Sample records for low-fee private schools

  1. Low-Fee Private Schools in England and in Less Economically Developed Countries. What Can Be Learnt from a Comparison?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Walford, Geoffrey

    2011-01-01

    There has been a growing amount of research on low-fee private schools in less economically developed countries, but much less on low-fee private schools in developed countries. Yet, low-fee private schools have also been a recent feature of the educational landscape in countries such as Canada, the USA, Australia and Great Britain. This paper…

  2. Using School Scholarships to Estimate the Effect of Private Education on the Academic Achievement of Low-Income Students in Chile

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Anand, Priyanka; Mizala, Alejandra; Repetto, Andrea

    2009-01-01

    This paper estimates the impact of private education on the academic achievement of low-income students in Chile. To deal with selection bias, we use propensity score matching to compare the test scores of reduced-fee paying, low-income students in fee-charging private voucher schools to those of similar students in public schools and free private…

  3. Fee-Free Public or Low-Fee Private Basic Education in Rural Ghana: How Does the Cost Influence the Choice of the Poor?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Akaguri, Luke

    2014-01-01

    The paper uses data from a household survey of three rural communities and interviews in the Mfantseman Municipality in the Central Region of Ghana to investigate the costs incurred by households that choose either fee-free public schools or low-fee private schools. The paper shows that both provisions impose costs that place those with lower…

  4. All That Glitters Is Not Gold: The Quality of Low-Fee Private Schools in Dhaka, Bangladesh

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Richardson, Emily Elisabeth

    2017-01-01

    Bangladesh, home to one of the world's largest and most diverse education sectors, has witnessed rapid growth in its private education sector in recent decades. The majority of this growth has been within the low-fee private school (LFPS) sector, which now accounts for more than 25 percent of total school enrollment. However, the reliability of…

  5. Dynamics of Low-Fee Private Schools in Kenya: Governmental Legitimation, School-Community Dependence, and Resource Uncertainty

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Edwards, Brent, Jr.; Klees, Steven J.; Wildish, Janet L.

    2017-01-01

    Background/Context: The UN Sustainable Development Goals include a renewed commitment to inclusive and equitable education for all and will maintain pressure on governments in low-income countries to ensure this provision. A range of prominent researchers and institutional actors continue to explore and to promote low-fee private schools (LFPSs)…

  6. School Choice in Rural Nigeria? The Limits of Low-Fee Private Schooling in Kwara State

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Härmä, Joanna

    2016-01-01

    The rise in low-fee private (LFP) primary schooling serving relatively poor clients is becoming well-documented. However much of this literature focuses on urban areas whose dense populations are favourable to market growth and competition. This paper goes some way to filling a gap in the literature on whether LFP schools are serving the needs of…

  7. Private Schools and Public Benefit: Fees, Fee Remissions, and Subsidies

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Davies, Peter

    2011-01-01

    The level of fee remissions offered by private schools bears upon the scope for relying on private schools to provide public benefit. Analyses of education voucher systems have generally ignored the possibility that they will partially crowd out school-financed fee remissions. Moreover, variation in fee remissions between private schools may be…

  8. Private Schooling and Mental Models about Girls' Schooling in India

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Srivastava, Prachi

    2006-01-01

    This paper presents disadvantaged households' "mental models" about low-fee private (LFP) schooling for their daughters in a study in Lucknow District, Uttar Pradesh. It argues that assumptions in the dominant discourse on girls' schooling in India obscure the complex negotiations and trade-offs disadvantaged families make when…

  9. Is There a Private Schooling Market in Poor Neighbourhoods in Maputo, Mozambique? Exploring the Role of the Non-State Education Sector

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Härmä, Joanna

    2016-01-01

    In some low-income countries, low-fee private schools targeting relatively poor communities have sprung up in considerable numbers meeting growing demand. This is often the case where government is not providing enough school places, but also where parents could access government schools for their children but choose not to, due to perceived low…

  10. Can Choice Promote Education for All? Evidence from Growth in Private Primary Schooling in India

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Harma, Joanna

    2009-01-01

    This paper examines whether the recent growth in "low-fee private" (LFP) schools is able to promote Education for All by being accessible to the poor. Based primarily on a 13-village survey of 250 households and visits to 26 private and government schools in rural Uttar Pradesh, India, this paper explores who "chooses" private…

  11. Parents, Quality, and School Choice: Why Parents in Nairobi Choose Low-Cost Private Schools over Public Schools in Kenya's Free Primary Education Era

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Zuilkowski, Stephanie Simmons; Piper, Benjamin; Ong'ele, Salome; Kiminza, Onesmus

    2018-01-01

    Low-cost private schools (LCPS) are widespread in Kenya, particularly in urban areas. This study examines the reasons that parents send children to fee-charging schools in a context of free public primary education. Drawing on parent survey and interview data, as well as interviews with national policy makers, we found that parents who chose LCPS…

  12. Does Growth in Private Schooling Contribute to Education for All? Evidence from a Longitudinal, Two Cohort Study in Andhra Pradesh, India

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Woodhead, Martin; Frost, Melanie; James, Zoe

    2013-01-01

    This paper informs debates about the potential role for low-fee private schooling in achieving Education for All goals in India. It reports "Young Lives" longitudinal data for two cohorts (2906 children) in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Eight year olds uptake of private schooling increased from 24 per cent (children born in 1994-5) to 44…

  13. Choosing and Changing Schools in India's Private and Government Sectors: Young Lives Evidence from Andhra Pradesh

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    James, Zoe; Woodhead, Martin

    2014-01-01

    The growth and increasing popularity of 'low-fee' private schooling across many parts of India has attracted much research and policy attention. This paper broadens the discussion by drawing attention to the increasing heterogeneity of the educational landscape in many communities. Our specific focus is on the consequences for school choices made…

  14. Secondary School Fee Inflation: An Analysis of Private High Schools in Victoria, Australia

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lye, Jenny; Hirschberg, Joe

    2017-01-01

    The recent growth in privately administered secondary education in many developed countries has been a widely observed phenomenon. The Australian private secondary school sector has grown faster than those in any other "OECD" nation, even though the average tuition fees charged by these schools have increased at double the nation's…

  15. A Case Study of Private Schools in Kibera: An Update

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Dixon, Pauline; Tooley, James

    2012-01-01

    This article provides an update on our earlier paper on the introduction by the Kenyan government in 2003 of free primary education (FPE), and its impact on low-fee private schools. First, published papers that have used our contribution as a springboard for discussion are critically reviewed. The argument and supporting evidence that the poor are…

  16. On rising medical student debt: in for a penny, in for a pound.

    PubMed

    Kassebaum, D G; Szenas, P L; Schuchert, M K

    1996-10-01

    Using national databases of the Association of American Medical Colleges, the authors have examined reasons for the rising indebtedness of U.S. medical students, looking across the past decade at the influence of tuition and fees (tuition-fees) alone and the total costs of attending school, the effects of the changing demographics of medical school enrollments and lengthened graduation times, the relationship between the availability of school-funded scholarships and the amount of student loan disbursements, the pattern of student financial aid, and the reliance on borrowing to cover the costs of medical education. In constant dollars, the average indebtedness of students graduating from public schools increased 59.2% between 1985 and 1995, and that for graduates of private schools increased 64.2%. The fraction of graduates bringing debt with them when they entered medical school declined from 42.1% in 1985 to 33.6% in 1995. Premedical debt as a fraction of total debt declined at public schools from 9% in 1985 to 7% in 1995, and at private schools from 7.8% in 1985 to 5.9% in 1995. For public schools, tuition-fees increased 60.1% between 1985 and 1995, and average medical school debt increased 60.9%; for private schools, tuition-fees increased 30.1% over that period, while average medical school debt increased 66.2%. On average, public school graduates accrued debt greater than their four-year tuition-fee payments, while the average debt accrued by private school graduates was less than tuition-fee amounts. In 1995, graduates of public schools had debt accumulations representing 62% of the average total cost of attendance (tuition, fees, books, supplies, equipment, and living expenses), and the indebtedness of private school graduates was 55% of the average total cost, findings suggesting that total costs were the stronger driver of the amounts borrowed. On a national scale, the influences on medical school debt of longer graduation times, the growing number of women students, greater racial-ethnic diversity, and the admission of more older students age were negligible or small. The average parental income, adjusted to constant dollars, actually increased between 1985 and 1995. For public schools, the aggregate amounts of student aid have climbed at a steeper rate than schools' tuition-fee revenues during the past decade. For public schools, tuition-fee revenues rose 66.7% between 1985 and 1995, while the amount of loans to students at public schools increased 92.7%. For private schools, tuition-fee revenues went up 36.5%, and the amount of loans to students rose 57.9% during the same period. Federal Stafford Loans represented the major financing source, increasing from 71.5% of public schools' tuition-fee revenue in 1985 to 92.2% in 1995, and from 23% of private schools' tuition-fee revenue in 1985 to 38% in 1995. Over the decade, scholarship support kept pace with tuition-fee increases at public schools, but lagged behind the increases at private schools. The recent escalation of student debt has coincided with the lifting of the federal loan borrowing limits under the Higher Education Act. In parallel, entering medical students have declared their intentions to rely more heavily on loans as a means of financing. These findings, although based on national data and trends, provide a framework for exploration of the factors affecting educational costs and financing at individual medical schools. The importance of doing so is mounting, as students may be throwing caution to the winds in the more favorable climate for borrowing, ignoring indicators of changing practice opportunities and incomes ahead.

  17. De facto Privatization and Inequalities in Educational Opportunity in the Transition to Secondary School in Rural Malawi.

    PubMed

    Grant, Monica J

    2017-09-01

    There has been a recent, rapid de facto privatization of education in many African countries, as the number of private secondary schools operating in the region grew. The majority of these schools are "low-cost" private schools where tuition and fees are set as low as possible to cover operating costs and still generate profit. Proponents of low-cost private schools argue that these schools have proliferated in impoverished areas to meet unmet demand for access to education and where private schools may offer better quality than locally available public schools. Theories of inequality of educational opportunity suggest that if private schools offer better quality education, students from more advantaged families will be more likely to enroll at these institutions, potentially exacerbating educational inequality in the region. This analysis uses data from a school-based longitudinal survey, the Malawi Schooling and Adolescent Study, to examine socio-economic inequalities in the transition to secondary school and on-time enrollment in upper secondary. My findings indicate that youth from non-poor households are not only more likely to enroll in secondary school than poor youth, but they are also more likely to substitute enrollment in private schools for enrollment in second-tier government schools. Enrollment at private schools, however, does not yield schooling advantages; relative to both tiers of government secondary schooling, students who initially enrolled at private schools were the least likely to enroll on time in upper secondary school. These patterns suggest that these schooling circumstances may yield less segregation of opportunity than might otherwise be assumed.

  18. School Choice for the Poor? The Limits of Marketisation of Primary Education in Rural India. CREATE Pathways to Access. Research Monograph No. 23

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Harma, Joanna

    2010-01-01

    In recent years India has seen an explosion in low-fee private (LFP) schooling aimed at the poorer strata of society. This marketisation of primary education is a reaction to the well-documented failings of the government system. This paper looks at LFP schooling in one rural district of Uttar Pradesh, and compares government to low cost private…

  19. School Choice and Academic Performance: Some Evidence from Developing Countries

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tooley, James; Bao, Yong; Dixon, Pauline; Merrifield, John

    2011-01-01

    There is widespread concern about differences in the quality of state-run and private schooling. The concerns are especially severe in the numerous developing countries where much of the population has left state-provided schooling for private schooling, including many private schools not recognized by the government. The fees charged by the…

  20. School Building Construction Through Private Funds in a Small School District.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Brames, Fred

    The private corporation leasing arrangement, as a source of school construction funds, is increasingly being used in Indiana; however, the principles are applicable in any state. The private corporation charges a project fee, which represents its maximum anticipated profit. The private corporation obtains the funds for the project; makes the…

  1. Dubai's Private School Fees Framework: A Critical Discussion

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Azzam, Ziad

    2017-01-01

    90% of the Dubai's K-12 educational provision is in the hands of the private sector, with the majority of schools operating on a for-profit basis. Demand for private schooling is unabated. In its attempt to strike a balance between consumer protection and continuing to attract private investment to address the shortage of school places, Dubai's…

  2. The Use of Private Student Loans at High-Cost Postsecondary Education Institutions in Academic Year 1997-98.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Redd, Kenneth E.

    This study examined the use of private education loans at high-cost private colleges and universities. Responses were received from 100 of the 381 institutions who reported undergraduate tuition and fees, or professional school tuition and fees, of $14,000 or higher in 1996-1997. It was found that on most campuses private student loans play a…

  3. Incentives to Exclude: The Political Economy Constraining School Fee Abolition in South Africa

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Nordstrum, Lee E.

    2012-01-01

    In 2009, the South African Department of Education extended tuition fee abolition to schools serving the poorest 60% of students, increased from 40% in 2007. This policy intends to increase access to and longevity in school for the poorest households by removing fees as a barrier and replacing private revenue with increased state funds. Despite…

  4. School Factors Underlying Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring in English: Urban and Rural Variations in Bangladesh

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mahmud, Rafsan; Bray, Mark

    2017-01-01

    Private supplementary tutoring has long existed in Bangladesh, as elsewhere in the world, but in recent decades has become much more visible. Much tutoring "shadows" or reproduces formal schooling as fee-based academic teaching outside school hours. This paper focuses on school factors that shape demand for private supplementary tutoring…

  5. School-located influenza vaccination with third-party billing: outcomes, cost, and reimbursement.

    PubMed

    Kempe, Allison; Daley, Matthew F; Pyrzanowski, Jennifer; Vogt, Tara; Fang, Hai; Rinehart, Deborah J; Morgan, Nicole; Riis, Mette; Rodgers, Sarah; McCormick, Emily; Hammer, Anne; Campagna, Elizabeth J; Kile, Deidre; Dickinson, Miriam; Hambidge, Simon J; Shlay, Judith C

    2014-01-01

    To assess rates of immunization; costs of conducting clinics; and reimbursements for a school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) program that billed third-party payers. SLIV clinics were conducted in 19 elementary schools in the Denver Public School district (September 2010 to February 2011). School personnel obtained parental consent, and a community vaccinator conducted clinics and performed billing. Vaccines For Children vaccine was available for eligible students. Parents were not billed for any fees. Data were collected regarding implementation costs and vaccine cost was calculated using published private sector prices. Reimbursement amounts were compared to costs. Overall, 30% of students (2784 of 9295) received ≥1 influenza vaccine; 39% (1079 of 2784) needed 2 doses and 80% received both. Excluding vaccine costs, implementation costs were $24.69 per vaccination. The percentage of vaccine costs reimbursed was 62% overall (82% from State Child Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), 50% from private insurance). The percentage of implementation costs reimbursed was 19% overall (23% from private, 27% from Medicaid, 29% from SCHIP and 0% among uninsured). Overall, 25% of total costs (implementation plus vaccine) were reimbursed. A SLIV program resulted in vaccination of nearly one third of elementary students. Reimbursement rates were limited by 1) school restrictions on charging parents fees, 2) low payments for vaccine administration from public payers and 3) high rates of denials from private insurers. Some of these problems might be reduced by provisions in the Affordable Care Act. Copyright © 2014 Academic Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  6. The Myth of Free and Barrier-Free Access: India's Right to Education Act--Private Schooling Costs and Household Experiences

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Srivastava, Prachi; Noronha, Claire

    2016-01-01

    We examine relative household costs and experiences of accessing private and government schooling under India's "Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009" in the early implementation phase. The Act deems that no child should incur any fee, charges, or expenses in accessing schooling. Private schools are mandated to…

  7. Promoting Access and Enhancing Education Opportunities? The Case of "No-Fees Schools" in South Africa

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ahmed, R.; Sayed, Yusuf

    2009-01-01

    Public financing of education in the developing world context combines public and private funds, and the utilisation of fees is seen as a way of complementing state resources. In South Africa the new government in 1994 permitted schools to charge fees, a policy that has provoked much controversy. While different aspects of this policy have been…

  8. 8 CFR 214.13 - SEVIS fee for certain F, J, and M nonimmigrants.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ...-training institution including private elementary and secondary schools and public secondary schools, the... vocational educational institution, including a flight school, in the amount of $200. (b) Aliens not subject... counselor, or participant in a summer work/travel program is subject to a fee of $35. (d) Time for payment...

  9. 8 CFR 214.13 - SEVIS fee for certain F, J, and M nonimmigrants.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ...-training institution including private elementary and secondary schools and public secondary schools, the... vocational educational institution, including a flight school, in the amount of $200. (b) Aliens not subject... counselor, or participant in a summer work/travel program is subject to a fee of $35. (d) Time for payment...

  10. When Negotiation Fails: Private Education as a Disciplinary Strategy

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    de Regt, Ali; Weenink, Don

    2005-01-01

    This articles deals with the question why Dutch upper-middle-class parents resort to fee-paying private education, a tiny, recently developed sector of the Dutch educational system. The research is based on interviews with 37 parents and 20 students attending private schools, and on a survey among 376 parents involved in private schooling. From…

  11. 19 CFR 201.20 - Fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION GENERAL RULES OF GENERAL APPLICATION Availability of Information to... change of circumstances. (c) Limitations on charging fees. (1) No search or review fee shall be charged... private elementary or secondary school, an institution of undergraduate higher education, an institution...

  12. Are We Asking the Right Questions? Moving beyond the State vs Non-State Providers Debate: Reflections and a Case Study from India

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bangay, Colin; Latham, Michael

    2013-01-01

    This paper provides an overview of recent trends in basic education provision in India: charting an impressive expansion of enrolment in public schools but a growing concern with the quality of learning. Concerns around quality are seen as a driving factor in the migration of students from the public sector to low fee private schools. While there…

  13. The Private-Public Literacy Divide amid Educational Reform in Qatar: What Does PISA Tell Us?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cheema, Jehanzeb R.

    2015-01-01

    The education system in Qatar comprises of both private schools, which receive money through student fees, and public schools, which are fully government-funded. In the mid-2000s, Qatar started its transition towards an independent school model with the aim of eventually converting all public schools into government-supported independent schools.…

  14. Commentary on Reviews of James Tooley's "The Beautiful Tree" and Tooley's Reply

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Yagnamurthy, Sreekanth; Tooley, James

    2011-01-01

    In this commentary Yagnamurthy raises several issues such as right to education, English as the medium of instruction, and quality of education in low-fee and unrecognized schools. Also, Yagnamurthy is of the view that both public and private sectors need to endeavor for equitable participation of all children in education. Tooley replies.

  15. Personal Reflections on the Governing of Private Schools: A Case Study

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Poultney, Val

    2013-01-01

    Much of what we understand about school governance is generally under-researched, and there has been almost no recent research undertaken into the governing of schools in the non-maintained, private or independent sectors that are financed by the payment of fees. These schools broadly follow a model of governance that is similar to that of the…

  16. Why Privatization Signals a Sea Change in Schooling.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Murphy, Joseph

    1996-01-01

    Reviews several privatization strategies and their applications to public education, including load-shedding, asset sales, volunteerism, self-help, user fees, contracting, franchises, vouchers, subsidies, and deregulation. The major forces promoting privatization in education are those stemming from growing discontent with the public sector and…

  17. 32 CFR 1662.6 - Fee schedule; waiver of fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... preschool, a public or private elementary or secondary school, an institution of graduate higher education, an institution of undergraduate higher education, an institution of professional education, and an institution of vocational education, which operates a program or programs of scholarly research. (7) The term...

  18. 32 CFR 1662.6 - Fee schedule; waiver of fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... preschool, a public or private elementary or secondary school, an institution of graduate higher education, an institution of undergraduate higher education, an institution of professional education, and an institution of vocational education, which operates a program or programs of scholarly research. (7) The term...

  19. State Support for Private Schooling in India: What Do the Evaluations of the British Assisted Places Schemes Suggest?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Walford, Geoffrey

    2013-01-01

    Section 12 of the Indian Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 (the RTE Act) states that 25% of the entry-level places in all private schools should be free and reserved for students from economically and socially disadvantaged families. The Indian State governments will pay schools a per-child fee based on costs in the…

  20. Parental Education as a Determinant of School Choice: Comparative Study of School Types in Pakistan

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Siddiqui, Nadia

    2017-01-01

    In Pakistan, school education is not compulsory for children and, therefore, sending a child to school is a matter of choice for parents. For those parents who choose school education for their children the options are government schools, private fees paid schools and Islamic education schools (Madrassahs). This research uses a large-scale survey…

  1. How do Medicare Physician Fees Compare With Private Payers?

    PubMed Central

    Miller, Mark E.; Zuckerman, Stephen; Gates, Michael

    1993-01-01

    Under the new fee schedule, Medicare physician fees are 76 percent of private fees. Consistent with the intent of payment reform, Medicare physician fees more closely approximate private fees for visits (93 percent) than for surgery (51 percent) and in rural areas as compared with large metropolitan areas. Variation in private fees across the country is considerably greater than it is for Medicare fees. Consequently, Medicare fees are most generous in areas that compare least favorably with the private market because private fees in these areas are well above average. These results shed light on the impact of the fee schedule and on the implications of using Medicare payment methods as part of a broad-based health reform. PMID:10130578

  2. Parental Choices in the Primary and Secondary School Market in Dushanbe, Tajikistan

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Whitsel, Christopher

    2014-01-01

    This paper presents findings about factors parents consider when choosing schools in the new educational market in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. The economic and political chaos of the early independence period led to greater differentiation between public schools. Policies were enacted that encouraged the growth of private schools and fee-charging…

  3. Public/Private Partnerships for New Construction.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Adams, Matthew C.

    1999-01-01

    Discusses how colleges can finance new construction projects during lean financial times by employing public/private partnerships in an off-balance sheet financing format. Construction planning of a new school parking deck is used to illustrate the process. Benefits of savings in operating costs, management fees, and other line-item expenses are…

  4. Planning for Public Schools--Infrastructure Fee and Developer Responsibilities.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kirschenstein, Joel

    1980-01-01

    Proposition 13 and other legislation have adversely affected finances available for school planning. Suggested solutions included early involvement of development teams with community and district planning staffs and the use of advisory committees and professional private-sector research consulting firms. (MLF)

  5. 10 CFR 1303.108 - Fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... preference for format if the record is readily reproducible in that format at a reasonable cost. (4) Educational institution—A public or private school, an undergraduate, graduate, professional or vocational...

  6. Privatising Public Schooling in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Equity Considerations

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Motala, Shireen

    2009-01-01

    Through an analysis of quantitative and qualitative data on school funding in South Africa, this paper aims to analyse the user fee policy option in public schooling in South Africa. Debate is ongoing about the role of private input into public schooling and whether this practice affects access (and the constitutional right) to basic education,…

  7. The Fiscal Impact of the D.C. Voucher Program

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Aud, Susan L.; Michos, Leon

    2006-01-01

    In August 2004 the first ever federally funded school voucher program began in Washington, D.C. Eligible students could attend a private school of their choice in the District of Columbia. Each participant received up to $7,500 for school tuition, fees, and transportation. In addition, the D.C. Public School System (DCPS) and D.C. charter school…

  8. Small NGO Schools in India: Implications for Access and Innovation

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Blum, Nicole

    2009-01-01

    In addition to the proliferation of private, fee-paying schools in India, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) play an important role in providing educational services, especially in un-served and under-served communities. This paper uses qualitative research to critically examine the nature and potential of NGO provision of primary schooling in…

  9. Economic Development and the Market Place for Education: Dynamics of the International Schools Sector in Shanghai, China

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Yamato, Yoko; Bray, Mark

    2006-01-01

    To some extent, all schools operate in a market place; but the interaction with the market place may be particularly evident in the international schools sector, since many such schools are operated by foundations or private companies which charge fees. This article focuses on the distinctive market place of Shanghai, China, which has undergone…

  10. Analyzing the Thai State Policy on Private Tutoring: The Prevalence of the Market Discourse

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lao, Rattana

    2014-01-01

    Private tutoring in academic subjects, which is provided for a fee and which takes place outside standard school hours, has become a global phenomenon. It is also very visible in Thailand. This paper draws on qualitative method including documentary analyses and semi-structured interviews with Thai policy elites, to understand the Thai state…

  11. Utilization and expenditure at public and private facilities in 39 low-income countries.

    PubMed

    Saksena, Priyanka; Xu, Ke; Elovainio, Riku; Perrot, Jean

    2012-01-01

    To document the patterns of health service utilization and health payments at public and private facilities across countries. We used data from the World Health Surveys from 39 low- and low-middle income countries to examine differences between public and private sectors. Utilization of outpatient and inpatient services, out-of-pocket payments (OOP) at public and private facilities, and transportation costs were compared. Utilization and payments to public and private sectors differ widely. Public facilities dominated in most countries for both outpatient and inpatient services. But, whereas use of private facilities is more common among the rich, poor people also use them, to a considerable extent and in almost all the countries in the study. The majority of OOP were incurred at public providers for inpatient services. On average, this was not the case for outpatient services. Medicines accounted for the largest share of OOP for all services except inpatient services at private facilities, where consultation fees did. Transportation costs were considerable. Price competition is certainly not the only factor that guides choice of provider. The results support continued efforts by the governments to engage strategically with the private sector. However, they also highlight the importance of not generalizing conditions across countries. Governments may need to reconsider simplistic user-fee abolition strategies at public providers if they simply focus on consultation fees. Policies to make health services more accessible need to consider a comprehensive benefit package that includes a wider scope of costs related to care such as expenditures on medicines and transportation. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

  12. Choices for Whom? The Rhetoric and Reality of the Direct Subsidy Scheme in Hong Kong (1988-2006)

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tse, Thomas Kwan-choi

    2008-01-01

    School choice programs have proliferated around the world since the 1980s. Following this international trend, the Direct Subsidy Scheme (DSS) was launched in 1991 to revitalize Hong Kong's private school sector. DSS schools receive a similar subsidy per student to that received by aided schools, but they may charge fees and have greater control…

  13. Spreading Freedom and Saving Money. The Fiscal Impact of the D.C. Voucher Program

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Aud, Susan L.; Michos, Leon

    2006-01-01

    In August 2004 the first ever federally funded school voucher program began in Washington, D.C. Eligible students could attend a private school of their choice in the District of Columbia. Each participant received up to $7,500 for school tuition, fees, and transportation. In addition, the D.C. Public School System (DCPS) and D.C. charter school…

  14. Social Inequality in Access to Higher Education: Grade Inflation in Private Schools and the Ineffectiveness of Compensatory Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Neves, Tiago; Ferraz, Hélder; Nata, Gil

    2016-01-01

    Access to higher education is affected by inequalities worldwide. Here we present a longitudinal study based on large databases of scores in upper secondary education and access to higher education in Portugal. Our findings show how access to higher education builds on and reinforces social inequalities: (1) private, fee-paying secondary schools…

  15. Trends in Financing Dental Education, 2004-05 to 2011-12.

    PubMed

    Bailit, Howard L; Beazoglou, Tryfon

    2017-08-01

    This article examines dental school financial trends from 2004-05 to 2011-12, based on data from the American Dental Association (ADA) annual financial survey completed by all U.S. dental schools. For public schools, revenues from tuition and fees increased 68.6%, and state support declined 17.2% over the examined period. For private schools, revenues from tuition and fees increased 38.9%, and university indirect subsidies declined 77.9% over the same period. The major factors affecting dental school expenditures were the number of students and postdoctoral students, faculty practice, and research. The findings suggest that dental schools are now more dependent financially on tuition and fees than in the past. Schools have been able to pass on increases in operating costs to students and specialty postdoctoral students. Now that growth in dentists' incomes is slowing and student debt is at an all-time high, this financing strategy may not be sustainable in the long run. This article was written as part of the project "Advancing Dental Education in the 21 st Century."

  16. 75 FR 49932 - Private Transfer Fee Covenants

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-16

    ... FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE AGENCY [No. 2010-N-11] Private Transfer Fee Covenants AGENCY: Federal... Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) is proposing to issue a Guidance, ``Guidance on Private Transfer Fee... fee covenants. Such covenants appear adverse to liquidity, affordability and stability in the housing...

  17. 42 CFR 422.114 - Access to services under an MA private fee-for-service plan.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Access to services under an MA private fee-for... Benefits and Beneficiary Protections § 422.114 Access to services under an MA private fee-for-service plan. (a) Sufficient access. (1) An MA organization that offers an MA private fee-for-service plan must...

  18. 42 CFR 422.114 - Access to services under an MA private fee-for-service plan.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Access to services under an MA private fee-for... Beneficiary Protections § 422.114 Access to services under an MA private fee-for-service plan. (a) Sufficient access. (1) An MA organization that offers an MA private fee-for-service plan must demonstrate to CMS...

  19. 42 CFR 422.114 - Access to services under an MA private fee-for-service plan.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Access to services under an MA private fee-for... Beneficiary Protections § 422.114 Access to services under an MA private fee-for-service plan. (a) Sufficient access. (1) An MA organization that offers an MA private fee-for-service plan must demonstrate to CMS...

  20. 42 CFR 422.114 - Access to services under an MA private fee-for-service plan.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Access to services under an MA private fee-for... Benefits and Beneficiary Protections § 422.114 Access to services under an MA private fee-for-service plan. (a) Sufficient access. (1) An MA organization that offers an MA private fee-for-service plan must...

  1. 42 CFR 422.114 - Access to services under an MA private fee-for-service plan.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Access to services under an MA private fee-for... Benefits and Beneficiary Protections § 422.114 Access to services under an MA private fee-for-service plan. (a) Sufficient access. (1) An MA organization that offers an MA private fee-for-service plan must...

  2. 39 CFR 265.9 - Schedule of fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... private elementary or secondary school, an institution of graduate higher education, an institution of undergraduate higher education, an institution of professional education, and an institution of vocational education, which operates a program or programs of scholarly research. (7) Noncommercial scientific...

  3. The private-public literacy divide amid educational reform in Qatar: What does PISA tell us?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cheema, Jehanzeb R.

    2015-04-01

    The education system in Qatar comprises of both private schools, which receive money through student fees, and public schools, which are fully government-funded. In the mid-2000s, Qatar started its transition towards an independent school model with the aim of eventually converting all public schools into government-supported independent schools. The idea was to give public schools more autonomy in terms of hiring decisions, adoption of curriculum and textbooks, and budget spending, enabling them to emulate some of the private schools' strategies for turning out successful students. This study examines evidence from the 2006-2012 administrations of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) in Qatar in order to evaluate whether or not recent educational reform efforts in this country have succeeded in bridging the literacy divide between private and public schools. The results, presented in a number of detailed tables and discussed in the last part of the article, indicate that there is a significant difference in key literacy skills between the two types of schools. Private schools were found to outperform their public counterparts in areas such as mathematics, reading and science, both before and after controlling for important student-level differences, and this gap has evidently persisted from 2006 to 2012.

  4. The Influence of Pay-To-Play Fees on Participation in Interscholastic Sports: A School-Level Analysis of Michigan's Public Schools.

    PubMed

    Zdroik, Jennifer; Veliz, Philip

    2016-12-01

    School districts in the United States are turning toward new sources of revenue to maintain their interscholastic sports programs. One common revenue generating policy is the implementation of participation fees, also known as pay-to-play. One concern of the growing trend of participation fees is how it impacts student participation opportunities. This study looks at how pay-to-play fees are impacting participation opportunities and participation rates in the state of Michigan. Through merging 3 school-level data sets, Civil Rights Data Collection, the Common Core of Data, and participation information from MHSAA (Michigan High School Athletic Association), bivariate analysis and ordinary least squares regression were used in our analysis. Our findings indicate that certain types of schools are able to support pay-to-play fees: relatively large schools that are located in suburban, white communities, with relatively low poverty rates. We also found that participation fees are not decreasing the number of sport opportunities for students, participation opportunities are higher in schools with fees; but participation rates are similar between schools with and without participation fees. Participation fee policy implications are discussed and we offer suggestions for future research.

  5. Implementation of patient charges at primary care facilities in Kenya: implications of low adherence to user fee policy for users and facility revenue.

    PubMed

    Opwora, Antony; Waweru, Evelyn; Toda, Mitsuru; Noor, Abdisalan; Edwards, Tansy; Fegan, Greg; Molyneux, Sassy; Goodman, Catherine

    2015-05-01

    With user fees now seen as a major hindrance to universal health coverage, many countries have introduced fee reduction or elimination policies, but there is growing evidence that adherence to reduced fees is often highly imperfect. In 2004, Kenya adopted a reduced and uniform user fee policy providing fee exemptions to many groups. We present data on user fee implementation, revenue and expenditure from a nationally representative survey of Kenyan primary health facilities. Data were collected from 248 randomly selected public health centres and dispensaries in 2010, comprising an interview with the health worker in charge, exit interviews with curative outpatients, and a financial record review. Adherence to user fee policy was assessed for eight tracer conditions based on health worker reports, and patients were asked about actual amounts paid. No facilities adhered fully to the user fee policy across all eight tracers, with adherence ranging from 62.2% for an adult with tuberculosis to 4.2% for an adult with malaria. Three quarters of exit interviewees had paid some fees, with a median payment of US dollars (USD) 0.39, and a quarter of interviewees were required to purchase additional medical supplies at a later stage from a private drug retailer. No consistent pattern of association was identified between facility characteristics and policy adherence. User fee revenues accounted for almost all facility cash income, with average revenue of USD 683 per facility per year. Fee revenue was mainly used to cover support staff, non-drug supplies and travel allowances. Adherence to user fee policy was very low, leading to concerns about the impact on access and the financial burden on households. However, the potential to ensure adherence was constrained by the facilities' need for revenue to cover basic operating costs, highlighting the need for alternative funding strategies for peripheral health facilities. Published by Oxford University Press in association with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine © The Author 2014.

  6. 41 CFR 51-8.13 - Fees charged by category of requester.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ...-commercial scientific institutions; representatives of the news media; and all other requesters. The Act... preschool, a public or private elementary or secondary school, an institution of graduate higher education, an institution of undergraduate higher education, an institution of professional education, and an...

  7. The impact of the economic downturn on environmental health services and professionals in North Carolina.

    PubMed

    Weston-Cox, Paula

    2012-06-01

    The objective of the authors' study was to examine the impact of the economic recession on the environmental health profession between budget year (BY) 2006-2007 and BY 2010-2011 in the following areas: (1) environmental health department fees for services; (2) changes in staffing levels, benefits, or pay; (3) changes in staff responsibilities; and (4) the impact to the private environmental sector compared to public environmental health professionals. Data were summarized from the following surveys: North Carolina Environmental Health Supervisors Association Fee and Economic Surveys; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Government Current Salary Index; and a created online survey of private-sector environmental professionals. Total fees in the public sector for services have risen for most environmental health departments, but not enough to offset budget reductions. All of the counties that participated in the survey either have reduced staff, pay, or benefits due to budget cuts, and some counties utilized staff in other areas through cross-training. The private environmental sector also reduced staff in response to a reduced workload. Public sector employers may have difficulties retaining existing employees and recruiting new employees over the long-term in the current economic climate.

  8. Medicaid policy and the substitution of hospital outpatient care for physician care.

    PubMed

    Cohen, J W

    1989-04-01

    This article explores the effects of reimbursement and utilization control policies on utilization patterns and spending for physician and hospital outpatient services under state Medicaid programs. The empirical work shows a negative relationship between the level of Medicaid physician fees relative to Medicare and private fees, and the numbers of outpatient care recipients, suggesting that outpatient care substitutes for physician care in states with low fee levels. In addition, it shows a positive relationship between Medicaid physician fees and outpatient spending per recipient, suggesting that in low-fee states outpatient departments are providing some types of care that could be provided in a physician's office. Finally, the analysis demonstrates that reimbursement and utilization control policies have significant effects in the expected directions on aggregate Medicaid spending for physician and outpatient services.

  9. Why Are There Proportionately More Poor Pupils Enrolled in Non-State Schools in Urban Kenya in Spite of FPE Policy?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Oketch, Moses; Mutisya, Maurice; Ngware, Moses; Ezeh, Alex C.

    2010-01-01

    One of the conundrums of free primary education (FPE) policy in several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa is the "mushrooming" of fee-paying private schools. Several researchers have become interested in studying this phenomenon and have raised the question--does free primary education meet the needs of the poor? Emerging voices among this…

  10. 7 CFR Appendix A to Subpart A of... - Fee Schedule

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... & Analysis Section, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 13800 Old Gentilly Road, New Orleans, La. 70129. Kansas... preschool, a public or private elementary or secondary school, an institution of graduate higher education, an institution of undergraduate higher education, an institution of professional education, and an...

  11. 42 CFR 422.216 - Special rules for MA private fee-for-service plans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Special rules for MA private fee-for-service plans... With Providers § 422.216 Special rules for MA private fee-for-service plans. (a) Payment to providers—(1) Payment rate. (i) The MA organization must establish payment rates for plan covered items and...

  12. 42 CFR 422.216 - Special rules for MA private fee-for-service plans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Special rules for MA private fee-for-service plans... With Providers § 422.216 Special rules for MA private fee-for-service plans. (a) Payment to providers—(1) Payment rate. (i) The MA organization must establish payment rates for plan covered items and...

  13. 42 CFR 422.216 - Special rules for MA private fee-for-service plans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Special rules for MA private fee-for-service plans... With Providers § 422.216 Special rules for MA private fee-for-service plans. (a) Payment to providers—(1) Payment rate. (i) The MA organization must establish payment rates for plan covered items and...

  14. Enhancing the private provision of care through premiums for ability: the case of tuberculosis care in the Philippines.

    PubMed

    Quimbo, Stella Alabastro

    2006-11-01

    This paper examines how premiums for ability are set and how these can enhance the quality of care provided in private markets. The specific context for this study is the market for tuberculosis (TB) care in the Philippines. While the most cost- and clinically-effective treatment method known as TB Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (TB DOTS) is increasingly being provided by the public sector, few private doctors have adopted this protocol. As findings of multivariate regression analyses of private physicians' fees suggest, this low adoption rate can be partly explained by the modest premiums private doctors receive for using TB DOTS. While the public provision of TB DOTS should be pursued in earnest, this paper argues that the complementarity between public and private provision of TB DOTS should be strengthened, especially since Filipino TB patients seem to prefer private doctors. This goal can be achieved through user fees that (i) include a sufficiently large premium for physician ability and (ii) are paid through the social insurance system. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  15. 42 CFR 422.216 - Special rules for MA private fee-for-service plans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Special rules for MA private fee-for-service plans... Providers § 422.216 Special rules for MA private fee-for-service plans. (a) Payment to providers—(1) Payment rate. (i) The MA organization must establish payment rates for plan covered items and services that...

  16. 42 CFR 422.216 - Special rules for MA private fee-for-service plans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Special rules for MA private fee-for-service plans... Providers § 422.216 Special rules for MA private fee-for-service plans. (a) Payment to providers—(1) Payment rate. (i) The MA organization must establish payment rates for plan covered items and services that...

  17. Maryland Higher Education Commission Data Book 2014. Creating a State of Achievement

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Maryland Higher Education Commission, 2014

    2014-01-01

    This document presents statistics about higher education in Maryland for 2014. The tables in this document are presented according to the following categories: (1) Students; (2) Retention and Graduation; (3) Degrees; (4) Faculty; (5) Revenues & Expenditures; (6) Tuition and Fees; (7) Financial Aid, (8) Private Career Schools, and (9) Distance…

  18. Maryland Higher Education Commission Data Book 2015. Creating a State of Achievement

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Maryland Higher Education Commission, 2015

    2015-01-01

    This document presents statistics about higher education in Maryland for 2015. The tables in this document are presented according to the following categories: (1) Students; (2) Retention and Graduation; (3) Degrees; (4) Faculty; (5) Revenues & Expenditures; (6) Tuition and Fees; (7) Financial Aid, (8) Private Career Schools, and (9) Distance…

  19. Maryland Higher Education Commission Data Book 2016. Creating a State of Achievement

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Maryland Higher Education Commission, 2016

    2016-01-01

    This document presents statistics about higher education in Maryland for 2016. The tables in this document are presented according to the following categories: (1) Students; (2) Retention and Graduation; (3) Degrees; (4) Faculty; (5) Revenues & Expenditures; (6) Tuition and Fees; (7) Financial Aid, and (8) Private Career Schools. [For…

  20. Private Schooling for Low-Income Families: A Census and Comparative Survey in East Delhi, India

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tooley, James; Dixon, Pauline

    2007-01-01

    A census and survey of schools in the slums of East Delhi, India, explored the nature and extent of private education serving low-income families, and compared inputs to public and private schooling. Around two-thirds of all schools were private unaided, with more unrecognised private than government schools. Teaching activity was found to be…

  1. "Education at Our School Is Not Free": The Hidden Costs of Fee-Free Schooling in Rwanda

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Williams, Timothy P.; Abbott, Pamela; Mupenzi, Alfred

    2015-01-01

    As primary school enrolment rates in Rwanda near ubiquity, completion rates remain low and repetition rates remain high. This study investigates the impact of the "hidden costs" of schooling in the context of Rwanda's fee-free education policy. Using a social-science case study, focus groups and interviews were undertaken with 200…

  2. 12 CFR 1228.1 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... continuing basis each time a property is transferred (except for transfers specifically excepted) for a period of time or indefinitely. A private transfer fee does not include fees, charges, payments, or other... SECURITY INTERESTS IN, MORTGAGES ON PROPERTIES ENCUMBERED BY CERTAIN PRIVATE TRANSFER FEE COVENANTS AND...

  3. U.S. Dental School Deans’ Perceptions of the Rising Cost of Dental Education and Borrowing Pressures on Dental Students: Report of Survey Results.

    PubMed

    McAllister, Dora Elías; Garrison, Gwen E; Feldman, Cecile A; Anderson, Eugene L; Cook, Bryan J; Valachovic, Richard W

    2015-06-01

    This report presents findings from a survey of U.S. dental school deans designed to capture their perceptions regarding the rising cost of dental education and its impact on borrowing by dental students to finance their education. The survey included questions about factors influencing the cost of dental education, concerns about dental student borrowing, and financial awareness resources for students. The survey was distributed to the deans of all 63 U.S. dental schools in January 2013; 42 deans responded, for a 67% response rate. The results indicate that, according to the responding deans, new clinical technologies, technology costs, and central university taxes are the main factors that contribute to the increasing cost of dental education. Coupled with reduced state appropriations at public dental schools and declines in private giving at all dental schools, dental school deans face a perplexing set of financial management challenges. Tuition and fees are a primary source of revenue for all dental schools; however, many deans do not have total control over the cost of attending their schools since tuition and fees are often tied to mandates and policies from the parent university and the state legislature. The findings of this study indicate that U.S. dental school deans are aware of and concerned about the impact of increases in tuition and fees on dental student debt and that they are using a variety of strategies to address the growth in dental student borrowing.

  4. The Bubble of Privilege. Young, Privately Educated Women Talk about Social Class

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Maxwell, Claire; Aggleton, Peter

    2010-01-01

    Conceptualizations of the self in relation to others are examined among a group of young women attending a fee-paying school in England. As part of a larger study exploring intimacy and agency among young women from relatively privileged class backgrounds, 54 young women participated in focus group discussions and interviews. Findings reveal that…

  5. A randomized controlled design reveals barriers to citizenship for low-income immigrants.

    PubMed

    Hainmueller, Jens; Lawrence, Duncan; Gest, Justin; Hotard, Michael; Koslowski, Rey; Laitin, David D

    2018-01-30

    Citizenship endows legal protections and is associated with economic and social gains for immigrants and their communities. In the United States, however, naturalization rates are relatively low. Yet we lack reliable knowledge as to what constrains immigrants from applying. Drawing on data from a public/private naturalization program in New York, this research provides a randomized controlled study of policy interventions that address these constraints. The study tested two programmatic interventions among low-income immigrants who are eligible for citizenship. The first randomly assigned a voucher that covers the naturalization application fee among immigrants who otherwise would have to pay the full cost of the fee. The second randomly assigned a set of behavioral nudges, similar to outreach efforts used by service providers, among immigrants whose incomes were low enough to qualify them for a federal waiver that eliminates the application fee. Offering the fee voucher increased naturalization application rates by about 41%, suggesting that application fees act as a barrier for low-income immigrants who want to become US citizens. The nudges to encourage the very poor to apply had no discernible effect, indicating the presence of nonfinancial barriers to naturalization. Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

  6. A randomized controlled design reveals barriers to citizenship for low-income immigrants

    PubMed Central

    Hainmueller, Jens; Gest, Justin; Hotard, Michael; Koslowski, Rey; Laitin, David D.

    2018-01-01

    Citizenship endows legal protections and is associated with economic and social gains for immigrants and their communities. In the United States, however, naturalization rates are relatively low. Yet we lack reliable knowledge as to what constrains immigrants from applying. Drawing on data from a public/private naturalization program in New York, this research provides a randomized controlled study of policy interventions that address these constraints. The study tested two programmatic interventions among low-income immigrants who are eligible for citizenship. The first randomly assigned a voucher that covers the naturalization application fee among immigrants who otherwise would have to pay the full cost of the fee. The second randomly assigned a set of behavioral nudges, similar to outreach efforts used by service providers, among immigrants whose incomes were low enough to qualify them for a federal waiver that eliminates the application fee. Offering the fee voucher increased naturalization application rates by about 41%, suggesting that application fees act as a barrier for low-income immigrants who want to become US citizens. The nudges to encourage the very poor to apply had no discernible effect, indicating the presence of nonfinancial barriers to naturalization. PMID:29339470

  7. Schools as potential vaccination venue for vaccines outside regular EPI schedule: results from a school census in Pakistan.

    PubMed

    Soofi, Sajid Bashir; Haq, Inam-Ul; Khan, M Imran; Siddiqui, Muhammad Bilal; Mirani, Mushtaq; Tahir, Rehman; Hussain, Imtiaz; Puri, Mahesh K; Suhag, Zamir Hussain; Khowaja, Asif R; Lasi, Abdul Razzaq; Clemens, John D; Favorov, Michael; Ochiai, R Leon; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A

    2012-01-06

    Vaccines are the most effective public health intervention. Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) provides routine vaccination in developing countries. However, vaccines that cannot be given in EPI schedule such as typhoid fever vaccine need alternative venues. In areas where school enrolment is high, schools provide a cost effective opportunity for vaccination. Prior to start of a school-based typhoid vaccination program, interviews were conducted with staff of educational institutions in two townships of Karachi, Pakistan to collect baseline information about the school system and to plan a typhoid vaccination program. Data collection teams administered a structured questionnaire to all schools in the two townships. The administrative staff was requested information on school fee, class enrolment, past history of involvement and willingness of parents to participate in a vaccination campaign. A total of 304,836 students were enrolled in 1,096 public, private, and religious schools (Madrasahs) of the two towns. Five percent of schools refused to participate in the school census. Twenty-five percent of schools had a total enrolment of less than 100 students whereas 3% had more than 1,000 students. Health education programs were available in less than 8% of public schools, 17% of private schools, and 14% of Madrasahs. One-quarter of public schools, 41% of private schools, and 43% of Madrasahs had previously participated in a school-based vaccination campaign. The most common vaccination campaign in which schools participated was Polio eradication program. Cost of the vaccine, side effects, and parents' lack of information were highlighted as important limiting factors by school administration for school-based immunization programs. Permission from parents, appropriateness of vaccine-related information, and involvement of teachers were considered as important factors to improve participation. Health education programs are not part of the regular school curriculum in developing countries including Pakistan. Many schools in the targeted townships participated in immunization activities but they were not carried out regularly. In the wake of low immunization coverage in Pakistan, schools can be used as a potential venue not only for non-EPI vaccines, but for a catch up vaccination of routine vaccines.

  8. How fair is access to more prestigious UK universities?

    PubMed

    Boliver, Vikki

    2013-06-01

    Now that most UK universities have increased their tuition fees to £9,000 a year and are implementing new Access Agreements as required by the Office for Fair Access, it has never been more important to examine the extent of fair access to UK higher education and to more prestigious UK universities in particular. This paper uses Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) data for the period 1996 to 2006 to explore the extent of fair access to prestigious Russell Group universities, where 'fair' is taken to mean equal rates of making applications to and receiving offers of admission from these universities on the part of those who are equally qualified to enter them. The empirical findings show that access to Russell Group universities is far from fair in this sense and that little changed following the introduction of tuition fees in 1998 and their initial increase to £3,000 a year in 2006. Throughout this period, UCAS applicants from lower class backgrounds and from state schools remained much less likely to apply to Russell Group universities than their comparably qualified counterparts from higher class backgrounds and private schools, while Russell Group applicants from state schools and from Black and Asian ethnic backgrounds remained much less likely to receive offers of admission from Russell Group universities in comparison with their equivalently qualified peers from private schools and the White ethnic group. © London School of Economics and Political Science 2013.

  9. University-level nutrition training in West Africa: cost and financing issues.

    PubMed

    Sodjinou, Roger; Bosu, William; Fanou, Nadia; Zagre, Noel; Tchibindat, Félicité; Baker, Shawn; Delisle, Helene

    2015-01-01

    There is a serious shortage of skilled nutrition professionals in West Africa. Investing in nutrition training is one of the strategies for strengthening the human resource base in nutrition. However, little is known about how nutrition training in the region is financed and the levels of tuition fees charged. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive assessment about the levels of tuition fees charged for nutrition training in the West Africa region and to determine to what extent this is of reach to the average student. The data for this study were obtained from 74 nutrition degree programs operating in nine West African countries in 2013 through semi-structured interviews during on-site visits or through self-administered questionnaires. They included the age of the programs, school ownership, tuition fees, financial assistance, and main sources of funding. Tuition fees (in 2013 US$) were expressed per program to enable uniformity and comparability. Simple descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed. Results from 74 nutrition training programs in nine countries showed a wide variation in tuition fees within and between countries. The tuition fees for bachelor's, master's, and doctoral programs, respectively, ranged from 372 to 4,325 (mean: 2,353); 162 to 7,678 (mean: 2,232); and 369 to 5,600 (mean: 2,208). The tuition fees were significantly higher (p<0.05) in private institutions than in public institutions (mean: US$3,079 vs. US$2,029 for bachelor's programs; US$5,118 vs. US$1,820 for master's programs; and US$3,076 vs. US$1,815 for doctoral programs). The difference in the tuition fees between Francophone and Anglophone countries was not statistically significant (mean: US$2,570 vs. US$2,216 for bachelor's programs; US$2,417 vs. US$2,147 for master's programs; US$3,285 vs. US$2,055 for doctoral programs). In most countries, the tuition fees appeared to be out of reach of the average student. Recent master's programs appeared to charge higher fees than older ones. We found a significant negative correlation between tuition fees and the age of the program, after controlling for school ownership (r=-0.33, p<0.001). Our findings underscore the urgent need for national governments in the region to establish benchmarks and regulate nutrition training costs. In a region where the average annual gross national income (GNI) per capita is barely 890$, the rising cost of tuition fees is likely to hinder access of students from poor background to nutrition training. Governments should institute financing mechanisms such as scholarships, public-private partnerships, credit facilities, and donor funding to facilitate access to tertiary-level nutrition training in the region.

  10. 76 FR 62100 - Approval of Filing Fees for Exempt Reporting Advisers and Private Fund Advisers

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-06

    ... fund assets, combined liquidity fund and registered money market fund assets or private equity fund... Fees for Exempt Reporting Advisers and Private Fund Advisers AGENCY: Securities and Exchange Commission... fund advisers filing Form PF. SUMMARY: The Securities and Exchange Commission (``Commission'') is...

  11. Evaluating investments in typhoid vaccines in two slums in Kolkata, India.

    PubMed

    Cook, Joseph; Sur, Dipika; Clemens, John; Whittington, Dale

    2009-12-01

    New-generation vaccines against typhoid fever have the potential to reduce the burden of disease in areas where the disease is endemic. The case for public expenditure on typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccines for two low-income, high-incidence slums (Narkeldanga and Tiljala) in Kolkata, India, was examined. Three measures of the economic benefits of the vaccines were used: private and public cost-of-illness (COI) avoided; avoided COI plus mortality risk-reduction benefits; and willingness-to-pay (WTP) derived from stated preference (contingent valuation) studies conducted in Tiljala in 2004. Benefits and costs were examined from a social perspective. The study represents a unique opportunity to evaluate typhoid-vaccine programmes using a wealth of new site-specific epidemiological and economic data. Three typhoid-vaccination strategies (targeting only enrolled school children, targeting all children, and targeting adults and children) would most likely pass a social cost-benefit test, unless benefits are restricted to include only avoided COI. All three strategies would be considered 'very cost-effective' using the standard comparisons of cost per disability-adjusted life-year avoided with per-capita gross domestic product. However, at an average total cost per immunized person of approximately US$ 1.1, a typhoid-vaccination programme would absorb a sixth of existing public-sector spending on health (on a per-capita basis) in India. Because there appears to be significant private economic demand for typhoid vaccines, the Government could design a financially-sustainable programme with user-fees. The results show that a programme where adults pay a higher fee to subsidize vaccines for children (who have higher incidence) would avoid more cases than a uniform user-fee and still achieve revenue-neutrality.

  12. Increasing Access by Waiving Tuition: Evidence from Haiti

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Adelman, Melissa; Holland, Peter; Heidelk, Tillmann

    2017-01-01

    Despite recent gains in increasing access, an estimated 58 million children worldwide are still out of school. Abolishing school fees has increased enrollment rates in several countries where enrollments were low and fees were high. However, such policies may be less effective, or even have negative consequences, when supply-side responses are…

  13. Private and Public Schooling in Low-Income Areas of Lagos State, Nigeria: A Census and Comparative Survey

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tooley, James; Dixon, Pauline; Olaniyan, Olanrewaju

    2005-01-01

    A census and survey of schools in selected poor areas of Lagos State explored the nature and extent of private education, and compared inputs to public and private schooling. Of all schools (71%) were found to be private, with more unregistered private than government and registered private schools. It was estimated that 33% of school children…

  14. 9 CFR 130.5 - User fees for services at privately owned permanent and temporary import quarantine facilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... owned permanent and temporary import quarantine facilities. 130.5 Section 130.5 Animals and Animal... User fees for services at privately owned permanent and temporary import quarantine facilities. (a... privately operated permanent or temporary import quarantine facility will be calculated at the hourly user...

  15. 9 CFR 130.5 - User fees for services at privately owned permanent and temporary import quarantine facilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... owned permanent and temporary import quarantine facilities. 130.5 Section 130.5 Animals and Animal... User fees for services at privately owned permanent and temporary import quarantine facilities. (a... privately operated permanent or temporary import quarantine facility will be calculated at the hourly user...

  16. 9 CFR 130.5 - User fees for services at privately owned permanent and temporary import quarantine facilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... owned permanent and temporary import quarantine facilities. 130.5 Section 130.5 Animals and Animal... User fees for services at privately owned permanent and temporary import quarantine facilities. (a... privately operated permanent or temporary import quarantine facility will be calculated at the hourly user...

  17. 9 CFR 130.5 - User fees for services at privately owned permanent and temporary import quarantine facilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... owned permanent and temporary import quarantine facilities. 130.5 Section 130.5 Animals and Animal... User fees for services at privately owned permanent and temporary import quarantine facilities. (a... privately operated permanent or temporary import quarantine facility will be calculated at the hourly user...

  18. 9 CFR 130.5 - User fees for services at privately owned permanent and temporary import quarantine facilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... owned permanent and temporary import quarantine facilities. 130.5 Section 130.5 Animals and Animal... User fees for services at privately owned permanent and temporary import quarantine facilities. (a... privately operated permanent or temporary import quarantine facility will be calculated at the hourly user...

  19. The Relative Quality and Cost-Effectiveness of Private and Public Schools for Low-Income Families: A Case Study in a Developing Country

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tooley, James; Dixon, Pauline; Shamsan, Yarim; Schagen, Ian

    2010-01-01

    The "mushrooming" of private schools for low-income families has been widely noted in the literature; however, very little is known about the quality of these schools. This research explored the relative quality of private unaided (recognised and unrecognised) and government schools in low-income areas of Hyderabad, India. A preliminary…

  20. Franchise Fees and Public, Educational and Government (PEG) Access. Report to the Minnesota Legislature.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Minnesota State Dept. of Public Service, St. Paul. Energy Div.

    Franchise fees are a tax imposed on a private entity to compensate a municipality for use of a public property for private gain. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 grants municipalities the right to assess a 5% franchise fee to both cable companies and competitors of cable companies, such as operators of open video systems. The Minnesota State…

  1. Average Tuition and Fees at Colleges Rose Less Than 5% This Year.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Reisberg, Leo

    1999-01-01

    Summarizes College Board data indicating that college tuition and fees rose this year an average of 3.4% at four-year public institutions and 4.7% at four-year private institutions, a decline from previous rates of increase but still greater than the inflation rate. Average tuition and fees ranged from $15,380 at four-year private institutions to…

  2. The Effect of Medicaid Physician Fee Increases on Health Care Access, Utilization, and Expenditures.

    PubMed

    Callison, Kevin; Nguyen, Binh T

    2018-04-01

    To evaluate the effect of Medicaid fee changes on health care access, utilization, and spending for Medicaid beneficiaries. We use the 2008 and 2012 waves of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey linked to state-level Medicaid-to-Medicare primary care reimbursement ratios obtained through surveys conducted by the Urban Institute. We also incorporate data from the Current Population Survey and the Area Resource Files. Using a control group made up of the low-income privately insured, we conduct a difference-in-differences analysis to assess the relationship between Medicaid fee changes and access to care, utilization of health care services, and out-of-pocket medical expenditures for Medicaid enrollees. We find that an increase in the Medicaid-to-Medicare payment ratio for primary care services results in an increase in outpatient physician visits, emergency department utilization, and prescription fills, but only minor improvements in access to care. In addition, we report an increase in total annual out-of-pocket expenditures and spending on prescription medications. Compared to the low-income privately insured, increased primary care reimbursement for Medicaid beneficiaries leads to higher utilization and out-of-pocket spending for Medicaid enrollees. © Health Research and Educational Trust.

  3. 76 FR 67004 - Order Approving Filing Fees for Exempt Reporting Advisers and Private Fund Advisers

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-28

    ... billion or more in hedge fund assets, combined liquidity fund and registered money market fund assets or...] Order Approving Filing Fees for Exempt Reporting Advisers and Private Fund Advisers Section 204(c) of... funds (a ``private fund adviser'') to file proposed Form PF on a periodic basis.\\2\\ On September 30...

  4. User Fees in Primary Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kattan, Raja Bentaouet; Burnett, Nicholas

    2004-01-01

    There are a large number of different "fees" that private households sometimes have to pay for publicly provided primary education, including tuition fees, textbook fees or costs and/or rental payments, compulsory uniforms, PTA dues, and various special fees such as exam fees, contributions to district education boards, and the like. In many…

  5. Report of the United States Air Force Morale, Welfare and Recreation Task Force. Impact Analysis of Institutional Factors Impacting MWR Activities. Annex A. Appendix 8

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1987-07-01

    sports arenas, you would see items such as scoreboard, refreshment stands, and small amenities bearing the logo of a commercial concern (Coke, Pepsi , STP...deprive revenue sources readily accessible to their private sector competitors. By reaching a wider audience and accepting commercial advertisements...low fees for student/general population audiences as a service, as well as higher fees for revenue generating activities. Such a study could include

  6. The Economics of Provider Payment Reform: Are Accountable Care Organizations the Answer?

    PubMed

    Feldman, Roger

    2015-08-01

    A remarkable consensus has developed that the fee-for-service (FFS) approach for paying medical providers must be replaced. This payment approach is said to increase the volume of services without improving care coordination. In response to these calls, Medicare and private payers are experimenting with payment systems that combine the basic element of FFS - a fee for each service - with arrangements that allow providers to share the savings if they hold total spending per patient below a targeted amount. Medicare's accountable care organizations (ACOs) embody the shared savings approach to payment reform. Private payers have introduced total cost of care contracting (TCOC) in several locations. This article questions the consensus that FFS must go. If the fees are too high, then someone needs to "bite the bullet" and reduce fees in key areas. Hoping to control overspending by investment in ACOs is wishful thinking. I describe the theory and practice of shared savings payment systems and summarize recent TCOC contracting initiatives in the private sector. Medicare's shared savings approach is likely to be less effective than private contracts. Cutting providers' fees would be more efficient. Finally, the new payment models in the Affordable Care Act will not ease the problem of high prices for private payers. Copyright © 2015 by Duke University Press.

  7. 76 FR 6702 - Private Transfer Fees

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-08

    ..., green building, walkability, high density building, arts and culture, and community living'' for the... private transfer fees fund the capital reserves of their buildings or communities and help to fund... affordability of units by causing owners to raise building reserves through special assessments, through higher...

  8. 12 CFR 1228.1 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... of title to real estate, and payable on a continuing basis each time a property is transferred (except for transfers specifically excepted) for a period of time or indefinitely. A private transfer fee... SECURITY INTERESTS IN, MORTGAGES ON PROPERTIES ENCUMBERED BY CERTAIN PRIVATE TRANSFER FEE COVENANTS AND...

  9. Ethnic identity, school connectedness, and achievement in standardized tests among Mexican-origin youth.

    PubMed

    Santos, Carlos E; Collins, Mary Ann

    2016-07-01

    The aim of this study was to investigate the association between school connectedness and performance in standardized test scores and whether this association was moderated by ethnic private regard. The study combines self-report data with school district reported data on standardized test scores in reading and math and free and reduced lunch status. Participants included 436 Mexican-origin youth attending a middle school in a southwestern U.S. state. Participants were on average 12.34 years of age (SD = .95) and 51.8% female and 48.2% male. After controlling for age, gender, free and reduced lunch status, and generational status, school connectedness and ethnic private regard were both positive predictors of standardized test scores in reading and math. Results also revealed a significant interaction between school connectedness and ethnic private regard in predicting standardized test scores in reading, such that participants who were low on ethnic private regard and low on school connectedness reported lower levels of achievement compared to participants who were low on ethnic private regard but high on school connectedness. At high levels of ethnic private regard, high or low levels of school connectedness were not associated with higher or lower standardized test scores in reading. The findings in this study provide support for the protective role that ethnic private regard plays in the educational experiences of Mexican-origin youth and highlights how the local school context may play a role in shaping this finding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).

  10. Fee-for-Service Medicare in a Competitive Market Environment

    PubMed Central

    Dowd, Bryan E.; Coulam, Robert F.; Feldman, Roger; Pizer, Steven D.

    2005-01-01

    Since its inception, the Medicare Program has allowed for the participation of private health plans, but the relationship of private plans to the government-sponsored fee-for-service (FFS) plan has been the subject of debate. Increased payments to private plans, the introduction of regional preferred provider organizations (PPOs), and a mandated demonstration of price competition that includes FFS Medicare reflect an ongoing attempt to define the role of private plans. The purpose of this article is to explore the roles of private plans and FFS Medicare and to attempt to identify the advantages and disadvantages of each. PMID:17290642

  11. Differences in exam performance between pupils attending selective and non-selective schools mirror the genetic differences between them

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Smith-Woolley, Emily; Pingault, Jean-Baptiste; Selzam, Saskia; Rimfeld, Kaili; Krapohl, Eva; von Stumm, Sophie; Asbury, Kathryn; Dale, Philip S.; Young, Toby; Allen, Rebecca; Kovas, Yulia; Plomin, Robert

    2018-03-01

    On average, students attending selective schools outperform their non-selective counterparts in national exams. These differences are often attributed to value added by the school, as well as factors schools use to select pupils, including ability, achievement and, in cases where schools charge tuition fees or are located in affluent areas, socioeconomic status. However, the possible role of DNA differences between students of different schools types has not yet been considered. We used a UK-representative sample of 4814 genotyped students to investigate exam performance at age 16 and genetic differences between students in three school types: state-funded, non-selective schools (`non-selective'), state-funded, selective schools (`grammar') and private schools, which are selective (`private'). We created a genome-wide polygenic score (GPS) derived from a genome-wide association study of years of education (EduYears). We found substantial mean genetic differences between students of different school types: students in non-selective schools had lower EduYears GPS compared to those in grammar (d = 0.41) and private schools (d = 0.37). Three times as many students in the top EduYears GPS decile went to a selective school compared to the bottom decile. These results were mirrored in the exam differences between school types. However, once we controlled for factors involved in pupil selection, there were no significant genetic differences between school types, and the variance in exam scores at age 16 explained by school type dropped from 7% to <1%. These results show that genetic and exam differences between school types are primarily due to the heritable characteristics involved in pupil admission.

  12. School attributes, household characteristics, and demand for schooling: A case study of rural Peru

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ilon, Lynn; Moock, Peter

    1991-12-01

    Educational expansion, long a goal of many LDCs, has become a difficult policy to pursue. Growing populations, shrinking national incomes and higher marginal costs of schooling as schooling reaches more rural dwellers have caused policy makers to take a hard look at factors which influence educational demand and expansion. This paper examines the case of Peru where rural areas have yet to attain the nearly universal enrollment of urban areas. The study examines 2500 rural households to explore reasons why children do not attend school, drop out of school, and begin school at later ages. The study finds that the monetary costs of schools (fees and other costs) have a substantial influence on parental decisions regarding school attendance and continuation. Sensitivity analysis reveals that mother's education has a bearing on their children's educational participation, particularly in low-income households. Sensitivity analysis also reveals that school attendance of low income and female children are most strongly affected by simulated changes in school fees.

  13. Affordability of Private Schools: Exploration of a Conundrum and towards a Definition of "Low-Cost"

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tooley, James; Longfield, David

    2016-01-01

    The affordability of private education is a contentious issue. While the extent of "low-cost" private schooling is widely accepted, there is no agreement on what "low-cost" means in this context and how this relates to affordability for poor families. This paper addresses the lacuna in the literature by defining…

  14. The reaction of private physicians to price deregulation in France.

    PubMed

    Carrere, M O

    1991-01-01

    French private physicians are paid on a fee-for-service basis and nearly all of them are under contract to the Social Security, which refunds part of the medical fee to the whole population. Previously the prices of medical services were fixed, but since 1980, a new option has been possible: a doctor can choose to fix the price of his services freely, provided he pays a higher social insurance contribution. But the amount refunded by Social Security does not vary, so that the consumer has to bear the extra charge. Our purpose here is to identify the factors that influence the physician's option. In Section 2, we define a model of the private physician's economic behaviour, of the classic income-leisure type. In Section 3, empirical tests are performed on a sample of observations in 95 'départements', gathering information about private GPs on the one hand, and the whole population on the other. According to our results, GPs' decisions depend on characteristics of both supply of and demand for GPs' services. One of our conclusions is that GPs seem to make up for low activity levels with higher prices, on condition the income of their practice allows it.

  15. Negotiating between Family, Peers and School: Understanding the World of Government School and Private School Students

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sucharita, V.

    2014-01-01

    The present paper, based on an ethnographic study of a government school and a low-cost private school in Andhra Pradesh, India, argues that the students of a government school and a private school have two different worlds and are socialised differently. As children progress from childhood to adolescence, the transition is accompanied by…

  16. 45 CFR 1627.4 - Membership fees or dues.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Membership fees or dues. 1627.4 Section 1627.4... AND MEMBERSHIP FEES OR DUES § 1627.4 Membership fees or dues. (a) LSC funds may not be used to pay membership fees or dues to any private or nonprofit organization, whether on behalf of a recipient or an...

  17. Bleeding Hearts, Profiteers, or Both: Specialist Physician Fees in an Unregulated Market.

    PubMed

    Johar, Meliyanni; Mu, Chunzhou; Van Gool, Kees; Wong, Chun Yee

    2017-04-01

    This study shows that, in an unregulated fee-setting environment, specialist physicians practise price discrimination on the basis of their patients' income status. Our results are consistent with profit maximisation behaviour by specialists. These findings are based on a large population survey that is linked to administrative medical claims records. We find that, for an initial consultation, specialist physicians charge their high-income patients AU$26 more than their low-income patients. While this gap equates to a 19% lower fees for the poorest patients (bottom 25% of the household income distribution), it is unlikely to remove the substantial financial barriers they face in accessing specialist care. There are large variations across specialties, with neurologists exhibiting the largest fee gap between the high-income and low-income patients. Several possible channels for deducing the patient's income are examined. We find that patient characteristics such as age, health concession card status and private health insurance status are all used by specialists as proxies for income status. These characteristics are particularly important to further practise price discrimination among the low-income patients but are less relevant for the high-income patients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  18. 10 CFR 9.41 - Requests for waiver or reduction of fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... publication fee; and (8) Describe any commercial or private interest the requester or any other party has in... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Requests for waiver or reduction of fees. 9.41 Section 9... Requests for waiver or reduction of fees. (a)(1) The NRC will collect fees for searching for, reviewing...

  19. Specialist payment schemes and patient selection in private and public hospitals.

    PubMed

    Wright, Donald J

    2007-09-01

    It has been observed that specialist physicians who work in private hospitals are usually paid by fee-for-service while specialist physicians who work in public hospitals are usually paid by salary. This paper provides an explanation for this observation. Essentially, fee-for-service aligns the interests of income preferring specialists with profit maximizing private hospitals and results in private hospitals treating a high proportion of short stay patients. On the other hand, salary aligns the interests of fairness preferring specialists with benevolent public hospitals that commit to admit all patients irrespective of their expected length of stay.

  20. An Inspector Calls: The Regulation of 'Budget' Private Schools in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tooley, J.; Dixon, P.

    2005-01-01

    Research explored the regulatory regime, both 'on paper' and 'in practice', for private unaided schools serving low-income families ('budget' private schools), in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Interviews were conducted with school managers, teachers, parents, and senior government officials and politicians. A Supreme Court Judgement rules out…

  1. In the Shadow of a Giant: Medicare’s Influence on Private Physician Payments

    PubMed Central

    Clemens, Jeffrey; Gottlieb, Joshua D.

    2017-01-01

    We analyze Medicare’s influence on private insurers’ payments for physicians’ services. Using a large administrative change in reimbursements for surgical versus medical care, we find that private prices follow Medicare’s lead. A $1.00 increase in Medicare’s fees increases corresponding private prices by $1.16. A second set of Medicare fee changes, which generates area-specific payment shocks, has a similar effect on private reimbursements. Medicare’s influence is strongest in areas with concentrated insurers and competitive physician markets, consistent with insurer-doctor bargaining. By echoing Medicare’s pricing changes, these payment spillovers amplify Medicare’s impact on specialty choice and other welfare-relevant aspects of physician practices. PMID:28713176

  2. Implementation of patient charges at primary care facilities in Kenya: implications of low adherence to user fee policy for users and facility revenue

    PubMed Central

    Opwora, Antony; Waweru, Evelyn; Toda, Mitsuru; Noor, Abdisalan; Edwards, Tansy; Fegan, Greg; Molyneux, Sassy; Goodman, Catherine

    2015-01-01

    With user fees now seen as a major hindrance to universal health coverage, many countries have introduced fee reduction or elimination policies, but there is growing evidence that adherence to reduced fees is often highly imperfect. In 2004, Kenya adopted a reduced and uniform user fee policy providing fee exemptions to many groups. We present data on user fee implementation, revenue and expenditure from a nationally representative survey of Kenyan primary health facilities. Data were collected from 248 randomly selected public health centres and dispensaries in 2010, comprising an interview with the health worker in charge, exit interviews with curative outpatients, and a financial record review. Adherence to user fee policy was assessed for eight tracer conditions based on health worker reports, and patients were asked about actual amounts paid. No facilities adhered fully to the user fee policy across all eight tracers, with adherence ranging from 62.2% for an adult with tuberculosis to 4.2% for an adult with malaria. Three quarters of exit interviewees had paid some fees, with a median payment of US dollars (USD) 0.39, and a quarter of interviewees were required to purchase additional medical supplies at a later stage from a private drug retailer. No consistent pattern of association was identified between facility characteristics and policy adherence. User fee revenues accounted for almost all facility cash income, with average revenue of USD 683 per facility per year. Fee revenue was mainly used to cover support staff, non-drug supplies and travel allowances. Adherence to user fee policy was very low, leading to concerns about the impact on access and the financial burden on households. However, the potential to ensure adherence was constrained by the facilities’ need for revenue to cover basic operating costs, highlighting the need for alternative funding strategies for peripheral health facilities. PMID:24837638

  3. Do Low-Cost Private School Leavers in the Informal Settlement Have a Good Chance of Admission to a Government Secondary school? A Study from Kibera in Kenya

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ohba, Asayo

    2013-01-01

    There are growing numbers of low-cost private schools in urban informal settlements in developing countries. It has been argued that these institutions may constitute alternatives for government schools, as they are able to meet the educational needs of children in urban informal settlements. This study explores the question of whether low-cost…

  4. Institutional options for VMT data and fee collection centers.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2002-11-01

    The objective of this report is an analysis of public vs. private data and fee collection centers for vehicle miles traveled (VMT) fees. This includes the identification and evaluation of issues that will affect the relative desirability of the two f...

  5. 29 CFR 2702.6 - Fee schedule.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    .... This hourly rate is listed on the Commission's Web site at http://www.fmshrc.gov. Fees for searches of... listed on the Commission's Web site at http://www.fmshrc.gov. (c) Duplicating fee. The copy fee for each page of paper up to 81/2″ × 14″ shall be $.15 per copy per page. Any private sector services required...

  6. The Effect of Private School Vouchers on Political Participation: Experimental Evidence from New York City

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Carlson, Deven; Chingos, Matthew M.; Campbell, David E.

    2017-01-01

    In 1997, the New York School Choice Scholarships Foundation Program (SCSF) randomly offered three-year scholarships to attend private schools to approximately 1,000 low-income families in New York City. In this paper we leverage exogenous variation generated by the SCSF to estimate the causal effect of the private school voucher offer--and the…

  7. The High Return to Private Schooling in a Low-Income Country. Africa Growth Initiative. Working Paper 5

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bold, Tessa; Kimenyi, Mwangi; Mwabu, Germano; Sandefur, Justin

    2013-01-01

    Existing studies from the United States, Latin America and Asia provide scant evidence that private schools dramatically improve academic performance relative to public schools. Using data from Kenya--a poor country with weak public institutions--we find a large effect of private schooling on test scores, equivalent to one full standard deviation.…

  8. Establishing a Mathematics-Enrichment Community in a Multi-School Environment

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Thomson, Ian

    2005-01-01

    Trinity College is a low-fee independent school in Gawler, South Australia. The college has an enrolment of 3500 students of varied socioeconomic mix, drawn from the northern suburbs of Adelaide. Trinity has recently been restructured into four R-10 schools and one senior school for Years 11-13. The schools share a common mathematics curriculum.…

  9. Resources to Manage a Private Practice.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Aigner, John; Cheek, Fredricka; Donati, Georgia; Zuravicky, Dori

    1997-01-01

    Includes four theme articles: "The Digital Toolkit: Electronic Necessities for Private Practice" (John Aigner); "Organizing a Private Practice: Forms, Fees, and Physical Set-up (Fredricka Cheek); "Career Development Resources: Guidelines for Setting Up a Private Practice Library" (Georgia Donati); and "Books to…

  10. Medicare annual preventive care visits: use increased among fee-for-service patients, but many do not participate.

    PubMed

    Chung, Sukyung; Lesser, Lenard I; Lauderdale, Diane S; Johns, Nicole E; Palaniappan, Latha P; Luft, Harold S

    2015-01-01

    Under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), Medicare coverage expanded in 2011 to fully cover annual preventive care visits. We assessed the impact of coverage expansion, using 2007-13 data from primary care patients of Medicare-eligible age at the Palo Alto Medical Foundation (204,388 patient-years), which serves people in four counties near San Francisco, California. We compared trends in preventive visits and recommended preventive services among Medicare fee-for-service and Medicare health maintenance organization (HMO) patients as well as non-Medicare patients ages 65-75 who were covered by private fee-for-service and private HMO plans. Among Medicare fee-for-service patients, the annual use of preventive visits rose from 1.4 percent before the implementation of the ACA to 27.5 percent afterward. This increase was significantly larger than was seen for patients in the other insurance groups. Nevertheless, rates of annual preventive care visit use among Medicare fee-for-service patients remained 10-20 percentage points lower than was the case for people with private coverage (43-44 percent) or those in a Medicare HMO (53 percent). ACA policy changes led to increased preventive service use by Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries, which suggests that Medicare coverage expansion is an effective way to increase seniors' use of preventive services. Project HOPE—The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.

  11. The Abolition of Secondary School Fees in Kenya: Responses by the Poor

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ohba, Asayo

    2011-01-01

    Following the 2007 presidential election, the Government of Kenya abolished secondary school fees in 2008. In the context of this significant change in policy, this study examines the effect of fees on transition to secondary schooling by following 109 primary school leavers in rural Kenya after the fee abolition, starting in 2007. The study draws…

  12. Demand for Primary Schooling in Rural Mali: Should User Fees Be Increased?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Birdsall, Nancy; Orivel, Francois

    1996-01-01

    Assesses the effect of school fees on primary school attendance, using household and school survey data from rural Mali. Estimates elasticity of demand regarding fees and compares it with effects of distance and quality on enrollment. User fees can provide a partial solution to the quality/enrollment problem, but cannot solve the distance problem.…

  13. No More Free Lunch: Commercial Fee-Based Information Services--Past, Present and Future.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wright, A. J.

    This discussion of nongovernmental public- and private-sector fee-based information services in the changing library, social, and technological environment includes descriptions of the relationships between libraries and commercial firms, types of fee-based information services, and the services provided by commercial information vendors. Brief…

  14. 19 CFR 212.06 - Allowable fees and expenses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... Customs Duties UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION INVESTIGATIONS OF UNFAIR PRACTICES IN IMPORT TRADE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EQUAL ACCESS TO JUSTICE ACT General Provisions § 212.06 Allowable fees and...) If the attorney, agent or expert witness is in private practice, his or her customary fee for similar...

  15. The Health and Social Security Act 1984 and the price of spectacles among corporate practices in the United Kingdom (1980-2007): a review.

    PubMed

    Calver, Richard

    2010-03-01

    The Health and Social Security Act 1984 deregulated certain aspects of optometry in the United Kingdom, including advertising and the supply of spectacles, in the hope that greater competition would reduce spectacle prices. The effects of this legislation are tested by plotting the mean prices of private spectacles purchased from corporate optometric practices, from 1980 to 2007. Historical evidence is used to gauge the effect on prices of other factors such as National Health Service (NHS) payments, sight test fees and pressure exerted by consumer organisations. The high prices in 1980 reduced markedly throughout the rest of the 1980s, remained low for most of the 1990s and rose between 1999 and 2003, before falling. Changes in price were associated with changes to the system of NHS payments and variations in private sight test fees, but prices have generally been lower since the deregulation of dispensing than they were before. Although the price of private spectacles remains heavily influenced by other factors, the deregulation of opticians' services has benefited the public by maintaining lower prices, as intended by proponents of the legislation.

  16. Returns to Investment in Ontario University Education, 1960-1990, and Implications for Tuition Fee Policy. Discussion Series, Issue 5.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stager, David A. A.

    This analysis of Ontario's returns to investment and implications for tuition fee policy updates a 1989 publication titled "Focus on Fees." The paper examines: data on public and private return on investment (ROI) from university education, pattern of ROI rates over time, and impact of tuition fee levels on estimated ROI for various…

  17. Classroom Interaction in Private Schools Serving Low-Income Families in Hyderabad, India

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Smith, Fay; Hardman, Frank; Tooley, James

    2005-01-01

    This paper reports on a study of classroom interaction and discourse in privately-funded schools serving low-income families in Hyderabad, India. In common with other developing countries, India has seen a proliferation of such schools and yet little systematic study has been made of them. One hundred and thirty eight lessons were analysed using a…

  18. A Failed Experiment: Georgia's Tax Credit Scholarships for Private Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Southern Education Foundation, 2011

    2011-01-01

    Georgia is one of seven states that currently allow tax credits for scholarships to private schools. Georgia's law was enacted in May 2008 in order to assist low income students to transfer out of low performing public schools. Operations under the new act began in late 2008. The law permits taxpayers in Georgia to reduce their annual state taxes…

  19. Private Tutoring Intensity in Schools: A Comparison between High and Low Socio-Economic Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Addi-Raccah, Audrey; Dana, Oshra

    2015-01-01

    Private tutoring (PT) is becoming a worldwide phenomenon. In Israel too, about a third of elementary school students participate in PT. Based on sociological and school quality considerations, we examined school characteristics that are associated with PT intensity at school. The data encompassed a random state wide sample of 389 Israeli…

  20. 24 CFR 990.280 - Project-based budgeting and accounting.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... company to manage a project, the PHA may use the difference between the property management fee paid to the private management company and the fee that is reasonable to fund operations of the central office... reasonable asset management fee that may also be used to fund operations of the central office. However, this...

  1. 31 CFR 25.401 - Fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Fees. 25.401 Section 25.401 Money and Finance: Treasury Office of the Secretary of the Treasury PREPAYMENT OF FOREIGN MILITARY SALES LOANS MADE... FINANCING BANK AND GUARANTEED BY THE DEFENSE SECURITY ASSISTANCE AGENCY Form of Private Loan § 25.401 Fees...

  2. 20 CFR 1002.310 - How are fees and court costs charged or taxed in an action under USERRA?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false How are fees and court costs charged or taxed... Enforcement of Rights and Benefits Against A State Or Private Employer § 1002.310 How are fees and court costs charged or taxed in an action under USERRA? No fees or court costs may be charged or taxed against an...

  3. The Effect of Private School Vouchers on Political Participation: Experimental Evidence from New York City. Program on Education Policy and Governance Working Paper Series. PEPG 16-01

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Carlson, Deven; Chingos, Matthew M.; Campbell, David E.

    2016-01-01

    In 1997, the New York School Choice Scholarships Foundation Program (SCSF) randomly offered three-year scholarships to attend private schools to approximately 1,000 low-income families in New York City. In this paper we leverage exogenous variation generated by the SCSF to estimate the causal effect of the private school voucher offer--and the…

  4. Policy Perspective: School Turnaround in England. Utilizing the Private Sector

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Corbett, Julie

    2014-01-01

    This paper, written by strategic partner of the Center on School Turnaround (CST), Julie Corbett, provides research and examples on England's approach to turning around its lowest performing schools. The English education system utilizes private vendors to support chronically low-performing schools and districts. The introduction is followed by…

  5. Fundamental Aspects of the Financing of Information Centres

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Schwuchow, Werner

    1973-01-01

    Five aspects of financing information centers are discussed: source of funds (public or private), profit-making ability, tax revenues versus fee sources, fee calculation, and forms of tariff structures. (4 references) (SJ)

  6. Should fee-for-service be for all guideline-advocated acute coronary syndrome (ACS) care? Observations from the Snapshot ACS study.

    PubMed

    Briffa, Thomas G; Hammett, Christopher J; Cross, David B; Macisaac, Andrew I; Rankin, James M; Board, Neville; Carr, Bridie; Hyun, Karice K; French, John; Brieger, David B; Chew, Derek P

    2015-09-01

    The aim of the present study was to explore the association of health insurance status on the provision of guideline-advocated acute coronary syndrome (ACS) care in Australia. Consecutive hospitalisations of suspected ACS from 14 to 27 May 2012 enrolled in the Snapshot study of Australian and New Zealand patients were evaluated. Descriptive and logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association of patient risk and insurance status with the receipt of care. In all, 3391 patients with suspected ACS from 247 hospitals (23 private) were enrolled in the present study. One-third of patients declared private insurance coverage; of these, 27.9% (304/1088) presented to private facilities. Compared with public patients, privately insured patients were more likely to undergo in-patient echocardiography and receive early angiography; furthermore, in those with a discharge diagnosis of ACS, there was a higher rate of revascularisation (P < 0.001). Each of these attracts potential fee-for-service. In contrast, proportionately fewer privately insured ACS patients were discharged on selected guideline therapies and were referred to a secondary prevention program (P = 0.056), neither of which directly attracts a fee. Typically, as GRACE (the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) risk score rose, so did the level of ACS care; however, propensity-adjusted analyses showed lower in-hospital adverse events among the insured group (odds ratio 0.68; 95% confidence interval 0.52-0.88; P = 0.004). Fee-for-service reimbursement may explain differences in the provision of selected guideline-advocated components of ACS care between privately insured and public patients.

  7. Payment Reduction and Medicare Private Fee-for-Service Plans

    PubMed Central

    Frakt, Austin B.; Pizer, Steven D.; Feldman, Roger

    2009-01-01

    Medicare private fee-for-service (PFFS) plans are paid like other Medicare Advantage (MA) plans but are exempt from many MA requirements. Recently, Congress set average payments well above the costs of traditional fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare, inducing dramatic increases in PFFS plan enrollment. This has significant implications for Medicare's budget, provoking calls for policy change. We predict the effect of proposals to cut PFFS payments on PFFS plan participation and enrollment. We find that small reductions in payment rates would reduce PFFS participation and enrollment; if Congress reduces payments to traditional FFS levels it would cause the vast majority (85 percent) of PFFS plans to exit the market. PMID:19544932

  8. Empowerment and Accountability in Implementing a "No-Fee School" Policy: A Challenge for School Governing Bodies

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Marishane, R. N.

    2013-01-01

    Empowerment, accountability and redress are prime objectives of school funding in the new South Africa. This is facilitated through the National Norms and Standards for School Funding. The application of the norms has led to the development of a "no-fee school" policy aimed at exempting poor parents from payment of school fees. The…

  9. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lohri, Christian Riuji, E-mail: christian.lohri@eawag.ch; Camenzind, Ephraim Joseph, E-mail: ephraimcamenzind@hotmail.com; Zurbrügg, Christian, E-mail: christian.zurbruegg@eawag.ch

    Highlights: • Cost-revenue analysis over 2 years revealed insufficient cost-recovery. • Expenses for motorized secondary collection increased by 82% over two years. • Low fee collection rate and reliance on only one revenue stream are problematic. • Different options for cost reduction and enhanced revenue streams are recommended. • Good public–private alliance is crucial to plan and implement improvement measures. - Abstract: Providing good solid waste management (SWM) services while also ensuring financial sustainability of the system continues to be a major challenge in cities of developing countries. Bahir Dar in northwestern Ethiopia outsourced municipal waste services to a privatemore » waste company in 2008. While this institutional change has led to substantial improvement in the cleanliness of the city, its financial sustainability remains unclear. Is the private company able to generate sufficient revenues from their activities to offset the costs and generate some profit? This paper presents a cost-revenue analysis, based on data from July 2009 to June 2011. The analysis reveals that overall costs in Bahir Dar’s SWM system increased significantly during this period, mainly due to rising costs related to waste transportation. On the other hand, there is only one major revenue stream in place: the waste collection fee from households, commercial enterprises and institutions. As the efficiency of fee collection from households is only around 50%, the total amount of revenues are not sufficient to cover the running costs. This results in a substantial yearly deficit. The results of the research therefore show that a more detailed cost structure and cost-revenue analysis of this waste management service is important with appropriate measures, either by the privates sector itself or with the support of the local authorities, in order to enhance cost efficiency and balance the cost-revenues towards cost recovery. Delays in mitigating the evident financial deficit could else endanger the public-private partnership (PPP) and lead to failure of this setup in the medium to long term, thus also endangering the now existing improved and currently reliable service. We present four options on how financial sustainability of the SWM system in Bahir Dar might be enhanced: (i) improved fee collection efficiency by linking the fees of solid waste collection to water supply; (ii) increasing the value chain by sales of organic waste recycling products; (iii) diversifying revenue streams and financing mechanisms (polluter-pays-, cross-subsidy- and business-principles); and (iv) cost reduction and improved cost-effectiveness. We argue that in a PPP setup such as in Bahir Dar, a strong alliance between the municipality and private enterprise is important so that appropriate solutions for improved financial sustainability of a SWM system can be sought and implemented.« less

  10. Public Health Nutrition: The Accord of Dietitian Providers in Managing Medicare Chronic Care Outpatients in Australia

    PubMed Central

    Cant, Robyn P.

    2010-01-01

    Medicare Australia: Chronic Disease Management program subsidizes allied health consultations for eligible outpatients with chronic disease or complex needs. In an evaluation study, private practice dietitians (n = 9) were interviewed to explore their patient management strategies including consultation time-allocation and fees. Time allocation was fee-based. Short first consultations were seen as meeting patients’ needs for low-cost services but were regarded by dietitians as ineffective, however longer initial consultations increased cost to patients. No strategy in use was optimal. There is a need for change in Medicare policy to meet the needs of both dietitians and patients in achieving the behaviour change goals of patients. PMID:20617063

  11. Competitive Effects of Means-Tested School Vouchers. NBER Working Paper No. 16056

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Figlio, David N.; Hart, Cassandra M. D.

    2010-01-01

    We study the effects of private school competition on public school students' test scores in the wake of Florida's Corporate Tax Credit Scholarship program, now known as the Florida Tax Credit Scholarship Program, which offered scholarships to eligible low-income students to attend private schools. Specifically, we examine whether students in…

  12. A discrete choice experiment studying students' preferences for scholarships to private medical schools in Japan.

    PubMed

    Goto, Rei; Kakihara, Hiroaki

    2016-02-09

    The shortage of physicians in rural areas and in some specialties is a societal problem in Japan. Expensive tuition in private medical schools limits access to them particularly for students from middle- and low-income families. One way to reduce this barrier and lessen maldistribution is to offer conditional scholarships to private medical schools. A discrete choice experiment is carried out on a total of 374 students considering application to medical schools. The willingness to receive a conditional scholarship program to private medical schools is analyzed. The probability of attending private medical schools significantly decreased because of high tuition, a postgraduate obligation to provide a service in specific specialty areas, and the length of time of this obligation. An obligation to provide a service in rural regions had no significant effect on this probability. To motivate non-applicants to private medical schools to enroll in such schools, a decrease in tuition to around 1.2 million yen (US$ 12,000) or less, which is twice that of public schools, was found to be necessary. Further, it was found that non-applicants to private medical schools choose to apply to such schools even with restrictions if they have tuition support at the public school level. Conditional scholarships for private medical schools may widen access to medical education and simultaneously provide incentives to work in insufficiently served areas.

  13. Bribery in health care in Uganda.

    PubMed

    Hunt, Jennifer

    2010-09-01

    I examine the role of household permanent income in determining who bribes and how much they bribe in health care in Uganda. I find that rich patients are more likely than other patients to bribe in public health care: doubling household expenditure increases the bribery probability by 1.2 percentage points compared to a bribery rate of 17%. The income elasticity of the bribe amount is about 0.37. Bribes in the Ugandan public sector appear to be fees-for-service extorted from the richer patients amongst those exempted by government policy from paying the official fees. Bribes in the private sector appear to be flat-rate fees paid by patients who do not pay official fees. I do not find evidence that the public health care sector is able to price discriminate less effectively than public institutions with less competition from the private sector. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  14. Doing the Basics Better in Africa: How School Support, Autonomy, and Accountability Improved Outcomes for Girls in PEAS Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hills, Libby

    2017-01-01

    Promoting Equality in African Schools (PEAS) seeks to expand access to sustainably delivered, quality secondary education in Africa. PEAS builds and runs chains of not-for-profit, low-cost private schools in public-private partnership with governments. External evaluation data show that PEAS schools in Uganda are delivering higher quality…

  15. Health insurance and use of medical services by men infected with HIV.

    PubMed

    Katz, M H; Chang, S W; Buchbinder, S P; Hessol, N A; O'Malley, P; Doll, L S

    1995-01-01

    Among 178 HIV-infected men from the San Francisco City Clinic Cohort (SFCCC), we examined the association between health insurance and use of outpatient services and treatment. For men with private insurance, we also assessed the frequency of avoiding the use of health insurance. Men without private insurance reported fewer outpatient visits than men with fee-for-service or managed-care plans. Use of zidovudine for eligible men was similar for those with fee-for-service plans (74%), managed-care plans (77%), or no insurance (61%). Use of Pneumocytstis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis was similar for those with fee-for-service (93%) and managed-care plans (83%) but lower for those with no insurance (63%). Of 149 men with private insurance, 31 (21%) reported that they had avoided using their health insurance for medical expenses in the previous year. In multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of avoiding the use of insurance were working for a small company and living outside the San Francisco Bay Area. Having private insurance resulted in higher use of outpatient services, but the type of private insurance did not appear to affect the use of service or treatment. Fears of loss of coverage and confidentiality may negate some benefits of health insurance for HIV-infected persons.

  16. State Medicaid fees and access to primary care physicians.

    PubMed

    Sharma, Rajiv; Tinkler, Sarah; Mitra, Arnab; Pal, Sudeshna; Susu-Mago, Raven; Stano, Miron

    2018-03-01

    Medicaid and uninsured patients are disadvantaged in access to care and are disproportionately Black and Hispanic. Using a national audit of primary care physicians, we examine the relationship between state Medicaid fees for primary care services and access for Medicaid, Medicare, uninsured, and privately insured patients who differ by race/ethnicity and sex. We found that states with higher Medicaid fees had higher probabilities of appointment offers and shorter wait times for Medicaid patients, and lower probabilities of appointment offers and longer wait times for uninsured patients. Appointment offers and wait times for Medicare and privately insured patients were unaffected by Medicaid fees. At mean state Medicaid fees, our analysis predicts a 27-percentage-point disadvantage for Medicaid versus Medicare in appointment offers. This decreases to 6 percentage points when Medicaid and Medicare fees are equal, suggesting that permanent fee parity with Medicare could eliminate most of the disparity in appointment offers for Medicaid patients. The predicted decrease in the disparity is smaller for Black and Hispanic patients than for White patients. Our research highlights the importance of considering the effects of policy on nontarget patient groups, and the consequences of seemingly race-neutral policies on racial/ethnic and sex-based disparities. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  17. Expressions of Student Debt Aversion and Tolerance among Academically Able Young People in Low-Participation English Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jones, Steven

    2016-01-01

    The 2012 rise in student fees, from £3375 to £9000 per year, made England one of the costliest places to attend university in the world. Drawing on evidence from higher attaining young people attending low-participation schools, this paper renews established types of student debt aversion and tolerance, with sensitivity towards whether they…

  18. Perceptions and Implications of No-Fee School Policy: School-Based Management Perspectives

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Naong, M. N.

    2013-01-01

    The inception of no-fee schools and a school-fee exemption policy has become a contentious issue but also an exciting one for school managers in South Africa. Managers opposed to the policy have cited amongst others things, academic standards dropping, as well as parents who can afford to pay jumping on the bandwagon and refusing to pay. While the…

  19. High-tech and low-tech orthopaedic surgery in Sub-Saharan Africa.

    PubMed

    Kluge, Wolfram H; Bauer, Heike I

    2002-01-01

    BACKGROUND: Zambia's governmental health system suffers from shortage of surgical supplies and poor management skills for the sparse resources at hand. The situation has been worsened by the dual epidemics of HIV disease and tuberculosis. On the other hand the private medical sector has benefited greatly from less bureaucracy under the goverment of the Movement for Multi-party Democracy. DISCUSSION: The Zambian-Italian Orthopaedic Hospital in Lusaka is a well organized small unit providing free treatment of physically disabled children. The running costs are met from the fees charged for private consultations, supplemented by donations. State of the art surgical techniques are being used for congenital and acquired musculo-skeletal abnormalities. Last year 513 patients were operated upon free of charge and 320 operations were performed on private patients.

  20. Indiana Court Strikes Down Mandatory Fees

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Greifner, Laura

    2006-01-01

    The Indiana Supreme Court has struck down a school district's $20 school activity fee as a violation of the state constitution because, the court said, it is equivalent to a tuition charge. The 22,100-student Evansville-Vanderburgh school district imposed the fee on all K-12 students in the 2002-03 school year. The money was used to pay for…

  1. ART in South Africa: The price to pay

    PubMed Central

    Huyser, C.; Boyd, L.

    2013-01-01

    In developing countries especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection together with limited resources adds to the hindrances in becoming a parent. Although the South African’s Bill of Rights proclaim that South Africans can “make decisions concerning reproduction”; access to and the use of Assisted Reproduction Technology (ART) are viewed in general as excessively expensive, accessible only to the privileged few. A dissection of cost-drivers within an ART laboratory, such as procedures; sperm preparations; laboratory supplies including embryo culture media and cryopreservation are discussed in the current overview. Subject to the nature of an ART practice, i.e. private vs. public/tertiary, the structure of a unit will vary with regards to patient demographics, costs and services offered. The average fees per procedure for 20 practices in the private sector in South Africa are: (i) IUI: € 542 ± €159, (ii) IVF: € 3,255 ± € 576 and (iii) ICSI: €3,302 ± € 625. Laboratory costs can contribute between 35 and 48% of ART fees payable in the private sector. Low-cost public ART services are available to citizens of the country at a few tertiary academic units. Some private practices also cater specifically for middle-income citizens. ART procedures need not be propelled towards the must-have and cannot-do without approach, but providers should also reflect on the validity of the techniques and equipment, without compromising treatment virtue. PMID:24753934

  2. Extending Access to Low-Cost Private Schools through Vouchers: An Alternative Interpretation of a Two-Stage "School Choice" Experiment in India

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tooley, James

    2016-01-01

    Muralidharan and Sundararaman report a randomised controlled trial of a school voucher experiment in Andhra Pradesh, India. The headline findings are that there are no significant academic differences between voucher winners and losers in Telugu, mathematics, English, and science/social studies, although because the private schools appear to use…

  3. Brazilian physicians hold national strike against medical insurance companies.

    PubMed

    Falavigna, Asdrubal; da Silva, Pedro Guarise

    2012-01-01

    The Brazilian Health System has two different forms of access, public and private. The purpose of the public health system is to provide universal, complete access, free of charge, for the entire population. The private sector is composed by people who have private insurance. Nowadays, about 43 million Brazilians, or 26.3% of the population, have private health insurance. The main motivations of the physicians for the strike were the low payment for medical services and the constant interference of the private health insurance companies in medical autonomy. For this reason, Brazilian physicians held a 24-hour strike against the Medical Insurance Companies that did not accept to negotiate new fees in almost all Brazilian states. At least 120,000 physicians from all specialties stopped elective activities during that day, only providing urgent or emergency care. It is estimated that the strike affected 25 to 35 million Brazilians, about 76% of the total number of medical insurance users. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  4. Variation in outpatient consultant physician fees in Australia by specialty and state and territory.

    PubMed

    Freed, Gary L; Allen, Amy R

    2017-03-06

    To determine the mean, median and 10th and 90th percentile levels of fees and out-of-pocket costs to the patient for an initial consultation with a consultant physician; to determine any differences in fees and bulk-billing rates between specialties and between states and territories. Analysis of 2015 Medicare claims data for an initial outpatient appointment with a consultant physician (Item 110) in 11 medical specialties representative of common adult non-surgical medical care (cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, geriatric medicine, haematology, immunology/allergy, medical oncology, nephrology, neurology, respiratory medicine and rheumatology). Mean, median, 10th and 90th percentile levels for consultant physician fees and out-of-pocket costs, by medical specialty and state or territory; bulk-billing rate, by medical specialty and state/territory. Bulk-billing rates varied between specialties, with only haematology and medical oncology bulk-billing more than half of initial consultations. Bulk-billing rates also varied between states and territories, with rates in the Northern Territory (76%) nearly double those elsewhere. Most private consultations require a significant out-of-pocket payment by the patient, and these payments varied more than fivefold in some specialties. Without data on quality of care in private outpatient services, the rationale for the marked variations in fees within specialties is unknown. As insurers are prohibited from providing cover for the costs of outpatient care, the impact of out-of-pocket payments on access to private specialist care is unknown.

  5. 25 CFR 700.251 - Fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... gifts; (iii) Furnishing records to individuals or private non-profit organizations having an official... established business custom (e.g., furnishing personal reference data to prospective employers of former.... Payment of fees shall be made by check or money order payable to the Navajo-Hopi Indian Relocation...

  6. 77 FR 15566 - Private Transfer Fees

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-16

    ... expense of successive homebuyers. Nothing in the Freehold model demonstrates that any benefit is ever...' associations, condominiums, cooperatives, and similar organizations that use the fees to directly benefit the... benefit homeowners or the properties involved, and, therefore, could impair the safety and soundness of...

  7. AMHCA and VMHCA Members in Private Practice in Virginia.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Seligman, Linda; Whitely, Nancy

    1983-01-01

    Surveyed 58 Virginia mental health counselors in private practice to examine working hours, fees, and the nature of their practices. Results showed most respondents had only a part time private practice and were employed elsewhere as well. The bulk of their counseling consisted of individual and family counseling. (JAC)

  8. Do Poor Kids Deserve Lower-Quality Education than Rich Kids? Evaluating School Privatization Proposals in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. EPI Briefing Paper #375

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lafer, Gordon

    2014-01-01

    During the past year, Wisconsin state legislators debated a series of bills aimed at closing low-performing public schools and replacing them with privately run charter schools. These proposals were particularly targeted at Milwaukee, the state's largest and poorest school district. Ultimately, the only legislation enacted was a bill that modestly…

  9. Access or Quality? Why Do Families Living in Slums Choose Low-Cost Private Schools in Lagos, Nigeria?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Härmä, Joanna

    2013-01-01

    Lagos is home to 12,098 private schools catering to 57% of the state's enrolled children, from ultra-rich to relatively poor households, with many schools targeting those of lower socio-economic status. Government schools were intended to provide a just and equitable option for all; however, they have not kept pace with demand in terms of both…

  10. Spillover effects of Medicare fee reductions: evidence from ophthalmology.

    PubMed

    Mitchell, Jean M; Hadley, Jack; Gaskin, Darrell J

    2002-09-01

    Relatively little research has examined physicians' supply responses to Medicare fee cuts especially whether fee reductions for specific procedures have "spillover" effects that cause physicians to increase the supply of other services they provide. In this study we investigate whether ophthalmologist changed their provision of non-cataract services to Medicare patients over the time period 1992-1994, when the Medicare Fee Schedule (MFS) resulted in a 17.4% reduction in the average fee paid for a cataract extraction. Following the McGuire-Pauly model of physician behavior (McGuire and Pauly, 1991), we estimated a supply function for non-cataract procedures that included three price variables (own-price, a Medicare cross-price and a private cross-price) and an income effect. The Medicare cross-price and income variables capture spillover effects. Consistent with the model's predictions, we found that the Medicare cross-price is significant and negative, implying that a 10% reduction in the fee for a cataract extraction will cause ophthalmologists to supply about 5% more non-cataract services. Second, the income variable is highly significant, but its impact on the supply of non-cataract services is trivial. The suggests that physicians behave more like profit maximizing firms than target income seekers. We also found that the own-price and the private cross-price variables are highly significant and have the expected positive and negative effects on the volume of non-cataract services respectively. Our results demonstrate the importance of evaluating volume responses to fee changes for the array of services the physician performs, not just the procedure whose fee has been reduced. Focusing only on the procedure whose fee has been cut will yield an incomplete picture of how fee reductions for specific procedures affect physician supply decisions.

  11. Policy Advocacy, Inequity, and School Fees and Fundraising in Ontario, Canada

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Winton, Sue; Milani, Michelle

    2017-01-01

    Fundraising and collecting fees are ubiquitous in Ontario, Canada's public schools. Critics assert that these practices perpetuate and exacerbate inequities between schools and communities. In this article we present findings from a critical policy analysis of an advocacy group's efforts to change Ontario's fees and fundraising policies over the…

  12. Variation in exemptions to school immunization requirements among New York State private and public schools.

    PubMed

    Lai, Yun-Kuang; Nadeau, Jessica; McNutt, Louise-Anne; Shaw, Jana

    2014-12-12

    School immunization requirements have ensured high vaccination rates and have helped to control vaccine-preventable diseases. However, vaccine exemptions have increased in the last decade. This study compared New York State private versus public schools with respect to medical and religious exemption rates. This retrospective study utilizes New York State Department of Health Immunization Survey data from the 2003 through 2012 academic years. Schools were categorized as private or public, the former further categorized by religious affiliation. Rates of medical and religious vaccine exemptions were compared by school category. From 2003 to 2012, religious exemptions increased in private and public schools from 0.63% to 1.35% and 0.17% to 0.29% (Spearman's R: 0.89 and 0.81), respectively. Among private schools, increases in religious exemption rates during the study period were observed in Catholic/Eastern Orthodox, Protestant/Other Christian, Jewish, and secular schools (Spearman's R=0.66, 0.99, 0.89, and 0.93), respectively. Exemption rate ratios in private schools compared to public schools were 1.39 (95% CI 1.15-1.68) for medical and 3.94 (95% CI: 3.20-4.86) for religious exemptions. Among private school students, all school types except for Catholic/Eastern Orthodox and Episcopal affiliates were more likely to report religious exemptions compared to children in public schools. Medical and religious exemption rates increased over time and higher rates were observed among New York State private schools compared to public schools. Low exemption rates are critical to minimize disease outbreaks in the schools and their community. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  13. Administration: Attendance of Military and Civilian Personnel at Private Organization Meetings

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-12-01

    actual costs incurred by the sponsor of the meeting. b. Attendee and traveler should be aware that there are reimburs - able and nonreimbursable...registration fees and that all registration and admittance fees may not be reimbursable . Reimbursement for such fees will be determined by the orders...or substantial be authorized attendance in a permissive TDY status without payment of travel expenses, per diem, or other reimbursable entitlements

  14. Equalising Schooling, Unequalising Private Supplementary Tutoring: Access and Tracking through Shadow Education in China

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Zhang, Wei; Bray, Mark

    2018-01-01

    The global expansion of mass schooling has greatly increased opportunities for low-income families, and governments have devoted much effort to equalising access and quality in education systems. Alongside regular schooling, the so-called shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring has grown rapidly across the world. The fact that…

  15. Pricing and competition in the private dental market in Finland.

    PubMed

    Widström, E; Väisänen, A; Mikkola, H

    2011-06-01

    To investigate how the prices were set in private dental care, which factors determined prices and whether the recent National Dental Care Reform had increased competition in the dental care market in Finland. A questionnaire to all full time private dentists (n = 1,121) in the ten largest cities. Characteristics of the practice, prices charged, price setting, perceived competition and expectations for the practices were requested. The response rate was 59.6%. Correlation analysis (Pearson's) was used to study relationships between the prices of different treatment items. Linear regression analysis was used to study determinants of the price of a one surface filling. Most dentists' fee schedules were based on the price of a one surface filling and updated annually. Changes in practice costs calculated by the dentists' professional association and information on average prices charged on dental treatments in the country influenced pricing. High price levels were associated with specialisation, working in a group practice, working close to many other practices or in a town with a dental school. Less than half of the respondents had faced competition in dental services and price competition was insignificant. Price setting followed traditional patterns and private markets in dental services were not found to be very competitive.

  16. Pilot of a mobile money school fee payment system in rural Benin.

    PubMed

    Adida, Claire L; Chabi Bouko, Adam; Verink, Alex; Chockalingam, Ganz; Burney, Jennifer

    2018-01-01

    We present a rationale for, and results from, the pilot of a direct individual-to-institution remittance system in the context of school fee payment in rural Benin. Data confirm that school fees act as an impediment to educational attainment, and in very rural poor settings such as northern Benin, students often depend on extended family and kinship networks to pay fees. But existing remittance options are costly, in terms of fees, time, and risk. We pilot a new technology bundle in a single public high school in northeastern Benin, and evaluate its effectiveness. Here we describe the technical and institutional implementation of the project, as well as our findings from the first year of operation. We discuss takeaways and implications for scale-up.

  17. Pilot of a mobile money school fee payment system in rural Benin

    PubMed Central

    Chabi Bouko, Adam; Verink, Alex; Chockalingam, Ganz; Burney, Jennifer

    2018-01-01

    We present a rationale for, and results from, the pilot of a direct individual-to-institution remittance system in the context of school fee payment in rural Benin. Data confirm that school fees act as an impediment to educational attainment, and in very rural poor settings such as northern Benin, students often depend on extended family and kinship networks to pay fees. But existing remittance options are costly, in terms of fees, time, and risk. We pilot a new technology bundle in a single public high school in northeastern Benin, and evaluate its effectiveness. Here we describe the technical and institutional implementation of the project, as well as our findings from the first year of operation. We discuss takeaways and implications for scale-up. PMID:29889839

  18. 7 CFR 1484.34 - Must Cooperators adhere to specific standards of ethical conduct?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... a mutual fund. A Cooperator may collect check-off funds and membership fees that are required for... funds to promote private self interests or conduct private business, except as members of sales teams...

  19. 47 CFR 1.1151 - Authority to prescribe and collect regulatory fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... regulatory activities in the private radio, mass media, common carrier, and cable television services. [59 FR... fees. 1.1151 Section 1.1151 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION GENERAL PRACTICE AND... section 9 of the Communications Act, 47 U.S.C. 159, which directs the Commission to prescribe and collect...

  20. 22 CFR 706.35 - When will OPIC reduce or waive fees?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true When will OPIC reduce or waive fees? 706.35 Section 706.35 Foreign Relations OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT CORPORATION ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS FREEDOM... public interest because it is likely to contribute significantly to public understanding of the...

  1. An economic model of large Medicaid practices.

    PubMed Central

    Cromwell, J; Mitchell, J B

    1984-01-01

    Public attention given to Medicaid "mills" prompted this more general investigation of the origins of large Medicaid practices. A dual market demand model is proposed showing how Medicaid competes with private insurers for scarce physician time. Various program parameters--fee schedules, coverage, collection costs--are analyzed along with physician preferences, specialties, and other supply-side characteristics. Maximum likelihood techniques are used to test the model. The principal finding is that in raising Medicaid fees, as many physicians opt into the program as expand their Medicaid caseloads to exceptional levels, leaving the maldistribution of patients unaffected while notably improving access. Still, the fact that Medicaid fees are lower than those of private insurers does lead to reduced access to more qualified practitioners. Where anti-Medicaid sentiment is stronger, access is also reduced and large Medicaid practices more likely to flourish. PMID:6376426

  2. School Students and Computer Games with Screen Violence

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fedorov, A. V.

    2005-01-01

    In this article, the author states how these days, school students from low-income strata of the population in Russia spend hours sitting in computer rooms and Internet clubs, where, for a relatively small fee, they can play interactive video games. And to determine what games they prefer the author conducted a content analysis of eighty-seven…

  3. Impact of the Medicare Chronic Disease Management program on the conduct of Australian dietitians' private practices.

    PubMed

    Jansen, Sarah; Ball, Lauren; Lowe, Catherine

    2015-04-01

    This study explored private practice dietitians' perceptions of the impact of the Australian Chronic Disease Management (CDM) program on the conduct of their private practice, and the care provided to patients. Twenty-five accredited practising dietitians working in primary care participated in an individual semistructured telephone interview. Interview questions focussed on dietitians' perceptions of the proportion of patients receiving care through the CDM program, fee structures, adhering to reporting requirements and auditing. Transcript data were thematically analysed using a process of open coding. Half of the dietitians (12/25) reported that most of their patients (>75%) received care through the CDM program. Many dietitians (19/25) reported providing identical care to patients using the CDM program and private patients, but most (17/25) described spending substantially longer on administrative tasks for CDM patients. Dietitians experienced pressure from doctors and patients to keep their fees low or to bulk-bill patients using the CDM program. One-third of interviewed dietitians (8/25) expressed concern about the potential to be audited by Medicare. Recommendations to improve the CDM program included increasing the consultation length and subsequent rebate available for dietetic consultations, and increasing the number of consultations to align with dietetic best-practice guidelines. The CDM program creates challenges for dietitians working in primary care, including how to sustain the quality of patient-centred care and yet maintain equitable business practices. To ensure the CDM program appropriately assists patients to receive optimal care, further review of the CDM program within the scope of dietetics is required.

  4. Private Firms Run Two Mich. Districts

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ash, Katie

    2013-01-01

    Educators and policy observers are keeping a close eye on two controversial experiments in private management of public schools now unfolding in the western Michigan city of Muskegon Heights and in the Detroit-area community of Highland Park. Citing chronic budget woes in the communities' low-performing school districts, Gov. Rick Snyder of…

  5. The Growing Role of Private Giving in Financing the Modern University

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Speck, Bruce W.

    2010-01-01

    Increased use of private funds to support public higher education is essential, but private funding undoubtedly shapes the university in ways that challenge academic traditions, creating a new paradigm for financing the modern university. In this chapter, the author describes the three sources of funding for higher education: (1) tuition and fees;…

  6. Public-Private Partnership in Higher Education: Central Queensland University Meets Campus Management Services

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rodan, Paul

    2016-01-01

    Massive growth in the numbers of fee-paying international students and an increasing private sector role are two of the most salient features of Australian higher education in the past quarter century. Both these trends were evident in a little known partnership, involving a public regional university and a private entrepreneur, which had its…

  7. 28 CFR 105.27 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 105.27 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS... national fingerprint-based criminal history checks of prospective and current private security officers and... history checks of prospective and current private security officers. (b) FBI fees for national check. The...

  8. 28 CFR 105.27 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 105.27 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS... national fingerprint-based criminal history checks of prospective and current private security officers and... history checks of prospective and current private security officers. (b) FBI fees for national check. The...

  9. 28 CFR 105.27 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 105.27 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS... national fingerprint-based criminal history checks of prospective and current private security officers and... history checks of prospective and current private security officers. (b) FBI fees for national check. The...

  10. 28 CFR 105.27 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 105.27 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS... national fingerprint-based criminal history checks of prospective and current private security officers and... history checks of prospective and current private security officers. (b) FBI fees for national check. The...

  11. 28 CFR 105.27 - Miscellaneous provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 105.27 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECKS... national fingerprint-based criminal history checks of prospective and current private security officers and... history checks of prospective and current private security officers. (b) FBI fees for national check. The...

  12. Thirty years of national health insurance in South Korea: lessons for achieving universal health care coverage.

    PubMed

    Kwon, Soonman

    2009-01-01

    South Korea introduced mandatory social health insurance for industrial workers in large corporations in 1977, and extended it incrementally to the self-employed until it covered the entire population in 1989. Thirty years of national health insurance in Korea can provide valuable lessons on key issues in health care financing policy which now face many low- and middle-income countries aiming to achieve universal health care coverage, such as: tax versus social health insurance; population and benefit coverage; single scheme versus multiple schemes; purchasing and provider payment method; and the role of politics and political commitment. National health insurance in Korea has been successful in mobilizing resources for health care, rapidly extending population coverage, effectively pooling public and private resources to purchase health care for the entire population, and containing health care expenditure. However, there are also challenges posed by the dominance of private providers paid by fee-for-service, the rapid aging of the population, and the public-private mix related to private health insurance.

  13. Inadequacy and Indebtedness

    PubMed Central

    Geistwhite, Robert

    2000-01-01

    The nature of the fee arrangement has significant influence on the psychotherapeutic process even when there is no fee. Given the large number of psychiatrists who receive at least some part of their training in the public system, understanding the no-fee arrangement is vital to the psychodynamic training of future psychiatrists. Following a brief overview of the meaning of money and the fee arrangement, various scenarios are considered under the headings of “inadequacy” and “indebtedness.” Although similar dynamics may be present in other public and private settings, attention is given to the county training program, with the intent to assist psychiatry residents and supervisors in their awareness and understanding of the psychodynamics of psychotherapy without fee. PMID:10896739

  14. 36 CFR 71.7 - Entrance fees for single-visit permits.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... either Golden Eagle or Golden Age Passports. (1) The fee for a single-visit permit applicable to those.... “Accompanying,” for the purpose of this section, shall mean entering together with the permittee while being...-visit permit applicable to those persons entering by any means other than private, noncommercial vehicle...

  15. 14 CFR 14.05 - Allowance fees and expenses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... which the attorney, agent, or witness ordinarily performs services; (3) The time actually spent in the representation of the applicant; (4) The time reasonably spent in light of the difficulty or complexity of the... private practice, his or her customary fee for similar services, or if an employee of the applicant, the...

  16. Alternative Approaches to Tuition Financing: Making Tuition More Affordable. A NACUBO Monograph.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Foose, Robert A.; Meyerson, Joel W.

    A key factor in the overall financial strategy in the public and private sectors of American higher education involves helping students and families pay tuition and fees. This is because expenses have risen dramatically, tuition fees have outdistanced increases in federal student aid programs, and competition for students has increased. Several…

  17. Managed care and inpatient mortality in adults: effect of primary payer.

    PubMed

    Hines, Anika L; Raetzman, Susan O; Barrett, Marguerite L; Moy, Ernest; Andrews, Roxanne M

    2017-02-08

    Because managed care is increasingly prevalent in health care finance and delivery, it is important to ascertain its effects on health care quality relative to that of fee-for-service plans. Some stakeholders are concerned that basing gatekeeping, provider selection, and utilization management on cost may lower quality of care. To date, research on this topic has been inconclusive, largely because of variation in research methods and covariates. Patient age has been the only consistently evaluated outcome predictor. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the association between managed care and inpatient mortality for Medicare and privately insured patients. A cross-sectional design was used to examine the association between managed care and inpatient mortality for four common inpatient conditions. Data from the 2009 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases for 11 states were linked to data from the American Hospital Association Annual Survey Database. Hospital discharges were categorized as managed care or fee for service. A phased approach to multivariate logistic modeling examined the likelihood of inpatient mortality when adjusting for individual patient and hospital characteristics and for county fixed effects. Results showed different effects of managed care for Medicare and privately insured patients. Privately insured patients in managed care had an advantage over their fee-for-service counterparts in inpatient mortality for acute myocardial infarction, stroke, pneumonia, and congestive heart failure; no such advantage was found for the Medicare managed care population. To the extent that the study showed a protective effect of privately insured managed care, it was driven by individuals aged 65 years and older, who had consistently better outcomes than their non-managed care counterparts. Privately insured patients in managed care plans, especially older adults, had better outcomes than those in fee-for-service plans. Patients in Medicare managed care had outcomes similar to those in Medicare FFS. Additional research is needed to understand the role of patient selection, hospital quality, and differences among county populations in the decreased odds of inpatient mortality among patients in private managed care and to determine why this result does not hold for Medicare.

  18. Does More Money Matter? An Introduction to the Performance-Based Scholarship Demonstration in California. Policy Brief

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ware, Michelle; Patel, Reshma

    2012-01-01

    The expense of attending college is one factor that may explain why low-income students often drop out of school. In California, despite generous state aid and relatively low fees at community colleges, many low-income students still have substantial college-related costs that they cannot cover. To compound matters, federal support for students…

  19. Disjunction between Language Policy and Children's Sociocultural Ecology--An Analysis of English-Medium Education Policy in Pakistan

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Manan, Syed Abdul; David, Maya Khemlani; Dumanig, Francisco Perlas

    2015-01-01

    Sociocultural theory and constructionists propose that language learning is a socially and culturally mediated process, and they emphasize on social interaction. This study examines the amount of students' exposure to the school language to account for the link between English-medium policies in low-fee English-medium schools and children's…

  20. Attorney Fees, School Boards, and Special Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Osborne, Allan G., Jr.; Russo, Charles J.

    2010-01-01

    A major expense associated with litigating disputes under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is the right of parents who succeed in suits against their school boards to recover attorney fees. Yet until recently, boards were generally unable to recover attorney fees from parents even when they succeeded in demonstrating that…

  1. A Comparison of Expenditures and Revenues at Independent and Public Colleges and Universities in Maryland. Postsecondary Education Research Reports.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Allard, Sandra

    Revenues and expenditures at public and private colleges and universities in Maryland were analyzed and compared with national patterns. State Board for Higher Education (SBHE) guidelines were also consulted. Expenditure patterns of public and private colleges are similar. However, private colleges are most dependent on tuition and fees and income…

  2. The scope of private practice nursing in an Australian sample.

    PubMed

    Wilson, Anne; Averis, Andrea; Walsh, Ken

    2004-01-01

    The changing Australian health care system is creating new opportunities for nurses who work directly with clients in private practice settings. This study examines the scope of practice of a cohort of nurses in private practice. In a questionnaire sent to 106 self-employed nurse entrepreneurs, questions were asked pertaining to the participants' scope of practice, their clients, the types of services offered, and their fee structures. Questions about scope of practice were divided into domains of clinical practice, business consultancy, education, and research. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected for a final sample 54 eligible responses. Participants had been in private practice for an average of 7.6 years (range: 1-20) and reported a mean of 21 years of nursing experience (range: 4-42) before entering private practice. Over half held diplomas in specialty areas. Most participants reported clinical practice, consultancy, or education as the primary work domain; research was much less important as a work activity. Nurses reported difficulties with building client base and receiving adequate fees for service, particularly in clinical practice. Increasing awareness within the nursing profession and health sector about various aspects of private practice nursing could improve service quality for their clients.

  3. Education policy and gender in Zimbabwe.

    PubMed

    Gordon, R

    1994-01-01

    It is concluded that equality for women in education, which was a state aim in 1980, is no longer a state concern in Zimbabwe. It is argued that protection of the patriarchal order has been the operating principle of both colonial and post-colonial periods, and education is used to maintain the gender imbalance. Black women under colonialism were subjected to both sexism and racism. The socioeconomic order was maintained by ensuring that Blacks remained uneducated and unskilled. Colonial policy was race specific. Education was free and compulsory for Whites only. Black parents paid fees for a son's education. Post colonialism and in 1971, only 43.5% of Black children were enrolled in school, of which 3.9% were in secondary school. Only 19 girls with at the highest level in school. School curriculum was gender based, which meant girls were taught cooking and typing. During independence, education policy was instituted, and education was considered as a human right and gender neutral. Tuition fees in primary grades were eliminated, and education was expanded. However, changes after independence did not result in equal advantage for girls. By 1985-91, girls had lower enrollments at all grade levels. The widest gaps in enrollment were at the highest levels. School curriculum changed very little, and girls were directed to the "feminine" courses of study. Girls performed poorly in math and sciences. Girls were underenrolled in technical and vocational institutions. After 1989, structural adjustment programs negatively impacted on women. There was reduced access to employment, limited access to services, and increased demands on women's time in order to compensate for gaps created by cuts in services. New changes in education policy are expected to negatively impact on girl's education. Fees for primary school were reintroduced in urban areas, and secondary school fees were increased. The government dropped the requirement of certification for technical and commercial education, which could benefit the 64% of women employed in the informal sector. Export-oriented adjustment programs relied on cheap, low-skilled female employees.

  4. The Politics of School Choice in Two Countries with Large Private-Dependent Sectors (Spain and Chile): Family Strategies, Collective Action and Lobbying

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rambla, Xavier; Valiente, Oscar; Frias, Carla

    2011-01-01

    In many countries choice of school is an increasing concern for families and governments. In Spain and Chile, it is also associated with a long-standing political cleavage on the regulation of large sectors of private-dependent schools. This article analyses both the micro- and the macro-politics of choice in these two countries, where low-status…

  5. "No Fee" Schools in South Africa. Policy Brief Number 7

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Motala, Shireen; Sayeed, Yusuf

    2009-01-01

    40% of schools in South Africa, namely the poorest two-fifths as determined by poverty indicators, were declared to be no fee schools as of 2007. These schools receive larger state allocations per learner than other schools, as well as a higher allocation for non-personnel, non-capital expenditure. In other schools parents may continue to apply…

  6. Management of School Infrastructure in the Context of a No-Fee Schools Policy in Rural South African Schools: Lessons from the Field

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Marishane, Ramodikoe Nylon

    2013-01-01

    This study examines the management of school infrastructure in the context of the "no-fee schools" policy introduced in the South African education delivery system. Focusing on four rural schools, the study applied a qualitative method, which involved observation of infrastructure conditions prevailing at four selected schools and…

  7. Concept for a commercial space station laboratory

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Wood, P. W.; Stark, P. M.

    1984-01-01

    The concept of a privately owned and operated fee-for-service laboratory as an element of a civil manned space station, envisioned as the venture of a group of private investors and an experienced laboratory operator to be undertaken with the cooperation of NASA is discussed. This group would acquire, outfit, activate, and operate the labortory on a fee-for-service basis, providing laboratory services to commercial firms, universities, and government agencies, including NASA. This concept was developed to identify, stimulate, and assist potential commercial users of a manned space station. A number of the issues which would be related to the concept, including the terms under which NASA might consider permitting private ownership and operation of a major space station component, the policies with respect to international participation in the construction and use of the space station, the basis for charging users for services received from the space station, and the types of support that NASA might be willing to provide to assist private industry in carrying out such a venture are discussed.

  8. School Board Decision-Making and the Elimination of Sport Participation Fees

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Heinze, Kathryn L.; Zdroik, Jennifer

    2018-01-01

    Public schools in the US are increasingly charging "pay-to-play" fees for participating in sports. Although these fees can cause reductions in participation, particularly for children from lower-income families, pay-to-play has become a legitimate practice within the field of public education. This study examines what leads some school…

  9. The Achievement Checkup: Tracking the Post-Elementary Outcomes of Baltimore Need-Based Scholarship Students

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Schuh, Alex

    2015-01-01

    This study examined the high school experiences, graduation rates and post-secondary attendance rates of students who received need-based scholarships to attend private elementary schools from the Children's Scholarship Fund Baltimore (CSFB). CSFB provides funds to students from low-income families in the Baltimore area to attend the private or…

  10. Human Capital and the Labor of Learning: A Case of Mistaken Identity

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sidorkin, Alexander M

    2007-01-01

    In this essay, Alexander Sidorkin offers a conceptual critique of the human capital theory that makes erroneous assumptions about the nature of student work and the private cost of schooling. Specifically, human capital theorists underestimate the private cost of schooling by taking low-level manual labor as the basis for estimating students'…

  11. The English-Medium Fever in Pakistan: Analyzing Policy, Perceptions and Practices through Additive Bi/Multilingual Education Lens

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Manan, Syed Abdul; Dumanig, Francisco Perlas; David, Maya Khemlani

    2017-01-01

    This study analyses the crisis of English teaching in Pakistan. The study examines stakeholders' perceptions and classroom practices to identify theoretical fault lines and institutional/pedagogical challenges in the low-fee schools. We deem such research critical in the backdrop of public's heavy reliance and feverish pursuit of low-fee…

  12. Characteristics of private abortion services in Mexico City after legalization.

    PubMed

    Schiavon, Raffaela; Collado, Maria Elena; Troncoso, Erika; Soto Sánchez, José Ezequiel; Zorrilla, Gabriela Otero; Palermo, Tia

    2010-11-01

    In 2007, first trimester abortion was legalized in Mexico City, and the public sector rapidly expanded its abortion services. In 2008, to obtain information on the effect of the law on private sector abortion services, we interviewed 135 physicians working in private clinics, located through an exhaustive search. A large majority of the clinics offered a range of reproductive health services, including abortions. Over 70% still used dilatation and curettage (D&C); less than a third offered vacuum aspiration or medical abortion. The average number of abortions per facility was only three per month; few reported more than 10 abortions monthly. More than 90% said they had been offering abortion services for less than 20 months. Many women are still accessing abortion services privately, despite the availability of free or low-cost services at public facilities. However, the continuing use of D&C, high fees (mean of $157-505), poor pain management practices, unnecessary use of ultrasound, general anaesthesia and overnight stays, indicate that private sector abortion services are expensive and far from optimal. Now that abortions are legal, these results highlight the need for private abortion providers to be trained in recommended abortion methods and quality of private abortion care improved. Copyright © 2010 Reproductive Health Matters. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  13. Headteachers' Perceptions of the Relationship between Parental Support and Learners' Retention in Public Secondary Schools in Bureti District, Kenya

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kirui, Philip K.; Changeiywo, Johnson M.; Sang, Anthony K.

    2015-01-01

    Parental support has been central to realizing quality education. Parental support in areas of fees, teaching materials, uniforms and labour has been vital for the expansion of education in Kenya. However, a low retention level which is an indicator of internal efficiency has remained a challenge in most public secondary schools. Consequently, the…

  14. Effects of Language of Instruction on Learning of Literacy Skills among Pre-Primary School Children from Low-Income Urban Communities in Kenya

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hungi, Njora; Njagi, Joan; Wekulo, Patricia; Ngware, Moses

    2018-01-01

    This study investigates the relationship between the language of instruction and learning of literacy skills among pre-primary school children in a multilingual environment. The sample consists of 1867 learners from low-income urban households, attending 147 low-cost private pre-primary schools located in low-income areas of Nairobi, Kenya. About…

  15. Tax-exempt private placements: a new opportunity for not-for-profit providers.

    PubMed

    Ambrose, Jim; Harris, Andrew

    2006-08-01

    Tax-exempt private placements offer an attractive financing alternative for not-for-profit healthcare providers for which the public debt market is no longer a viable option. They offer the following advantages: Greater flexibility Lower fees. Less paperwork. Fewer players. Shorter time to complete.

  16. Feminisation of Teaching: Factors Affecting Low Male Participation in Early Childhood Teaching at Private Schools in Pakistan

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Saigol, Meher; Danish, Sana

    2016-01-01

    This study was aimed at identifying associated barriers to entry of male teachers into early childhood teaching and to understand the gender inequality and the shortage of male role models for early learners at private schools of Karachi. A qualitative research was conducted with phenomenology as the chosen inquiry method. A purposeful sample of…

  17. Why Did Abolishing Fees Not Increase Public School Enrollment in Kenya? Africa Growth Initiative. Working Paper 4

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bold, Tessa; Kimenyi, Mwangi S.; Mwabu, Germano; Sandefur, Justin

    2013-01-01

    A large empirical literature has shown that user fees significantly deter public service utilization in developing countries. While most of these results reflect partial equilibrium analysis, we find that the nationwide abolition of public school fees in Kenya in 2003 led to no increase in net public enrollment rates, but rather a dramatic shift…

  18. Social factors associated to binge drinking: a cross-sectional survey among Brazilian students in private high schools.

    PubMed

    Sanchez, Zila M; Martins, Silvia S; Opaleye, Emerita S; Moura, Yone G; Locatelli, Danilo P; Noto, Ana R

    2011-03-31

    Binge drinking (BD) seems to be related to health and social complications among adolescents. Considering that knowledge about BD in developing countries is limited and that in Brazil high socioeconomic status is a risk factor for alcohol abuse, this study sheds light about this phenomenon among adolescents from a different cultural background than prior North-American and European studies. Brazilian students (n = 2691) selected through a representative, stratified and clustered sampling method were asked to answer a self-report questionnaire. The questionnaire contained questions about patterns of alcohol consumption, religious beliefs, leisure activities, family structure and relationships. Data were analyzed with basic contingency tables with Chi-square tests followed by a decision tree analysis and weighted logistic regression. Almost thirty-five percent of the students reported recent binge drinking. BD in the past month was positively associated with older age (aOR = 1.5[1.2-1.7]), male gender (aOR = 1.5[1.2-2.0]) going out with friends almost every night (aOR = 33.9[14.2-80.7]), not living with mother (aOR = 2.4[1.3-4.7]), believing in God with little conviction (aOR = 1.6[1.2-2.0]) and rarely talking to parents about anything (aOR = 1.7[1.3-2.2]) or always about drugs (aOR = 1.8[1.3-2.5]). Factors inversely associated with BD were: paying lower monthly tuition fees (aOR = 0.5[0.4-0.9]), living with people who do not get drunk (aOR = 0.6[0.4-0.7]) and frequent engagement in worships (aOR = 0.7[0.5-0.9]). The habit of BD in adolescents enrolled in private high schools in Brazil is strongly linked to the frequency with which they go out with friends at night. Factors such as religiosity, expressed by trust in God and participation in worship, and being enrolled in a school with cheaper tuition fees were associated with avoidance of BD in this population.

  19. Social factors associated to binge drinking: a cross-sectional survey among Brazilian students in private high schools

    PubMed Central

    2011-01-01

    Background Binge drinking (BD) seems to be related to health and social complications among adolescents. Considering that knowledge about BD in developing countries is limited and that in Brazil high socioeconomic status is a risk factor for alcohol abuse, this study sheds light about this phenomenon among adolescents from a different cultural background than prior North-American and European studies. Methods Brazilian students (n = 2691) selected through a representative, stratified and clustered sampling method were asked to answer a self-report questionnaire. The questionnaire contained questions about patterns of alcohol consumption, religious beliefs, leisure activities, family structure and relationships. Data were analyzed with basic contingency tables with Chi-square tests followed by a decision tree analysis and weighted logistic regression. Results Almost thirty-five percent of the students reported recent binge drinking. BD in the past month was positively associated with older age (aOR = 1.5[1.2-1.7]), male gender (aOR = 1.5[1.2-2.0]) going out with friends almost every night (aOR = 33.9[14.2-80.7]), not living with mother (aOR = 2.4[1.3-4.7]), believing in God with little conviction (aOR = 1.6[1.2-2.0]) and rarely talking to parents about anything (aOR = 1.7[1.3-2.2]) or always about drugs (aOR = 1.8[1.3-2.5]). Factors inversely associated with BD were: paying lower monthly tuition fees (aOR = 0.5[0.4-0.9]), living with people who do not get drunk (aOR = 0.6[0.4-0.7]) and frequent engagement in worships (aOR = 0.7[0.5-0.9]). Conclusion The habit of BD in adolescents enrolled in private high schools in Brazil is strongly linked to the frequency with which they go out with friends at night. Factors such as religiosity, expressed by trust in God and participation in worship, and being enrolled in a school with cheaper tuition fees were associated with avoidance of BD in this population. PMID:21453510

  20. WWC Review of the Report "Expanding College Opportunities for High-Achieving, Low Income Students." What Works Clearinghouse Single Study Review

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    What Works Clearinghouse, 2014

    2014-01-01

    Do low-income, high-achieving high school seniors benefit from receiving assistance with the college application process? Based on student surveys, a recent study found that providing application guidance, cost information, and fee waivers had a positive impact on postsecondary application submissions and enrollment outcomes. This study meets WWC…

  1. [Prevalence of overweight and obesity, and associated factors in adolescents, at the central west area of the state São Paulo (SP, Brazil)].

    PubMed

    Sales-Peres, Sílvia Helena de Carvalho; Goya, Suzana; Sant'Anna, Rute Moreira de Freitas; Silva, Henrique Mendes; Sales-Peres, André de Carvalho; Silva, Ricardo Pianta Rodrigues da; Lauris, José Roberto Pereira; Bastos, José Roberto de Magalhães

    2010-10-01

    The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the Body Mass Index (BMI) and the DMFT index, in 207 adolescents aged 12 years old, from 8 public and private schools of the central west area of São Paulo State. From a sample of 380 12 year-old adolescents, both genders, 207 were examined. We used the index DMFT, CBI for weight, measured of stature and applied a questionnaire about alimentary habits, characteristic anthropometrics and physical activity. Regarding body weight, 55.93% was normal, 35.59% had low weight, and 8.47% were pre-obese in private schools. In the public schools, 52.03% had normal weight, 41.22% had low weight, 4.73% were pre-obese and 2.03% were obese, without significant difference (p=0.45). The DMFT of public schools was 2.16, compared to 0.23 in private schools (p<0.05), with 39.2% of caries-free individuals in public schools and 88.1% in private schools. There was no correlation between the increase in BMI and the increase in DMFT. There was negative correlation between socioeconomic conditions and dental caries. It was concluded that, even though the pre-obese and obese groups presented a higher frequency of food ingestion, obesity was not correlated with the increase in dental caries. However, the socioeconomic conditions were determinant for this occurrence.

  2. Fees at California's Public Colleges and Universities. Report 10-01

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fuller, Ryan

    2010-01-01

    Fees at California's public colleges and universities have increased considerably with the current state budget crisis, but are still lower than fees at comparable institutions in other states. At California State University (CSU), fees for full-time undergraduate students are $4,893 for the 2009-10 school year. Fees at the University of…

  3. Financing electronic waste recycling Californian households' willingness to pay advanced recycling fees.

    PubMed

    Nixon, Hilary; Saphores, Jean-Daniel M

    2007-09-01

    The growth of electronic waste (e-waste) is of increasing concern because of its toxic content and low recycling rates. The e-waste recycling infrastructure needs to be developed, yet little is known about people's willingness to fund its expansion. This paper examines this issue based on a 2004 mail survey of California households. Using an ordered logit model, we find that age, income, beliefs about government and business roles, proximity to existing recycling facilities, community density, education, and environmental attitudes are significant factors for explaining people's willingness to pay an advanced recycling fee (ARF) for electronics. Most respondents are willing to support a 1% ARF. Our results suggest that policymakers should target middle-aged and older adults, improve programs in communities with existing recycling centers or in rural communities, and consider public-private partnerships for e-waste recycling programs.

  4. Timber Management of NASA's John C. Stennis Space Station

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Carr, Hugh; Johnson, Gary; Smoot, James; Cohan, Tyrus; O'Connor, Tina

    2001-01-01

    John C. Stennis Space Center occupies over 48560 hectares or just over 120000 acres in southwestern Mississippi and southeastern Louisiana near border of the two states. This area includes the Stennis Fee Area, which is the Center itself and the Acoustic Buffer Zone (ABZ) surrounding the Center. The ABZ is owned by several government, public and private entities and managed accordingly. The Fee Area and ABZ include wetlands, pine woodlands and areas of mixed floral species. The included maps detail the delineation of land in and around the Stennis Space Center. Areas owned by the federal government are divided into three stands to facilitate timber management. The stands are classified by species, density and average size to determine several timber in management issues including the schedule for controlled burns, economic viability of stands, and the creation of low impact recreational areas such as scenic trails or bike paths.

  5. The Effect of the Removal of User Fees for Delivery at Public Health Facilities on Institutional Delivery in Urban Kenya.

    PubMed

    Calhoun, Lisa M; Speizer, Ilene S; Guilkey, David; Bukusi, Elizabeth

    2018-03-01

    Objectives In 2013, Kenya removed delivery fees at public health facilities in an effort to promote equity in access to health services and address high maternal mortality. This study determines the effect of the policy to remove user fees on institutional delivery in a population-based sample of women from urban Kenya. Methods Longitudinal data were collected from a representative sample of 8500 women from five cities in Kenya in 2010 with a follow-up interview in 2014 (response rate 58.9%). Respondents were asked about their most recent birth since 2008 at baseline and 2012 at endline, including the delivery location. Multinomial logistic regression is used, controlling for the temporal time trend and background characteristics, to determine if births which occurred after the national policy change were more likely to occur at a public facility than at home or a private facility. Results Multivariate findings show that women were significantly more likely to deliver at a public facility as compared to a private facility after the policy. Among the poor, the results show that poor women were significantly more likely to deliver in a public facility compared to home or a private facility after policy change. Conclusions for Practice These findings show Kenya's progress towards achieving universal access to delivery services and meeting its national development targets. The removal of delivery fees in the public sector is leading to increased use of facilities for delivery among the urban poor; this is an important first step in reducing maternal death.

  6. Parental Participation Fees in School Expenses in Israel

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Shaked, Haim

    2016-01-01

    Purpose: Many countries throughout the world provide all children with free education. However, sometimes there are user charges in publically funded schools worldwide. The purpose of this paper is to explore parental participation fees in school expenses in Israel, depicting the current situation and analyzing its implications.…

  7. Competition, Jobs, and Information Policy: The Case for Private-Sector Information Services: U.S. Patents.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ebersole, Joseph L.

    1994-01-01

    Discusses the argument for private-sector involvement in the distribution of government information, using U.S. patents as an example. Highlights include industry competitiveness; jobs creation; public access; identifying users; costs; user fees; existing systems of information dissemination; and implications of the Internet and NREN (National…

  8. Private and Public Contributions to Financing College Education. A CBO Paper

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Alsalam, Nabeel; Giertz, Seth; Zimmerman; Dennis

    2004-01-01

    The cost of four years of undergraduate education, including living expenses, now averages nearly $80,000 at public colleges and over $100,000 at many private institutions. Tuition and fees have risen steadily since 1980, fueling concern that college is becoming prohibitively expensive for many families. This Congressional Budget Office (CBO)…

  9. Factors impacting the satisfaction of private campsite owners with campground recreation operations

    Treesearch

    Andy Holdnak; Ellen Drogin

    1995-01-01

    This project investigated the satisfaction of private campsite owners with their campground recreation operations. Regression analysis found five items impacted the overall satisfaction of campsite owners: overall impression of the campground, staff training for both recreation and aquatics staff, noise, and fees and charges. The impacts of these items varied depending...

  10. In My Own Time: Tuition Fees, Class Time and Student Effort in Non-Formal (Or Continuing) Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bolli, Thomas; Johnes, Geraint

    2015-01-01

    We develop and empirically test a model which examines the impact of changes in class time and tuition fees on student effort in the form of private study. The data come from the European Union's Adult Education Survey, conducted over the period 2005-2008. We find, in line with theoretical predictions, that the time students devote to private…

  11. Acquiring Combat Capability through Innovative Uses of Public-Private Partnerships

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2006-06-01

    needed for a vital fiber -optic link near the Arctic Circle. Then, we will explore the history of the Energy Saving Performance Contracts (ESPCs...research examines Hannon Armstrong’s “fee for service contract” solution to funding the vital fiber -optic link near the Arctic Circle. The second...5 A. INNOVATIVE USE OF FEE FOR SERVICE CONTRACT .....................5 1. Introduction to the Arctic Circle Fiber

  12. Has Family Involvement Migrated into Higher Education? An Investigation of How Administrative Staff Document the Phenomenon in Students' University Experiences in Cyprus

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Symeou, Loizos; Theodorou, Eleni; Lamprianou, Iasonas; Rentzou, Konstantina; Andreou, Panayiota

    2018-01-01

    Families have been getting more and more involved in their children's education. This paper presents findings of a study investigating family involvement in their members' undergraduate studies attending a state (non-fee-paying) and a private (fee-paying) university in Cyprus. The data presented in the paper were collected via online logs…

  13. Using forest inventory data to assess use restrictions on private timberland in Illinois. Forest Service resource bulletin

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Leatherberry, E.C.

    1993-01-01

    About half of the Nation's 731 million acres of forest land is privately owned. Traditionally, most private forest land was open for public uses, especially hunting. Today, however, keep out' or no trespassing' signs are seen increasingly throughout the countryside. The situation concerns policymakers and administrators because private lands are important recreational and aesthetic resources. Private landowners close their land to public use for many reasons. Generally, liability concerns, property damage, reasons for owning land, landowner attitudes about hunting or other consumptive uses, and landowners' intent to lease or charge a fee for access.

  14. Family Voices on Parental School Choice in Milwaukee: What Can We Learn from Low-Income Families? SCDP Milwaukee Evaluation Report #19

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stewart, Thomas; Lucas-McLean, Juanita; Jensen, Laura I.; Fetzko, Christina; Ho, Bonnie; Segovia, Sylvia

    2010-01-01

    This report, designed as one component of the comprehensive evaluation of the Milwaukee school system being conducted by the School Choice Demonstration Project (SCDP), is based on focus group conversations with low-income families whose children attend Milwaukee public and private schools. The report seeks to elucidate the demand side of school…

  15. [Low back pain and associated factors in children and adolescents in a private school in Southern Brazil].

    PubMed

    Lemos, Adriana Torres de; Santos, Fábio Rosa Dos; Moreira, Rodrigo Baptista; Machado, Débora Teixeira; Braga, Fernando Cesar Camargo; Gaya, Adroaldo Cezar Araujo

    2013-11-01

    Studies have shown that children and adolescents with low back pain are also similarly affected when they reach adulthood, thus highlighting the importance of investigating causes of low back pain in school-age children. The study examined low back pain and associated factors in 770 schoolchildren 7 to 17 years of age in a private school in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Low back pain was defined as pain or discomfort in the lumbar region in the previous month, assessed by a questionnaire. Low back pain was found in 31.6% of the subjects and was more prevalent in girls (41.9%) than boys (21.4%). Factors associated with lumbar pain were female gender, age 9 to 17 years, hyperactivity (borderline and abnormal categories), and emotional symptoms (abnormal category). Mapping the occurrence of low back pain and associated factors is important for identifying children and adolescents at risk and for developing effective programs for primary prevention.

  16. Willingness and ability to pay for unexpected dental expenses by Finnish adults

    PubMed Central

    2012-01-01

    Background Since 2002, adults have been able to choose oral health care services in the public sector or in the private sector in Finland. Though various subsidies for care exist in both sectors, the Public Dental Service (PDS) is a cheaper option for the patient but, on the other hand, there are no waiting lists for private care. The aim of this study was to assess middle-aged adults' use of dental services, willingness to pay (WTP) and ability to pay (ATP) for unexpected, urgent dental treatment. Methods Postal questionnaires on use of dental services were sent to a random sample of 1500 47-59 year old adults living in three large municipalities in the Helsinki region. The initial response rate was 65.8%. Two hypothetical scenarios were presented: "What would be the highest price you would be prepared to pay to have a lost filling replaced immediately, or, at the latest, the day after losing the filling?" and " How much could you pay for unexpected dental expenses at two weeks notice, if you suddenly needed more comprehensive treatment?" Logistic regression analysis was used to analyse factors related to WTP and ATP. Results Most respondents (89.6%) had visited a dentist recently and a majority (76.1%) had used private services. For immediate replacement of a lost filling, almost all respondents (93.2%) were willing to pay the lower price charged in the PDS and 46.2% were willing to pay the private fee. High income and no subjective need for dental treatment were positively associated with the probability of paying a higher price. Most respondents (93.0%) were able to pay a low fee, EUR 50 and almost half (41.6%) at least EUR 300 for unexpected treatment at short notice. High income and male sex were associated with high ATP. Conclusion There was a strong and statistically significant relationship between income and WTP and ATP for urgent dental care, indicating that access to publicly provided services improved equity for persons with low income. PMID:22935077

  17. Calgary Laboratory Services

    PubMed Central

    2015-01-01

    Calgary Laboratory Services provides global hospital and community laboratory services for Calgary and surrounding areas (population 1.4 million) and global academic support for the University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine. It developed rapidly after the Alberta Provincial Government implemented an austerity program to address rising health care costs and to address Alberta’s debt and deficit in 1994. Over roughly the next year, all hospital and community laboratory test funding within the province was put into a single budget, fee codes for fee-for-service test billing were closed, roughly 40% of the provincial laboratory budget was cut, and roughly 40% of the pathologists left the province of Alberta. In Calgary, in the face of these abrupt changes in the laboratory environment, private laboratories, publicly funded hospital laboratories and the medical school department precipitously and reluctantly merged in 1996. The origin of Calgary Laboratory Services was likened to an “unhappy shotgun marriage” by all parties. Although such a structure could save money by eliminating duplicated services and excess capacity and could provide excellent city-wide clinical service by increasing standardization, it was less clear whether it could provide strong academic support for a medical school. Over the past decade, iterations of the Calgary Laboratory Services model have been implemented or are being considered in other Canadian jurisdictions. This case study analyzes the evolution of Calgary Laboratory Services, provides a metric-based review of academic performance over time, and demonstrates that this model, essentially arising as an unplanned experiment, has merit within a Canadian health care context. PMID:28725754

  18. Two Wrongs Do Not Make a Right: Flaws in Alternatives to Fee-for-Service Payment Plans Do Not Mean Fee-for-Service Is a Good Solution to Rising Prices Comment on "Fee-for-Service Payment - An Evil Practice That Must Be Stamped Out?".

    PubMed

    Koppel, Ross

    2015-05-11

    Professor Naoki Ikegami's "Fee-for-service payment - an evil practice that must be stamped out" summarizes many of the failings of alternatives to fee-for-service (FFS) payment systems. His article also offers several suggestions for improving FFS systems. However, even powerful arguments against many of the alternatives to FFS, does not make a convincing argument for FFS systems. In addition, there are significant misunderstandings in Professor Ikegami's presentation of and use of United States payment methods, the role of private vs. public insurance systems, and the increasing role of "accountable care organizations. © 2015 by Kerman University of Medical Sciences.

  19. Pay for Play: Fees for Cocurricular Activities.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pepe, Thomas J.; Tufts, Alice L.

    1984-01-01

    As school budgets face serious problems, one area under examination is the cocurricular activities section of the school budget. Many districts are charging user fees to students participating in school sports, band, drama, and even elective courses. Since no direct reference is made to education in the United States Constitution, education is a…

  20. Supporting Students beyond Financial Aid: Low-Income Students Need Support That Goes Beyond Tuition Assistance

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pierce, Dennis

    2016-01-01

    Low-income students face a number of obstacles that go beyond the cost of tuition and fees. For instance, their schooling often requires expenses that aren't covered by financial aid, such as books and commuting costs. What's more, education is often competing for their time with other responsibilities, such as the need to work or take care of…

  1. Doing away with Debt: Using Existing Resources to Ensure College Affordability for Low and Middle-Income Families. [Executive Summary

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Education Trust, 2013

    2013-01-01

    America's financial-aid system has become almost impossible to navigate and burdensome for those who need it most. Tuition and fees are skyrocketing, forcing almost half of college-going students to borrow. Low and middle-income students are taking on frightening levels of debt. Bachelor's degree recipients leave school with an average of $26,600…

  2. Experimentally Estimated Impacts of School Vouchers on College Enrollment and Degree Attainment. Program on Education Policy and Governance Working Papers Series. PEPG 15-01

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chingos, Matthew M.; Peterson, Paul E.

    2015-01-01

    We provide the first experimental estimates of the long-term impacts of a voucher to attend private school by linking data from a privately sponsored voucher initiative in New York City, which awarded the scholarships by lottery to low-income families, to administrative records on college enrollment and degree attainment. We find no significant…

  3. The Louisiana Scholarship Program

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Egalite, Anna J.; Mills, Jonathan N.

    2014-01-01

    The Louisiana Scholarship Program (LSP), also known as the Student Scholarships for Educational Excellence Program, provides public funds for low-income students in low-performing public schools to enroll in local private schools. The program was initially piloted in New Orleans in 2008; Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal and the state legislature…

  4. Increase in the Demand for Private Higher Education: Unmasking the "Paradox"

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Garwe, Evelyn Chiyevo

    2016-01-01

    Purpose: It is considered a mystery by many people that, despite charging significantly higher fees when compared to public institutions, research has shown an increase in the demand and enrolments at private higher education institutions. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the critical factors considered by students when deciding to make…

  5. Private Colleges: Are They Pricing Themselves Out of the Market?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Spies, Richard R.

    The question of whether private colleges are pricing themselves out of the market is considered. An analysis of the actual application patterns of a sample of high-ability students indicates that colleges and universities are not pricing themselves out of the market. Despite substantial increases in tuition and other fees over the last several…

  6. Tuition Discounting: Institutional Aid Patterns at Public and Private Colleges and Universities. Trends in Higher Education Series

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Baum, Sandy; Ma, Jennifer

    2010-01-01

    Recent data from the College Board's Annual Survey of Colleges reveal significant variation in institutional aid patterns among colleges and universities. The undergraduate tuition discount rate--the ratio of institutional grant aid to published tuition and fee charges--is higher at private institutions than at public institutions, but there are…

  7. The Allure of "Easy": Reflections on the Learning Experience in Private Higher Education Institutes in Egypt

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Barsoum, Ghada

    2017-01-01

    Private institutions are increasingly visible in the higher education landscape of Egypt. Many of these institutions, however, are within the "demand-absorbing" category, offered at relatively lower fees and requiring lower test scores for admission. Building on interview data, this paper looks at how the graduates of some of these…

  8. 49 CFR 1552.5 - Fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... HOMELAND SECURITY CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY FLIGHT SCHOOLS Flight Training for Aliens and Other Designated... information required under § 1552.3 to TSA. (2) TSA will not issue any fee refunds, unless a fee was paid in...

  9. 49 CFR 1552.5 - Fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... HOMELAND SECURITY CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY FLIGHT SCHOOLS Flight Training for Aliens and Other Designated... information required under § 1552.3 to TSA. (2) TSA will not issue any fee refunds, unless a fee was paid in...

  10. Insurance Type and Access to Health Care Providers and Appointments Under the Affordable Care Act.

    PubMed

    Alcalá, Héctor E; Roby, Dylan H; Grande, David T; McKenna, Ryan M; Ortega, Alexander N

    2018-02-01

    Millions of adults have gained insurance through the Affordable Care Act (ACA). However, disparities in access to care persist. This study examined differences in access to primary and specialty care among patients insured by private individual market insurance plans (both on-exchange and off-exchange) and Medicaid compared with those with employer-sponsored insurance. Using data from the 2014 and 2015 California Health Interview Survey, logistic regression analyses were used to calculate the odds of being unable to access primary care providers, access specialty care providers and receive a needed doctor's appointment in a timely manner, with insurance type serving as the independent variable. Interaction terms examined if the expiration of the ACA's optional Medicaid primary care fee increase in 2014 modified any of these associations. Findings showed poorer access to providers among those insured through Medicaid and the individual market (whether purchased through the state's health insurance exchange or off-exchange) relative to employer-based insurance. Poor access to primary care providers was seen among private coverage purchased via exchanges, relative to private coverage purchased on the individual market. In addition, findings showed that reduction of Medicaid fees coincided with reduced ability to see primary care providers. However, a similar trend was seen among those with employer-based coverage, which suggests that this change may not be attributable to reductions in Medicaid fees. Despite ACA-related gains in insurance coverage, those with on-exchange and off-exchange individual private insurance plans and Medicaid encounter more barriers to care than those with employer-based insurance.

  11. Assessment of social and economic influences on blood pressure of adolescents in public and private schools: an epidemiological study.

    PubMed

    de Almeida, Fernando Antonio; Konigsfeld, Henrique Pinheiro; Machado, Lígia Maria de Oliveira; Canadas, Andréa Farias; Issa, Evelyn Yuri Okumura; Giordano, Roberto Hernandes; Cadaval, Ricardo Augusto de Miranda

    2011-01-01

    The high prevalence of hypertension in high school students in Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil, has already been described. In this study, within a new sample of high school students from public and private schools, we evaluated if socioeconomic and lifestyle influence on blood pressure values. This is an epidemiological study, which is part of the activities of a community-based work conducted by medical students. They give speeches to high school students aiming at stimulating a healthy lifestyle and primary prevention of hypertension. In a random sample of 410 students in junior high school (209 from public schools and 201 from private schools), we determined the weight, height, and blood pressure, furthermore, a questionnaire identifying epidemiological and socioeconomic status was applied. No statistical differences were found among students from public and private schools regarding the distribution of gender, body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, prevalence of hypertension (16.3%), percentage of smokers (5.9%), regular physical activity, and family history of hypertension. In public schools, there is a higher percentage of African descendents students and a higher percentage of students who also work due to low family income. Men from public and private schools have higher prevalence of hypertension, and their mean blood pressure is higher than in women. BMI has a positive correlation with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors have an early beginning and require educational interventions for primary prevention. Socioeconomic factors do not affect blood pressure in adolescence.

  12. Review of "Charter-School Management Organizations: Diverse Strategies and Diverse Student Impacts"

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fuller, Bruce

    2012-01-01

    This report details how charter schools are increasingly run by private, nonprofit management organizations called charter school management organizations (CMOs). The researchers find that most CMOs serve urban students from low-income families, operate small schools that offer more instructional time, and attract teachers loyal to each school's…

  13. National School Lunch Program

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    US Department of Agriculture, 2009

    2009-01-01

    The National School Lunch Program is a federally assisted meal program operating in over 101,000 public and non-profit private schools and residential child care institutions. It provides nutritionally balanced, low-cost or free lunches to more than 30.5 million children each school day in 2008. In 1998, Congress expanded the National School Lunch…

  14. The Impact of School Subsidies on HIV-Related Outcomes among Adolescent Female Orphans

    PubMed Central

    Hallfors, Denise Dion; Cho, Hyunsan; Rusakaniko, Simbarashe; Mapfumo, John; Iritani, Bonita; Zhang, Lei; Luseno, Winnie; Miller, Ted

    2014-01-01

    Objectives We examine effects of school support as a structural HIV prevention intervention for adolescent female orphans in Zimbabwe after 5 years. Methods 328 orphan adolescent girls were followed in a clustered randomized control trial from 2007 to 2010. The experimental group received school fees, uniforms, and school supplies and were assigned a school-based “helper.” In 2011-12, the control group received delayed partial treatment of school fees only. At the final data point in 2012, survey, HIV, and HSV-2 biomarker data were collected from approximately 88% of the sample. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on endpoint outcomes, controlling for age, religious affiliation, and baseline SES. Results The two groups did not differ on HIV or HSV-2 biomarkers. The comprehensive five-year intervention continued to reduce the likelihood of marriage, improve school retention, improve SES (food security), and marginally maintain gains in quality of life, even after providing school fees to the control group. Conclusions Paying school fees and expenses resulted in significant improvements in life outcomes for orphan adolescent girls. Biological evidence of HIV infection prevention, however, was not observed. Our study adds to the growing body of research on school support as HIV prevention for girls in sub-Saharan Africa, but as yet, no clear picture of effectiveness has emerged. PMID:25530603

  15. Irreconcilable Differences: Teacher Attrition in Public and Catholic Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Scheopner, Aubrey J.

    2010-01-01

    Teachers have a powerful impact on student achievement, yet high attrition rates hinder the ability of schools to provide quality instruction. Attrition rates are highest for schools serving low income, minority students and among small private schools. This review of research seeks to understand why teachers leave, examining different teaching…

  16. Interstate Variation in the Use of Fees To Fund K-12 Public Education.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wassmer, Robert W.; Fisher, Ronald C.

    2002-01-01

    Reviews state reliance of various user fees in public education; discusses conceptual issues regarding the use of school district user charges; analyzes statewide variations in school district user charges; suggests reasons for observed variations. (Contains 25 references.) (PKP)

  17. Effect of cariogenic food exposure on prevalence of dental caries among fee and non-fee paying Nigerian schoolchildren.

    PubMed

    Ojofeitimi, E O; Hollist, N O; Banjo, T; Adu, T A

    1984-08-01

    Dental caries status, frequency of sweet consumption and method of toothcleaning of 180 Nigerian elementary schoolchildren aged 8-15 yr were investigated by clinical examination and questionnaire technique. The highest frequency of sweet consumption was recorded for the fee-paying pupils, who also had statistically significantly higher caries prevalence than in non-fee paying schools (P less than 0.001). About 48% and 24% of the fee and non-fee paying pupils respectively had dental caries. There was no significant difference in the sex distribution of the disease (P greater than 0.05). However, there was a significant difference (P less than 0.001) between methods of cleaning the teeth in the two types of schools. The majority (95%) of the fee-paying pupils used only a toothbrush while 51% of the non-fee paying pupils used a chewing stick. Methods for restricting the use of sweet snacks in addition to oral hygiene instruction are discussed as important means to reduce the increasing caries prevalence in schoolchildren in developing countries.

  18. Public and Private Incentives for Investment in Higher Education: Are They Sufficient, Especially for Black Males?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Appiah, Elizabeth N.

    2013-01-01

    The institutional costs of higher education have been rising. With diminishing public support per student, tuition and fees private costs have also been rising. But so have the real earnings of college graduates. Are there still sufficient incentives on efficiency grounds for additional public investment in higher education? And in particular,…

  19. If They Build It....

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bushweller, Kevin

    1999-01-01

    Impact fees are one-time charges assessed to residential developers that help pay for new roads, libraries, school buildings, and other infrastructure needed for growing populations. The fees' highly political nature has pitted school officials against developers, with mixed results. Utah, South Carolina, Florida, and Colorado initiatives are…

  20. 42 CFR 417.472 - Basic contract requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... benefit packages, private fee-for-service contracts, and MSA contracts), and all cost contracts under... Medicare Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) survey vendors to conduct the...

  1. 42 CFR 417.472 - Basic contract requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... benefit packages, private fee-for-service contracts, and MSA contracts), and all cost contracts under... Medicare Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) survey vendors to conduct the...

  2. 42 CFR 417.472 - Basic contract requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... benefit packages, private fee-for-service contracts, and MSA contracts), and all cost contracts under... Medicare Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) survey vendors to conduct the...

  3. Financial sustainability in municipal solid waste management--costs and revenues in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

    PubMed

    Lohri, Christian Riuji; Camenzind, Ephraim Joseph; Zurbrügg, Christian

    2014-02-01

    Providing good solid waste management (SWM) services while also ensuring financial sustainability of the system continues to be a major challenge in cities of developing countries. Bahir Dar in northwestern Ethiopia outsourced municipal waste services to a private waste company in 2008. While this institutional change has led to substantial improvement in the cleanliness of the city, its financial sustainability remains unclear. Is the private company able to generate sufficient revenues from their activities to offset the costs and generate some profit? This paper presents a cost-revenue analysis, based on data from July 2009 to June 2011. The analysis reveals that overall costs in Bahir Dar's SWM system increased significantly during this period, mainly due to rising costs related to waste transportation. On the other hand, there is only one major revenue stream in place: the waste collection fee from households, commercial enterprises and institutions. As the efficiency of fee collection from households is only around 50%, the total amount of revenues are not sufficient to cover the running costs. This results in a substantial yearly deficit. The results of the research therefore show that a more detailed cost structure and cost-revenue analysis of this waste management service is important with appropriate measures, either by the privates sector itself or with the support of the local authorities, in order to enhance cost efficiency and balance the cost-revenues towards cost recovery. Delays in mitigating the evident financial deficit could else endanger the public-private partnership (PPP) and lead to failure of this setup in the medium to long term, thus also endangering the now existing improved and currently reliable service. We present four options on how financial sustainability of the SWM system in Bahir Dar might be enhanced: (i) improved fee collection efficiency by linking the fees of solid waste collection to water supply; (ii) increasing the value chain by sales of organic waste recycling products; (iii) diversifying revenue streams and financing mechanisms (polluter-pays-, cross-subsidy- and business-principles); and (iv) cost reduction and improved cost-effectiveness. We argue that in a PPP setup such as in Bahir Dar, a strong alliance between the municipality and private enterprise is important so that appropriate solutions for improved financial sustainability of a SWM system can be sought and implemented. Copyright © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

  4. Migration intentions of Ghanaian medical students: the influence of existing funding mechanisms of medical education ("the fee factor").

    PubMed

    Eliason, S; Tuoyire, D A; Awusi-Nti, C; Bockarie, A S

    2014-06-01

    To explore the effects of fee paying status on migration intentions of Ghanaian medical students. Cross sectional questionnaire based survey. All established Ghanaian medical schools with students in their clinical years. Fee-paying and non-fee-paying Ghanaian medical students in their clinical years. None. Migration intentions of Ghanaian medical students after graduation, Allegiance to Government of Ghana. Approximately half (49%) of the medical students surveyed had intentions of migrating after school. Over 48% of those with migration intentions plan on doing so immediately after completing their house job, while 44% plan to migrate at least one year after their house job. The most popular destination chosen by the potential migrant doctors was North America (38%). Fee-paying students were significantly more likely (OR=2.11, CI=1.32, 3.38) than non-fee-paying students to have intentions of migrating after their training. Secondly, fee-paying students were more likely (OR=9.66, CI=4.42, 21.12) than non-fee paying students to feel they owe no allegiance to the Government of Ghana because of their fee-paying status. Medical Students' fee-paying status affects their intentions to migrate and their allegiance to the country after completion of their training.

  5. Internet Access in Public and Private Schools. Indicator of the Month.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    National Center for Education Statistics (ED), Washington, DC.

    This indicator highlights findings about Internet access in schools. From 1994-98, Internet access and the percentage of instructional rooms with Internet access in public schools increased. Public schools with a high student poverty level were less likely to have Internet access than schools with a low poverty level from 1994-97. In fall 1998,…

  6. Do Tuition Fees Affect the Mobility of University Applicants? Evidence from a Natural Experiment

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Dwenger, Nadja; Storck, Johanna; Wrohlich, Katharina

    2012-01-01

    Several German states recently introduced tuition fees for university education. We investigate whether these tuition fees influence the mobility of university applicants. Based on administrative data of applicants for medical schools in Germany, we estimate the effect of tuition fees on the probability of applying for a university in the home…

  7. Educational Management Organizations as High Reliability Organizations: A Study of Victory's Philadelphia High School Reform Work

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Thomas, David E.

    2013-01-01

    This executive position paper proposes recommendations for designing reform models between public and private sectors dedicated to improving school reform work in low performing urban high schools. It reviews scholarly research about for-profit educational management organizations, high reliability organizations, American high school reform, and…

  8. A cross-sectional observation on habitual non-alcoholic beverage consumption among adolescents from four Irish post-primary schools.

    PubMed

    Millar, Sophie; O'Donoghue, Megan; McNulty, Breige; Kirwan, Laura; McKevitt, Aideen

    2017-02-01

    No up-to-date data on the dietary intake of Irish adolescents are available. The aim of the present pilot study was to obtain and compare cross-sectional information on habitual adolescent beverage consumption between four distinct post-primary schools in the Republic of Ireland, in 2014-2015. A cross-sectional observation study. A beverage consumption questionnaire was used to obtain data on beverage intake and influences on consumption. Four post-primary mixed-sex schools in Ireland representing the following school classifications were selected for the study: urban fee-paying, urban disadvantaged, rural fee-paying and rural disadvantaged. Students (n 761) aged 12-18 years. Data were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis (non-parametric) ANOVA to compare the distribution of beverage consumption across the schools. Water was the most highly consumed beverage among students from all four schools (median 1425 ml/d). Students from urban and rural disadvantaged schools reported a significantly higher volume of carbonated beverage intake than students from fee-paying schools. Students from an urban disadvantaged school also reported a significantly higher volume of carbonated beverage and energy drink intake compared with the other three schools. Students from an urban fee-paying school reported the highest consumption of water, while rural disadvantaged school students were the biggest consumers of tea and milk. Significant differences in beverage consumption (ml/d) were reported by adolescents from four schools in Ireland. Surveillance on current beverage consumption trends among adolescents is vital to guide policies and interventions, and for appropriate targeting of resources.

  9. An Echo, Not a Choice.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Dewey, Douglas D.

    1996-01-01

    Discusses why government school vouchers actually represent a setback to school reform and only contribute to diminishing school autonomy and distinctiveness. Argues use of a privately funded voucher system or precollege scholarship approach as feasible alternatives for educating low-income children. Alternatives include the need for tax relief,…

  10. Dental care for the elderly through a Capped-fee funding model: Optimising outcomes for primary government dental services.

    PubMed

    Conquest, Jennifer H; Skinner, John; Kruger, Estie; Tennant, Marc

    2017-12-01

    The objectives of this study were to (i) compare a Capped Payment formula for adults, to the fee-for-service model and the New South Wales Government services payment model; (ii) identify the presenting oral health needs of a 65+ years of age cohort during the period January 2011 to March 2015. Australia faces an ageing population with the vast majority accessing free market dental care, whilst the poor access Government services. This cohort retains most of their dentition increasing demand on Government services. The analysis of New South Wales Government adult de-identified patients' record unit data was from 2011 to 2015, for the three payment models and undertaken in three stages; (i) development of the Capped Payment Model; (ii) evaluation of twenty (20) case studies of adults 65+ years of age; (iii) analyse the cost efficiency of the three payment models. This study found that the Government model was the most cost effective. The Capped-fee model performed less efficiently, particularly in the 75+ age group, with the fee-for-service model generally more costly. It was $2580 (85%) more costly for the 65-74 age cohort, and $4619 (66%) for the 75+ age cohort. Policy makers in partnership with Government and private service providers should seek to develop partnerships with Government, private services and universities, scope opportunities in applying a Capped-fee funding model, and one that helps address the oral needs of the elderly. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S and The Gerodontology Association. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  11. Facets of job satisfaction of dental practitioners working in different organisational settings in England.

    PubMed

    Harris, R V; Ashcroft, A; Burnside, G; Dancer, J M; Smith, D; Grieveson, B

    2008-01-12

    Before April 2006, English dentists were either working as an NHS general dental service (GDS) practitioner (fee-per-item, no local contractual obligations); an NHS personal dental service (PDS) practitioner (block contract with the primary care trust (PCT)); a private practitioner (either fee-per-item or capitation-based, independent of the PCT); or in a situation where they were mixing their NHS work (either under the GDS or PDS arrangements) with private work. To a) investigate the extent of the mix of NHS and private work in English dentists working in the GDS and PDS, b) to compare global job satisfaction, and c) to compare facets of job satisfaction for practitioners working in the different organisational settings of PDS practices, GDS practices and practices where there is a mix of NHS and private provision. Method A questionnaire was sent to 684 practitioners, containing 83 attitudinal statements relating to job facets, a global job satisfaction score and questions concerning workload. Response rate was 65.2%. More PDS than GDS dentists were found to treat the majority of their patients under the NHS. GDS dentists working fully in the NHS were least likely to be satisfied with their job, followed by PDS practitioners and then GDS dentists working in mixed NHS/private practices. Private practitioners were the most satisfied. Differences between GDS, PDS and private practitioners were found in global job satisfaction and in the facets of job satisfaction related to restriction in being able to provide quality care, control of work and developing clinical skills.

  12. The consequences of health service privatisation for equality and equity in health care in South Africa.

    PubMed

    Price, M

    1988-01-01

    The trend towards the privatisation of health services in South Africa reflects a growing use of private sources of finance and the growing proportion of privately owned fee-for-service providers and facilities. Fee-for-service methods of reimbursement aggravate the geographical maldistribution of personnel and facilities, and the competition for scarce personnel resources aggravates the difference in the quality of the public and private services. Thus the growth in demand for these types of providers may be expected to increase inequality of access in these two respects. The potential expansion of medical scheme coverage is shown to be limited to well under 50% of the population, leaving the majority of the population without access to private sector health care. Even for members of the medical schemes, benefits are linked to income, thus clashing with the principle of equal care for equal need. The public funds needed to overcome financial obstacles to access to private providers could be more efficiently deployed by financing publicly owned and controlled health services directly. Taxation also offers the most equitable method of financing health services. Finally, attention is drawn to the dilemma resulting from the strengthening of the private health sector; while in the short term this can offer better care to more people on a racially non-discriminatory basis, in the long term, health care for the population as a whole may become more unequal and for those dependent on the public sector it may even deteriorate.

  13. 42 CFR 417.472 - Basic contract requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ..., private fee-for-service contracts, and MSA contracts), and all cost contracts under section 1876 of the... Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) survey vendors to conduct the Medicare...

  14. How Are Private School Enrolment Patterns Changing across Indian Districts with a Growth in Private School Availability?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chudgar, Amita; Creed, Benjamin

    2016-01-01

    The private school sector in India has grown significantly but the equity implications of this growth are not well understood. Traditionally private schools have been patronised by more educated and better-off families. Evidence also suggests a preference for enrolling male children in private schools. With the growth in the private school sector…

  15. Fee Comparisons of Treatments for Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in a Private Practice Academic Setting

    PubMed Central

    Wilson, Leslie S.; Pregenzer, Mark; Basu, Rituparna; Bertenthal, Daniel; Torres, Jeanette; Asgari, Maryam; Chren, Mary-Margaret

    2013-01-01

    OBJECTIVE To compare fees for biopsy, treatment procedure, repair, and 2-month follow-up for nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) treatments: electrodesiccation and curettage (ED&C), excision, and Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). METHODS A cost comparison of 936 primary NMSCs diagnosed in 1999/2000 at a University affiliated dermatology practice. Clinical data was from medical record review. 2007 Medicare Fee Schedule costs determined fees for surgical care. Pearson chi-square tests, t-tests and analysis of variance compared fee differences. Linear regression determined independent effects of tumor and treatment characteristics on fees. RESULTS Mean fees/lesion were $463 for ED&C, $1,222 for excision, and $2,085 for MMS (p < .001). For all treatments, primary procedure costs were highest (38%, 45%, and 41%). Total repair fees were higher with MMS ($735) vs excisions ($197). Fees were higher for head and neck tumors (p < .001), H-zone tumors (p < .001), and tumors smaller than 10 mm in diameter (p = .04). Regression models predicted that the treatment fees would be $2,109 for MMS and $1,252 for excision (p < .001). Tumor size greater than 10 mm in diameter (added $128), tumors on the head and neck (added $966), and MMS (added $857 vs excision) were independently related to higher fees (p < .001). CONCLUSION Even after adjusting for risk factors, MMS has higher fees than excision for primary NMSC. Repairs accounted for the majority of this difference. These fee comparisons provide a basis for comparative effectiveness studies of treatments for this common cancer. PMID:22145798

  16. Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) Plans

    MedlinePlus

    ... Find & compare doctors, hospitals, & other providers Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) Plans How PPO Plans Work A Medicare ... extra for these benefits. Related Resources Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Private Fee-for-Service (PFFS) Special Needs ...

  17. Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Plan

    MedlinePlus

    ... Find & compare doctors, hospitals, & other providers Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Plan In most HMO Plans, you generally ... certain service when needed. Related Resources Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) Private Fee-for-Service (PFFS) Special Needs ...

  18. Medicare Special Needs Plan (SNP)

    MedlinePlus

    ... of Medicare Advantage Plan (like an HMO or PPO). Medicare SNPs limit membership to people with specific ... work Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) Private Fee-for-Service (PFFS) Find someone to ...

  19. Recruiting Teachers Online: Marketing Strategies and Information Dissemination Practices of UK-Based Agencies

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    de Villiers, Rian; Books, Sue

    2009-01-01

    A review of the websites of 43 UK-based agencies that are recruiting teachers in South Africa and other countries finds that important information about what to expect often is missing. An analysis of the marketing strategies shows that agencies overall are promising schools thorough vetting of candidates and low fees, are promising prospective…

  20. Un/Doing Gender? A Case Study of School Policy and Practice in Zambia

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bajaj, Monisha

    2009-01-01

    This article explores an attempt to disrupt gender inequality in a unique, low-cost private school in Ndola, Zambia. It examines deliberate school policies aimed at "undoing gender" or fostering greater gender equity. These include efforts to maintain gender parity at all levels of the school and the requirement that both young men and…

  1. Why Don't Housing Choice Voucher Recipients Live Near Better Schools? Insights from Big Data

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ellen, Ingrid Gould; Horn, Keren Mertens; Schwartz, Amy Ellen

    2016-01-01

    Housing choice vouchers provide low-income households with additional income to spend on rental housing in the private market. The assistance vouchers provide is substantial, offering the potential to dramatically expand the neighborhood--and associated public schools--that low-income households can reach. However, existing research on the program…

  2. The 'other' London effect: the diversification of London's suburban grammar schools and the rise of hyper-selective elite state schools.

    PubMed

    Gamsu, Sol

    2018-03-30

    This paper examines the rise of a new elite of 'super-state' schools in London, revealing a growing divide within the state sector which problematizes claims that the capital is a 'hotspot' for social mobility (Social Mobility Commission ). Although recent research has revealed a 'London effect' in which students in the capital on Free School Meals outperform their peers in other regions (Greaves, Macmillan and Sibieta ), inequalities between London's schools in access to elite universities have been overlooked. Drawing on a case study of a suburban London grammar school, 'King Henry's School', I show how ethnic-minority suburbanization has combined with an institutional strategy to compete with elite private schools. Strategies of selection have been mobilized alongside elements of elite 'gentlemanly' educational culture in order to reposition the school within the hierarchy of London's schools. The result is a hyper-selective school which provides a conduit to elite universities for upwardly mobile British-Asian students. I show that this strategy has strong parallels with the school's attempts in the early twentieth century to compete with London's fee-paying 'public' schools. The continuing symbolic value of 'traditional' forms of elite educational culture to a school seeking to reposition itself within the field reflects deep structural patterns of inequality in English education. To understand how apparent improvements in social mobility can sit alongside deepening inequalities between state schools, there is a need for a historical sociological approach that takes account of long-term processes of institutional change (Savage ; Inglis ). © London School of Economics and Political Science 2018.

  3. Caries risk assessment among 12-13 year old school-going children of government and private schools of Tirupur district, Tamil Nadu.

    PubMed

    Mitha, Madhu M; Nijesh, J E; Chaly, Preetha Elizabeth; Priyadharshini, Indra; Junaid, Mohammed; Vaishnavi, S

    2016-01-01

    Dental caries is as ancient as humankind and has the longest association with the dental profession, an association that is punctuated with agony and ecstasy. The agonizing fact is that despite several efforts toward total eradication, this disease is still prevalent. Nevertheless, an ecstatic success of the profession is the global decline in the incidence compared to the yesteryears' epidemics. Hence, predicting dental caries earlier is a boon. One such model to predict is cariogram developed by Bratthall in 1996. The aim of this study was to assess the caries risk among 12-13 year old school-going children of government and private schools of Tirupur district in Tamil Nadu using cariogram computer model. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 136 study subjects of 12-13 year of age, who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using a predesigned questionnaire and scored according to a standardized protocol. The Chi-square test was used to find differences between caries-related factors and cariogram group. The correlation was acquired using Spearman's correlation. Government school study subjects had 56% of chance of avoiding caries whereas the private school study subjects had 66% of chance of avoiding caries in future and the differences were statistically significant (P = 0.001). A negative correlation was observed between the chance to avoid dental caries and cariogram sectors. The majority of the study subjects from government school belonged to medium-risk category and private school subjects belonged to low-risk category which inferred that private school students have high chance to avoid dental caries compared to government study subjects.

  4. Organization and financing of the Danish health care system.

    PubMed

    Christiansen, Terkel

    2002-02-01

    The present paper aims at giving a short overview of the organization and financing of the Danish health care system as of 1997-1998 when the SWOT panel evaluated the system. The overview follows the triangular model of a health care system. The Danish system is characterized by being decentralized and single-funded. The hospital sector is public, and hospitals are financed and run by the counties (with only a very small private hospital sector alongside). General practitioners are private entrepreneurs but work under contract for the counties. Hospitals are financed by global budgets, while general practitioners are paid by a mixed remuneration system of capitation fees and fee-for-service. During the past 20 years, the government has repeatedly imposed budget ceilings on the counties which has limited growth in the health care sector.

  5. Providing oral health care to underserved population of pregnant women: retrospective review of 320 patients treated in private practice setting.

    PubMed

    Kerpen, Steven J; Burakoff, Ronald

    2013-01-01

    This article aims to quantify the impact of a novel partnership between a fee-for-service private practice and a teaching hospital dental service intended to provide oral care to an underserved population of pregnant women. Further, it seeks to ascertain the oral needs of this high-risk and diverse population. Data is presented that suggests the dire need for oral care among this pregnant population and the efficacy of treating these women in a private practice setting.

  6. Evaluating the effect of a proposed logistics fee cap on pharmaceuticals in South Africa--a pre and post analysis.

    PubMed

    Bangalee, Varsha; Suleman, Fatima

    2015-11-26

    South Africa has proposed the implementation of a maximum logistics fee paid by pharmaceutical manufacturers to wholesalers and distributors. However very little knowledge exists of the effects, unintended or otherwise, of the implementation of these proposed regulations, which are required to guide further policy development and implementation. The objectives of this study was to therefore evaluate the effects of the proposed logistics fee cap on different pharmaceuticals and different dosage forms, as well as to observe the logistics fee contribution to the Single Exit Price. Private sector medicine prices were sourced from the South African Medicine Price Registry as at 20 December 2013. For each medicine the maximum logistics fee was calculated based on the 2012 proposed government guidelines. The logistics fee as a percentage of the final Single Exit Price was calculated, as part of the analysis of results. Out of the 47 medicines in the overall sample from the current study, only 16 medicines showed a decrease in the Single Exit Price with the application of the maximum logistics fee cap. This study reveals the need for greater transparency of the mark ups along the distribution chain as well as further research with regards to the costing of logistics fees of similar pharmaceuticals.

  7. A Study of Fund Raising and Fee Collection Practices in Tennessee Public Schools.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Peach, Larry E.; Reddick, Thomas L.

    Most school systems in Tennessee raise additional revenue for instructional and extracurricular activities through fund raising projects and voluntary student fee collections. Responses to a questionnaire by 129 principals (from a sample of 15) were analyzed to determine the extent, diversity, and results of fund raising activities and fee…

  8. A study of knowledge, attitude, and sensitivity about HIV/AIDS among school teachers in northwestern Himalayas.

    PubMed

    Ghosh, Shivnath; Chhabra, Rosy; Springer, Carolyn; Sharma, Sunil Kumar

    2008-01-01

    North India is considered a low knowledge and low prevalence setting according to the recent National AIDS Control Organization survey regarding HIV/AIDS. As more than one third of the population in India is young adults and adolescents, reaching and educating them is key for prevention programs and a healthier future. School systems provide an ideal situation to impart this awareness and reach adolescents and young adults. Logically, teachers are the ideal sources of imparting information. All schools are required to train some of their teachers in the national HIV/AIDS education training, and they in turn share this information and awareness with the adolescents in schools. However, not many teachers have the knowledge, appropriate attitude, and comfort level needed to impart this information to students. This paper will discuss results from our brief survey of teachers from public and the private schools in Himachal Pradesh in India that focused on the knowledge of HIV/AIDS, attitude toward people living with HIV/AIDS, and comfort in discussing these issues with students. A sample of 80 teachers (40 each from public and private schools) volunteered for the study. The findings revealed a significant difference between public and private school teachers in their knowledge level (t = 9.45, P < .001), their attitudes toward HIV/ AIDS (t = 16.77, P < .001), and their comfort level in discussing these issues (t = 12.65, P < .001). Implications of the study for teacher's training on HIV/AIDS and a proposed intervention are discussed.

  9. Food environments in schools and in the immediate vicinity are associated with unhealthy food consumption among Brazilian adolescents.

    PubMed

    Azeredo, Catarina Machado; de Rezende, Leandro Fórnias Machado; Canella, Daniela Silva; Claro, Rafael Moreira; Peres, Maria Fernanda Tourinho; Luiz, Olinda do Carmo; França-Junior, Ivan; Kinra, Sanjay; Hawkesworth, Sophie; Levy, Renata Bertazzi

    2016-07-01

    Evidence of the influence of the school food environment on adolescent diet is still little explored in low- and middle-income countries. We aimed to evaluate the association between food environment in schools and the immediate vicinity and the regular consumption of unhealthy food among adolescents. We used cross-sectional data collected by the Brazilian National Survey of School Health (PeNSE) from a representative sample of adolescents attending 9th grade public and private schools in Brazil, in 2012. We estimated students' regular consumption (>5days/week) of unhealthy food (soft drinks, bagged salty snacks, deep fried salty snacks and sweets) and school availability, in the cafeteria or an alternative outlet, of the same food plus some healthy options (fruit and natural fruit juice). We performed multilevel logistic regression models. Having a cafeteria inside school selling soft drinks (private schools OR=1.23; 95% CI=1.14-1.33; public schools OR=1.13; 95% CI=1.06-1.20) and deep fried salty snacks (private schools OR=1.41 95% CI=1.26-1.57; public schools OR=1.16 95% CI=1.08-1.24) was associated with a higher consumption of these unhealthy foods of among students. In private schools, cafeteria selling fruit and natural fruit juice was associated with lower student consumption of bagged salty snacks (OR=0.86; 95% CI 0.77-0.96) and soft drinks (OR=0.85; 95% CI=0.76-0.94). In addition, eating meals from the Brazilian School Food Program in public schools was associated with a lower consumption of unhealthy foods. Foods available in the school food environment are associated with the consumption of unhealthy food among adolescents in Brazil. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Inc.

  10. Factors affecting scholastic performances of adolescents.

    PubMed

    Shashidhar, Saraswati; Rao, Chandrika; Hegde, Radhakrishna

    2009-05-01

    The present study aims at recognizing the social influence, study habits and health factors affecting scholastic performances of adolescents and to compare these factors among the adolescents between two categories of school. A total of 1230 adolescents (13-18 yrs) were screened. Data was collected by personal interview, using the teenage screening questionnaire, Trivandrum, between May 2004 and November 2005. A total 615 students from corporation and private schools were studied. 39.76% (489) were high achievers, 13.5% (166) were low achievers with p < 0.001. In the low achievers, 12.03% were from the corporation schools and 1.46% from private schools. The incidence of poor study habits and social factors were increased in low achievers of corporation schools. On multivariate analysis, the predictor variables for poor scholastic performance were adolescent having refractory error, not having help for study at home, not doing home work regularly, not solving question bank papers and reading only before examinations. It is feasible and worthwhile to identify the determinants of scholastic performance and plan intervention strategies at each school. The results of this study highlight the importance of implementing newer strategies, focusing on strict study patterns and creating the conducive school and home environment for study, so as to achieve better scholastic performances.

  11. Milwaukee Longitudinal School Choice Evaluation: Annual School Testing Summary Report 2010-11. SCDP Milwaukee Evaluation Report #32

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jacob, Anna M.; Wolf, Patrick J.

    2012-01-01

    The Milwaukee Parental Choice Program (MPCP) is the nation's oldest and largest urban school choice program, offering private-school scholarships to low-income students in the city of Milwaukee since 1990. In the early years of the program, voucher schools were not required to test their students, though many of them did so using nationally normed…

  12. 36 CFR 251.114 - Criteria, terms and conditions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... the rights-of-way across the private land, an appropriate adjustment will be made in the fee charged..., cultural, threatened and endangered species, and other values of the Federal land; (3) The location and...

  13. Fee Versus Free in Libraries.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Garrett, Amy B.

    This study examines 104 articles on the fee versus free controversy in libraries, written primarily between the years of 1992 and 1997. The content analysis assesses the types of libraries that charges fees--academic, public, school, or special; who is charged--everyone, businesses and their personnel, law firms and lawyers; and what services the…

  14. Poor nutritional status of schoolchildren in urban and peri-urban areas of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

    PubMed Central

    2011-01-01

    Background Malnutrition is still highly prevalent in developing countries. Schoolchildren may also be at high nutritional risk, not only under-five children. However, their nutritional status is poorly documented, particularly in urban areas. The paucity of information hinders the development of relevant nutrition programs for schoolchildren. The aim of this study carried out in Ouagadougou was to assess the nutritional status of schoolchildren attending public and private schools. Methods The study was carried out to provide baseline data for the implementation and evaluation of the Nutrition Friendly School Initiative of WHO. Six intervention schools and six matched control schools were selected and a sample of 649 schoolchildren (48% boys) aged 7-14 years old from 8 public and 4 private schools were studied. Anthropometric and haemoglobin measurements, along with thyroid palpation, were performed. Serum retinol was measured in a random sub-sample of children (N = 173). WHO criteria were used to assess nutritional status. Chi square and independent t-test were used for proportions and mean comparisons between groups. Results Mean age of the children (48% boys) was 11.5 ± 1.2 years. Micronutrient malnutrition was highly prevalent, with 38.7% low serum retinol and 40.4% anaemia. The prevalence of stunting was 8.8% and that of thinness, 13.7%. The prevalence of anaemia (p = 0.001) and vitamin A deficiency (p < 0.001) was significantly higher in public than private schools. Goitre was not detected. Overweight/obesity was low (2.3%) and affected significantly more children in private schools (p = 0.009) and younger children (7-9 y) (p < 0.05). Thinness and stunting were significantly higher in peri-urban compared to urban schools (p < 0.05 and p = 0.004 respectively). Almost 15% of the children presented at least two nutritional deficiencies. Conclusion This study shows that malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are also widely prevalent in schoolchildren in cities, and it underlines the need for nutrition interventions to target them. PMID:21504619

  15. Poor nutritional status of schoolchildren in urban and peri-urban areas of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso).

    PubMed

    Daboné, Charles; Delisle, Hélène F; Receveur, Olivier

    2011-04-19

    Malnutrition is still highly prevalent in developing countries. Schoolchildren may also be at high nutritional risk, not only under-five children. However, their nutritional status is poorly documented, particularly in urban areas. The paucity of information hinders the development of relevant nutrition programs for schoolchildren. The aim of this study carried out in Ouagadougou was to assess the nutritional status of schoolchildren attending public and private schools. The study was carried out to provide baseline data for the implementation and evaluation of the Nutrition Friendly School Initiative of WHO. Six intervention schools and six matched control schools were selected and a sample of 649 schoolchildren (48% boys) aged 7-14 years old from 8 public and 4 private schools were studied. Anthropometric and haemoglobin measurements, along with thyroid palpation, were performed. Serum retinol was measured in a random sub-sample of children (N = 173). WHO criteria were used to assess nutritional status. Chi square and independent t-test were used for proportions and mean comparisons between groups. Mean age of the children (48% boys) was 11.5 ± 1.2 years. Micronutrient malnutrition was highly prevalent, with 38.7% low serum retinol and 40.4% anaemia. The prevalence of stunting was 8.8% and that of thinness, 13.7%. The prevalence of anaemia (p = 0.001) and vitamin A deficiency (p < 0.001) was significantly higher in public than private schools. Goitre was not detected. Overweight/obesity was low (2.3%) and affected significantly more children in private schools (p = 0.009) and younger children (7-9 y) (p < 0.05). Thinness and stunting were significantly higher in peri-urban compared to urban schools (p < 0.05 and p = 0.004 respectively). Almost 15% of the children presented at least two nutritional deficiencies. This study shows that malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are also widely prevalent in schoolchildren in cities, and it underlines the need for nutrition interventions to target them.

  16. The Urban and Rural Fellowship School Experiments in Pakistan: Design, Evaluation, and Sustainability.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Orazem, Peter F.

    The province of Balochistan has the worst educational attainment in Pakistan, which has low educational attainment compared to countries with similar income levels. In light of several factors constraining the Balochistan government's ability to expand school supply in poor areas, private schools were thought to offer potential benefits for…

  17. 34 CFR 76.658 - Funds not to benefit a private school.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 34 Education 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Funds not to benefit a private school. 76.658 Section... Schools § 76.658 Funds not to benefit a private school. (a) A subgrantee may not use program funds to finance the existing level of instruction in a private school or to otherwise benefit the private school...

  18. 34 CFR 76.658 - Funds not to benefit a private school.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Funds not to benefit a private school. 76.658 Section... Schools § 76.658 Funds not to benefit a private school. (a) A subgrantee may not use program funds to finance the existing level of instruction in a private school or to otherwise benefit the private school...

  19. Private and Public Schooling in Ghana: A Census and Comparative Survey

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tooley, James; Dixon, Pauline; Amuah, Isaac

    2007-01-01

    A census and survey of schools in the district of Ga, Ghana, explored the nature and extent of private education, and compared inputs to public and private schooling. Three quarters of all schools found were private, with almost as many unregistered private as government schools. Several important differences between registered and unregistered…

  20. Nutritional quality of dietary patterns of children: are there differences inside and outside school?

    PubMed

    Vieira, Diva Aliete Dos Santos; Castro, Michelle Alessandra; Fisberg, Mauro; Fisberg, Regina Mara

    To describe the dietary patterns of children inside and outside school and investigate their associations with sociodemographic factors and nutritional status. This was a multicenter cross-sectional study in which children of both sexes, aged 1-6 years, attending private and public daycare centers and preschools in Brazil, were evaluated (n=2979). Demographic, socioeconomic and dietary data (weighed food records and estimated food records) were collected. Dietary patterns were derived by factor analysis from 36 food groups. Four dietary patterns were identified inside school, and three outside. Inside school, the "traditional" pattern was associated to low income and presented high nutritional quality. The "dual" pattern was associated with low income and with high intake of added sugar and glycemic load. The "snack" pattern was associated with children enrolled at private schools and with high intake of added sugar and glycemic load. The "bread and butter" pattern was associated with high intake of added sugar and trans fat. Outside school, the "traditional" pattern was associated with high intake of saturated fat, trans fats, sodium, and total fiber. The "bread and butter" pattern was associated with high intake of trans fats and glycemic load, whereas the "snack" pattern was associated with overweight, private schools, high income, and high intake of trans fats, sodium, and total fiber. There are differences in the nutritional quality of dietary patterns inside and outside school, and heterogeneity in adherence to these patterns were observed across regions and socioeconomic classes. Copyright © 2016 Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

  1. Aligning Aid with Enrollment: Interim Findings on Aid Like a Paycheck. Full Report

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Weissman, Evan; Cerna, Oscar; Cullinan, Dan; Baldiga, Amanda

    2017-01-01

    Evidence shows that financial aid increases college enrollment. For many students at low-cost community colleges, this aid is intended to cover more than tuition and fees; after those are paid, the remainder is paid out, or "refunded," to students to help with their living expenses while they are enrolled in school. Often, however, the…

  2. Aligning Aid with Enrollment: Interim Findings on Aid Like a Paycheck. Executive Summary

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Weissman, Evan; Cerna, Oscar; Cullinan, Dan; Baldiga, Amanda

    2017-01-01

    Evidence shows that financial aid increases college enrollment. For many students at low-cost community colleges, this aid is intended to cover more than tuition and fees; after those are paid, the remainder is paid out, or "refunded," to students to help with their living expenses while they are enrolled in school. Often, however, the…

  3. Small Scale and School Culture: The Experience of Private Schools. ERIC Digest.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Conway, George E.

    It is a widely held perception in this country that private schools are superior to public schools. This digest examines school size and school culture as they relate to the high quality of education in private schools. The average private school is about half the size of the average public school. Reflecting Tonnies' (Ferdinand Tonnies, 1887)…

  4. Nutrition education of school children: a non-formal approach.

    PubMed

    Udipi, S A; Kamath, R; Shah, N

    1993-01-01

    The health education learning can be promoted through children's games. How basic nutrition knowledge was provided to Indian children aged 7-10 years through nutrition games was described. The project involved teaching educational games to 882 students in 4 different primary schools over 8 months in Bombay: 478 from private fee-paying schools and 404 from non-fee-paying municipal schools. Games covered the 4 basic food groups and a balanced diet. The games were food relay, passing the parcel, throw ball, and food chain. An initial introduction to the importance of nutrition, the major nutrients, and their food sources was provided by a trained nutritionist to 30-35 students at a time. Nutrients of importance were identified as protein, energy, fat, vitamins A and C, and minerals such as calcium and iron. There were 2 games for the basic food groups followed by 2 games for the balanced diet; each game was played for 3 turns. Pretests and posttests were conducted. The Relay Game was played with 4 groups (1 group for each food group) of children standing 15 feet away from foods in plastic bags. At the signal, the first one in line ran to the end, grabbed a food appropriate to his or her food group, and returned to the rear of the line, which released the second runner to repeat the process until all the food was gone. The teacher checked the items collected and corrected mistakes. In Pass the Parcel, children sat in a circle and passed a bag filled with scrape of paper with the names of food items written on them, while music played. When the music was stopped, whoever was holding the bag drew out a food name and had to identify the food item, the basic food group, and the major nutrient in the food and its importance. In Throw Ball, 30-35 children stood in a circle with a person in the center with a ball. At each throw of the ball, the student named a food, and the following 5 students named foods that would complete a balanced diet. Then these 5 children moved out of the circle, and the game continued until all were out. The Food Chain game involved 1 student tagging 5 students to a group, who would plan a balanced diet and present it to the class for evaluation. Each of the games took about 40-45 minutes. There were benefits in learning, in compatibility with children's short attention spans, and in the low cost.

  5. An Analysis of Private School Closings

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pandey, Lakshmi; Sjoquist, David L.; Walker, Mary Beth

    2009-01-01

    We add to the small literature on private school supply by exploring exits of K-12 private schools. We find that the closure of private schools is not an infrequent event and use national survey data from the National Center for Education Statistics to study closures of private schools. We assume that the probability of an exit is a function of…

  6. 49 CFR 605.18 - Comments by private school bus operators.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Comments by private school bus operators. 605.18... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SCHOOL BUS OPERATIONS School Bus Agreements § 605.18 Comments by private school bus operators. Private school bus operators may file written comments on an applicant's...

  7. 49 CFR 605.18 - Comments by private school bus operators.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Comments by private school bus operators. 605.18... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SCHOOL BUS OPERATIONS School Bus Agreements § 605.18 Comments by private school bus operators. Private school bus operators may file written comments on an applicant's...

  8. Public banking of umbilical cord blood or storage in a private bank: testing social and ethical policy in northeastern Italy

    PubMed Central

    Parco, Sergio; Vascotto, Fulvia; Visconti, Patrizia

    2013-01-01

    Background In northeastern Italy, according to Italian legislation, authorized public facilities can accept the donation and preservation of cord blood stem cells (CB-SC). Attitudes and knowledge in pregnant women differs between the local and immigrant (non-European Union [EU]) population. In this study we assessed the choices that pregnant women have with respect to the public and private harvesting system and the main reasons driving their decisions. We examined the ethnic origin of the families and compared tests for syphilis screening and leukocyte (WBC) counts in the CB-SC bags that are required for validation of the collection. Methods Out of a population of 3450 pregnant patients at the Institute for Maternal and Child Health of Trieste, northeast Italy, 772 women agreed to cord blood harvesting and the associated lab tests. Of these, 221 women (28.6%) were from immigrant families of non-EU countries. Their ethnic affiliation was recorded, and tests were performed for syphilis screening and for nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) interference with the WBC count in CB-SC bags to assess cellularity and to determine if storage was appropriate. Results Of the 772 pregnant women, 648 (84.0%) accessed the public collection system, which is free of charge, and 124 (15.0%) accessed the private fee-based system. One woman from the non-EU group opted for the private fee-based system. Of the 3450 pregnant women screened for syphilis at the Institute for Maternal and Child Health, the Treponema pallidum hemagglutination (TPHA) and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) tests were the main tests performed (66.0% of total cases) because many gynecologists in the public harvesting system apply the Italian regulations of the 1988 Decree, while the private system requires tests on syphilis and leaves the option to the lab physicians to select the best determination method. We found that the chemiluminescence method was more specific (97.0%) than the TPHA (83.0%) and nontreponemal rapid plasma reagin VDRL (75.0%) tests (P < 0.05, χ2 test). The specificity link between the two automatic methods versus microscopes for WBC dosing and NRBC interference was r2 = 0.08 (ADVIA 120) and r2 = 0.94 (XE-2100). The public system does not include human T-cell lymphotropic virus testing; this is reserved for the population from endemic zones. Conclusion In northeastern Italy current legislation prevents the establishment of private fee-based banks for storage of CB-SC. The cryopreservation, for future autologous personal or family use, is possible only by sending to foreign private banks, with a further fee of €300. These regulations confirm that Italian legislation tries to increase the anonymous allogenic donations and the number of CB-CS bags stored in the free-cost public system, that are available to anyone with therapeutic needs. Private banking is used almost exclusively by the wealthier local population. In the public system, many physicians continue to use older Italian laws regarding syphilis diagnosis, and NRBC interference on WBC count may have an impact on cord blood harvesting. Our findings suggest that in the EU there is no consensus policy on donor management. The value of storage for potential use within the family is useful only with collaboration between the public and the private systems. PMID:23610532

  9. Public banking of umbilical cord blood or storage in a private bank: testing social and ethical policy in northeastern Italy.

    PubMed

    Parco, Sergio; Vascotto, Fulvia; Visconti, Patrizia

    2013-01-01

    In northeastern Italy, according to Italian legislation, authorized public facilities can accept the donation and preservation of cord blood stem cells (CB-SC). Attitudes and knowledge in pregnant women differs between the local and immigrant (non-European Union [EU]) population. In this study we assessed the choices that pregnant women have with respect to the public and private harvesting system and the main reasons driving their decisions. We examined the ethnic origin of the families and compared tests for syphilis screening and leukocyte (WBC) counts in the CB-SC bags that are required for validation of the collection. Out of a population of 3450 pregnant patients at the Institute for Maternal and Child Health of Trieste, northeast Italy, 772 women agreed to cord blood harvesting and the associated lab tests. Of these, 221 women (28.6%) were from immigrant families of non-EU countries. Their ethnic affiliation was recorded, and tests were performed for syphilis screening and for nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) interference with the WBC count in CB-SC bags to assess cellularity and to determine if storage was appropriate. Of the 772 pregnant women, 648 (84.0%) accessed the public collection system, which is free of charge, and 124 (15.0%) accessed the private fee-based system. One woman from the non-EU group opted for the private fee-based system. Of the 3450 pregnant women screened for syphilis at the Institute for Maternal and Child Health, the Treponema pallidum hemagglutination (TPHA) and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) tests were the main tests performed (66.0% of total cases) because many gynecologists in the public harvesting system apply the Italian regulations of the 1988 Decree, while the private system requires tests on syphilis and leaves the option to the lab physicians to select the best determination method. We found that the chemiluminescence method was more specific (97.0%) than the TPHA (83.0%) and nontreponemal rapid plasma reagin VDRL (75.0%) tests (P < 0.05, χ(2) test). The specificity link between the two automatic methods versus microscopes for WBC dosing and NRBC interference was r(2) = 0.08 (ADVIA 120) and r(2) = 0.94 (XE-2100). The public system does not include human T-cell lymphotropic virus testing; this is reserved for the population from endemic zones. In northeastern Italy current legislation prevents the establishment of private fee-based banks for storage of CB-SC. The cryopreservation, for future autologous personal or family use, is possible only by sending to foreign private banks, with a further fee of €300. These regulations confirm that Italian legislation tries to increase the anonymous allogenic donations and the number of CB-CS bags stored in the free-cost public system, that are available to anyone with therapeutic needs. Private banking is used almost exclusively by the wealthier local population. In the public system, many physicians continue to use older Italian laws regarding syphilis diagnosis, and NRBC interference on WBC count may have an impact on cord blood harvesting. Our findings suggest that in the EU there is no consensus policy on donor management. The value of storage for potential use within the family is useful only with collaboration between the public and the private systems.

  10. Evaluating the Implementation of the No-Fee Teacher Education Policy

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Zhao, Yiran; Chang, Jindong

    2013-01-01

    This study used questionnaires and telephone interviews to survey the views of 245 former Southwest University no-fee preservice students on the implementation of the no-fee teacher education policy. Analysis of their feedback on questions pertaining to the in-school, graduation, and employment stages of the program found that: (1) Motivation to…

  11. A review of hypoglycaemia in a South African family practice setting.

    PubMed

    Pillay, Devan K; Ross, Andrew J; Campbell, Laura

    2016-06-17

    The prevalence and incidence of diabetes in South Africa are high and are expected to increase. Mortality and morbidity may be related to hypoglycaemia, and there is limited information on hypoglycaemia from private practice sites. The aim of this study was to assess patients' education about, knowledge of and response to hypoglycaemia. The study site was a general practice, and participants were all patients with diabetes who presented to the practice over a 1-month period. Data were collected using a closedended questionnaire and analysed descriptively. Most respondents were South Africans of Indian origin and were diagnosed with diabetes at a relatively young age. Despite attending a private practice, most had low incomes and low schooling levels. Just under half reported having experienced hypoglycaemia, and there was a strong association between hypoglycaemia and insulin use. Many reported never having received any education around hypoglycaemia. The study highlights the need for early screening for diabetes in this vulnerable population. Hypoglycaemic education should consider low schooling levels even in a private general practice, and further study is required on the quality and frequency of education provided in general practice.

  12. NBS (National Bureau of Standards) calibration services users guide: Fee schedule

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    1987-04-01

    The physical measurement services of the National Bureau of Standards are designed to help the makers and users of precision instruments achieve the highest possible levels of measurement quality and productivity. The hundreds of individual services found listed in the Fee Schedule constitute the highest-order calibration services available in the United States. These services directly link a customer's precision equipment or transfer standards to national measurement standards. These services are offered to public and private organizations and individuals alike. The Fee Schedule is a supplement to NBS Special Publication 250, Calibration Services Users Guide. These documents are designed to make the task of selecting and ordering an appropriate calibration service as quick and easy as possible.

  13. Textual production of children without learning difficulties.

    PubMed

    Santos, Maria Aparecida Gonçalves dos; Hage, Simone Rocha de Vasconcellos

    2015-01-01

    To characterize the writing skills of students, to compare the performance of students in public and private schools, and to identify enhancements in the course of the school year. Three texts (narrative, game rules description, and a note or letter) written by 160 students from public and private schools were analyzed based on a specific protocol. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. To compare the overall performance by the protocol between school grades, the Kruskal-Wallis and Miller tests were used, and to compare results as to schools (private and public), Mann-Whitney test was used. Median values of aesthetic aspects, coherence, clarity, and concision for game rules description among public school students remained one point below the top score. Students from private schools achieved the highest score at medians. When comparing schools, private institutions had students with better performances, with significant difference. As to grades, statistical difference was found between the fourth and sixth grades of public schools and between the fourth and fifth grades of private schools. Most of the private school children showed consolidation of skills assessed in the different grades. However, public school children had this consolidation only at the sixth grade. Students from private schools had better performances compared to those from public schools. There is tendency to evolution from the fourth to sixth grades in public schools. However, the overall performance is similar in all grades in private schools.

  14. The National School Lunch Program: Background, Trends, and Issues. Economic Research Report Number 61

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ralston, Katherine; Newman, Constance; Clauson, Annette; Guthrie, Joanne; Buzby, Jean

    2008-01-01

    The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) is the Nation's second largest food and nutrition assistance program. In 2006, it operated in over 101,000 public and nonprofit private schools and provided over 28 million low-cost or free lunches to children on a typical school day at a Federal cost of $8 billion for the year. This report provides…

  15. Factors influencing private health providers' technical quality of care for acute respiratory infections among under-five children in rural West Bengal, India.

    PubMed

    Chakraborty, Sarbani; Frick, Kevin

    2002-11-01

    In many developing countries, private health practitioners provide a significant portion of curative care for diseases which are of public health importance. Currently, health sector reform efforts in these countries are fostering increased participation of private providers in the delivery of health services, including those of public health importance. Guaranteeing good technical quality of care is critical to the process. However, little is known about private providers' technical quality of care (disease management practices) and the factors influencing these services. The purpose of this study was to contribute information on this topic. The study was conducted among private providers in rural West Bengal, India and focused on providers' disease management practices for acute respiratory infections (ARI) among under-five children. World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for ARI case management were used as the expected standard of care. Observations of patient-provider encounters and interviews with the providers and mothers were the main sources of data. The study found that private health providers in rural West Bengal have inadequate technical quality of care. The problem was related both to low levels of performance (limited potential) and inconsistency in performance (within-provider variation). Limited potential for good technical quality for ARI among the providers was related to lack of knowledge (technical incompetence). One of the important factors influencing within-provider variation was patient load. Since rural private providers operate on a fee-for-service payment system, there are incentives related to seeing many patients. The study concluded that to bring about sustainable improvements in private providers' ARI disease management practices, training programs and interventions that improved compliance were necessary.

  16. Characteristics of Private Schools in the United States: Results from the 2011-12 Private School Universe Survey. First Look. NCES 2013-316

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Broughman, Stephen P.; Swaim, Nancy L.

    2013-01-01

    In 1988, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) developed a private school data collection that improved on the sporadic collection of private school data dating back to 1890 by developing an alternative to commercially available private school sampling frames. Since 1989, the U.S. Bureau of the Census has conducted the biennial…

  17. Public Subsidies to Private Schools Do Make a Difference for Achievement in Mathematics: Longitudinal Evidence from Canada

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lefebvre, Pierre; Merrigan, Philip; Verstraete, Matthieu

    2011-01-01

    Selection into private schools is the principal cause of bias when estimating the effect of private schooling on academic achievement. By exploiting the generous public subsidizing of private high schools in the province of Quebec, the second most populous province in Canada, we identify the causal impact of attendance in a private high school on…

  18. 78 FR 8499 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Comment Request; Private School Universe Survey 2013-16

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-06

    ...; Comment Request; Private School Universe Survey 2013-16 AGENCY: Department of Education (ED), Institute of... notice will be considered public records. Title of Collection: Private School Universe Survey 2013-16... Private School Universe Survey (PSS) is the NCES collection of basic data from the universe of private...

  19. Mathematic Achievement of Canadian Private School Students

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cadigan, Francoise Jane; Wei, Yichun; Clifton, Rodney A.

    2013-01-01

    Very little Canadian research has examined the academic achievement of private school students. Data from The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2003 were used to examine the achievement of private school students. The study found that private school students outperformed their public school peers. In addition, the students'…

  20. 34 CFR 76.654 - Benefits for private school students.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Benefits for private school students. 76.654 Section 76... Schools § 76.654 Benefits for private school students. (a) Comparable benefits. The program benefits that a subgrantee provides for students enrolled in private schools must be comparable in quality, scope...

  1. 34 CFR 76.654 - Benefits for private school students.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 34 Education 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Benefits for private school students. 76.654 Section 76... Schools § 76.654 Benefits for private school students. (a) Comparable benefits. The program benefits that a subgrantee provides for students enrolled in private schools must be comparable in quality, scope...

  2. 34 CFR 76.652 - Consultation with representatives of private school students.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Consultation with representatives of private school... Enrolled in Private Schools § 76.652 Consultation with representatives of private school students. (a) An... schools during all phases of the development and design of the project covered by the application...

  3. 34 CFR 76.652 - Consultation with representatives of private school students.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 34 Education 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Consultation with representatives of private school... Enrolled in Private Schools § 76.652 Consultation with representatives of private school students. (a) An... schools during all phases of the development and design of the project covered by the application...

  4. 47 CFR 1.1116 - General exemptions to charges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Commission authorization in any other mass media radio service (except the international broadcast (HF) service) private radio service, or common carrier radio communications service otherwise requiring a fee....1116 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION GENERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Schedule of...

  5. Paying for Quality? Associations between Private School Income, Performance and Use of Resources

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Davies, Peter; Davies, Neil M.

    2014-01-01

    Education policy in England has explicitly aimed to remodel state schools in the image of independent, private, schools. However, the body of research evidence on the operation of private schools is very small. Critics have frequently argued that, in contrast to state schools, private schools use resources efficiently because their autonomy gives…

  6. Serving up Access

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rich, Sarah

    2011-01-01

    When low-income students returned to Chicago public schools this fall, many had better access to technology, thanks to a public-private partnership. Chicago families with children enrolled in the National School Lunch Program are eligible for subsidized computers and Internet connections through an agreement between the city and telecom giant…

  7. Characteristics of Private Schools in the United States: Results from the 2015-16 Private School Universe Survey. First Look. NCES 2017-073

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Broughman, Stephen P.; Rettig, Adam; Peterson, Jennifer

    2017-01-01

    In 1988, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) developed a private school data collection that improved on the sporadic collection of private school data dating back to 1890 and at the same time developed an alternative to commercially available private school sampling frames. Since 1989, the U.S. Bureau of the Census has conducted…

  8. Characteristics of Private Schools in the United States: Results from the 2009-10 Private School Universe Survey. First Look. NCES 2011-339

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Broughman, Stephen P.; Swaim, Nancy L.; Hryczaniuk, Cassie A.

    2011-01-01

    In 1988, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) introduced a proposal to develop a private school data collection that would improve on the sporadic collection of private school data dating back to 1890 and improve on commercially available private school sampling frames. Since 1989, the U.S. Bureau of the Census has conducted the…

  9. Characteristics of Private Schools in the United States: Results from the 2013-14 Private School Universe Survey. First Look. NCES 2016-243

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Broughman, Stephen P.; Swaim, Nancy L.

    2016-01-01

    In 1988, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) developed a private school data collection that improved on the sporadic collection of private school data dating back to 1890 and at the same time developed an alternative to commercially available private school sampling frames. Since 1989, the U.S. Bureau of the Census has conducted…

  10. "Affordable" Private Schools in South Africa. Affordable for Whom?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Languille, Sonia

    2016-01-01

    The paper sets out to challenge the notions of "affordable" private schools in the context of South Africa. It is guided by one main question: "affordable private schools for whom?" It argues that, contrary to claims by its public and private proponents, affordable private schools in South Africa do not cater for poor children.…

  11. The opinions of private and public school teachers regarding school nurses.

    PubMed

    Ardahan, Melek; Erkin, Ozum

    2018-05-01

    To compare the opinions of teachers in private and public schools about school nurses. This descriptive study was conducted at 10 randomly selected private and public schools in Izmir in western Turkey during April-May 2016, and comprised teachers who consented to participate. A questionnaire was used to collect the data about socio-demographic information of the subjects (six questions), problems frequently encountered in school and the teachers' opinions about school health nurses (seven questions). Two open-ended questions on the roles of school nurses and the most important health education topics were asked. SPSS 22 was used to analyse data. Of the 720 subjects, 517(72%) were females and 203(18%) were men. There were 360(50%) teachers from private schools and an equal number were from the public schools. The mean ages of the teachers from the private and public schools were 36.22±8.69 and 43.12±7.78 years, respectively. Besides, 337(93.6%) teachers of the private schools and 338(93.9%) teachers of the public school believed that school nurses were needed, while 19(5.3%) private school teachers and 162(45%) public school teachers said they had "no idea" about the roles of the school nurse. The most important role of the school nurse was promoting good health habits according to the public school teachers and health education according to the private school teachers. Half of the public school teachers said they had no idea about the role of a school nurse.

  12. K-12 Schools: The Effect of Public School Choices on Marine Families’ Co-Location Decisions

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-03-01

    homeschool the child/children, or enroll in the new installation’s public school system. Each of these choices comes at a cost which changes based on...location. For instance, if the local public schools are considered to be of high quality, the cost associated with enrolling in that school is low; if...the form of private school tuition, or can be thought of in terms of opportunity costs for tuition-free public schools. Every family has a different

  13. Relevance of the Flexner Report to contemporary medical education in South Asia.

    PubMed

    Amin, Zubair; Burdick, William P; Supe, Avinash; Singh, Tejinder

    2010-02-01

    A century after the publication of Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (the Flexner Report), the quality of medical education in much of Asia is threatened by weak regulation, inadequate public funding, and explosive growth of private medical schools. Competition for students' fees and an ineffectual accreditation process have resulted in questionable admission practices, stagnant curricula, antiquated learning methods, and dubious assessment practices. The authors' purpose is to explore the relevance of Flexner's observations, as detailed in his report, to contemporary medical education in South Asia, to analyze the consequences of growth, and to recommend pragmatic changes. Major drivers for growth are the supply-demand mismatch for medical school positions, weak governmental regulation, private sector participation, and corruption. The consequences are urban-centric growth, shortage of qualified faculty, commercialization of postgraduate education, untenable assessment practices, emphasis on rote learning, and inadequate clinical exposure. Recommendations include strengthening accreditation standards and processes possibly by introducing regional or national student assessment, developing defensible student assessment systems, recognizing health profession education as a field of scholarship, and creating a tiered approach to faculty development in education. The relevance of Flexner's recommendations to the current status of medical education in South Asia is striking, in terms of both the progressive nature of his thinking in 1910 and the need to improve medical education in Asia today. In a highly connected world, the improvement of Asian medical education will have a global impact.

  14. Exit and Entry: Why Parents in Utah Left Public Schools and Chose Private Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bukhari, Patras; Randall, E. Vance

    2009-01-01

    This study explored the factors that influenced parental decisions to exit a public school and enroll their children in a private school. It also explored why parents chose the specific private school their child attends and the level of satisfaction they have with their private school choice. The key reasons for leaving public education were: (a)…

  15. A comparative study of school based violence and strategies for control in public and private secondary schools in Osun State.

    PubMed

    Omisore, A G; Omisore, B; Adelekan, B; Afolabi, O T; Olajide, F O; Arije, O O; Agunbiade, O I

    2012-01-01

    Violence is universal; it occurs in schools (both public and private). The study aim was to assess the rates of violence as well as existing violence prevention strategies in public and private schools in Osun state. A cross sectional study was conducted among 800 secondary school students (599 in public and 201 in private schools) selected by multistage sampling technique using quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. The mean age for all the respondents was 14.26 years +/- 2.001 Males make up about 51% of the respondents in both public and private schools. Respondents from public schools assaulted other students and staff with a weapon more than their colleagues in private schools (24.7% and 9.7% against 12.9% and 6.5% respectively). The commonest violence 'prevention' strategy in both schools was punishment for violent acts (>90%). Respondents in public schools perpetrated and experienced virtually all forms of school-related violence more than those in private, schools. There were mild differences in existing violence prevention strategies in both schools. School connectedness seems to be a major factor in the differential rates of violence between both groups of schools.

  16. Use of Fees to Discourage Nonmedical Exemptions to School Immunization Laws in US States

    PubMed Central

    Omer, Saad B.

    2016-01-01

    Recent outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States have renewed public discourse about state vaccine mandates for children entering schools. With acknowledgment of the challenge of eliminating religious and philosophical exemptions in most states, some have proposed instead to impose additional administrative burdens for parents seeking such exemptions. We review the use of taxes, fines, and fees as financial disincentives in public health. We argue that adding processing fees to a comprehensive set of administrative requirements for obtaining exemptions will avoid the use of taxpayer funding for exemption processing and will help tilt the balance of convenience in favor of vaccination. PMID:26691132

  17. Characteristics of Private Schools in the United States: Results From the 2007-08 Private School Universe Survey--First Look. NCES 2009-313

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Broughman, Stephen P.; Swaim, Nancy L.; Keaton, Patrick W.

    2009-01-01

    Since 1989, the U.S. Bureau of the Census has conducted the biennial Private School Universe Survey (PSS) for the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). The PSS is designed to generate biennial data on the total number of private schools, students, and teachers, and to build a universe of private schools in the 50 states and the District…

  18. 26 CFR 1.528-6 - Expenditure test.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Homeowners Associations § 1.528-6 Expenditure test. (a) In general. An...) Insurance premiums on association property; (11) Accountant's fees; (12) Improvement of private property to...

  19. Looking to the Future.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    College Planning & Management, 1999

    1999-01-01

    Presents administrator's views on possible trends in college and universities. Addresses: hazardous waste disposal; privatization of custodial services; libraries and technology; building product purchases based on life-cycle cost; continuing education for employees; armed campus security; fees and tuition collection via online transactions; and…

  20. Working toward an Inclusive School Culture: A University-Secondary School Collaborative Model of Reflective Practice.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    O'Keefe, Joseph M.

    Since the mid-1960s, some affluent white schools, both public and private, have made efforts to welcome low-income students of color into their student bodies. However, studies of these efforts have usually ignored the complex and deep ambivalence experienced by many young people of color in white middle-class institutions. This paper attempts to…

  1. The Australian mental health system: An economic overview and some research issues

    PubMed Central

    Williams, Ruth FG; Doessel, DP

    2008-01-01

    This article is concerned with the key economic characteristics of Australia's mental health system. First, some brief conceptual and empirical descriptions are provided of Australia's mental health services, both as a total system, and of its two principal components, viz. public psychiatric institutions and private psychiatry services. Expenditures on public psychiatric hospitals clearly demonstrate the effect of deinstitutionalisation. Data from 1984 on private practice psychiatry indicate that per capita utilisation rates peaked in 1996 and have since fallen. Generally, since 1984 gross fees have not risen. However, for both utilisation and fees, there is evidence (of a statistical kind) that there are significant differences between the states of Australia, in these two variables (utilisation and fees). Emphasis is also placed on the economic incentives that arise from health insurance and the heterogeneous nature of mental illness. The effects of these incentives are regarded as by-products of the health insurance mechanism; and another effect, "unmet need" and "met non-need", is a somewhat unique problem of an informational kind. Discussion of many of these issues concludes on a somewhat negative note, e.g. that no empirical results are available to quantify the particular effect that is discussed. This is a manifestation of the lacunae of economic studies of the mental health sector. PMID:18477408

  2. Fee Splitting among General Practitioners: A Cross-Sectional Study in Iran.

    PubMed

    Parsa, Mojtaba; Larijani, Bagher; Aramesh, Kiarash; Nedjat, Saharnaz; Fotouhi, Akbar; Yekaninejad, Mir Saeed; Ebrahimian, Nejatollah; Kandi, Mohamad Jafar

    2016-12-01

    Fee splitting is a process whereby a physician refers a patient to another physician or a healthcare facility and receives a portion of the charge in return. This survey was conducted to study general practitioners' (GPs) attitudes toward fee splitting as well as the prevalence, causes, and consequences of this process. This is a cross-sectional study on 223 general practitioners in 2013. Concerning the causes and consequences of fee splitting, an unpublished qualitative study was conducted by interviewing a number of GPs and specialists and the questionnaire options were the results of the information obtained from this study. Of the total 320 GPs, 247 returned the questionnaires. The response rate was 77.18%. Of the 247 returned questionnaires, 223 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Among the participants, 69.1% considered fee splitting completely wrong and 23.2% (frequently or rarely) practiced fee splitting. The present study showed that the prevalence of fee splitting among physicians who had positive attitudes toward fee splitting was 4.63 times higher than those who had negative attitudes. In addition, this study showed that, compared to private hospitals, fee splitting is less practiced in public hospitals. The major cause of fee splitting was found to be unrealistic/unfair tariffs and the main consequence of fee splitting was thought to be an increase in the number of unnecessary patient referrals. Fee splitting is an unethical act, contradicts the goals of the medical profession, and undermines patient's best interest. In Iran, there is no code of ethics on fee splitting, but in this study, it was found that the majority of GPs considered it unethical. However, among those who had negative attitudes toward fee splitting, there were physicians who did practice fee splitting. The results of the study showed that physicians who had a positive attitude toward fee splitting practiced it more than others. Therefore, if physicians consider fee splitting unethical, its rate will certainly decrease. The study claims that to decrease such practice, the healthcare system has to revise the tariffs.

  3. United States private schools have higher rates of exemptions to school immunization requirements than public schools.

    PubMed

    Shaw, Jana; Tserenpuntsag, Boldtsetseg; McNutt, Louise-Anne; Halsey, Neal

    2014-07-01

    To compare medical, religious, and personal belief immunization exemption rates between private and public schools in US. Exemption rates were calculated using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention School Immunization Assessment Surveys for the 2009-2010 school year excluding states with incomplete survey data. Standardized exemption rates weighted on enrollments in public and private schools were calculated. Differences in exemption rates between public and private schools were tested using Wilcoxon signed rank test. The overall state exemption rate was higher in US private than public schools, 4.25% (SD 4.27) vs 1.91% (1.67), P = .0001 and private schools had higher exemption rates for all types of exemptions; medical 0.58% (0.71) vs 0.34% (0.34) respectively (P = .0004), religious 2.09% (3.14) vs 0.83% (1.05) respectively (P = .0001), and personal belief 6.10% (4.12) vs 2.79% (1.57), respectively (P = .006). Overall exemption rates were significantly higher in states that allowed personal belief exemptions. Exemption rates were significantly higher in US private than in public schools. Children attending private schools may be at higher risk of vaccine-preventable diseases than public school children. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  4. The Legal Framework for Educational Privatization and Accountability.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kemerer, Frank R.; Maloney, Catherine

    This article explores how the law currently influences accountability in three different privatization contexts: (1) private schools operated independently of the state; (2) public schools operated by private organizations under charter or subcontract with government entities; and (3) private schools participating in publicly-funded voucher…

  5. Private Schools: Who Benefits? PISA in Focus. No. 7

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    OECD Publishing (NJ1), 2011

    2011-01-01

    At some point in their child's education, many parents have considered whether it would be worth the expense to enrol their child in a private school. For parents, private schools may offer a particular kind of instruction that is not available in public schools. If private schools also attract higher-performing students and better teachers than…

  6. Premium inflation in the Irish private health insurance market: drivers and consequences.

    PubMed

    Turner, B

    2013-12-01

    Nearly half of the Irish population is covered by private health insurance. In recent years, premium inflation has been significantly ahead of overall inflation and has been accelerating. This has contributing to a drop in the numbers insured since the peak in 2008. The fall in the numbers with private health insurance also has implications for the public health system. Factors behind this premium inflation include rising charges for beds in public hospitals, increasing volume of treatments and increasing quality of service and cover. While some progress has been made by insurers on reducing fees paid to consultants and private hospitals, unless the quantity or quality of care are addressed then premium inflation is unlikely to abate.

  7. Dietary habits and physical activity levels in Jordanian adolescents attending private versus public schools.

    PubMed

    Tayyem, R F; Al-Hazzaa, H M; Abu-Mweis, S S; Bawadi, H A; Hammad, S S; Musaiger, A O

    2014-07-08

    The present study examined differences in dietary habits and physical activity levels between students attending private and public high schools in Jordan. A total of 386 secondary-school males and 349 females aged 14-18 years were randomly recruited using a multistage, stratified, cluster sampling technique. Dietary habits and physical activity level were self-reported in a validated questionnaire. The prevalence of obesity was significantly higher among adolescents in private (26.0%) than in public schools (16.7%). The frequency of breakfast intake was significantly higher among adolescents in private schools, whereas French fries and sweets intake was significantly higher in public schools. Television viewing showed a significant interaction with school type by sex. A higher rate of inactivity was found among students attending private schools. Despite a slightly better overall dietary profile for students in private schools, they had a higher rate of overweight and obesity compared with those in public schools.

  8. A Private [School] Matter: The State of Materials Challenges in Private College Preparatory School Libraries in the Southeast United States

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Franklin, Renee E.

    2008-01-01

    Materials challenges and censorship occur often in public and private educational settings. Private schools and their library media centers are not subject to the First Amendment but research reported in this article examines the state of challenges to materials held in private schools media centers in the southeast United States as a way to gauge…

  9. Variation in school health policies and programs by demographic characteristics of US schools, 2006.

    PubMed

    Balaji, Alexandra B; Brener, Nancy D; McManus, Tim

    2010-12-01

    To identify whether school health policies and programs vary by demographic characteristics of schools, using data from the School Health Policies and Programs Study (SHPPS) 2006. This study updates a similar study conducted with SHPPS 2000 data and assesses several additional policies and programs measured for the first time in SHPPS 2006. SHPPS 2006 assessed the status of 8 components of the coordinated school health model using a nationally representative sample of public, Catholic, and private schools at the elementary, middle, and high school levels. Data were collected from school faculty and staff using computer-assisted personal interviews and then linked with extant data on school characteristics. Results from a series of regression analyses indicated that a number of school policies and programs varied by school type (public, Catholic, or private), urbanicity, school size, discretionary dollars per pupil, percentage of white students, percentage of students qualifying for free lunch funds, and, among high schools, percentage of college-bound students. Catholic and private schools, smaller schools, and those with low discretionary dollars per pupil did not have as many key school health policies and programs as did schools that were public, larger, and had higher discretionary dollars per pupil. However, no single type of school had all key components of a coordinated school health program in place. Although some categories of schools had fewer policies and programs in place, all had both strengths and weaknesses. Regardless of school characteristics, all schools have the potential to implement a quality school health program. © Published 2010. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

  10. Exploring Arkansas's Private Education Sector. School Survey Series #6

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Catt, Andrew D.

    2016-01-01

    This report synthesizes information about Arkansas's private schools from two separate surveys conducted by the Friedman Foundation and the U.S. Department of Education (USDOE). If the Friedman Foundation survey data are representative of the state's private schools, then Arkansas's private schools have enough empty seats to increase current…

  11. Mental Health Services at Selected Private Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Van Hoof, Thomas J.; Sherwin, Tierney E.; Baggish, Rosemary C.; Tacy, Peter B.; Meehan, Thomas P.

    2004-01-01

    Private schools educate a significant percentage of US children and adolescents. Private schools, particularly where students reside during the academic year, assume responsibility for the health and well-being of their students. Children and adolescents experience mental health problems at a predictable rate, and private schools need a mechanism…

  12. 34 CFR 75.119 - Information needed if private school students participate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Information needed if private school students... PROGRAMS How To Apply for a Grant Application Contents § 75.119 Information needed if private school... students enrolled in private schools, the application must include the information required of subgrantees...

  13. 34 CFR 75.119 - Information needed if private school students participate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 34 Education 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Information needed if private school students... PROGRAMS How To Apply for a Grant Application Contents § 75.119 Information needed if private school... students enrolled in private schools, the application must include the information required of subgrantees...

  14. Social Security privatization in Latin America.

    PubMed

    Kritzer, B E

    2000-01-01

    The new, partially privatized social security system adopted by Chile in 1981 has attracted attention in many parts of the world. Since then, a number of Latin American countries have implemented the Chilean model, with some variations: either with a single- or multi-tier system, or with a period of transition to take care of those in the labor force at the time of the change. The single-tier version consists of a privatized program with individual accounts in pension fund management companies. Multi-tier systems have a privatized component and retain some form of public program. This article describes each of the new programs in Latin America, their background, and similarities and differences among them. Much more information is available for Chile than for the other countries (in part because Chile has the oldest system), enough to be able to evaluate what, in most cases, is the most accurate information. That is often not the case for the other countries, especially when dealing with subjects such as transition costs and net rates of return (rates of return minus administrative fees). No country has copied the Chilean system exactly. Bolivia, El Salvador, and Mexico have closed their public systems and set up mandatory individual accounts. Argentina has a mixed public/private system with three tiers. In Colombia and Peru, workers have a choice between the public and private programs. Uruguay created a two-tier mixed system. Costa Rica has a voluntary program for individual accounts as a supplement to the pay-as-you-go program and has just passed a law setting up mandatory accounts containing employer contributions for severance pay. All of the countries continue to face unresolved issues, including: High rates of noncompliance--the percentage of enrollees who do not actively and regularly contribute to their accounts--which could lead to low benefits and greater costs to the governments that offer a guaranteed minimum benefit; Proportionately lower benefits for women and lower earners than for men and higher earners; A minimum required rate of return among the pension fund management companies (in most of these countries) that has resulted in similarity among the companies and the consequent lack of meaningful choice; and High administrative fees in most of these countries, which reduce the individual's effective rate of return. To what extent these issues can be mitigated or resolved in the future is not yet clear. In general, a definitive assessment of the Chilean model and its Latin American variations will not be possible until a cohort of retirees has spent most of its career under the new system.

  15. Differences in risk behaviours and HIV/STI prevalence between low-fee and medium-fee female sex workers in three provinces in China.

    PubMed

    Han, Lifeng; Zhou, Chu; Li, Zhijun; Poon, Adrienne N; Rou, Keming; Fuller, Serena; Li, Yan; Shen, Limei; Kang, Dianmin; Huang, Lu; Liao, Meizhen; Fu, Xiaobing; Shepard, Colin; Wu, Zunyou; Bulterys, Marc

    2016-06-01

    To better understand risk behaviours and factors associated with low-fee female sex workers (FSW) and support HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STI) epidemic control among this key population in China. A cross-sectional study using convenience sampling to recruit 1487 eligible low-fee and medium-fee FSW was conducted in 2012 in three provinces. The participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire and tested for HIV-1, herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 and syphilis antibody. Log-binomial modelling was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and examine factors associated with low-fee sex work. Prevalence of HIV-1, syphilis and HSV-2 antibody positive were 0.5%, 4.8% and 27.8%, respectively. Low-fee FSW were more likely to have HSV-2 infection (adjusted prevalence ratio (APR)=1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.7), but not more likely to have HIV-1 and syphilis infection compared with medium-fee FSW. Compared with medium-fee FSW, low-fee FSW were more likely to be ≥35 years of age (APR=2.1, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.6), engage in sex work ≥6 days/per week (APR=1.7, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.6), have ≥3 clients per day (APR=2.2, 95% CI 1.5 to 3.3), have clients decide condom use (APR=1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.3), fail to persuade clients to use condoms (APR=1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.6), express willingness to have unprotected sex in return for receipt of a higher fee (APR=1.8, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.8), have had genital symptoms in the past year (APR=1.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.8) and have migrated from another city. Low-fee FSW in China have unique risks for acquiring HIV/STI, in part due to greater economic pressures. Tailored interventions targeting low-fee FSW and incorporating their prevailing perception of HIV/STI risks and condom use negotiation challenges that they face are urgently needed. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/

  16. Stunting and weight statuses of adolescents differ between public and private schools in urban Gambia.

    PubMed

    Juwara, Alimatou; Huang, Nicole; Chien, Li-Ying; Chen, Hsin-Jen

    2016-07-01

    This study assessed the disparity in nutritional status of adolescents between public and private schools in urban Gambia. This is a school-based cross-sectional study in six private and six public upper basic schools in urban Gambia. This study recruited 491 students from public and 469 students from private schools (13-15 years of age). The prevalence of stunting (WHO height-for-age Z < -2SD) was 13.4 % for public school students and 4.5 % for private schools. After adjustment for children's sex, age, and family socioeconomic status, the differences in prevalence of stunting and underweight were significant between public and private schools. Private school students are more likely to be overweight/obese (WHO BMI-for-age Z > +1SD) (OR = 2.85, 95 % CI 1.55-5.22), but less likely to be thin (BMI-for-age Z < -2SD) (OR = 0.61 [0.39-0.96]), compared to public school students. Children from lower income families had lower odds for overweight/obese than normal weight, compared to those from higher income families (OR = 0.34 [0.15-0.76]). Public and private schools in urban regions of the Gambia may face different nutritional challenges due to differences in school environment and resources.

  17. Vouchers for primary healthcare services in an ageing world? The perspectives of elderly voucher recipients in Hong Kong.

    PubMed

    Lai, Angel Hor-Yan; Kuang, Zoey; Yam, Carrie Ho-Kwan; Ayub, Shereen; Yeoh, Eng-Kiong

    2018-05-01

    Considering the ageing population in economically advanced regions across the world, measures are necessary to enhance the health of the older population as well as contain public healthcare spending. Hong Kong implements the Elderly Health Care Voucher Scheme (EHCVS), providing older people aged 65 or above an annual subsidy of visiting private healthcare service providers for chronic disease prevention and management. The services also aim at reallocating demand from the public to private sector as well as improve quality of services. This qualitative study explored the experiences of EHCVS recipients (n = 55, aged 61-94) with eight focus group interviews in Hong Kong in the year 2016. Convenience sampling was used. Research questions were: (1) Why do older people choose not to use EHCVS for preventive as well as disease management services among older people in Hong Kong? (2) What are the barriers to reallocating demand from the public to private sector? (3) In what ways did EHCVS improve the quality of primary care services for older people? Using a deductive and inductive approach, eight qualitative themes were identified. Findings suggested that the non-targeted services and inadequate knowledge on EHCVS deterred older people from using the vouchers for disease management and prevention. The relatively expensive private services, lack of trust in the private sector, low public clinic fees and good services quality of the public sector, together with inadequate private practitioners in the healthcare market were barriers that hinder demand reallocation. Nevertheless, the quality of primary care services had been improved after the implementation of EHCVS with shortened wait times and opportunities to discuss health-related issues with private practitioners. Findings were discussed with practice, policy and research implications. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  18. Multiple Choice: How Public School Leaders in New Orleans' Saturated Market View Private School Competitors

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jabbar, Huriya; Li, Dongmei M.

    2016-01-01

    School choice policies, such as charter schools and vouchers, are in part designed to induce competition between schools. While several studies have examined the impact of private school competition on public schools, few studies have explored school leaders' perceptions of private school competitors. This study examines the extent to which public…

  19. Payment of Advanced Placement Exam Fees by Virginia Public School Divisions and Its Impact on Advanced Placement Enrollment and Scores

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cirillo, Mary Grupe

    2010-01-01

    The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of Virginia school divisions' policy of paying the fee for students to take Advanced Placement exams on Advanced Placement course enrollment, the number of Advanced Placement exams taken by students, the average scores earned and the percent of students earning qualifying scores of 3, 4, or 5…

  20. Comparative Aspects of Management Observed by Heads of Public and Private Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Imran, Muhammad

    2010-01-01

    The major purpose of the research was to compare the management aspects in public and private schools. All the heads of secondary schools of public and private sector of the Punjab province, Pakistan constituted population of the study. A sample of 216 head teachers (fifty percent from public sector schools and fifty percent private schools) was…

  1. 22 CFR 226.34 - Equipment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION OF ASSISTANCE AWARDS TO U.S. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS Post-award Requirements Property Standards § 226.34 Equipment. (a) Unless the agreement provides... to provide services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private...

  2. Colleges Aim for Niche in Online Banking.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Williams, Audrey Y.

    2001-01-01

    Explores how, in deals meant to win friends as well as fees, colleges like Drexel University are joining with outside companies to offer online banking services. Discusses the risks and advantages of such private-label financial services for students, faculty/staff, and alumni. (EV)

  3. 7 CFR 1822.263 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Definitions. 1822.263 Section 1822.263 Agriculture..., Procedures, and Authorizations § 1822.263 Definitions. As used in this subpart: (a) A private nonprofit... including engineering and legal fees, streets, roads, utilities, minimum essential administrative costs...

  4. Fixing unfair advantages? Providers hope to see more transparency, networks with Medicare private fee-for-service plans in wake of veto override.

    PubMed

    Lubell, Jennifer

    2008-07-21

    The new Medicare law delivers a raft of changes. But physicians are cheering the loudest for the rollback of the 10.6% reimbursement cut and the revamping of Medicare Advantage. "It doesn't make any sense that these private plans are paid 17% more than traditional Medicare and don't have to share a dime with the hospitals or physicians," says Albert Fisk, left, a Washington state physician.

  5. Outdoors America: recreational opportunities on public lands

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    ,

    1998-01-01

    This Federal Recreation Lands map is a consolidated guide to public lands offering outdoor recreation opportunities. Some areas have more recreation potential than others, and types of recreation available may vary from place to place. Many areas include private land not open to the public. Care should be taken to respect the rights of private property owners. For information regarding specific activities, services, facilities, hours and seasons of operation, entrance and other user fees, and accessibility, contact the appropriate agency office.

  6. Incentives and provider payment methods.

    PubMed

    Barnum, H; Kutzin, J; Saxenian, H

    1995-01-01

    The mode of payment creates powerful incentives affecting provider behavior and the efficiency, equity and quality outcomes of health finance reforms. This article examines provider incentives as well as administrative costs, and institutional conditions for successful implementation associated with provider payment alternatives. The alternatives considered are budget reforms, capitation, fee-for-service, and case-based reimbursement. We conclude that competition, whether through a regulated private sector or within a public system, has the potential to improve the performance of any payment method. All methods generate both adverse and beneficial incentives. Systems with mixed forms of provider payment can provide tradeoffs to offset the disadvantages of individual modes. Low-income countries should avoid complex payment systems requiring higher levels of institutional development.

  7. Determining the full costs of medical education in Thai Binh, Vietnam: a generalizable model.

    PubMed

    Bicknell, W J; Beggs, A C; Tham, P V

    2001-12-01

    We summarize a model for determining the full cost of educating a medical student at Thai Binh Medical School in Vietnam. This is the first full-cost analysis of medical education in a low-income country in over 20 years. We emphasize policy implications and the importance of looking at the educational costs and service roles of the major health professions. In Vietnam fully subsidized medical education has given way to a system combining student-paid tuition and fees with decreased government subsidies. Full cost information facilitates resource management, setting tuition charges at a school and adjusting budget allocations between medical schools, teaching hospitals, and health centres. When linked to quality indicators, trends within and useful comparisons between schools are possible. Cost comparisons between different types of providers can assist policy-makers in judging the appropriateness of expenditures per graduate for nursing and allied health education versus physician education. If privatization of medical education is considered, cost analysis allows policy-makers to know the full costs of educating physicians including the subsidies required in clinical settings. Our approach is intuitively simple and provides useful, understandable new information to managers and policy-makers. The full cost per medical graduate in 1997 was 111 462 989 Vietnamese Dong (US$9527). The relative expenditure per Vietnamese physician educated was 2.8 times the expenditure in the United States when adjusted for GNP per capita. Preliminary findings suggest that, within Vietnam, the cost to educate a physician is 14 times the cost of educating a nurse. Given the direct costs of physician education, the lifetime earnings of physicians and the costs that physicians generate for the use of health services and supplies, it is remarkable that so little attention is paid to the costs of educating physicians. Studies of this type can provide the quantitative basis for vital human resource and health services policy considerations.

  8. Current issues in dental practice management. Part 1. The importance of shared values.

    PubMed

    Newsome, Philip R H

    2003-04-01

    There can be few who would argue with the notion that the nature of dental practice in the United Kingdom has changed dramatically over the last couple of decades. A variety of factors, including new clinical techniques, growing consumerism, a much greater awareness of health-related and well-being issues in the public at large, as well as a marked deregulation within the dental profession, the development of vocational training and recently mandatory lifelong learning, the growing number of females working in the profession, and an increasing reluctance of young dentists to finance dental practices have all combined to create an environment which has enabled and encouraged a move away from traditional forms of dental care delivery. Instead, there has been considerable growth in independently-funded practice and a commensurate growth in the number of practices operating under a corporate body umbrella of one form or another. Currently there are 27 corporate bodies registered with the General Dental Council (GDC) with the likelihood of more in the future given the proposed GDC review. This will no doubt take into consideration European law, under which the restriction within the Dentist's Act on the number of corporate bodies is likely to be untenable. Although they still have only a small share of the dental market--with 4% of all dentists in the UK in 1999--they have expanded rapidly from a small base. The data available at the time the paper was written indicate that the global total of fees earned from dentistry in the UK in the financial year 2001/2002 was almost 3 billion Pounds, of which 1.9 billion Pounds (64%) came from NHS fees and 1.1 billion Pounds (36%) from private fees. Of this 1.9 billion Pounds received in NHS fees in 2001/2002, 0.55 billion Pounds were paid by patients who were not exempt from charges, bringing the total amount actually paid out of patients' pockets for dental treatment to 1.65 billion Pounds. Compare these figures with 1996/1997 when NHS fees stood at 1.6 billion Pounds (71%) and private fees at 0.6 billion Pounds (29%) and it can be seen that while the size of the whole market has grown NHS fees have risen by around 18% while private sector fees have gone up by 64% during the same period. It cannot be said therefore that NHS dentistry has disappeared although it is clear that access to NHS dentistry has been and may still be difficult in some parts of the country. The Department of Health in England has responded by developing 'access centres' and in the recently published Options for Change sets out sweeping proposals to revitalise NHS dentistry and delegate decisions over funding to a local level. It is far from clear what the consequences of these changes will be. However, one possible scenario is that in many parts of the UK, although relief of pain, prevention and restoration of function will be funded by the NHS, other than in 'special circumstances' such as after trauma and inherited conditions 'cosmetic embellishment' will not be funded. In which case, ever increasing public interest in personal appearance may well lead to further growth in private dentistry. Against a background of change and uncertainty, this series of articles explores some of the issues facing dentists coming to terms with working in this brave new world. This first part examines an aspect of dental practice that is seldom discussed openly and yet is of such fundamental importance that it is the cornerstone of all successful practices and the main fault line in unsuccessful ones, namely the nature and strength of practice values.

  9. Public and Private Schooling in France: An Investigation into Family Choice.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Langouet, Gabriel; Leger, Alain

    2000-01-01

    During the 1980s, 35 percent of French pupils attended private schools at some point. The private sector (largely state-supported Catholic schools) offered a second chance that was not seized equally. Research shows public-sector recruitment was more democratic; private schools equalized results more successfully. (Contains 12 references.) (MLH)

  10. College Success among Students Graduating from Public and Private High Schools

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Monto, Martin A.; Dahmen, Jessica

    2009-01-01

    This study compares the college freshman grade point averages of public and private high school graduates attending a "more selective" private university. Though graduates of public high schools had slightly lower SAT scores than graduates of private high schools, their end-of-freshman-year grade point averages were somewhat higher…

  11. The Public Good in English Private School Governance

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Boyask, Ruth

    2015-01-01

    There exist some rare private schools that attempt to mitigate the anti-democratic qualities of the private schooling sector in England. This article reports on a study of private schools that aim to promote equality and participation through some aspects of their operations. It considers to what extent the governance structures within the schools…

  12. 34 CFR 75.650 - Participation of students enrolled in private schools.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 34 Education 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Participation of students enrolled in private schools... Participation of students enrolled in private schools. If the authorizing statute for a program requires a grantee to provide for participation by students enrolled in private schools, the grantee shall provide a...

  13. 34 CFR 75.650 - Participation of students enrolled in private schools.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Participation of students enrolled in private schools... Participation of students enrolled in private schools. If the authorizing statute for a program requires a grantee to provide for participation by students enrolled in private schools, the grantee shall provide a...

  14. Athletic Trainer Services in Public and Private Secondary Schools.

    PubMed

    Pike, Alicia M; Pryor, Riana R; Vandermark, Lesley W; Mazerolle, Stephanie M; Casa, Douglas J

    2017-01-01

     The presence of athletic trainers (ATs) in secondary schools to provide medical care is crucial, especially with the rise in sports participation and resulting high volume of injuries. Previous authors have investigated the level of AT services offered, but the differences in medical care offered between the public and private sectors have not been explored.  To compare the level of AT services in public and private secondary schools.  Concurrent mixed-methods study.  Public and private secondary schools in the United States.  A total of 10 553 secondary schools responded to the survey (8509 public, 2044 private).  School administrators responded to the survey via telephone or e-mail. Descriptive statistics depict national data. Open-ended questions were evaluated through content analysis.  A greater percentage of public secondary schools than private secondary schools hired ATs. Public secondary schools provided a higher percentage of full-time, part-time, and clinic AT services than private secondary schools. Only per diem AT services were more frequent in the private sector. Regardless of the extent of services, reasons for not employing an AT were similar between sectors. Common barriers were budget, school size, and lack of awareness of the role of an AT. Unique to the public sector, remote location was identified as a challenge faced by some administrators.  Both public and private secondary schools lacked ATs, but higher percentages of total AT services and full-time services were available in the public sector. Despite differences in AT services, both settings provided a similar number of student-athletes with access to medical care. Barriers to hiring ATs were comparable between public and private secondary schools; however, remote location was a unique challenge for the public sector.

  15. Athletic Trainer Services in Public and Private Secondary Schools

    PubMed Central

    Pike, Alicia M.; Pryor, Riana R.; Vandermark, Lesley W.; Mazerolle, Stephanie M.; Casa, Douglas J.

    2017-01-01

    Context: The presence of athletic trainers (ATs) in secondary schools to provide medical care is crucial, especially with the rise in sports participation and resulting high volume of injuries. Previous authors have investigated the level of AT services offered, but the differences in medical care offered between the public and private sectors have not been explored. Objective: To compare the level of AT services in public and private secondary schools. Design: Concurrent mixed-methods study. Setting: Public and private secondary schools in the United States. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 10 553 secondary schools responded to the survey (8509 public, 2044 private). Main Outcome Measure(s): School administrators responded to the survey via telephone or e-mail. Descriptive statistics depict national data. Open-ended questions were evaluated through content analysis. Results: A greater percentage of public secondary schools than private secondary schools hired ATs. Public secondary schools provided a higher percentage of full-time, part-time, and clinic AT services than private secondary schools. Only per diem AT services were more frequent in the private sector. Regardless of the extent of services, reasons for not employing an AT were similar between sectors. Common barriers were budget, school size, and lack of awareness of the role of an AT. Unique to the public sector, remote location was identified as a challenge faced by some administrators. Conclusions: Both public and private secondary schools lacked ATs, but higher percentages of total AT services and full-time services were available in the public sector. Despite differences in AT services, both settings provided a similar number of student-athletes with access to medical care. Barriers to hiring ATs were comparable between public and private secondary schools; however, remote location was a unique challenge for the public sector. PMID:28157403

  16. Cheaper by the Dozen: Using Sibling Discounts at Catholic Schools to Estimate the Price Elasticity of Private School Attendance. NBER Working Paper No. 15461

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Dynarski, Susan; Gruber, Jonathan; Li, Danielle

    2009-01-01

    The effect of vouchers on sorting between private and public schools depends upon the price elasticity of demand for private schooling. Estimating this elasticity is empirically challenging because prices and quantities are jointly determined in the market for private schooling. We exploit a unique and previously undocumented source of variation…

  17. The Effects of Competition from Private Schooling on French Public School Districts in the Province of Quebec

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Caldas, Stephen J.; Bernier, Sylvain

    2012-01-01

    The Province of Quebec subsidizes nearly 50% of private education, and at the same time heavily regulates private schools. To date, no studies have been done to determine the effect of the unique nature of competition from K-12 private schools on public school education of the sort found in Quebec. The authors used multiple regression to determine…

  18. Lessons from Other Countries about Private School Aid: Higher Public Funding for Private Schools Usually Means More Government Regulation.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kober, Nancy

    This booklet discusses the pros and cons of using public funds for vouchers or other plans to subsidize the costs of private schooling. An important but sometimes overlooked issue in the school-choice debate is how private schools might change if they accepted government support. Some lessons can be found in the experiences of other industrialized…

  19. The Effect of School Choice: An Evaluation of the Charlotte Children's Scholarship Fund Program. Civic Report No. 12.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Greene, Jay P.

    The Children's Scholarship Fund (CSF) program in Charlotte, North Carolina offered partial scholarships, awarded by lottery, to low-income families in Charlotte to attend private schools in the 1999-2000 school year. Families of 452 students (or the students themselves in some cases), some of whom were using scholarships and some of whom were not,…

  20. A cohort cost analysis of lumbar laminectomy--current trends in surgeon and hospital fees distribution.

    PubMed

    Molina, Camilo A; Zadnik, Patricia L; Gokaslan, Ziya L; Witham, Timothy F; Bydon, Ali; Wolinsky, Jean-Paul; Sciubba, Daniel M

    2013-11-01

    Spine-related health-care expenditures accounted for $86 billion dollars in 2005, a 65% increase from 1997. However, when adjusting for inflation, surgeons have seen decreased reimbursement rates over the last decade. To assess contribution of surgeon fees to overall procedure cost, we reviewed the charges and reimbursements for a noninstrumented lumbar laminectomy and compared the amounts reimbursed to the hospital and to the surgeon at a major academic institution. Retrospective review of costs associated with lumbar laminectomies. Seventy-seven patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy for spinal stenosis throughout an 18-month period at a single academic medical center were included in this study. Cost and number of laminectomy levels. The reimbursement schedule of six academic spine surgeons was collected over 18 months for performed noninstrumented lumbar laminectomy procedures. Bills and collections by the hospital and surgeon professional fees were comparatively analyzed and substratified by number of laminectomy levels and patient insurance status. Unpaired two-sample Student t test was used for analysis of significant differences. During an 18-month period, patients underwent a lumbar laminectomy involving on average three levels and stayed in the hospital on average 3.5 days. Complications were uncommon (13%). Average professional fee billing for the surgeon was $6,889±$2,882, and collection was $1,848±$1,433 (28% overall, 30% for private insurance, and 23% for Medicare/Medicaid insurance). Average hospital billing for the inpatient hospital stay minus professional fees from the surgeon was $14,766±$7,729, and average collection on such bills was $13,391±$7,256 (92% overall, 91% for private insurance, and 85% for Medicare/Medicaid insurance). Based on this analysis, the proportion of overall costs allocated to professional fees for a noninstrumented lumbar laminectomy is small, whereas those allocated to hospital costs are far greater. These findings suggest that the current focus on decreasing physician reimbursement as the principal cost saving strategy will lead to minimal reimbursement for surgeons without a substantial drop in the overall cost of procedures performed. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  1. The Effectiveness of Private Tutoring: Students' Perceptions in Comparison with Mainstream Schooling in Hong Kong

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Zhan, Shengli; Bray, Mark; Wang, Dan; Lykins, Chad; Kwo, Ora

    2013-01-01

    This paper examines Hong Kong students' perceptions on the effectiveness of private supplementary tutoring relative to mainstream schooling. Drawing on survey and interview data, it shows that large proportions of secondary school students receive private tutoring. Students generally perceive private tutoring and private tutors to be more…

  2. Government Aid to Private Schools: Is It a Trojan Horse? A CIE Paper.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wagner, Richard E., Ed.

    In this publication, six scholars interested in private education and knowledgeable in economic policy and politics present several different views of government aid to private schools. In the lead essay, William Cage argues that supporters of private schooling are shortsighted in advocating public aid for private education. Government aid, says…

  3. Leadership in Decentralized Schools.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Madsen, Jean

    1997-01-01

    Summarizes a study that examined principals' leadership in three private schools and its implications for decentralized public schools. With the increase of charter and privatized managed schools, principals will need to redefine their leadership styles. Private schools, as decentralized entities, offer useful perspectives on developing school…

  4. Assessing the Costs of School-based Mental Health Services.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Nabors, Laura A.; Leff, Stephen S.; Mettrick, Jennifer E.

    2001-01-01

    Evaluated the costs of a school-based mental health program in Baltimore, Maryland, calculating the costs for care of adolescents who had participated in treatment. Results indicated that costs were relatively low compared to costs from the private sector and other community programs. Children with depressive disorders and children with more…

  5. Soil transmitted helminths and associated factors among schoolchildren in government and private primary school in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia.

    PubMed

    Debalke, Serkadis; Worku, Amare; Jahur, Nejat; Mekonnen, Zeleke

    2013-11-01

    Soil transmitted helminth infections are among the most common human infections. They are distributed throughout the world with high prevalence rates in tropical and sub-tropical countries mainly because of lack of adequate sanitary facilities, inappropriate waste disposal systems, lack of safe water supply, and low socio-economic status. A comparative cross sectional study was conducted from December 2011 to June 2012 to determine and assess the prevalence of soil transmitted helminths and their associated factors among government and private primary school children. Stool samples were collected from 369 randomly selected children and examined microscopically for eggs of soil transmitted helminth following McMaster techniques. Soil samples were collected from different parts of the school compound and microscopic examination was performed for eggs of the helminths using sodium nitrate flotation technique. The overall prevalence rate of soil transmitted helminth infections in private and government schools was 20.9% and 53.5% respectively. T. trichiura was the most common soil transmitted helminth in both schools while hookworm infections were identified in government school students only. Type of school and sex were significantly associated with soil transmitted helminth. Soil contamination rate of the school compounds was 11.25% with predominant parasites of A. lumbricoides. Higher prevalence of soil transmitted helminth infection was found among government school students. Thus, more focus, on personal hygiene and sanitary facilities, should be given to children going to government schools.

  6. Educational Policy Formation in Loosely Coupled Systems: Some Salient Features of Guatemala's Public and Private School Sectors.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ruano, Carlos R.

    2003-01-01

    Analyzed the formulation and implementation of educational policy processes in relation to private schools in Guatemala, focusing on bilingual education in a sample of six private schools. Findings document many characteristics of private schools in Guatemala, including inadequate teacher and administrator training and a lack of cooperation…

  7. The Changing Economic Advantage from Private School. CEE DP 115

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Green, Francis; Machin, Stephen; Murphy, Richard; Zhu, Yu

    2010-01-01

    Private schooling, in its various guises, is an important feature of education systems across the world. The existence of a private education sector generates the possibility for parents to opt their children out of state provided education. In the case of the UK, private schools, though far less numerous than state schools, have for a long time…

  8. 34 CFR 76.660 - Use of private school personnel.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 34 Education 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Use of private school personnel. 76.660 Section 76.660... Be Met by the State and Its Subgrantees? Participation of Students Enrolled in Private Schools § 76.660 Use of private school personnel. A subgrantee may use program funds to pay for the services of an...

  9. 34 CFR 76.660 - Use of private school personnel.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Use of private school personnel. 76.660 Section 76.660... Be Met by the State and Its Subgrantees? Participation of Students Enrolled in Private Schools § 76.660 Use of private school personnel. A subgrantee may use program funds to pay for the services of an...

  10. Preventive health care for women in Croatia: ongoing trends from 1995 to 2012.

    PubMed

    Pavlov, Renata; Babič, Ivana; Trstenjak, Vlatka Hajdinjak; Srček, Igor; Sošić, Zvonko

    2014-12-01

    The privatization of gynecological services and the introduction of additional reimbursements to capitation fees are ongoing mini reforms in Croatia. In order to evaluate the outcomes of this, study was performed with the main aim of determining trends in preventive activities carried out in public and private gynecological practices from 1995 to 2012. The Croatian Health Service Yearbooks served as the basis for data collection. Data were collected on the number of general check-ups, the number of targeted check-ups, and the number of follow-up check-ups. The results indicate a trend of continuous decline in the number of general and follow-up check-ups, as well as breast examinations and Pap smears, in public gynecological practices even after the introduction of contractual obligations and additional reimbursements and fee-for-service payments. One important note is that many resources were invested in general checks-up interventions, which proved to be ineffective, while fewer resources were invested in the more effective Pap smear interventions.

  11. Financial perspective of private pharmacies in Tehran (Iran); is it a lucrative business?

    PubMed Central

    2012-01-01

    Background and purpose of the study Pharmacies as direct providers of medicine and pharmaceutical services to patients have an important role in the health status of a society. The assessment of their financial situations by healthcare policy makers is necessary to prevent any negative effects on population's health. In this study we aim to analyze the financial status of pharmacies in Tehran, Iran. Methods This study is a cross-sectional study based on a survey. Two-hundred and eighty-eight private community daytime pharmacies in Tehran were selected by random sampling. We used two questionnaires to collect data regarding cost, expense and income factors of private pharmacies and the significance of each of them from these selected pharmacies. The data was collected in 2011 from Tehran pharmacies. Profitability of pharmacies in Tehran, Iran was calculated in its current situation and then estimated for three defined scenarios: 1. The dispensing fee is omitted (ceteris paribus), 2. Pharmacies are prohibited from selling hygienic & cosmetic products (ceteris paribus), 3. Scenarios 1 and 2 together (ceteris paribus). These data were analyzed by using SPSS and descriptive-analytic statistics. Results About 68% of interviewees responded to our questionnaires. Our analysis indicated that the average annual costs (and expenses), income and profits of pharmacies are 73,181; 106,301; and 33,120 United States Dollar (USD), respectively. The analysis indicated that omission of dispensing fee (scenario 1) and prohibition of pharmacies from selling hygienic & cosmetic products (scenario 2) would decrease income of pharmacies to 18438 and 14034 USD/year, respectively. According to respondents, the cost (or expense) of properties and buildings, energy, taxes, delays in reimbursement by insurance companies, and renting the place of pharmacy could be considered as cost factors and prescription medicines, OTC medicines, dispensing fees, hygienic & cosmetic products, and long-term payment to pharmaceutical distribution companies as income factors, which have significant effects on a pharmacy's economy. Major conclusions According to the results of this study, regarding the pharmacies' cost (and expenses) and incomes, the omission of dispensing fees for prescriptions has considerable negative effects on the profitability of pharmacies and likely on society's health. PMID:23351226

  12. Financial perspective of private pharmacies in Tehran (Iran); is it a lucrative business?

    PubMed

    Keshavarz, Khosro; Kebriaeezadeh, Abbas; Meshkini, Amir Hashemi; Nikfar, Shekoufeh; Mirian, Iman; Khoonsari, Hasan

    2012-10-22

    Pharmacies as direct providers of medicine and pharmaceutical services to patients have an important role in the health status of a society. The assessment of their financial situations by healthcare policy makers is necessary to prevent any negative effects on population's health. In this study we aim to analyze the financial status of pharmacies in Tehran, Iran. This study is a cross-sectional study based on a survey. Two-hundred and eighty-eight private community daytime pharmacies in Tehran were selected by random sampling. We used two questionnaires to collect data regarding cost, expense and income factors of private pharmacies and the significance of each of them from these selected pharmacies. The data was collected in 2011 from Tehran pharmacies. Profitability of pharmacies in Tehran, Iran was calculated in its current situation and then estimated for three defined scenarios: 1. The dispensing fee is omitted (ceteris paribus), 2. Pharmacies are prohibited from selling hygienic & cosmetic products (ceteris paribus), 3. Scenarios 1 and 2 together (ceteris paribus). These data were analyzed by using SPSS and descriptive-analytic statistics. About 68% of interviewees responded to our questionnaires. Our analysis indicated that the average annual costs (and expenses), income and profits of pharmacies are 73,181; 106,301; and 33,120 United States Dollar (USD), respectively. The analysis indicated that omission of dispensing fee (scenario 1) and prohibition of pharmacies from selling hygienic & cosmetic products (scenario 2) would decrease income of pharmacies to 18438 and 14034 USD/year, respectively. According to respondents, the cost (or expense) of properties and buildings, energy, taxes, delays in reimbursement by insurance companies, and renting the place of pharmacy could be considered as cost factors and prescription medicines, OTC medicines, dispensing fees, hygienic & cosmetic products, and long-term payment to pharmaceutical distribution companies as income factors, which have significant effects on a pharmacy's economy. According to the results of this study, regarding the pharmacies' cost (and expenses) and incomes, the omission of dispensing fees for prescriptions has considerable negative effects on the profitability of pharmacies and likely on society's health.

  13. Factors affecting utilization of dental health services and satisfaction among adolescent females in Riyadh City

    PubMed Central

    Al-Hussyeen, Al Johara A.

    2009-01-01

    Objectives This study was conducted to determine factors affecting utilization of dental health services among intermediate female school students in Riyadh. In addition to assessing their satisfaction with the dental care received during the last dental visit. Subjects and methods Self-administered questionnaires were distributed among students attending eight public and four private schools. These schools were selected randomly to represent the four different administrative zones in Riyadh. Results Of 600 questionnaires distributed, 531 were complete and suitable for analysis. Nearly three quarters of the students visited the dentist more than once during the last 2 years. A bout 75% had their treatment in private dental clinics and 63% made their visits for routine treatment. The quality of dental care was found to be the most encouraging factor for utilization of dental services, whereas, far geographic location of the dental clinics was the most discouraging factor. For those who received treatment in the government clinics, the most discouraging factor was post operative complications (P < 0.0001), while the most encouraging factor was the availability of friendly staff (P < 0.0001). The high cost of dental care was the most discouraging factor for utilizing the dental services for those who visited private clinics (P < 0.0001), while the high quality of dental care was the most encouraging factor (P < 0.009). Students who made their visits because of pain highly considered modern clinics and those recommended by friends as highly encouraging factors (P < 0.002), while they considered the high cost of dental care as discouraging factor for using dental services (P < 0.038). Students who visited the dentist for routine treatment gave the quality of dental care as encouraging for the use of dental clinics (P < 0.0001). Satisfaction with dental care was found to be significantly associated with high quality of dental care, convenient appointment, friendly staff, modern dental clinics and clinics recommended by friends. Conclusion Quality of dental care, reasonable fees for dental services and close location of dental clinics to students’ homes are encouraging factors for utilization of dental services. PMID:23960475

  14. Factors affecting utilization of dental health services and satisfaction among adolescent females in Riyadh City.

    PubMed

    Al-Hussyeen, Al Johara A

    2010-01-01

    This study was conducted to determine factors affecting utilization of dental health services among intermediate female school students in Riyadh. In addition to assessing their satisfaction with the dental care received during the last dental visit. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed among students attending eight public and four private schools. These schools were selected randomly to represent the four different administrative zones in Riyadh. Of 600 questionnaires distributed, 531 were complete and suitable for analysis. Nearly three quarters of the students visited the dentist more than once during the last 2 years. A bout 75% had their treatment in private dental clinics and 63% made their visits for routine treatment. The quality of dental care was found to be the most encouraging factor for utilization of dental services, whereas, far geographic location of the dental clinics was the most discouraging factor. For those who received treatment in the government clinics, the most discouraging factor was post operative complications (P < 0.0001), while the most encouraging factor was the availability of friendly staff (P < 0.0001). The high cost of dental care was the most discouraging factor for utilizing the dental services for those who visited private clinics (P < 0.0001), while the high quality of dental care was the most encouraging factor (P < 0.009). Students who made their visits because of pain highly considered modern clinics and those recommended by friends as highly encouraging factors (P < 0.002), while they considered the high cost of dental care as discouraging factor for using dental services (P < 0.038). Students who visited the dentist for routine treatment gave the quality of dental care as encouraging for the use of dental clinics (P < 0.0001). Satisfaction with dental care was found to be significantly associated with high quality of dental care, convenient appointment, friendly staff, modern dental clinics and clinics recommended by friends. Quality of dental care, reasonable fees for dental services and close location of dental clinics to students' homes are encouraging factors for utilization of dental services.

  15. Mental health services at selected private schools.

    PubMed

    Van Hoof, Thomas J; Sherwin, Tierney E; Baggish, Rosemary C; Tacy, Peter B; Meehan, Thomas P

    2004-04-01

    Private schools educate a significant percentage of US children and adolescents. Private schools, particularly where students reside during the academic year, assume responsibility for the health and well-being of their students. Children and adolescents experience mental health problems at a predictable rate, and private schools need a mechanism for addressing their students' mental health needs. Understanding that need requires data to guide the services and programs a school may put in place. Having data helps inform those services, and comparative data from other schools provides feedback and perspective. This project surveyed type and frequency of mental health problems experienced by students who received a formal evaluation at 11 private schools in Connecticut during academic year 2001-2002.

  16. Private Schools Put Spotlight on Safety

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Zehr, Mary Ann

    2005-01-01

    Administrators and students at private schools tend to see their schools as safer than public schools. Spurred in part by the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, many private schools have joined the national push to revamp campus safety plans. Kenneth S. Trump, the president of the Cleveland-based National School Safety and Security Services,…

  17. Private Education Provision and Public Finance: The Netherlands

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Patrinos, Harry Anthony

    2013-01-01

    One of the key features of the Dutch education system is freedom of education--freedom to establish schools and organize teaching. Almost 70% of schools in the Netherlands are administered by private school boards, and all schools are government funded equally. This allows school choice. Using an instrument to identify private school attendance,…

  18. Oral Health Status among 12- and 15-Year-Old Children from Government and Private Schools in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

    PubMed Central

    Sukhabogi, JR; Shekar, CBR; Hameed, IA; Ramana, IV; Sandhu, G

    2014-01-01

    Background: The assessment of oral health status of children in government and private schools provide data on the oral health status of children from different socio-economic background. Aim: The aim of the following study is to assess and to compare the oral hygiene status, gingival status and caries experience between children from government and private schools in Andhra Pradesh, India. Subjects and Methods: A combination of cluster and stratified random sampling was employed to select the study participants. Oral hygiene status, gingival status and caries experience was assessed and compared among 12- and 15-year-old children from three government and private schools each. The examination was carried out by three trained and calibrated investigators using a mouth mirror and explorer under natural daylight. Results: A total of 604 children (331 government and 273 private) were examined in the study. The mean oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S) was higher among government school children (2.9 [1.1]) compared private school children (0.6 [0.4]). The mean gingival score and mean decayed missing filled teeth were also higher among government school children compared with private school children. A significantly higher number of children in the government schools had poor oral hygiene status, moderate to severe gingivitis and caries experience. Conclusion: The prevalence of oral diseases was relatively less among children from private schools in comparison with those from government schools. Hence, the children from government schools should be given the priority compared with private school children in any school dental health programs planned on a statewide basis. PMID:25364601

  19. Educating the future public health workforce: do schools of public health teach students about the private sector?

    PubMed

    Rutkow, Lainie; Traub, Arielle; Howard, Rachel; Frattaroli, Shannon

    2013-01-01

    Recent surveys indicate that approximately 40% of graduates from schools of public health are employed within the private sector or have an employer charged with regulating the private sector. These data suggest that schools of public health should provide curricular opportunities for their students--the future public health workforce--to learn about the relationship between the private sector and the public's health. To identify opportunities for graduate students in schools of public health to select course work that educates them about the relationship between the private sector and public health. We systematically identified and analyzed data gathered from publicly available course titles and descriptions on the Web sites of accredited schools of public health. Data were collected in the United States. The sample consisted of accredited schools of public health. Descriptions of the number and types of courses that schools of public health offer about the private sector and identification of how course descriptions frame the private sector relative to public health. We identified 104 unique courses with content about the private sector's relationship to public health. More than 75% of accredited schools of public health offered at least 1 such course. Nearly 25% of identified courses focused exclusively on the health insurance industry. Qualitative analysis of the data revealed 5 frames used to describe the private sector, including its role as a stakeholder in the policy process. Schools of public health face a curricular gap, with relatively few course offerings that teach students about the relationship between the private sector and the public's health. By developing new courses or revising existing ones, schools of public health can expose the future public health workforce to the varied ways public health professionals interact with the private sector, and potentially influence students' career paths.

  20. State-of-the-Art Thinking on Parent Fee Policies.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Neugebauer, Roger

    1993-01-01

    Provides guidance on setting fees and fee policies. Stresses the importance of having fees high enough to adequately reward staff and low enough to be affordable to families. Based on an analysis of over 150 fee policies, discusses rates, multichild discounts, charges for absences, payment terms, registration fees and deposits, withdrawals, late…

  1. The Impact of Medicaid Reform on Children's Dental Care Utilization in Connecticut, Maryland, and Texas.

    PubMed

    Nasseh, Kamyar; Vujicic, Marko

    2015-08-01

    To measure the impact of Medicaid reforms, in particular increases in Medicaid dental fees in Connecticut, Maryland, and Texas, on access to dental care among Medicaid-eligible children. 2007 and 2011-2012 National Survey of Children's Health. Difference-in-differences and triple differences models were used to measure the impact of reforms. Relative to Medicaid-ineligible children and all children from a group of control states, preventive dental care utilization increased among Medicaid-eligible children in Connecticut and Texas. Unmet dental need declined among Medicaid-eligible children in Texas. Increasing Medicaid dental fees closer to private insurance fee levels has a significant impact on dental care utilization and unmet dental need among Medicaid-eligible children. © 2015 The Authors. Health Services Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Health Services Research.

  2. The Privatization of Education in Argentina.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Naradowski, Mariono; Andrada, Myrian

    2001-01-01

    Describes historical and current trends in Argentina's private and public primary- and secondary-school enrollment levels and policy reasons behind changes, including deregulation of private schools. Evaluates research analyzing impact of increased private-school enrollment; argues middle- and high-income students are opting out of public schools…

  3. Out-of-pocket expenditures for pharmaceuticals: lessons from the Austrian household budget survey.

    PubMed

    Sanwald, Alice; Theurl, Engelbert

    2017-05-01

    Paying pharmaceuticals out of pocket is an important source of financing pharmaceutical consumption. Only limited empirical knowledge is available on the determinants of these expenditures. In this article we analyze which characteristics of private households influence out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditure (OOPPE) in Austria. We use cross-sectional information on OOPPE and household characteristics provided by the Austrian household budget survey 2009/10. We split pharmaceutical expenditures into the two components prescription fees and over-the-counter (OTC) expenditures. To adjust for the specific characteristics of the data, we compare different econometric approaches: a two-part model, hurdle model, generalized linear model and zero-inflated negative binomial regression model. The finally selected econometric approaches give a quite consistent picture. The probability of expenditures of both types is strongly influenced by the household structure. It increases with age, doctoral visits and the presence of a female householder. The education level and income only increase the probability of OTC pharmaceuticals. The level of OTC expenditures remains widely unexplained while the household structure and age influence the expenditures for prescription fees. Insurance characteristics of private households, either private or public, play a minor role in explaining the expenditure levels in all specifications. This refers to a homogeneous and comprehensive provision of pharmaceuticals in the public part of the Austrian health care system. The article gives useful insights into the determinants of pharmaceutical expenditures of private households and supplements the previous research that focuses on the individual level.

  4. High Blood Pressure among Students in Public and Private Schools in Maceió, Brazil.

    PubMed

    Ferreira, Haroldo S; Lúcio, Glícia Maris A; Assunção, Monica L; Silva, Bárbara Coelho V; Oliveira, Juliana S; Florêncio, Telma Maria M T; Geraldes, Amandio Aristides R; Horta, Bernardo L

    2015-01-01

    The prevalence of hypertension in childhood is increasing, and investigation of its distribution is important for planning timely interventions. This study assessed the prevalence of high blood pressure (HBP) and associated factors in students between 9 and 11 years of age enrolled in public and private schools in Maceió, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was performed in a probabilistic sample of students (10.3 ± 0.5 years). The students were selected from a systematic sampling of 80 schools (40 public and 40 private). To maintain similar proportions of students existing in public and private schools in Maceió, 21 and 14 students were randomly selected from each public and private school, respectively. The prevalence ratio (PR) was estimated using Poisson regression. A total of 1,338 students were evaluated (800 from public schools and 538 from private schools). No differences were observed between school types in terms of student age and gender (p > 0.05). The prevalence of obesity (19.9% vs. 9.0%; PR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.67-2.92) and hypertension (21.2% vs. 11.4%; PR = 1.86; 95% CI = 1.45-2.40) were higher in private schools. The association between high blood pressure and type of school (public or private) remained statistically significant even after adjustment for obesity (PR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.19-1.97). (a) students from private schools have higher socioeconomic status, BMI, and HBP prevalence compared to those of public school; (b) among the evaluated students, the prevalence of obesity only partially explained the higher prevalence of high blood pressure among students from private schools. Other factors related to lifestyle of children from private schools may explain the higher prevalence of HBP. This results show the need to implement measures to promote healthy lifestyles in the school environment, since children with HBP are more likely to become hypertensive adults. Therefore, early detection and intervention in children with HBP is an important action for the prevention of hypertension in adulthood.

  5. High Blood Pressure among Students in Public and Private Schools in Maceió, Brazil

    PubMed Central

    Ferreira, Haroldo S.; Lúcio, Glícia Maris A.; Assunção, Monica L.; Silva, Bárbara Coelho V.; Oliveira, Juliana S.; Florêncio, Telma Maria M. T.; Geraldes, Amandio Aristides R.; Horta, Bernardo L.

    2015-01-01

    The prevalence of hypertension in childhood is increasing, and investigation of its distribution is important for planning timely interventions. This study assessed the prevalence of high blood pressure (HBP) and associated factors in students between 9 and 11 years of age enrolled in public and private schools in Maceió, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was performed in a probabilistic sample of students (10.3 ± 0.5 years). The students were selected from a systematic sampling of 80 schools (40 public and 40 private). To maintain similar proportions of students existing in public and private schools in Maceió, 21 and 14 students were randomly selected from each public and private school, respectively. The prevalence ratio (PR) was estimated using Poisson regression. A total of 1,338 students were evaluated (800 from public schools and 538 from private schools). No differences were observed between school types in terms of student age and gender (p > 0.05). The prevalence of obesity (19.9% vs. 9.0%; PR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.67–2.92) and hypertension (21.2% vs. 11.4%; PR = 1.86; 95% CI = 1.45–2.40) were higher in private schools. The association between high blood pressure and type of school (public or private) remained statistically significant even after adjustment for obesity (PR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.19–1.97). In conclusion: (a) students from private schools have higher socioeconomic status, BMI, and HBP prevalence compared to those of public school; (b) among the evaluated students, the prevalence of obesity only partially explained the higher prevalence of high blood pressure among students from private schools. Other factors related to lifestyle of children from private schools may explain the higher prevalence of HBP. This results show the need to implement measures to promote healthy lifestyles in the school environment, since children with HBP are more likely to become hypertensive adults. Therefore, early detection and intervention in children with HBP is an important action for the prevention of hypertension in adulthood. PMID:26599324

  6. Statistics of Private Commercial and Business Schools, 1928-29. Bulletin, 1930, No. 25

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Office of Education, United States Department of the Interior, 1930

    1930-01-01

    This bulletin contains the statistics of private commercial and business schools for 1928-29. There is a noticeably constant fluctuation in the list of private commercial and business schools. Out of a list of approximately 1,850 private commercial schools of which the Office of Education had record during the period from June, 1925, to June,…

  7. Expanding the Private School Sector: Government Policy and Private Secondary Schools in Hong Kong, 1988-2001

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cheung, Alan C. K.; Randall, E. Vance; Tam, Man-Kwan

    2005-01-01

    This paper addresses the extent to which government policy has helped increase the number and diversity of private secondary schools in Hong Kong, which, in turn, has expanded the options for parental choice. Five indicators were selected to measure this objective. They are as follows: (1) Number of private schools and students enrolled; (2) Types…

  8. Cigarette price variation around high schools: evidence from Washington DC.

    PubMed

    Cantrell, Jennifer; Ganz, Ollie; Anesetti-Rothermel, Andrew; Harrell, Paul; Kreslake, Jennifer M; Xiao, Haijun; Pearson, Jennifer L; Vallone, Donna; Kirchner, Thomas R

    2015-01-01

    This study examines lowest cigarette prices in all tobacco retail outlets in Washington D.C. (n=750) in relation to the type and number of high schools nearby, controlling for confounders. The lowest overall and Newport menthol prices were significantly lower at outlets near public non-charter and charter schools compared with outlets near private schools. Given higher smoking prevalence and more price-sensitive youth subgroups in U.S. public schools, exposure to low prices may contribute to tobacco-related health disparities in minority and low-income populations. Tobacco taxes combined with policies to minimize the increasing use of price as a marketing tool are critical. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  9. Public/Private Partnership Programs.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    District of Columbia Public Schools, Washington, DC.

    This document presents the Public/Private Partnership Programs, a school-community project developed in 1981 by the District of Columbia public schools and the private sector community to provide career-focused high school programs. The project was designed to motivate and support young people to stay in school, graduate from high school, and…

  10. Public Schools, Private Markets: A Reporter's Guide to Privatization

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Elliott, Scott

    2005-01-01

    More and more, private for-profit and non-profit organizations are involved in schools. No longer limited to support services like transportation and food services, companies are providing tutoring, directing classroom instruction and managing public and charter schools. School reform has raised the stakes for schools and students, asking for…

  11. Are Small Schools and Private Schools Better for Adolescents' Emotional Adjustment?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Watt, Toni Terling

    2003-01-01

    Uses National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health 1994 to determine whether adolescents benefit from small and/or private schools. Examines depression, suicide and violent dispositions. Refutes claims that students attending these schools are more emotionally adjusted. Discovers these small and/or private schools may actually be detrimental to…

  12. Educational Attainment Effects of Public and Private School Choice

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Foreman, Leesa M.

    2017-01-01

    The two fastest growing school choice options are charter schools and private school choice programs, which include vouchers, tax credit scholarships, and education savings accounts. Most research assessing the effects of these programs focuses on student achievement. I review the literature to determine the impact public and private school choice…

  13. [Knowledge of emergency contraception among adolescents in public and private Brazilian high schools].

    PubMed

    Chofakian, Christiane Borges do Nascimento; Borges, Ana Luiza Vilela; Fujimori, Elizabeth; Hoga, Luiza Akiko Komura

    2014-07-01

    This study aimed to analyze the level of knowledge concerning emergency contraception among adolescents in public and private high schools. This was a cross-sectional study with 705 students 15 to 19 years of age enrolled in public and private high schools in a municipality in São Paulo State, Brazil. The authors used stratified probabilistic sampling by type of school and systematic sampling by class. Sexual initiation and use of emergency contraception were reported by 24.9% of private school students and 32% of public school students. The mean score on knowledge was 3.87 (SD = 2.12) in public schools and 5.14 (SD = 2.00) in private schools. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that higher scores on knowledge concerning emergency contraception were associated with: enrollment in private schools, female gender, older adolescents, sexual initiation, previous use of emergency contraception, and knowing someone who had used the method. The study concludes that few adolescents are properly informed about the method and that many harbor persistent misconceptions.

  14. Pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies: practice and research in the US.

    PubMed

    Christensen, Dale B; Farris, Karen B

    2006-01-01

    To describe the state of community pharmacy, including patient care services, in the US. Chain pharmacies, including traditional chains, mass merchandisers, and supermarkets, comprise more than 50% of community pharmacies in the US. Dispensing of drugs remains the primary focus, yet the incidence of patients being counseled on medications appears to be increasing. More than 25% of independent community pharmacy owners report providing some patient clinical care services, such as medication counseling and chronic disease management. Most insurance programs pay pharmacists only for dispensing services, yet there are a growing number of public and private initiatives that reimburse pharmacists for cognitive services. Clinical care opportunities exist in the new Medicare prescription drug benefit plan, as it requires medication therapy management services for specific enrollees. The private market approach to healthcare delivery in the US, including pharmacy services, precludes national and statewide strategies to change the basic business model. To date, most pharmacies remain focused on dispensing prescriptions. With lower dispensing fees and higher operating costs, community pharmacies are focused on increasing productivity and efficiency through technology and technicians. Pharmacists remain challenged to establish the value of their nondispensing-related pharmaceutical care services in the private sector. As the cost of suboptimal drug therapy becomes more evident, medication therapy management may become a required pharmacy benefit in private drug insurance plans. Pharmacy school curricula, as well as national and state pharmacy associations, continually work to train and promote community pharmacists for these roles. Practice research is driven primarily by interested academics and, to a lesser degree, by pharmacy associations. Efficient dispensing of prescriptions is the primary focus of community pharmacies in the US. Some well designed practice-based research has been conducted, but there is no national research agenda or infrastructure. Reimbursement for cognitive services remains an infrequent, but growing, activity.

  15. Avenues to prestige among adolescents in public and religiously affiliated high schools.

    PubMed

    Suitor, J Jill; Powers, Rebecca S; Brown, Rachel

    2004-01-01

    We used data from 1,733 college students to explore whether adolescents' avenues to prestige differ in public and private high schools. Students attending seven large universities during the 1997--98 academic year provided information on the ways in which adolescents in their high schools had gained prestige with peers. The analyses revealed no differences by high school type for girls, with the exception of greater emphasis on clothes in public schools as compared with private schools. For boys, the differences were more pronounced. Boys who attended private schools were less likely than those who attended public schools to accrue prestige through clothes and car ownership and more likely to gain prestige through general sociability and having a good reputation. However, boys who attended private schools were more likely to gain prestige through being the class clown. Taken together, the findings show few differences between avenues to prestige for girls in private and public high schools, and differences for boys that are not uniformly in the direction that parents and private school advocates would predict or desire.

  16. Active Travel to and From School Among School-Age Children During 1997-2011 and Associated Factors in China.

    PubMed

    Yang, Yong; Hong, Xue; Gurney, James G; Wang, Youfa

    2017-09-01

    Active travel to school (ATS) is positively associated with various health indicators. The rapid social, economic, and environmental changes in China provide a unique setting to study changes and predictors of ATS over time. Using logistic regression modeling, we analyzed data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey during 1997 to 2011 (N = 9487, ages 6 to 17 years) to estimate the change over time in ATS and to identify associated factors. The prevalence of reported ATS among children dropped from 95.8% in 1997 to 69.3% in 2011. ATS was common in children living closer to school, in middle school, from low-income households, with low parental education status, and those without a private vehicle. Children who were living in a metropolitan area and who had more than 40 minutes of total PA per day were less likely to report ATS. The decrease of ATS had been concurrent with the increase of the children living at a longer distance from school and the increase of household owning private vehicles which were associated with the rapid urbanization and economic growth in China. Factors associated with the decreased ATS in China are similar to other countries but the underlying reasons may be different.

  17. Disruptive Behavior: An Empirical Evaluation of School Misconduct and Market Accountability. School Choice Issues in Depth

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Forster, Greg; Carr, Matthew

    2007-01-01

    Opponents of school choice argue that private schools are not "accountable" because they are not subject to detailed oversight by a regulatory bureaucracy. They claim private school employees can be expected to engage in abusive and criminal behavior more frequently. School choice supporters respond that parents hold private schools…

  18. Private Management of Public Schools: Early Experiences in Four School Districts. Report to Congressional Committees.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    General Accounting Office, Washington, DC. Health, Education, and Human Services Div.

    School districts nationwide are experimenting with a range of reform options, one of which is private management of public schools. This General Accounting Office (GAO) report describes the early experiences of four school districts that contracted with private companies for management of their public schools. Specifically, the report describes:…

  19. 17 CFR 275.204(b)-1 - Reporting by investment advisers to private funds.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... report on Form PF is due no later than the last day on which your next update would be timely in... the filing fee. (e) Updates to Form PF. You must file an updated Form PF: (1) At least annually, no...

  20. 17 CFR 275.204(b)-1 - Reporting by investment advisers to private funds.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... report on Form PF is due no later than the last day on which your next update would be timely in... the filing fee. (e) Updates to Form PF. You must file an updated Form PF: (1) At least annually, no...

  1. 17 CFR 275.204(b)-1 - Reporting by investment advisers to private funds.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... report on Form PF is due no later than the last day on which your next update would be timely in... the filing fee. (e) Updates to Form PF. You must file an updated Form PF: (1) At least annually, no...

  2. A City Manager Looks at Trends Affecting Public Libraries.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kemp, Roger L.

    1999-01-01

    Highlights some important conditions, both present and future, which will have an impact on public libraries. Discusses holding down expenses, including user fees, alternative funding sources, and private cosponsorship of programs; increasing productivity; use of computers and new technologies; staff development and internal marketing; improving…

  3. 42 CFR 422.4 - Types of MA plans.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... availability, service area, and quality. (ii) Coordinated care plans may include mechanisms to control... requirements of sections 138 and 220 of the Internal Revenue Code. (3) MA private fee-for-service plan. An MA... Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED...

  4. 47 CFR 1.9020 - Spectrum manager leasing arrangements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... geographic overlap with spectrum in any licensed Wireless Radio Service (including the same service), or in... into a spectrum leasing arrangement involving a licensee in the Public Safety Radio Services (see part... Radio Service (PMRS), private, or non-commercial basis. (7) Regulatory fees. The licensee remains...

  5. 47 CFR 1.9020 - Spectrum manager leasing arrangements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... geographic overlap with spectrum in any licensed Wireless Radio Service (including the same service), or in... into a spectrum leasing arrangement involving a licensee in the Public Safety Radio Services (see part... Radio Service (PMRS), private, or non-commercial basis. (7) Regulatory fees. The licensee remains...

  6. 47 CFR 1.9020 - Spectrum manager leasing arrangements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... geographic overlap with spectrum in any licensed Wireless Radio Service (including the same service), or in... into a spectrum leasing arrangement involving a licensee in the Public Safety Radio Services (see part... Radio Service (PMRS), private, or non-commercial basis. (7) Regulatory fees. The licensee remains...

  7. 45 CFR 1614.3 - Range of activities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... of this part must include the direct delivery of legal assistance to eligible clients through... the recipient in its delivery of legal assistance to eligible clients on either a reduced fee or pro..., advice and counsel; co-counseling arrangements; or the use of private law firm facilities, libraries...

  8. 22 CFR 707.22 - Amendment of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 2 2012-04-01 2009-04-01 true Amendment of records. 707.22 Section 707.22 Foreign Relations OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT CORPORATION ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS ACCESS TO AND...; Fees § 707.22 Amendment of records. (a) Whenever any individual desires an amendment to any record of...

  9. 22 CFR 707.22 - Amendment of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 2 2013-04-01 2009-04-01 true Amendment of records. 707.22 Section 707.22 Foreign Relations OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT CORPORATION ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS ACCESS TO AND...; Fees § 707.22 Amendment of records. (a) Whenever any individual desires an amendment to any record of...

  10. 22 CFR 707.22 - Amendment of records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 2 2011-04-01 2009-04-01 true Amendment of records. 707.22 Section 707.22 Foreign Relations OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT CORPORATION ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS ACCESS TO AND...; Fees § 707.22 Amendment of records. (a) Whenever any individual desires an amendment to any record of...

  11. 29 CFR 95.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ..., HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS, AND WITH COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS, FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS... shall retain the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either... to provide services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private...

  12. 10 CFR 600.135 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ...-sponsored project or program, the recipient shall retain the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored... use supplies acquired with Federal funds to provide services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for equivalent services, unless specifically...

  13. 40 CFR 30.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award Requirements Property... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  14. 40 CFR 30.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award Requirements Property... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  15. 38 CFR 49.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award Requirements Property... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  16. 29 CFR 95.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ..., HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS, AND WITH COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS, FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS... shall retain the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either... to provide services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private...

  17. 32 CFR 32.35 - Supplies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... REQUIREMENTS FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT... supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case, compensate... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  18. 32 CFR 32.35 - Supplies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... REQUIREMENTS FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT... supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case, compensate... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  19. 32 CFR 32.35 - Supplies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... REQUIREMENTS FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT... supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case, compensate... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  20. 32 CFR 32.35 - Supplies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... REQUIREMENTS FOR GRANTS AND AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT... supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case, compensate... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  1. 40 CFR 30.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award Requirements Property... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  2. 29 CFR 95.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ..., HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS, AND WITH COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS, FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS... shall retain the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either... to provide services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private...

  3. 40 CFR 30.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award Requirements Property... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  4. 10 CFR 600.135 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ...-sponsored project or program, the recipient shall retain the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored... use supplies acquired with Federal funds to provide services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for equivalent services, unless specifically...

  5. 45 CFR 74.35 - Supplies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... the supplies for use on non-federally sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... Federal funds to provide services to non-Federal organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for equivalent services, unless specifically authorized by Federal statute as long as the...

  6. 29 CFR 95.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ..., HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS, AND WITH COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS, FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS... shall retain the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either... to provide services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private...

  7. 29 CFR 95.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ..., HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS, AND WITH COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS, FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS... shall retain the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either... to provide services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private...

  8. Commercialization of the land remote sensing system: An examination of mechanisms and issues

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cauley, J. K.; Gaelick, C.; Greenberg, J. S.; Logsdon, J.; Monk, T.

    1983-01-01

    In September 1982 the Secretary of Commerce was authorized (by Title II of H.R. 5890 of the 97th Congress) to plan and provide for the management and operation of the civil land remote sensing satellite systems, to provide for user fees, and to plan for the transfer of the ownership and operation of future civil operational land remote sensing satellite systems to the private sector. As part of the planning for transfer, a number of approaches were to be compared including wholly private ownership and operation of the system by an entity competitively selected, mixed government/private ownership and operation, and a legislatively-chartered privately-owned corporation. The results of an analysis and comparison of a limited number of financial and organizational approaches for either transfer of the ownership and operation of the civil operational land remote sensing program to the private sector or government retention are presented.

  9. Start Later, Sleep Later: School Start Times and Adolescent Sleep in Homeschool Versus Public/Private School Students.

    PubMed

    Meltzer, Lisa J; Shaheed, Keisha; Ambler, Devon

    2016-01-01

    Homeschooled students provide a naturalistic comparison group for later/flexible school start times. This study compared sleep patterns and sleep hygiene for homeschooled students and public/private school students (grades 6-12). Public/private school students (n = 245) and homeschooled students (n = 162) completed a survey about sleep patterns and sleep hygiene. Significant school group differences were found for weekday bedtime, wake time, and total sleep time, with homeschooled students waking later and obtaining more sleep. Homeschooled students had later school start times, waking at the same time that public/private school students were starting school. Public/private school students had poorer sleep hygiene practices, reporting more homework and use of technology in the hour before bed. Regardless of school type, technology in the bedroom was associated with shorter sleep duration. Later school start times may be a potential countermeasure for insufficient sleep in adolescents. Future studies should further examine the relationship between school start times and daytime outcomes, including academic performance, mood, and health.

  10. Reasons why specialist doctors undertake rural outreach services: an Australian cross-sectional study.

    PubMed

    O'Sullivan, Belinda G; McGrail, Matthew R; Stoelwinder, Johannes U

    2017-01-07

    The purpose of the study is to explore the reasons why specialist doctors travel to provide regular rural outreach services, and whether reasons relate to (1) salaried or private fee-for-service practice and (2) providing rural outreach services in more remote locations. A national cross-sectional study of specialist doctors from the Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life (MABEL) survey in 2014 was implemented. Specialists providing rural outreach services self-reported on a 5-point scale their level of agreement with five reasons for participating. Chi-squared analysis tested association between agreement and variables of interest. Of 567 specialists undertaking rural outreach services, reasons for participating include to grow the practice (54%), maintain a regional connection (26%), provide complex healthcare (18%), healthcare for disadvantaged people (12%) and support rural staff (6%). Salaried specialists more commonly participated to grow the practice compared with specialists in fee-for-service practice (68 vs 49%). This reason was also related to travelling further and providing outreach services in outer regional/remote locations. Private fee-for-service specialists more commonly undertook outreach services to provide complex healthcare (22 vs 14%). Specialist doctors undertake rural outreach services for a range of reasons, mainly to complement the growth and diversity of their main practice or maintain a regional connection. Structuring rural outreach around the specialist's main practice is likely to support participation and improve service distribution.

  11. Privatization of School Food Services and Its Effect on the Financial Status of the Cafeteria Fund in Participating California Public School Districts.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Schmieder, June; And Others

    The opportunity to increase private company revenues and the pressure to minimize losses within a public school district's cafeteria and general funds have propelled the emergence of private food-service-management companies (FSMCs). This paper presents findings of a study that examined privatization of school food services and its effect on the…

  12. How Old Is Old? Employing Elderly Teachers in the Private Sector Schools in Sri Lanka

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Madhuwanthi, L. A. P.

    2016-01-01

    The purpose of this paper is to explore why private sector schools in Sri Lanka employ elderly teachers (ETs). This paper used semi-structured in-depth interviews with 9 employers/principals in the private sector schools in Sri Lanka. The study found that the reasons for employing ETs in the private sector schools were shortfall of English medium…

  13. Collection of Private School Finance Data: Development of a Questionnaire.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Isaacs, Julia B.; Garet, Michael S.; Sherman, Joel D.

    Data on private school finance are not available to inform educational policy discussions about private education. Because of interest in private school finances, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) contracted with the Pelavin Research Center of the American Institutes for Research to explore the feasibility of collecting data…

  14. The burden of debt for Canadian dental students: part 3. Student indebtedness, sources of funding and the influence of socioeconomic status on debt.

    PubMed

    Matthew, Ian R; Walton, Joanne N; Dumaresq, Cheryl; Sudmant, Walter

    2006-11-01

    In recent years, tuition fees at most universities across Canada have increased substantially, particularly in professional programs such as dentistry. Anecdotal evidence suggests that these increases have a significant adverse impact on the educational experience of dental students. In January 2004, students at Canada's 10 dental schools were invited to participate in a survey on costs, debt and other factors related to attending dental school in Canada. This third article in a series of 4 examines the effects of funding sources and socioeconomic status (SES) on dental students' debt. The survey provided key information about the costs of attending dental school and the levels of debt among dental students across Canada. Choice of school and year of study had a significant effect on the overall costs of attending dental school, and dental students' costs were largely financed by private loans or other forms of debt. Canadian dental students' average debt varied between 24,000 to 26,000 dollars per annum, depending on their year of study. Key determinants of borrowing included type of residence, SES, total costs, and number of dependents. Students who lived at home or with relatives borrowed significantly less than those who were renting. Parents' SES was related to students' access to forms of educational funding that result in no debt burden. SES also played a role in determining the likelihood of a student pursuing further professional education.

  15. Challenging Educational Injustice: "Grassroots" Privatisation in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tooley, James

    2013-01-01

    The phenomenon of low-cost private schools "mushrooming" in poor areas of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, and elsewhere, is now well-documented. Findings from research by the author's teams and others show that these schools are serving a majority (urban and peri-urban) or significant minority (rural) of the poor, including…

  16. Making It in the World of Work.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Riekes, Linda; And Others

    1996-01-01

    A collaborative effort between the St. Louis Public Schools (Missouri) and the private sector gives junior and senior high school students an orientation to the world of work, plus stipends to work in professional settings for eight weeks during the summer. Although all the students in the program come from low-income families, 95% of those who…

  17. Education and Earnings in a Transition Economy: The Case of Vietnam.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Moock, Peter R.; Patrinos, Harry Anthony; Venkataraman, Meera

    2003-01-01

    Analyzes the return to education of liberalization of the labor market in Vietnam. Finds, for example, that private rate of return to schooling is greater for primary education than for either secondary or higher education. Overall, estimated returns to schooling in Vietnam are low compared with those for other developing countries. (Contains 6…

  18. Recruiting, Redefining, and Recommitting: The Quest to Increase Socioeconomic Diversity at Amherst College

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rubin, Rachel B.

    2011-01-01

    While many selective and moderately selective schools have attempted to increase the numbers of low-income students and students of color in their student body, few have successfully done so. In this qualitative case study, I examine the efforts of an elite, private, liberal arts school, Amherst College, as it increased the socioeconomic diversity…

  19. A Fiscal Analysis of Proposed Education Access Grants in Minneapolis. School Choice Issues in the State

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Maas, Ericca

    2005-01-01

    This study examines the fiscal impact of model legislation that would create Education Access Grants in Minnesota. The legislation would provide grants for low-income students to attend private schools. Specifically, this study examines the effect of implementing Education Access Grants in Minneapolis, the state's largest metropolitan area. It…

  20. Who Gets the Credit? Who Pays the Consequences? The Illinois Tuition Tax Credit. Special Report.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pathak, Arohi; Keenan, Nancy

    In 1999, Illinois enacted a tuition tax credit program. Tax credit supporters suggest tax credits help low-income students. However, opponents argue that they disproportionately benefit higher-income families whose children are already attending private schools and may decrease already limited resources available to public schools. New data from…

  1. 22 CFR 503.7 - Fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... school, institution of undergraduate or graduate higher education, or institution of professional or vocational education. “Non-commercial scientific institution” means an institution that is not operated... you if it appears that the fees will exceed the limit and ask whether you nevertheless want us to...

  2. Chicago's Private Elementary and Secondary Schools: Enrollment Trends.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Institute of Urban Life, Chicago, IL.

    Nearly one out of every four students enrolled in Chicago's elementary and secondary schools during the 1987-88 school year attended one of the city's 450 private schools. Although frequently overlooked by city-wide educational reform programs, the private schools contribute to the urbanization of newcomers to the city, to the stability of…

  3. Private Middle School Parents' Perspectives Regarding School-Located Immunization Programs (SLIPs)

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Venkatesh, Sheila R.; Acosta, Amy B.; Middleman, Amy B.

    2013-01-01

    The perspectives of parents of private middle school students regarding the use of school-located immunization programs (SLIPs) are unknown. Parents of private middle school students in a large, urban setting were surveyed "N" = 1,210) regarding their willingness to use SLIPs. Analyses included frequencies and chi-square analyses. Data…

  4. When Duties Are Not Enough: Principal Leadership and Public or Private School Management in Chile

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Weinstein, José; Muñoz, Gonzalo

    2014-01-01

    The Chilean education system is an emblematic case of school management privatization, with the majority of schools operating under government funding, but private administration. This article addresses the incidence of this dimension on school leadership, showing the differences and continuities established among primary school principals in the…

  5. Comparing market orientation culture of businesses and schools of business: an extension and refinement.

    PubMed

    Webster, Robert L; Hammond, Kevin L; Harmon, Harry A

    2005-04-01

    This study extends previous work concerning the market orientation culture within specialty businesses and schools of business. Specifically, member schools of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International are separated into public and private universities. Data were collected via a mailed survey to business schools holding membership. 106 public school deans and 35 private school deans responded, for a 23% response rate. Input from the deans was sought on their perceptions of the market orientation culture within the schools. Respondents' perceptions, rated on a 7-point scale, measured four dimensions of market orientation: customer orientation, competitor orientation, organizational coordination, and overall market orientation. Data for specialty businesses were drawn from a previous study. Comparison testing between the public and private business schools' deans and business managers was conducted. Analysis indicated perceived market orientation was significantly higher for deans of private business schools than public business schools. Compared with business managers, private school deans were statistically different on only one of the four dimensions, whereas public business school deans' scores were significantly different from those of business managers on all four. Compared with each other, business school deans were statistically different on three dimensions, with private school deans reporting greater market orientation.

  6. Neurosurgical Practice in Transition: A Review.

    PubMed

    Kim, Dong H; Dagi, T Forcht; Bean, James R

    2017-04-01

    Neurosurgery is experiencing a period of acute change driven by 2 forces: (1) the perception that the healthcare system in the United States is wasteful and that patients are receiving low "value" care, (2) the belief that quality and long-term outcomes can be measured accurately. We believe 3 important shifts will emerge as a result of these forces. First, payment models will change. They will become anchored to a concept of population health, with capitation payments on a per-patient basis going to provider entities that undertake financial risk. Second, fee-for-service payments will be tied increasingly to administrative and clinical quality measures. Finally, out-of-pocket costs for patients will increase and affect both treatment decisions and willingness to participate in restrictive health care networks. In this review, we describe these changes and discuss possible consequences. We note the changing demographics of neurosurgical practices. Overall, independent private practices, managed by the neurosurgeons, will decline. The proportion of fee-for-service cases will decrease while cases reimbursed through capitation will increase. Physician integration with provider organizations, whether via full employment, a "lease," or some other arrangement, will also increase. We note the increasing importance of quality measures, and how they are likely to affect neurosurgical practices and reimbursement. We describe the advantages and disadvantages of fee-for-service and population health; describe opportunities and risks arising from these transitions; and outline strategies to thrive in a changing environment. Copyright © 2016 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.

  7. The Impact of Private Schools on Educational Attainment in the State of São Paulo

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stern, Jonathan M. B.

    2015-01-01

    This study uses a comprehensive dataset on secondary school students in Brazil to examine the impact of private school enrollment on educational attainment in São Paulo. The results show that private school students (across all levels of tuition) perform better than their public school counterparts on Brazil's high school exit exam, even after…

  8. Fifty Educational Markets: A Playbook of State Laws and Regulations Governing Private Schools. School Choice Issues in Depth

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hammons, Christopher

    2008-01-01

    There is a widespread misperception that private schools avoid government oversight or are "unregulated." In fact, private schools are subject to a wide variety of laws and regulations that run the gamut from reasonable rules to ensure health and safety to unreasonable rules that interfere with school curricula, preventing schools from pursuing…

  9. Does Private School Competition Improve Public School Performance? The Case of Nepal

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Thapa, Amrit

    2013-01-01

    Using data from the survey of the Ministry of Education, Nepal-2005 for school leaving certificate (SLC) exam, this paper attempts to estimate the impact of private school competition on public school performance for the case of Nepal. The study uses the number of private schools in the neighborhood as a measure of competition. The identification…

  10. The Reproduction of Class in Canada's Elite Independent Schools.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Maxwell, James D.; Maxwell, Mary Percival

    1995-01-01

    Maintains that although Canada's private schools attempt to reproduce dominant cultural ideology, meritocracy and recruitment have created paradoxical effects. Academic competition results in fewer private school graduates being admitted to top universities. Further studies reveal no correlation between private school and financial success. (MJP)

  11. 75 FR 1403 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection for 1004-0102

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-01-11

    ... to pay private landowners for the use and/or maintenance of their roads. These fees represent the BLM's share of road construction and maintenance costs under reciprocal right-of-way agreements between... contract, and to amortize road construction and maintenance costs among several road users. Frequency of...

  12. 32 CFR 518.7 - FOIA terms defined.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... fees in the event of a waiver denial. Written requests may be received by postal service or other... maintained primarily for the convenience of an agency employee, and not distributed to other agency employees... Government service; private materials brought into, created, or received in the office that were not created...

  13. Public Use of Academic Libraries in Virginia.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McCulley, Lucretia; Ream, Dan

    1988-01-01

    The directors of 40 academic libraries in Virginia were surveyed to obtain information on their practices relating to public access, services, and fees in their libraries. Complete or partial responses were received from 21 libraries in private institutions and 14 from state-supported institutions. These responses indicate that all of the…

  14. Institutional Characteristics of Maine's Colleges and Universities, 2000.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Stowers, Kimberly

    This document provides data on the characteristics of each public and private postsecondary institution in the state of Maine. Telephone numbers, Web site addresses, accreditation information, tuition and fees, enrollment and awards data, programs offered, and financial aid information are included for each institution. Part 1 contains data for…

  15. Improving Affordability of Higher Education through Buying Consortia

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Isaak, Larry A.; Trembath, Robert J.; Sebesta, James

    2009-01-01

    Many public and private higher education institutions continue to experience flat or reduced state budget allocations, coupled with tuition and fees that continue to exceed inflation. Finding proactive and innovative approaches to reduce costs without sacrificing quality of instruction and service is truly the challenge facing facility and…

  16. 22 CFR 145.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award Requirements Property... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  17. 41 CFR 105-72.405 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS 72.40-Post-Award Requirements/Property Standards... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  18. 24 CFR 84.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award Requirements Property... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  19. 41 CFR 105-72.405 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS 72.40-Post-Award Requirements/Property Standards... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  20. 14 CFR 1260.135 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... With Institutions of Higher Education, Hospitals, and Other Non-Profit Organizations Property Standards... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  1. 2 CFR 215.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS (OMB CIRCULAR A-110) Post Award Requirements... shall retain the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either... to provide services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private...

  2. 24 CFR 84.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award Requirements Property... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  3. 34 CFR 74.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award... shall retain the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either... to provide services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private...

  4. 34 CFR 74.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award... shall retain the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either... to provide services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private...

  5. 24 CFR 84.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award Requirements Property... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  6. 22 CFR 145.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award Requirements Property... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  7. 41 CFR 105-72.405 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS 72.40-Post-Award Requirements/Property Standards... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  8. 14 CFR § 1260.135 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... With Institutions of Higher Education, Hospitals, and Other Non-Profit Organizations Property Standards... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  9. 41 CFR 105-72.405 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS 72.40-Post-Award Requirements/Property Standards... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  10. 14 CFR 1260.135 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... With Institutions of Higher Education, Hospitals, and Other Non-Profit Organizations Property Standards... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  11. 22 CFR 145.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award Requirements Property... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  12. 34 CFR 74.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... AGREEMENTS WITH INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award... shall retain the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either... to provide services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private...

  13. 22 CFR 145.35 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Post-Award Requirements Property... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  14. 41 CFR 105-72.405 - Supplies and other expendable property.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS 72.40-Post-Award Requirements/Property Standards... the supplies for use on non-Federal sponsored activities or sell them, but shall, in either case... services to non-Federal outside organizations for a fee that is less than private companies charge for...

  15. 7 CFR 1488.18 - Covenant against contingent fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC..., CCC shall have the right, without limitation on any other rights it may have, to annul the financing agreement without liability to CCC. Should the financing agreement be annulled, CCC will promptly consent to...

  16. 7 CFR 1488.18 - Covenant against contingent fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales... exporter for the purpose of securing business. For breach or violation of this warranty, CCC shall have the... liability to CCC. Should the financing agreement be annulled, CCC will promptly consent to the reduction or...

  17. 7 CFR 1488.18 - Covenant against contingent fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales... exporter for the purpose of securing business. For breach or violation of this warranty, CCC shall have the... liability to CCC. Should the financing agreement be annulled, CCC will promptly consent to the reduction or...

  18. 7 CFR 1488.18 - Covenant against contingent fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC..., CCC shall have the right, without limitation on any other rights it may have, to annul the financing agreement without liability to CCC. Should the financing agreement be annulled, CCC will promptly consent to...

  19. 7 CFR 1488.18 - Covenant against contingent fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales... exporter for the purpose of securing business. For breach or violation of this warranty, CCC shall have the... liability to CCC. Should the financing agreement be annulled, CCC will promptly consent to the reduction or...

  20. Do students from public schools fare better in medical school than their colleagues from private schools? If so, what can we learn from this?

    PubMed

    Costa-Santos, Cristina; Vieira-Marques, Pedro; Costa-Pereira, Altamiro; Ferreira, Maria Amélia; Freitas, Alberto

    2018-03-27

    Internal grade inflation is a documented practice in secondary schools (mostly in private schools) that jeopardises fairness with regard to access to medical school. However, it is frequently assumed that the higher internal grades are in fact justifiable, as they correspond to better preparation of students in private schools in areas that national exams do not cover but nevertheless are important. Consequently, it is expected that students from private schools will succeed better in medical school than their colleagues, or at least not perform worse. We aimed to study whether students from private schools do fare better in medical school than their colleagues from public schools, even after adjusting for internal grade inflation. We analysed all students that entered into a medical course from 2007 to 2014. A linear regression was performed using mean grades for the 1st-year curse units (CU) of the medical school curriculum as a dependent variable and student gender, the nature of students' secondary school (public/private), and whether their secondary school highly inflated grades as independent variables. A logistic regression was also performed, modelling whether or not students failed at least one CU exam during the 1st year of medical school as a function of the aforementioned independent variables. Of the 1709 students analysed, 55% came from public secondary schools. Private (vs. public) secondary school (β = - 0.459, p < 0.001) and whether secondary schools highly inflated grades (β = - 0.246, p = 0.003) were independent factors that significantly influenced grades during the first year of medical school. Having attended a private secondary school also significantly increased the odds of a student having failed at least one CU exam during the 1st year of medical school (OR = 1.33), even after adjusting for whether or not the secondary school used highly inflated grades. It is important to further discuss what we can learn from the fact that students from public secondary schools seem to be better prepared for medical school teaching methodologies than their colleagues from private ones and the implications for the selection process.

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