron sputtering and exhibits an ultrahigh performance of 950 mAh g -1 even after 500 cycles, which is the highest among the reported CZTS for lithium storage so far. The characterization and electrochemical tests reveal that the thin-film structure and additional reactions both contribute to the excellent properties. Furthermore, the microscale TFBs with effective footprints of 0.52 mm 2 utilizing the CZTS thin film as anode are manufactured by microfabrication techniques, showing superior capability than the analogous TFBs with the SnO 2 thin film as anode. This work demonstrates the advantages of exploiting thin-film electrodes and novel materials into micropower sources by electronic manufacture methods.

New-concept Batteries Based on Aqueous Li+/Na+ Mixed-ion Electrolytes

PubMed Central

Chen, Liang; Gu, Qingwen; Zhou, Xufeng; Lee, Saixi; Xia, Yonggao; Liu, Zhaoping

2013-01-01

Rechargeable batteries made from low-cost and abundant materials operating in safe aqueous electrolytes are attractive for large-scale energy storage. Sodium-ion battery is considered as a potential alternative of current lithium-ion battery. As sodium-intercalation compounds suitable for aqueous batteries are limited, we adopt a novel concept of Li+/Na+ mixed-ion electrolytes to create two batteries (LiMn2O4/Na0.22MnO2 and Na0.44MnO2/TiP2O7), which relies on two electrochemical processes. One involves Li+ insertion/extraction reaction, and the other mainly relates to Na+ extraction/insertion reaction. Two batteries exhibit specific energy of 17 Wh kg−1 and 25 Wh kg−1 based on the total weight of active electrode materials, respectively. As well, aqueous LiMn2O4/Na0.22MnO2 battery is capable of separating Li+ and Na+ due to its specific mechanism unlike the traditional “rocking-chair” lithium-ion batteries. Hence, the Li+/Na+ mixed-ion batteries offer promising applications in energy storage and Li+/Na+ separation. PMID:23736113

NASA Battery Working Group - 2007-2008: Battery Task Summary Report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Manzo, Michelle

2008-01-01

This presentation provides a summary of the 2007-2008 NASA Battery Working Group efforts completed in support of the NASA Engineering Safety Center (NESC). The effort covered a series of pro-active tasks that address the following: Binding Procurements -- guidelines related to requirements for the battery system that should be considered at the time of contract award Wet Life of Ni-H2 Batteries -- issues/strategies for effective storage and impact of long-term storage on performance and life Generic Guidelines for Lithium-ion Safety, Handling and Qualification -- Standardized approaches developed and risk assessments (1) Lithium-ion Performance Assessment -- survey of manufacturers and capabilities to meet mission needs. Guidelines document generated (2) Conditions Required for using Pouch Cells in Aerospace Missions -- focus on corrosion, thermal excursions and long-term performance issues. Document defining requirements to maintain performance and life (3) High Voltage Risk Assessment -- focus on safety and abuse tolerance of battery module assemblies. Recommendations of features required for safe implementation (4) Procedure for Determination of Safe Charge Rates -- evaluation of various cell chemistries and recommendation of safe operating regimes for specific cell designs

Power System and Energy Storage Models for Laser Integration on Naval Platforms

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-30

Batteries The model for the system with lithium - ion battery storage is practically identical to the one with lead-acid batteries. The battery used in...supply 60, 6-second laser shots at a 50% duty cycle before depletion, and is comparable to the lead acid and lithium - ion battery storage. Figure 7

Rechargeable Batteries with High Energy Storage Activated by In-situ Induced Fluorination of Carbon Nanotube Cathode

PubMed Central

Cui, Xinwei; Chen, Jian; Wang, Tianfei; Chen, Weixing

2014-01-01

High performance rechargeable batteries are urgently demanded for future energy storage systems. Here, we adopted a lithium-carbon battery configuration. Instead of using carbon materials as the surface provider for lithium-ion adsorption and desorption, we realized induced fluorination of carbon nanotube array (CNTA) paper cathodes, with the source of fluoride ions from electrolytes, by an in-situ electrochemical induction process. The induced fluorination of CNTA papers activated the reversible fluorination/defluorination reactions and lithium-ion storage/release at the CNTA paper cathodes, resulting in a dual-storage mechanism. The rechargeable battery with this dual-storage mechanism demonstrated a maximum discharging capacity of 2174 mAh gcarbon−1 and a specific energy of 4113 Wh kgcarbon−1 with good cycling performance. PMID:24931036

Education Highlights: Energy Storage

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Santillan, Jose; Bareno, Javier

Argonne intern Jose Santillan from University of Minnesota worked with Argonne mentor Javier Bareno in studying lithium-ion battery separators using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. This research will help scientists make lithium-ion batteries for energy storage last longer for less cost.

The cost of lithium is unlikely to upend the price of Li-ion storage systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ciez, Rebecca E.; Whitacre, J. F.

2016-07-01

As lithium ion batteries become more common in electric vehicles and other storage applications, concerns about the cost of their namesake material, and its impact on the cost of these batteries, will continue. However, examining the constituent materials of these devices shows that lithium is a relatively small contributor to both the battery mass and manufacturing cost. The use of more expensive lithium precursor materials results in less than 1% increases in the cost of lithium ion cells considered. Similarly, larger fluctuations in the global lithium price (from 0 to 25/kg from a baseline of 7.50 per kg of Li2CO3) do not change the cost of lithium ion cells by more than 10%. While this small cost increase will not have a substantial impact on consumers, it could affect the manufacturers of these lithium ion cells, who already operate with small profit margins.

LDHs as electrode materials for electrochemical detection and energy storage: supercapacitor, battery and (bio)-sensor.

PubMed

Mousty, Christine; Leroux, Fabrice

2012-11-01

From an exhaustive overview based on applicative academic literature and patent domain, the relevance of Layered Double Hydroxide (LDHs) as electrode materials for electrochemical detection of organic molecules having environmental or health impact and energy storage is evaluated. Specifically the focus is driven on their application as supercapacitor, alkaline or lithium battery and (bio)-sensor. Inherent to the high versatility of their chemical composition, charge density, anion exchange capability, LDH-based materials are extensively studied and their performances for such applications are reported. Indeed the analytical characteristics (sensitivity and detection limit) of LDH-based electrodes are scrutinized, and their specific capacity or capacitance as electrode battery or supercapacitor materials, are detailed.

Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-07-01

of porous polypropylene membrane (Celgrad® 2400) separators soaked in a liquid electrolyte solution containing 1.0 M lithium hexafluorophosphate ... Lithium Li-ion Lithium ion LiO2 Lithium Dioxide LiOx Lithium Oxide (non stoichiometric) LiPF6 lithium hexafluorophosphate LT-ALD Low Temperature...Nanostructured Battery Architectures, Nanostructured Lithium Ion Batteries 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT: SAR 18. NUMBER OF

Distributed Storage Inverter and Legacy Generator Integration Plus Renewables Solution for Microgrids

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-07-01

Reactive kVAR Kilo Watts kW Lithium Ion Li Ion Lithium-Titanate Oxide nLTO Natural gas NG Performance Objectives PO Photovoltaic PV Power ...cloud covered) periods. The demonstration features a large (relative to the overall system power requirements) photovoltaic solar array, whose inverter...microgrid with less expensive power storage instead of large scale energy storage and that the renewable energy with small-scale power storage can

Preliminary Investigation on Battery Sizing Investigation for Thrust Vector Control on Ares I and Ares V Launch Vehicles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miller, Thomas B.

2011-01-01

An investigation into the merits of battery powered Electro Hydrostatic Actuation (EHA) for Thrust Vector Control (TVC) of the Ares I and Ares V launch vehicles is described. A top level trade study was conducted to ascertain the technical merits of lithium-ion (Li-ion) and thermal battery performance to determine the preferred choice of an energy storage system chemistry that provides high power discharge capability for a relatively short duration.

Flexible Carbon Nanotube Modified Separator for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

PubMed Central

Liu, Bin; Wu, Xiaomeng; Wang, Shan; Tang, Zhen; Yang, Quanling; Hu, Guo-Hua; Xiong, Chuanxi

2017-01-01

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have become promising candidates for electrical energy storage systems due to their high theoretical specific energy density, low cost and environmental friendliness. However, there are some technical obstacles of lithium-sulfur batteries to be addressed, such as the shuttle effect of polysulfides. Here, we introduced organically modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a coating layer for the separator to optimize structure and enhance the performance of the Li-S battery. The results showed that the cell with a CNTs-coated separator exhibited an excellent cycling performance. Compared to the blank separator, the initial discharge capacity and the capacity after 100 cycles for the CNTs-coated separator was increased by 115% and 161%, respectively. Besides, according to the rate capability test cycling from 0.1C to 2C, the battery with a CNTs-coated separator still released a capacity amounting to 90.2% of the initial capacity, when the current density returned back to 0.1C. It is believed that the organically modified CNTs coating effectively suppresses the shuttle effect during the cycling. The employment of a CNTs-coated separator provides a promising approach for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. PMID:28933721

Nanostructured Si(₁-x)Gex for tunable thin film lithium-ion battery anodes.

PubMed

Abel, Paul R; Chockla, Aaron M; Lin, Yong-Mao; Holmberg, Vincent C; Harris, Justin T; Korgel, Brian A; Heller, Adam; Mullins, C Buddie

2013-03-26

Both silicon and germanium are leading candidates to replace the carbon anode of lithium ions batteries. Silicon is attractive because of its high lithium storage capacity while germanium, a superior electronic and ionic conductor, can support much higher charge/discharge rates. Here we investigate the electronic, electrochemical and optical properties of Si(1-x)Gex thin films with x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1. Glancing angle deposition provided amorphous films of reproducible nanostructure and porosity. The film's composition and physical properties were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, four-point probe conductivity, Raman, and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The films were assembled into coin cells to test their electrochemical properties as a lithium-ion battery anode material. The cells were cycled at various C-rates to determine the upper limits for high rate performance. Adjusting the composition in the Si(1-x)Gex system demonstrates a trade-off between rate capability and specific capacity. We show that high-capacity silicon anodes and high-rate germanium anodes are merely the two extremes; the composition of Si(1-x)Gex alloys provides a new parameter to use in electrode optimization.

Polyurethane-derived N-doped porous carbon with interconnected sheet-like structure as polysulfide reservoir for lithium-sulfur batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiao, Suo; Liu, Songhang; Zhang, Jianqiu; Wang, Yong

2015-10-01

Environmental pollution and energy deficiency are two key issues for the sustainable development of the modern society. Polyurethane foam is a typical commercial polymer with a large production quantity and its waste needs to be recycled. Lithium-sulfur battery is a promising energy-storage device with high energy density and low cost, but its demerits such as poor conductivity of the sulfur and severe capacity degradation due to the soluble lithium polysulfides are still a big challenge. This work reports a facile method to prepare nitrogen-doped porous carbon (NPC) from the polyurethane foam (PUF) waste and use it as a reservoir to impregnate sulfur for lithium-sulfur batteries. The obtained NPC has a unique interconnected sheet-like porous morphology with a large surface area of 1315 m2 g-1. The NPC-S composite delivers a large reversible capacity of 1118 mAh g-1 with good cycling performances and excellent high-rate capabilities. A large reversible capacity of 460 mAh g-1 can be retained at a large current of 5C (8.35 A g-1) after 100 cycles.

One-pot solvothermal synthesis of graphene wrapped rice-like ferrous carbonate nanoparticles as anode materials for high energy lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Fan; Zhang, Ruihan; Feng, Jinkui; Ci, Lijie; Xiong, Shenglin; Yang, Jian; Qian, Yitai; Li, Lifei

2014-11-01

Well dispersed rice-like FeCO3 nanoparticles were produced and combined with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) via a one-pot solvothermal route. SEM characterization shows that rice-like FeCO3 nanoparticles are homogeneously anchored on the surface of the graphene nanosheets; the addition of RGO is helpful to form a uniform morphology and reduce the particle size of FeCO3 to nano-grade. As anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the FeCO3/RGO nanocomposites exhibit significantly improved lithium storage properties with a large reversible capacity of 1345 mA h g-1 for the first cycle and a capacity retention of 1224 mA h g-1 after 50 cycles with a good rate capability compared with pure FeCO3 particles. The superior electrochemical performance of the FeCO3/RGO nanocomposite electrode compared to the pure FeCO3 electrode can be attributed to the well dispersed RGO which enhances the electronic conductivity and accommodates the volume change during the conversion reactions. Our study shows that the FeCO3/RGO nanocomposite could be a suitable candidate for high capacity lithium-ion batteries.

Grain Boundary Engineering of Lithium-Ion-Conducting Lithium Lanthanum Titanate for Lithium-Air Batteries

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-01-01

release; distribution is unlimited. 1 1. Introduction Lithium (Li)- ion batteries are currently one of the leading energy storage device technologies...ARL-TR-7584 ● JAN 2016 US Army Research Laboratory Grain Boundary Engineering of Lithium - Ion - Conducting Lithium Lanthanum...Titanate for Lithium -Air Batteries by Victoria L Blair, Claire V Weiss Brennan, and Joseph M Marsico Approved for public

Lithium cell technology and safety report of the Tri-Service Lithium Safety Committee

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reiss, E.

1980-01-01

The organization of the Tri-Service Lithium Safety Committee is described. The following areas concerning lithium batteries are discussed: transportation--DOT Exemption 7052, FAA; disposal; storage; individual testing/test results; and battery design and usage.

Synthesis of nanostructured materials by using metal-cyanide coordination polymers and their lithium storage properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nie, Ping; Shen, Laifa; Luo, Haifeng; Li, Hongsen; Xu, Guiyin; Zhang, Xiaogang

2013-10-01

Herein, we demonstrate a novel and simple two-step process for preparing LiCoO2 nanocrystals by using a Prussian blue analogue Co3[Co(CN)6]2 as a precursor. The resultant LiCoO2 nanoparticles possess single crystalline nature and good uniformity with an average size of ca. 360 nm. The unique nanostructure of LiCoO2 provides relatively shorter Li+ diffusion pathways, thus facilitating the fast kinetics of electrochemical reactions. As a consequence, high reversible capacity, excellent cycling stability and rate capability are achieved with these nanocrystals as cathodes for lithium storage. The LiCoO2 nanocrystals deliver specific capacities of 154.5, 135.8, 119, and 100.3 mA h g-1 at 0.2, 0.4, 1, and 2 C rates, respectively. Even at a high current density of 4 C, a reversible capacity of 87 mA h g-1 could be maintained. Importantly, a capacity retention of 83.4% after 100 cycles is achieved at a constant discharge rate of 1 C. Furthermore, owing to facile control of the morphology and size of Prussian blue analogues by varying process parameters, as well as the tailored design of multi-component metal-cyanide hybrid coordination polymers, with which we have successfully prepared porous Fe2O3@NixCo3-xO4 nanocubes, one of the potential anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, such a simple and scalable approach could also be applied to the synthesis of other nanomaterials for energy storage devices.Herein, we demonstrate a novel and simple two-step process for preparing LiCoO2 nanocrystals by using a Prussian blue analogue Co3[Co(CN)6]2 as a precursor. The resultant LiCoO2 nanoparticles possess single crystalline nature and good uniformity with an average size of ca. 360 nm. The unique nanostructure of LiCoO2 provides relatively shorter Li+ diffusion pathways, thus facilitating the fast kinetics of electrochemical reactions. As a consequence, high reversible capacity, excellent cycling stability and rate capability are achieved with these nanocrystals as cathodes for lithium storage. The LiCoO2 nanocrystals deliver specific capacities of 154.5, 135.8, 119, and 100.3 mA h g-1 at 0.2, 0.4, 1, and 2 C rates, respectively. Even at a high current density of 4 C, a reversible capacity of 87 mA h g-1 could be maintained. Importantly, a capacity retention of 83.4% after 100 cycles is achieved at a constant discharge rate of 1 C. Furthermore, owing to facile control of the morphology and size of Prussian blue analogues by varying process parameters, as well as the tailored design of multi-component metal-cyanide hybrid coordination polymers, with which we have successfully prepared porous Fe2O3@NixCo3-xO4 nanocubes, one of the potential anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, such a simple and scalable approach could also be applied to the synthesis of other nanomaterials for energy storage devices. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Detailed experimental procedures and supplementary figures. See DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03289b

An introduction to lithium batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garrard, W. N. C.

1988-09-01

Lithium batteries are being introduced into all three services in the Australian Defence Force. However, general information concerning lithium batteries is not available in a condensed form. This review examines various aspects of lithium batteries, including battery technology, safety aspects, purchasing, packaging, transport, storage and disposal.

Integrating a Photocatalyst into a Hybrid Lithium-Sulfur Battery for Direct Storage of Solar Energy.

PubMed

Li, Na; Wang, Yarong; Tang, Daiming; Zhou, Haoshen

2015-08-03

Direct capture and storage of abundant but intermittent solar energy in electrical energy-storage devices such as rechargeable lithium batteries is of great importance, and could provide a promising solution to the challenges of energy shortage and environment pollution. Here we report a new prototype of a solar-driven chargeable lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery, in which the capture and storage of solar energy was realized by oxidizing S(2-) ions to polysulfide ions in aqueous solution with a Pt-modified CdS photocatalyst. The battery can deliver a specific capacity of 792 mAh g(-1) during 2 h photocharging process with a discharge potential of around 2.53 V versus Li(+)/Li. A specific capacity of 199 mAh g(-1), reaching the level of conventional lithium-ion batteries, can be achieved within 10 min photocharging. Moreover, the charging process of the battery can proceed under natural sunlight irradiation. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Hierarchical MoS2 tubular structures internally wired by carbon nanotubes as a highly stable anode material for lithium-ion batteries

PubMed Central

Chen, Yu Ming; Yu, Xin Yao; Li, Zhen; Paik, Ungyu; Lou, Xiong Wen (David)

2016-01-01

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a typical two-dimensional material, is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries because it has three times the theoretical capacity of graphite. The main challenges associated with MoS2 anodes are the structural degradation and the low rate capability caused by the low intrinsic electric conductivity and large strain upon cycling. Here, we design hierarchical MoS2 tubular structures internally wired by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to tackle these problems. These porous MoS2 tubular structures are constructed from building blocks of ultrathin nanosheets, which are believed to benefit the electrochemical reactions. Benefiting from the unique structural and compositional characteristics, these CNT-wired MoS2 tubular structures deliver a very high specific capacity of ~1320 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, exceptional rate capability, and an ultralong cycle life of up to 1000 cycles. This work may inspire new ideas for constructing high-performance electrodes for electrochemical energy storage. PMID:27453938

Anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

DOEpatents

Sunkara, Mahendra Kumar; Meduri, Praveen; Sumanasekera, Gamini

2014-12-30

An anode material for lithium-ion batteries is provided that comprises an elongated core structure capable of forming an alloy with lithium; and a plurality of nanostructures placed on a surface of the core structure, with each nanostructure being capable of forming an alloy with lithium and spaced at a predetermined distance from adjacent nanostructures.

Two-dimensional MoS2-graphene hybrid nanosheets for high gravimetric and volumetric lithium storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deng, Yakai; Ding, Lixin; Liu, Qixing; Zhan, Liang; Wang, Yanli; Yang, Shubin

2018-04-01

Two-dimensional (2D) MoS2-graphene (MoS2-G) hybrid is fabricated simultaneously and scalablely with an efficient electrochemical exfoliation approach from the combined bulk MoS2-graphite wafer. The as-prepared 2D MoS2-G hybrid is tightly covered with each other with lateral sizes of 600 nm to few micrometers and can be directly assembled to flexible films for lithium storage. When used as anode material for lithium ion battery, the resultant MoS2-G hybrid film exhibits both high gravimetric (750 mA h g-1 at 50 mA g-1) and volumetric capacities (1200 mA h cm-3 at 0.1 mA cm-2). Such excellent electrochemical performance should attributed to the unique 2D structure and good conductive graphene network, which not only facilitates the diffusion of lithium ions, but also improves the fast transfer of electrons, satisfying the kinetics requirements for rapid lithium storage.

Chemically Integrated Inorganic-Graphene Two-Dimensional Hybrid Materials for Flexible Energy Storage Devices.

PubMed

Peng, Lele; Zhu, Yue; Li, Hongsen; Yu, Guihua

2016-12-01

State-of-the-art energy storage devices are capable of delivering reasonably high energy density (lithium ion batteries) or high power density (supercapacitors). There is an increasing need for these power sources with not only superior electrochemical performance, but also exceptional flexibility. Graphene has come on to the scene and advancements are being made in integration of various electrochemically active compounds onto graphene or its derivatives so as to utilize their flexibility. Many innovative synthesis techniques have led to novel graphene-based hybrid two-dimensional nanostructures. Here, the chemically integrated inorganic-graphene hybrid two-dimensional materials and their applications for energy storage devices are examined. First, the synthesis and characterization of different kinds of inorganic-graphene hybrid nanostructures are summarized, and then the most relevant applications of inorganic-graphene hybrid materials in flexible energy storage devices are reviewed. The general design rules of using graphene-based hybrid 2D materials for energy storage devices and their current limitations and future potential to advance energy storage technologies are also discussed. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

CAM-7/LTO Cells for Lithium-Ion Batteries with Rapid Charging Capability at Low Temperature

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-06

TIAX’s high energy, high power CAM-7 cathode material, high rate capability lithium titanate (LTO) anode material, and a nitrile-cosolvent...employing TIAX’s high energy, high power CAM-7 cathode material, high rate capability lithium titanate (LTO) anode material, and a nitrile- cosolvent...electrolyte formulation. CAM-7 provides the highest energy content and rate capability of any market- ready cathode material. Commercially available

Porous One-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Design, Fabrication and Applications in Electrochemical Energy Storage.

PubMed

Wei, Qiulong; Xiong, Fangyu; Tan, Shuangshuang; Huang, Lei; Lan, Esther H; Dunn, Bruce; Mai, Liqiang

2017-05-01

Electrochemical energy storage technology is of critical importance for portable electronics, transportation and large-scale energy storage systems. There is a growing demand for energy storage devices with high energy and high power densities, long-term stability, safety and low cost. To achieve these requirements, novel design structures and high performance electrode materials are needed. Porous 1D nanomaterials which combine the advantages of 1D nanoarchitectures and porous structures have had a significant impact in the field of electrochemical energy storage. This review presents an overview of porous 1D nanostructure research, from the synthesis by bottom-up and top-down approaches with rational and controllable structures, to several important electrochemical energy storage applications including lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium-oxygen batteries and supercapacitors. Highlights of porous 1D nanostructures are described throughout the review and directions for future research in the field are discussed at the end. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Reversible storage of lithium in a rambutan-like tin-carbon electrode.

PubMed

Deng, Da; Lee, Jim Yang

2009-01-01

Fruity electrodes: A simple bottom-up self-assembly method was used to fabricate rambutan-like tin-carbon (Sn@C) nanoarchitecture (see scheme, green Sn) to improve the reversible storage of lithium in tin. The mechanism of the growth of the pear-like hairs is explored.

Development of an on-board H2 storage and recovery system based on lithium borohydride.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-02-28

Alkali metal borohydrides based on sodium and lithium, NaBH4 and LiBH4, have been evaluated as a potential hydrogen storage and recovery system for on-board vehicle use. The borohydride salts could be dissolved in water, followed by a hydrolytic reac...

Limiting factors to advancing thermal battery technology for naval applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davis, Patrick B.; Winchester, Clinton S.

1991-10-01

Thermal batteries are primary reserve electrochemical power sources using molten salt electrolyte which experience little effective aging while in storage or dormant deployment. Thermal batteries are primarily used in military applications, and are currently used in a wide variety of Navy devices such as missiles, torpedoes, decays, and training targets, usually as power supplies in guidance, propulsion, and Safe/Arm applications. Technology developments have increased the available energy and power density ratings by an order of magnitude in the last ten years. Present thermal batteries, using lithium anodes and metal sulfide cathodes, are capable of performing applications where only less rugged and more expensive silver oxide/zinc or silver/magnesium chloride seawater batteries could serve previously. Additionally, these batteries are capable of supplanting lithium/thionyl chloride reserve batteries in a variety of specifically optimized designs. Increases in thermal battery energy and power density capabilities are not projected to continue with the current available technology. Several battery designs are now at the edge of feasibility and safety. Since future naval systems are likely to require continued growth of battery energy and power densities, there must be significant advances in battery technology. Specifically, anode alloy composition and new cathode materials must be investigated to allow for safe development and deployment of these high power, higher energy density batteries.

High temperature solid state storage cell

DOEpatents

Rea, Jesse R.; Kallianidis, Milton; Kelsey, G. Stephen

1983-01-01

A completely solid state high temperature storage cell comprised of a solid rechargeable cathode such as TiS.sub.2, a solid electrolyte which remains solid at the high temperature operating conditions of the cell and which exhibits high ionic conductivity at such elevated temperatures such as an electrolyte comprised of lithium iodide, and a solid lithium or other alkali metal alloy anode (such as a lithium-silicon alloy) with 5-50% by weight of said anode being comprised of said solid electrolyte.

Lithium electrode and an electrical energy storage device containing the same

DOEpatents

Lai, San-Cheng

1976-07-13

An improved lithium electrode structure comprises an alloy of lithium and silicon in specified proportions and a supporting current-collecting matrix in intimate contact with said alloy. The lithium electrode of the present invention is utilized as the negative electrode in a rechargeable electrochemical cell.

Technical Manual for Batteries, Navy Lithium Safety Program Responsibilities and Procedures

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-08-19

lithium ion batteries and all equipment powered by lithium electrochemical power source(s) through all phases of the life of such systems. The purpose of this manual is to establish safety guidelines for the selection, design, testing, evaluation, use, packaging, storage, transportation and disposal of lithium

Advanced Electrode Materials for High Energy Next Generation Li ion Batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hayner, Cary Michael

Lithium ion batteries are becoming an increasingly ubiquitous part of modern society. Since their commercial introduction by Sony in 1991, lithium-ion batteries have grown to be the most popular form of electrical energy storage for portable applications. Today, lithium-ion batteries power everything from cellphones and electric vehicles to e-cigarettes, satellites, and electric aircraft. Despite the commercialization of lithium-ion batteries over twenty years ago, it remains the most active field of energy storage research for its potential improvement over current technology. In order to capitalize on these opportunities, new materials with higher energy density and storage capacities must be developed. Unfortunately, most next-generation materials suffer from rapid capacity degradation or severe loss of capacity when rapidly discharged. In this dissertation, the development of novel anode and cathode materials for advanced high-energy and high-power lithium-ion batteries is reported. In particular, the application of graphene-based materials to stabilize active material is emphasized. Graphene, a unique two-dimensional material composed of atomically thin carbon sheets, has shown potential to address unsatisfactory rate capability, limited cycling performance and abrupt failure of these next-generation materials. This dissertation covers four major subjects: development of silicon-graphene composites, impact of carbon vacancies on graphene high-rate performance, iron fluoride-graphene composites, and ternary iron-manganese fluoride synthesis. Silicon is considered the most likely material to replace graphite as the anode active material for lithium-ion batteries due to its ability to alloy with large amounts of lithium, leading to significantly higher specific capacities than the graphite standard. However, Si also expands in size over 300% upon lithiation, leading to particle fracture and isolation from conductive support, resulting in cell failure within a few charge-discharge cycles. To stabilize silicon materials, composites of silicon nanoparticles were dispersed between graphene sheets and supported by a 3-D network of graphite formed by reconstituted regions of graphene stacks. These free-standing, self-supported composites exhibited excellent Li-ion storage capacities higher than 2200 mAh/g and good cycling stability. In order to improve the advantages graphene can provide as a 3-D scaffold, carbon vacancies were introduced into the basal planes via an acid-oxidation treatment. These vacancies markedly enhance the rate performance of graphene materials as well as silicon-graphene composites. Silicon-graphene composites containing carbon vacancies achieved high accessible storage capacities at fast charge/discharge rates that rival supercapacitor performance while maintaining good cycling stability. Optimal carbon vacancy size and density were determined. Graphene composites were also formed with iron trifluoride (FeF 3), a high-energy cathode material with ability to store up to 712 mAh/g capacity, over 3X more than current state-of-the-art cathode materials. A facile route that combines co-assembly and photothermal reduction was developed to synthesize free-standing, flexible FeF3/graphene papers. The papers contained a uniform dispersion of FeF3 nanoparticles (< 40 nm) and open ion diffusion channels in the porous, conducting network of graphene sheets that resulted in a flexible paper cathode with high charge storage capacity, rate, and cycling performance, without the need for other carbon additives or binder. Free-standing FeF3/graphene composites showed a high storage capacity of >400 mAh/g and improved cycling performance compared to bare FeF3 particles. Lastly, novel ternary iron-manganese fluoride (FexMn 1-xF2) cathode materials were synthesized via a convenient, bottom-up solution-phase synthesis which allowed control of particle size, shape, and surface morphology. The synthesized materials exhibited nanoscale features with average particle size of 20-40 nm. These ternary metal composites exhibited key, desirable properties for next-generation Li-ion battery cathode materials. The described process constituted a translatable route to large-scale production of ternary metal fluoride nanoparticles.

Novel, Solvent Free, Single Ion Conductive Polymer Electrolytes (Warsaw-2001)

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-10-18

application in lithium and lithium - ion batteries , characterized by limited participation of anions in the transport of electrical charge. Studies...with studies on novel chemical energy conversion and storage devices mainly lithium or lithium ion batteries and fuel cells [1]. Our work within...this part of the project dealt with these novel ideas in the field of lithium or lithium - ion batteries based on polymeric solid electrolytes. The solid

Rational Design of Hierarchical Nanotubes through Encapsulating CoSe2 Nanoparticles into MoSe2/C Composite Shells with Enhanced Lithium and Sodium Storage Performance.

PubMed

Gao, Jingyu; Li, Yapeng; Shi, Liang; Li, Jingjing; Zhang, Genqiang

2018-06-20

Transition-metal diselenides have been extensively studied as desirable anode candidates for both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of their high theoretical capacities. However, it is of great challenge to achieve satisfactory cycling performance, especially for larger sodium ion storage, originated from electrode deterioration upon large volume change. Herein, we reported the construction of hierarchical tubular hybrid nanostructures through encapsulating CoSe 2 nanoparticles into MoSe 2 /C composite shells via a simple two-step strategy including a hydrothermal method followed by vapor-phase selenization process. The unique tubular structure enables the highly reversible Li/Na storage with high specific capacity, enhanced cycling stability, and superior rate performance. It is indicated that the contribution of partial pseudocapacitive behavior greatly improves the rate capability for SIBs, where a high capacity retention of 81.5% can be obtained when the current densities range from 0.1 to 3 A g -1 (460 mA h g -1 at 0.1 A g -1 vs 379 mA h g -1 at 3 A g -1 ). This work provides an effective design rationale on transition-metal diselenide-based tubular nanostructures as superior hosts for both Li and Na ions, which could push forward the development of practical applications of transition-metal diselenide-based anodes in LIBs and SIBs.

From Allergens to Battery Anodes: Nature-Inspired, Pollen Derived Carbon Architectures for Room- and Elevated- Temperature Li-ion Storage

PubMed Central

Tang, Jialiang; Pol, Vilas G.

2016-01-01

The conversion of allergic pollen grains into carbon microstructures was carried out through a facile, one-step, solid-state pyrolysis process in an inert atmosphere. The as-prepared carbonaceous particles were further air activated at 300 °C and then evaluated as lithium ion battery anodes at room (25 °C) and elevated (50 °C) temperatures. The distinct morphologies of bee pollens and cattail pollens are resembled on the final architecture of produced carbons. Scanning Electron Microscopy images shows that activated bee pollen carbon (ABP) is comprised of spiky, brain-like, and tiny spheres; while activated cattail pollen carbon (ACP) resembles deflated spheres. Structural analysis through X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed their amorphous nature. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of ABP and ACP confirmed that both samples contain high levels of oxygen and small amount of nitrogen contents. At C/10 rate, ACP electrode delivered high specific lithium storage reversible capacities (590 mAh/g at 50 °C and 382 mAh/g at 25 °C) and also exhibited excellent high rate capabilities. Through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies, improved performance of ACP is attributed to its lower charge transfer resistance than ABP. Current studies demonstrate that morphologically distinct renewable pollens could produce carbon architectures for anode applications in energy storage devices. PMID:26846311

From Allergens to Battery Anodes: Nature-Inspired, Pollen Derived Carbon Architectures for Room- and Elevated- Temperature Li-ion Storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Jialiang; Pol, Vilas G.

2016-02-01

The conversion of allergic pollen grains into carbon microstructures was carried out through a facile, one-step, solid-state pyrolysis process in an inert atmosphere. The as-prepared carbonaceous particles were further air activated at 300 °C and then evaluated as lithium ion battery anodes at room (25 °C) and elevated (50 °C) temperatures. The distinct morphologies of bee pollens and cattail pollens are resembled on the final architecture of produced carbons. Scanning Electron Microscopy images shows that activated bee pollen carbon (ABP) is comprised of spiky, brain-like, and tiny spheres; while activated cattail pollen carbon (ACP) resembles deflated spheres. Structural analysis through X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed their amorphous nature. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of ABP and ACP confirmed that both samples contain high levels of oxygen and small amount of nitrogen contents. At C/10 rate, ACP electrode delivered high specific lithium storage reversible capacities (590 mAh/g at 50 °C and 382 mAh/g at 25 °C) and also exhibited excellent high rate capabilities. Through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies, improved performance of ACP is attributed to its lower charge transfer resistance than ABP. Current studies demonstrate that morphologically distinct renewable pollens could produce carbon architectures for anode applications in energy storage devices.

From Allergens to Battery Anodes: Nature-Inspired, Pollen Derived Carbon Architectures for Room- and Elevated-Temperature Li-ion Storage.

PubMed

Tang, Jialiang; Etacheri, Vinodkumar; Pol, Vilas G

2016-02-05

The conversion of allergic pollen grains into carbon microstructures was carried out through a facile, one-step, solid-state pyrolysis process in an inert atmosphere. The as-prepared carbonaceous particles were further air activated at 300 °C and then evaluated as lithium ion battery anodes at room (25 °C) and elevated (50 °C) temperatures. The distinct morphologies of bee pollens and cattail pollens are resembled on the final architecture of produced carbons. Scanning Electron Microscopy images shows that activated bee pollen carbon (ABP) is comprised of spiky, brain-like, and tiny spheres; while activated cattail pollen carbon (ACP) resembles deflated spheres. Structural analysis through X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed their amorphous nature. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of ABP and ACP confirmed that both samples contain high levels of oxygen and small amount of nitrogen contents. At C/10 rate, ACP electrode delivered high specific lithium storage reversible capacities (590 mAh/g at 50 °C and 382 mAh/g at 25 °C) and also exhibited excellent high rate capabilities. Through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies, improved performance of ACP is attributed to its lower charge transfer resistance than ABP. Current studies demonstrate that morphologically distinct renewable pollens could produce carbon architectures for anode applications in energy storage devices.

Bottom-up Approach Design, Band Structure, and Lithium Storage Properties of Atomically Thin γ-FeOOH Nanosheets.

PubMed

Song, Yun; Cao, Yu; Wang, Jing; Zhou, Yong-Ning; Fang, Fang; Li, Yuesheng; Gao, Shang-Peng; Gu, Qin-Fen; Hu, Linfeng; Sun, Dalin

2016-08-24

As a novel class of soft matter, two-dimensional (2D) atomic nanosheet-like crystals have attracted much attention for energy storage devices due to the fact that nearly all of the atoms can be exposed to the electrolyte and involved in redox reactions. Herein, atomically thin γ-FeOOH nanosheets with a thickness of ∼1.5 nm are synthesized in a high yield, and the band and electronic structures of the γ-FeOOH nanosheet are revealed using density-functional theory calculations for the first time. The rationally designed γ-FeOOH@rGO composites with a heterostacking structure are used as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). A high reversible capacity over 850 mAh g(-1) after 100 cycles at 200 mA g(-1) is obtained with excellent rate capability. The remarkable performance is attributed to the ultrathin nature of γ-FeOOH nanosheets and 2D heterostacking structure, which provide the minimized Li(+) diffusion length and buffer zone for volume change. Further investigation on the Li storage electrochemical mechanism of γ-FeOOH@rGO indicates that the charge-discharge processes include both conversion reaction and capacitive behavior. This synergistic effect of conversion reaction and capacitive behavior originating from 2D heterostacking structure casts new light on the development of high-energy anode materials.

Si@SiOx/Graphene nanosheet anode materials for lithium-ion batteries synthesized by ball milling process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tie, Xiaoyong; Han, Qianyan; Liang, Chunyan; Li, Bo; Zai, Jiantao; Qian, Xuefeng

2017-12-01

Si@SiOx/Graphene nanosheet (GNS) nanocomposites as high performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries are synthesized by mechanically blending the mixture of expanded graphite with Si nanoparticles, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectrum, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. During the ball milling process, the size of Si nanoparticles will decrease, and the layer of expanded graphite can be peeled off to thin multilayers. Electrochemical performances reveal that the obtained Si@SiOx/GNS nanocomposites exhibit improved cycling stability, high reversible lithium storage capacity and superior rate capability, e.g. the discharge capacity is kept as high as 1055 mAh g-1 within 50 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g-1, retaining 63.6% of the initial value. The high performance of the obtained nanocomposites can be ascribed to GNS prepared through heat-treat and ball-milling methods, the decrease in the size of Si nanoparticles and SiOx layer on Si surface, which enhance the interactions between Si and GNS.

Critical review of on-board capacity estimation techniques for lithium-ion batteries in electric and hybrid electric vehicles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Farmann, Alexander; Waag, Wladislaw; Marongiu, Andrea; Sauer, Dirk Uwe

2015-05-01

This work provides an overview of available methods and algorithms for on-board capacity estimation of lithium-ion batteries. An accurate state estimation for battery management systems in electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles is becoming more essential due to the increasing attention paid to safety and lifetime issues. Different approaches for the estimation of State-of-Charge, State-of-Health and State-of-Function are discussed and analyzed by many authors and researchers in the past. On-board estimation of capacity in large lithium-ion battery packs is definitely one of the most crucial challenges of battery monitoring in the aforementioned vehicles. This is mostly due to high dynamic operation and conditions far from those used in laboratory environments as well as the large variation in aging behavior of each cell in the battery pack. Accurate capacity estimation allows an accurate driving range prediction and accurate calculation of a battery's maximum energy storage capability in a vehicle. At the same time it acts as an indicator for battery State-of-Health and Remaining Useful Lifetime estimation.

Electrostatic spray deposition of porous SnO₂/graphene anode films and their enhanced lithium-storage properties.

PubMed

Jiang, Yinzhu; Yuan, Tianzhi; Sun, Wenping; Yan, Mi

2012-11-01

Porous SnO₂/graphene composite thin films are prepared as anodes for lithium ion batteries by the electrostatic spray deposition technique. Reticular-structured SnO₂ is formed on both the nickel foam substrate and the surface of graphene sheets according to the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results. Such an assembly mode of graphene and SnO₂ is highly beneficial to the electrochemical performance improvement by increasing the electrical conductivity and releasing the volume change of the anode. The novel engineered anode possesses 2134.3 mA h g⁻¹ of initial discharge capacity and good capacity retention of 551.0 mA h g⁻¹ up to the 100th cycle at a current density of 200 mA g⁻¹. This anode also exhibits excellent rate capability, with a reversible capacity of 507.7 mA h g⁻¹ after 100 cycles at a current density of 800 mA g⁻¹. The results demonstrate that such a film-type hybrid anode shows great potential for application in high-energy lithium-ion batteries.

Hierarchical porous nitrogen-rich carbon nanospheres with high and durable capabilities for lithium and sodium storage.

PubMed

Ma, Lianbo; Chen, Renpeng; Hu, Yi; Zhu, Guoyin; Chen, Tao; Lu, Hongling; Liang, Jia; Tie, Zuoxiu; Jin, Zhong; Liu, Jie

2016-10-20

To improve the energy storage performance of carbon-based materials, considerable attention has been paid to the design and fabrication of novel carbon architectures with structural and chemical modifications. Herein, we report that hierarchical porous nitrogen-rich carbon (HPNC) nanospheres originating from acidic etching of metal carbide/carbon hybrid nanoarchitectures can be employed as high-performance anode materials for both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The structural advantages of HPNC nanospheres are that the exceptionally-high content of nitrogen (17.4 wt%) can provide abundant electroactive sites and enlarge the interlayer distance (∼3.5 Å) to improve the capacity, and the large amount of micropores and mesopores can serve as reservoirs for storing lithium/sodium ions. In LIBs, HPNC based anodes deliver a high reversible capacity of 1187 mA h g -1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g -1 , a great rate performance of 470 mA h g -1 at 5000 mA g -1 , and outstanding cycling stabilities with a capacity of 788 mA h g -1 after 500 cycles at 1000 mA g -1 . In SIBs, HPNC based anodes exhibit a remarkable reversible capacity of 357 mA h g -1 at 100 mA g -1 and high long-term stability with a capacity of 136 mA h g -1 after 500 cycles at 1000 mA g -1 .

Ultradispersed Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Assembled in Graphene Aerogel for Continuous Photo-Fenton Reaction and Enhanced Lithium Storage Performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qiu, Bocheng; Deng, Yuanxin; Du, Mengmeng; Xing, Mingyang; Zhang, Jinlong

2016-07-01

The Photo-Fenton reaction is an advanced technology to eliminate organic pollutants in environmental chemistry. Moreover, the conversion rate of Fe3+/Fe2+ and utilization rate of H2O2 are significant factors in Photo-Fenton reaction. In this work, we reported three dimensional (3D) hierarchical cobalt ferrite/graphene aerogels (CoFe2O4/GAs) composites by the in situ growing CoFe2O4 crystal seeds on the graphene oxide (GO) followed by the hydrothermal process. The resulting CoFe2O4/GAs composites demonstrated 3D hierarchical pore structure with mesopores (14~18 nm), macropores (50~125 nm), and a remarkable surface area (177.8 m2 g-1). These properties endowed this hybrid with the high and recyclable Photo-Fenton activity for methyl orange pollutant degradation. More importantly, the CoFe2O4/GAs composites can keep high Photo-Fenton activity in a wide pH. Besides, the CoFe2O4/GAs composites also exhibited excellent cyclic performance and good rate capability. The 3D framework can not only effectively prevent the volume expansion and aggregation of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles during the charge/discharge processes for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but also shorten lithium ions and electron diffusion length in 3D pathways. These results indicated a broaden application prospect of 3D-graphene based hybrids in wastewater treatment and energy storage.

Ultradispersed Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Assembled in Graphene Aerogel for Continuous Photo-Fenton Reaction and Enhanced Lithium Storage Performance.

PubMed

Qiu, Bocheng; Deng, Yuanxin; Du, Mengmeng; Xing, Mingyang; Zhang, Jinlong

2016-07-04

The Photo-Fenton reaction is an advanced technology to eliminate organic pollutants in environmental chemistry. Moreover, the conversion rate of Fe(3+)/Fe(2+) and utilization rate of H2O2 are significant factors in Photo-Fenton reaction. In this work, we reported three dimensional (3D) hierarchical cobalt ferrite/graphene aerogels (CoFe2O4/GAs) composites by the in situ growing CoFe2O4 crystal seeds on the graphene oxide (GO) followed by the hydrothermal process. The resulting CoFe2O4/GAs composites demonstrated 3D hierarchical pore structure with mesopores (14~18 nm), macropores (50~125 nm), and a remarkable surface area (177.8 m(2 )g(-1)). These properties endowed this hybrid with the high and recyclable Photo-Fenton activity for methyl orange pollutant degradation. More importantly, the CoFe2O4/GAs composites can keep high Photo-Fenton activity in a wide pH. Besides, the CoFe2O4/GAs composites also exhibited excellent cyclic performance and good rate capability. The 3D framework can not only effectively prevent the volume expansion and aggregation of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles during the charge/discharge processes for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but also shorten lithium ions and electron diffusion length in 3D pathways. These results indicated a broaden application prospect of 3D-graphene based hybrids in wastewater treatment and energy storage.

Ultradispersed Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Assembled in Graphene Aerogel for Continuous Photo-Fenton Reaction and Enhanced Lithium Storage Performance

PubMed Central

Qiu, Bocheng; Deng, Yuanxin; Du, Mengmeng; Xing, Mingyang; Zhang, Jinlong

2016-01-01

The Photo-Fenton reaction is an advanced technology to eliminate organic pollutants in environmental chemistry. Moreover, the conversion rate of Fe3+/Fe2+ and utilization rate of H2O2 are significant factors in Photo-Fenton reaction. In this work, we reported three dimensional (3D) hierarchical cobalt ferrite/graphene aerogels (CoFe2O4/GAs) composites by the in situ growing CoFe2O4 crystal seeds on the graphene oxide (GO) followed by the hydrothermal process. The resulting CoFe2O4/GAs composites demonstrated 3D hierarchical pore structure with mesopores (14~18 nm), macropores (50~125 nm), and a remarkable surface area (177.8 m2 g−1). These properties endowed this hybrid with the high and recyclable Photo-Fenton activity for methyl orange pollutant degradation. More importantly, the CoFe2O4/GAs composites can keep high Photo-Fenton activity in a wide pH. Besides, the CoFe2O4/GAs composites also exhibited excellent cyclic performance and good rate capability. The 3D framework can not only effectively prevent the volume expansion and aggregation of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles during the charge/discharge processes for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but also shorten lithium ions and electron diffusion length in 3D pathways. These results indicated a broaden application prospect of 3D-graphene based hybrids in wastewater treatment and energy storage. PMID:27373343

Holographic data storage crystals for the LDEF. [long duration exposure facility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Callen, W. Russell; Gaylord, Thomas K.

1992-01-01

Lithium niobate is a significant electro-optic material, with potential applications in ultra high capacity storage and processing systems. Lithium niobate is the material of choice for many integrated optical devices and holographic mass memory systems. For crystals of lithium niobate were passively exposed to the space environment of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF). Three of these crystals contained volume holograms. Although the crystals suffered the surface damage characteristics of most of the other optical components on the Georgia Tech tray, the crystals were recovered intact. The holograms were severely degraded because of the lengthy exposure, but the bulk properties are being investigated to determine the spaceworthiness for space data storage and retrieval systems.

Pseudocapacitive Sodium Storage by Ferroelectric Sn2 P2 S6 with Layered Nanostructure.

PubMed

Huang, Sheng; Meng, Chao; Xiao, Min; Ren, Shan; Wang, Shuanjin; Han, Dongmei; Li, Yuning; Meng, Yuezhong

2018-04-19

Sodium ion batteries (SIB) are considered promising alternative candidates for lithium ion batteries (LIB) because of the wide availability and low cost of sodium, therefore the development of alternative sodium storage materials with comparable performance to LIB is urgently desired. The sodium ions with larger sizes resist intercalation or alloying because of slow reaction kinetics. Most pseudocapacitive sodium storage materials are based on subtle nanomaterial engineering, which is difficult for large-scale production. Here, ferroelectric Sn 2 P 2 S 6 with layered nanostructure is developed as sodium ion storage material. The ferroelectricity-enhanced pseudocapacitance of sodium ion in the interlayer spacing makes the electrochemical reaction easier and faster, endowing the Sn 2 P 2 S 6 electrode with excellent rate capability and cycle stability. Furthermore, the facile solid state reaction synthesis and common electrode fabrication make the Sn 2 P 2 S 6 that becomes a promising anode material of SIB. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Two-Dimensional Porous Sandwich-Like C/Si-Graphene-Si/C Nanosheets for Superior Lithium Storage.

PubMed

Yao, Weiqi; Chen, Jie; Zhan, Liang; Wang, Yanli; Yang, Shubin

2017-11-15

A novel two-dimensional porous sandwich-like Si/carbon nanosheet is designed and successfully fabricated as an anode for superior lithium storage, where a porous Si nanofilm grows on the two sides of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and is then coated with a carbon layer (denoted as C/Si-rGO-Si/C). The coexistence of micropores and mesopores in C/Si-rGO-Si/C nanosheets offers a rapid Li + diffusion rate, and the porous Si provides a short pathway for electric transportation. Meanwhile, the coated carbon layer not only can promote to form a stable SEI layer, but also can improve the electric conductivity of nanoscale Si coupled with rGO. Thus, the unique nanostructures offer the resultant C/Si-rGO-Si/C electrode with high reversible capacity (1187 mA h g -1 after 200 cycles at 0.2 A g -1 ), excellent cycle stability (894 mA h g -1 after 1000 cycles at 1 A g -1 ), and high rate capability (694 mA h g -1 at 5 A g -1 , 447 mA h g -1 at 10 A g -1 ).

A Highly Active Low Voltage Redox Mediator for Enhanced Rechargeability of Lithium-Oxygen Batteries.

PubMed

Kundu, Dipan; Black, Robert; Adams, Brian; Nazar, Linda F

2015-12-23

Owing to its high theoretical specific energy, the Li-oxygen battery is one of the fundamentally most promising energy storage systems, but also one of the most challenging. Poor rechargeability, involving the oxidation of insoluble and insulating lithium peroxide (Li2O2), has remained the "Achilles' heel" of this electrochemical energy storage system. We report here on a new redox mediator tris[4-(diethylamino)phenyl]amine (TDPA), that-at 3.1 V-exhibits the lowest and closest potential redox couple compared to the equilibrium voltage of the Li-oxygen cell of those reported to date, with a second couple also at a low potential of 3.5 V. We show it is a soluble "catalyst" capable of lowering the Li2O2 charging potential by >0.8 V without requiring direct electrical contact of the peroxide and that it also facilitates high discharge capacities. Its chemical and electrochemical stability, fast diffusion kinetics, and two dynamic redox potentials represent a significant advance in oxygen-evolution catalysis. It enables Li-O2 cells that can be recharged more than 100 cycles with average round-trip efficiencies >80%, opening a new avenue for practical Li-oxygen batteries.

Neuron-Inspired Fe3O4/Conductive Carbon Filament Network for High-Speed and Stable Lithium Storage.

PubMed

Hao, Shu-Meng; Li, Qian-Jie; Qu, Jin; An, Fei; Zhang, Yu-Jiao; Yu, Zhong-Zhen

2018-05-17

Construction of a continuous conductance network with high electron-transfer rate is extremely important for high-performance energy storage. Owing to the highly efficient mass transport and information transmission, neurons are exactly a perfect model for electron transport, inspiring us to design a neuron-like reaction network for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with Fe 3 O 4 as an example. The reactive cores (Fe 3 O 4 ) are protected by carbon shells and linked by carbon filaments, constituting an integrated conductance network. Thus, once the reaction starts, the electrons released from every Fe 3 O 4 cores are capable of being transferred rapidly through the whole network directly to the external circuit, endowing the nanocomposite with tremendous rate performance and ultralong cycle life. After 1000 cycles at current densities as high as 1 and 2 A g -1 , charge capacities of the as-synthesized nanocomposite maintain 971 and 715 mA h g -1 , respectively, much higher than those of reported Fe 3 O 4 -based anode materials. The Fe 3 O 4 -based conductive network provides a new idea for future developments of high-rate-performance LIBs.

Low Temperature Life-Cycle Testing of a Lithium-Ion Battery for Low-Earth-Orbiting Spacecraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reid, Concha

2006-01-01

A flight-qualified, lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery developed for the Mars Surveyor Program 2001 Landeris undergoing life-testing at low temperature under a low-Earth-orbit (LEO) profile to assess its capability to provide long term energy storage for aerospace missions. NASA has embarked upon an ambitious course to return humans to the moon by 2015-2020 in preparation for robotic and human exploration of Mars and robotic exploration of the moons of outer planets. Li-ion batteries are excellent candidates to provide power and energy storage for multiple aspects of these missions due to their high specific energy, high energy density, and excellent low temperature performance. Laboratory testing of Li-ion technology is necessary in order to assess lifetime, characterize multi-cell battery-level performance under aerospace conditions, and to gauge safety aspects of the technology. Life-cycle testing provides an opportunity to examine battery-level performance and the dynamics of individual cells in the stack over the entire life of the battery. Data generated through this testing will be critical to establish confidence in the technology for its widespread use in manned and unmanned missions.

Opportunities to integrate solar technologies into the Chilean lithium mining industry - reducing process related GHG emissions of a strategic storage resource

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Telsnig, Thomas; Potz, Christian; Haas, Jannik; Eltrop, Ludger; Palma-Behnke, Rodrigo

2017-06-01

The arid northern regions of Chile are characterized by an intensive mineral mining industry and high solar irradiance levels. Besides Chile's main mining products, copper, molybdenum and iron, the production of lithium carbonate from lithium containing brines has become strategically important due to the rising demand for battery technologies worldwide. Its energy-intensive production may affect the ecological footprint of the product and the country's climate targets. Thus, the use of solar technologies for electricity and heat production might constitute an interesting option for CO2 mitigation. This study aims to quantify the impacts of the lithium carbonate production processes in Chile on climate change, and to identify site-specific integration options of solar energy technologies to reduce GHG life-cycle emissions. The considered solar integration options include a parabolic trough power plant with a molten salt storage, a solar tower power plant with molten salt receiver and molten salt storage, a one-axis tracking photovoltaic energy system for electricity, and two solar thermal power plants with Ruths storage (steam accumulator) for thermal heat production. CSP plants were identified as measures with the highest GHG mitigation potential reducing the CO2 emissions for the entire production chain and the lithium production between 16% and 33%. In a scenario that combines solar technologies for electricity and thermal energy generation, up to 59% of the CO2 emissions at the lithium production sites in Chile can be avoided. A comparison of the GHG abatement costs of the proposed solar integration options indicates that the photovoltaic system, the solar thermal plant with limited storage and the solar tower power plant are the most cost effective options.

Thermophysical Properties and Corrosion Characterization of Low Cost Lithium Containing Nitrate Salts Produced in Northern Chile for Thermal Energy Storage

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fernandez, Angel G.; Gomez, Judith C.; Galleguillos, Hector

In recent years, lithium containing salts have been studied for thermal energy storage (TES) systems applications, because of their optimal thermophysical properties. In solar power plants, lithium is seen as a way to improve the properties of molten salts used today. Lithium nitrate is a good candidate for sensible heat storage, due to its ability to increase the salt mixture's working temperature range. In the present research, thermophysical properties characterization of lithium nitrate containing salts, produced in Chile, have been carried out. Corrosion evaluations of carbon and low chromium steels were performed at 390 degrees C for 1000 hours. Thermophysicalmore » properties of the salt mixtures, such as thermal stability and heat capacity, were measured before and after corrosion tests. Chemical composition of the salts was also determined and an estimation of Chilean production costs is reported. Results showed that purity, thermal stability and heat capacity of the salts were reduced, caused by partial thermal decomposition and incorporation of corrosion products from the steel.« less

A Novel Polar Copolymer Design as a Multi-Functional Binder for Strong Affinity of Polysulfides in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiao, Yu; Chen, Wei; Lei, Tianyu; Dai, Liping; Chen, Bo; Wu, Chunyang; Xiong, Jie

2017-03-01

High energy density, low cost and environmental friendliness are the advantages of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery which is regarded as a promising device for electrochemical energy storage systems. As one of the important ingredients in Li-S battery, the binder greatly affects the battery performance. However, the conventional binder has some drawbacks such as poor capability of absorbing hydrophilic lithium polysulfides, resulting in severe capacity decay. In this work, we reported a multi-functional polar binder (AHP) by polymerization of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) with ethylenediamine (EDA) bearing a large amount of amino groups, which were successfully used in electrode preparation with commercial sulfur powder cathodes. The abundant amide groups of the binder endow the cathode with multidimensional chemical bonding interaction with sulfur species within the cathode to inhibit the shuttling effect of polysulfides, while the suitable ductility to buffer volume change. Utilizing these advantageous features, composite C/S cathodes based the binder displayed excellent capacity retention at 0.5 C, 1 C, 1.5 C, and 3 C over 200 cycles. Accompany with commercial binder, AHP may act as an alternative feedstock to open a promising approach for sulfur cathodes in rechargeable lithium battery to achieve commercial application.

Rational Design of Statically and Dynamically Stable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with High Sulfur Loading and Low Electrolyte/Sulfur Ratio.

PubMed

Chung, Sheng-Heng; Manthiram, Arumugam

2018-02-01

The primary challenge with lithium-sulfur battery research is the design of sulfur cathodes that exhibit high electrochemical efficiency and stability while keeping the sulfur content and loading high and the electrolyte/sulfur ratio low. With a systematic investigation, a novel graphene/cotton-carbon cathode is presented here that enables sulfur loading and content as high as 46 mg cm -2 and 70 wt% with an electrolyte/sulfur ratio of as low as only 5. The graphene/cotton-carbon cathodes deliver peak capacities of 926 and 765 mA h g -1 , respectively, at C/10 and C/5 rates, which translate into high areal, gravimetric, and volumetric capacities of, respectively, 43 and 35 mA h cm -2 , 648 and 536 mA h g -1 , and 1067 and 881 mA h cm -3 with a stable cyclability. They also exhibit superior cell-storage capability with 95% capacity-retention, a low self-discharge constant of just 0.0012 per day, and stable poststorage cyclability after storing over a long period of six months. This work demonstrates a viable approach to develop lithium-sulfur batteries with practical energy densities exceeding that of lithium-ion batteries. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Extending battery life: A low-cost practical diagnostic technique for lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Merla, Yu; Wu, Billy; Yufit, Vladimir; Brandon, Nigel P.; Martinez-Botas, Ricardo F.; Offer, Gregory J.

2016-11-01

Modern applications of lithium-ion batteries such as smartphones, hybrid & electric vehicles and grid scale electricity storage demand long lifetime and high performance which typically makes them the limiting factor in a system. Understanding the state-of-health during operation is important in order to optimise for long term durability and performance. However, this requires accurate in-operando diagnostic techniques that are cost effective and practical. We present a novel diagnosis method based upon differential thermal voltammetry demonstrated on a battery pack made from commercial lithium-ion cells where one cell was deliberately aged prior to experiment. The cells were in parallel whilst being thermally managed with forced air convection. We show for the first time, a diagnosis method capable of quantitatively determining the state-of-health of four cells simultaneously by only using temperature and voltage readings for both charge and discharge. Measurements are achieved using low-cost thermocouples and a single voltage measurement at a frequency of 1 Hz, demonstrating the feasibility of implementing this approach on real world battery management systems. The technique could be particularly useful under charge when constant current or constant power is common, this therefore should be of significant interest to all lithium-ion battery users.

Excess Li-Ion Storage on Reconstructed Surfaces of Nanocrystals To Boost Battery Performance

DOE PAGES

Duan, Yandong; Zhang, Bingkai; Zheng, Jiaxin; ...

2017-08-03

Because of their enhanced kinetic properties, nanocrystallites have received much attention as potential electrode materials for energy storage. However, because of the large specific surface areas of nanocrystallites, they usually suffer from decreased energy density, cycling stability, and effective electrode capacity. Here, in this work, we report a size-dependent excess capacity beyond theoretical value (170 mA h g -1) by introducing extra lithium storage at the reconstructed surface in nanosized LiFePO 4 (LFP) cathode materials (186 and 207 mA h g -1 in samples with mean particle sizes of 83 and 42 nm, respectively). Moreover, this LFP composite also showsmore » excellent cycling stability and high rate performance. Our multimodal experimental characterizations and ab initio calculations reveal that the surface extra lithium storage is mainly attributed to the charge passivation of Fe by the surface C–O–Fe bonds, which can enhance binding energy for surface lithium by compensating surface Fe truncated symmetry to create two types of extra positions for Li-ion storage at the reconstructed surfaces. Such surface reconstruction nanotechnology for excess Li-ion storage makes full use of the large specific surface area of the nanocrystallites, which can maintain the fast Li-ion transport and greatly enhance the capacity. Finally, this discovery and nanotechnology can be used for the design of high-capacity and efficient lithium ion batteries.« less

Excess Li-Ion Storage on Reconstructed Surfaces of Nanocrystals To Boost Battery Performance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Duan, Yandong; Zhang, Bingkai; Zheng, Jiaxin

Because of their enhanced kinetic properties, nanocrystallites have received much attention as potential electrode materials for energy storage. However, because of the large specific surface areas of nanocrystallites, they usually suffer from decreased energy density, cycling stability, and effective electrode capacity. Here, in this work, we report a size-dependent excess capacity beyond theoretical value (170 mA h g -1) by introducing extra lithium storage at the reconstructed surface in nanosized LiFePO 4 (LFP) cathode materials (186 and 207 mA h g -1 in samples with mean particle sizes of 83 and 42 nm, respectively). Moreover, this LFP composite also showsmore » excellent cycling stability and high rate performance. Our multimodal experimental characterizations and ab initio calculations reveal that the surface extra lithium storage is mainly attributed to the charge passivation of Fe by the surface C–O–Fe bonds, which can enhance binding energy for surface lithium by compensating surface Fe truncated symmetry to create two types of extra positions for Li-ion storage at the reconstructed surfaces. Such surface reconstruction nanotechnology for excess Li-ion storage makes full use of the large specific surface area of the nanocrystallites, which can maintain the fast Li-ion transport and greatly enhance the capacity. Finally, this discovery and nanotechnology can be used for the design of high-capacity and efficient lithium ion batteries.« less

Self-Extinguishing Lithium Ion Batteries Based on Internally Embedded Fire-Extinguishing Microcapsules with Temperature-Responsiveness.

PubMed

Yim, Taeeun; Park, Min-Sik; Woo, Sang-Gil; Kwon, Hyuk-Kwon; Yoo, Jung-Keun; Jung, Yeon Sik; Kim, Ki Jae; Yu, Ji-Sang; Kim, Young-Jun

2015-08-12

User safety is one of the most critical issues for the successful implementation of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles and their further expansion in large-scale energy storage systems. Herein, we propose a novel approach to realize self-extinguishing capability of LIBs for effective safety improvement by integrating temperature-responsive microcapsules containing a fire-extinguishing agent. The microcapsules are designed to release an extinguisher agent upon increased internal temperature of an LIB, resulting in rapid heat absorption through an in situ endothermic reaction and suppression of further temperature rise and undesirable thermal runaway. In a standard nail penetration test, the temperature rise is reduced by 74% without compromising electrochemical performances. It is anticipated that on the strengths of excellent scalability, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness, this novel strategy can be extensively applied to various high energy-density devices to ensure human safety.

A hydrothermally synthesized LiFePO4/C composite with superior low-temperature performance and cycle life

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Guan; Liu, Na; Gao, Xuguang; Tian, Xiaohui; Zhu, Yanbin; Zhou, Yingke; Zhu, Qingyou

2018-03-01

The LiFePO4/C composites have been successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal process, with the combined carbon sources of fructose and calcium lignosulfonate. The morphology and microstructure of LiFePO4/C were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties were evaluated by the constant-current charge/discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The uniform carbon coating layer derived from calcium lignosulfonate can effectively improve the electronic conductivity, lithium-ion diffusivity and surface stability of the LiFePO4/C composites and prevent the side reactions between the LiFePO4 particles and electrolytes. The LiFePO4/C composites display excellent rate capability, superior cycle life and outstanding low temperature performance, which are promising for lithium-ion battery applications in electrical vehicles and electrical energy storage systems.

Confined silicon nanospheres by biomass lignin for stable lithium ion battery.

PubMed

Niu, Xiaoying; Zhou, Jinqiu; Qian, Tao; Wang, Mengfan; Yan, Chenglin

2017-10-06

Biomass lignin, as a significant renewable resource, is one of the most abundant natural polymers in the world. Here, we report a novel silicon-based material, in which lignin-derived functional conformal network crosslinks the silicon nanoparticles via self-assembly. This newly-developed material could greatly solve the problems of large volume change during lithiation/delithiation process and the formation of unstable solid electrolyte interphase layers on the silicon surface. With this anode, the battery demonstrates a high capacity of ∼3000 mA h g -1 , a highly stable cycling retention (∼89% after 100 cycles at 300 mA g -1 ) and an excellent rate capability (∼800 mA h g -1 at 9 A g -1 ). Moreover, the feasibility of full lithium-ion batteries with the novel silicon-based material would provide wide range of applications in the field of flexible energy storage systems for wearable electronic devices.

Confined silicon nanospheres by biomass lignin for stable lithium ion battery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Niu, Xiaoying; Zhou, Jinqiu; Qian, Tao; Wang, Mengfan; Yan, Chenglin

2017-10-01

Biomass lignin, as a significant renewable resource, is one of the most abundant natural polymers in the world. Here, we report a novel silicon-based material, in which lignin-derived functional conformal network crosslinks the silicon nanoparticles via self-assembly. This newly-developed material could greatly solve the problems of large volume change during lithiation/delithiation process and the formation of unstable solid electrolyte interphase layers on the silicon surface. With this anode, the battery demonstrates a high capacity of ˜3000 mA h g-1, a highly stable cycling retention (˜89% after 100 cycles at 300 mA g-1) and an excellent rate capability (˜800 mA h g-1 at 9 A g-1). Moreover, the feasibility of full lithium-ion batteries with the novel silicon-based material would provide wide range of applications in the field of flexible energy storage systems for wearable electronic devices.

Tailoring nanostructured MnO2 as anodes for lithium ion batteries with high reversible capacity and initial Coulombic efficiency

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Lifeng; Song, Jiajia; Liu, Yi; Yuan, Xiaoyan; Guo, Shouwu

2018-03-01

Developing high energy storage lithium ion batteries (LIBs) using manganese oxides as anodes is an attractive challenge due to their high theoretical capacity and abundant resources. However, the manganese oxides anodes still suffer from the low initial Coulombic efficiency and poor rate performance. Herein, we demonstrate that nano-sized morphological engineering is a facile and effective strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of the manganese dioxide (MnO2) for LIBs. The tailored MnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit high reversible capacity (1095 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1), high initial Coulombic efficiency (94.5%) and good rate capability (464 mAh g-1 at 2000 mA g-1). The enhanced electrochemical performance of MnO2 NPs can be attributed to the presences of numerous electrochemically active sites and interspaces among the NPs.

Hierarchical silicon nanowires-carbon textiles matrix as a binder-free anode for high-performance advanced lithium-ion batteries

PubMed Central

Liu, Bin; Wang, Xianfu; Chen, Haitian; Wang, Zhuoran; Chen, Di; Cheng, Yi-Bing; Zhou, Chongwu; Shen, Guozhen

2013-01-01

Toward the increasing demands of portable energy storage and electric vehicle applications, the widely used graphite anodes with significant drawbacks become more and more unsuitable. Herein, we report a novel scaffold of hierarchical silicon nanowires-carbon textiles anodes fabricated via a facile method. Further, complete lithium-ion batteries based on Si and commercial LiCoO2 materials were assembled to investigate their corresponding across-the-aboard performances, demonstrating their enhanced specific capacity (2950 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C), good repeatability/rate capability (even >900 mAh g−1 at high rate of 5 C), long cycling life, and excellent stability in various external conditions (curvature, temperature, and humidity). Above results light the way to principally replacing graphite anodes with silicon-based electrodes which was confirmed to have better comprehensive performances. PMID:23572030

A variable capacitance based modeling and power capability predicting method for ultracapacitor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Chang; Wang, Yujie; Chen, Zonghai; Ling, Qiang

2018-01-01

Methods of accurate modeling and power capability predicting for ultracapacitors are of great significance in management and application of lithium-ion battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system. To overcome the simulation error coming from constant capacitance model, an improved ultracapacitor model based on variable capacitance is proposed, where the main capacitance varies with voltage according to a piecewise linear function. A novel state-of-charge calculation approach is developed accordingly. After that, a multi-constraint power capability prediction is developed for ultracapacitor, in which a Kalman-filter-based state observer is designed for tracking ultracapacitor's real-time behavior. Finally, experimental results verify the proposed methods. The accuracy of the proposed model is verified by terminal voltage simulating results under different temperatures, and the effectiveness of the designed observer is proved by various test conditions. Additionally, the power capability prediction results of different time scales and temperatures are compared, to study their effects on ultracapacitor's power capability.

Sulfonic Groups Originated Dual-Functional Interlayer for High Performance Lithium-Sulfur Battery.

PubMed

Lu, Yang; Gu, Sui; Guo, Jing; Rui, Kun; Chen, Chunhua; Zhang, Sanpei; Jin, Jun; Yang, Jianhua; Wen, Zhaoyin

2017-05-03

The lithium-sulfur battery is one of the most prospective chemistries in secondary energy storage field due to its high energy density and high theoretical capacity. However, the dissolution of polysulfides in liquid electrolytes causes the shuttle effect, and the rapid decay of lithium sulfur battery has greatly hindered its practical application. Herein, combination of sulfonated reduced graphene oxide (SRGO) interlayer on the separator is adopted to suppress the shuttle effect. We speculate that this SRGO layer plays two roles: physically blocking the migration of polysulfide as ion selective layer and anchoring lithium polysulfide by the electronegative sulfonic group. Lewis acid-base theory and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that sulfonic groups have a strong tendency to interact with lithium ions in the lithium polysulfide. Hence, the synergic effect involved by the sulfonic group contributes to the enhancement of the battery performance. Furthermore, the uniformly distributed sulfonic groups working as active sites which could induce the uniform distribution of sulfur, alleviating the excessive growth of sulfur and enhancing the utilization of active sulfur. With this interlayer, the prototype battery exhibits a high reversible discharge capacity of more than 1300 mAh g -1 and good capacity retention of 802 mAh g -1 after 250 cycles at 0.5 C rate. After 60 cycles at different rates from 0.2 to 4 C, the cell with this functional separator still recovered a high specific capacity of 1100 mAh g -1 at 0.2 C. The results demonstrate a promising interlayer design toward high performance lithium-sulfur battery with longer cycling life, high specific capacity, and rate capability.

Facile, low temperature synthesis of SnO2/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hou, Chau-Chung; Brahma, Sanjaya; Weng, Shao-Chieh; Chang, Chia-Chin; Huang, Jow-Lay

2017-08-01

We demonstrate a facile, single step, low temperature and energy efficient strategy for the synthesis of SnO2-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposite where the crystallization of SnO2 nanoparticles and the reduction of graphene oxide takes place simultaneously by an in situ chemical reduction process. The electrochemical property of the SnO2-RGO composite prepared by using low concentrations of reducing agent shows better Li storage performance, good rate capability (378 mAh g-1 at 3200 mA g-1) and stable capacitance (522 mAh g-1 after 50 cycles). Increasing the reductant concentration lead to crystallization of high concentration of SnO2 nanoparticle aggregation and degrade the Li ion storage property.

Engineering 3D bicontinuous hierarchically macro-mesoporous LiFePO4/C nanocomposite for lithium storage with high rate capability and long cycle stability

PubMed Central

Zhang, Qian; Huang, Shao-Zhuan; Jin, Jun; Liu, Jing; Li, Yu; Wang, Hong-En; Chen, Li-Hua; Wang, Bin-Jie; Su, Bao-Lian

2016-01-01

A highly crystalline three dimensional (3D) bicontinuous hierarchically macro-mesoporous LiFePO4/C nanocomposite constructed by nanoparticles in the range of 50~100 nm via a rapid microwave assisted solvothermal process followed by carbon coating have been synthesized as cathode material for high performance lithium-ion batteries. The abundant 3D macropores allow better penetration of electrolyte to promote Li+ diffusion, the mesopores provide more electrochemical reaction sites and the carbon layers outside LiFePO4 nanoparticles increase the electrical conductivity, thus ultimately facilitating reverse reaction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ and alleviating electrode polarization. In addition, the particle size in nanoscale can provide short diffusion lengths for the Li+ intercalation-deintercalation. As a result, the 3D macro-mesoporous nanosized LiFePO4/C electrode exhibits excellent rate capability (129.1 mA h/g at 2 C; 110.9 mA h/g at 10 C) and cycling stability (87.2% capacity retention at 2 C after 1000 cycles, 76.3% at 5 C after 500 cycles and 87.8% at 10 C after 500 cycles, respectively), which are much better than many reported LiFePO4/C structures. Our demonstration here offers the opportunity to develop nanoscaled hierarchically porous LiFePO4/C structures for high performance lithium-ion batteries through microwave assisted solvothermal method. PMID:27181195

Engineering 3D bicontinuous hierarchically macro-mesoporous LiFePO4/C nanocomposite for lithium storage with high rate capability and long cycle stability.

PubMed

Zhang, Qian; Huang, Shao-Zhuan; Jin, Jun; Liu, Jing; Li, Yu; Wang, Hong-En; Chen, Li-Hua; Wang, Bin-Jie; Su, Bao-Lian

2016-05-16

A highly crystalline three dimensional (3D) bicontinuous hierarchically macro-mesoporous LiFePO4/C nanocomposite constructed by nanoparticles in the range of 50~100 nm via a rapid microwave assisted solvothermal process followed by carbon coating have been synthesized as cathode material for high performance lithium-ion batteries. The abundant 3D macropores allow better penetration of electrolyte to promote Li(+) diffusion, the mesopores provide more electrochemical reaction sites and the carbon layers outside LiFePO4 nanoparticles increase the electrical conductivity, thus ultimately facilitating reverse reaction of Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) and alleviating electrode polarization. In addition, the particle size in nanoscale can provide short diffusion lengths for the Li(+) intercalation-deintercalation. As a result, the 3D macro-mesoporous nanosized LiFePO4/C electrode exhibits excellent rate capability (129.1 mA h/g at 2 C; 110.9 mA h/g at 10 C) and cycling stability (87.2% capacity retention at 2 C after 1000 cycles, 76.3% at 5 C after 500 cycles and 87.8% at 10 C after 500 cycles, respectively), which are much better than many reported LiFePO4/C structures. Our demonstration here offers the opportunity to develop nanoscaled hierarchically porous LiFePO4/C structures for high performance lithium-ion batteries through microwave assisted solvothermal method.

A novel strategy for high-stability lithium sulfur batteries by in situ formation of polysulfide adsorptive-blocking layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jin, Liming; Li, Gaoran; Liu, Binhong; Li, Zhoupeng; Zheng, Junsheng; Zheng, Jim P.

2017-07-01

Lithium sulfur (Lisbnd S) batteries are one of the most promising energy storage devices owing to their high energy and power density. However, the shuttle effect as a key barrier hinders its practical application by resulting in low coulombic efficiency and poor cycling performance. Herein, a novel design of in situ formed polysulfide adsorptive-blocking layer (PAL) on the cathode surface was developed to tame the polysulfide shuttling and promote the cycling stability for Lisbnd S batteries. The PAL is consisted of La2S3, which is capable to chemically adsorb polysulfide via the strong interaction of Lasbnd S bond and Ssbnd S bond, and build an effective barrier against sulfur escaping. Moreover, the La2S3 is capable to suppress the crystallization of Li2S and promote the ion transfer, which contributes to the reduced internal resistance of batteries. Furthermore, the by-product LiNO3 simultaneously forms a stable anode solid and electrolyte interface to further inhibit the polysulfide shuttle. By this simple and convenient method, the resultant Lisbnd S batteries achieved exceptional cycling stability with an ultralow decay rate of 0.055% since the 10th cycle.

NiCo2S4 nanotube arrays grown on flexible nitrogen-doped carbon foams as three-dimensional binder-free integrated anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.

PubMed

Wu, Xiaoyu; Li, Songmei; Wang, Bo; Liu, Jianhua; Yu, Mei

2016-02-14

Binary metal sulfides, especially NiCo2S4, hold great promise as anode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries because of their excellent electronic conductivity and high capacity compared to mono-metal sulfides and oxides. Here, NiCo2S4 nanotube arrays are successfully grown on flexible nitrogen-doped carbon foam (NDCF) substrates with robust adhesion via a facile surfactant-assisted hydrothermal route and the subsequent sulfurization treatment. The obtained NiCo2S4/NDCF composites show unique three-dimensional architectures, in which NiCo2S4 nanotubes of ∼5 μm in length and 100 nm in width are uniformly grown on the NDCF skeletons to form arrays. When used directly as integrated anodes for lithium-ion batteries without any conductive additives and binders, the NiCo2S4/NDCF composites exhibit a high reversible capacity of 1721 mA h g(-1) at a high current density of 500 mA g(-1), enhanced cycling performance with the capacity maintained at 1182 mA h g(-1) after 100 cycles, and a remarkable rate capability. The excellent lithium storage performances of the composites could be attributed to the unique material composition, a rationally designed hollow nanostructure and an integrated smart architecture, which offer fast electron transport and ion diffusion, enhanced material/-electrolyte contact area and facile accommodation of strains during the lithium insertion and extraction process.

Electrode Materials, Electrolytes, and Challenges in Nonaqueous Lithium-Ion Capacitors.

PubMed

Li, Bing; Zheng, Junsheng; Zhang, Hongyou; Jin, Liming; Yang, Daijun; Lv, Hong; Shen, Chao; Shellikeri, Annadanesh; Zheng, Yiran; Gong, Ruiqi; Zheng, Jim P; Zhang, Cunman

2018-04-01

Among the various energy-storage systems, lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) are receiving intensive attention due to their high energy density, high power density, long lifetime, and good stability. As a hybrid of lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, LICs are composed of a battery-type electrode and a capacitor-type electrode and can potentially combine the advantages of the high energy density of batteries and the large power density of capacitors. Here, the working principle of LICs is discussed, and the recent advances in LIC electrode materials, particularly activated carbon and lithium titanate, as well as in electrolyte development are reviewed. The charge-storage mechanisms for intercalative pseudocapacitive behavior, battery behavior, and conventional pseudocapacitive behavior are classified and compared. Finally, the prospects and challenges associated with LICs are discussed. The overall aim is to provide deep insights into the LIC field for continuing research and development of second-generation energy-storage technologies. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Heterogeneous nanocrystals assembled TiO2/SnO2/C composite for improved lithium storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tian, Qinghua; Mao, Yuning; Zhang, Xuzhen; Yang, Li

2018-07-01

Using stable TiO2 and flexible carbon as double-functional structure protector of nanostructural SnO2 to fabricate TiO2/SnO2/C composites is widely considered as a favorable strategy for improving the lithium storage performance of SnO2 anodes. But, it is still a challenge to obtain a satisfying TiO2/SnO2/C composite. Herein, an interesting porous nanostructure of TiO2/SnO2/C nanosphere composite assembled by TiO2 and SnO2 nanocrystals with an outer carbon coating has been fabricated by a well-designed approach. Thanks to the perfectly combined action of porous spherical nanostructure, TiO2 and SnO2 nanocrystals and carbon coating, the as-prepared composite obtains excellent structure stability and improved electrochemcial properties. When used as a promising anode for lithium-ion batteres, it exhibits outstanding lithium storage performance, delivering a high capacity of 687.2 mAh g-1 after even 400 cycles.

One-step separation by thermal treatment and cobalt acid-leaching from spent lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mu, Deying

2017-10-01

Lithium-ion batteries are extensively used in portable storage devices and automobiles, therefore the environment and resource problems caused by spent lithium ion batteries have become increasingly severe. This paper focuses on the recovery process of spent lithium cobalt oxide active material and comes up with reasonable processes and the best conditions for cobalt leaching ultimately.

Thermophysical properties of low cost lithium nitrate salts produced in northern Chile for thermal energy storage

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fernández, Ángel G.; Gomez-Vidal, Judith C.

In recent years, lithium containing salts have been studied for thermal energy storage (TES) applications because of their excellent thermophysical properties. In solar power plants, lithium is seen as a way to improve the properties of state-of-the art molten salts used today. Lithium nitrate is a good candidate for sensible heat storage, because of its ability to increase the salt mixture's working temperature range. In the present research, thermophysical properties characterization of lithium nitrate containing salts, produced in Chile, have been carried out. Corrosion evaluations at 390° and 565 °C for 1000 h were performed for low chromium steel T22more » and stainless steels (AISI 430 and AISI 316), respectively. Chemical composition of the salts including identification of corrosion products and impurities was determined and an estimation of the Chilean production costs is reported. The study shows a loss of thermal properties after the corrosion tests. The heat capacity was reduced, possibly caused by the formation of oxides at high temperatures. As a result, the partial thermal decomposition of the salt was probably produced by the incorporation of corrosion products from the steel.« less

Modeling crack growth during Li insertion in storage particles using a fracture phase field approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klinsmann, Markus; Rosato, Daniele; Kamlah, Marc; McMeeking, Robert M.

2016-07-01

Fracture of storage particles is considered to be one of the major reasons for capacity fade and increasing power loss in many commercial lithium ion batteries. The appearance of fracture and cracks in the particles is commonly ascribed to mechanical stress, which evolves from inhomogeneous swelling and shrinkage of the material when lithium is inserted or extracted. Here, a coupled model of lithium diffusion, mechanical stress and crack growth using a phase field method is applied to investigate how the formation of cracks depends on the size of the particle and the presence or absence of an initial crack, as well as the applied flux at the boundary. The model shows great versatility in that it is free of constraints with respect to particle geometry, dimension or crack path and allows simultaneous observation of the evolution of lithium diffusion and crack growth. In this work, we focus on the insertion process. In particular, we demonstrate the presence of intricate fracture phenomena, such as, crack branching or complete breakage of storage particles within just a single half cycle of lithium insertion, a phenomenon that was only speculated about before.

Reactivation of dead sulfide species in lithium polysulfide flow battery for grid scale energy storage.

PubMed

Jin, Yang; Zhou, Guangmin; Shi, Feifei; Zhuo, Denys; Zhao, Jie; Liu, Kai; Liu, Yayuan; Zu, Chenxi; Chen, Wei; Zhang, Rufan; Huang, Xuanyi; Cui, Yi

2017-09-06

Lithium polysulfide batteries possess several favorable attributes including low cost and high energy density for grid energy storage. However, the precipitation of insoluble and irreversible sulfide species on the surface of carbon and lithium (called "dead" sulfide species) leads to continuous capacity degradation in high mass loading cells, which represents a great challenge. To address this problem, herein we propose a strategy to reactivate dead sulfide species by reacting them with sulfur powder with stirring and heating (70 °C) to recover the cell capacity, and further demonstrate a flow battery system based on the reactivation approach. As a result, ultrahigh mass loading (0.125 g cm -3 , 2 g sulfur in a single cell), high volumetric energy density (135 Wh L -1 ), good cycle life, and high single-cell capacity are achieved. The high volumetric energy density indicates its promising application for future grid energy storage.Lithium polysulfide batteries suffer from the precipitation of insoluble and irreversible sulfide species on the surface of carbon and lithium. Here the authors show a reactivation strategy by a reaction with cheap sulfur powder under stirring and heating to recover the cell capacity.

Thermophysical properties of low cost lithium nitrate salts produced in northern Chile for thermal energy storage

DOE PAGES

Fernández, Ángel G.; Gomez-Vidal, Judith C.

2016-09-01

In recent years, lithium containing salts have been studied for thermal energy storage (TES) applications because of their excellent thermophysical properties. In solar power plants, lithium is seen as a way to improve the properties of state-of-the art molten salts used today. Lithium nitrate is a good candidate for sensible heat storage, because of its ability to increase the salt mixture's working temperature range. In the present research, thermophysical properties characterization of lithium nitrate containing salts, produced in Chile, have been carried out. Corrosion evaluations at 390° and 565 °C for 1000 h were performed for low chromium steel T22more » and stainless steels (AISI 430 and AISI 316), respectively. Chemical composition of the salts including identification of corrosion products and impurities was determined and an estimation of the Chilean production costs is reported. The study shows a loss of thermal properties after the corrosion tests. The heat capacity was reduced, possibly caused by the formation of oxides at high temperatures. As a result, the partial thermal decomposition of the salt was probably produced by the incorporation of corrosion products from the steel.« less

An overview—Functional nanomaterials for lithium rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, hydrogen storage, and fuel cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Hua Kun, E-mail: hua@uow.edu.au

2013-12-15

Graphical abstract: Nanomaterials play important role in lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, hydrogen storage and fuel cells. - Highlights: • Nanomaterials play important role for lithium rechargeable batteries. • Nanostructured materials increase the capacitance of supercapacitors. • Nanostructure improves the hydrogenation/dehydrogenation of hydrogen storage materials. • Nanomaterials enhance the electrocatalytic activity of the catalysts in fuel cells. - Abstract: There is tremendous worldwide interest in functional nanostructured materials, which are the advanced nanotechnology materials with internal or external dimensions on the order of nanometers. Their extremely small dimensions make these materials unique and promising for clean energy applications such as lithiummore » ion batteries, supercapacitors, hydrogen storage, fuel cells, and other applications. This paper will highlight the development of new approaches to study the relationships between the structure and the physical, chemical, and electrochemical properties of functional nanostructured materials. The Energy Materials Research Programme at the Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, the University of Wollongong, has been focused on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of functional nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, nanoporous materials, and nanocomposites. The emphases are placed on advanced nanotechnology, design, and control of the composition, morphology, nanostructure, and functionality of the nanomaterials, and on the subsequent applications of these materials to areas including lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, hydrogen storage, and fuel cells.« less

New Insights into Understanding Irreversible and Reversible Lithium Storage within SiOC and SiCN Ceramics

PubMed Central

Graczyk-Zajac, Magdalena; Reinold, Lukas Mirko; Kaspar, Jan; Sasikumar, Pradeep Vallachira Warriam; Soraru, Gian-Domenico; Riedel, Ralf

2015-01-01

Within this work we define structural properties of the silicon carbonitride (SiCN) and silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) ceramics which determine the reversible and irreversible lithium storage capacities, long cycling stability and define the major differences in the lithium storage in SiCN and SiOC. For both ceramics, we correlate the first cycle lithiation or delithiation capacity and cycling stability with the amount of SiCN/SiOC matrix or free carbon phase, respectively. The first cycle lithiation and delithiation capacities of SiOC materials do not depend on the amount of free carbon, while for SiCN the capacity increases with the amount of carbon to reach a threshold value at ~50% of carbon phase. Replacing oxygen with nitrogen renders the mixed bond Si-tetrahedra unable to sequester lithium. Lithium is more attracted by oxygen in the SiOC network due to the more ionic character of Si-O bonds. This brings about very high initial lithiation capacities, even at low carbon content. If oxygen is replaced by nitrogen, the ceramic network becomes less attractive for lithium ions due to the more covalent character of Si-N bonds and lower electron density on the nitrogen atom. This explains the significant difference in electrochemical behavior which is observed for carbon-poor SiCN and SiOC materials. PMID:28347008

Galileo lithium/SO2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Blagdon, L. J.

1980-01-01

The current status of the Galileo lithium SO2 battery is described. The following general requirements of the battery are discussed: (1) electrical characteristics, (2) storage, (3) reliability, and (4) performance.

49 CFR 173.219 - Life-saving appliances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... and illumination signal flares; (3) Electric storage batteries and lithium batteries (Life saving appliances containing lithium batteries must be transported in accordance with § 173.185, and Special...

Lithium-antimony-lead liquid metal battery for grid-level energy storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Kangli; Jiang, Kai; Chung, Brice; Ouchi, Takanari; Burke, Paul J.; Boysen, Dane A.; Bradwell, David J.; Kim, Hojong; Muecke, Ulrich; Sadoway, Donald R.

2014-10-01

The ability to store energy on the electric grid would greatly improve its efficiency and reliability while enabling the integration of intermittent renewable energy technologies (such as wind and solar) into baseload supply. Batteries have long been considered strong candidate solutions owing to their small spatial footprint, mechanical simplicity and flexibility in siting. However, the barrier to widespread adoption of batteries is their high cost. Here we describe a lithium-antimony-lead liquid metal battery that potentially meets the performance specifications for stationary energy storage applications. This Li||Sb-Pb battery comprises a liquid lithium negative electrode, a molten salt electrolyte, and a liquid antimony-lead alloy positive electrode, which self-segregate by density into three distinct layers owing to the immiscibility of the contiguous salt and metal phases. The all-liquid construction confers the advantages of higher current density, longer cycle life and simpler manufacturing of large-scale storage systems (because no membranes or separators are involved) relative to those of conventional batteries. At charge-discharge current densities of 275 milliamperes per square centimetre, the cells cycled at 450 degrees Celsius with 98 per cent Coulombic efficiency and 73 per cent round-trip energy efficiency. To provide evidence of their high power capability, the cells were discharged and charged at current densities as high as 1,000 milliamperes per square centimetre. Measured capacity loss after operation for 1,800 hours (more than 450 charge-discharge cycles at 100 per cent depth of discharge) projects retention of over 85 per cent of initial capacity after ten years of daily cycling. Our results demonstrate that alloying a high-melting-point, high-voltage metal (antimony) with a low-melting-point, low-cost metal (lead) advantageously decreases the operating temperature while maintaining a high cell voltage. Apart from the fact that this finding puts us on a desirable cost trajectory, this approach may well be more broadly applicable to other battery chemistries.

Lithium-antimony-lead liquid metal battery for grid-level energy storage.

PubMed

Wang, Kangli; Jiang, Kai; Chung, Brice; Ouchi, Takanari; Burke, Paul J; Boysen, Dane A; Bradwell, David J; Kim, Hojong; Muecke, Ulrich; Sadoway, Donald R

2014-10-16

The ability to store energy on the electric grid would greatly improve its efficiency and reliability while enabling the integration of intermittent renewable energy technologies (such as wind and solar) into baseload supply. Batteries have long been considered strong candidate solutions owing to their small spatial footprint, mechanical simplicity and flexibility in siting. However, the barrier to widespread adoption of batteries is their high cost. Here we describe a lithium-antimony-lead liquid metal battery that potentially meets the performance specifications for stationary energy storage applications. This Li||Sb-Pb battery comprises a liquid lithium negative electrode, a molten salt electrolyte, and a liquid antimony-lead alloy positive electrode, which self-segregate by density into three distinct layers owing to the immiscibility of the contiguous salt and metal phases. The all-liquid construction confers the advantages of higher current density, longer cycle life and simpler manufacturing of large-scale storage systems (because no membranes or separators are involved) relative to those of conventional batteries. At charge-discharge current densities of 275 milliamperes per square centimetre, the cells cycled at 450 degrees Celsius with 98 per cent Coulombic efficiency and 73 per cent round-trip energy efficiency. To provide evidence of their high power capability, the cells were discharged and charged at current densities as high as 1,000 milliamperes per square centimetre. Measured capacity loss after operation for 1,800 hours (more than 450 charge-discharge cycles at 100 per cent depth of discharge) projects retention of over 85 per cent of initial capacity after ten years of daily cycling. Our results demonstrate that alloying a high-melting-point, high-voltage metal (antimony) with a low-melting-point, low-cost metal (lead) advantageously decreases the operating temperature while maintaining a high cell voltage. Apart from the fact that this finding puts us on a desirable cost trajectory, this approach may well be more broadly applicable to other battery chemistries.

Joint Center for Energy Storage Research

Science.gov Websites

singly charged lithium ions in the lithium-ion battery by new doubly or triple charged ions. Learn More Cells that Run on Air Scientists at UIC and Argonne Produce New Design of a True Lithium-air Battery phones from cumbersome bricks to sleek, powerful devices was possible because of the lithium-ion

Facile Synthesis of Rod-like Cu2-x Se and Insight into its Improved Lithium-Storage Property.

PubMed

Li, He; Jiang, Jiali; Wang, Feng; Huang, Jianxing; Wang, Yunhui; Zhang, Yiyong; Zhao, Jinbao

2017-05-22

A rod-like Cu 2-x Se is synthesized by a facile water evaporation process. The electrochemical reaction mechanism is investigated by ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD). By adopting an ether-based electrolyte instead of a carbonate-based electrolyte, the electrochemical performance of Cu 2-x Se electrodes improved significantly. The Cu 2-x Se electrodes exhibit outstanding cycle performance: after 1000 cycles, 160 mA h g -1 can be maintained with a retention of 80.3 %. At current densities of 100, 200, 500, and 1000 mA g -1 , the capacity of a Cu 2-x Se/Li battery was 208, 202, 200, and 198 mA h g -1 , respectively, showing excellent rate capability. The 4-probe conductivity measurements along with electrochemical impendence spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests illustrate that the Cu 2-x Se electrodes display high specific conductivity and impressive lithium-ion diffusion rate, which makes the Cu 2-x Se a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Electrospun core-shell fibers for robust silicon nanoparticle-based lithium ion battery anodes.

PubMed

Hwang, Tae Hoon; Lee, Yong Min; Kong, Byung-Seon; Seo, Jin-Seok; Choi, Jang Wook

2012-02-08

Because of its unprecedented theoretical capacity near 4000 mAh/g, which is approximately 10-fold larger compared to those of the current commercial graphite anodes, silicon has been the most promising anode for lithium ion batteries, particularly targeting large-scale energy storage applications including electrical vehicles and utility grids. Nevertheless, Si suffers from its short cycle life as well as the limitation for scalable electrode fabrication. Herein, we develop an electrospinning process to produce core-shell fiber electrodes using a dual nozzle in a scalable manner. In the core-shell fibers, commercially available nanoparticles in the core are wrapped by the carbon shell. The unique core-shell structure resolves various issues of Si anode operations, such as pulverization, vulnerable contacts between Si and carbon conductors, and an unstable sold-electrolyte interphase, thereby exhibiting outstanding cell performance: a gravimetric capacity as high as 1384 mAh/g, a 5 min discharging rate capability while retaining 721 mAh/g, and cycle life of 300 cycles with almost no capacity loss. The electrospun core-shell one-dimensional fibers suggest a new design principle for robust and scalable lithium battery electrodes suffering from volume expansion. © 2011 American Chemical Society

Nickel/silicon core/shell nanosheet arrays as electrode materials for lithium ion batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Huang, X.H., E-mail: drhuangxh@hotmail.com; Zhang, P.; Wu, J.B.

Highlights: • Ni nanosheet arrays is the core and Si layer is the shell. • Ni nanosheet arrays act as a three-dimensional current collector to support Si. • Ni nanosheet arrays can improve the conductivity and stability of the electrode. • Ni/Si nanosheet arrays exhibit excellent cyclic and rate performance. - Abstract: Ni/Si core/shell nanosheet arrays are proposed to enhance the electrochemical lithium-storage properties of silicon. The arrays are characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The arrays are micro-sized in height, which are constructed by interconnected Ni nanosheet as themore » core and Si coating layer as the shell. The electrochemical properties as anode materials of lithium ion batteries are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests. The arrays can achieve high reversible capacity, good cycle stability and high rate capability. It is believed that the enhanced electrochemical performance is attributed to the electrode structure, because the interconnected Ni nanosheet can act as a three-dimensional current collector, and it has the ability of improving the electrode conductivity, enlarging the electrochemical reaction interface, and suppressing the electrode pulverization.« less

Cobalt oxide-carbon nanosheet nanoarchitecture as an anode for high-performance lithium-ion battery.

PubMed

Wang, Huanlei; Mao, Nan; Shi, Jing; Wang, Qigang; Yu, Wenhua; Wang, Xin

2015-02-04

To improve the electrochemical performance of cobalt oxide owing to its inherent poor electrical conductivity and large volume expansion/contraction, Co3O4-carbon nanosheet hybrid nanoarchitectures were synthesized by a facile and scalable chemical process. However, it is still a challenge to control the size of Co3O4 particles down to ∼5 nm. Herein, we created nanosized cobalt oxide anchored 3D arrays of carbon nanosheets by the control of calcination condition. The uniformly dispersed Co3O4 nanocrystals on carbon nanosheets held a diameter down to ∼5 nm. When tested as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, high lithium storage over 1200 mAh g(-1) is achieved, whereas high rate capability with capacity of about 390 mAh g(-1) at 10 A g(-1) is maintained through nanoscale diffusion distances and interconnected porous structure. After 500 cycles, the cobalt oxide-carbon nansheets hybrid display a reversible capacity of about 970 mAh g(-1) at 1 A g(-1). The synergistic effect between nanosized cobalt oxide and sheetlike interconnected carbon nanosheets lead to the greatly improved specific capacity and the initial Coulombic efficiency of the hybrids.

Inhibiting polysulfides diffusion of lithium-sulfur batteries using an acetylene black-CoS2 modified separator: Mechanism research and performance improvement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zeng, Pan; Huang, Liwu; Zhang, Xinling; Han, Yamiao; Chen, Yungui

2018-01-01

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are considered as one of the most promising chemistries in secondary energy storage field owing to their high energy density. However, the poor electrochemical performance mainly associated with the polysulfides shuttle has greatly hampered their practical application. Herein, a simple acetylene black (AB)-CoS2 coated separator is first designed to suppress the migration of polysulfides. The AB-CoS2 modified separator can not only efficiently capture the polysulfides by forming strong chemical bonding but also guarantee the rapid lithium ions diffusion. Moreover, the AB-CoS2 coating could serve as an upper current collector to accelerate electron transport for reinforcing the utilization of sulfur and ensuring the reactivation of the trapped active material. Consequently, the Li-S cell using AB-CoS2 modified separator shows a long-term cycling stability with an extremely low decay rate (0.09% per cycle) up to 450 cycles at a high rate of 2 C (3350 mA g-1). It also exhibits excellent rate capabilities, which maintains a capacity of 475 mAh g-1 even at 4.0 C rate.

Deliberately Designed Atomic-Level Silver-Containing Interface Results in Improved Rate Capability and Utilization of Silver Hollandite for Lithium-Ion Storage

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, Paul F.; Brady, Alexander B.; Lee, Seung-Yong

α-MnO 2-structured materials are generally classified as semiconductors, thus we present a strategy to increase electrochemical utilization through design of a conductive material interface. Surface treatment of silver hollandite (Ag xMn 8O 16) with Ag + (Ag 2O) provides significant benefit to the resultant electrochemistry, including a decreased charge transfer resistance, and a 2-fold increase in deliverable energy density at high rate. The improved function of this designed interface relative to conventional electrode fabrication strategies is further highlighted.

Deliberately Designed Atomic-Level Silver-Containing Interface Results in Improved Rate Capability and Utilization of Silver Hollandite for Lithium-Ion Storage

DOE PAGES

Smith, Paul F.; Brady, Alexander B.; Lee, Seung-Yong; ...

2017-12-11

α-MnO 2-structured materials are generally classified as semiconductors, thus we present a strategy to increase electrochemical utilization through design of a conductive material interface. Surface treatment of silver hollandite (Ag xMn 8O 16) with Ag + (Ag 2O) provides significant benefit to the resultant electrochemistry, including a decreased charge transfer resistance, and a 2-fold increase in deliverable energy density at high rate. The improved function of this designed interface relative to conventional electrode fabrication strategies is further highlighted.

Recent advances in nanostructured Nb-based oxides for electrochemical energy storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Litao; Rui, Xianhong; Chen, Gen; Xu, Weichuan; Zou, Guifu; Luo, Hongmei

2016-04-01

For the past five years, nanostructured niobium-based oxides have emerged as one of the most prominent materials for batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cell technologies, for instance, TiNb2O7 as an anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), Nb2O5 as an electrode for supercapacitors (SCs), and niobium-based oxides as chemically stable electrochemical supports for fuel cells. Their high potential window can prevent the formation of lithium dendrites, and their rich redox chemistry (Nb5+/Nb4+, Nb4+/Nb3+) makes them very promising electrode materials. Their unique chemical stability under acid conditions is favorable for practical fuel-cell operation. In this review, we summarized recent progress made concerning the use of niobium-based oxides as electrodes for batteries (LIBs, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRBs)), SCs, and fuel cell applications. Moreover, crystal structures, charge storage mechanisms in different crystal structures, and electrochemical performances in terms of the specific capacitance/capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability of niobium-based oxides are discussed. Insights into the future research and development of niobium-based oxide compounds for next-generation electrochemical devices are also presented. We believe that this review will be beneficial for research scientists and graduate students who are searching for promising electrode materials for batteries, SCs, and fuel cells.

Recent advances in nanostructured Nb-based oxides for electrochemical energy storage.

PubMed

Yan, Litao; Rui, Xianhong; Chen, Gen; Xu, Weichuan; Zou, Guifu; Luo, Hongmei

2016-04-28

For the past five years, nanostructured niobium-based oxides have emerged as one of the most prominent materials for batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cell technologies, for instance, TiNb2O7 as an anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), Nb2O5 as an electrode for supercapacitors (SCs), and niobium-based oxides as chemically stable electrochemical supports for fuel cells. Their high potential window can prevent the formation of lithium dendrites, and their rich redox chemistry (Nb(5+)/Nb(4+), Nb(4+)/Nb(3+)) makes them very promising electrode materials. Their unique chemical stability under acid conditions is favorable for practical fuel-cell operation. In this review, we summarized recent progress made concerning the use of niobium-based oxides as electrodes for batteries (LIBs, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRBs)), SCs, and fuel cell applications. Moreover, crystal structures, charge storage mechanisms in different crystal structures, and electrochemical performances in terms of the specific capacitance/capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability of niobium-based oxides are discussed. Insights into the future research and development of niobium-based oxide compounds for next-generation electrochemical devices are also presented. We believe that this review will be beneficial for research scientists and graduate students who are searching for promising electrode materials for batteries, SCs, and fuel cells.

Porous α-Fe2O3 nanostructures and their lithium storage properties as full cell configuration against LiFePO4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Veluri, P. S.; Shaligram, A.; Mitra, S.

2015-10-01

A two step approach for synthesis of porous α-Fe2O3 nanostructures has been realized via polyol method by complexing iron oxalate with ethylene glycol. Crystalline Fe2O3 samples with different porosities are obtained by calcination of Fe-Ethylene glycol complex at various temperatures. The as-prepared porous Fe2O3 structures exhibit promising lithium storage performance at high current rates. It is observed that the calcination temperature and the resultant porosity have a significant effect on capacity and cycling stability. Samples calcined at high temperature (600 °C) demonstrates stable cycle life with capacity retention of 1077 mAh g-1 at 500 mA g-1 current rate after 50 charge-discharge cycles. Samples calcined at temperatures of 500 and 600 °C display stable cycle life and high rate capability with reversible capacity of 930 mAh g-1 and 688 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1, respectively. Impregnation of electrodes with electrolyte before cell fabrication shows enhanced electrochemical performance. The viability of Fe2O3 porous nanostructures as prospective anode material examined against commercial LiFePO4 cathode shows promising electrochemical performance.

Dual-carbon enhanced silicon-based composite as superior anode material for lithium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jie; Liu, Dai-Huo; Wang, Ying-Ying; Hou, Bao-Hua; Zhang, Jing-Ping; Wang, Rong-Shun; Wu, Xing-Long

2016-03-01

Dual-carbon enhanced Si-based composite (Si/C/G) has been prepared via employing the widely distributed, low-cost and environmentally friendly Diatomite mineral as silicon raw material. The preparation processes are very simple, non-toxic and easy to scale up. Electrochemical tests as anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) demonstrate that this Si/C/G composite exhibits much improved Li-storage properties in terms of superior high-rate capabilities and excellent cycle stability compared to the pristine Si material as well as both single-carbon modified composites. Specifically for the Si/C/G composite, it can still deliver a high specific capacity of about 470 mAh g-1 at an ultrahigh current density of 5 A g-1, and exhibit a high capacity of 938 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 with excellent capacity retention in the following 300 cycles. The significantly enhanced Li-storage properties should be attributed to the co-existence of both highly conductive graphite and amorphous carbon in the Si/C/G composite. While the former can enhance the electrical conductivity of the obtained composite, the latter acts as the adhesives to connect the porous Si particulates and conductive graphite flakes to form robust and stable conductive network.

Flexible Lithium-Ion Fiber Battery by the Regular Stacking of Two-Dimensional Titanium Oxide Nanosheets Hybridized with Reduced Graphene Oxide.

PubMed

Hoshide, Tatsumasa; Zheng, Yuanchuan; Hou, Junyu; Wang, Zhiqiang; Li, Qingwen; Zhao, Zhigang; Ma, Renzhi; Sasaki, Takayoshi; Geng, Fengxia

2017-06-14

Increasing interest has recently been devoted to developing small, rapid, and portable electronic devices; thus, it is becoming critically important to provide matching light and flexible energy-storage systems to power them. To this end, compared with the inevitable drawbacks of being bulky, heavy, and rigid for traditional planar sandwiched structures, linear fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have become increasingly important owing to their combined superiorities of miniaturization, adaptability, and weavability, the progress of which being heavily dependent on the development of new fiber-shaped electrodes. Here, we report a novel fiber battery electrode based on the most widely used LIB material, titanium oxide, which is processed into two-dimensional nanosheets and assembled into a macroscopic fiber by a scalable wet-spinning process. The titania sheets are regularly stacked and conformally hybridized in situ with reduced graphene oxide (rGO), thereby serving as efficient current collectors, which endows the novel fiber electrode with excellent integrated mechanical properties combined with superior battery performances in terms of linear densities, rate capabilities, and cyclic behaviors. The present study clearly demonstrates a new material-design paradigm toward novel fiber electrodes by assembling metal oxide nanosheets into an ordered macroscopic structure, which would represent the most-promising solution to advanced flexible energy-storage systems.

Tracking the Chemical and Structural Evolution of the TiS2 Electrode in the Lithium-Ion Cell Using Operando X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy.

PubMed

Zhang, Liang; Sun, Dan; Kang, Jun; Wang, Hsiao-Tsu; Hsieh, Shang-Hsien; Pong, Way-Faung; Bechtel, Hans A; Feng, Jun; Wang, Lin-Wang; Cairns, Elton J; Guo, Jinghua

2018-06-06

As the lightest and cheapest transition metal dichalcogenide, TiS 2 possesses great potential as an electrode material for lithium batteries due to the advantages of high energy density storage capability, fast ion diffusion rate, and low volume expansion. Despite the extensive investigation of its electrochemical properties, the fundamental discharge-charge reaction mechanism of the TiS 2 electrode is still elusive. Here, by a combination of ex situ and operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy with density functional theory calculations, we have clearly elucidated the evolution of the structural and chemical properties of TiS 2 during the discharge-charge processes. The lithium intercalation reaction is highly reversible and both Ti and sulfur are involved in the redox reaction during the discharge and charge processes. In contrast, the conversion reaction of TiS 2 is partially reversible in the first cycle. However, Ti-O related compounds are developed during electrochemical cycling over extended cycles, which results in the decrease of the conversion reaction reversibility and the rapid capacity fading. In addition, the solid electrolyte interphase formed on the electrode surface is found to be highly dynamic in the initial cycles and then gradually becomes more stable upon further cycling. Such understanding is important for the future design and optimization of TiS 2 based electrodes for lithium batteries.

Electrostatic spray deposition of porous Fe 2O 3 thin films as anode material with improved electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, L.; Xu, H. W.; Chen, P. C.; Zhang, D. W.; Ding, C. X.; Chen, C. H.

Iron oxide materials are attractive anode materials for lithium-ion batteries for their high capacity and low cost compared with graphite and most of other transition metal oxides. Porous carbon-free α-Fe 2O 3 films with two types of pore size distribution were prepared by electrostatic spray deposition, and they were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy. The 200 °C-deposited thin film exhibits a high reversible capacity of up to 1080 mAh g -1, while the initial capacity loss is at a remarkable low level (19.8%). Besides, the energy efficiency and energy specific average potential (E av) of the Fe 2O 3 films during charge/discharge process were also investigated. The results indicate that the porous α-Fe 2O 3 films have significantly higher energy density than Li 4Ti 5O 12 while it has a similar E av of about 1.5 V. Due to the porous structure that can buffer the volume changes during lithium intercalation/de-intercalation, the films exhibit stable cycling performance. As a potential anode material for high performance lithium-ion batteries that can be applied on electric vehicle and energy storage, rate capability and electrochemical performance under high-low temperatures were also investigated.

Metal-Organic Frameworks Derived Okra-like SnO2 Encapsulated in Nitrogen-Doped Graphene for Lithium Ion Battery.

PubMed

Zhou, Xiangyang; Chen, Sanmei; Yang, Juan; Bai, Tao; Ren, Yongpeng; Tian, Hangyu

2017-04-26

A facile process is developed to prepare SnO 2 -based composites through using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as precursors. The nitrogen-doped graphene wrapped okra-like SnO 2 composites (SnO 2 @N-RGO) are successfully synthesized for the first time by using Sn-based metal-organic frameworks (Sn-MOF) as precursors. When utilized as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the SnO 2 @N-RGO composites possess a remarkably superior reversible capacity of 1041 mA h g -1 at a constant current of 200 mA g -1 after 180 charge-discharge processes and excellent rate capability. The excellent performance can be primarily ascribed to the unique structure of 1D okra-like SnO 2 in SnO 2 @N-RGO which are actually composed of a great number of SnO 2 primary crystallites and numerous well-defined internal voids, can effectively alleviate the huge volume change of SnO 2 , and facilitate the transport and storage of lithium ions. Besides, the structural stability acquires further improvement when the okra-like SnO 2 are wrapped by N-doped graphene. Similarly, this synthetic strategy can be employed to synthesize other high-capacity metal-oxide-based composites starting from various metal-organic frameworks, exhibiting promising application in novel electrode material field of lithium-ion batteries.

49 CFR 173.219 - Life-saving appliances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... and illumination signal flares; (3) Electric storage batteries and lithium batteries (life-saving appliances containing lithium batteries must be packed in accordance with § 173.185 and Special Provisions...

49 CFR 173.219 - Life-saving appliances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...) Electric storage batteries and lithium batteries (Life saving appliances containing lithium batteries must... composition receptacle with a screw-type closure in a manner that prevents them from being inadvertently...

Permeability and storage ability of inorganic X12Y12 fullerenes for lithium atom and ion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Munsif, Sajida; Ayub, Khurshid

2018-04-01

In the current study, permeability and storage ability (exohedral and endohedral) of inorganic fullerenes X12Y12 (X = B, Al and Y = N, P) for lithium atom/ion (Li/Li+) is studied theoretically at M05-2X method. The translation of Li/Li+ through Al12P12 nano-cages is not only a kinetically feasible process but also has very high separation ratio in the favor of lithium atom over lithium ion. Adsorption/encapsulation energies of alkali metal on/in nano-cages show strong correlation with the size of the nano-cage. The percent changes in H-L gap for Li+-X12Y12 are about 1-25%, whereas the corresponding changes for Li-X12Y12 are 30-72%.

Solid electrolyte for solid-state batteries: Have lithium-ion batteries reached their technical limit?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kartini, Evvy; Manawan, Maykel

2016-02-01

With increasing demand for electrical power on a distribution grid lacking storage capabilities, utilities and project developers must stabilize what is currently still intermittent energy production. In fact, over half of utility executives say "the most important emerging energy technology" is energy storage. Advanced, low-cost battery designs are providing promising stationary storage solutions that can ensure reliable, high-quality power for customers, but research challenges and questions lefts. Have lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) reached their technical limit? The industry demands are including high costs, inadequate energy densities, long recharge times, short cycle-life times and safety must be continually addressed. Safety is still the main problem on developing the lithium ion battery.The safety issue must be considered from several aspects, since it would become serious problems, such as an explosion in a Japan Airlines 787 Dreamliner's cargo hold, due to the battery problem. The combustion is mainly due to the leakage or shortcut of the electrodes, caused by the liquid electrolyte and polymer separator. For this reason, the research on solid electrolyte for replacing the existing liquid electrolyte is very important. The materials used in existing lithium ion battery, such as a separator and liquid electrolyte must be replaced to new solid electrolytes, solid materials that exhibits high ionic conductivity. Due to these reasons, research on solid state ionics materials have been vastly growing worldwide, with the main aim not only to search new solid electrolyte to replace the liquid one, but also looking for low cost materials and environmentally friendly. A revolutionary paradigm is also required to design new stable anode and cathode materials that provide electrochemical cells with high energy, high power, long lifetime and adequate safety at competitive manufacturing costs. Lithium superionic conductors, which can be used as solid electrolytes, promise the potential to replace organic liquid electrolytes and thereby improve the safety of next-generation high-energy batteries. Li3PO4 has been proved to be a good candidate for solid electrolyte, due to its easy in preparation, low cost, high melting temperature and good compatibility with the electrode materials. In the present work, Li3PO4 has been prepared by wet chemical reaction, a simple method with the advantage of recycling a waste product H3PO4. The crystal structure has been characterized by both neutron and x-ray diffraction. The use of neutron scattering plays important role on observing the light atoms such as lithium ion. The x-ray diffraction results showed the crystal structure of orthorhombic phase P m n 21 (31), that belongs to the β-Li3PO4, with the lattice parameters are a = 6.123872, b = 5.250211, c = 4.876378. The conductivity of β-Li3PO4 was around 10-8 S/cm. Furthermore, the future application of the solid electrolyte layer in lithium ion battery will also be considered. It is concluded that the used of local resources on producing the solid electrolyte Li3PO4 for lithium ion battery will give more added values to the researches and national industry.

Phosphorus-Rich Copper Phosphide Nanowires for Field-Effect Transistors and Lithium-Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Li, Guo-An; Wang, Chiu-Yen; Chang, Wei-Chung; Tuan, Hsing-Yu

2016-09-27

Phosphorus-rich transition metal phosphide CuP2 nanowires were synthesized with high quality and high yield (∼60%) via the supercritical fluid-liquid-solid (SFLS) growth at 410 °C and 10.2 MPa. The obtained CuP2 nanowires have a high aspect ratio and exhibit a single crystal structure of monoclinic CuP2 without any impurity phase. CuP2 nanowires have progressive improvement for semiconductors and energy storages compared with bulk CuP2. Being utilized for back-gate field effect transistor (FET) measurement, CuP2 nanowires possess a p-type behavior intrinsically with an on/off ratio larger than 10(4) and its single nanowire electrical transport property exhibits a hole mobility of 147 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), representing the example of a CuP2 transistor. In addition, CuP2 nanowires can serve as an appealing anode material for a lithium-ion battery electrode. The discharge capacity remained at 945 mA h g(-1) after 100 cycles, showing a good capacity retention of 88% based on the first discharge capacity. Even at a high rate of 6 C, the electrode still exhibited an outstanding result with a capacity of ∼600 mA h g(-1). Ex-situ transmission electron microscopy and CV tests demonstrate that the stability of capacity retention and remarkable rate capability of the CuP2 nanowires electrode are attributed to the role of the metal phosphide conversion-type lithium storage mechanism. Finally, CuP2 nanowire anodes and LiFePO4 cathodes were assembled into pouch-type lithium batteries offering a capacity over 60 mA h. The full cell shows high capacity and stable capacity retention and can be used as an energy supply to operate electronic devices such as mobile phones and mini 4WD cars.

Fabrication of hierarchically porous TiO2 nanofibers by microemulsion electrospinning and their application as anode material for lithium-ion batteries.

PubMed

Zhang, Jin; Cai, Yibing; Hou, Xuebin; Song, Xiaofei; Lv, Pengfei; Zhou, Huimin; Wei, Qufu

2017-01-01

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanofibers have been widely applied in various fields including photocatalysis, energy storage and solar cells due to the advantages of low cost, high abundance and nontoxicity. However, the low conductivity of ions and bulk electrons hinder its rapid development in lithium-ion batteries (LIB). In order to improve the electrochemical performances of TiO 2 nanomaterials as anode for LIB, hierarchically porous TiO 2 nanofibers with different tetrabutyl titanate (TBT)/paraffin oil ratios were prepared as anode for LIB via a versatile single-nozzle microemulsion electrospinning (ME-ES) method followed by calcining. The experimental results indicated that TiO 2 nanofibers with the higher TBT/paraffin oil ratio demonstrated more axially aligned channels and a larger specific surface area. Furthermore, they presented superior lithium-ion storage properties in terms of specific capacity, rate capability and cycling performance compared with solid TiO 2 nanofibers for LIB. The initial discharge and charge capacity of porous TiO 2 nanofibers with a TBT/paraffin oil ratio of 2.25 reached up to 634.72 and 390.42 mAh·g -1 , thus resulting in a coulombic efficiency of 61.51%; and the discharge capacity maintained 264.56 mAh·g -1 after 100 cycles, which was much higher than that of solid TiO 2 nanofibers. TiO 2 nanofibers with TBT/paraffin oil ratio of 2.25 still obtained a high reversible capacity of 204.53 mAh·g -1 when current density returned back to 40 mA·g -1 after 60 cycles at increasing stepwise current density from 40 mA·g -1 to 800 mA·g -1 . Herein, hierarchically porous TiO 2 nanofibers have the potential to be applied as anode for lithium-ion batteries in practical applications.

Introduction to energy storage with market analysis and outlook

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmid, Robert; Pillot, Christophe

2014-06-01

At first, the rechargeable battery market in 2012 will be described by technology - lead acid, NiCd, NiMH, lithium ion - and application - portable electronics, power tools, e-bikes, automotive, energy storage. This will be followed by details of the lithium ion battery market value chain from the raw material to the final application. The lithium ion battery market of 2012 will be analyzed and split by applications, form factors and suppliers. There is also a focus on the cathode, anode, electrolyte and separator market included. This report will also give a forecast for the main trends and the market in 2020, 2025. To conclude, a forecast for the rechargeable battery market by application for 2025 will be presented. Since energy storage plays an important role for the growing Electric Vehicle (EV) market, this EV issue is closely considered throughout this analysis.

Advanced Na[Ni0.25Fe0.5Mn0.25]O2/C-Fe3O4 sodium-ion batteries using EMS electrolyte for energy storage.

PubMed

Oh, Seung-Min; Myung, Seung-Taek; Yoon, Chong Seung; Lu, Jun; Hassoun, Jusef; Scrosati, Bruno; Amine, Khalil; Sun, Yang-Kook

2014-03-12

While much research effort has been devoted to the development of advanced lithium-ion batteries for renewal energy storage applications, the sodium-ion battery is also of considerable interest because sodium is one of the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust. In this work, we report a sodium-ion battery based on a carbon-coated Fe3O4 anode, Na[Ni0.25Fe0.5Mn0.25]O2 layered cathode, and NaClO4 in fluoroethylene carbonate and ethyl methanesulfonate electrolyte. This unique battery system combines an intercalation cathode and a conversion anode, resulting in high capacity, high rate capability, thermal stability, and much improved cycle life. This performance suggests that our sodium-ion system is potentially promising power sources for promoting the substantial use of low-cost energy storage systems in the near future.

Carbon Materials Embedded with Metal Nanoparticles as Anode in Lithium-Ion Batteries

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hung, Ching-cheh

2002-01-01

Carbon materials containing metal nanoparticles that can form an alloy with lithium were tested for their capacity and cycle life to store and release lithium electrochemically. Metal nanoparticles may provide the additional lithium storage capacity as well as additional channels to conduct lithium in carbon. The cycle life of this carbon-metal composite can be long because the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) on the carbon surface may protect both lithium and the metal particles in the carbon interior. In addition, the voids in the carbon interior may accommodate the nanoparticle's volume change, and such volume change may not cause much internal stress due to small sizes of the nanoparticles. This concept of improving carbon's performance to store and release lithium was demonstrated using experimental cells of C(Pd)/0.5M Lil-50/50 (vol.%) EC and DMC/Li, where C(Pd) was graphitized carbon fibers containing palladium nanoparticles, EC was ethylene carbonate, and DMC was dimethyl carbonate. However, such improvement was not observed if the Pd nanoparticles are replaced by aluminum, possibly because the aluminum nanoparticles were oxidized in air during storage, resulting in an inert oxide of aluminum. Further studies are needed to use this concept for practical applications.

Fabrication of ultrathin solid electrolyte membranes of β-Li 3PS 4 nanoflakes by evaporation-induced self-assembly for all-solid-state batteries

DOE PAGES

Wang, Hui; Hood, Zachary D.; Xia, Younan; ...

2016-04-25

All-solid-state lithium batteries are attractive candidates for next-generation energy storage devices because of their anticipated high energy density and intrinsic safety. Owing to their excellent ionic conductivity and stability with metallic lithium anodes, nanostructured lithium thiophosphate solid electrolytes such as β-Li 3PS 4 have found use in the fabrication of all-solid lithium batteries for large-scale energy storage systems. However, current methods for preparing air-sensitive solid electrolyte membranes of lithium thiophosphates can only generate thick membranes that compromise the battery's gravimetric/volumetric energy density and thus its rate performance. To overcome this limitation, the solid electrolyte's thickness needs to be effectively decreasedmore » to achieve ideal energy density and enhanced rate performance. In this paper, we show that the evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) technique produces ultrathin membranes of a lithium thiophosphate solid electrolyte with controllable thicknesses between 8 and 50 μm while maintaining the high ionic conductivity of β-Li 3PS 4 and stability with metallic lithium anodes up to 5 V. Finally, it is clearly demonstrated that this facile EISA approach allows for the preparation of ultrathin lithium thiophosphate solid electrolyte membranes for all-solid-state batteries.« less

Challenges facing lithium batteries and electrical double-layer capacitors.

PubMed

Choi, Nam-Soon; Chen, Zonghai; Freunberger, Stefan A; Ji, Xiulei; Sun, Yang-Kook; Amine, Khalil; Yushin, Gleb; Nazar, Linda F; Cho, Jaephil; Bruce, Peter G

2012-10-01

Energy-storage technologies, including electrical double-layer capacitors and rechargeable batteries, have attracted significant attention for applications in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, bulk electricity storage at power stations, and "load leveling" of renewable sources, such as solar energy and wind power. Transforming lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors requires a step change in the science underpinning these devices, including the discovery of new materials, new electrochemistry, and an increased understanding of the processes on which the devices depend. The Review will consider some of the current scientific issues underpinning lithium batteries and electric double-layer capacitors. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Bismuth chalcogenide compounds Bi 2 × 3 (X=O, S, Se): Applications in electrochemical energy storage

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ni, Jiangfeng; Bi, Xuanxuan; Jiang, Yu

2017-04-01

Bismuth chalcogenides Bi2×3 (X=O, S, Se) represent a unique type of materials in diverse polymorphs and configurations. Multiple intrinsic features of Bi2×3 such as narrow bandgap, ion conductivity, and environmental friendliness, have render them attractive materials for a wide array of energy applications. In particular, their rich structural voids and the alloying capability of Bi enable the chalcogenides to be alternative electrodes for energy storage such as hydrogen (H), lithium (Li), sodium (Na) storage and supercapacitors. However, the low conductivity and poor electrochemical cycling are two key challenges for the practical utilization of Bi2×3 electrodes. Great efforts have been devotedmore » to mitigate these challenges and remarkable progresses have been achieved, mainly taking profit of nanotechnology and material compositing engineering. In this short review, we summarize state-of-the-art research advances in the rational design of diverse Bi2×3 electrodes and their electrochemical energy storage performance for H, Li, and Na and supercapacitors. We also highlight the key technical issues at present and provide insights for the future development of bismuth based materials in electrochemical energy storage devices.« less

Analyzing system safety in lithium-ion grid energy storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rosewater, David; Williams, Adam

2015-12-01

As grid energy storage systems become more complex, it grows more difficult to design them for safe operation. This paper first reviews the properties of lithium-ion batteries that can produce hazards in grid scale systems. Then the conventional safety engineering technique Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) is reviewed to identify its limitations in complex systems. To address this gap, new research is presented on the application of Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to a lithium-ion battery based grid energy storage system. STPA is anticipated to fill the gaps recognized in PRA for designing complex systems and hence be more effective or less costly to use during safety engineering. It was observed that STPA is able to capture causal scenarios for accidents not identified using PRA. Additionally, STPA enabled a more rational assessment of uncertainty (all that is not known) thereby promoting a healthy skepticism of design assumptions. We conclude that STPA may indeed be more cost effective than PRA for safety engineering in lithium-ion battery systems. However, further research is needed to determine if this approach actually reduces safety engineering costs in development, or improves industry safety standards.

Two-Dimensional Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Next-Generation Rechargeable Batteries.

PubMed

Mei, Jun; Liao, Ting; Kou, Liangzhi; Sun, Ziqi

2017-12-01

The exponential increase in research focused on two-dimensional (2D) metal oxides has offered an unprecedented opportunity for their use in energy conversion and storage devices, especially for promising next-generation rechargeable batteries, such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (NIBs), as well as some post-lithium batteries, including lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium-air batteries, etc. The introduction of well-designed 2D metal oxide nanomaterials into next-generation rechargeable batteries has significantly enhanced the performance of these energy-storage devices by providing higher chemically active interfaces, shortened ion-diffusion lengths, and improved in-plane carrier-/charge-transport kinetics, which have greatly promoted the development of nanotechnology and the practical application of rechargeable batteries. Here, the recent progress in the application of 2D metal oxide nanomaterials in a series of rechargeable LIBs, NIBs, and other post lithium-ion batteries is reviewed relatively comprehensively. Current opportunities and future challenges for the application of 2D nanomaterials in energy-storage devices to achieve high energy density, high power density, stable cyclability, etc. are summarized and outlined. It is believed that the integration of 2D metal oxide nanomaterials in these clean energy devices offers great opportunities to address challenges driven by increasing global energy demands. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Recent Advances in Porous Carbon Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage.

PubMed

Wang, Libin; Hu, Xianluo

2018-06-18

Climate change and the energy crisis have promoted the rapid development of electrochemical energy-storage devices. Owing to many intriguing physicochemical properties, such as excellent chemical stability, high electronic conductivity, and a large specific surface area, porous carbon materials have always been considering as a promising candidate for electrochemical energy storage. To date, a wide variety of porous carbon materials based upon molecular design, pore control, and compositional tailoring have been proposed for energy-storage applications. This focus review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis of various porous carbon materials from the view of energy storage, particularly in the past three years. Their applications in representative electrochemical energy-storage devices, such as lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and lithium-ion hybrid capacitors, are discussed in this review, with a look forward to offer some inspiration and guidelines for the exploitation of advanced carbon-based energy-storage materials. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Liquid-phase chemical hydrogen storage: catalytic hydrogen generation under ambient conditions.

PubMed

Jiang, Hai-Long; Singh, Sanjay Kumar; Yan, Jun-Min; Zhang, Xin-Bo; Xu, Qiang

2010-05-25

There is a demand for a sufficient and sustainable energy supply. Hence, the search for applicable hydrogen storage materials is extremely important owing to the diversified merits of hydrogen energy. Lithium and sodium borohydride, ammonia borane, hydrazine, and formic acid have been extensively investigated as promising hydrogen storage materials based on their relatively high hydrogen content. Significant advances, such as hydrogen generation temperatures and reaction kinetics, have been made in the catalytic hydrolysis of aqueous lithium and sodium borohydride and ammonia borane as well as in the catalytic decomposition of hydrous hydrazine and formic acid. In this Minireview we briefly survey the research progresses in catalytic hydrogen generation from these liquid-phase chemical hydrogen storage materials.

PC based electrolytes with LiDFOB as an alternative salt for lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Knight, Brandon M.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been greatly sought after as a source of renewable energy storage. LIBs have a wide range of applications including but not limited portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and power tools. As a direct result of their commercial viability an insatiable hunger for knowledge, advancement within the field of LIBs has been omnipresent for the last two decades. However, there are set backs evident within the LIB field; most notably the limitations of standard electrolyte formulations and LiPF6 lithium salt. The standard primary carbonate of ethylene carbonate (EC) has a very limited operating range due to its innate physical properties, and the LiPF6 salt is known to readily decompose to form HF which can further degrade LIB longevity. The goal of our research is to explore the use of a new primary salt LiDFOB in conjunction with a propylene carbonate based electrolyte to establish a more flexible electrolyte formulation by constructing coin cells and cycling them under various conditions to give a clear understanding of each formulation inherent performance capabilities. Our studies show that 1.2M LiDFOB in 3:7 PC/EMC + 1.5% VC is capable of performing comparably to the standard 1.2M LiPF6 in 3:7 EC/EMC at 25°C and the PC electrolyte also illustrates performance superior to the standard at 55°C. The degradation of lithium manganese spinel electrodes, including LiNi 0.5Mn1.5O4, is an area of great concern within the field of lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Manganese containing cathode materials frequently have problems associated with Mn dissolution which significantly reduces the cycle life of LIB. Thus the stability of the cathode material is paramount to the performance of Mn spinel cathode materials in LIBs. In an effort to gain a better understanding of the stability of LiNi0.5 Mn1.5O4 in common LiPF6/carbonate electrolytes, samples were stored at elevated temperature in the presence of electrolyte. Then after storage both the electrolyte solution and uncharged cathode particles were analyzed. The solid cathode particles were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) whereas the electrolyte solution was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The SEM analysis assists with elucidation of changes to the surfaces of the cathode particles. The ICP-MS of the electrolyte allows the determination of the extent of Mn and Ni dissolution. Samples of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with different crystal surface facets were prepared to investigate the role of particle morphology in Mn and Ni dissolution. The factors affecting Mn and Ni dissolution and methods to inhibit dissolution will be discussed.

Methods for solid electrolyte interphase formation and anode pre-lithiation of lithium ion capacitors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Raman, Santhanam; Xi, Xiaomei; Ye, Xiang-Rong

A method of pre-doping an anode of an energy storage device can include immersing the anode and a dopant source in an electrolyte, and coupling a substantially constant current between the anode and the dopant source. A method of pre-doping an anode of an energy storage device can include immersing the anode and a dopant source in an electrolyte, and coupling a substantially constant voltage across the anode and the dopant source. An energy storage device can include an anode having a lithium ion pre-doping level of about 60% to about 90%.

Understanding the molecular mechanism of pulse current charging for stable lithium-metal batteries

PubMed Central

Li, Qi; Tan, Shen; Li, Linlin; Lu, Yingying; He, Yi

2017-01-01

High energy and safe electrochemical storage are critical components in multiple emerging fields of technologies. Rechargeable lithium-metal batteries are considered to be promising alternatives for current lithium-ion batteries, leading to as much as a 10-fold improvement in anode storage capacity (from 372 to 3860 mAh g−1). One of the major challenges for commercializing lithium-metal batteries is the reliability and safety issue, which is often associated with uneven lithium electrodeposition (lithium dendrites) during the charging stage of the battery cycling process. We report that stable lithium-metal batteries can be achieved by simply charging cells with square-wave pulse current. We investigated the effects of charging period and frequency as well as the mechanisms that govern this process at the molecular level. Molecular simulations were performed to study the diffusion and the solvation structure of lithium cations (Li+) in bulk electrolyte. The model predicts that loose association between cations and anions can enhance the transport of Li+ and eventually stabilize the lithium electrodeposition. We also performed galvanostatic measurements to evaluate the cycling behavior and cell lifetime under pulsed electric field and found that the cell lifetime can be more than doubled using certain pulse current waveforms. Both experimental and simulation results demonstrate that the effectiveness of pulse current charging on dendrite suppression can be optimized by choosing proper time- and frequency-dependent pulses. This work provides a molecular basis for understanding the mechanisms of pulse current charging to mitigating lithium dendrites and designing pulse current waveforms for stable lithium-metal batteries. PMID:28776039

Introduction to energy storage with market analysis and outlook

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schmid, Robert; Pillot, Christophe

At first, the rechargeable battery market in 2012 will be described by technology - lead acid, NiCd, NiMH, lithium ion - and application - portable electronics, power tools, e-bikes, automotive, energy storage. This will be followed by details of the lithium ion battery market value chain from the raw material to the final application. The lithium ion battery market of 2012 will be analyzed and split by applications, form factors and suppliers. There is also a focus on the cathode, anode, electrolyte and separator market included. This report will also give a forecast for the main trends and the marketmore » in 2020, 2025. To conclude, a forecast for the rechargeable battery market by application for 2025 will be presented. Since energy storage plays an important role for the growing Electric Vehicle (EV) market, this EV issue is closely considered throughout this analysis.« less

Radiation Heat Transfer Modeling Improved for Phase-Change, Thermal Energy Storage Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kerslake, Thomas W.; Jacqmin, David A.

1998-01-01

Spacecraft solar dynamic power systems typically use high-temperature phase-change materials to efficiently store thermal energy for heat engine operation in orbital eclipse periods. Lithium fluoride salts are particularly well suited for this application because of their high heat of fusion, long-term stability, and appropriate melting point. Considerable attention has been focused on the development of thermal energy storage (TES) canisters that employ either pure lithium fluoride (LiF), with a melting point of 1121 K, or eutectic composition lithium-fluoride/calcium-difluoride (LiF-20CaF2), with a 1040 K melting point, as the phase-change material. Primary goals of TES canister development include maximizing the phase-change material melt fraction, minimizing the canister mass per unit of energy storage, and maximizing the phase-change material thermal charge/discharge rates within the limits posed by the container structure.

Hierarchical Tubular Structures Composed of Co3 O4 Hollow Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes for Lithium Storage.

PubMed

Chen, Yu Ming; Yu, Le; Lou, Xiong Wen David

2016-05-10

Hierarchical tubular structures composed of Co3 O4 hollow nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been synthesized by an efficient multi-step route. Starting from polymer-cobalt acetate (Co(Ac)2 ) composite nanofibers, uniform polymer-Co(Ac)2 @zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) core-shell nanofibers are first synthesized via partial phase transformation with 2-methylimidazole in ethanol. After the selective dissolution of polymer-Co(Ac)2 cores, the resulting ZIF-67 tubular structures can be converted into hierarchical CNTs/Co-carbon hybrids by annealing in Ar/H2 atmosphere. Finally, the hierarchical CNT/Co3 O4 microtubes are obtained by a subsequent thermal treatment in air. Impressively, the as-prepared nanocomposite delivers a high reversible capacity of 1281 mAh g(-1) at 0.1 A g(-1) with exceptional rate capability and long cycle life over 200 cycles as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Well-dispersed LiFePO4 nanoparticles anchored on a three-dimensional graphene aerogel as high-performance positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tian, Xiaohui; Zhou, Yingke; Tu, Xiaofeng; Zhang, Zhongtang; Du, Guodong

2017-02-01

A three-dimensional graphene aerogel supporting LiFePO4 nanoparticles (LFP/GA) has been synthesized by a hydrothermal process. The morphology and microstructure of LFP/GA were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis. The electrochemical properties were evaluated by constant-current charge/discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Well-distributed LFP nanoparticles are anchored on both sides of graphene and then assemble into a highly porous three-dimensional aerogel architecture. Conductive graphene networks provide abundant paths to facilitate the transfer of electrons, while the aerogel structures offer plenty of interconnected open pores for the storage of electrolyte to enable the fast supply of Li ions. The LFP and graphene aerogel composites present superior specific capacity, rate capability and cycling performance in comparison to the pristine LFP or LFP supported on graphene sheets and are thus promising for lithium-ion battery applications.

Heme biomolecule as redox mediator and oxygen shuttle for efficient charging of lithium-oxygen batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ryu, Won-Hee; Gittleson, Forrest S.; Thomsen, Julianne M.

One of the greatest challenges with lithium-oxygen batteries involves identifying catalysts that facilitate the growth and evolution of cathode species on an oxygen electrode. Heterogeneous solid catalysts cannot adequately address the problematic overpotentials when the surfaces become passivated. But, there exists a class of biomolecules which have been designed by nature to guide complex solution-based oxygen chemistries. We show that the heme molecule, a common porphyrin cofactor in blood, can function as a soluble redox catalyst and oxygen shuttle for efficient oxygen evolution in non-aqueous Li-O 2 batteries. The heme’s oxygen binding capability facilitates battery recharge by accepting and releasingmore » dissociated oxygen species while benefiting charge transfer with the cathode. We reveal the chemical change of heme redox molecules where synergy exists with the electrolyte species. Our study brings focus to the rational design of solution-based catalysts and suggests a sustainable cross-link between biomolecules and advanced energy storage.« less

Sn Nanoparticles Encapsulated in 3D Nanoporous Carbon Derived from a Metal–Organic Framework for Anode Material in Lithium-Ion Batteries

DOE PAGES

Guo, Yuanyuan; Zeng, Xiaoqiao; Zhang, Yu; ...

2017-05-04

Three-dimensional nanoporous carbon frameworks encapsulated Sn nanoparticles (Sn@3D-NPC) are developed by a facile method as an improved lithium ion battery anode. The Sn@3D-NPC delivers a reversible capacity of 740 mAh g –1 after 200 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g –1, corresponding to a capacity retention of 85% (against the second capacity) and high rate capability (300 mAh g –1 at 5 A g –1). Compared to the Sn nanoparticles (SnNPs), such improvements are attributed to the 3D porous and conductive framework. The whole structure can provide not only the high electrical conductivity that facilities the electronmore » transfer but also the elasticity that will suppress the volume expansion and aggregation of SnNPs during the charge and discharge process. Lastly, this work opens a new application of metal–organic frameworks in energy storage.« less

Sn Nanoparticles Encapsulated in 3D Nanoporous Carbon Derived from a Metal-Organic Framework for Anode Material in Lithium-Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Guo, Yuanyuan; Zeng, Xiaoqiao; Zhang, Yu; Dai, Zhengfei; Fan, Haosen; Huang, Ying; Zhang, Weina; Zhang, Hua; Lu, Jun; Huo, Fengwei; Yan, Qingyu

2017-05-24

Three-dimensional nanoporous carbon frameworks encapsulated Sn nanoparticles (Sn@3D-NPC) are developed by a facile method as an improved lithium ion battery anode. The Sn@3D-NPC delivers a reversible capacity of 740 mAh g -1 after 200 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g -1 , corresponding to a capacity retention of 85% (against the second capacity) and high rate capability (300 mAh g -1 at 5 A g -1 ). Compared to the Sn nanoparticles (SnNPs), such improvements are attributed to the 3D porous and conductive framework. The whole structure can provide not only the high electrical conductivity that facilities the electron transfer but also the elasticity that will suppress the volume expansion and aggregation of SnNPs during the charge and discharge process. This work opens a new application of metal-organic frameworks in energy storage.

Heme biomolecule as redox mediator and oxygen shuttle for efficient charging of lithium-oxygen batteries

PubMed Central

Ryu, Won-Hee; Gittleson, Forrest S.; Thomsen, Julianne M.; Li, Jinyang; Schwab, Mark J.; Brudvig, Gary W.; Taylor, André D.

2016-01-01

One of the greatest challenges with lithium-oxygen batteries involves identifying catalysts that facilitate the growth and evolution of cathode species on an oxygen electrode. Heterogeneous solid catalysts cannot adequately address the problematic overpotentials when the surfaces become passivated. However, there exists a class of biomolecules which have been designed by nature to guide complex solution-based oxygen chemistries. Here, we show that the heme molecule, a common porphyrin cofactor in blood, can function as a soluble redox catalyst and oxygen shuttle for efficient oxygen evolution in non-aqueous Li-O2 batteries. The heme's oxygen binding capability facilitates battery recharge by accepting and releasing dissociated oxygen species while benefiting charge transfer with the cathode. We reveal the chemical change of heme redox molecules where synergy exists with the electrolyte species. This study brings focus to the rational design of solution-based catalysts and suggests a sustainable cross-link between biomolecules and advanced energy storage. PMID:27759005

Heme biomolecule as redox mediator and oxygen shuttle for efficient charging of lithium-oxygen batteries

DOE PAGES

Ryu, Won-Hee; Gittleson, Forrest S.; Thomsen, Julianne M.; ...

2016-10-19

One of the greatest challenges with lithium-oxygen batteries involves identifying catalysts that facilitate the growth and evolution of cathode species on an oxygen electrode. Heterogeneous solid catalysts cannot adequately address the problematic overpotentials when the surfaces become passivated. But, there exists a class of biomolecules which have been designed by nature to guide complex solution-based oxygen chemistries. We show that the heme molecule, a common porphyrin cofactor in blood, can function as a soluble redox catalyst and oxygen shuttle for efficient oxygen evolution in non-aqueous Li-O 2 batteries. The heme’s oxygen binding capability facilitates battery recharge by accepting and releasingmore » dissociated oxygen species while benefiting charge transfer with the cathode. We reveal the chemical change of heme redox molecules where synergy exists with the electrolyte species. Our study brings focus to the rational design of solution-based catalysts and suggests a sustainable cross-link between biomolecules and advanced energy storage.« less

Nitrogen-doped carbon decorated Cu2NiSnS4 microflowers as superior anode materials for long-life lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pan, Pei; Chen, Lihui; Ding, Yu; Du, Jun; Feng, Chuanqi; Fu, Zhengbin; Qin, Caiqin; Wang, Feng

2018-05-01

Nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) decorated Cu2NiSnS4 (CNTS) microflower composites (NC@CNTS) were fabricated through a facile solvothermal and pyrrole polymerization with further annealing treatment. The NC@CNTS composites possessed a three-dimension (3D) microflower-like hierarchical structure. The unique microflower structure of NC@CNTS composites exhibited remarkable electrochemical performance as electrode materials for long life lithium ion batteries. The as-prepared composites had a stable and reversible capacity that reached 943 mA h g-1 after 160 cycles at a current rate of 0.1 A g-1. It showed satisfactory cycle stability and rate capability even at 2 A g-1, and specific capacity stabilized at 288 mA g-1 after 1000 cycles. The present facile and cost-effective strategy can be applied for the synthesis of other transition metal sulfide nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion applications.

Nitrogen-doped graphene by all-solid-state ball-milling graphite with urea as a high-power lithium ion battery anode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Chao; Liu, Xingang; Tan, Jiang; Wang, Qingfu; Wen, Hao; Zhang, Chuhong

2017-02-01

Nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets (NGNS) are prepared by a novel mechanochemical method via all-solid-state ball-milling graphite with urea. The ball-milling process does not only successfully exfoliate the graphite into multi-layer (<10 layers) graphene nanosheets, but at the same time, enables the N element to be doped onto the graphene. Urea, acting as a new solid doping and assist-grinding agents, has the advantages of low cost and good water solubility that can simplify the fabrication process. The as-prepared NGNS are investigated in detail by XRD, SEM, HRTEM, TGA, XPS and Raman spectroscopy. The doping nitrogens are around 3.15% and dominated (>94%) by pyrindic-N and pyrrolic-N which facilitates the NGNS with enhanced electronic conductivity and Li-ion storage capability. For the first time, we demonstrate that the all-solid-state prepared NGNS exhibits, especially at high currents, enhanced cycling stability and rate capability as Lithium ion battery (LIB) anode active material when compared to pristine graphite and undoped graphene in half-cell configuration. The method presented in this article may provide a simple, clean, economical and scalable strategy for preparation of NGNS as a feasible and promising anode material for LIBs.

Webinar: Fuzzy Mud and the Future of Alternative Fuels | Argonne National

Science.gov Websites

--Energy life-cycle analysis --Energy storage ---Batteries ----Lithium-ion batteries ----Lithium-air Ciatti: Emerging Technologies in Transportation Alternative battery systems for transportation uses

Lithium potential variations for metastable materials: case study of nanocrystalline and amorphous LiFePO4.

PubMed

Zhu, Changbao; Mu, Xiaoke; Popovic, Jelena; Weichert, Katja; van Aken, Peter A; Yu, Yan; Maier, Joachim

2014-09-10

Much attention has been paid to metastable materials in the lithium battery field, especially to nanocrystalline and amorphous materials. Nonetheless, fundamental issues such as lithium potential variations have not been pertinently addressed. Using LiFePO4 as a model system, we inspect such lithium potential variations for various lithium storage modes and evaluate them thermodynamically. The conclusions of this work are essential for an adequate understanding of the behavior of electrode materials and even helpful in the search for new energy materials.

Laser processing of thick Li(NiMnCo)O2 electrodes for lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rakebrandt, J.-H.; Smyrek, P.; Zheng, Y.; Seifert, H. J.; Pfleging, W.

2017-02-01

Lithium-ion batteries became the most promising types of mobile energy storage devices due to their high gravimetric and volumetric capacity, high cycle life-time, and low self-discharge. Nowadays, the cathode material lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) is one of the most widely used cathode material in commercial lithium-ion batteries due to many advantages such as high energy density (>150 Wh kg-1) on cell level, high power density (650 W kg-1 @ 25 °C and 50 % Depth of Discharge) [1], high specific capacity (163 mAh g-1) [2], high rate capability and good thermal stability in the fully charged state. However, in order to meet the requirements for the increasing demand for rechargeable high energy batteries, nickel-rich NMC electrodes with specific capacities up to 210 mAh g-1 seem to be the next generation cathodes which can reach on cell level desired energy densities higher than 250 Wh kg-1 [3]. Laser-structuring now enables to combine both concepts, high power and high energy lithium-ion batteries. For this purpose, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathodes were produced via tape casting containing 85-90 wt% of active material with a film thickness of 50-260 μm. The specific capacities were measured using galvanostatic measurements for different types of NMC with varying nickel, manganese and cobalt content at different charging/discharging currents ("C-rates"). An improved lithium-ion diffusion kinetics due to an increased active surface area could be achieved by laser-assisted generating of three dimensional architectures. Cells with unstructured and structured cathodes were compared. Ultrafast laser ablation was used in order to avoid a thermal impact to the material. It was shown that laser structuring of electrode materials leads to a significant improvement in electrochemical performance, especially at high charging and discharging C-rates.

A Facile Molten-Salt Route for Large-Scale Synthesis of NiFe2O4 Nanoplates with Enhanced Lithium Storage Capability.

PubMed

Huang, Gang; Du, Xinchuan; Zhang, Feifei; Yin, Dongming; Wang, Limin

2015-09-28

Binary metal oxides have been deemed as a promising class of electrode materials for high-performance lithium ion batteries owing to their higher conductivity and electrochemical activity than corresponding monometal oxides. Here, NiFe2O4 nanoplates consisting of nanosized building blocks have been successfully fabricated by a facile, large-scale NaCl and KCl molten-salt route, and the changes in the morphology of NiFe2O4 as a function of the molten-salt amount have been systemically investigated. The results indicate that the molten-salt amount mainly influences the diameter and thickness of the NiFe2O4 nanoplates as well as the morphology of the nanosized building blocks. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements have been conducted to evaluate the lithium storage properties of the NiFe2O4 nanoplates prepared with a Ni(NO3)2/Fe(NO3)3/KCl/NaCl molar ratio of 1:2:20:60. A high reversible capacity of 888 mAh g(-1) is delivered over 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g(-1). Even at a current density of 5000 mA g(-1) , the discharge capacity could still reach 173 mAh g(-1). Such excellent electrochemical performances of the NiFe2O4 nanoplates are contributed to the short Li(+) diffusion distance of the nanosized building blocks and the synergetic effect of the Ni(2+) and Fe(3+) ions. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Incorporation of Co into MoS2/graphene nanocomposites: One effective way to enhance the cycling stability of Li/Na storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xiaomin; Feng, Zhenxing; Zai, Jiantao; Ma, Zi-Feng; Qian, Xuefeng

2018-01-01

Layered transition metal dichalcogenides are promising as lithium and/or sodium storage materials for lithium and sodium (Li/Na) ion batteries. However they always exhibit limited rate capability and long-term cycling stability, due to the fact that their 2D structures are easily restacking and agglomeration during cycling process and further result poor electrochemical reversibility. Herein, hierarchical Co1/3Mo2/3S2/graphene nanocomposites without CoSx and MoS2 impurities have been synthesized via one-pot solvothermal process. The incorporation of Co into MoS2 at atomic level can not only give rise to thinner and smaller nanosheets in the nanocomposites than MoS2/graphene nanocomposites, but also significantly decrease the size of in-situ formed MoS2/CoSx nanoparticles during electrochemical conversion process, which can greatly promoting the ion diffusion and suppressing the aggregation of active materials. Furthermore, the conductivity of Co1/3Mo2/3S2/graphene nanocomposites can be enhanced from 0.46 S m-1 (MoS2/graphene) to 1.39 S m-1via changing the semiconducting MoS2 to metallic Co1/3Mo2/3S2. The simultaneously optimized electron conductivity and ions diffusion dynamics of Co1/3Mo2/3S2/graphene nanocomposites can effectively improve the reversibility of electrochemical conversion reactions. A capacity of 940 mAh g-1 and 529 mAh g-1 can be maintained at 3200th cycle (2 A g-1) in lithium-ion batteries and 200th cycle (1 A g-1) in sodium-ion batteries, respectively.

Excess lithium storage and charge compensation in nanoscale Li4+xTi5O12

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Feng; Wu, Lijun; Ma, Chao; Su, Dong; Zhu, Yimei; Graetz, Jason

2013-10-01

Lithium titanate spinel (Li4Ti5O12; LTO) is a promising candidate for anodes in lithium-ion batteries due to its excellent cyclability and safety performance, and has been known as a ‘zero-strain’ material that allows reversible lithium insertion-deinsertion with little change in the lattice parameters. For a better understanding of lithium reaction mechanisms in this material, it has been of great interest to identify where lithium is inserted and how it migrates during charge and discharge, which is often difficult with x-ray and electron scattering techniques due to the low scattering power of lithium. In this study, we employed atomic-resolution annular bright-field imaging to directly image the lithium on interstitial sites in nanoscale LTO, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy to measure local lithium occupancy and electronic structure at different states of charge. During lithiation, charge compensation occurs primarily at O sites, rather than at Ti sites, and no significant change was found in the projected density of states (Ti 3d) until the voltage was lowered to ˜50 mV or below. The Li K-edge spectra were simulated via ab initio calculations, providing a direct correlation between the near-edge fine structure and the local lithium coordination. During the initial states of discharge, lithium ions on 8a sites migrate to 16c sites (above 740 mV). Further lithiation causes the partial re-occupation of 8a sites, initially in the near-surface region at ˜600 mV, and then in the bulk at lower voltages (˜50 mV). We attribute the enhanced capacity in nanostructured LTO to extra storage of lithium in the near-surface region, primarily at {111} facets.

Power capability evaluation for lithium iron phosphate batteries based on multi-parameter constraints estimation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Yujie; Pan, Rui; Liu, Chang; Chen, Zonghai; Ling, Qiang

2018-01-01

The battery power capability is intimately correlated with the climbing, braking and accelerating performance of the electric vehicles. Accurate power capability prediction can not only guarantee the safety but also regulate driving behavior and optimize battery energy usage. However, the nonlinearity of the battery model is very complex especially for the lithium iron phosphate batteries. Besides, the hysteresis loop in the open-circuit voltage curve is easy to cause large error in model prediction. In this work, a multi-parameter constraints dynamic estimation method is proposed to predict the battery continuous period power capability. A high-fidelity battery model which considers the battery polarization and hysteresis phenomenon is presented to approximate the high nonlinearity of the lithium iron phosphate battery. Explicit analyses of power capability with multiple constraints are elaborated, specifically the state-of-energy is considered in power capability assessment. Furthermore, to solve the problem of nonlinear system state estimation, and suppress noise interference, the UKF based state observer is employed for power capability prediction. The performance of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by experiments under different dynamic characterization schedules. The charge and discharge power capabilities of the lithium iron phosphate batteries are quantitatively assessed under different time scales and temperatures.

Reversible Electrochemical Lithium-Ion Insertion into the Rhenium Cluster Chalcogenide-Halide Re6Se8Cl2.

PubMed

Bruck, Andrea M; Yin, Jiefu; Tong, Xiao; Takeuchi, Esther S; Takeuchi, Kenneth J; Szczepura, Lisa F; Marschilok, Amy C

2018-05-07

The cluster-based material Re 6 Se 8 Cl 2 is a two-dimensional ternary material with cluster-cluster bonding across the a and b axes capable of multiple electron transfer accompanied by ion insertion across the c axis. The Li/Re 6 Se 8 Cl 2 system showed reversible electron transfer from 1 to 3 electron equivalents (ee) at high current densities (88 mA/g). Upon cycling to 4 ee, there was evidence of capacity degradation over 50 cycles associated with the formation of an organic solid-electrolyte interface (between 1.45 and 1 V vs Li/Li + ). This investigation highlights the ability of cluster-based materials with two-dimensional cluster bonding to be used in applications such as energy storage, showing structural stability and high rate capability.

Effects of proton irradiation on structural and electrochemical charge storage properties of TiO 2 nanotube electrodes for lithium-ion batteries

DOE PAGES

Smith, Kassiopeia A.; Savva, Andreas I.; Deng, Changjian; ...

2017-03-23

The effects of proton irradiation on nanostructured metal oxides have been investigated. Recent studies suggest that the presence of structural defects (e.g. vacancies and interstitials) in metal oxides may enhance the material's electrochemical charge storage capacity. A new approach to introduce defects in electrode materials is to use ion irradiation as it can produce a supersaturation of point defects in the target material. In this work we report the effect of low-energy proton irradiation on amorphous TiO 2 nanotube electrodes at both room temperature and high temperature (250 °C). Upon room temperature irradiation the nanotubes demonstrate an irradiation-induced phase transformationmore » to a mixture of amorphous, anatase, and rutile domains while showing a 35% reduction in capacity compared to anatase TiO 2. On the other hand, the high temperature proton irradiation induced a disordered rutile phase within the nanotubes as characterized by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, which displays an improved capacity by 20% at ~240 mA h g –1 as well as improved rate capability compared to an unirradiated anatase sample. Voltammetric sweep data were used to determine the contributions from diffusion-limited intercalation and capacitive processes and it was found that the electrodes after irradiation had more contributions from diffusion in lithium charge storage. Finally, our work suggests that tailoring the defect generation through ion irradiation within metal oxide electrodes could present a new avenue for designing advanced electrode materials.« less

Effects of proton irradiation on structural and electrochemical charge storage properties of TiO 2 nanotube electrodes for lithium-ion batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, Kassiopeia A.; Savva, Andreas I.; Deng, Changjian

The effects of proton irradiation on nanostructured metal oxides have been investigated. Recent studies suggest that the presence of structural defects (e.g. vacancies and interstitials) in metal oxides may enhance the material's electrochemical charge storage capacity. A new approach to introduce defects in electrode materials is to use ion irradiation as it can produce a supersaturation of point defects in the target material. In this work we report the effect of low-energy proton irradiation on amorphous TiO 2 nanotube electrodes at both room temperature and high temperature (250 °C). Upon room temperature irradiation the nanotubes demonstrate an irradiation-induced phase transformationmore » to a mixture of amorphous, anatase, and rutile domains while showing a 35% reduction in capacity compared to anatase TiO 2. On the other hand, the high temperature proton irradiation induced a disordered rutile phase within the nanotubes as characterized by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, which displays an improved capacity by 20% at ~240 mA h g –1 as well as improved rate capability compared to an unirradiated anatase sample. Voltammetric sweep data were used to determine the contributions from diffusion-limited intercalation and capacitive processes and it was found that the electrodes after irradiation had more contributions from diffusion in lithium charge storage. Finally, our work suggests that tailoring the defect generation through ion irradiation within metal oxide electrodes could present a new avenue for designing advanced electrode materials.« less

Reaction between Lithium Anode and Polysulfide Ions in a Lithium-Sulfur Battery

DOE PAGES

Zheng, Dong; Yang, Xiao-Qing; Qu, Deyang

2016-08-18

Here, the reaction between polysulfides and a lithium anode in a Li–S battery was examined using HPLC. The results demonstrated that the polysulfide species with six sulfur atoms or more were reactive with regard to lithium metal. Although the reaction can be greatly inhibited by the addition of LiNO 3 in the electrolyte, LiNO 3 cannot form a stable protection layer on the Li anode to prevent the reaction during storage.

Reaction between Lithium Anode and Polysulfide Ions in a Lithium-Sulfur Battery

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zheng, Dong; Yang, Xiao-Qing; Qu, Deyang

Here, the reaction between polysulfides and a lithium anode in a Li–S battery was examined using HPLC. The results demonstrated that the polysulfide species with six sulfur atoms or more were reactive with regard to lithium metal. Although the reaction can be greatly inhibited by the addition of LiNO 3 in the electrolyte, LiNO 3 cannot form a stable protection layer on the Li anode to prevent the reaction during storage.

Remanufacturing, repurposing, and recycling of post-vehicle-application lithium-ion batteries.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-06-01

As lithium-ion batteries are an efficient energy storage mechanism, their use in vehicles is increasing to support electrification : to meet increasing average mileage and decreasing greenhouse gas emission standards. Principles of environmentalism :...

Storage Characteristics of Lithium Ion Cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ratnakumar, B. V.; Smart, M. C.; Blosiu, J. O.; Surampudi, S.

2000-01-01

Lithium ion cells are being developed under the NASA/Air Force Consortium for the upcoming aerospace missions. First among these missions are the Mars 2001 Lander and Mars 2003 Lander and Rover missions. Apart from the usual needs of high specific energy, energy density and long cycle life, a critical performance characteristic for the Mars missions is low temperature performance. The batteries need to perform well at -20 C, with at least 70% of the rated capacity realizable at moderate discharge rates (C/5). Several modifications have been made to the lithium ion chemistry, mainly with respect to the electrolyte, both at JPL' and elsewhere to achieve this. Another key requirement for the battery is its storageability during pre-cruise and cruise periods. For the Mars programs, the cruise period is relatively short, about 12 months, compared to the Outer Planets missions (3-8 years). Yet, the initial results of our storage studies reveal that the cells do sustain noticeable permanent degradation under certain storage conditions, typically of 10% over two months duration at ambient temperatures, attributed to impedance buildup. The build up of the cell impedance or the decay in the cell capacity is affected by various storage parameters, i.e., storage temperature, storage duration, storage mode (open circuit, on buss or cycling at low rates) and state of charge. Our preliminary studies indicate that low storage temperatures and states of charge are preferable. In some cases, we have observed permanent capacity losses of approx. 10% over eight-week storage at 40 C, compared to approx. 0-2% at O C. Also, we are attempting to determine the impact of cell chemistry and design upon the storageability of Li ion cells.

Lithium sulfur batteries and electrolytes and sulfur cathodes thereof

DOEpatents

Visco, Steven J.; Goncharenko, Nikolay; Nimon, Vitaliy; Petrov, Alexei; Nimon, Yevgeniy S.; De Jonghe, Lutgard C.; Katz, Bruce D.; Loginova, Valentina

2017-05-23

Lithium sulfur battery cells that use water as an electrolyte solvent provide significant cost reductions. Electrolytes for the battery cells may include water solvent for maintaining electroactive sulfur species in solution during cell discharge and a sufficient amount of a cycle life-enhancing compound that facilitates charging at the cathode. The combination of these two components enhances one or more of the following cell attributes: energy density, power density and cycle life. For instance, in applications where cost per Watt-Hour (Wh) is paramount, such as grid storage and traction applications, the use of an aqueous electrolyte in combination with inexpensive sulfur as the cathode active material can be a key enabler for the utility and automotive industries, for example, providing a cost effective and compact solution for load leveling, electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. Sulfur cathodes, and methods of fabricating lithium sulfur cells, in particular for loading lithium sulfide into the cathode structures, provide further advantages.

Design of Excess 3 to BCD code converter using electro-optic effect of Mach-Zehnder Interferometers for efficient data transmission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Santosh; Chanderkanta; Amphawan, Angela

2016-04-01

Excess 3 code is one of the most important codes used for efficient data storage and transmission. It is a non-weighted code and also known as self complimenting code. In this paper, a four bit optical Excess 3 to BCD code converter is proposed using electro-optic effect inside lithium-niobate based Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). The MZI structures have powerful capability to switching an optical input signal to a desired output port. The paper constitutes a mathematical description of the proposed device and thereafter simulation using MATLAB. The study is verified using beam propagation method (BPM).

Intercalation Pseudocapacitance of Exfoliated Molybdenum Disulfide for Ultrafast Energy Storage

DOE PAGES

Yoo, Hyun Deog; Li, Yifei; Liang, Yanliang; ...

2016-05-23

In this study, we report intercalation pseudocapacitance of 250 F g -1 for exfoliated molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2) in non-aqueous electrolytes that contain lithium ions. The exfoliated MoS 2 shows surface-limited reaction kinetics with high rate capability up to 3 min of charge or discharge. The intercalation pseudocapacitance originates from the extremely fast kinetics due to the enhanced ionic and electronic transport enabled by the slightly expanded layer structure as well as the metallic 1T-phase. The exfoliated MoS 2 could be also used in a Li-Mg-ion hybrid capacitor, which shows full cell specific capacitance of 240 F g -1.

The Twentieth International Symposium on Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-11-29

Heterocyclic Carbene Involved?" by Hyung Kim "Carbon Dioxide Absorption Behavior and Cabronate Ion Transport of Lithium Orthosilicate/Molten Carbonate...K. Gemmell, K. Johnson, A. East 575 Lithium Ion Conduction in Single Lithium Perfluorosulfonylamides K. Kubota, H. Matsumoto 585...energy applications (e.g., batteries , fuel cells, semiconductors, photovoltaics, and phase change energy storage); (3) rare earth and nuclear chemistry

Energy Storage News | Transportation | Transportation Research | NREL

Science.gov Websites

NREL/Purdue team's corresponding article, "Secondary-Phase Stochastics in Lithium-Ion Battery by NREL and NASA, the Battery ISC Device revolutionizes the way lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are collaboration with Purdue University's School of Mechanical Engineering has yielded new insights for lithium-ion

Diagnostics and Degradation Investigations of Li-Ion Battery Electrodes using Single Nanowire Electrochemical Cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Palapati, Naveen Kumar Reddy

Portable energy storage devices, which drive advanced technological devices, are improving the productivity and quality of our everyday lives. In order to meet the growing needs for energy storage in transportation applications, the current lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery technology requires new electrode materials with performance improvements in multiple aspects: (1) energy and power densities, (2) safety, and (3) performance lifetime. While a number of interesting nanomaterials have been synthesized in recent years with promising performance, accurate capabilities to probe the intrinsic performance of these high-performance materials within a battery environment are lacking. Most studies on electrode nanomaterials have so far used traditional, bulk-scale techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. These approaches give an ensemble-average estimation of the electrochemical properties of a battery electrode and does not provide a true indication of the performance that is intrinsic to its material system. Thus, new techniques are essential to understand the changes happening at a single particle level during the operation of a battery. The results from this thesis solve this need and study the electrical, mechanical and size changes that take place in a battery electrode at a single particle level. Single nanowire lithium cells are built by depositing nanowires in carefully designed device regions of a silicon chip using Dielectrophoresis (DEP). This work has demonstrated the assembly of several NW cathode materials like LiFePO 4, pristine and acid-leached alpha-MnO2, todorokite - MnO2, acid and nonacid-leached Na0.44MnO2. Within these materials, alpha-MnO2 was chosen as the model material system for electrochemical experiments. Electrochemical lithiation of pristine alpha-MnO 2 was performed inside a glove box. The volume, elasticity and conductivity changes were measured at each state-of-charge (SOC) to understand the performance of the material system. The NW size changes due to lithiation were measured using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) in the tapping mode. Electronic conductivity changes as a function of lithiation was also studied in the model alpha-MnO 2 NWs and was found to decrease substantially with lithium loading. In other measurements involving a comparison between the alpha and todorokite phases of this material system, it was observed that the rate capability of these materials is limited not by the electronic but, by the ionic conductivity. Mechanical degradation of a battery cathode represents an important failure mode, which results in an irreversible loss of capacity with cycling. To analyze and understand these degradation mechanisms, this thesis has tested the evolution of nanomechanical properties of a battery cathode. Specifically, contact-mode AFM measurements have focused on the SOC-dependent changes in the Young's modulus and fracture strength of an alpha-MnO2 NW electrode, which are critical parameters that determine its mechanical stability. These changes have been studied at the end of the first discharge step, 1 full electrochemical cycle, and 20 cycles. The observations show an increase in Young's modulus at low concentrations of lithium loading and this is attributed to the formation of new Li-O bonds within the tunnel-structured cathode. As the lithium loading increases further, the Young's modulus was observed to reduce and this is hypothesized to occur due to the distortions of the crystal at high lithium concentrations. The experimental-to-theoretical fracture strength ratio, which points to the defect density in the crystal at a given stoichiometry, was observed to reduce with electrochemical lithium insertion / cycling. This capability has demonstrated lithiation-dependent mechanical property measurements for the first time and represents an important contribution since degradation models, which are currently in use for materials at any size scale, always assume constant values regardless of the change in stoichiometry.

Elaborate strategy for preparing Li4Ti5O12-based anode materials with significantly improved lithium storage: TiO2 nanodots in-situ decoration and hierarchical structure construction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Hui; Tian, Qinghua; Huang, Jun; Bao, Dongmei; Zhang, Zhengxi; Yang, Li

2017-11-01

Spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) has attracted extensive attention as potential anode materials for power lithium-ion batteries due to its outstanding structural stability and remarkable safety. However, it's practical application yet be limited by such disadvantages of dissatisfied specific capacity, poor electron conductivity and low lithium-ion diffusion coefficient. Thus, design and preparation of LTO anodes with desirable performance is still a challenge. Herein, we have successfully and greatly improved the performance of LTO anodes, in terms of rate capability, life and specific capacity in particular via dot-to-face anatase TiO2in-situ decoration and hierarchical structure construction under a facile approach (directly using the tetrabutyl titanate as titanium source instead of specially prepared titanium oxide precursors). The as-prepared LTO-based anode (denoted as T-LTO) delivers an ultra-high reversible specific capacity of 196.5 mAh g-1 after 300 cycles at 20 mA g-1, and superior rate performance and even ultra-long life of more than 145.8 mAh g-1 at 28.5C between 1.0 and 3.0 V. The achieved outstanding electrochemical performance largely surpasses that of reportedly state-of-the-art LTO-based anode materials. This work may open up a broader vision into developing advanced LTO-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

Magnesium Hydride Nanoparticles Self-Assembled on Graphene as Anode Material for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Zhang, Baoping; Xia, Guanglin; Sun, Dalin; Fang, Fang; Yu, Xuebin

2018-04-24

MgH 2 nanoparticles (NPs) uniformly anchored on graphene (GR) are fabricated based on a bottom-up self-assembly strategy as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Monodisperse MgH 2 NPs with an average particle size of ∼13.8 nm are self-assembled on the flexible GR, forming interleaved MgH 2 /GR (GMH) composite architectures. Such nanoarchitecture could effectively constrain the aggregation of active materials, buffer the strain of volume changes, and facilitate the electron/lithium ion transfer of the whole electrode, leading to a significant enhancement of the lithium storage capacity of the GMH composite. Furthermore, the performances of GMH composite as anode materials for LIBs are enabled largely through robust interfacial interactions with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) binder, which plays multifunctional roles in forming a favorable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) film, alleviating the volume expansion and detachment of active materials, and maintaining the structural integrity of the whole electrode. As a result, these synergistic effects endow the obtained GMH composite with a significantly enhanced reversible capacity and cyclability as well as a good rate capability. The GMH composite with 50 wt % MgH 2 delivers a high reversible capacity of 946 mA h g -1 at 100 mA g -1 after 100 cycles and a capacity of 395 mAh g -1 at a high current density of 2000 mA g -1 after 1000 cycles.

Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon Nanosheets from Eco-Friendly Eucalyptus Leaves as High Performance Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors and Lithium Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Mondal, Anjon Kumar; Kretschmer, Katja; Zhao, Yufei; Liu, Hao; Wang, Chengyin; Sun, Bing; Wang, Guoxiu

2017-03-13

Nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanosheets were prepared from eucalyptus tree leaves by simply mixing the leaf powders with KHCO 3 and subsequent carbonisation. Porous carbon nanosheets with a high specific surface area of 2133 m 2  g -1 were obtained and applied as electrode materials for supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries. For supercapacitor applications, the porous carbon nanosheet electrode exhibited a supercapacitance of 372 F g -1 at a current density of 500 mA g -1 in 1 m H 2 SO 4 aqueous electrolyte and excellent cycling stability over 15 000 cycles. In organic electrolyte, the nanosheet electrode showed a specific capacitance of 71 F g -1 at a current density of 2 Ag -1 and stable cycling performance. When applied as the anode material for lithium ion batteries, the as-prepared porous carbon nanosheets also demonstrated a high specific capacity of 819 mA h g -1 at a current density of 100 mA g -1 , good rate capability, and stable cycling performance. The outstanding electrochemical performances for both supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries are derived from the large specific surface area, porous nanosheet structure and nitrogen doping effects. The strategy developed in this paper provides a novel route to utilise biomass-derived materials for low-cost energy storage systems. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Binder-free ZnO@ZnSnO3 quantum dots core-shell nanorod array anodes for lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tan, Hsiang; Cho, Hsun-Wei; Wu, Jih-Jen

2018-06-01

In this work, ZnSnO3 quantum dots (QDs), instead of commonly used conductive carbon, are grown on the ZnO nanorod (NR) array to construct the binder-free ZnO@ZnSnO3 QDs core-shell NR array electrode on carbon cloth for lithium-ion battery. The ZnO@ZnSnO3 QDs core-shell NR array electrode exhibits excellent lithium storage performance with an improved cycling performance and superior rate capability compared to the ZnO NR array electrode. At a current density of 200 mAg-1, 15.8% capacity loss is acquired in the ZnO@ZnSnO3 QDs core-shell NR array electrode after 110 cycles with capacity retention of 1073 mAhg-1. Significant increases in reversible capacities from 340 to 545 mAhg-1 and from 95 to 390 mAhg-1 at current densities of 1000 and 2000 mAg-1, respectively, are achieved as the ZnO NR arrays are coated with the ZnSnO3 QD shells. The remarkably improved electrochemical performances result from that the configuration of binder-free ZnO@ZnSnO3 QDs core-shell NR array electrode not only facilitates the charge transfer through the solid electrolyte interface and the electronic/ionic conduction boundary as well as lithium ion diffusion but also effectively accommodates the volume change during repeated charge/discharge processes.

High-Capacity and Long-Cycle Life Aqueous Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Battery with the FePO4 Anode.

PubMed

Wang, Yuesheng; Yang, Shi-Ze; You, Ya; Feng, Zimin; Zhu, Wen; Gariépy, Vincent; Xia, Jiexiang; Commarieu, Basile; Darwiche, Ali; Guerfi, Abdelbast; Zaghib, Karim

2018-02-28

Aqueous lithium-ion batteries are emerging as strong candidates for a great variety of energy storage applications because of their low cost, high-rate capability, and high safety. Exciting progress has been made in the search for anode materials with high capacity, low toxicity, and high conductivity; yet, most of the anode materials, because of their low equilibrium voltages, facilitate hydrogen evolution. Here, we show the application of olivine FePO 4 and amorphous FePO 4 ·2H 2 O as anode materials for aqueous lithium-ion batteries. Their capacities reached 163 and 82 mA h/g at a current rate of 0.2 C, respectively. The full cell with an amorphous FePO 4 ·2H 2 O anode maintained 92% capacity after 500 cycles at a current rate of 0.2 C. The acidic aqueous electrolyte in the full cells prevented cathodic oxygen evolution, while the higher equilibrium voltage of FePO 4 avoided hydrogen evolution as well, making them highly stable. A combination of in situ X-ray diffraction analyses and computational studies revealed that olivine FePO 4 still has the biphase reaction in the aqueous electrolyte and that the intercalation pathways in FePO 4 ·2H 2 O form a 2-D mesh. The low cost, high safety, and outstanding electrochemical performance make the full cells with olivine or amorphous hydrated FePO 4 anodes commercially viable configurations for aqueous lithium-ion batteries.

Amorphous and Crystalline Vanadium Oxides as High-Energy and High-Power Cathodes for Three-Dimensional Thin-Film Lithium Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Mattelaer, Felix; Geryl, Kobe; Rampelberg, Geert; Dendooven, Jolien; Detavernier, Christophe

2017-04-19

Flexible wearable electronics and on-chip energy storage for wireless sensors drive rechargeable batteries toward thin-film lithium ion batteries. To enable more charge storage on a given surface, higher energy density materials are required, while faster energy storage and release can be obtained by going to thinner films. Vanadium oxides have been examined as cathodes in classical and thin-film lithium ion batteries for decades, but amorphous vanadium oxide thin films have been mostly discarded. Here, we investigate the use of atomic layer deposition, which enables electrode deposition on complex three-dimensional (3D) battery architectures, to obtain both amorphous and crystalline VO 2 and V 2 O 5 , and we evaluate their thin-film cathode performance. Very high volumetric capacities are found, alongside excellent kinetics and good cycling stability. Better kinetics and higher volumetric capacities were observed for the amorphous vanadium oxides compared to their crystalline counterparts. The conformal deposition of these vanadium oxides on silicon micropillar structures is demonstrated. This study shows the promising potential of these atomic layer deposited vanadium oxides as cathodes for 3D all-solid-state thin-film lithium ion batteries.

Analyzing system safety in lithium-ion grid energy storage

DOE PAGES

Rosewater, David; Williams, Adam

2015-10-08

As grid energy storage systems become more complex, it grows more di cult to design them for safe operation. This paper first reviews the properties of lithium-ion batteries that can produce hazards in grid scale systems. Then the conventional safety engineering technique Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) is reviewed to identify its limitations in complex systems. To address this gap, new research is presented on the application of Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to a lithium-ion battery based grid energy storage system. STPA is anticipated to ll the gaps recognized in PRA for designing complex systems and hence be more e ectivemore » or less costly to use during safety engineering. It was observed that STPA is able to capture causal scenarios for accidents not identified using PRA. Additionally, STPA enabled a more rational assessment of uncertainty (all that is not known) thereby promoting a healthy skepticism of design assumptions. Lastly, we conclude that STPA may indeed be more cost effective than PRA for safety engineering in lithium-ion battery systems. However, further research is needed to determine if this approach actually reduces safety engineering costs in development, or improves industry safety standards.« less

Solid electrolyte for solid-state batteries: Have lithium-ion batteries reached their technical limit?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kartini, Evvy; Manawan, Maykel

With increasing demand for electrical power on a distribution grid lacking storage capabilities, utilities and project developers must stabilize what is currently still intermittent energy production. In fact, over half of utility executives say “the most important emerging energy technology” is energy storage. Advanced, low-cost battery designs are providing promising stationary storage solutions that can ensure reliable, high-quality power for customers, but research challenges and questions lefts. Have lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) reached their technical limit? The industry demands are including high costs, inadequate energy densities, long recharge times, short cycle-life times and safety must be continually addressed. Safety is stillmore » the main problem on developing the lithium ion battery.The safety issue must be considered from several aspects, since it would become serious problems, such as an explosion in a Japan Airlines 787 Dreamliner’s cargo hold, due to the battery problem. The combustion is mainly due to the leakage or shortcut of the electrodes, caused by the liquid electrolyte and polymer separator. For this reason, the research on solid electrolyte for replacing the existing liquid electrolyte is very important. The materials used in existing lithium ion battery, such as a separator and liquid electrolyte must be replaced to new solid electrolytes, solid materials that exhibits high ionic conductivity. Due to these reasons, research on solid state ionics materials have been vastly growing worldwide, with the main aim not only to search new solid electrolyte to replace the liquid one, but also looking for low cost materials and environmentally friendly. A revolutionary paradigm is also required to design new stable anode and cathode materials that provide electrochemical cells with high energy, high power, long lifetime and adequate safety at competitive manufacturing costs. Lithium superionic conductors, which can be used as solid electrolytes, promise the potential to replace organic liquid electrolytes and thereby improve the safety of next-generation high-energy batteries. Li{sub 3}PO{sub 4} has been proved to be a good candidate for solid electrolyte, due to its easy in preparation, low cost, high melting temperature and good compatibility with the electrode materials. In the present work, Li{sub 3}PO{sub 4} has been prepared by wet chemical reaction, a simple method with the advantage of recycling a waste product H{sub 3}PO{sub 4}. The crystal structure has been characterized by both neutron and x-ray diffraction. The use of neutron scattering plays important role on observing the light atoms such as lithium ion. The x-ray diffraction results showed the crystal structure of orthorhombic phase P m n 21 (31), that belongs to the β-Li{sub 3}PO{sub 4}, with the lattice parameters are a = 6.123872, b = 5.250211, c = 4.876378. The conductivity of β-Li{sub 3}PO{sub 4} was around 10{sup −8} S/cm. Furthermore, the future application of the solid electrolyte layer in lithium ion battery will also be considered. It is concluded that the used of local resources on producing the solid electrolyte Li{sub 3}PO{sub 4} for lithium ion battery will give more added values to the researches and national industry.« less

Novel Slurry Electrolyte Containing Lithium Metasilicate for High Electrochemical Performance of a 5 V Cathode.

PubMed

Ren, Yonghuan; Mu, Daobin; Wu, Feng; Wu, Borong

2015-10-21

We report a novel slurry electrolyte with ultrahigh concentration of insoluble inorganic lithium metasilicate (Li2SiO3) that is exploited for lithium ion batteries to combine the merits of solid and liquid electrolytes. The safety, conductivity, and anodic and storage stabilities of the eletrolyte are examined, which are all enhanced compared to a base carbonate electrolyte. The compatibility of the elecrolyte with a LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode is evaluated under high voltage. A discharge capacity of 173.8 mAh g(-1) is still maintained after 120 cycles, whereas it is only 74.9 mAh g(-1) in the base electrolyte. Additionally, the rate capability of the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode is also improved with reduced electrode polarization. TEM measurements indicate that the electrode interface is modified by Li2SiO3 with a thinner solid electrolyte interphase film. Density functional theory computations demonstrate that LiPF6 is stabilized against its decomposition by Li2SiO3. A possible path for the reaction between PF5 and Li2SiO3 is also proposed by deducing the transition states involved in the process using the DFT method.

Self-assembling synthesis of free-standing nanoporous graphene-transition-metal oxide flexible electrodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors.

PubMed

Huang, Xiaodan; Sun, Bing; Chen, Shuangqiang; Wang, Guoxiu

2014-01-01

The synthesis of nanoporous graphene by a convenient carbon nanofiber assisted self-assembly approach is reported. Porous structures with large pore volumes, high surface areas, and well-controlled pore sizes were achieved by employing spherical silica as hard templates with different diameters. Through a general wet-immersion method, transition-metal oxide (Fe3O4, Co3O4, NiO) nanocrystals can be easily loaded into nanoporous graphene papers to form three-dimensional flexible nanoarchitectures. When directly applied as electrodes in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, the materials exhibited superior electrochemical performances, including an ultra-high specific capacity, an extended long cycle life, and a high rate capability. In particular, nanoporous Fe3O4-graphene composites can deliver a reversible specific capacity of 1427.5 mAh g(-1) at a high current density of 1000 mA g(-1) as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. Furthermore, nanoporous Co3O4-graphene composites achieved a high supercapacitance of 424.2 F g(-1) . This work demonstrated that the as-developed freestanding nanoporous graphene papers could have significant potential for energy storage and conversion applications. Copyright © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Synthesis and characterization of self-bridged silver vanadium oxide/CNTs composite and its enhanced lithium storage performance.

PubMed

Liang, Liying; Liu, Haimei; Yang, Wensheng

2013-02-07

The improvement of the electrochemical properties of electrode materials with large capacity and good capacity retention is becoming an important task in the field of lithium ion batteries (LIBs). We designed a function-oriented hybrid material consisting of silver vanadium oxide (β-AgVO(3)) nanowires modified with uniform Ag nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a high-performance cathode material for LIBs. The Ag nanoparticles which precipitated automatically in the synthetic process act as a bridge between the β-AgVO(3) nanowires and CNTs, creating a self-bridged network structure. The Ag particles at the junction of the nanowires and CNTs facilitate electron transport from the CNTs to the nanowires, and thereby improve the electrical conductivity of the β-AgVO(3) nanowires and the composite. Moreover, the self-bridged network is hierarchically porous with a high surface area. When used as a cathode material, this composite electrode reveals high discharge capacities, excellent rate capability, and good cycling stability. The improved performance of the composite arises from its unique nanosized β-AgVO(3) nanowires with short diffusion pathway for lithium ions, efficient electron collection and transfer in the presence of Ag nanoparticles, together with excellent electrical conductivity of CNTs.

Scallop-Inspired Shell Engineering of Microparticles for Stable and High Volumetric Capacity Battery Anodes.

PubMed

Zhang, Xinghao; Guo, Ruiying; Li, Xianglong; Zhi, Linjie

2018-06-01

Building stable and efficient electron and ion transport pathways are critically important for energy storage electrode materials and systems. Herein, a scallop-inspired shell engineering strategy is proposed and demonstrated to confine high volume change silicon microparticles toward the construction of stable and high volumetric capacity binder-free lithium battery anodes. As for each silicon microparticle, the methodology involves an inner sealed but adaptable overlapped graphene shell, and an outer open hollow shell consisting of interconnected reduced graphene oxide, mimicking the scallop structure. The inner closed shell enables simultaneous stabilization of the interfaces of silicon with both carbon and electrolyte, substantially facilitates efficient and rapid transport of both electrons and lithium ions from/to silicon, the outer open hollow shell creates stable and robust transport paths of both electrons and lithium ions throughout the electrode without any sophisticated additives. The resultant self-supported electrode has achieved stable cycling with rapidly increased coulombic efficiency in the early stage, superior rate capability, and remarkably high volumetric capacity upon a facile pressing process. The rational design and engineering of graphene shells of the silicon microparticles developed can provide guidance for the development of a wide range of other high capacity but large volume change electrochemically active materials. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene-Containing Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes.

PubMed

Raccichini, Rinaldo; Varzi, Alberto; Wei, Di; Passerini, Stefano

2017-03-01

Used as a bare active material or component in hybrids, graphene has been the subject of numerous studies in recent years. Indeed, from the first report that appeared in late July 2008, almost 1600 papers were published as of the end 2015 that investigated the properties of graphene as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Although an impressive amount of data has been collected, a real advance in the field still seems to be missing. In this framework, attention is focused on the most prominent research efforts in this field with the aim of identifying the causes of such relentless progression through an insightful and critical evaluation of the lithium-ion storage performances (i.e., 1 st cycle irreversible capacity, specific gravimetric and volumetric capacities, average delithiation voltage profile, rate capability and stability upon cycling). The "graphene fever" has certainly provided a number of fundamental studies unveiling the electrochemical properties of this "wonder" material. However, analysis of the published literature also highlights a loss of focus from the final application. Hype-driven claims, not fully appropriate metrics, and negligence of key parameters are probably some of the factors still hindering the application of graphene in commercial batteries. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Micromechanical Modeling of Storage Particles in Lithium Ion Batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Purkayastha, Rajlakshmi Tarun

The effect of stress on storage particles within a lithium ion battery, while acknowledged, is not understood very well. In this work three non-dimensional parameters were identified which govern the stress response within a spherical storage particle. These parameters are developed using material properties such as the diffusion coefficient, particle radius, partial molar volume and Young's modulus. Stress maps are then generated for various values of these parameters for fixed rates of insertion, applying boundary conditions similar to those found in a battery. Stress and concentration profiles for various values of these parameters show the coupling between stress and concentration is magnified depending on the values of the parameters. These maps can be used for different materials, depending on the value of the dimensionless parameters. The value of maximum stress generated is calculated for extraction as well as insertion of lithium into the particle. The model was then used to study to ellipsoidal particles in order to ascertain the effect of geometry on the maximum stress within the particle. By performing a parameter study, we can identify those materials for which particular aspect ratios of ellipsoids are more beneficial, in terms of reducing stress. We find that the stress peaks at certain aspect ratios, mostly at 2 and 1/ 2 . A parameter study was also performed on cubic particle. The values of maximum stresses for both insertion and extraction of lithium were plotted as contour plots. It was seen that the material parameters influenced the location of the maximum stress, with the maximum stress occurring either at the center of the edge between two faces or the point at the center of a face. Newer materials such as silicon are being touted as new lithium storage materials for batteries due to their higher capacity. Their tendency to rapidly loose capacity in a short period of time has led to a variety designs such are the use of carbon nanotubes or the use of coatings in order to mitigate the large expansion and stresses, which leads to spalling off of the material. We therefore extended the results for spherical storage particles to include the presence of an additional layer of material surrounding the storage particle. We perform a parameter study to see at which material properties are most beneficial in reducing stresses within the particle, and the results were tabulated. It was seen that thicker layers can lead to mitigation in the value of maximum stresses. A simple fracture analysis was carried out and the material parameters which would most likely cause crack growth to occur were identified. Finally an integrated 2-D model of a lithium ion battery was developed to study the mechanical stress in storage particles as a function of material properties. The effect of morphology on the stress and lithium concentration is studied for the case of extraction of lithium in terms of the previously developed non-dimensional parameters. Both, particles functioning in isolation were studied, as well as in closely-packed systems. The results show that the particle distance from the separator, in combination with the material properties of the particle, is critical in predicting the stress generated within the particle.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tan, Guoqiang; Bao, Wurigumula; Yuan, Yifei

To spread lithium ion batteries into large-scale energy storage technologies, high ener-gy/power densities and long cycling life of carbon-based anodes must be achieved. This re-quires revolutionary design of the anode’s architectures that can facilitate the fast electronic and ionic transport, as well as accommodate the electrode structural instability. Here we re-port a thin-film electrode design and demonstrate its use in flexible, and large-area carbon-based anode assemblies. The fabrication of electrodes is realized by sputtering a graphite tar-get in the high-purity nitrogen atmosphere, then highly-defect nitrogen-doped carbon nano-fibers are deposited vertically onto copper substrates with a thin film configuration. The high-ly-defectmore » nitrogen-doping enhances the lithium storage and transport, the orientation grown mechanism improves the charge transfer, and the compact configuration makes the high tap density possible. As a result, the thin films exhibit high specific capacities of ~ 500 mAh g-1, namely a volume capacity of ~ 100 mAh cm-3. They also exhibit stable cycle performance (400 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles) and good rate capability (450 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1 rate). This work opens up a new carbon-based anode design by using sputtering technology for effec-tively incorporating high content nitrogen into carbon matrices. Such electrode architecture significantly improves the electrochemical performance of carbon-based materials.« less

Nanocrystal-constructed mesoporous CoFe₂O₄ nanowire arrays aligned on flexible carbon fabric as integrated anodes with enhanced lithium storage properties.

PubMed

Wang, Bo; Li, Songmei; Wu, Xiaoyu; Li, Bin; Liu, Jianhua; Yu, Mei

2015-09-07

A novel and facile two-step strategy is successfully developed for the large-scale fabrication of hierarchical mesoporous CoFe2O4 nanowire arrays (NWAs) on flexible carbon fabric as integrated anodes for highly efficient and reversible lithium storage. The synthesis involves the co-deposition of uniform bimetallic (Co, Fe) carbonate hydroxide hydrate precursor NWAs on carbon fabric and subsequent thermal transformation to spinel CoFe2O4 without damaging the morphology. The as-prepared CoFe2O4 nanowires have unique mesoporous structures, which are constructed by many interconnected nanocrystals with sizes of about 15-20 nm. The typical size of the nanowires is in the range of 70-100 nm in width and up to several micrometers in length. Such a hybrid nanostructure electrode presented here not only simplifies electrode processing, but also promises fast electron transport/collection and ion diffusion, and withstands volume variation upon prolonged charge/discharge cycling. As a result, the binder-free CoFe2O4/carbon fabric composite exhibits a high reversible capacity of 1185.75 mA h g(-1) at a current density of 200 mA g(-1), and a superior rate capability. More importantly, a reversible capacity as high as ∼950 mA h g(-1) can be retained and there is no obvious decay after 150 cycles.

New Approach to Create TiO2(B)/Carbon Core/Shell Nanotubes: Ideal Structure for Enhanced Lithium Ion Storage.

PubMed

Zhu, Xiaoyi; Yang, Xianfeng; Lv, Chunxiao; Guo, Shaojun; Li, Jianjiang; Zheng, Zhanfeng; Zhu, Huaiyong; Yang, Dongjiang

2016-07-27

To achieve uniform carbon coating on TiO2 nanomaterials, high temperature (>500 °C) annealing treatment is a necessity. However, the annealing treatment inevitably leads to the strong phase transformation from TiO2(B) with high lithium ion storage (LIS) capacity to anatase with low LIS one as well as the damage of nanostructures. Herein, we demonstrate a new approach to create TiO2(B)/carbon core/shell nanotubes (C@TBNTs) using a long-chain silane polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) to bind the TBNTs by forming Si-O-Ti bonds. The key feature of this work is that the introduction of PMHS onto TBNTs can afford TBNTs with very high thermal stability at higher than 700 °C and inhibit the phase transformation from TiO2(B) to anatase. Such a high thermal property of PMHS-TBNTs makes them easily coated with highly graphitic carbon shell via CVD process at 700 °C. The as-prepared C@TBNTs deliver outstanding rate capability and electrochemical stability, i.e., reversible capacity above 250 mAh g(-1) at 10 C and a high specific capacity of 479.2 mAh g(-1) after 1000 cycles at 1 C. As far as we know, the LIS performance of our sample is the highest among the previously reported TiO2(B) anode materials.

Interlayer-Expanded Metal Sulfides on Graphene Triggered by a Molecularly Self-Promoting Process for Enhanced Lithium Ion Storage.

PubMed

Wang, Qingqing; Rui, Kun; Zhang, Chao; Ma, Zhongyuan; Xu, Jingsan; Sun, Wenping; Zhang, Weina; Zhu, Jixin; Huang, Wei

2017-11-22

A general synthetic approach has been demonstrated to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) structured metal sulfides@graphene, employing few-layered sulfide nanostructures with expanded interlayer spacing of the (002) plane (e.g., 0.98 nm for MoS 2 nanoclusters and 0.65 nm for VS 4 nanoribbons) and electrically conductive graphene as ideal building blocks. Here, small molecules (thioacetamide) acting as both the sulfur source and, more importantly, the structure-directing agent adjusting the interlayer spacing are wisely selected, further contributing to a sufficient space for ultrafast Li + ion intercalation. The appealing features of a mechanically robust backbone, ultrathin thickness, abundant exposure of interlayer edges, and good electrical conductivity in such 3D architectures are favorable for providing easy access for the electrolyte to the structures and offering a shortened diffusion length of Li + when utilized for energy storage. As a proof of concept, the electrochemical behavior of the resulting 3D structured metal sulfides@graphene as an anode material of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is systematically investigated. As a consequence, high specific capacities, long lifespans, and superior rate capabilities have been realized in such well-designed architectures, e.g. maintaining a specific capacity as high as 965 mAh g -1 for 120 cycles for VS 4 @graphene and 1100 mAh g -1 for 150 cycles for MoS 2 @graphene.

Power sources for search and rescue 406 MHz beacons

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Attia, Alan I.; Perrone, David E.

1987-01-01

The results of a study directed at the selection of a commercially available, safe, low cost, light weight and long storage life battery for search and rescue (Sarsat) 406 MHz emergency beacons are presented. In the course of this work, five electrochemical systems (lithium-manganese dioxide, lithium-carbon monofluoride, lithium-silver vanadium oxide, alkaline cells, and cadmium-mercuric oxide) were selected for limited experimental studies to determine their suitability for this application. Two safe, commercially available batteries (lithium-manganese dioxide and lithium-carbon monofluoride) which meet the near term requirements and several alternatives for the long term were identified.

Comment on "Rapid cooling and cold storage in a silicic magma reservoir recorded in individual crystals".

PubMed

Wilson, Colin J N; Morgan, Daniel J; Charlier, Bruce L A; Barker, Simon J

2017-12-22

Rubin et al (Reports, 16 June 2017, p. 1154) proposed that gradients in lithium abundance in zircons from a rhyolitic eruption in New Zealand reflected short-lived residence at magmatic temperatures interleaved with long-term "cold" (<650°C) storage. Important issues arise with the interpretation of these lithium gradients and consequent crystal thermal histories that raise concerns about the validity of this conclusion. Copyright © 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Yolk–shell Fe 2O 3 ⊙ C composites anchored on MWNTs with enhanced lithium and sodium storage

DOE PAGES

Zhao, Yi; Feng, Zhenxing; Xu, Zhichuan J.

2015-04-24

For this research, a unique architecture with yolk–shell Fe 2O 3 ⊙ C composites attached to the surface of MWNTs is designed. Benefiting from the good electrical conductivity of MWNTs and carbon layers, as well as the large void space to accommodate the volume expansion/extraction of Fe 2O 3 during battery cycling, the obtained MWNT@Fe 2O 3 ⊙ C exhibited outstanding lithium and sodium storage performance.

Reconstruction of Mini-Hollow Polyhedron Mn2O3 Derived from MOFs as a High-Performance Lithium Anode Material.

PubMed

Cao, Kangzhe; Jiao, Lifang; Xu, Hang; Liu, Huiqiao; Kang, Hongyan; Zhao, Yan; Liu, Yongchang; Wang, Yijing; Yuan, Huatang

2016-03-01

A mini-hollow polyhedron Mn 2 O 3 is used as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Benefiting from the small interior cavity and intrinsic nanosize effect, a stable reconstructed hierarchical nanostructure is formed. It has excellent energy storage properties, exhibiting a capacity of 760 mAh g -1 at 2 A g -1 after 1000 cycles. This finding offers a new perspective for the design of electrodes with large energy storage.

Design principles for electrolytes and interfaces for stable lithium-metal batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tikekar, Mukul D.; Choudhury, Snehashis; Tu, Zhengyuan

2016-09-08

The future of electrochemical energy storage hinges on the advancement of science and technology that enables rechargeable batteries that utilize reactive metals as anodes. With specific capacity more than ten times that of the LiC6 anode used in present-day lithium-ion batteries, cells based on Li-metal anodes are of particular interest. Effective strategies for stabilizing the anode in such cells are now understood to be a requirement for progress on exceptional storage technologies, including Li–S and Li–O2 batteries. Multiple challenges—parasitic reactions of Li-metal with liquid electrolytes, unstable and dendritic electrodeposition, and dendrite-induced short circuits—derailed early efforts to commercialize such lithium-metal batteries.more » Here we consider approaches for rationally designing electrolytes and Li-metal/electrolyte interfaces for stable, dendrite-free operation of lithium-metal batteries. On the basis of fundamental understanding of the failure modes of reactive metal anodes, we discuss the key variables that govern the stability of electrodeposition at the Li anode and propose a universal framework for designing stable electrolytes and interfaces for lithium-metal batteries.« less

Influence of Polar Organic Solvents in an Ionic Liquid Containing Lithium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide: Effect on the Cation-Anion Interaction, Lithium Ion Battery Performance, and Solid Electrolyte Interphase.

PubMed

Lahiri, Abhishek; Li, Guozhu; Olschewski, Mark; Endres, Frank

2016-12-14

Ionic liquid-organic solvent mixtures have recently been investigated as potential battery electrolytes. However, contradictory results with these mixtures have been shown for battery performance. In this manuscript, we studied the influence of the addition of polar organic solvents into the ionic liquid electrolyte 1 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (LiFSI)-1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide ([Py 1,4 ]FSI) and tested it for lithium ion battery applications. From infrared and Raman spectroscopy, clear changes in the lithium solvation and cation-anion interactions in the ionic liquid were observed on addition of organic solvents. From the lithiation/delithiation studies on electrodeposited Ge, the storage capacity for the ionic liquid-highly polar organic solvent (acetonitrile) mixture was found to be the highest at low C-rates (0.425 C) compared to using an ionic liquid alone and ionic liquid-less polar solvent (dimethyl carbonate) mixtures. Furthermore, XPS and AFM were used to evaluate the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and to correlate its stability with Li storage capacity.

Design principles for electrolytes and interfaces for stable lithium-metal batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tikekar, Mukul D.; Choudhury, Snehashis; Tu, Zhengyuan; Archer, Lynden A.

2016-09-01

The future of electrochemical energy storage hinges on the advancement of science and technology that enables rechargeable batteries that utilize reactive metals as anodes. With specific capacity more than ten times that of the LiC6 anode used in present-day lithium-ion batteries, cells based on Li-metal anodes are of particular interest. Effective strategies for stabilizing the anode in such cells are now understood to be a requirement for progress on exceptional storage technologies, including Li-S and Li-O2 batteries. Multiple challenges—parasitic reactions of Li-metal with liquid electrolytes, unstable and dendritic electrodeposition, and dendrite-induced short circuits—derailed early efforts to commercialize such lithium-metal batteries. Here we consider approaches for rationally designing electrolytes and Li-metal/electrolyte interfaces for stable, dendrite-free operation of lithium-metal batteries. On the basis of fundamental understanding of the failure modes of reactive metal anodes, we discuss the key variables that govern the stability of electrodeposition at the Li anode and propose a universal framework for designing stable electrolytes and interfaces for lithium-metal batteries.

Capacity fade of LiNi(1-x-y)CoxAlyO2 cathode for lithium-ion batteries during accelerated calendar and cycle life test. I. Comparison analysis between LiNi(1-x-y)CoxAlyO2 and LiCoO2 cathodes in cylindrical lithium-ion cells during long term storage test

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Watanabe, Shoichiro; Kinoshita, Masahiro; Nakura, Kensuke

2014-02-01

Ni-based LiNi(1-x-y)CoxAlyO2 (NCA) and LiCoO2 (LCO) cathode materials taken out of lithium-ion cells after storage for 2 years at 45 °C were analyzed by various spectroscopic techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy exhibited that there was no difference between NCA and LCO. On the other hand, scanning transmission electron microscopy-electron energy-loss spectroscopy demonstrated there was a remarkably large difference between the two cathode materials. Ni-L2,3 energy-loss near-edge structure (ELNES) spectra of the NCA showed a peak at about 856.5 eV, which was assigned to trivalent nickel, was maintained even after storage, indicating that the NCA had no significant change in its surface structure during storage. On the other hand, in the Co-L2,3 ELNES spectra of the LCO a peak at about 782.5 eV, which was assigned to trivalent cobalt, significantly shifted to the lower energies after storage. These results suggest that crystal structure change of the active material surface is a predominant reason of deterioration during the storage test.

Lithium-sulfur dioxide batteries on Mars rovers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ratnakumar, Bugga V.; Smart, M. C.; Ewell, R. C.; Whitcanack, L. D.; Kindler, A.; Narayanan, S. R.; Surampudi, S.

2004-01-01

NASA's 2003 Mars Exploration Rover (MER) missions, Spirit and Opportunity, have been performing exciting surface exploration studies for the past six months. These two robotic missions were aimed at examining the presence of water and, thus, any evidence of life, and at understanding the geological conditions of Mars, These rovers have been successfully assisted by primary lithium-sulfur dioxide batteries during the critical entry, descent, and landing (EDL) maneuvers. These batteries were located on the petals of the lander, which, unlike in the Mars Pathfinder mission, was designed only to carry the rover. The selection of the lithium-sulfur dioxide battery system for this application was based on its high specific energy and high rate discharge capability, combined with low heat evolution, as dictated by this application. Lithium-sulfur dioxide batteries exhibit voltage delay, which tends to increase at low discharge temperatures, especially after extended storage at warm temperatures, In the absence of a depassivation circuit, as provided on earlier missions, e.g., Galileo, we were required to depassivate the lander primary batteries in a unique manner. The batteries were brought onto a shunt-regulated bus set at pre-selected discharge voltages, thus affecting depassivation during constant discharge voltages. Several ground tests were preformed, on cells, cell strings and battery assembly with five parallel strings, to identify optimum shunt voltages and durations of depassivation. We also examined the repassivation of lithium anodes, subsequent to depassivation. In this paper, we will describe these studies, in detail, as well as the depassivation of the lander flight batteries on both Spirit and Opportunity rover prior to the EDL sequence and their performance during landing on Mars.

Single stage AC-DC converter for Galfenol-based micro-power energy harvesters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cavaroc, Peyton; Curtis, Chandra; Naik, Suketu; Cooper, James

2014-06-01

Military based sensor systems are often hindered in operational deployment and/or other capabilities due to limitations in their energy storage elements. Typically operating from lithium based batteries, there is a finite amount of stored energy which the sensor can use to collect and transmit data. As a result, the sensors have reduced sensing and transmission rates. However, coupled with the latest advancements in energy harvesting, these sensors could potentially operate at standard sensing and transition rates as well as dramatically extend lifetimes. Working with the magnetostrictive material Galfenol, we demonstrate the production of enough energy to supplement and recharge a solid state battery thereby overcoming the deficiencies faced by unattended sensors. As with any vibration-based energy harvester, this solution produces an alternating current which needs to be rectified and boosted to a level conducive to recharge the storage element. This paper presents a power converter capable of efficiently converting an ultra-low AC voltage to a solid state charging voltage of 4.1VDC. While we are working with Galfenol transducers as our energy source, this converter may also be applied with any AC producing energy harvester, particularly at operating levels less than 2mW and 200mVAC.

A manganese-hydrogen battery with potential for grid-scale energy storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Wei; Li, Guodong; Pei, Allen; Li, Yuzhang; Liao, Lei; Wang, Hongxia; Wan, Jiayu; Liang, Zheng; Chen, Guangxu; Zhang, Hao; Wang, Jiangyan; Cui, Yi

2018-05-01

Batteries including lithium-ion, lead-acid, redox-flow and liquid-metal batteries show promise for grid-scale storage, but they are still far from meeting the grid's storage needs such as low cost, long cycle life, reliable safety and reasonable energy density for cost and footprint reduction. Here, we report a rechargeable manganese-hydrogen battery, where the cathode is cycled between soluble Mn2+ and solid MnO2 with a two-electron reaction, and the anode is cycled between H2 gas and H2O through well-known catalytic reactions of hydrogen evolution and oxidation. This battery chemistry exhibits a discharge voltage of 1.3 V, a rate capability of 100 mA cm-2 (36 s of discharge) and a lifetime of more than 10,000 cycles without decay. We achieve a gravimetric energy density of 139 Wh kg-1 (volumetric energy density of 210 Wh l-1), with the theoretical gravimetric energy density of 174 Wh kg-1 (volumetric energy density of 263 Wh l-1) in a 4 M MnSO4 electrolyte. The manganese-hydrogen battery involves low-cost abundant materials and has the potential to be scaled up for large-scale energy storage.

Surface Chemistry and Precursor Material Effects on the Performance of Pyrolyzed Nanofibers as Anodes for Lithium-ion Batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Loebl, Andrew James

Next-generation lithium-ion batteries to meet consumer demands and new applications require the development of new electrode materials. Electrospinning of polymers is a simple and effective method to create one-dimensional, self-supporting materials, with no inactive components after pyrolysis. Composites of these nanofibers and high-capacity lithium materials have been demonstrated to possess superior reversible capacity than state-of-the-art commercial anodes. Despite impressive reversible discharge capacities polyacrylonitrile-based composites are not ready for adoption in commercial applications. These materials suffer from irreversible losses of Li to formation on the electrode of the solid electrolyte interphase during the first charge of the cell. This thesis work has taken two approaches to engineer high-performing nanofiber-based electrodes. First, the chemistry at the interface of the electrode and the electrolyte has been changed by depositing new surfaces. Attempts to create a graphitic fiber surface via plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition did not result in an improvement of the irreversible losses. However, the experiments did demonstrate the growth of large surface area carbon nanowalls on the pyrolyzed electrospun fibers, creating a material which could serve as a substrate in catalysis or as an electrode for composite ultra-capacitors. Additionally, passivation surfaces were deposited by atomic layer deposition and molecular layer deposition. These new surfaces were employed to reduce the irreversible consumption of lithium by moving the charge transfer reaction to the interface of the carbon and the new material. The removal the lithium from the solvent prior to charge transfer limits the irreversible reduction of solvent by metallic lithium. Alumina films grown by atomic layer deposition reduced lithium losses to the solid electrolyte interphase by up to 42% for twenty deposition cycles. This large improvement in irreversible capacity resulted in a nearly 50% reduction in reversible lithium storage. Thinner coatings of alumina had a less dramatic effect on both the irreversible capacity losses and the reversible discharge capacity. A coating of ten cycles of alumina at a temperature of 150 °C resulted in a 17% reduction in irreversible capacity with negligible impact on the reversible capacity. Hybrid aluminum-organic films grown by molecular layer deposition also reduced irreversible lithium losses. The largest reduction was 23% for electrodes coated with 40 cycles of the alucone material. For all thicknesses studied these hybrid films delivered less improvement than the alumina grown by atomic layer deposition, with poor reversible lithium storage capacity available at high charging and discharging currents. Second, polyacrylonitrile has served as the precursor for electrospun composite electrodes because of its ease of processing and well-known carbonization process. Polyimides represent a family of polymers for which the material properties can be tailored by careful monomer selection. These polymers were used as the non-woven matrix to create materials capable of delivering a larger percentage of their maximum reversible capacities at high currents when compared to polyacrylonitrile-based electrodes. These materials had a more graphitic structure based on Raman spectroscopy, and resulted in lower irreversible capacity losses than polyacrylonitrile-based fibers for fibers based on pyromellitic dianhydride and p-phenylene diamine.

Chemistry and Nanoscience Research | NREL

Science.gov Websites

following research areas: Electrical Energy Storage Lithium-ion and radical organic batteries. Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Fuel cells, and hydrogen production and storage. Photovoltaics Organic photovoltaics

An improved high-performance lithium-air battery.

PubMed

Jung, Hun-Gi; Hassoun, Jusef; Park, Jin-Bum; Sun, Yang-Kook; Scrosati, Bruno

2012-06-10

Although dominating the consumer electronics markets as the power source of choice for popular portable devices, the common lithium battery is not yet suited for use in sustainable electrified road transport. The development of advanced, higher-energy lithium batteries is essential in the rapid establishment of the electric car market. Owing to its exceptionally high energy potentiality, the lithium-air battery is a very appealing candidate for fulfilling this role. However, the performance of such batteries has been limited to only a few charge-discharge cycles with low rate capability. Here, by choosing a suitable stable electrolyte and appropriate cell design, we demonstrate a lithium-air battery capable of operating over many cycles with capacity and rate values as high as 5,000 mAh g(carbon)(-1) and 3 A g(carbon)(-1), respectively. For this battery we estimate an energy density value that is much higher than those offered by the currently available lithium-ion battery technology.

Battery Separator Characterization and Evaluation Procedures for NASA's Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baldwin, Richard S.; Bennet, William R.; Wong, Eunice K.; Lewton, MaryBeth R.; Harris, Megan K.

2010-01-01

To address the future performance and safety requirements for the electrical energy storage technologies that will enhance and enable future NASA manned aerospace missions, advanced rechargeable, lithium-ion battery technology development is being pursued within the scope of the NASA Exploration Technology Development Program s (ETDP's) Energy Storage Project. A critical cell-level component of a lithium-ion battery which significantly impacts both overall electrochemical performance and safety is the porous separator that is sandwiched between the two active cell electrodes. To support the selection of the optimal cell separator material(s) for the advanced battery technology and chemistries under development, laboratory characterization and screening procedures were established to assess and compare separator material-level attributes and associated separator performance characteristics.

Oxygen- and Lithium-Doped Hybrid Boron-Nitride/Carbon Networks for Hydrogen Storage.

PubMed

Shayeganfar, Farzaneh; Shahsavari, Rouzbeh

2016-12-20

Hydrogen storage capacities have been studied on newly designed three-dimensional pillared boron nitride (PBN) and pillared graphene boron nitride (PGBN). We propose these novel materials based on the covalent connection of BNNTs and graphene sheets, which enhance the surface and free volume for storage within the nanomaterial and increase the gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen uptake capacities. Density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations show that these lithium- and oxygen-doped pillared structures have improved gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen capacities at room temperature, with values on the order of 9.1-11.6 wt % and 40-60 g/L. Our findings demonstrate that the gravimetric uptake of oxygen- and lithium-doped PBN and PGBN has significantly enhanced the hydrogen sorption and desorption. Calculations for O-doped PGBN yield gravimetric hydrogen uptake capacities greater than 11.6 wt % at room temperature. This increased value is attributed to the pillared morphology, which improves the mechanical properties and increases porosity, as well as the high binding energy between oxygen and GBN. Our results suggest that hybrid carbon/BNNT nanostructures are an excellent candidate for hydrogen storage, owing to the combination of the electron mobility of graphene and the polarized nature of BN at heterojunctions, which enhances the uptake capacity, providing ample opportunities to further tune this hybrid material for efficient hydrogen storage.

Advances in repurposing and recycling of post-vehicle-application lithium-ion batteries.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2016-05-01

Increased electrification of vehicles has increased the use of lithium-ion batteries for energy storage, and raised the issue of : what to do with post-vehicle-application batteries. Three possibilities have been identified: 1) remanufacturing for in...

Volume Holographic Storage of Digital Data Implemented in Photorefractive Media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heanue, John Frederick

A holographic data storage system is fundamentally different from conventional storage devices. Information is recorded in a volume, rather than on a two-dimensional surface. Data is transferred in parallel, on a page-by -page basis, rather than serially. These properties, combined with a limited need for mechanical motion, lead to the potential for a storage system with high capacity, fast transfer rate, and short access time. The majority of previous volume holographic storage experiments have involved direct storage and retrieval of pictorial information. Success in the development of a practical holographic storage device requires an understanding of the performance capabilities of a digital system. This thesis presents a number of contributions toward this goal. A description of light diffraction from volume gratings is given. The results are used as the basis for a theoretical and numerical analysis of interpage crosstalk in both angular and wavelength multiplexed holographic storage. An analysis of photorefractive grating formation in photovoltaic media such as lithium niobate is presented along with steady-state expressions for the space-charge field in thermal fixing. Thermal fixing by room temperature recording followed by ion compensation at elevated temperatures is compared to simultaneous recording and compensation at high temperature. In particular, the tradeoff between diffraction efficiency and incomplete Bragg matching is evaluated. An experimental investigation of orthogonal phase code multiplexing is described. Two unique capabilities, the ability to perform arithmetic operations on stored data pages optically, rather than electronically, and encrypted data storage, are demonstrated. A comparison of digital signal representations, or channel codes, is carried out. The codes are compared in terms of bit-error rate performance at constant capacity. A well-known one-dimensional digital detection technique, maximum likelihood sequence estimation, is extended for use in a two-dimensional page format memory. The effectiveness of the technique in a system corrupted by intersymbol interference is investigated both experimentally and through numerical simulations. The experimental implementation of a fully-automated multiple page digital holographic storage system is described. Finally, projections of the performance limits of holographic data storage are made taking into account typical noise sources.

High energy density aluminum battery

DOEpatents

Brown, Gilbert M.; Paranthaman, Mariappan Parans; Dai, Sheng; Dudney, Nancy J.; Manthiram, Arumugan; McIntyre, Timothy J.; Sun, Xiao-Guang; Liu, Hansan

2016-10-11

Compositions and methods of making are provided for a high energy density aluminum battery. The battery comprises an anode comprising aluminum metal. The battery further comprises a cathode comprising a material capable of intercalating aluminum or lithium ions during a discharge cycle and deintercalating the aluminum or lithium ions during a charge cycle. The battery further comprises an electrolyte capable of supporting reversible deposition and stripping of aluminum at the anode, and reversible intercalation and deintercalation of aluminum or lithium at the cathode.

Interfaces and Materials in Lithium Ion Batteries: Challenges for Theoretical Electrochemistry.

PubMed

Kasnatscheew, Johannes; Wagner, Ralf; Winter, Martin; Cekic-Laskovic, Isidora

2018-04-18

Energy storage is considered a key technology for successful realization of renewable energies and electrification of the powertrain. This review discusses the lithium ion battery as the leading electrochemical storage technology, focusing on its main components, namely electrode(s) as active and electrolyte as inactive materials. State-of-the-art (SOTA) cathode and anode materials are reviewed, emphasizing viable approaches towards advancement of the overall performance and reliability of lithium ion batteries; however, existing challenges are not neglected. Liquid aprotic electrolytes for lithium ion batteries comprise a lithium ion conducting salt, a mixture of solvents and various additives. Due to its complexity and its role in a given cell chemistry, electrolyte, besides the cathode materials, is identified as most susceptible, as well as the most promising, component for further improvement of lithium ion batteries. The working principle of the most important commercial electrolyte additives is also discussed. With regard to new applications and new cell chemistries, e.g., operation at high temperature and high voltage, further improvements of both active and inactive materials are inevitable. In this regard, theoretical support by means of modeling, calculation and simulation approaches can be very helpful to ex ante pre-select and identify the aforementioned components suitable for a given cell chemistry as well as to understand degradation phenomena at the electrolyte/electrode interface. This overview highlights the advantages and limitations of SOTA lithium battery systems, aiming to encourage researchers to carry forward and strengthen the research towards advanced lithium ion batteries, tailored for specific applications.

Anatase TiO2 ultrathin nanobelts derived from room-temperature-synthesized titanates for fast and safe lithium storage

PubMed Central

Wen, Wei; Wu, Jin-ming; Jiang, Yin-zhu; Yu, Sheng-lan; Bai, Jun-qiang; Cao, Min-hua; Cui, Jie

2015-01-01

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are promising energy storage devices for portable electronics, electric vehicles, and power-grid applications. It is highly desirable yet challenging to develop a simple and scalable method for constructions of sustainable materials for fast and safe LIBs. Herein, we exploit a novel and scalable route to synthesize ultrathin nanobelts of anatase TiO2, which is resource abundant and is eligible for safe anodes in LIBs. The achieved ultrathin nanobelts demonstrate outstanding performances for lithium storage because of the unique nanoarchitecture and appropriate composition. Unlike conventional alkali-hydrothermal approaches to hydrogen titanates, the present room temperature alkaline-free wet chemistry strategy guarantees the ultrathin thickness for the resultant titanate nanobelts. The anatase TiO2 ultrathin nanobelts were achieved simply by a subsequent calcination in air. The synthesis route is convenient for metal decoration and also for fabricating thin films of one/three dimensional arrays on various substrates at low temperatures, in absence of any seed layers. PMID:26133276

Reactivation of dead sulfide species in lithium polysulfide flow battery for grid scale energy storage

DOE PAGES

Jin, Yang; Zhou, Guangmin; Shi, Feifei; ...

2017-09-06

Lithium polysulfide batteries possess several favorable attributes including low cost and high energy density for grid energy storage. However, the precipitation of insoluble and irreversible sulfide species on the surface of carbon and lithium (called “dead” sulfide species) leads to continuous capacity degradation in high mass loading cells, which represents a great challenge. To address this problem, herein we propose a strategy to reactivate dead sulfide species by reacting them with sulfur powder with stirring and heating (70 °C) to recover the cell capacity, and further demonstrate a flow battery system based on the reactivation approach. As a result, ultrahighmore » mass loading (0.125 g cm –3, 2g sulfur in a single cell), high volumetric energy density (135 Wh L –1), good cycle life, and high single-cell capacity are achieved. The high volumetric energy density indicates its promising application for future grid energy storage.« less

Innovative SPM Probes for Energy-Storage Science: MWCNT-Nanopipettes to Nanobattery Probes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Larson, Jonathan; Talin, Alec; Pearse, Alexander; Kozen, Alexander; Reutt-Robey, Janice

As energy-storage materials and designs continue to advance, new tools are needed to direct and explore ion insertion/de-insertion at well-defined battery materials interfaces. Scanned probe tips, assembled from actual energy-storage materials, permit SPM measures of local cathode-anode (tip-sample) interactions, including ion transfer. We present examples of ``cathode'' MWCNT-terminated STM probe tips interacting with Li(s)/Si(111) anode substrates. The MWCNT tip functions as both SPM probe and Li-nanopipette,[1] for controlled transport and manipulation of Li. Local field conditions for lithium ionization and transfer are determined and compared to electrostatic models. Additional lithium metallic and oxide tips have been prepared by thin film deposition on conventional W tips, the latter of which effectively functions as a nanobattery. We demonstrate use of these novel probe materials in the local lithiation of low-index Si anode interfaces, probing local barriers for lithium insertion. Prospects and limitations of these novel SPM probes will be discussed. U.S. Department of Energy Award Number DESC0001160.

Reactivation of dead sulfide species in lithium polysulfide flow battery for grid scale energy storage

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jin, Yang; Zhou, Guangmin; Shi, Feifei

Lithium polysulfide batteries possess several favorable attributes including low cost and high energy density for grid energy storage. However, the precipitation of insoluble and irreversible sulfide species on the surface of carbon and lithium (called “dead” sulfide species) leads to continuous capacity degradation in high mass loading cells, which represents a great challenge. To address this problem, herein we propose a strategy to reactivate dead sulfide species by reacting them with sulfur powder with stirring and heating (70 °C) to recover the cell capacity, and further demonstrate a flow battery system based on the reactivation approach. As a result, ultrahighmore » mass loading (0.125 g cm –3, 2g sulfur in a single cell), high volumetric energy density (135 Wh L –1), good cycle life, and high single-cell capacity are achieved. The high volumetric energy density indicates its promising application for future grid energy storage.« less

Meso-oblate spheroids of thermal-stabile linker-free aggregates with size-tunable subunits for reversible lithium storage.

PubMed

Deng, Da; Lee, Jim Yang

2014-01-22

The organization of nanoscale materials as building units into extended structures with specific geometry and functional properties is a challenging endeavor. Hereby, an environmentally benign, simple, and scalable method for preparation of stable, linker-free, self-supported, high-order 3D meso-oblate spheroids of CuO nanoparticle aggregates with size-tunable building nanounits for reversible lithium-ion storage is reported. In contrast to traditional spherical nanoparticle aggregation, a unique oblate spheroid morphology is achieved. The formation mechanism of the unusual oblate spheroid of aggregated nanoparticles is proposed. When tested for reversible lithium ion storage, the unique 3D meso-oblate spheroids of CuO nanoparticle aggregate demonstrated highly improved electrochemical performance (around ∼600 mAh/g over 20 cycles), which could be ascribed to the nanoporous aggregated mesostructure with abundant crystalline imperfection. Furthermore, the size of building units can be controlled (12 and 21 nm were tested) to further improve their electrochemical performance.

Solution combustion synthesis of metal oxide nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion.

PubMed

Li, Fa-tang; Ran, Jingrun; Jaroniec, Mietek; Qiao, Shi Zhang

2015-11-14

The design and synthesis of metal oxide nanomaterials is one of the key steps for achieving highly efficient energy conversion and storage on an industrial scale. Solution combustion synthesis (SCS) is a time- and energy-saving method as compared with other routes, especially for the preparation of complex oxides which can be easily adapted for scale-up applications. This review summarizes the synthesis of various metal oxide nanomaterials and their applications for energy conversion and storage, including lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, hydrogen and methane production, fuel cells and solar cells. In particular, some novel concepts such as reverse support combustion, self-combustion of ionic liquids, and creation of oxygen vacancies are presented. SCS has some unique advantages such as its capability for in situ doping of oxides and construction of heterojunctions. The well-developed porosity and large specific surface area caused by gas evolution during the combustion process endow the resulting materials with exceptional properties. The relationship between the structural properties of the metal oxides studied and their performance is discussed. Finally, the conclusions and perspectives are briefly presented.

Solution combustion synthesis of metal oxide nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Fa-Tang; Ran, Jingrun; Jaroniec, Mietek; Qiao, Shi Zhang

2015-10-01

The design and synthesis of metal oxide nanomaterials is one of the key steps for achieving highly efficient energy conversion and storage on an industrial scale. Solution combustion synthesis (SCS) is a time- and energy-saving method as compared with other routes, especially for the preparation of complex oxides which can be easily adapted for scale-up applications. This review summarizes the synthesis of various metal oxide nanomaterials and their applications for energy conversion and storage, including lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, hydrogen and methane production, fuel cells and solar cells. In particular, some novel concepts such as reverse support combustion, self-combustion of ionic liquids, and creation of oxygen vacancies are presented. SCS has some unique advantages such as its capability for in situ doping of oxides and construction of heterojunctions. The well-developed porosity and large specific surface area caused by gas evolution during the combustion process endow the resulting materials with exceptional properties. The relationship between the structural properties of the metal oxides studied and their performance is discussed. Finally, the conclusions and perspectives are briefly presented.

Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Larcher, D.; Tarascon, J.-M.

2015-01-01

Ever-growing energy needs and depleting fossil-fuel resources demand the pursuit of sustainable energy alternatives, including both renewable energy sources and sustainable storage technologies. It is therefore essential to incorporate material abundance, eco-efficient synthetic processes and life-cycle analysis into the design of new electrochemical storage systems. At present, a few existing technologies address these issues, but in each case, fundamental and technological hurdles remain to be overcome. Here we provide an overview of the current state of energy storage from a sustainability perspective. We introduce the notion of sustainability through discussion of the energy and environmental costs of state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries, considering elemental abundance, toxicity, synthetic methods and scalability. With the same themes in mind, we also highlight current and future electrochemical storage systems beyond lithium-ion batteries. The complexity and importance of recycling battery materials is also discussed.

Semi-empirical master curve concept describing the rate capability of lithium insertion electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heubner, C.; Seeba, J.; Liebmann, T.; Nickol, A.; Börner, S.; Fritsch, M.; Nikolowski, K.; Wolter, M.; Schneider, M.; Michaelis, A.

2018-03-01

A simple semi-empirical master curve concept, describing the rate capability of porous insertion electrodes for lithium-ion batteries, is proposed. The model is based on the evaluation of the time constants of lithium diffusion in the liquid electrolyte and the solid active material. This theoretical approach is successfully verified by comprehensive experimental investigations of the rate capability of a large number of porous insertion electrodes with various active materials and design parameters. It turns out, that the rate capability of all investigated electrodes follows a simple master curve governed by the time constant of the rate limiting process. We demonstrate that the master curve concept can be used to determine optimum design criteria meeting specific requirements in terms of maximum gravimetric capacity for a desired rate capability. The model further reveals practical limits of the electrode design, attesting the empirically well-known and inevitable tradeoff between energy and power density.

Highly Conductive In-SnO2/RGO Nano-Heterostructures with Improved Lithium-Ion Battery Performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Ying; Palmieri, Alessandro; He, Junkai; Meng, Yongtao; Beauregard, Nicole; Suib, Steven L.; Mustain, William E.

2016-05-01

The increasing demand of emerging technologies for high energy density electrochemical storage has led many researchers to look for alternative anode materials to graphite. The most promising conversion and alloying materials do not yet possess acceptable cycle life or rate capability. In this work, we use tin oxide, SnO2, as a representative anode material to explore the influence of graphene incorporation and In-doping to increase the electronic conductivity and concomitantly improve capacity retention and cycle life. It was found that the incorporation of In into SnO2 reduces the charge transfer resistance during cycling, prolonging life. It is also hypothesized that the increased conductivity allows the tin oxide conversion and alloying reactions to both be reversible, leading to very high capacity near 1200 mAh/g. Finally, the electrodes show excellent rate capability with a capacity of over 200 mAh/g at 10C.

Thin film ion conducting coating

DOEpatents

Goldner, Ronald B.; Haas, Terry; Wong, Kwok-Keung; Seward, George

1989-01-01

Durable thin film ion conducting coatings are formed on a transparent glass substrate by the controlled deposition of the mixed oxides of lithium:tantalum or lithium:niobium. The coatings provide durable ion transport sources for thin film solid state storage batteries and electrochromic energy conservation devices.

Spinel lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) as novel anode material for room-temperature sodium-ion battery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Liang; Pan, Hui-Lin; Hu, Yong-Sheng; Li, Hong; Chen, Li-Quan

2012-02-01

This is the first time that a novel anode material, spinel Li4Ti5O12 which is well known as a “zero-strain" anode material for lithium storage, has been introduced for sodium-ion battery. The Li4Ti5O12 shows an average Na storage voltage of about 1.0 V and a reversible capacity of about 145 mAh/g, thereby making it a promising anode for sodium-ion battery. Ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used to investigate the structure change in the Na insertion/deinsertion process. Based on this, a possible Na storage mechanism is proposed.

All-graphene-battery: bridging the gap between supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Haegyeom; Park, Kyu-Young; Hong, Jihyun; Kang, Kisuk

2014-06-01

Herein, we propose an advanced energy-storage system: all-graphene-battery. It operates based on fast surface-reactions in both electrodes, thus delivering a remarkably high power density of 6,450 W kg-1total electrode while also retaining a high energy density of 225 Wh kg-1total electrode, which is comparable to that of conventional lithium ion battery. The performance and operating mechanism of all-graphene-battery resemble those of both supercapacitors and batteries, thereby blurring the conventional distinction between supercapacitors and batteries. This work demonstrates that the energy storage system made with carbonaceous materials in both the anode and cathode are promising alternative energy-storage devices.

All-graphene-battery: bridging the gap between supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries.

PubMed

Kim, Haegyeom; Park, Kyu-Young; Hong, Jihyun; Kang, Kisuk

2014-06-13

Herein, we propose an advanced energy-storage system: all-graphene-battery. It operates based on fast surface-reactions in both electrodes, thus delivering a remarkably high power density of 6,450 W kg(-1)(total electrode) while also retaining a high energy density of 225 Wh kg(-1)(total electrode), which is comparable to that of conventional lithium ion battery. The performance and operating mechanism of all-graphene-battery resemble those of both supercapacitors and batteries, thereby blurring the conventional distinction between supercapacitors and batteries. This work demonstrates that the energy storage system made with carbonaceous materials in both the anode and cathode are promising alternative energy-storage devices.

All-graphene-battery: bridging the gap between supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries

PubMed Central

Kim, Haegyeom; Park, Kyu-Young; Hong, Jihyun; Kang, Kisuk

2014-01-01

Herein, we propose an advanced energy-storage system: all-graphene-battery. It operates based on fast surface-reactions in both electrodes, thus delivering a remarkably high power density of 6,450 W kg−1total electrode while also retaining a high energy density of 225 Wh kg−1total electrode, which is comparable to that of conventional lithium ion battery. The performance and operating mechanism of all-graphene-battery resemble those of both supercapacitors and batteries, thereby blurring the conventional distinction between supercapacitors and batteries. This work demonstrates that the energy storage system made with carbonaceous materials in both the anode and cathode are promising alternative energy-storage devices. PMID:24923290

Nanotubes within transition metal silicate hollow spheres: Facile preparation and superior lithium storage performances

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Fan; An, Yongling; Zhai, Wei

2015-10-15

Highlights: • The hollow Co{sub 2}SiO{sub 4}, MnSiO{sub 3} and CuSiO{sub 3} were successfully prepared by a facile hydrothermal method using SiO{sub 2} nanosphere. • The hollow Co{sub 2}SiO{sub 4}, MnSiO{sub 3} and CuSiO{sub 3} were tested as anode materials for lithium batteries. • The hollow Co{sub 2}SiO{sub 4}, MnSiO{sub 3} and CuSiO{sub 3} delivered superior electrochemical performance. • The lithium storage mechanism is probe via cyclic voltammetry and XPS. - Abstract: A series of transition metal silicate hollow spheres, including cobalt silicate (Co{sub 2}SiO{sub 4}), manganese silicate (MnSiO{sub 3}) and copper silicate (CuSiO{sub 3}.2H{sub 2}O, CuSiO{sub 3} as abbreviationmore » in the text) were prepared via a simple and economic hydrothermal method by using silica spheres as chemical template. Time-dependent experiments confirmed that the resultants formed a novel type of hierarchical structure, hollow spheres assembled by numerous one-dimensional (1D) nanotubes building blocks. For the first time, the transition metal silicate hollow spheres were characterized as novel anode materials of Li-ion battery, which presented superior lithium storage capacities, cycle performance and rate performance. The 1D nanotubes assembly and hollow interior endow this kind of material facilitate fast lithium ion and electron transport and accommodate the big volume change during the conversion reactions. Our study shows that low-cost transition metal silicate with rationally designed nanostructures can be promising anode materials for high capacity lithium-ion battery.« less

Hot filament technique for measuring the thermal conductivity of molten lithium fluoride

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jaworske, Donald A.; Perry, William D.

1990-01-01

Molten salts, such as lithium fluoride, are attractive candidates for thermal energy storage in solar dynamic space power systems because of their high latent heat of fusion. However, these same salts have poor thermal conductivities which inhibit the transfer of heat into the solid phase and out of the liquid phase. One concept for improving the thermal conductivity of the thermal energy storage system is to add a conductive filler material to the molten salt. High thermal conductivity pitch-based graphite fibers are being considered for this application. Although there is some information available on the thermal conductivity of lithium fluoride solid, there is very little information on lithium fluoride liquid, and no information on molten salt graphite fiber composites. This paper describes a hot filament technique for determining the thermal conductivity of molten salts. The hot filament technique was used to find the thermal conductivity of molten lithium fluoride at 930 C, and the thermal conductivity values ranged from 1.2 to 1.6 W/mK. These values are comparable to the slightly larger value of 5.0 W/mK for lithium fluoride solid. In addition, two molten salt graphite fiber composites were characterized with the hot filament technique and these results are also presented.

Synthesis of nickel oxide nanospheres by a facile spray drying method and their application as anode materials for lithium ion batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xiao, Anguo, E-mail: hixiaoanguo@126.com; Zhou, Shibiao; Zuo, Chenggang

2015-10-15

Graphical abstract: NiO nanospheres prepared by a facile spray drying method show high lithium ion storage performance as anode of lithium ion battery. - Highlights: • NiO nanospheres are prepared by a spray drying method. • NiO nanospheres are composed of interconnected nanoparticles. • NiO nanospheres show good lithium ion storage properties. - Abstract: Fabrication of advanced anode materials is indispensable for construction of high-performance lithium ion batteries. In this work, nickel oxide (NiO) nanospheres are fabricated by a facial one-step spray drying method. The as-prepared NiO nanospheres show diameters ranging from 100 to 600 nm and are composed ofmore » nanoparticles of 30–50 nm. As an anode for lithium ion batteries, the electrochemical properties of the NiO nanospheres are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. The specific reversible capacity of NiO nanospheres is 656 mA h g{sup −1} at 0.1 C, and 476 mA h g{sup −1} at 1 C. The improvement of electrochemical properties is attributed to nanosphere structure with large surface area and short ion/electron transfer path.« less

Applications of XPS in the characterization of Battery materials

DOE PAGES

Shutthanandan, Vaithiyalingam; Nandasiri, Manjula; Zheng, Jianming; ...

2018-05-26

In this study, technological development requires reliable power sources where energy storage devices are emerging as a critical component. Wide range of energy storage devices, Redox-flow batteries (RFB), Lithium ion based batteries (LIB), and Lithium-sulfur (LSB) batteries are being developed for various applications ranging from grid-scale level storage to mobile electronics. Material complexities associated with these energy storage devices with unique electrochemistry are formidable challenge which needs to be address for transformative progress in this field. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) - a powerful surface analysis tool - has been widely used to study these energy storage materials because of itsmore » ability to identify, quantify and image the chemical distribution of redox active species. However, accessing the deeply buried solid-electrolyte interfaces (which dictates the performance of energy storage devices) has been a challenge in XPS usage. Herein we report our recent efforts to utilize the XPS to gain deep insight about these interfaces under realistic conditions with varying electrochemistry involving RFB, LIB and LSB.« less

Applications of XPS in the characterization of Battery materials

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shutthanandan, Vaithiyalingam; Nandasiri, Manjula; Zheng, Jianming

In this study, technological development requires reliable power sources where energy storage devices are emerging as a critical component. Wide range of energy storage devices, Redox-flow batteries (RFB), Lithium ion based batteries (LIB), and Lithium-sulfur (LSB) batteries are being developed for various applications ranging from grid-scale level storage to mobile electronics. Material complexities associated with these energy storage devices with unique electrochemistry are formidable challenge which needs to be address for transformative progress in this field. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) - a powerful surface analysis tool - has been widely used to study these energy storage materials because of itsmore » ability to identify, quantify and image the chemical distribution of redox active species. However, accessing the deeply buried solid-electrolyte interfaces (which dictates the performance of energy storage devices) has been a challenge in XPS usage. Herein we report our recent efforts to utilize the XPS to gain deep insight about these interfaces under realistic conditions with varying electrochemistry involving RFB, LIB and LSB.« less

Lithium cell test results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bragg, B. J.

1977-01-01

Three lithium SO2 cells, two lithium CF cells, and a vinyl chloride cell, all with crimped seals, and all strictly experimental, were independently discharged on resistors. Three temperatures were used and several different storage temperatures. Discharge rate generally on the nominal discharges were 0.1 amp, 0.5 amp, and 1 amp. Tests results show that the crimp seals are inadequate, especially for the SO2 cells. Normal discharges present no hazards. All cells discharge to zero. The problem of lithium cell explosions, such as occurred during off-limits testing, is discussed.

Reaction between Lithium Anode and Polysulfide Ions in a Lithium-Sulfur Battery.

PubMed

Zheng, Dong; Yang, Xiao-Qing; Qu, Deyang

2016-09-08

The reaction between polysulfides and a lithium anode in a Li-S battery was examined using HPLC. The results demonstrated that the polysulfide species with six sulfur atoms or more were reactive with regard to lithium metal. Although the reaction can be greatly inhibited by the addition of LiNO3 in the electrolyte, LiNO3 cannot form a stable protection layer on the Li anode to prevent the reaction during storage. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

ARPA-E Program: Advanced Management Protection of Energy Storage Devices (AMPED) - Fifth Quarterly Project Report - FY14 Q1

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Farmer, Joseph

Technology has been developed that enables monitoring of individual cells in high - capacity lithium-ion battery packs, with a distributed array of wireless Bluetooth 4.0 tags and sensors, and without proliferation of extensive wiring harnesses. Given the safety challenges facing lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicle, civilian aviation and defense applications, these wireless sensors may be particularly important to these emerging markets. These wireless sensors will enhance the performance, reliability and safety of such energy storage systems. Specific accomplishments to date include, but are not limited to: (1) the development of wireless tags using Bluetooth 4.0 standard to monitor a largemore » array of sensors in battery pack; (2) sensor suites enabling the simultaneous monitoring of cell voltage, cell current, cell temperature, and package strain, indicative of swelling and increased internal pressure, (3) small receivers compatible with USB ports on portable computers; (4) software drivers and logging software; (5) a 7S2P battery simulator, enabling the safe development of wireless BMS hardware in the laboratory; (6) demonstrated data transmission out of metal enclosures, including battery box, with small variable aperture opening; (7) test data demonstrating the accurate and reliable operation of sensors, with transmission of terminal voltage, cell temperature and package strain at distances up to 110 feet; (8) quantification of the data transmission error as a function of distance, in both indoor and outdoor operation; (9) electromagnetic interference testing during operation with live, high -capacity battery management system at Yardney Technical Products; (10) demonstrat ed operation with live high-capacity lithium-ion battery pack during charge-discharge cycling; (11) development of special polymer-gel lithium-ion batteries with embedded temperature sensors, capable of measuring the core temperature of individual of the cells during charge-discharge cycling at various temperatures, thereby enabling earlier warning of thermal runaway than possible with external sensors. Ultimately, the team plans to extend this work to include: (12) flexible wireless controllers, also using Bluetooth 4.0 standard, essential for balancing large-scale battery packs. LLNL received $925K for this project, and has $191K remaining after accomplishing these objectives.« less

ARPA-E Program: Advanced Management Protection of Energy Storage Devices (AMPED) - Monthly Report - November 2013

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Farmer, J.

Technology has been developed that enables monitoring of individual cells in high - capacity lithium-ion battery packs, with a distributed array of wireless Bluetooth 4.0 tags and sensors, and without proliferation of extensive wiring harnesses. Given the safety challenges facing lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicle, civilian aviation and defense applications, these wireless sensors may be particularly important to these emerging markets. These wireless sensors will enhance the performance, reliability and safety of such energy storage systems. Specific accomplishments to date include, but are not limited to: (1) the development of wireless tags using Bluetooth 4.0 standard to monitor a largemore » array of sensors in battery pack; (2) sensor suites enabling the simultaneous monitoring of cell voltage, cell current, cell temperature, and package strain, indicative of swelling and increased internal pressure, (3) small receivers compatible with USB ports on portable computers; (4) software drivers and logging software; (5) a 7S2P battery simulator, enabling the safe development of wireless BMS hardware in the laboratory; (6) demonstrated data transmission out of metal enclosures, including battery box, with small variable aperture opening; (7) test data demonstrating the accurate and reliable operation of sensors, with transmission of terminal voltage, cell temperature and package strain at distances up to 110 feet; (8) quantification of the data transmission error as a function of distance, in both indoor and outdoor operation; (9) electromagnetic interference testing during operation with live, high -capacity battery management system at Yardney Technical Products; (10) demonstrat ed operation with live high-capacity lithium-ion battery pack during charge-discharge cycling; (11) development of special polymer-gel lithium-ion batteries with embedded temperature sensors, capable of measuring the core temperature of individual of the cells during charge-discharge cycling at various temperatures, thereby enabling earlier warning of thermal runaway than possible with external sensors. Ultimately, the team plans to extend this work to include: (12) flexible wireless controllers, also using Bluetooth 4.0 standard, essential for balancing large-scale battery packs. LLNL received $925K for this project, and has $191K remaining after accomplishing these objectives.« less

LiFePO4 nanoparticles enveloped in freestanding sandwich-like graphitized carbon sheets as enhanced remarkable lithium-ion battery cathode.

PubMed

Zhang, Yan; Zhang, Huijuan; Li, Xiao; Xu, Haitao; Wang, Yu

2016-04-15

A novel nanostructure where LiFePO4 nanoparticles are enveloped in sandwich-like carbon sheets as an enhanced cathode in lithium-ion batteries has successfully been synthesized for the first time. Compared to previous carbon-based nanocomposites, the achieved sandwich-like LiFePO4 nanocomposites exhibit totally different architecture, in which LiFePO4 nanoparticles are tightly entrapped between two carbon layers, instead of being anchored on the carbon sheet surfaces. In other words, the achieved sandwich-like LiFePO4 nanocomposite carbon layers are actually freestanding and can be operated and separated from each other. This is a great breakthrough in the design and synthesis of carbon-based functional materials. The obtained sandwich-like LiFePO4 nanocomposites present excellent electrochemical performance, which is rationally ascribed to the superb and unique structure and architecture. Of particular note is that the freestanding sandwich-like LiFePO4 nanocomposites exhibit enhanced cyclability and rate capability. At a high current density of 0.1 A g(-1), a stable specific capacity of approximately 168.5 mAh g(-1) can be delivered over 1000 cycles, and when the charge-discharge rates increase to 0.6, 2, 5 and 10 A g(-1), the specific capacities still survive at 149, 129, 114 and 91 mAh g(-1), respectively. Meanwhile, the sandwiched nanocomposite demonstrates a significantly improved low-temperature electrochemical energy storage performance. With respect to the excellent Li storage performance, and facility and reliability of production, the freestanding sandwich-like LiFePO4 nanocomposites are reasonably believed to have a great potential for multiple electrochemical energy storage applications.

Li4 Ti5 O12 Anode: Structural Design from Material to Electrode and the Construction of Energy Storage Devices.

PubMed

Chen, Zhijie; Li, Honsen; Wu, Langyuan; Lu, Xiaoxia; Zhang, Xiaogang

2018-03-01

Spinel Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , known as a zero-strain material, is capable to be a competent anode material for promising applications in state-of-art electrochemical energy storage devices (EESDs). Compared with commercial graphite, spinel Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 offers a high operating potential of ∼1.55 V vs Li/Li + , negligible volume expansion during Li + intercalation process and excellent thermal stability, leading to high safety and favorable cyclability. Despite the merits of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 been presented, there still remains the issue of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 suffering from poor electronic conductivity, manifesting disadvantageous rate performance. Typically, a material modification process of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 will be proposed to overcome such an issue. However, the previous reports have made few investigations and achievements to analyze the subsequent processes after a material modification process. In this review, we attempt to put considerable interest in complete device design and assembly process with its material structure design (or modification process), electrode structure design and device construction design. Moreover, we have systematically concluded a series of representative design schemes, which can be divided into three major categories involving: (1) nanostructures design, conductive material coating process and doping process on material level; (2) self-supporting or flexible electrode structure design on electrode level; (3) rational assembling of lithium ion full cell or lithium ion capacitor on device level. We believe that these rational designs can give an advanced performance for Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 -based energy storage device and deliver a deep inspiration. © 2018 The Chemical Society of Japan & Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Carbon Quantum Dot Surface-Engineered VO2 Interwoven Nanowires: A Flexible Cathode Material for Lithium and Sodium Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Balogun, Muhammad-Sadeeq; Luo, Yang; Lyu, Feiyi; Wang, Fuxin; Yang, Hao; Li, Haibo; Liang, Chaolun; Huang, Miao; Huang, Yongchao; Tong, Yexiang

2016-04-20

The use of electrode materials in their powdery form requires binders and conductive additives for the fabrication of the cells, which leads to unsatisfactory energy storage performance. Recently, a new strategy to design flexible, binder-, and additive-free three-dimensional electrodes with nanoscale surface engineering has been exploited in boosting the storage performance of electrode materials. In this paper, we design a new type of free-standing carbon quantum dot coated VO2 interwoven nanowires through a simple fabrication process and demonstrate its potential to be used as cathode material for lithium and sodium ion batteries. The versatile carbon quantum dots that are vastly flexible for surface engineering serve the function of protecting the nanowire surface and play an important role in the diffusion of electrons. Also, the three-dimensional carbon cloth coated with VO2 interwoven nanowires assisted in the diffusion of ions through the inner and the outer surface. With this unique architecture, the carbon quantum dot nanosurface engineered VO2 electrode exhibited capacities of 420 and 328 mAh g(-1) at current density rate of 0.3 C for lithium and sodium storage, respectively. This work serves as a milestone for the potential replacement of lithium ion batteries and next generation postbatteries.

Safety of lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide battery packs in transit bus applications : final report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2016-10-01

The future of mass transportation is clearly moving toward the increased efficiency and greenhouse gas reduction of hybrid and electric vehicles. With the introduction of high-power/high-energy storage devices such as lithium ion battery systems serv...

Metal-organic framework-based separator for lithium-sulfur batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bai, Songyan; Liu, Xizheng; Zhu, Kai; Wu, Shichao; Zhou, Haoshen

2016-07-01

Lithium-sulfur batteries are a promising energy-storage technology due to their relatively low cost and high theoretical energy density. However, one of their major technical problems is the shuttling of soluble polysulfides between electrodes, resulting in rapid capacity fading. Here, we present a metal-organic framework (MOF)-based battery separator to mitigate the shuttling problem. We show that the MOF-based separator acts as an ionic sieve in lithium-sulfur batteries, which selectively sieves Li+ ions while efficiently suppressing undesired polysulfides migrating to the anode side. When a sulfur-containing mesoporous carbon material (approximately 70 wt% sulfur content) is used as a cathode composite without elaborate synthesis or surface modification, a lithium-sulfur battery with a MOF-based separator exhibits a low capacity decay rate (0.019% per cycle over 1,500 cycles). Moreover, there is almost no capacity fading after the initial 100 cycles. Our approach demonstrates the potential for MOF-based materials as separators for energy-storage applications.

Nitrogen-doped biomass-based ultra-thin carbon nanosheets with interconnected framework for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Shasha; Chen, Yaxin; Shi, Liluo; Dong, Yue; Ma, Jing; Chen, Xiaohong; Song, Huaihe

2018-04-01

In this paper, a low-cost and environmental friendly synthesis strategy is proposed to fabricate nitrogen-doped biomass-based ultra-thin carbon nanosheets (N-CNS) with interconnected framework by using soybean milk as the carbon precursor and sodium chloride as the template. The interconnected porous nanosheet structure is beneficial for lithium ion transportation, and the defects introduced by pyridine nitrogen doping are favorable for lithium storage. When used as the anodes for lithium-ion batteries, the N-CNS electrode shows a high initial reversible specific capacity of 1334 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1, excellent rate performance (1212, 555 and 336 mAh g-1 at 0.05, 0.5 and 2 A g-1, respectively) and good cycling stability (355 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1 after 1000 cycles). Furthermore, this study demonstrates the prospects of biomass and soybean milk, as the potential anode for the application of electrochemical energy storage devices.

ZIF-8 Cooperating in TiN/Ti/Si Nanorods as Efficient Anodes in Micro-Lithium-Ion-Batteries.

PubMed

Yu, Yingjian; Yue, Chuang; Lin, Xionggui; Sun, Shibo; Gu, Jinping; He, Xu; Zhang, Chuanhui; Lin, Wei; Lin, Donghai; Liao, Xinli; Xu, Binbin; Wu, Suntao; Zheng, Mingsen; Li, Jing; Kang, Junyong; Lin, Liwei

2016-02-17

Zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticles embedded in TiN/Ti/Si nanorod (NR) arrays without pyrolysis have shown increased energy storage capacity as anodes for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). A high capacity of 1650 μAh cm(-2) has been achieved in this ZIF-8 composited multilayered electrode, which is ∼100 times higher than the plain electrodes made of only silicon NR. According to the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterizations, the improved diffusion of lithium ions in ZIF-8 and boosted electron/Li(+) transfer by the ZIF-8/TiN/Ti multilayer coating are proposed to be responsible for the enhanced energy storage ability. The first-principles calculations further indicate the favorable accessibility of lithium with appropriate size to diffuse in the open pores of ZIF-8. This work broadens the application of ZIF-8 to silicon-based LIBs electrodes without the pyrolysis and provides design guidelines for other metal-organic frameworks/Si composite electrodes.

Inhibiting Polysulfide Shuttle in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries through Low-Ion-Pairing Salts and a Triflamide Solvent.

PubMed

Shyamsunder, Abhinandan; Beichel, Witali; Klose, Petra; Pang, Quan; Scherer, Harald; Hoffmann, Anke; Murphy, Graham K; Krossing, Ingo; Nazar, Linda F

2017-05-22

The step-change in gravimetric energy density needed for electrochemical energy storage devices to power unmanned autonomous vehicles, electric vehicles, and enable low-cost clean grid storage is unlikely to be provided by conventional lithium ion batteries. Lithium-sulfur batteries comprising lightweight elements provide a promising alternative, but the associated polysulfide shuttle in typical ether-based electrolytes generates loss in capacity and low coulombic efficiency. The first new electrolyte based on a unique combination of a relatively hydrophobic sulfonamide solvent and a low ion-pairing salt, which inhibits the polysulfide shuttle, is presented. This system behaves as a sparingly solvating electrolyte at slightly elevated temperatures, where it sustains reversible capacities as high as 1200-1500 mAh g -1 over a wide range of current density (2C-C/5, respectively) when paired with a lithium metal anode, with a coulombic efficiency of >99.7 % in the absence of LiNO 3 additive. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Amorphous TiO2 Shells: A Vital Elastic Buffering Layer on Silicon Nanoparticles for High-Performance and Safe Lithium Storage.

PubMed

Yang, Jianping; Wang, Yunxiao; Li, Wei; Wang, Lianjun; Fan, Yuchi; Jiang, Wan; Luo, Wei; Wang, Yang; Kong, Biao; Selomulya, Cordelia; Liu, Hua Kun; Dou, Shi Xue; Zhao, Dongyuan

2017-12-01

Smart surface coatings of silicon (Si) nanoparticles are shown to be good examples for dramatically improving the cyclability of lithium-ion batteries. Most coating materials, however, face significant challenges, including a low initial Coulombic efficiency, tedious processing, and safety assessment. In this study, a facile sol-gel strategy is demonstrated to synthesize commercial Si nanoparticles encapsulated by amorphous titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), with core-shell structures, which show greatly superior electrochemical performance and high-safety lithium storage. The amorphous TiO 2 shell (≈3 nm) shows elastic behavior during lithium discharging and charging processes, maintaining high structural integrity. Interestingly, it is found that the amorphous TiO 2 shells offer superior buffering properties compared to crystalline TiO 2 layers for unprecedented cycling stability. Moreover, accelerating rate calorimetry testing reveals that the TiO 2 -encapsulated Si nanoparticles are safer than conventional carbon-coated Si-based anodes. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Dopant-Modulating Mechanism of Lithium Adsorption and Diffusion at the Graphene /Li2S Interface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Lichao; Li, Jiajun; Wang, Huayu; Zhao, Naiqin; Shi, Chunsheng; Ma, Liying; He, Chunnian; He, Fang; Liu, Enzuo

2018-02-01

Graphene modification is one of the most effective routes to enhance the electrochemical properties of the transition-metal sulfide anode for Li-ion batteries and the Li2S cathode for Li-S batteries. Boron, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur doping greatly affect the electrochemical properties of Li2S /graphene . Here, we investigate the interfacial binding energy, lithium adsorption energy, interface diffusion barrier, and electronic structure by first-principles calculations to unveil the diverse effects of different dopants during interfacial lithiation reactions. The interfacial lithium storage follows the pseudocapacitylike mechanism with intercalation character. Two different mechanisms are revealed to enhance the interfacial lithium adsorption and diffusion, which are the electron-deficiency host doping and the vacancylike structure evolutions with bond breaking. The synergistic effect between different dopants with diverse doping effects is also proposed. The results give a theoretical basis for the materials design with doped graphene as advanced materials modification for energy storage.

Formation of NiFe2O4/Expanded Graphite Nanocomposites with Superior Lithium Storage Properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiao, Yinglin; Zai, Jiantao; Tian, Bingbing; Qian, Xuefeng

2017-07-01

A NiFe2O4/expanded graphite (NiFe2O4/EG) nanocomposite was prepared via a simple and inexpensive synthesis method. Its lithium storage properties were studied with the goal of applying it as an anode in a lithium-ion battery. The obtained nanocomposite exhibited a good cycle performance, with a capacity of 601 mAh g-1 at a current of 1 A g-1 after 800 cycles. This good performance may be attributed to the enhanced electrical conductivity and layered structure of the EG. Its high mechanical strength could postpone the disintegration of the nanocomposite structure, efficiently accommodate volume changes in the NiFe2O4-based anodes, and alleviate aggregation of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles.

Rechargeable lithium battery technology - A survey

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Halpert, Gerald; Surampudi, Subbarao

1990-01-01

The technology of the rechargeable lithium battery is discussed with special attention given to the types of rechargeable lithium cells and to their expected performance and advantages. Consideration is also given to the organic-electrolyte and polymeric-electrolyte cells and to molten salt lithium cells, as well as to technical issues, such as the cycle life, charge control, rate capability, cell size, and safety. The role of the rechargeable lithium cell in future NASA applications is discussed.

Status of the Space-Rated Lithium-Ion Battery Advanced Development Project in Support of the Exploration Vision

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miller, Thomas

2007-01-01

The NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC), along with the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Johnson Space Center (JSC), Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), and industry partners, is leading a space-rated lithium-ion advanced development battery effort to support the vision for Exploration. This effort addresses the lithium-ion battery portion of the Energy Storage Project under the Exploration Technology Development Program. Key discussions focus on the lithium-ion cell component development activities, a common lithium-ion battery module, test and demonstration of charge/discharge cycle life performance and safety characterization. A review of the space-rated lithium-ion battery project will be presented highlighting the technical accomplishments during the past year.

Battery technologies for large-scale stationary energy storage.

PubMed

Soloveichik, Grigorii L

2011-01-01

In recent years, with the deployment of renewable energy sources, advances in electrified transportation, and development in smart grids, the markets for large-scale stationary energy storage have grown rapidly. Electrochemical energy storage methods are strong candidate solutions due to their high energy density, flexibility, and scalability. This review provides an overview of mature and emerging technologies for secondary and redox flow batteries. New developments in the chemistry of secondary and flow batteries as well as regenerative fuel cells are also considered. Advantages and disadvantages of current and prospective electrochemical energy storage options are discussed. The most promising technologies in the short term are high-temperature sodium batteries with β″-alumina electrolyte, lithium-ion batteries, and flow batteries. Regenerative fuel cells and lithium metal batteries with high energy density require further research to become practical.

Utility-Scale Lithium-Ion Storage Cost Projections for Use in Capacity Expansion Models

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cole, Wesley J.; Marcy, Cara; Krishnan, Venkat K.

2016-11-21

This work presents U.S. utility-scale battery storage cost projections for use in capacity expansion models. We create battery cost projections based on a survey of literature cost projections of battery packs and balance of system costs, with a focus on lithium-ion batteries. Low, mid, and high cost trajectories are created for the overnight capital costs and the operating and maintenance costs. We then demonstrate the impact of these cost projections in the Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) capacity expansion model. We find that under reference scenario conditions, lower battery costs can lead to increased penetration of variable renewable energy, withmore » solar photovoltaics (PV) seeing the largest increase. We also find that additional storage can reduce renewable energy curtailment, although that comes at the expense of additional storage losses.« less

Unlocking the potential of SnS2: Transition metal catalyzed utilization of reversible conversion and alloying reactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Zhi Xiang; Wang, Ye; Liu, Bo; Kong, Dezhi; Zhang, Jun; Chen, Tupei; Yang, Hui Ying

2017-01-01

The alloying-dealloying reactions of SnS2 proceeds with the initial conversion reaction of SnS2 with lithium that produces Li2S. Unfortunately, due to the electrochemical inactivity of Li2S, the conversion reaction of SnS2 is irreversible, which significantly limit its potential applications in lithium-ion batteries. Herein, a systematic understanding of transition metal molybdenum (Mo) as a catalyst in SnS2 anode is presented. It is found that Mo catalyst is able to efficiently promote the reversible conversion of Sn to SnS2. This leads to the utilization of both conversion and alloying reactions in SnS2 that greatly increases lithium storage capability of SnS2. Mo catalyst is introduced in the form of MoS2 grown directly onto self-assembled vertical SnS2 nanosheets that anchors on three-dimensional graphene (3DG) creating a hierarchal nanostructured named as SnS2/MoS2/3DG. The catalytic effect results in a significantly enhanced electrochemical properties of SnS2/MoS2/3DG; a high initial Coulombic efficiency (81.5%) and high discharge capacities of 960.5 and 495.6 mA h g-1 at current densities of 50 and 1000 mA g-1, respectively. Post cycling investigations using ex situ TEM and XPS analysis verifies the successful conversion reaction of SnS2 mediated by Mo. The successful integration of catalyst on alloying type metal sulfide anode creates a new avenue towards high energy density lithium anodes.

Unlocking the potential of SnS2: Transition metal catalyzed utilization of reversible conversion and alloying reactions.

PubMed

Huang, Zhi Xiang; Wang, Ye; Liu, Bo; Kong, Dezhi; Zhang, Jun; Chen, Tupei; Yang, Hui Ying

2017-01-19

The alloying-dealloying reactions of SnS 2 proceeds with the initial conversion reaction of SnS 2 with lithium that produces Li 2 S. Unfortunately, due to the electrochemical inactivity of Li 2 S, the conversion reaction of SnS 2 is irreversible, which significantly limit its potential applications in lithium-ion batteries. Herein, a systematic understanding of transition metal molybdenum (Mo) as a catalyst in SnS 2 anode is presented. It is found that Mo catalyst is able to efficiently promote the reversible conversion of Sn to SnS 2 . This leads to the utilization of both conversion and alloying reactions in SnS 2 that greatly increases lithium storage capability of SnS 2 . Mo catalyst is introduced in the form of MoS 2 grown directly onto self-assembled vertical SnS 2 nanosheets that anchors on three-dimensional graphene (3DG) creating a hierarchal nanostructured named as SnS 2 /MoS 2 /3DG. The catalytic effect results in a significantly enhanced electrochemical properties of SnS 2 /MoS 2 /3DG; a high initial Coulombic efficiency (81.5%) and high discharge capacities of 960.5 and 495.6 mA h g -1 at current densities of 50 and 1000 mA g -1 , respectively. Post cycling investigations using ex situ TEM and XPS analysis verifies the successful conversion reaction of SnS 2 mediated by Mo. The successful integration of catalyst on alloying type metal sulfide anode creates a new avenue towards high energy density lithium anodes.

Highly uniform Co9S8 nanoparticles grown on graphene nanosheets as advanced anode materials for improved Li-storage performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Shumin; Wang, Jinxian; Wang, Jianwei; Zhang, Feifei; Wang, Limin

2016-12-01

A Co9S8/GNS (graphene nanosheets) nanocomposites has been synthesized via a facile solvothermal approach followed by thermal treatment in nitrogen at 500 °C using graphite oxide sheets, CoCl2·6H2O and thiourea as the starting materials. Highly uniform Co9S8 nanoparticles with a size of about 80-90 nm are evenly grafted on the surface of GNS, forming a unique Co9S8/GNS hybrid nanostructure. When evaluated as anode materials for lithium ion batteries, impressive electrochemical performances of the as-prepared nanocomposites are achieved compared to that of pure bulk Co9S8, with an high reversible capacity of 1480 mAh g-1. Moreover, the as-synthesized nanocomposites present excellent cycling durability and high-rate capability. The improvement in the electrochemical properties could be attributed to the well-designed structure of the Co9S8/GNS nanocomposite which possesses large number of accessible active sites for lithium-ion insertion, fast ion diffusion rate and good electronic conductivity.

Mission Applicability Assessment of Integrated Power Components and Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Raffaelle, R. P.; Hepp, A. F.; Landis, G. A.; Hoffman, D. J.

2002-01-01

The need for smaller lightweight autonomous power systems has recently increased with the increasing focus on micro- and nanosatellites. Small area high-efficiency thin film batteries and solar cells are an attractive choice for such applications. The NASA Glenn Research Center, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Lithium Power Technologies, MicroSat Systems, and others, have been working on the development of autonomous monolithic packages combining these elements or what are called integrated power supplies (IPS). These supplies can be combined with individual satellite components and are capable of providing continuous power even under intermittent illumination associated with a spinning or Earth orbiting satellite. This paper discusses the space mission applicability, benefits, and current development efforts associated with integrated power supply components and systems. The characteristics and several mission concepts for an IPS that combines thin-film photovoltaic power generation with thin-film lithium ion energy storage are described. Based on this preliminary assessment, it is concluded that the most likely and beneficial application of an IPS will be for small "nanosatellites" or in specialized applications serving as a decentralized or as a distributed power source or uninterruptible power supply.

Electrolyte additive enabled fast charging and stable cycling lithium metal batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zheng, Jianming; Engelhard, Mark H.; Mei, Donghai

2017-03-01

Batteries using lithium (Li) metal as anodes are considered promising energy storage systems because of their high energy densities. However, safety concerns associated with dendrite growth along with limited cycle life, especially at high charge current densities, hinder their practical uses. Here we report that an optimal amount (0.05 M) of LiPF6 as an additive in LiTFSI-LiBOB dual-salt/carbonate-solvent-based electrolytes significantly enhances the charging capability and cycling stability of Li metal batteries. In a Li metal battery using a 4-V Li-ion cathode at a moderately high loading of 1.75mAh cm(-2), a cyclability of 97.1% capacity retention after 500 cycles along withmore » very limited increase in electrode overpotential is accomplished at a charge/discharge current density up to 1.75 mA cm(-2). The fast charging and stable cycling performances are ascribed to the generation of a robust and conductive solid electrolyte interphase at the Li metal surface and stabilization of the Al cathode current collector.« less

A high power lithium thionyl chloride battery for space applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shah, Pinakin M.

1993-01-01

A high power, 28 V, 330 A h, active lithium thionyl chloride battery has been developed for use as main and payload power sources on an expendable launch vehicle. Nine prismatic cells, along with the required electrical components and a built-in heater system, are efficiently packaged resulting in significant weight savings over presently used silver-zinc batteries. The high rate capability is achieved by designing the cells with a large electrochemical surface area and impregnating an electrocatalyst, polymeric phthalocyanine, into the carbon cathodes. Passivation effects are reduced with the addition of sulfur dioxide into the thionyl chloride electrolyte solution. The results of conducting a detailed thermal analysis are utilized to establish the heater design parameters and the thermal insulation requirements of the battery. An analysis of cell internal pressure and vent characteristics clearly illustrates the margins of safety under different operating conditions. Performance of fresh cells is discussed using polarization scan and discharge data at different rates and temperatures. Self-discharge rate is estimated based upon test results on cells after storage. Results of testing a complete prototype battery are described.

Controllable Preparation of V2O5/Graphene Nanocomposites as Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Yanglin; Wang, Yaping; Zhang, Yifang; Liang, Shuquan; Pan, Anqiang

2016-12-01

Transition metal oxides and graphene composites have been widely reported in energy storage and conversion systems. However, the controllable synthesis of graphene-based nanocomposites with tunable morphologies is far less reported. In this work, we report the fabrication of V2O5 and reduced graphene oxide composites with nanosheet or nanoparticle-assembled subunits by adjusting the solvothermal solution. As cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the nanosheet-assembled V2O5/graphene composite exhibits better rate capability and long-term cycling stability. The V2O5/graphene composites can deliver discharge capacities of 133, 131, and 122 mAh g-1 at 16 C, 32 C, and 64 C, respectively, in the voltage range of 2.5-4.0 V vs. Li/Li+. Moreover, the electrodes can retain 85% of their original capacity at 1C rate after 500 cycles. The superior electrochemical performances are attributed to the porous structures created by the connected V2O5 nanosheets and the electron conductivity improvement by graphene.

Hierarchical nanorods constructed by Mn2Mo3O8@reduced graphene oxide nanosheet arrays with enhanced lithium storage properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Lifeng; Shen, Kechao; He, Wenjie; Liu, Yi; Yin, Lixiong; Guo, Shouwu

2018-10-01

3D hierarchical nanorods of Mn2Mo3O8@reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanohybrid assembled with nanosheet arrays have been fabricated via a facile solvothermal process combined with subsequent anneal. It is identified that the annealing temperature and the input amount of graphene oxide (GO) are critical to form such unique Mn2Mo3O8@rGO nanostructure, whose hierarchical nanorods (ca. 470 nm of diameter) are constructed by vertical nanosheet arrays (30 ± 5 nm average thickness for individual nanosheet). As an anode material for lithium ion batteries, the hierarchical Mn2Mo3O8@rGO electrode delivers superior capability and rate properties to the compared nanostructure synthesized at different annealing temperature. The enhanced electrochemical performance is attributed to the rational combination of 3D nanorods and 2D nanosheets, which is beneficial to the fast penetration of electrolytes and thus provide more reactive facets, shorten the diffusion paths of Li+ and facilitate the electron conduction.

TARDEC Collaboration - Energy Storage

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-07

Lithium - Ion Battery Pack Manufacturing • Advanced battery material scale-up facility • Electromagnetic Armor Power Maturation • Nickel-Zinc 6T...specification focused on 95% accuracy for SoC and SoH. • Lithium - Ion Battery Management Systems – Li-ion Battery OEMs produce BMS for their own battery

Study of multiple hologram recording in lithium niobate

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gaylord, T. K.; Callen, W. R.

1976-01-01

The results of a number of theoretical and experimental studies relating to multiple hologram recording in lithium niobate are reported. The analysis of holographic gratings stored in lithium niobate has been extended to cover a more realistic range of physical situations. A new successful dynamic (feedback) theory for describing recording, nondestructive reading, erasure, enhancement, and angular sensitivity has been developed. In addition, the possible architectures of mass data storage systems have been studied.

A novel quasi-solid state electrolyte with highly effective polysulfide diffusion inhibition for lithium-sulfur batteries

PubMed Central

Zhong, Hai; Wang, Chunhua; Xu, Zhibin; Ding, Fei; Liu, Xinjiang

2016-01-01

Polymer solid state electrolytes are actively sought for their potential application in energy storage devices, particularly lithium metal rechargeable batteries. Herein, we report a polymer with high concentration salts as a quasi-solid state electrolyte used for lithium-sulfur cells, which shows an ionic conductivity of 1.6 mS cm−1 at room temperature. The cycling performance of Li-S battery with this electrolyte shows a long cycle life (300 cycles) and high coulombic efficiency (>98%), without any consuming additives in the electrolyte. Moreover, it also shows a remarkably decreased self-discharge (only 0.2%) after storage for two weeks at room temperature. The reason can be attributed to that the electrolyte can suppress polysulfide anions diffusion, due to the high ratio oxygen atoms with negative charges which induce an electrical repulsion to the polysulfide anions, and their relatively long chains which can provide additional steric hindrance. Thus, the polysulfide anions can be located around carbon particles, which result in remarkably improved overall electrochemical performance, and also the electrolyte have a function of suppress the formation of lithium dendrites on the lithium anode surface. PMID:27146645

Surface protected lithium-metal-oxide electrodes

DOEpatents

Thackeray, Michael M.; Kang, Sun-Ho

2016-04-05

A lithium-metal-oxide positive electrode having a layered or spinel structure for a non-aqueous lithium electrochemical cell and battery is disclosed comprising electrode particles that are protected at the surface from undesirable effects, such as electrolyte oxidation, oxygen loss or dissolution by one or more lithium-metal-polyanionic compounds, such as a lithium-metal-phosphate or a lithium-metal-silicate material that can act as a solid electrolyte at or above the operating potential of the lithium-metal-oxide electrode. The surface protection significantly enhances the surface stability, rate capability and cycling stability of the lithium-metal-oxide electrodes, particularly when charged to high potentials.

Anomalous Li Storage Capability in Atomically Thin Two-Dimensional Sheets of Nonlayered MoO2.

PubMed

Xia, Chuan; Zhou, Yungang; Velusamy, Dhinesh Babu; Farah, Abdiaziz A; Li, Peng; Jiang, Qiu; Odeh, Ihab N; Wang, Zhiguo; Zhang, Xixiang; Alshareef, Husam N

2018-02-14

Since the first exfoliation and identification of graphene in 2004, research on layered ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials has achieved remarkable progress. Realizing the special importance of 2D geometry, we demonstrate that the controlled synthesis of nonlayered nanomaterials in 2D geometry can yield some unique properties that otherwise cannot be achieved in these nonlayered systems. Herein, we report a systematic study involving theoretical and experimental approaches to evaluate the Li-ion storage capability in 2D atomic sheets of nonlayered molybdenum dioxide (MoO 2 ). We develop a novel monomer-assisted reduction process to produce high quality 2D sheets of nonlayered MoO 2 . When used as lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes, these ultrathin 2D-MoO 2 electrodes demonstrate extraordinary reversible capacity, as high as 1516 mAh g -1 after 100 cycles at the current rate of 100 mA g -1 and 489 mAh g -1 after 1050 cycles at 1000 mA g -1 . It is evident that these ultrathin 2D sheets did not follow the normal intercalation-cum-conversion mechanism when used as LIB anodes, which was observed for their bulk analogue. Our ex situ XPS and XRD studies reveal a Li-storage mechanism in these 2D-MoO 2 sheets consisting of an intercalation reaction and the formation of metallic Li phase. In addition, the 2D-MoO 2 based microsupercapacitors exhibit high areal capacitance (63.1 mF cm -2 at 0.1 mA cm -2 ), good rate performance (81% retention from 0.1 to 2 mA cm -2 ), and superior cycle stability (86% retention after 10,000 cycles). We believe that our work identifies a new pathway to make 2D nanostructures from nonlayered compounds, which results in an extremely enhanced energy storage capability.

Aqueous cathode for next-generation alkali-ion batteries.

PubMed

Lu, Yuhao; Goodenough, John B; Kim, Youngsik

2011-04-20

The lithium-ion batteries that ushered in the wireless revolution rely on electrode strategies that are being stretched to power electric vehicles. Low-cost, safe electrical-energy storage that enables better use of alternative energy sources (e.g., wind, solar, and nuclear) requires an alternative strategy. We report a demonstration of the feasibility of a battery having a thin, solid alkali-ion electrolyte separating a water-soluble redox couple as the cathode and lithium or sodium in a nonaqueous electrolyte as the anode. The cell operates without a catalyst and has high storage efficiency. The possibility of a flow-through mode for the cathode allows flexibility of the cell design for safe, large-capacity electrical-energy storage at an acceptable cost.

Self-Reconstructed Formation of a One-Dimensional Hierarchical Porous Nanostructure Assembled by Ultrathin TiO2 Nanobelts for Fast and Stable Lithium Storage.

PubMed

Liu, Yuan; Yan, Xiaodong; Xu, Bingqing; Lan, Jinle; Yu, Yunhua; Yang, Xiaoping; Lin, Yuanhua; Nan, Cewen

2018-06-06

Owing to their unique structural advantages, TiO 2 hierarchical nanostructures assembled by low-dimensional (LD) building blocks have been extensively used in the energy-storage/-conversion field. However, it is still a big challenge to produce such advanced structures by current synthetic techniques because of the harsh conditions needed to generate primary LD subunits. Herein, a novel one-dimensional (1D) TiO 2 hierarchical porous fibrous nanostructure constructed by TiO 2 nanobelts is synthesized by combining a room-temperature aqueous solution growth mechanism with the electrospinning technology. The nanobelt-constructed 1D hierarchical nanoarchitecture is evolves directly from the amorphous TiO 2 /SiO 2 composite fibers in alkaline solutions at ambient conditions without any catalyst and other reactant. Benefiting from the unique structural features such as 1D nanoscale building blocks, large surface area, and numerous interconnected pores, as well as mixed phase anatase-TiO 2 (B), the optimum 1D TiO 2 hierarchical porous nanostructure shows a remarkable high-rate performance when tested as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (107 mA h g -1 at ∼10 A g -1 ) and can be used in a hybrid lithium-ion supercapacitor with very stable lithium-storage performance (a capacity retention of ∼80% after 3000 cycles at 2 A g -1 ). The current work presents a scalable and cost-effective method for the synthesis of advanced TiO 2 hierarchical materials for high-power and stable energy-storage/-conversion devices.

Three-Dimensionally Hierarchical Ni/Ni3S2/S Cathode for Lithium-Sulfur Battery.

PubMed

Li, Zhe; Zhang, Shiguo; Zhang, Jiaheng; Xu, Miao; Tatara, Ryoichi; Dokko, Kaoru; Watanabe, Masayoshi

2017-11-08

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have attracted interest as a promising energy-storage technology due to their overwhelming advantages such as high energy density and low cost. However, their commercial success is impeded by deterioration of sulfur utilization, significant capacity fade, and poor cycle life, which are principally originated from the severe shuttle effect in relation to the dissolution and migration of lithium polysulfides. Herein, we proposed an effective and facile strategy to anchor the polysulfides and improve sulfur loading by constructing a three-dimensionally hierarchical Ni/Ni 3 S 2 /S cathode. This self-supported hybrid architecture is sequentially fabricated by the partial sulfurization of Ni foam by a mild hydrothermal process, followed by physical loading of elemental sulfur. The incorporation of Ni 3 S 2 , with high electronic conductivity and strong polysulfide adsorption capability, can not only empower the cathode to alleviate the shuttle effect, but also afford a favorable electrochemical environment with lower interfacial resistance, which could facilitate the redox kinetics of the anchored polysulfides. Consequently, the obtained Ni/Ni 3 S 2 /S cathode with a sulfur loading of ∼4.0 mg/cm 2 demonstrated excellent electrochemical characteristics. For example, at high current density of 4 mA/cm 2 , this thick cathode demonstrated a discharge capacity of 441 mAh/g at the 150th cycle.

A Shell-Shaped Carbon Architecture with High-Loading Capability for Lithium Sulfide Cathodes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chung, Sheng-Heng; Han, Pauline; Chang, Chi-Hao

We present that lithium sulfide (Li 2S) is considered a highly attractive cathode for establishing high-energy-density rechargeable batteries, especially due to its high charge-storage capacity and compatibility with lithium-metal-free anodes. Although various approaches have recently been pursued with Li 2S to obtain high performance, formidable challenges still remain with cell design (e.g., low Li 2S loading, insufficient Li 2S content, and an excess electrolyte) to realize high areal, gravimetric, and volumetric capacities. This study demonstrates a shell-shaped carbon architecture for holding pure Li 2S, offering innovation in cell-design parameters and gains in electrochemical characteristics. The Li 2S core–carbon shell electrodemore » encapsulates the redox products within the conductive shell so as to facilitate facile accessibility to electrons and ions. The fast redox-reaction kinetics enables the cells to attain the highest Li 2S loading of 8 mg cm -2 and the lowest electrolyte/Li 2S ratio of 9/1, which is the best cell-design specifications ever reported with Li 2S cathodes so far. Lastly, benefiting from the excellent cell-design criterion, the core–shell cathodes exhibit stable cyclability from slow to fast cycle rates and, for the first time, simultaneously achieve superior performance metrics with areal, gravimetric, and volumetric capacities.« less

A Shell-Shaped Carbon Architecture with High-Loading Capability for Lithium Sulfide Cathodes

DOE PAGES

Chung, Sheng-Heng; Han, Pauline; Chang, Chi-Hao; ...

2017-05-11

We present that lithium sulfide (Li 2S) is considered a highly attractive cathode for establishing high-energy-density rechargeable batteries, especially due to its high charge-storage capacity and compatibility with lithium-metal-free anodes. Although various approaches have recently been pursued with Li 2S to obtain high performance, formidable challenges still remain with cell design (e.g., low Li 2S loading, insufficient Li 2S content, and an excess electrolyte) to realize high areal, gravimetric, and volumetric capacities. This study demonstrates a shell-shaped carbon architecture for holding pure Li 2S, offering innovation in cell-design parameters and gains in electrochemical characteristics. The Li 2S core–carbon shell electrodemore » encapsulates the redox products within the conductive shell so as to facilitate facile accessibility to electrons and ions. The fast redox-reaction kinetics enables the cells to attain the highest Li 2S loading of 8 mg cm -2 and the lowest electrolyte/Li 2S ratio of 9/1, which is the best cell-design specifications ever reported with Li 2S cathodes so far. Lastly, benefiting from the excellent cell-design criterion, the core–shell cathodes exhibit stable cyclability from slow to fast cycle rates and, for the first time, simultaneously achieve superior performance metrics with areal, gravimetric, and volumetric capacities.« less

Template-free fabrication of graphene-wrapped mesoporous ZnMn2O4 nanorings as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

PubMed

Zhou, Weiwei; Wang, Dong; Zhao, Limin; Ding, Chunyan; Jia, Xingtao; Du, Yu; Wen, Guangwu; Wang, Huatao

2017-06-16

We rationally designed a facile two-step approach to synthesize ZnMn 2 O 4 @G composite anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), involving a template-free fabrication of ZnMn 2 O 4 nanorings and subsequent coating of graphene sheets. Notably, it is the first time that ring-like ZnMn 2 O 4 nanostructure is reported. Moreover, our system has been demonstrated to be quite powerful in producing ZnMn 2 O 4 nanorings regardless of the types of Zn and Mn-containing metal salts reactants. The well-known inside-out Ostwald ripening process is tentatively proposed to clarify the formation mechanism of the hollow nanorings. When evaluated as anode material for LIBs, the resulting ZnMn 2 O 4 @G hybrid displays significantly improved lithium-storage performance with high specific capacity, good rate capability, and excellent cyclability. After 500 cycles, the ZnMn 2 O 4 @G hybrid can still deliver a reversible capacity of 958 mAh g -1 at a current density of 200 mA g -1 , much higher than the theoretical capacity of 784 mAh g -1 for pure ZnMn 2 O 4 . The outstanding electrochemical performance should be reasonably ascribed to the synergistic interaction between hollow and porous ZnMn 2 O 4 nanorings and the three-dimensional interconnected graphene sheets.

The synthesis of Li(Cosbnd Mnsbnd Ni)O2 cathode material from spent-Li ion batteries and the proof of its functionality in aqueous lithium and sodium electrolytic solutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Senćanski, Jelena; Bajuk-Bogdanović, Danica; Majstorović, Divna; Tchernychova, Elena; Papan, Jelena; Vujković, Milica

2017-02-01

Several spent Li-ion batteries were manually dismantled and their components were uncurled and separated. The chemical composition of each battery's component was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Among several ways to separate cathode material from the collector, the alkali dissolution treatment was selected as the most effective one. After both complete separation and acid leaching steps, the co-precipitation method, followed by a thermal treatment (700 °C or 850 °C), was used to resynthesize cathode material LiCo0.415Mn0.435Ni0.15O2. Its structure and morphology were characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and SEM-EDS methods. The electrochemical behavior of recycled cathode materials was examined by cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry in both LiNO3 and NaNO3 aqueous solutions. High sodium storage capacity, amounting to 93 mAh g-1, was measured galvanostatically at a relatively high current of ∼100 mA g-1. Initial lithium intercalation capacity of ∼64 mAh g-1, was determined potentiodynamically at very high scan rate of 20 mV s-1 (∼40 C). Somewhat lower initial capacity of ∼30 mAh g-1, but much lower capacity fade on cycling, was found for sodium intercalation at the same scan rate. The differences in the Li and Na charge storage capability were explained in terms of ion rearrangement during charging/discharging processes.

Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition via Self-Healing Electrostatic Shield Mechanism

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ding, Fei; Xu, Wu; Graff, Gordon L.

Lithium metal batteries are called the “holy grail” of energy storage systems. However, lithium dendrite growth in these batteries has prevented their practical applications in the last 40 years. Here we show a novel mechanism which can fundamentally change the dendritic morphology of lithium deposition. A low concentration of the second cations (including ions of cesium, rubidium, potassium, and strontium) exhibits an effective reduction potential lower than the standard reduction potential of lithium ions when the chemical activities of these second cations are much lower than that of lithium ions. During lithium deposition, these second cations will form a self-healingmore » electrostatic shield around the initial tip of lithium whenever it is formed. This shield will repel the incoming lithium ions and force them to deposit in the smoother region of the anode so a dendrite-free film is obtained. This mechanism is effective on dendrite prevention in both lithium metal and lithium ion batteries. They may also prevent dendrite growth in other metal batteries and have transformational impact on the smooth deposition in general electrodeposition processes.« less

Progress and prospect on failure mechanisms of solid-state lithium batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Jun; Chen, Bingbing; Wang, Longlong; Cui, Guanglei

2018-07-01

By replacing traditional liquid organic electrolyte with solid-state electrolyte, the solid-state lithium batteries powerfully come back to the energy storage field due to their eminent safety and energy density. In recent years, a variety of solid-state lithium batteries based on excellent solid-state electrolytes are developed. However, the performance degradation of solid-state lithium batteries during cycling and storing is still a serious challenge for practical application. Therefore, this review summarizes the research progress of solid-state lithium batteries from the perspectives of failure phenomena and failure mechanisms. Additionally, the development of methodologies on studying the failure mechanisms of solid-state lithium batteries is also reviewed. Moreover, some perspectives on the remaining questions for understanding the failure behaviors and achieving long cycle life, high safety and high energy density solid-state lithium batteries are presented. This review will help researchers to recognize the status of solid-state lithium batteries objectively and attract much more research interest in conquering the failure issues of solid-state lithium batteries.

Atomic resolution of Lithium Ions in LiCoO

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shao-Horn, Yang; Croguennec, Laurence; Delmas, Claude

2003-03-18

LiCoO2 is the most common lithium storage material for lithium rechargeable batteries, used widely to power portable electronic devices such as laptop computers. Lithium arrangements in the CoO2 framework have a profound effect on the structural stability and electrochemical properties of LixCoO2 (0 < x < 1), however, probing lithium ions has been difficult using traditional X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques. Here we have succeeded in simultaneously resolving columns of cobalt, oxygen, and lithium atoms in layered LiCoO2 battery material using experimental focal series of LiCoO2 images obtained at sub-Angstrom resolution in a mid-voltage transmission electron microscope. Lithium atoms aremore » the smallest and lightest metal atoms, and scatter electrons only very weakly. We believe our observations of lithium to be the first by electron microscopy, and that they show promise to direct visualization of the ordering of lithium and vacancy in LixCoO2.« less

Carbon Nanotubes Produced from Ambient Carbon Dioxide for Environmentally Sustainable Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

The cost and practicality of greenhouse gas removal processes, which are critical for environmental sustainability, pivot on high-value secondary applications derived from carbon capture and conversion techniques. Using the solar thermal electrochemical process (STEP), ambient CO2 captured in molten lithiated carbonates leads to the production of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at high yield through electrolysis using inexpensive steel electrodes. These low-cost CO2-derived CNTs and CNFs are demonstrated as high performance energy storage materials in both lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. Owing to synthetic control of sp3 content in the synthesized nanostructures, optimized storage capacities are measured over 370 mAh g–1 (lithium) and 130 mAh g–1 (sodium) with no capacity fade under durability tests up to 200 and 600 cycles, respectively. This work demonstrates that ambient CO2, considered as an environmental pollutant, can be attributed economic value in grid-scale and portable energy storage systems with STEP scale-up practicality in the context of combined cycle natural gas electric power generation. PMID:27163042

Stationary and on-board storage systems to enhance energy and cost efficiency of tramways

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ceraolo, M.; Lutzemberger, G.

2014-10-01

Nowadays road transportation contributes in a large amount to the urban pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. One solution in urban environment, also in order to mitigate the effects of traffic jams, is the use of tramways. The most important bonus comes from the inherent reversibility of electric drives: energy can be sent back to the electricity source, while braking the vehicle. This can be done installing some storage device on-board trains, or in one or more points of the supply network. This paper analyses and compares the following variants: Stationary high-power lithium batteries. Stationary supercapacitors. High-power lithium batteries on-board trains. Supercapacitors on-board trains. When the storage system is constituted by a supercapacitor stack, it is mandatory to interpose between it and the line a DC/DC converter. On the contrary, the presence of the converter can be avoided, in case of lithium battery pack. This paper will make an evaluation of all these configurations, in a realistic case study, together with a cost/benefit analysis.

Three-dimensional graphene foam supported Fe₃O₄ lithium battery anodes with long cycle life and high rate capability.

PubMed

Luo, Jingshan; Liu, Jilei; Zeng, Zhiyuan; Ng, Chi Fan; Ma, Lingjie; Zhang, Hua; Lin, Jianyi; Shen, Zexiang; Fan, Hong Jin

2013-01-01

Fe3O4 has long been regarded as a promising anode material for lithium ion battery due to its high theoretical capacity, earth abundance, low cost, and nontoxic properties. However, up to now no effective and scalable method has been realized to overcome the bottleneck of poor cyclability and low rate capability. In this article, we report a bottom-up strategy assisted by atomic layer deposition to graft bicontinuous mesoporous nanostructure Fe3O4 onto three-dimensional graphene foams and directly use the composite as the lithium ion battery anode. This electrode exhibits high reversible capacity and fast charging and discharging capability. A high capacity of 785 mAh/g is achieved at 1C rate and is maintained without decay up to 500 cycles. Moreover, the rate of up to 60C is also demonstrated, rendering a fast discharge potential. To our knowledge, this is the best reported rate performance for Fe3O4 in lithium ion battery to date.

A Lithium-Ion Battery using a 3 D-Array Nanostructured Graphene-Sulfur Cathode and a Silicon Oxide-Based Anode.

PubMed

Benítez, Almudena; Di Lecce, Daniele; Elia, Giuseppe Antonio; Caballero, Álvaro; Morales, Julián; Hassoun, Jusef

2018-05-09

An efficient lithium-ion battery was assembled by using an enhanced sulfur-based cathode and a silicon oxide-based anode and proposed as an innovative energy-storage system. The sulfur-carbon composite, which exploits graphene carbon with a 3 D array (3DG-S), was synthesized by a reduction step through a microwave-assisted solvothermal technique and was fully characterized in terms of structure and morphology, thereby revealing suitable features for lithium-cell application. Electrochemical tests of the 3DG-S electrode in a lithium half-cell indicated a capacity ranging from 1200 to 1000 mAh g -1 at currents of C/10 and 1 C, respectively. Remarkably, the Li-alloyed anode, namely, Li y SiO x -C prepared by the sol-gel method and lithiated by surface treatment, showed suitable performance in a lithium half-cell by using an electrolyte designed for lithium-sulfur batteries. The Li y SiO x -C/3DG-S battery was found to exhibit very promising properties with a capacity of approximately 460 mAh g S -1 delivered at an average voltage of approximately 1.5 V over 200 cycles, suggesting that the characterized materials would be suitable candidates for low-cost and high-energy-storage applications. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

JCESR: Moving Beyond Lithium-Ion

ScienceCinema

Zavadil, Kevin; Crabtree, George; Gallagher, Kevin; Trahey, Lynn; Srinivasan, Venkat; Chiang, Yet-Ming; Chamberlain, Jeff

2018-01-16

The Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) is a major research partnership that integrates government, academic, and industrial researchers from many disciplines. JCESR's vision is to transform transportation and the electricity grid with high-performance, low cost energy storage.

A chemistry and material perspective on lithium redox flow batteries towards high-density electrical energy storage.

PubMed

Zhao, Yu; Ding, Yu; Li, Yutao; Peng, Lele; Byon, Hye Ryung; Goodenough, John B; Yu, Guihua

2015-11-21

Electrical energy storage system such as secondary batteries is the principle power source for portable electronics, electric vehicles and stationary energy storage. As an emerging battery technology, Li-redox flow batteries inherit the advantageous features of modular design of conventional redox flow batteries and high voltage and energy efficiency of Li-ion batteries, showing great promise as efficient electrical energy storage system in transportation, commercial, and residential applications. The chemistry of lithium redox flow batteries with aqueous or non-aqueous electrolyte enables widened electrochemical potential window thus may provide much greater energy density and efficiency than conventional redox flow batteries based on proton chemistry. This Review summarizes the design rationale, fundamentals and characterization of Li-redox flow batteries from a chemistry and material perspective, with particular emphasis on the new chemistries and materials. The latest advances and associated challenges/opportunities are comprehensively discussed.

A Stable Fluorinated and Alkylated Lithium Malonatoborate Salt for Lithium Ion Battery Application

DOE PAGES

Wan, Shun; Jiang, Xueguang; Guo, Bingkun; ...

2015-04-27

A new fluorinated and alkylated lithium malonatoborate salt, lithium bis(2-methyl-2-fluoromalonato)borate (LiBMFMB), has been synthesized for lithium ion battery application. A 0.8 M LiBMFMB solution is obtained in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) (1:2 by wt.). The new LiBMFMB based electrolyte exhibits good cycling stability and rate capability in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and graphite based half-cells.

Phase Restructuring in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Highly Stable Energy Storage.

PubMed

Leng, Kai; Chen, Zhongxin; Zhao, Xiaoxu; Tang, Wei; Tian, Bingbing; Nai, Chang Tai; Zhou, Wu; Loh, Kian Ping

2016-09-28

Achieving homogeneous phase transition and uniform charge distribution is essential for good cycle stability and high capacity when phase conversion materials are used as electrodes. Herein, we show that chemical lithiation of bulk 2H-MoS 2 distorts its crystalline domains in three primary directions to produce mosaic-like 1T' nanocrystalline domains, which improve phase and charge uniformity during subsequent electrochemical phase conversion. 1T'-Li x MoS 2 , a macroscopic dense material with interconnected nanoscale grains, shows excellent cycle stability and rate capability in a lithium rechargeable battery compared to bulk or exfoliated-restacked MoS 2 . Transmission electron microscopy studies reveal that the interconnected MoS 2 nanocrystals created during the phase change process are reformable even after multiple cycles of galvanostatic charging/discharging, which allows them to play important roles in the long term cycling performance of the chemically intercalated TMD materials. These studies shed light on how bulk TMDs can be processed into quasi-2D nanophase material for stable energy storage.

Engineered Nanomaterials for Energy Harvesting and Storage Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gullapalli, Hemtej

Energy harvesting and storage are independent mechanisms, each having their own significance in the energy cycle. Energy is generally harvested from temperature variations, mechanical vibrations and other phenomena which are inherently sporadic in nature, harvested energy stands a better chance of efficient utilization if it can be stored and used later, depending on the demand. In essence a comprehensive device that can harness power from surrounding environment and provide a steady and reliable source of energy would be ideal. Towards realizing such a system, for the harvesting component, a piezoelectric nano-composite material consisting of ZnO nanostructures embedded into the matrix of 'Paper' has been developed. Providing a flexible backbone to a brittle material makes it a robust architecture. Energy harvesting by scavenging both mechanical and thermal fluctuations using this flexible nano-composite is discussed in this thesis. On the energy storage front, Graphene based materials developed with a focus towards realizing ultra-thin lithium ion batteries and supercapacitors are introduced. Efforts for enhancing the energy storage performance of such graphitic carbon are detailed. Increasing the rate capability by direct CVD synthesis of graphene on current collectors, enhancing its electrochemical capacity through doping and engineering 3D metallic structures to increase the areal energy density have been studied.

Pathways to low-cost electrochemical energy storage: a comparison of aqueous and nonaqueous flow batteries

DOE PAGES

Darling, Robert M.; Gallagher, Kevin G.; Kowalski, Jeffrey A.; ...

2014-11-01

Energy storage is increasingly seen as a valuable asset for electricity grids composed of high fractions of intermittent sources, such as wind power or, in developing economies, unreliable generation and transmission services. However, the potential of batteries to meet the stringent cost and durability requirements for grid applications is largely unquantified. We investigate electrochemical systems capable of economically storing energy for hours and present an analysis of the relationships among technological performance characteristics, component cost factors, and system price for established and conceptual aqueous and nonaqueous batteries. We identified potential advantages of nonaqueous flow batteries over those based on aqueousmore » electrolytes; however, new challenging constraints burden the nonaqueous approach, including the solubility of the active material in the electrolyte. Requirements in harmony with economically effective energy storage are derived for aqueous and nonaqueous systems. The attributes of flow batteries are compared to those of aqueous and nonaqueous enclosed and hybrid (semi-flow) batteries. Flow batteries are a promising technology for reaching these challenging energy storage targets owing to their independent power and energy scaling, reliance on facile and reversible reactants, and potentially simpler manufacture as compared to established enclosed batteries such as lead–acid or lithium-ion.« less

Peculiar Li-storage mechanism at graphene edges in turbostratic carbon black and their application in high energy Li-ion capacitor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anothumakkool, Bihag; Dupré, Nicolas; Moreau, Philippe; Guyomard, Dominique; Brousse, Thierry; Gaubicher, Joel

2018-02-01

We report experimental evidence for the specific Li-storage at turbostratic graphene edges of a well-known and cheap Super P® carbon black (Csp) material, which is usually used as a conductive additive in composite electrodes. Indeed, operando XRD and HR-TEM consistently demonstrate Li insertion occurs with zero expansion of graphene layer up to a composition of Li0.4C6 (150 mA h/g) that is reached at 0.01 V vs. Li+/Li. 7Li NMR substantiates these results and suggests that the weak electronic transfer from the carbon host to the intercalant could help local reorganization of the layer order as suggested by the unexpected reversible changes of the (002) Bragg peak intensity during the charge-discharge process. Our observations also indicate this insertion mechanism is kinetically favored resulting in remarkable cycling stability over 1000 cycles and power capability allowing to sustain 110 mA h/g at 8 A/g (21 C) in half cell. The capability of Csp as an efficient anode is ultimately demonstrated in a lithium hybrid capacitor against a positive electrode of activated carbon. The full cell delivers a maximum energy of 120 Wh/kg (4.3-2 V) and remarkable capacity retention over 1800 cycles.

Flexible energy-storage devices: design consideration and recent progress.

PubMed

Wang, Xianfu; Lu, Xihong; Liu, Bin; Chen, Di; Tong, Yexiang; Shen, Guozhen

2014-07-23

Flexible energy-storage devices are attracting increasing attention as they show unique promising advantages, such as flexibility, shape diversity, light weight, and so on; these properties enable applications in portable, flexible, and even wearable electronic devices, including soft electronic products, roll-up displays, and wearable devices. Consequently, considerable effort has been made in recent years to fulfill the requirements of future flexible energy-storage devices, and much progress has been witnessed. This review describes the most recent advances in flexible energy-storage devices, including flexible lithium-ion batteries and flexible supercapacitors. The latest successful examples in flexible lithium-ion batteries and their technological innovations and challenges are reviewed first. This is followed by a detailed overview of the recent progress in flexible supercapacitors based on carbon materials and a number of composites and flexible micro-supercapacitors. Some of the latest achievements regarding interesting integrated energy-storage systems are also reviewed. Further research direction is also proposed to surpass existing technological bottle-necks and realize idealized flexible energy-storage devices. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

A facile approach toward transition metal oxide hierarchical structures and their lithium storage properties.

PubMed

Zhang, Cuimiao; Chen, Jing; Zeng, Yi; Rui, Xianhong; Zhu, Jixin; Zhang, Wenyu; Xu, Chen; Lim, Tuti Mariana; Hng, Huey Hoon; Yan, Qingyu

2012-06-21

A simple, non-template, non-surfactant and environmentally friendly hydrothermal method is presented based on the controlled release of the reactants into the reaction solvents to induce slow nucleation and growth of three-dimensional hierarchical nanostructures of transition metal oxides. This method is a general approach, which can be used to prepare Co(3)O(4), CuO, and Ni(OH)(2)/NiO. These metal oxides with hierarchical nanostructures can be used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries with good Li storage performance, e.g. high specific capacities and stable cyclability.

Mesoporous carbon-coated LiFePO4 nanocrystals co-modified with graphene and Mg2+ doping as superior cathode materials for lithium ion batteries.

PubMed

Wang, Bo; Xu, Binghui; Liu, Tiefeng; Liu, Peng; Guo, Chenfeng; Wang, Shuo; Wang, Qiuming; Xiong, Zhigang; Wang, Dianlong; Zhao, X S

2014-01-21

In this work, mesoporous carbon-coated LiFePO4 nanocrystals further co-modified with graphene and Mg(2+) doping (G/LFMP) were synthesized by a modified rheological phase method to improve the speed of lithium storage as well as cycling stability. The mesoporous structure of LiFePO4 nanocrystals was designed and realized by introducing the bead milling technique, which assisted in forming sucrose-pyrolytic carbon nanoparticles as the template for generating mesopores. For comparison purposes, samples modified only with graphene (G/LFP) or Mg(2+) doping (LFMP) as well as pure LiFePO4 (LFP) were also prepared and investigated. Microscopic observation and nitrogen sorption analysis have revealed the mesoporous morphologies of the as-prepared composites. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement data demonstrated that the Mg-doped LiFePO4 is a single olivine-type phase and well crystallized with shortened Fe-O and P-O bonds and a lengthened Li-O bond, resulting in an enhanced Li(+) diffusion velocity. Electrochemical properties have also been investigated after assembling coin cells with the as-prepared composites as the cathode active materials. Remarkably, the G/LFMP composite has exhibited the best electrochemical properties, including fast lithium storage performance and excellent cycle stability. That is because the modification of graphene provided active sites for nuclei, restricted the in situ crystallite growth, increased the electronic conductivity and reduced the interface reaction current density, while, Mg(2+) doping improved the intrinsically electronic and ionic transfer properties of LFP crystals. Moreover, in the G/LFMP composite, the graphene component plays the role of "cushion" as it could quickly realize capacity response, buffering the impact to LFMP under the conditions of high-rate charging or discharging, which results in a pre-eminent rate capability and cycling stability.

High capacity hydrogen storage nanocomposite materials

DOEpatents

Zidan, Ragaiy; Wellons, Matthew S.

2017-12-12

A novel hydrogen absorption material is provided comprising a mixture of a lithium hydride with a fullerene. The subsequent reaction product provides for a hydrogen storage material which reversibly stores and releases hydrogen at temperatures of about 270.degree. C.

High capacity hydrogen storage nanocomposite materials

DOEpatents

Zidan, Ragaiy; Wellons, Matthew S

2015-02-03

A novel hydrogen absorption material is provided comprising a mixture of a lithium hydride with a fullerene. The subsequent reaction product provides for a hydrogen storage material which reversibly stores and releases hydrogen at temperatures of about 270.degree. C.

Improving Ionic Conductivity and Lithium-Ion Transference Number in Lithium-Ion Battery Separators.

PubMed

Zahn, Raphael; Lagadec, Marie Francine; Hess, Michael; Wood, Vanessa

2016-12-07

The microstructure of lithium-ion battery separators plays an important role in separator performance; however, here we show that a geometrical analysis falls short in predicting the lithium-ion transport in the electrolyte-filled pore space. By systematically modifying the surface chemistry of a commercial polyethylene separator while keeping its microstructure unchanged, we demonstrate that surface chemistry, which alters separator-electrolyte interactions, influences ionic conductivity and lithium-ion transference number. Changes in separator surface chemistry, particularly those that increase lithium-ion transference numbers can reduce voltage drops across the separator and improve C-rate capability.

Hydroxylamine hydrochloride: A novel anode material for high capacity lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shao, Lianyi; Shu, Jie; Lao, Mengmeng; Lin, Xiaoting; Wu, Kaiqiang; Shui, Miao; Li, Peng; Long, Nengbing; Ren, Yuanlong

2014-12-01

H3NOHCl is used for the first time as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochemical results show that H3NOHCl with particle size of 4-12 μm can deliver an initial charge capacity of 1018.6 mAh g-1, which is much higher than commercial graphite. After 30 cycles, the reversible capacity can be kept at 676.1 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1. Up to 50 cycles, H3NOHCl still maintains a lithium storage capacity of 368.9 mAh g-1. Even cycled at 200 mA g-1, H3NOHCl can deliver a charge capacity of 715.7 mAh g-1. It suggests that H3NOHCl has high lithium storage capacity, excellent cycling stability and outstanding rate performance. Besides, the electrochemical reaction between H3NOHCl and Li is also investigated by various ex-situ techniques. It can be found that H3NOHCl irreversibly decomposes into Li3N and LiCl during the initial discharge process and LiNO2 can be formed after a reverse charge process.

A Safe High-Performance All-Solid-State Lithium-Vanadium Battery with a Freestanding V2O5 Nanowire Composite Paper Cathode.

PubMed

Zhang, Yue; Lai, Jingyuan; Gong, Yudong; Hu, Yongming; Liu, Jin; Sun, Chunwen; Wang, Zhong Lin

2016-12-21

The electronic conductivity and structural stability are still challenges for vanadium pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ) as cathode materials in batteries. Here, we report a V 2 O 5 nanowire-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite paper for direct use as a cathode without any additives for high-temperature and high-safety solid polymer electrolyte [PEO-MIL-53(Al)-LiTFSI] lithium-vanadium batteries. The batteries can show a fast and stable lithium-ion-storage performance in a wide voltage window of 1.0-4.0 V versus Li + /Li at 80 °C, in which with an average capacity of 329.2 mAh g -1 at 17 mA g -1 and a stable cycling performance over 40 cycles are achieved. The excellent electrochemical performance is mainly ascribed to integration of the electronic conductivity of rGO and interconnected networks of the V 2 O 5 nanowires and solid electrolyte. This is a promising lithium battery for flexible and highly safe energy-storage devices.

Three-Dimensional SnS Decorated Carbon Nano-Networks as Anode Materials for Lithium and Sodium Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Zhou, Yanli; Wang, Qi; Zhu, Xiaotao; Jiang, Fuyi

2018-02-28

The three-dimensional (3D) SnS decorated carbon nano-networks (SnS@C) were synthesized via a facile two-step method of freeze-drying combined with post-heat treatment. The lithium and sodium storage performances of above composites acting as anode materials were investigated. As anode materials for lithium ion batteries, a high reversible capacity of 780 mAh·g -1 for SnS@C composites can be obtained at 100 mA·g -1 after 100 cycles. Even cycled at a high current density of 2 A·g -1 , the reversible capacity of this composite can be maintained at 610 mAh·g -1 after 1000 cycles. The initial charge capacity for sodium ion batteries can reach 333 mAh·g -1 , and it retains a reversible capacity of 186 mAh·g -1 at 100 mA·g -1 after 100 cycles. The good lithium or sodium storage performances are likely attributed to the synergistic effects of the conductive carbon nano-networks and small SnS nanoparticles.

Distributed Heterogeneous Simulation of a Hybrid-Electric Vehicle

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-03-29

voltage dc bus via a fully controlled three-phase bridge converter. Also connc·:[uJ iu tilL UUS are the Lithium - ion battery bank, the ultra-capacitor...s~b~;~~~~·3 .... ! Lithium - Ion Battery Storage I _ .. ~:; Low-voltage Bus i I I] j i DC~ Converter ! -~~- ti~! 1 I --Ii! Battery i...devices in the propulsion system include the lithium - ion battery bank and the ultra-capacitor. Based on the range of the vehicle in the stealth model

Cooperative Management of a Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Network: A Distributed MPC Approach

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fang, Huazhen; Wu, Di; Yang, Tao

2016-12-12

This paper presents a study of cooperative power supply and storage for a network of Lithium-ion energy storage systems (LiBESSs). We propose to develop a distributed model predictive control (MPC) approach for two reasons. First, able to account for the practical constraints of a LiBESS, the MPC can enable a constraint-aware operation. Second, a distributed management can cope with a complex network that integrates a large number of LiBESSs over a complex communication topology. With this motivation, we then build a fully distributed MPC algorithm from an optimization perspective, which is based on an extension of the alternating direction methodmore » of multipliers (ADMM) method. A simulation example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.« less

Flexible and Stretchable Energy Storage: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives.

PubMed

Liu, Wei; Song, Min-Sang; Kong, Biao; Cui, Yi

2017-01-01

Energy-storage technologies such as lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors have become fundamental building blocks in modern society. Recently, the emerging direction toward the ever-growing market of flexible and wearable electronics has nourished progress in building multifunctional energy-storage systems that can be bent, folded, crumpled, and stretched while maintaining their electrochemical functions under deformation. Here, recent progress and well-developed strategies in research designed to accomplish flexible and stretchable lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors are reviewed. The challenges of developing novel materials and configurations with tailored features, and in designing simple and large-scaled manufacturing methods that can be widely utilized are considered. Furthermore, the perspectives and opportunities for this emerging field of materials science and engineering are also discussed. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Carbon-Based Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries, Electrochemical Capacitors, and Their Hybrid Devices.

PubMed

Yao, Fei; Pham, Duy Tho; Lee, Young Hee

2015-07-20

A rapidly developing market for portable electronic devices and hybrid electrical vehicles requires an urgent supply of mature energy-storage systems. As a result, lithium-ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors have lately attracted broad attention. Nevertheless, it is well known that both devices have their own drawbacks. With the fast development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, various structures and materials have been proposed to overcome the deficiencies of both devices to improve their electrochemical performance further. In this Review, electrochemical storage mechanisms based on carbon materials for both lithium-ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors are introduced. Non-faradic processes (electric double-layer capacitance) and faradic reactions (pseudocapacitance and intercalation) are generally explained. Electrochemical performance based on different types of electrolytes is briefly reviewed. Furthermore, impedance behavior based on Nyquist plots is discussed. We demonstrate the influence of cell conductivity, electrode/electrolyte interface, and ion diffusion on impedance performance. We illustrate that relaxation time, which is closely related to ion diffusion, can be extracted from Nyquist plots and compared between lithium-ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors. Finally, recent progress in the design of anodes for lithium-ion batteries, electrochemical capacitors, and their hybrid devices based on carbonaceous materials are reviewed. Challenges and future perspectives are further discussed. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Efficiently photo-charging lithium-ion battery by perovskite solar cell

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Jiantie; Chen, Yonghua; Dai, Liming

2015-08-01

Electric vehicles using lithium-ion battery pack(s) for propulsion have recently attracted a great deal of interest. The large-scale practical application of battery electric vehicles may not be realized unless lithium-ion batteries with self-charging suppliers will be developed. Solar cells offer an attractive option for directly photo-charging lithium-ion batteries. Here we demonstrate the use of perovskite solar cell packs with four single CH3NH3PbI3 based solar cells connected in series for directly photo-charging lithium-ion batteries assembled with a LiFePO4 cathode and a Li4Ti5O12 anode. Our device shows a high overall photo-electric conversion and storage efficiency of 7.80% and excellent cycling stability, which outperforms other reported lithium-ion batteries, lithium-air batteries, flow batteries and super-capacitors integrated with a photo-charging component. The newly developed self-chargeable units based on integrated perovskite solar cells and lithium-ion batteries hold promise for various potential applications.

Selection of battery technology to support grid-integrated renewable electricity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leadbetter, Jason; Swan, Lukas G.

2012-10-01

Operation of the electricity grid has traditionally been done using slow responding base and intermediate load generators with fast responding peak load generators to capture the chaotic behavior of end-use demands. Many modern electricity grids are implementing intermittent non-dispatchable renewable energy resources. As a result, the existing support services are becoming inadequate and technological innovation in grid support services are necessary. Support services fall into short (seconds to minutes), medium (minutes to hours), and long duration (several hours) categories. Energy storage offers a method of providing these services and can enable increased penetration rates of renewable energy generators. Many energy storage technologies exist. Of these, batteries span a significant range of required storage capacity and power output. By assessing the energy to power ratio of electricity grid services, suitable battery technologies were selected. These include lead-acid, lithium-ion, sodium-sulfur, and vanadium-redox. Findings show the variety of grid services require different battery technologies and batteries are capable of meeting the short, medium, and long duration categories. A brief review of each battery technology and its present state of development, commercial implementation, and research frontiers is presented to support these classifications.

Composite lithium metal anode by melt infusion of lithium into a 3D conducting scaffold with lithiophilic coating.

PubMed

Liang, Zheng; Lin, Dingchang; Zhao, Jie; Lu, Zhenda; Liu, Yayuan; Liu, Chong; Lu, Yingying; Wang, Haotian; Yan, Kai; Tao, Xinyong; Cui, Yi

2016-03-15

Lithium metal-based battery is considered one of the best energy storage systems due to its high theoretical capacity and lowest anode potential of all. However, dendritic growth and virtually relative infinity volume change during long-term cycling often lead to severe safety hazards and catastrophic failure. Here, a stable lithium-scaffold composite electrode is developed by lithium melt infusion into a 3D porous carbon matrix with "lithiophilic" coating. Lithium is uniformly entrapped on the matrix surface and in the 3D structure. The resulting composite electrode possesses a high conductive surface area and excellent structural stability upon galvanostatic cycling. We showed stable cycling of this composite electrode with small Li plating/stripping overpotential (<90 mV) at a high current density of 3 mA/cm(2) over 80 cycles.

Controlled synthesis of hollow octahedral ZnCo2O4 nanocages assembled from ultrathin 2D nanosheets for enhanced lithium storage.

PubMed

Liu, Beihong; Liu, Hui; Liang, Mengfang; Liu, Lixiang; Lv, Zhaolin; Zhou, Hang; Guo, Hong

2017-11-16

Hollow octahedral ZnCo 2 O 4 nanocages assembled from ultrathin 2D nanosheets are prepared through facile fast simultaneous coordinating etching and thermal processes. Electrochemical results show that the hollow octahedral ZnCo 2 O 4 nanocage is an outstanding anode material for LIBs with a high reversible discharge capacity of 1025 mA h g -1 at 500 mA g -1 after 200 cycles, and an outstanding rate capability of 525 mA h g -1 at 4 A g -1 . Moreover, this simple, low cost and fast process could be useful for the construction of many other hollow advanced materials for supercapacitors, sensors and other novel energy and environmental applications.

A Facile Large-Scale Synthesis of Porous SnO2 by Bronze for Superior Lithium Storage and Gas Sensing Properties Through a Wet Chemical Reaction Strategy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yue, Lu; Ge, Jingjing; Luo, Gaixia; Bian, Kaiting; Yin, Chao; Guan, Rongfeng; Zhang, Wenhui; Zhou, Zheng; Wang, Kaixin; Guo, Xiufeng

2018-03-01

A facile approach to prepare porous SnO2 and SnO2/C composite with Cu-Sn alloy as raw material by wet chemical reaction strategy has been developed. The prepared porous SnO2 and its carbon composite showed homogeneous mesoporous structure and high surface area, displayed superior rate performance and high reversible capacity of 625 mAh g-1 and 1185 mAh g-1 over 800 cycles at 0.4 A g-1, respectively. Compared with commercial SnO2, porous SnO2 sensor presented higher response, faster response/recovery capability, good selectivity and repeatability to ethanol at 180°C.

Read-write holographic memory with iron-doped lithium niobate

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alphonse, G. A.; Phillips, W.

1975-01-01

The response of iron doped lithium niobate under conditions corresponding to hologram storage and retrieval is described, and the material's characteristics are discussed. The optical sensitivity can be improved by heavy chemical reduction of lightly doped crystals such that most of the iron is in the divalent state, the remaining part being trivalent. The best reduction process found to be reproducible so far is the anneal of the doped crystal in the presence of a salt such as lithium carbonate. It is shown by analysis and simulation that a page-oriented read-write holographic memory with 1,000 bits per page would have a cycle time of about 60 ms and a signal-to-noise ratio of 27 db. This cycle time, although still too long for a practical system, represents an improvement of two orders of magnitude over that of previous laboratory prototypes using different storage media.

Lithium Storage Performance of Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticle Synthesized with the Assistance of Triblock Copolymer P123.

PubMed

Yao, J H; Li, Y W; Song, X B; Zhang, Y F; Yan, J

2018-05-01

The ZnFe2O4 samples with the triblock copolymer P123 (P123) additive quantity of 0 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 8 wt.% and 10 wt.% were prepared by a very facile homogeneous precipitation method followed by high temperature sintering. The microstructures of the prepared samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The results revealed that the five prepared samples are all normal spinel zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4); the sample with the P123 additive quantity of 8 wt.% has the smallest particle size among the five samples. The lithium storage performances of the prepared samples are characterized by cyclic voltammograms (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and charge-discharge tests. The results demonstrated that adding proper amount of P123 can obviously improve the lithium storage performances of zinc ferrite spinel powder. But excessive P123 can induce the particle agglomerates so that the lithium storage performance of sample decays significantly. The ZnFe2O4 sample with the P123 additive quantity of 8 wt.% exhibited the highest electrochemical activity, the best rate performance, and superior cycling stability. For example, after 50 charge/discharge cycles under a current density of 120 mA g-1, the ZnFe2O4 sample with the P123 additive quantity of 8 wt.% can retain a specific discharge capacity of 468 mAh g-1, much higher than that of for the ZnFe2O4 sample with the P123 additive quantity of 0 wt.% (224 mAh g-1).

Rational design of atomic-layer-deposited LiFePO4 as a high-performance cathode for lithium-ion batteries.

PubMed

Liu, Jian; Banis, Mohammad N; Sun, Qian; Lushington, Andrew; Li, Ruying; Sham, Tsun-Kong; Sun, Xueliang

2014-10-08

Atomic layer deposition is successfully applied to synthesize lithium iron phosphate in a layer-by-layer manner by using self-limiting surface reactions. The lithium iron phosphate exhibits high power density, excellent rate capability, and ultra-long lifetime, showing great potential for vehicular lithium batteries and 3D all-solid-state microbatteries. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Ceramic and polymeric solid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fergus, Jeffrey W.

Lithium-ion batteries are important for energy storage in a wide variety of applications including consumer electronics, transportation and large-scale energy production. The performance of lithium-ion batteries depends on the materials used. One critical component is the electrolyte, which is the focus of this paper. In particular, inorganic ceramic and organic polymer solid-electrolyte materials are reviewed. Solid electrolytes provide advantages in terms of simplicity of design and operational safety, but typically have conductivities that are lower than those of organic liquid electrolytes. This paper provides a comparison of the conductivities of solid-electrolyte materials being used or developed for use in lithium-ion batteries.

Nonflammable perfluoropolyether-based electrolytes for lithium batteries.

PubMed

Wong, Dominica H C; Thelen, Jacob L; Fu, Yanbao; Devaux, Didier; Pandya, Ashish A; Battaglia, Vincent S; Balsara, Nitash P; DeSimone, Joseph M

2014-03-04

The flammability of conventional alkyl carbonate electrolytes hinders the integration of large-scale lithium-ion batteries in transportation and grid storage applications. In this study, we have prepared a unique nonflammable electrolyte composed of low molecular weight perfluoropolyethers and bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt. These electrolytes exhibit thermal stability beyond 200 °C and a remarkably high transference number of at least 0.91 (more than double that of conventional electrolytes). Li/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cells made with this electrolyte show good performance in galvanostatic cycling, confirming their potential as rechargeable lithium batteries with enhanced safety and longevity.

Policies governing the use of lithium batteries in the Navy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bis, R. F.; Barnes, J. A.

1983-01-01

Lithium batteries offer many advantages for Navy systems but may also exhibit undesirable hazardous behavior. Safety problems have been traced to a variety of chemical and physical causes. The Navy has established a central safety office with responsibility for all lithium battery use. Before an item is approved for Navy use, it must pass both a design review and a set of end item tests. These reviews focus on complete systems which include a battery inside the end item. After system approval, specific regulations govern the transportation, storage, and disposal of the unit containing lithium batteries. Each of these areas is discussed in detail.

Nonflammable perfluoropolyether-based electrolytes for lithium batteries

PubMed Central

Wong, Dominica H. C.; Thelen, Jacob L.; Fu, Yanbao; Devaux, Didier; Pandya, Ashish A.; Battaglia, Vincent S.; Balsara, Nitash P.; DeSimone, Joseph M.

2014-01-01

The flammability of conventional alkyl carbonate electrolytes hinders the integration of large-scale lithium-ion batteries in transportation and grid storage applications. In this study, we have prepared a unique nonflammable electrolyte composed of low molecular weight perfluoropolyethers and bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt. These electrolytes exhibit thermal stability beyond 200 °C and a remarkably high transference number of at least 0.91 (more than double that of conventional electrolytes). Li/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cells made with this electrolyte show good performance in galvanostatic cycling, confirming their potential as rechargeable lithium batteries with enhanced safety and longevity. PMID:24516123

Ionic Liquids in Lithium-Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Balducci, Andrea

2017-04-01

Lithium-ion batteries are among the most widespread energy storage devices in our society. In order to introduce these devices in new key applications such as transportation, however, their safety and their operative temperature range need to be significantly improved. These improvements can be obtained only by developing new electrolytes. Ionic liquids are presently considered among the most attractive electrolytes for the development of advanced and safer lithium-ion batteries. In this manuscript, the use of various types of ionic liquids, e.g. aprotic and protic, in lithium-ion batteries is considered. The advantages and the limits associated to the use of these innovative electrolytes are critically analysed.

Correlations between Transition Metal Chemistry, Local Structure and Global Structure in Li 2Ru 0.5Mn 0.5O 3 Investigated in a Wide Voltage Window

DOE PAGES

Lyu, Yingchun; Hu, Enyuan; Xiao, Dongdong; ...

2017-10-20

Li 2Ru 0.5Mn 0.5O 3, a high capacity lithium rich layered cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, was subject to comprehen-sive diagnostic studies including in situ/ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), pair distribu-tion function (PDF) and high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) analysis, to understand the cor-relations between transition metal chemistry, structure and lithium storage electrochemical behavior. Ru-Ru dimers have been identified in the as-prepared sample and found to be preserved upon prolonged cycling. Presence of these dimers, which are likely caused by the delocalized nature of 4d electrons, is found to favor the stabilization of themore » structure in a lay-ered phase. The in situ XAS results confirm the participation of oxygen redox into the charge compensation at high charge voltage, and the great flexibility of the covalent bond between Ru and O may provide great reversibility of the global struc-ture despite of the significant local distortion around Ru. In contrast, the local distortion around Mn occurs at low discharge voltage and is accompanied by a “layered to 1T” phase transformation, which is found to be detrimental to the cycle per-formances. It is clear that the changes of local structure around individual transition metal cations respond separately and differently to lithium intercalation/deintercalation. Here, cations with the capability to tolerate the lattice distortion will benefit for maintaining the integrality of the crystal structure and therefore is able to enhance the long-term cycling performance of the electrode materials.« less

Lithium Iron Phosphate Cell Performance Evaluations for Lunar Extravehicular Activities

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reid, Concha

2007-01-01

Lithium-ion battery cells are being evaluated for their ability to provide primary power and energy storage for NASA s future Exploration missions. These missions include the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle, the Ares Crew Launch Vehicle Upper Stage, Extravehicular Activities (EVA, the advanced space suit), the Lunar Surface Ascent Module (LSAM), and the Lunar Precursor and Robotic Program (LPRP), among others. Each of these missions will have different battery requirements. Some missions may require high specific energy and high energy density, while others may require high specific power, wide operating temperature ranges, or a combination of several of these attributes. EVA is one type of mission that presents particular challenges for today s existing power sources. The Portable Life Support System (PLSS) for the advanced Lunar surface suit will be carried on an astronaut s back during eight hour long sorties, requiring a lightweight power source. Lunar sorties are also expected to occur during varying environmental conditions, requiring a power source that can operate over a wide range of temperatures. Concepts for Lunar EVAs include a primary power source for the PLSS that can recharge rapidly. A power source that can charge quickly could enable a lighter weight system that can be recharged while an astronaut is taking a short break. Preliminary results of Al23 Ml 26650 lithium iron phosphate cell performance evaluations for an advanced Lunar surface space suit application are discussed in this paper. These cells exhibit excellent recharge rate capability, however, their specific energy and energy density is lower than typical lithium-ion cell chemistries. The cells were evaluated for their ability to provide primary power in a lightweight battery system while operating at multiple temperatures.

Correlations between Transition Metal Chemistry, Local Structure and Global Structure in Li 2Ru 0.5Mn 0.5O 3 Investigated in a Wide Voltage Window

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lyu, Yingchun; Hu, Enyuan; Xiao, Dongdong

Li 2Ru 0.5Mn 0.5O 3, a high capacity lithium rich layered cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, was subject to comprehen-sive diagnostic studies including in situ/ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), pair distribu-tion function (PDF) and high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) analysis, to understand the cor-relations between transition metal chemistry, structure and lithium storage electrochemical behavior. Ru-Ru dimers have been identified in the as-prepared sample and found to be preserved upon prolonged cycling. Presence of these dimers, which are likely caused by the delocalized nature of 4d electrons, is found to favor the stabilization of themore » structure in a lay-ered phase. The in situ XAS results confirm the participation of oxygen redox into the charge compensation at high charge voltage, and the great flexibility of the covalent bond between Ru and O may provide great reversibility of the global struc-ture despite of the significant local distortion around Ru. In contrast, the local distortion around Mn occurs at low discharge voltage and is accompanied by a “layered to 1T” phase transformation, which is found to be detrimental to the cycle per-formances. It is clear that the changes of local structure around individual transition metal cations respond separately and differently to lithium intercalation/deintercalation. Here, cations with the capability to tolerate the lattice distortion will benefit for maintaining the integrality of the crystal structure and therefore is able to enhance the long-term cycling performance of the electrode materials.« less

Porous worm-like NiMoO4 coaxially decorated electrospun carbon nanofiber as binder-free electrodes for high performance supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tian, Xiaodong; Li, Xiao; Yang, Tao; Wang, Kai; Wang, Hongbao; Song, Yan; Liu, Zhanjun; Guo, Quangui

2018-03-01

The peculiar architectures consisting of electrospun carbon nanofibers coaxially decorated by porous worm-like NiMoO4 were successfully fabricated for the first time to address the poor cycling stability and inferior rate capability of the state-of-the-art NiMoO4-based electrodes caused by the insufficient structural stability, dense structure and low conductivity. The porous worm-like structure endows the electrode high capacitance/capacity due to large effective specific surface area and short electron/ion diffusion channels. Moreover, the robust integrated electrode with sufficient internal spaces can self-accommodate volume variation during charge/discharge processes, which is beneficial to the structural stability and integrity. By the virtue of rational design of the architecture, the hybrid electrode delivered high specific capacitance (1088.5 F g-1 at 1 A g-1), good rate capability (860.3 F g-1 at 20 A g-1) and long lifespan with a capacitance retention of 73.9% after 5000 cycles when used as supercapacitor electrode. For lithium-ion battery application, the electrode exhibited a high reversible capacity of 1132.1 mAh g-1 at 0.5 A g-1. Notably, 689.7 mAh g-1 can be achieved even after 150 continuous cycles at a current density of 1 A g-1. In the view of their outstanding electrochemical performance and the cost-effective fabrication process, the integrated nanostructure shows great promising applications in energy storage.

High energy density aluminum battery

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brown, Gilbert M.; Parans Paranthaman, Mariappan; Dai, Sheng

Compositions and methods of making are provided for a high energy density lithium-aluminum battery. The battery comprises an anode comprising aluminum metal. The battery further comprises a cathode comprising a lithium metal oxide. The battery further comprises an electrolyte capable of supporting reversible deposition and stripping of aluminum at the anode, and reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium at the cathode.

Performance and Safety of Lithium Ion Cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ratnakumar, B. V.; Smart, M. C.; Whitcanack, L.; Surampudi, S.; Marsh, R.

2001-01-01

This report evaluates the performance and safety of Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) cells when used in batteries. Issues discussed include the cycle life, energy efficiency, tolerance to higher charge voltage, tolerance to extended tapered charge voltage, charge on cycling, specific energy, low temperature discharge, low temperature charge, various charge characteristics, storage characteristics, and more of Li-Ion cells.

Bipolar and Monopolar Lithium-Ion Battery Technology at Yardney

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Russell, P.; Flynn, J.; Reddy, T.

1996-01-01

Lithium-ion battery systems offer several advantages: intrinsically safe; long cycle life; environmentally friendly; high energy density; wide operating temperature range; good discharge rate capability; low self-discharge; and no memory effect.

Fluorination Induced the Surface Segregation of High Voltage Spinel on Lithium-Rich Layered Cathodes for Enhanced Rate Capability in Lithium Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Jin, Yi-Chun; Duh, Jenq-Gong

2016-02-17

This study is aimed to explore the effect of fluoride doping and the associated structural transformation on lithium-rich layered cathode materials. The polymeric fluoride source is first adopted for synthesizing lithium intercalated oxide through a newly developed organic precipitation process. A heterostructured spinel/layered composite cathode material is obtained after appreciable fluorination and a superior rate capability is successfully achieved. The fluoride dopant amount and the surface spinel phase are evidenced and systematically examined by various structural spectroscopy and electrochemical analysis. It appears the reversible Ni(2+/4+) redox couple at high voltage regime around 4.8 V because of the formation of spinel LiNi1/2Mn3/2O4 phase. The mechanism of "layer to spinel" phase transformation is discussed in detail.

Thermophysical Properties of Lithium Alloys for Thermal Batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Swift, Geoffrey A.

2011-10-01

Thermal batteries are electrochemical systems primarily used in defense applications. The long-term storage capability afforded by the electrically inert low-temperature properties of the electrolyte-separator enables the use of this technology for military purposes. The current state-of-the art for thermal batteries relies upon the Li/FeS2 couple for power generation with the anode typically an Li-Si or Li-Al alloy. Thermal modeling of these primary battery systems is crucial to allowing the predictive capability of thermal evolution both in terms of the battery lifetime and thermal profile for the proper design of internal insulation and the surrounding environment. However, thermophysical properties for the anode alloys are not available in the literature. Thermophysical measurements of the alloys used in thermal batteries are essential for thermal modeling and simulation. The laser-flash method was used to determine the specific heat, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity for Li-Si and Li-Al alloys as a function of temperature.

Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Megahed, Sid; Scrosati, Bruno

The large availability of insertion electrodes capable to exchange substantial quantities of lithium ions with relatively fast kinetics, has promoted the development of various types of rechargeable lithium batteries having different design, size, capacity, power and energy capabilities. All these lithium batteries offer a series of considerable specific advantages, such as high energy density and relatively low cost. However, their widespread utilization is still influenced by the high reactivity of the metal which, from one side assures the high energetic content, from the other induces safety hazards and limited cycleability. Attempts to overcome this shortcoming have resulted in the development of batteries where the lithium metal is most commonly replaced by a carbon electrode. Penalties in energy density in respect to the lithium systems and counterbalanced by an expected safer and longer cycle life from the carbon systems. Although a very recent innovation, the rocking-chair idea has already found enthusiastic support in many research laboratories which are presently involved in its investigation and development. As a result of this, small size, lithium rockingchair batteries or, as otherwise named 'lithium-ion batteries', are currently under development in Japan, USA and Europe. In this review paper we describe the properties of the anode, cathode and electrolyte materials which presently seem to be the most promising for the development of these batteries, and we will attempt to evaluate the impact that the rockingchair concept may ultimately have on the progress of rechargeable lithium battery technology. We will also summarize the status of practical rocking-chair batteries for various emerging applications.

The use of pyro-polymeric catalysts and a new cylindrical cell design in oxygen-aluminum generators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kiseleva, E. A.; Zhuk, A. Z.; Kleymenov, B. V.; Oudaltsov, V. G.

2018-01-01

The increase in energy consumption, the economic crisis, the development of certain areas of engineering and energy, as well as the related deterioration of the environmental situation, require the development of new electrochemical current sources with high specific characteristics. In the field of creating air-hydrogen fuel cells, the problems of safety and mobile storage of hydrogen have not been completely solved, stagnation in the development of lithium-ion, lithium-air and lithium-sulfur batteries has been outlined. All this requires searching for new technological solutions, ways to increase the energy and resource characteristics of electrochemical current sources (ECS), reducing their cost [1-2]. The use of metals (aluminum, zinc, magnesium) as an energy carrier is due to their high energy intensity (in combination with the lack of transport, storage and on-board storage problems) of the relatively low cost of metals, their availability, storage safety and the absence of harmful emissions when used. As in the chemical and electrochemical use of metals, safe products (oxides, hydroxides) are formed, which are reduced to metals within the framework of traditional production technologies. Thus, a closed cycle of energy use is organized. The task of this paper is to evaluate the possibility of reducing the cost and increasing the specific power of ECS using oxygen depolarization. The goal is achieved by using non-platinum catalysts and optimizing the design of the current source.

Hierarchically structured materials for lithium batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiao, Jie; Zheng, Jianming; Li, Xiaolin; Shao, Yuyan; Zhang, Ji-Guang

2013-10-01

The lithium-ion battery (LIB) is one of the most promising power sources to be deployed in electric vehicles, including solely battery powered vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and hybrid electric vehicles. With the increasing demand for devices of high-energy densities (>500 Wh kg-1), new energy storage systems, such as lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries and other emerging systems beyond the conventional LIB, have attracted worldwide interest for both transportation and grid energy storage applications in recent years. It is well known that the electrochemical performance of these energy storage systems depends not only on the composition of the materials, but also on the structure of the electrode materials used in the batteries. Although the desired performance characteristics of batteries often have conflicting requirements with the micro/nano-structure of electrodes, hierarchically designed electrodes can be tailored to satisfy these conflicting requirements. This work will review hierarchically structured materials that have been successfully used in LIB and Li-O2 batteries. Our goal is to elucidate (1) how to realize the full potential of energy materials through the manipulation of morphologies, and (2) how the hierarchical structure benefits the charge transport, promotes the interfacial properties and prolongs the electrode stability and battery lifetime.

Effect of lithium in the DIII-D SOL and plasma-facing surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jackson, G. L.; Chrobak, C. P.; McLean, A. G.; Maingi, R.; Mansfield, D. K.; Roquemore, A. L.; Diwakar, P.; Hassanein, A.; Lietz, A.; Rudakov, D. L.; Sizyuk, T.; Tripathi, J.

2015-08-01

Lithium has been introduced into the DIII-D tokamak, and migration and retention in graphite have been characterized since no lithium was present in DIII-D initially. A new regime with an enhanced edge electron pedestal and H98y2 ⩽ 2 has been obtained with lithium. Lithium deposition was not uniform, but rather preferentially deposited near the strike points, consistent with previous 13C experiments. Edge visible lithium light (LiI) remained well above the previous background during the entire DIII-D campaign, decaying with a 2600 plasma-second e-fold, but plasma performance was only affected on the discharge with lithium injection. Lithium injection demonstrated the capability of reducing hydrogenic recycling, density, and ELM frequency. Graphite and silicon samples were exposed to a lithium-injected discharge, using the DiMES system and then removed for ex-situ analysis. The deposited lithium layer remained detectable to a depth up to 1 μm.

Operando lithium plating quantification and early detection of a commercial LiFePO4 cell cycled under dynamic driving schedule

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anseán, D.; Dubarry, M.; Devie, A.; Liaw, B. Y.; García, V. M.; Viera, J. C.; González, M.

2017-07-01

Lithium plating is considered one of the most detrimental phenomenon in lithium ion batteries (LIBs), as it increases cell degradation and might lead to safety issues. Plating induced LIB failure presents a major concern for emerging applications in transportation and electrical energy storage. Hence, the necessity to operando monitor, detect and analyze lithium plating becomes critical for safe and reliable usage of LIB systems. Here, we report in situ lithium plating analyses for a commercial graphite||LiFePO4 cell cycled under dynamic stress test (DST) driving schedule. We designed a framework based on incremental capacity (IC) analysis and mechanistic model simulations to quantify degradation modes, relate their effects to lithium plating occurrence and assess cell degradation. The results show that lithium plating was induced by large loss of active material on the negative electrode that eventually led the electrode to over-lithiate. Moreover, when lithium plating emerged, we quantified that the loss of lithium inventory pace was increased by a factor of four. This study illustrates the benefits of the proposed framework to improve lithium plating analysis. It also discloses the symptoms of lithium plating formation, which prove valuable for novel, online strategies on early lithium plating detection.

All Solid State Rechargeable Lithium Batteries using Block Copolymers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hallinan, Daniel; Balsara, Nitash

2011-03-01

The growing need for alternative energy and increased demand for mobile technology require higher density energy storage. Existing battery technologies, such as lithium ion, are limited by theoretical energy density as well as safety issues. Other battery chemistries are promising options for dramatically increasing energy density. Safety can be improved by replacing the flammable, reactive liquids used in existing lithium-ion battery electrolytes with polymer electrolytes. Block copolymers are uniquely suited for this task because ionic conductivity and mechanical strength, both important properties in battery formulation, can be independently controlled. In this study, lithium batteries were assembled using lithium metal as negative electrode, polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer with lithium salt as electrolyte, and a positive electrode. The positive electrode consisted of polymer electrolyte for ion conduction, carbon for electron conduction, and an active material. Batteries were charged and discharged over many cycles. The battery cycling results were compared to a conventional battery chemistry.

From Lithium-Ion to Sodium-Ion Batteries: Advantages, Challenges, and Surprises.

PubMed

Nayak, Prasant Kumar; Yang, Liangtao; Brehm, Wolfgang; Adelhelm, Philipp

2018-01-02

Mobile and stationary energy storage by rechargeable batteries is a topic of broad societal and economical relevance. Lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology is at the forefront of the development, but a massively growing market will likely put severe pressure on resources and supply chains. Recently, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been reconsidered with the aim of providing a lower-cost alternative that is less susceptible to resource and supply risks. On paper, the replacement of lithium by sodium in a battery seems straightforward at first, but unpredictable surprises are often found in practice. What happens when replacing lithium by sodium in electrode reactions? This review provides a state-of-the art overview on the redox behavior of materials when used as electrodes in lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, respectively. Advantages and challenges related to the use of sodium instead of lithium are discussed. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Electronic Structure Calculations of Hydrogen Storage in Lithium-Decorated Metal-Graphyne Framework.

PubMed

Kumar, Sandeep; Dhilip Kumar, Thogluva Janardhanan

2017-08-30

Porous metal-graphyne framework (MGF) made up of graphyne linker decorated with lithium has been investigated for hydrogen storage. Applying density functional theory spin-polarized generalized gradient approximation with the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional containing Grimme's diffusion parameter with double numeric polarization basis set, the structural stability, and physicochemical properties have been analyzed. Each linker binds two Li atoms over the surface of the graphyne linker forming MGF-Li 8 by Dewar coordination. On saturation with hydrogen, each Li atom physisorbs three H 2 molecules resulting in MGF-Li 8 -H 24 . H 2 and Li interact by charge polarization mechanism leading to elongation in average H-H bond length indicating physisorption. Sorption energy decreases gradually from ≈0.4 to 0.20 eV on H 2 loading. Molecular dynamics simulations and computed sorption energy range indicate the high reversibility of H 2 in the MGF-Li 8 framework with the hydrogen storage capacity of 6.4 wt %. The calculated thermodynamic practical hydrogen storage at room temperature makes the Li-decorated MGF system a promising hydrogen storage material.

Performance characteristics of lithium primary cells after controlled storage. [on-orbit for energy power supply

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deligiannis, F.; Shen, D. H.; Halpert, G.; Ang, V.; Donley, S.

1991-01-01

A program was initiated to investigate the effects of storage on the performance of lithium primary cells. Two types of liquid cathode cells were chosen to investigate these effects. The cell types included Li-SOCl2/BCX cells, Li-SO2 cells from two different manufacturers, and a small sample size of 8-year-old Li-SO2 cells. The following measurements are performed at each test interval: open circuit voltage, resistance and weight, microcalorimetry, ac impedance, capacity, and voltage delay. The authors examine the performance characteristics of these cells after one year of controlled storage at two temperatures (10 and 30 C). The Li-SO2 cells experienced little to no voltage and capacity degradation after one year storage. The Li-SOCl2/BCX cells exhibited significant voltage and capacity degradation after 30 C storage. Predischarging shortly prior to use appears to be an effective method of reducing the initial voltage drop. Studies are in progress to correlate ac impedance and microcalorimetry measurements with capacity losses and voltage delay.

Novel Battery Management System with Distributed Wireless and Fiber Optic Sensors for Early Detection and Suppression of Thermal Runaway in Large Battery Packs, FY13 Q4 Report, ARPA-E Program: Advanced Management Protection of Energy Storage Devices (AMPE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Farmer, J.; Chang, J.; Zumstein, J.

Technology has been developed that enables monitoring of individual cells in highcapacity lithium-ion battery packs, with a distributed array of wireless Bluetooth 4.0 tags and sensors, and without proliferation of extensive wiring harnesses. Given the safety challenges facing lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicle, civilian aviation and defense applications, these wireless sensors may be particularly important to these emerging markets. These wireless sensors will enhance the performance, reliability and safety of such energy storage systems. Specific accomplishments to date include, but are not limited to: (1) the development of wireless tags using Bluetooth 4.0 standard to monitor a large array ofmore » sensors in battery pack; (2) sensor suites enabling the simultaneous monitoring of cell voltage, cell current, cell temperature, and package strain, indicative of swelling and increased internal pressure, (3) small receivers compatible with USB ports on portable computers; (4) software drivers and logging software; (5) a 7S2P battery simulator, enabling the safe development of wireless BMS hardware in the laboratory; (6) demonstrated data transmission out of metal enclosures, including battery box, with small variable aperture opening; (7) test data demonstrating the accurate and reliable operation of sensors, with transmission of terminal voltage, cell temperature and package strain at distances up to 110 feet; (8) quantification of the data transmission error as a function of distance, in both indoor and outdoor operation; (9) electromagnetic interference testing during operation with live, high-capacity battery management system at Yardney Technical Products; (10) demonstrated operation with live high-capacity lithium-ion battery pack during charge-discharge cycling; (11) development of special polymer-gel lithium-ion batteries with embedded temperature sensors, capable of measuring the core temperature of individual of the cells during charge-discharge cycling at various temperatures, thereby enabling earlier warning of thermal runaway than possible with external sensors. Ultimately, the team plans to extend this work to include: (12) flexible wireless controllers, also using Bluetooth 4.0 standard, essential for balancing large-scale battery packs. LLNL received $925K for this project, and has $191K remaining after accomplishing these objectives.« less

A flexible 3D nitrogen-doped carbon foam@CNTs hybrid hosting TiO2 nanoparticles as free-standing electrode for ultra-long cycling lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yuan, Wei; Wang, Boya; Wu, Hao; Xiang, Mingwu; Wang, Qiong; Liu, Heng; Zhang, Yun; Liu, Huakun; Dou, Shixue

2018-03-01

Free-standing electrodes have stood out from the electrode pack, owing to their advantage of abandoning the conventional polymeric binder and conductive agent, thus increasing the specific capacity of lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, their practical application is hampered by inferior electrical conductivity and complex manufacturing process. To this end, we report here a facile approach to fabricate a flexible 3D N-doped carbon foam/carbon nanotubes (NCF@CNTs) hybrid to act as the current collector and host scaffold for TiO2 particles, which are integrated into a lightweight free-standing electrode (NCF@CNTs-TiO2). In the resulting architecture, ultra-fine TiO2 nanoparticles are homogeneously anchored in situ into the N-doped NCF@CNTs framework with macro- and meso-porous structure, wrapped by a dense CNT layer, cooperatively enhances the electrode flexibility and forms an interconnected conductive network for electron/ion transport. As a result, the as-prepared NCF@CNTs-TiO2 electrode exhibits excellent lithium storage performance with high specific capacity of 241 mAh g-1 at 1 C, superb rate capability of 145 mAh g-1 at 20 C, ultra-long cycling stability with an ultra-low capacity decay of 0.0037% per cycle over 2500 cycles, and excellent thermal stability with ∼94% capacity retention over 100 cycles at 55 °C.

In-situ grown CNTs modified SiO2/C composites as anode with improved cycling stability and rate capability for lithium storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Siqi; Zhao, Naiqin; Shi, Chunsheng; Liu, Enzuo; He, Chunnian; He, Fang; Ma, Liying

2018-03-01

Silica (SiO2) is regarded as one of the most promising anode materials for lithium ion batteries owing to its high theoretical specific capacity, relatively low operation potentials, abundance, environmental benignity and low cost. However, the low intrinsic electrical conductivity and large volume change of SiO2 during the discharge/charge cycles usually results in poor electrochemical performance. In this work, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) modified SiO2/C composites have been fabricated through an in-situ chemical vapor deposition method. The results show that the electrical conductivity of the SiO2/C/CNTs is visibly enhanced through a robust connection between the CNTs and SiO2/C particles. Compared with the pristine SiO2 and SiO2/C composites, the SiO2/C/CNTs composites display a high initial capacity of 1267.2 mA h g-1. Besides, an excellent cycling stability with the capacity of 315.7 mA h g-1 is achieved after 1000th cycles at a rate of 1 A g-1. The significantly improved electrochemical properties of the SiO2/C/CNTs composites are mainly attributed to the formation of three dimensional CNT networks in the SiO2/C substrate, which can not only shorten the Li-ion diffusion path but also relieve the volume change during the lithium-ion insertion/extraction processes.

High-rate and ultralong cycle-life LiFePO4 nanocrystals coated by boron-doped carbon as positive electrode for lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Jinpeng; Wang, Youlan

2016-12-01

An evolutionary modification approach, boron-doped carbon coating, has been used to improve the electrochemical performances of positive electrodes for lithium-ion batteries, and demonstrates apparent and significant modification effects. In this study, the boron-doped carbon coating is firstly adopted and used to decorate the performance of LiFePO4. The obtained composite exhibits a unique core-shell structure with an average diameter of 140 nm and a 4 nm thick boron-doped carbon shell that uniformly encapsulates the core. Owing to the boron element which could induce high amount of defects in the carbon, the electronic conductivity of LiFePO4 is greatly ameliorated. Thus, the boron-doped composite shows superior rate capability and cycle stability than the undoped sample. For instance, the reversible specific capacity of LiFePO4@B0.4-C can reach 164.1 mAh g-1 at 0.1C, which is approximately 96.5% of the theoretical capacity (170 mAh g-1). Even at high rate of 10C, it still shows a high specific capacity of 126.8 mAh g-1 and can be maintained at 124.5 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles with capacity retention ratio of about 98.2%. This outstanding Li-storage property enable the present design strategy to open up the possibility of fabricating the LiFePO4@B-C composite for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.

Cu-SnO2 nanostructures obtained via galvanic replacement control as high performance anodes for lithium-ion storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nguyen, Tuan Loi; Park, Duckshin; Hur, Jaehyun; Son, Hyung Bin; Park, Min Sang; Lee, Seung Geol; Kim, Ji Hyeon; Kim, Il Tae

2018-01-01

SnO2 has been considered as a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high theoretical capacity (782 mAh g-1). However, the reaction between lithium ions and Sn causes a large volume change, resulting in the pulverization of the anode, a loss of contact with the current collector, and a deterioration in electrochemical performance. Several strategies have been proposed to mitigate the drastic volume changes to extend the cyclic life of SnO2 materials. Herein, novel composites consisting of Cu and SnO2 were developed via the galvanic replacement reaction. The reaction was carried out at 180 °C for different durations and triethylene glycol was used as the medium solvent. The structure, morphology, and composition of the composites were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The reaction time affected the particle size, which in turn affected the reaction kinetics. Furthermore, the novel nanostructures contained an inactive metal phase (Cu), which acted both as the buffer space against the volume change of Sn during the alloying reaction and as the electron conductor, resulting in a lower impedance of the composites. When evaluated as potential anodes for LIBs, the composite electrodes displayed extraordinary electrochemical performance with a high capacity and Coulombic efficiency, an excellent cycling stability, and a superior rate capability compared to a Sn electrode.

N-Doped Dual Carbon-Confined 3D Architecture rGO/Fe3O4/AC Nanocomposite for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Ding, Ranran; Zhang, Jie; Qi, Jie; Li, Zhenhua; Wang, Chengyang; Chen, Mingming

2018-04-25

To address the issues of low electrical conductivity, sluggish lithiation kinetics and dramatic volume variation in Fe 3 O 4 anodes of lithium ion battery, herein, a double carbon-confined three-dimensional (3D) nanocomposite architecture was synthesized by an electrostatically assisted self-assembly strategy. In the constructed architecture, the ultrafine Fe 3 O 4 subunits (∼10 nm) self-organize to form nanospheres (NSs) that are fully coated by amorphous carbon (AC), formatting core-shell structural Fe 3 O 4 /AC NSs. By further encapsulation by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) layers, a constructed 3D architecture was built as dual carbon-confined rGO/Fe 3 O 4 /AC. Such structure restrains the adverse reaction of the electrolyte, improves the electronic conductivity and buffers the mechanical stress of the entire electrode, thus performing excellent long-term cycling stability (99.4% capacity retention after 465 cycles relevant to the second cycle at 5 A g -1 ). Kinetic analysis reveals that a dual lithium storage mechanism including a diffusion reaction mechanism and a surface capacitive behavior mechanism coexists in the composites. Consequently, the resulting rGO/Fe 3 O 4 /AC nanocomposite delivers a high reversible capacity (835.8 mA h g -1 for 300 cycles at 1 A g -1 ), as well as remarkable rate capability (436.7 mA h g -1 at 10 A g -1 ).

Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Materials for Sodium Energy Storage.

PubMed

Zou, Guoqiang; Hou, Hongshuai; Ge, Peng; Huang, Zhaodong; Zhao, Ganggang; Yin, Dulin; Ji, Xiaobo

2018-01-01

Recently, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are extensively explored and are regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries for electrochemical energy conversion and storage, owing to the abundant raw material resources, low cost, and similar electrochemical behavior of elemental sodium compared to lithium. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted enormous attention due to their high surface areas, tunable structures, and diverse applications in drug delivery, gas storage, and catalysis. Recently, there has been an escalating interest in exploiting MOF-derived materials as anodes for sodium energy storage due to their fast mass transport resulting from their highly porous structures and relatively simple preparation methods originating from in situ thermal treatment processes. In this Review, the recent progress of the sodium-ion storage performances of MOF-derived materials, including MOF-derived porous carbons, metal oxides, metal oxide/carbon nanocomposites, and other materials (e.g., metal phosphides, metal sulfides, and metal selenides), as SIB anodes is systematically and completely presented and discussed. Moreover, the current challenges and perspectives of MOF-derived materials in electrochemical energy storage are discussed. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Cobalt Doping To Boost the Electrochemical Properties of Ni@Ni3 S2 Nanowire Films for High-Performance Supercapacitors.

PubMed

Xu, Shusheng; Wang, Tao; Ma, Yujie; Jiang, Wenkai; Wang, Shuai; Hong, Min; Hu, Nantao; Su, Yanjie; Zhang, Yafei; Yang, Zhi

2017-10-23

Metal sulfides have aroused great interest for energy storage. However, their low specific capacities and inferior rate capabilities hinder their practical applications. In this work, a facile cobalt-doping process is used to boost the electrochemical performance of Ni@Ni 3 S 2 core-sheath nanowire film electrodes for high-performance electrochemical energy storage. Co ions are doped successfully and uniformly into Ni 3 S 2 nanosheets through a facile ion-exchange process. The electrochemical properties of film electrodes are improved greatly, and an ultrahigh volumetric capacity (increased from 105 to 730 C cm -3 at 0.25 A cm -3 ) and excellent rate capability are obtained after Co is doped into Ni@Ni 3 S 2 core-sheath nanowires. A hybrid asymmetric supercapacitor with Co-doped Ni@Ni 3 S 2 as the positive electrode and graphene-carbon nanotubes as the negative electrode is assembled and exhibits an ultrahigh volumetric capacitance of 142 F cm -3 (based on the total volume of both electrodes) at 0.5 A cm -3 and excellent cycling stability (only 3 % capacitance decrease after 5000 cycles). Moreover, the volumetric energy density can reach 44.5 mWh cm -3 , which is much larger than those of thin-film lithium batteries (1-10 mWh cm -3 ). These results may provide useful insights for the fabrication of high-performance film electrodes for energy-storage applications. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Thermo-electrochemical evaluation of lithium-ion batteries for space applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Walker, W.; Yayathi, S.; Shaw, J.; Ardebili, H.

2015-12-01

Advanced energy storage and power management systems designed through rigorous materials selection, testing and analysis processes are essential to ensuring mission longevity and success for space exploration applications. Comprehensive testing of Boston Power Swing 5300 lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells utilized by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to power humanoid robot Robonaut 2 (R2) is conducted to support the development of a test-correlated Thermal Desktop (TD) Systems Improved Numerical Differencing Analyzer (SINDA) (TD-S) model for evaluation of power system thermal performance. Temperature, current, working voltage and open circuit voltage measurements are taken during nominal charge-discharge operations to provide necessary characterization of the Swing 5300 cells for TD-S model correlation. Building from test data, embedded FORTRAN statements directly simulate Ohmic heat generation of the cells during charge-discharge as a function of surrounding temperature, local cell temperature and state of charge. The unique capability gained by using TD-S is demonstrated by simulating R2 battery thermal performance in example orbital environments for hypothetical extra-vehicular activities (EVA) exterior to a small satellite. Results provide necessary demonstration of this TD-S technique for thermo-electrochemical analysis of Li-ion cells operating in space environments.

Superior lithium-ion insertion/extraction properties of a novel LiFePO4/C/graphene material used as a cathode in aqueous solution.

PubMed

Duan, Wenyuan; Zhao, Mingshu; Shen, Junfang; Zhao, Suixin; Song, Xiaoping

2017-09-28

Herein, olivine LiFePO 4 covered with graphene and carbon layers is prepared via a sol-gel method, followed by calcination, and the resultant composite is used as a cathode material in aqueous rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (ARLBs). The phase structure and morphology of the composite are characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and specific surface area analysis (BET). The ARLB system is fabricated using LiFePO 4 /C/graphene as the cathode and a zinc anode in 1 mol L -1 ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O and saturated LiNO 3 aqueous solution without dissolved oxygen, which delivers a capacity of 153 mA h g -1 at 0.5C rate. Even at a 50C rate, it maintains a capacity of 95 mA h g -1 after 200 cycles. The excellent rate capabilities show that this cathode material exhibits good electrochemical performance and this novel ARLB has great potential in the fields of energy storage and high power sources.

Electrolyte additive enabled fast charging and stable cycling lithium metal batteries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zheng, Jianming; Engelhard, Mark H.; Mei, Donghai

2017-03-01

Lithium (Li) metal battery is an attractive energy storage system owing to the ultrahigh specific capacity and the lowest redox potential of Li metal anode. However, safety concern associated with dendrite growth and limited cycle life especially at a high charge current density are two critical challenges hindering the practical applications of rechargeable Li metal batteries. Here, we report for the first time that an optimal amount (0.05 M) of LiPF6 as additive in the LiTFSI-LiBOB dual-salt/carbonate-based electrolyte can significantly enhance the charging capability and the long-term cycle life of Li metal batteries with a moderately high cathode loading ofmore » 1.75 mAh cm-2. Unprecedented stable-cycling (97.1% capacity retention after 500 cycles) along with very limited increase in electrode over-potential has been achieved at a high current density of 1.75 mA cm-2. This unparalleled fast charging and stable cycling performance is contributed from both the stabilized Al cathode current collector, and, more importantly, the robust and conductive SEI layer formed on Li metal anode in the presence of the LiPF6 additive.« less

Advanced Materials and Component Development for Lithium-Ion Cells for NASA Missions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reid, Concha M.

2012-01-01

Human missions to Near Earth Objects, such as asteroids, planets, moons, liberation points, and orbiting structures, will require safe, high specific energy, high energy density batteries to provide new or extended capabilities than are possible with today s state-of-the-art aerospace batteries. The Enabling Technology Development and Demonstration Program, High Efficiency Space Power Systems Project battery development effort at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is continuing advanced lithium-ion cell development efforts begun under the Exploration Technology Development Program Energy Storage Project. Advanced, high-performing materials are required to provide improved performance at the component-level that contributes to performance at the integrated cell level in order to meet the performance goals for NASA s High Energy and Ultra High Energy cells. NASA s overall approach to advanced cell development and interim progress on materials performance for the High Energy and Ultra High Energy cells after approximately 1 year of development has been summarized in a previous paper. This paper will provide an update on these materials through the completion of 2 years of development. The progress of materials development, remaining challenges, and an outlook for the future of these materials in near term cell products will be discussed.

Synthesis of Si nanosheets by using Sodium Chloride as template for high-performance lithium-ion battery anode material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, P. P.; Zhang, Y. X.; Fan, X. Y.; Zhong, J. X.; Huang, K.

2018-03-01

Due to the shorter path length and more channels for lithium ion diffusion and insertion, the two-dimensional (2D) Si nanosheets exhibit superior electrochemical performances in the field of electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Recently, various efforts have been focused on how to synthesize 2D Si nanosheets. However, there are many difficulties to achieve the larger area, high purity of 2D Si nanosheets. Herein, we developed a facile and scalable synthesis strategy to fabricate 2D Si nanosheets, utilizing the unique combination of the water-soluble NaCl particles as the sacrificial template and the hydrolyzed tetraethyl orthosilicate as the silica source, and assisting with the magnesium reduction method. Importantly, the obtained Si nanosheets have a larger area up to 10 μm2. Through combining with reduced graphene oxides (rGO), the Si nanosheets@rGO composite electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical performances. It delivers high reversible capacity about 2500 mAh g-1 at the current density of 0.2 A g-1, as well as an excellent rate capability over 900 mAh g-1 at 2 A g-1 even after 200 cycles.

In situ synthesized SnO2 nanorod/reduced graphene oxide low-dimensional structure for enhanced lithium storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Wei; Xiao, Xuezhang; Zhang, Yiwen; Li, Junpeng; Zhong, Jiayi; Li, Meng; Fan, Xiulin; Wang, Chuntao; Chen, Lixin

2018-03-01

A unique SnO2 nanorod (NR)/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composite morphology has been synthesized using the in situ hydrothermal method, for use as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries. The SnO2 NR adhering to the RGO exhibits a length of 250-400 nm and a diameter of 60-80 nm without any obvious aggregation. The initial discharge/charge capacities of the SnO2 NR/RGO composite are 1761.3 mAh g-1 and 1233.1 mAh g-1, with a coulombic efficiency (CE) of 70% under a current density of 200 mA g-1, and a final capacity of 1101 mAh g-1 after 50 cycles. The rate capability of the SnO2 NR/RGO is also improved compared to that of bare SnO2 NR. The superior electrochemical performance is ascribed to the special morphology of the SnO2 NRs—which plays a role in shorting the transmission path—and the sheet-like 2D graphene, which prevents the agglomeration of SnO2 and enhances conductivity during the electrochemical reaction of SnO2 NR/RGO.

Development of Advanced Li Rich xLi2MO3 (1-x)LiMO2 Composite Cathode for High Capacity Li Ion Batteries

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-22

importance. Among advanced energy storage devices, lithium - ion batteries are remarkable systems due to their high energy density, high power density...and well cycled performance with considerable reliability. Lithium - ion batteries have been playing an important role in various application fields...Li0.24Mn0.55Co0.14Ni0.07]O2 cathode material for lithium ion batteries . Solid State Ionics, 2013. 233: p. 12-19. DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release

Integrating a redox-coupled dye-sensitized photoelectrode into a lithium-oxygen battery for photoassisted charging.

PubMed

Yu, Mingzhe; Ren, Xiaodi; Ma, Lu; Wu, Yiying

2014-10-03

With a high theoretical specific energy, the non-aqueous rechargeable lithium-oxygen battery is a promising next-generation energy storage technique. However, the large charging overpotential remains a challenge due to the difficulty in electrochemically oxidizing the insulating lithium peroxide. Recently, a redox shuttle has been introduced into the electrolyte to chemically oxidize lithium peroxide. Here, we report the use of a triiodide/iodide redox shuttle to couple a built-in dye-sensitized titanium dioxide photoelectrode with the oxygen electrode for the photoassisted charging of a lithium-oxygen battery. On charging under illumination, triiodide ions are generated on the photoelectrode, and subsequently oxidize lithium peroxide. Due to the contribution of the photovoltage, the charging overpotential is greatly reduced. The use of a redox shuttle to couple a photoelectrode and an oxygen electrode offers a unique strategy to address the overpotential issue of non-aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries and also a distinct approach for integrating solar cells and batteries.

Efficiently photo-charging lithium-ion battery by perovskite solar cell

PubMed Central

Xu, Jiantie; Chen, Yonghua; Dai, Liming

2015-01-01

Electric vehicles using lithium-ion battery pack(s) for propulsion have recently attracted a great deal of interest. The large-scale practical application of battery electric vehicles may not be realized unless lithium-ion batteries with self-charging suppliers will be developed. Solar cells offer an attractive option for directly photo-charging lithium-ion batteries. Here we demonstrate the use of perovskite solar cell packs with four single CH3NH3PbI3 based solar cells connected in series for directly photo-charging lithium-ion batteries assembled with a LiFePO4 cathode and a Li4Ti5O12 anode. Our device shows a high overall photo-electric conversion and storage efficiency of 7.80% and excellent cycling stability, which outperforms other reported lithium-ion batteries, lithium–air batteries, flow batteries and super-capacitors integrated with a photo-charging component. The newly developed self-chargeable units based on integrated perovskite solar cells and lithium-ion batteries hold promise for various potential applications. PMID:26311589

In situ template synthesis of hollow nanospheres assembled from NiCo2S4@C ultrathin nanosheets with high electrochemical activities for lithium storage and ORR catalysis.

PubMed

Wu, Xiaoyu; Li, Songmei; Wang, Bo; Liu, Jianhua; Yu, Mei

2017-05-10

Transition-metal sulfide hollow nanostructures have received intensive attention in energy-related applications due to their unique structural features and high electrochemical activities. Here, a well-designed composite of NiCo 2 S 4 @C is successfully fabricated using a facile in situ template removal method. The obtained composite shows unique microstructures of hollow nanospheres (∼650 nm in diameter) assembled from ultrathin NiCo 2 S 4 @C nanosheets, in which numerous scattered NiCo 2 S 4 nanoparticles are embedded in ultrathin carbon nanosheets, exhibiting mesoporous features with a high surface area of 247.25 m 2 g -1 . When used as anode materials for LIBs, NiCo 2 S 4 @C hollow nanospheres exhibit a high reversible capacity of 1592 mA h g -1 at a current density of 500 mA g -1 , enhanced cycling performance maintaining a capacity of 1178 mA h g -1 after 200 cycles, and a remarkable rate capability. Meanwhile, the hollow nanospheres display excellent catalytic activity as ORR catalysts with a four-electron pathway and superior durability to that of commercial Pt/C catalysts. Their excellent lithium storage and ORR catalysis performance can be attributed to the rational incorporation of high-activity NiCo 2 S 4 and ultrathin carbon nanosheets, as well as unique hollow microstructures, which offer efficient electron/ion transport, an enhanced electroactive material/electrolyte contact area, numerous active sites, and excellent structural stability.

Prospects for spinel-stabilized, high-capacity lithium-ion battery cathodes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Croy, Jason R.; Park, Joong Sun; Shin, Youngho

Herein we report early results on efforts to optimize the electrochemical performance of a cathode composed of a lithium- and manganese-rich “layered-layered-spinel” material for lithium-ion battery applications. Pre-pilot scale synthesis leads to improved particle properties compared with lab-scale efforts, resulting in high capacities (≳200 mAh/g) and good energy densities (>700 Wh/kg) in tests with lithium-ion cells. Subsequent surface modifications give further improvements in rate capabilities and high-voltage stability. These results bode well for advances in the performance of this class of lithium- and manganese-rich cathode materials.

Prospects for spinel-stabilized, high-capacity lithium-ion battery cathodes

DOE PAGES

Croy, Jason R.; Park, Joong Sun; Shin, Youngho; ...

2016-10-13

Herein we report early results on efforts to optimize the electrochemical performance of a cathode composed of a lithium- and manganese-rich “layered-layered-spinel” material for lithium-ion battery applications. Pre-pilot scale synthesis leads to improved particle properties compared with lab-scale efforts, resulting in high capacities (≳200 mAh/g) and good energy densities (>700 Wh/kg) in tests with lithium-ion cells. Subsequent surface modifications give further improvements in rate capabilities and high-voltage stability. These results bode well for advances in the performance of this class of lithium- and manganese-rich cathode materials.

A high-rate long-life Li4Ti5O12/Li[Ni0.45Co0.1Mn1.45]O4 lithium-ion battery.

PubMed

Jung, Hun-Gi; Jang, Min Woo; Hassoun, Jusef; Sun, Yang-Kook; Scrosati, Bruno

2011-11-01

Lithium batteries are receiving considerable attention as storage devices in the renewable energy and sustainable road transport fields. However, low-cost, long-life lithium batteries with higher energy densities are required to facilitate practical application. Here we report a lithium-ion battery that can be cycled at rates as high as 10 C has a life exceeding 500 cycles and an operating temperature range extending from -20 to 55 °C. The estimated energy density is 260 W h kg(-1), which is considerably higher than densities delivered by the presently available Li-ion batteries.

Anodes for rechargeable lithium batteries

DOEpatents

Thackeray, Michael M.; Kepler, Keith D.; Vaughey, John T.

2003-01-01

A negative electrode (12) for a non-aqueous electrochemical cell (10) with an intermetallic host structure containing two or more elements selected from the metal elements and silicon, capable of accommodating lithium within its crystallographic host structure such that when the host structure is lithiated it transforms to a lithiated zinc-blende-type structure. Both active elements (alloying with lithium) and inactive elements (non-alloying with lithium) are disclosed. Electrochemical cells and batteries as well as methods of making the negative electrode are disclosed.

The impact of hybrid energy storage on power quality, when high power pulsed DC loads are operated on a microgrid testbed

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kelley, Jay Paul

As the Navy's demands for high power transient loads evolves, so too does the need for alternative energy sources to back-up the more traditional power generation. Such applications in need of support include electrical grid backup and directed energy weapon systems such as electromagnetic launchers, laser systems, and high power microwave generators, among others. Among the alternative generation sources receiving considerable attention are energy storage devices such as rechargeable electrochemical batteries and capacitors. In such applications as those mentioned above, these energy storage devices offer the ability to serve a dual role as both a power source to the various loads as well high power loads themselves to the continual generation when the high power transient loads are in periods of downtime. With the recent developments in electrochemical energy storage, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) seem like the obvious choice, but previous research has shown that the elevated rates of charging can be detrimental to both the cycle life and the operational life span of the device. In order to preserve the batteries, their charge rate must be limited. One proposed method to accomplish the dual role task mentioned above, while preserving the life of the batteries, is by combining high energy density LIBs with high power density electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) or lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) using controllable power electronics to adjust the flow of power to and from each device. Such a configuration is typically referred to as hybrid energy storage module (HESM). While shipboard generators start up, the combined high energy density and high power density of the HESM provides the capability to source critical loads for an extended period of time at the high rates they demand. Once the generator is operationally efficient, the HESM can act as a high energy reservoir to harvest the energy from the generator while the loads are in short periods of inactivity. This enables the generator to maintain its operation at levels of high efficiency thereby increasing the power quality of the AC bus. The work discussed here is aimed at evaluating how the use of energy storage impacts the power quality on MicroGrid's AC bus when high rate DC and AC loads are sourced simultaneously. Also HESM has been developed and evaluated as a mean to optimizing both the power and energy density of the energy storage installed.

Estimating the system price of redox flow batteries for grid storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ha, Seungbum; Gallagher, Kevin G.

2015-11-01

Low-cost energy storage systems are required to support extensive deployment of intermittent renewable energy on the electricity grid. Redox flow batteries have potential advantages to meet the stringent cost target for grid applications as compared to more traditional batteries based on an enclosed architecture. However, the manufacturing process and therefore potential high-volume production price of redox flow batteries is largely unquantified. We present a comprehensive assessment of a prospective production process for aqueous all vanadium flow battery and nonaqueous lithium polysulfide flow battery. The estimated investment and variable costs are translated to fixed expenses, profit, and warranty as a function of production volume. When compared to lithium-ion batteries, redox flow batteries are estimated to exhibit lower costs of manufacture, here calculated as the unit price less materials costs, owing to their simpler reactor (cell) design, lower required area, and thus simpler manufacturing process. Redox flow batteries are also projected to achieve the majority of manufacturing scale benefits at lower production volumes as compared to lithium-ion. However, this advantage is offset due to the dramatically lower present production volume of flow batteries compared to competitive technologies such as lithium-ion.

Quasi-Solid-State Rechargeable Li-O2 Batteries with High Safety and Long Cycle Life at Room Temperature.

PubMed

Cho, Sung Man; Shim, Jimin; Cho, Sung Ho; Kim, Jiwoong; Son, Byung Dae; Lee, Jong-Chan; Yoon, Woo Young

2018-05-09

As interest in electric vehicles and mass energy storage systems continues to grow, Li-O 2 batteries are attracting much attention as a candidate for next-generation energy storage systems owing to their high energy density. However, safety problems related to the use of lithium metal anodes have hampered the commercialization of Li-O 2 batteries. Herein, we introduced a quasi-solid polymer electrolyte with excellent electrochemical, chemical, and thermal stabilities into Li-O 2 batteries. The ion-conducting QSPE was prepared by gelling a polymer network matrix consisting of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, methacrylated tannic acid, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, and nanofumed silica with a small amount of liquid electrolyte. The quasi-solid-state Li-O 2 cell consisted of a lithium powder anode, a quasi-solid polymer electrolyte, and a Pd 3 Co/multiwalled carbon nanotube cathode, which enhanced the electrochemical performance of the cell. This cell, which exhibited improved safety owing to the suppression of lithium dendrite growth, achieved a lifetime of 125 cycles at room temperature. These results show that the introduction of a quasi-solid electrolyte is a potentially new alternative for the commercialization of solid-state Li-O 2 batteries.

Insights on the fundamental lithium storage behavior of all-solid-state lithium batteries containing the LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode and sulfide electrolyte

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peng, Gang; Yao, Xiayin; Wan, Hongli; Huang, Bingxin; Yin, Jingyun; Ding, Fei; Xu, Xiaoxiong

2016-03-01

An insightful study on the fundamental lithium storage behavior of all-solid-state lithium battery with a structure of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA)/Li10GeP2S12/Li-In is carried out in this work. The relationship between electrochemical performances and particle size, surface impurities and defects of the NCA positive material is systematically investigated. It is found that a ball-milling technique can decrease the particle size and remove surface impurities of the NCA cathode while also give rise to surface defects which could be recovered by a post-annealing process. The results indicate that the interfacial resistance between the NCA and Li10GeP2S12 is obviously decreased during the ball-milling followed by a post-annealing. Consequently, the discharge capacity of NCA in the NCA/Li10GeP2S12/Li-In solid-state battery is significantly enhanced, which exhibits a discharge capacity of 146 mAh g-1 at 25 °C.

Neutron scattering study on cathode LiMn2O4 and solid electrolyte 5(Li2O)(P2O5)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kartini, E.; Putra, Teguh P.; Jahya, A. K.; Insani, A.; Adams, S.

2014-09-01

Neutron scattering is very important technique in order to investigate the energy storage materials such as lithium-ion battery. The unique advantages, neutron can see the light atoms such as Hydrogen, Lithium, and Oxygen, where those elements are negligible by other corresponding X-ray method. On the other hand, the energy storage materials, such as lithium ion battery is very important for the application in the electric vehicles, electronic devices or home appliances. The battery contains electrodes (anode and cathode), and the electrolyte materials. There are many challenging to improve the existing lithium ion battery materials, in order to increase their life time, cyclic ability and also its stability. One of the most scientific challenging is to investigate the crystal structure of both electrode and electrolyte, such as cathodes LiCoO2, LiMn2O4 and LiFePO4, and solid electrolyte Li3PO4. Since all those battery materials contain Lithium ions and Oxygen, the used of neutron scattering techniques to study their structure and related properties are very important and indispensable. This article will review some works of investigating electrodes and electrolytes, LiMn2O4 and 5(Li2O)(P2O5), by using a high resolution powder diffraction (HRPD) at the multipurpose research reactor, RSG-Sywabessy of the National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN), Indonesia.

Advanced Sulfur-Silicon Full Cell Architecture for Lithium Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Ye, Rachel; Bell, Jeffrey; Patino, Daisy; Ahmed, Kazi; Ozkan, Mihri; Ozkan, Cengiz S

2017-12-08

Lithium-ion batteries are crucial to the future of energy storage. However, the energy density of current lithium-ion batteries is insufficient for future applications. Sulfur cathodes and silicon anodes have garnered a lot of attention in the field due their high capacity potential. Although recent developments in sulfur and silicon electrodes show exciting results in half cell formats, neither electrode can act as a lithium source when put together into a full cell format. Current methods toward incorporating lithium in sulfur-silicon full cells involves prelithiating silicon or using lithium sulfide. These methods however, complicate material processing and creates safety hazards. Herein, we present a novel full cell battery architecture that bypasses the issues associated with current methods. This battery architecture gradually integrates controlled amounts of pure lithium into the system by allowing lithium the access to external circuit. A high specific energy density of 350 Wh/kg after 250 cycles at C/10 was achieved using this method. This work should pave the way for future researches into sulfur-silicon full cells.

Cycling capacity recovery effect: A coulombic efficiency and post-mortem study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilhelm, Jörn; Seidlmayer, Stefan; Keil, Peter; Schuster, Jörg; Kriele, Armin; Gilles, Ralph; Jossen, Andreas

2017-10-01

The analysis of lithium-ion battery aging relies on correct differentiation between irreversible and reversible capacity changes. Anode overhang regions have been observed to influence Coulombic Efficiency (CE) measurements through lithium diffusion into and out of these areas, complicating precise capacity determination. This work presents an analysis of the extent of graphite anode overhang lithiation after calendar storage by means of local X-ray diffraction (XRD), CE measurements, and color change analysis. We found LiC12 lithiation of the anode overhang area after 20 month storage at 40 °C at high state of charge (SoC) and partial lithiation (LiC18) at medium SoC storage at 40 °C and 25 °C. Graphite color changes in the overhang areas are observed and consistent with the state of lithiation measured by XRD. Coulombic efficiencies greater than unity and increasing capacity during 1200 h of cycling are detected for high SoC storage cells. The capacity difference between high and low storage SoC batteries decreases by up to 40 mAh (3.6% of nominal capacity) after cycling compared to tests directly after storage. Consequently, the size of the anode overhang areas as well as the battery storage temperature and duration need to be considered in CE analysis and state of health assessment.

Status of National Spherical Torus Experiment Liquid Lithium Divertor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kugel, H. W.; Viola, M.; Ellis, R.; Bell, M.; Gerhardt, S.; Kaita, R.; Kallman, J.; Majeski, R.; Mansfield, D.; Roquemore, A. L.; Schneider, H.; Timberlake, J.; Zakharov, L.; Nygren, R. E.; Allain, J. P.; Maingi, R.; Soukhanovskii, V.

2009-11-01

Recent NSTX high power divertor experiments have shown significant and recurring benefits of solid lithium coatings on plasma facing components to the performance of divertor plasmas in both L- and H- mode confinement regimes heated by high-power neutral beams. The next step in this work is the 2009 installation of a Liquid Lithium Divertor (LLD). The 20 cm wide LLD located on the lower outer divertor, consists of four, 80 degree sections; each section is separated by a row of graphite diagnostic tiles. The temperature controlled LLD structure consists of a 0.01cm layer of vacuum flame-sprayed, 50 percent porous molybdenum, on top of 0.02 cm, 316-SS brazed to a 1.9 cm Cu base. The physics design of the LLD encompasses the desired plasma requirements, the experimental capabilities and conditions, power handling, radial location, pumping capability, operating temperature, lithium filling, MHD forces, and diagnostics for control and characterization.

Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brine with Lithium-Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide Chloride Sorbents.

PubMed

Paranthaman, Mariappan Parans; Li, Ling; Luo, Jiaqi; Hoke, Thomas; Ucar, Huseyin; Moyer, Bruce A; Harrison, Stephen

2017-11-21

We report a three-stage bench-scale column extraction process to selectively extract lithium chloride from geothermal brine. The goal of this research is to develop materials and processing technologies to improve the economics of lithium extraction and production from naturally occurring geothermal and other brines for energy storage applications. A novel sorbent, lithium aluminum layered double hydroxide chloride (LDH), is synthesized and characterized with X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and thermogravimetric analysis. Each cycle of the column extraction process consists of three steps: (1) loading the sorbent with lithium chloride from brine; (2) intermediate washing to remove unwanted ions; (3) final washing for unloading the lithium chloride ions. Our experimental analysis of eluate vs feed concentrations of Li and competing ions demonstrates that our optimized sorbents can achieve a recovery efficiency of ∼91% and possess excellent Li apparent selectivity of 47.8 compared to Na ions and 212 compared to K ions, respectively in the brine. The present work demonstrates that LDH is an effective sorbent for selective extraction of lithium from brines, thus offering the possibility of effective application of lithium salts in lithium-ion batteries leading to a fundamental shift in the lithium supply chain.

In Situ Integration of Anisotropic SnO₂ Heterostructures inside Three-Dimensional Graphene Aerogel for Enhanced Lithium Storage.

PubMed

Yao, Xin; Guo, Guilue; Ma, Xing; Zhao, Yang; Ang, Chung Yen; Luo, Zhong; Nguyen, Kim Truc; Li, Pei-Zhou; Yan, Qingyu; Zhao, Yanli

2015-12-02

Three-dimensional (3D) graphene aerogel (GA) has emerged as an outstanding support for metal oxides to enhance the overall energy-storage performance of the resulting hybrid materials. In the current stage of the studies, metals/metal oxides inside GA are in uncrafted geometries. Introducing structure-controlled metal oxides into GA may further push electrochemical properties of metal oxide-GA hybrids. Using rutile SnO2 as an example, we demonstrated here a facile hydrothermal strategy combined with a preconditioning technique named vacuum-assisted impregnation for in situ construction of controlled anisotropic SnO2 heterostructures inside GA. The obtained hybrid material was fully characterized in detail, and its formation mechanism was investigated by monitoring the phase-transformation process. Rational integration of the two advanced structures, anisotropic SnO2 and 3D GA, synergistically led to enhanced lithium-storage properties (1176 mAh/g for the first cycle and 872 mAh/g for the 50th cycle at 100 mA/g) as compared with its two counterparts, namely, rough nanoparticles@3D GA and anisotropic SnO2@2D graphene sheets (618 and 751 mAh/g for the 50th cycle at 100 mA/g, respectively). It was also well-demonstrated that this hybrid material was capable of delivering high specific capacity at rapid charge/discharge cycles (1044 mAh/g at 100 mA/g, 847 mAh/g at 200 mA/g, 698 mAh/g at 500 mA/g, and 584 mAh/g at 1000 mA/g). The in situ integration strategy along with vacuum-assisted impregnation technique presented here shows great potential as a versatile tool for accessing a variety of sophisticated smart structures in the form of anisotropic metals/metal oxides within 3D GA toward useful applications.

Nanostructured Metal Oxides and Sulfides for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

PubMed

Liu, Xue; Huang, Jia-Qi; Zhang, Qiang; Mai, Liqiang

2017-05-01

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries with high energy density and long cycle life are considered to be one of the most promising next-generation energy-storage systems beyond routine lithium-ion batteries. Various approaches have been proposed to break down technical barriers in Li-S battery systems. The use of nanostructured metal oxides and sulfides for high sulfur utilization and long life span of Li-S batteries is reviewed here. The relationships between the intrinsic properties of metal oxide/sulfide hosts and electrochemical performances of Li-S batteries are discussed. Nanostructured metal oxides/sulfides hosts used in solid sulfur cathodes, separators/interlayers, lithium-metal-anode protection, and lithium polysulfides batteries are discussed respectively. Prospects for the future developments of Li-S batteries with nanostructured metal oxides/sulfides are also discussed. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Anode Improvement in Rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

PubMed

Tao, Tao; Lu, Shengguo; Fan, Ye; Lei, Weiwei; Huang, Shaoming; Chen, Ying

2017-12-01

Owing to their theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg -1 , lithium-sulfur batteries represent a promising future energy storage device to power electric vehicles. However, the practical applications of lithium-sulfur batteries suffer from poor cycle life and low Coulombic efficiency, which is attributed, in part, to the polysulfide shuttle and Li dendrite formation. Suppressing Li dendrite growth, blocking the unfavorable reaction between soluble polysulfides and Li, and improving the safety of Li-S batteries have become very important for the development of high-performance lithium sulfur batteries. A comprehensive review of various strategies is presented for enhancing the stability of the anode of lithium sulfur batteries, including inserting an interlayer, modifying the separator and electrolytes, employing artificial protection layers, and alternative anodes to replace the Li metal anode. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Preparation of 3D nanoporous copper-supported cuprous oxide for high-performance lithium ion battery anodes.

PubMed

Liu, Dequan; Yang, Zhibo; Wang, Peng; Li, Fei; Wang, Desheng; He, Deyan

2013-03-07

Three-dimensional (3D) nanoporous architectures can provide efficient and rapid pathways for Li-ion and electron transport as well as short solid-state diffusion lengths in lithium ion batteries (LIBs). In this work, 3D nanoporous copper-supported cuprous oxide was successfully fabricated by low-cost selective etching of an electron-beam melted Cu(50)Al(50) alloy and subsequent in situ thermal oxidation. The architecture was used as an anode in lithium ion batteries. In the first cycle, the sample delivered an extremely high lithium storage capacity of about 2.35 mA h cm(-2). A high reversible capacity of 1.45 mA h cm(-2) was achieved after 120 cycles. This work develops a promising approach to building reliable 3D nanostructured electrodes for high-performance lithium ion batteries.

Battery Energy Storage Market: Commercial Scale, Lithium-ion Projects in the U.S.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McLaren, Joyce; Gagnon, Pieter; Anderson, Kate

2016-10-01

This slide deck presents current market data on the commercial scale li-ion battery storage projects in the U.S. It includes existing project locations, cost data and project cost breakdown, a map of demand charges across the U.S. and information about how the ITC and MACRS apply to energy storage projects that are paired with solar PV technology.

Performance and Safety Characteristics of Lithium-molybdenum Disulfide Cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stiles, J. A.

1984-01-01

The lithium-molybdenum disulfide system offers attractive characteristics including high rate capability, successful operation up to 75 C, a very low self-discharge rate, a good cycle life and safety characteristics which compare favorably to those of other lithium cells. Moreover, the materials and manufacturing costs for the system is effectively controlled, so the cells should ultimately be competitive with currently marketed rechargeable cells.

Operational Characteristics of Liquid Lithium Divertor in NSTX

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaita, R.; Kugel, H.; Abrams, T.; Bell, M. G.; Bell, R. E.; Gerhardt, S.; Jaworski, M. A.; Kallman, J.; Leblanc, B.; Mansfield, D.; Mueller, D.; Paul, S.; Roquemore, A. L.; Scotti, F.; Skinner, C. H.; Timberlake, J.; Zakharov, L.; Maingi, R.; Nygren, R.; Raman, R.; Sabbagh, S.; Soukhanovskii, V.

2010-11-01

Lithium coatings on plasma-facing components (PFC's) have resulted in improved plasma performance on NSTX in deuterium H-mode plasmas with neutral beam heating.^ Salient results included improved electron confinement and ELM suppression. In CDX-U, the use of lithium-coated PFC's and a large-area liquid lithium limiter resulted in a six-fold increase in global energy confinement time. A Liquid Lithium Divertor (LLD) has been installed in NSTX for the 2010 run campaign. The LLD PFC consists of a thin film of lithium on a temperature-controlled substrate to keep the lithium liquefied between shots, and handle heat loads during plasmas. This capability was demonstrated when the LLD withstood a strike point on its surface during discharges with up to 4 MW of neutral beam heating.

Powering up the future: radical polymers for battery applications.

PubMed

Janoschka, Tobias; Hager, Martin D; Schubert, Ulrich S

2012-12-18

Our society's dependency on portable electric energy, i.e., rechargeable batteries, which permit power consumption at any place and in any time, will eventually culminate in resource wars on limited commodities like lithium, cobalt, and rare earth metals. The substitution of conventional metals as means of electric charge storage by organic and polymeric materials, which may ultimately be derived from renewable resources, appears to be the only feasible way out. In this context, the novel class of organic radical batteries (ORBs) excelling in rate capability (i.e., charging speed) and cycling stability (>1000 cycles) sets new standards in battery research. This review examines stable nitroxide radical bearing polymers, their processing to battery systems, and their promising performance. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Cellulosic Biomass-Reinforced Polyvinylidene Fluoride Separators with Enhanced Dielectric Properties and Thermal Tolerance.

PubMed

Li, Lei; Yu, Miao; Jia, Chao; Liu, Jianxin; Lv, Yanyan; Liu, Yanhua; Zhou, Yi; Liu, Chuanting; Shao, Ziqiang

2017-06-21

Safety issues are critical barriers to large-scale energy storage applications of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Using an ameliorated, thermally stable, shutdown separator is an effective method to overcome the safety issues. Herein, we demonstrate a novel, cellulosic biomass-material-blended polyvinylidene fluoride separator that was prepared using a simple nonsolvent-induced phase separation technique. This process formed a microporous composite separator with reduced crystallinity, uniform pore size distribution, superior thermal tolerance, and enhanced electrolyte wettability and dielectric and mechanical properties. In addition, the separator has a superior capacity retention and a better rate capability compared to the commercialized microporous polypropylene membrane. This fascinating membrane was fabricated via a relatively eco-friendly and cost-effective method and is an alternative, promising separator for high-power LIBs.

Investigation of Novel Electrolytes for Use in Lithium-Ion Batteries and Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pilar, Kartik

Energy storage and conversion plays a critical role in the efficient use of available energy and is crucial for the utilization of renewable energy sources. To achieve maximum efficiency of renewable energy sources, improvements to energy storage materials must be developed. In this work, novel electrolytes for secondary batteries and fuel cells have been studied using nuclear magnetic resonance and high pressure x-ray scattering techniques to form a better understanding of dynamic and structural properties of these materials. Ionic liquids have been studied due to their potential as a safer alternative to organic solvent-based electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries and composite sulfonated polyetheretherketone (sPEEK) membranes have been investigated for their potential use as a proton exchange membrane electrolyte in direct methanol fuel cells. The characterization of these novel electrolytes is a step towards the development of the next generation of improved energy storage and energy conversion devices.