Development of a transient, lumped hydrologic model for geomorphologic units in a geomorphology based rainfall-runoff modelling framework

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vannametee, E.; Karssenberg, D.; Hendriks, M. R.; de Jong, S. M.; Bierkens, M. F. P.

2010-05-01

We propose a modelling framework for distributed hydrological modelling of 103-105 km2 catchments by discretizing the catchment in geomorphologic units. Each of these units is modelled using a lumped model representative for the processes in the unit. Here, we focus on the development and parameterization of this lumped model as a component of our framework. The development of the lumped model requires rainfall-runoff data for an extensive set of geomorphological units. Because such large observational data sets do not exist, we create artificial data. With a high-resolution, physically-based, rainfall-runoff model, we create artificial rainfall events and resulting hydrographs for an extensive set of different geomorphological units. This data set is used to identify the lumped model of geomorphologic units. The advantage of this approach is that it results in a lumped model with a physical basis, with representative parameters that can be derived from point-scale measurable physical parameters. The approach starts with the development of the high-resolution rainfall-runoff model that generates an artificial discharge dataset from rainfall inputs as a surrogate of a real-world dataset. The model is run for approximately 105 scenarios that describe different characteristics of rainfall, properties of the geomorphologic units (i.e. slope gradient, unit length and regolith properties), antecedent moisture conditions and flow patterns. For each scenario-run, the results of the high-resolution model (i.e. runoff and state variables) at selected simulation time steps are stored in a database. The second step is to develop the lumped model of a geomorphological unit. This forward model consists of a set of simple equations that calculate Hortonian runoff and state variables of the geomorphologic unit over time. The lumped model contains only three parameters: a ponding factor, a linear reservoir parameter, and a lag time. The model is capable of giving an appropriate representation of the transient rainfall-runoff relations that exist in the artificial data set generated with the high-resolution model. The third step is to find the values of empirical parameters in the lumped forward model using the artificial dataset. For each scenario of the high-resolution model run, a set of lumped model parameters is determined with a fitting method using the corresponding time series of state variables and outputs retrieved from the database. Thus, the parameters in the lumped model can be estimated by using the artificial data set. The fourth step is to develop an approach to assign lumped model parameters based upon the properties of the geomorphological unit. This is done by finding relationships between the measurable physical properties of geomorphologic units (i.e. slope gradient, unit length, and regolith properties) and the lumped forward model parameters using multiple regression techniques. In this way, a set of lumped forward model parameters can be estimated as a function of morphology and physical properties of the geomorphologic units. The lumped forward model can then be applied to different geomorphologic units. Finally, the performance of the lumped forward model is evaluated; the outputs of the lumped forward model are compared with the results of the high-resolution model. Our results show that the lumped forward model gives the best estimates of total discharge volumes and peak discharges when rain intensities are not significantly larger than the infiltration capacities of the units and when the units are small with a flat gradient. Hydrograph shapes are fairly well reproduced for most cases except for flat and elongated units with large runoff volumes. The results of this study provide a first step towards developing low-dimensional models for large ungauged basins.

Emergence and space-time structure of lump solution to the (2+1)-dimensional generalized KP equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tan, Wei; Dai, Houping; Dai, Zhengde; Zhong, Wenyong

2017-11-01

A periodic breather-wave solution is obtained using homoclinic test approach and Hirota's bilinear method with a small perturbation parameter u0 for the (2+1)-dimensional generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation. Based on the periodic breather-wave, a lump solution is emerged by limit behaviour. Finally, three different forms of the space-time structure of the lump solution are investigated and discussed using the extreme value theory.

Reduction of chemical reaction models

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Frenklach, Michael

1991-01-01

An attempt is made to reconcile the different terminologies pertaining to reduction of chemical reaction models. The approaches considered include global modeling, response modeling, detailed reduction, chemical lumping, and statistical lumping. The advantages and drawbacks of each of these methods are pointed out.

Dynamics of lumps and dark-dark solitons in the multi-component long-wave-short-wave resonance interaction system.

PubMed

Rao, Jiguang; Porsezian, Kuppuswamy; He, Jingsong; Kanna, Thambithurai

2018-01-01

General semi-rational solutions of an integrable multi-component (2+1)-dimensional long-wave-short-wave resonance interaction system comprising multiple short waves and a single long wave are obtained by employing the bilinear method. These solutions describe the interactions between various types of solutions, including line rogue waves, lumps, breathers and dark solitons. We only focus on the dynamical behaviours of the interactions between lumps and dark solitons in this paper. Our detailed study reveals two different types of excitation phenomena: fusion and fission. It is shown that the fundamental (simplest) semi-rational solutions can exhibit fission of a dark soliton into a lump and a dark soliton or fusion of one lump and one dark soliton into a dark soliton. The non-fundamental semi-rational solutions are further classified into three subclasses: higher-order, multi- and mixed-type semi-rational solutions. The higher-order semi-rational solutions show the process of annihilation (production) of two or more lumps into (from) one dark soliton. The multi-semi-rational solutions describe N ( N ≥2) lumps annihilating into or producing from N -dark solitons. The mixed-type semi-rational solutions are a hybrid of higher-order semi-rational solutions and multi-semi-rational solutions. For the mixed-type semi-rational solutions, we demonstrate an interesting dynamical behaviour that is characterized by partial suppression or creation of lumps from the dark solitons.

Dynamics of lumps and dark-dark solitons in the multi-component long-wave-short-wave resonance interaction system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rao, Jiguang; Porsezian, Kuppuswamy; He, Jingsong; Kanna, Thambithurai

2018-01-01

General semi-rational solutions of an integrable multi-component (2+1)-dimensional long-wave-short-wave resonance interaction system comprising multiple short waves and a single long wave are obtained by employing the bilinear method. These solutions describe the interactions between various types of solutions, including line rogue waves, lumps, breathers and dark solitons. We only focus on the dynamical behaviours of the interactions between lumps and dark solitons in this paper. Our detailed study reveals two different types of excitation phenomena: fusion and fission. It is shown that the fundamental (simplest) semi-rational solutions can exhibit fission of a dark soliton into a lump and a dark soliton or fusion of one lump and one dark soliton into a dark soliton. The non-fundamental semi-rational solutions are further classified into three subclasses: higher-order, multi- and mixed-type semi-rational solutions. The higher-order semi-rational solutions show the process of annihilation (production) of two or more lumps into (from) one dark soliton. The multi-semi-rational solutions describe N(N≥2) lumps annihilating into or producing from N-dark solitons. The mixed-type semi-rational solutions are a hybrid of higher-order semi-rational solutions and multi-semi-rational solutions. For the mixed-type semi-rational solutions, we demonstrate an interesting dynamical behaviour that is characterized by partial suppression or creation of lumps from the dark solitons.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Redies, C.; Hoffer, L.J.; Beil, C.

In prolonged fasting, the brain derives a large portion of its oxidative energy from the ketone bodies, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, thereby reducing whole body glucose consumption. Energy substrate utilization differs regionally in the brain of fasting rat, but comparable information has hitherto been unavailable in humans. We used positron emission tomography (PET) to study regional brain glucose and oxygen metabolism, blood flow, and blood volume in four obese subjects before and after a 3-wk total fast. Whole brain glucose utilization fell to 54% of control (postabsorptive) values (P less than 0.002). The whole brain rate constant for glucose tracer phosphorylationmore » fell to 51% of control values (P less than 0.002). Both parameters decreased uniformly throughout the brain. The 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose lumped constant decreased from a control value of 0.57 to 0.43 (P less than 0.01). Regional blood-brain barrier transfer coefficients for glucose tracer, regional oxygen utilization, blood flow, and blood volume were unchanged.« less

Ultrabroadband Microwave Metamaterial Absorber Based on Electric SRR Loaded with Lumped Resistors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Jingcheng; Cheng, Yongzhi

2016-10-01

An ultrabroadband microwave metamaterial absorber (MMA) based on an electric split-ring resonator (ESRR) loaded with lumped resistors is presented. Compared with an ESRR MMA, the composite MMA (CMMA) loaded with lumped resistors offers stronger absorption over an extremely extended bandwidth. The reflectance simulated under different substrate loss conditions indicates that incident electromagnetic (EM) wave energy is mainly consumed by the lumped resistors. The simulated surface current and power loss density distributions further illustrate the mechanism underlying the observed absorption. Further simulation results indicate that the performance of the CMMA can be tuned by adjusting structural parameters of the ESRR and lumped resistor parameters. We fabricated and measured MMA and CMMA samples. The CMMA yielded below -10 dB reflectance from 4.4 GHz to 18 GHz experimentally, with absorption bandwidth and relative bandwidth of 13.6 GHz and 121.4%, respectively. This ultrabroadband microwave absorber has potential applications in the electromagnetic energy harvesting and stealth fields.

Comparative study of contrast-enhanced ultrasound qualitative and quantitative analysis for identifying benign and malignant breast tumor lumps.

PubMed

Liu, Jian; Gao, Yun-Hua; Li, Ding-Dong; Gao, Yan-Chun; Hou, Ling-Mi; Xie, Ting

2014-01-01

To compare the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) qualitative and quantitative analysis in the identification of breast tumor lumps. Qualitative and quantitative indicators of CEUS for 73 cases of breast tumor lumps were retrospectively analyzed by univariate and multivariate approaches. Logistic regression was applied and ROC curves were drawn for evaluation and comparison. The CEUS qualitative indicator-generated regression equation contained three indicators, namely enhanced homogeneity, diameter line expansion and peak intensity grading, which demonstrated prediction accuracy for benign and malignant breast tumor lumps of 91.8%; the quantitative indicator-generated regression equation only contained one indicator, namely the relative peak intensity, and its prediction accuracy was 61.5%. The corresponding areas under the ROC curve for qualitative and quantitative analyses were 91.3% and 75.7%, respectively, which exhibited a statistically significant difference by the Z test (P<0.05). The ability of CEUS qualitative analysis to identify breast tumor lumps is better than with quantitative analysis.

Comparison of logging residue from lump sum and log scale timber sales.

Treesearch

James O Howard; Donald J. DeMars

1985-01-01

Data from 1973 and 1980 logging residues studies were used to compare the volume of residue from lump sum and log scale timber sales. Covariance analysis was used to adjust the mean volume for each data set for potential variation resulting from differences in stand conditions. Mean residue volumes from the two sale types were significantly different at the 5-percent...

Lump, periodic lump and interaction lump stripe solutions to the (2+1)-dimensional B-type Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Pinxia; Zhang, Yufeng; Muhammad, Iqbal; Yin, Qiqi

2018-03-01

In this paper, the Hirota’s bilinear form is employed to investigate the lump, periodic lump and interaction lump stripe solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional B-type Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (BKP) equation. Many results are obtained by dynamic process of figures. We analyze the propagation direction and horizontal velocity of lump solutions to find some constraint conditions which include positiveness and localization. In the process of the travel of the periodic lump solutions, it appears that the energy distribution is not symmetrical. The interaction lump stripe solutions of non-elastic indicate that the lump solitons are dropped and swallowed by the stripe soliton.

Flexible hydrological modeling - Disaggregation from lumped catchment scale to higher spatial resolutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tran, Quoc Quan; Willems, Patrick; Pannemans, Bart; Blanckaert, Joris; Pereira, Fernando; Nossent, Jiri; Cauwenberghs, Kris; Vansteenkiste, Thomas

2015-04-01

Based on an international literature review on model structures of existing rainfall-runoff and hydrological models, a generalized model structure is proposed. It consists of different types of meteorological components, storage components, splitting components and routing components. They can be spatially organized in a lumped way, or on a grid, spatially interlinked by source-to-sink or grid-to-grid (cell-to-cell) routing. The grid size of the model can be chosen depending on the application. The user can select/change the spatial resolution depending on the needs and/or the evaluation of the accuracy of the model results, or use different spatial resolutions in parallel for different applications. Major research questions addressed during the study are: How can we assure consistent results of the model at any spatial detail? How can we avoid strong or sudden changes in model parameters and corresponding simulation results, when one moves from one level of spatial detail to another? How can we limit the problem of overparameterization/equifinality when we move from the lumped model to the spatially distributed model? The proposed approach is a step-wise one, where first the lumped conceptual model is calibrated using a systematic, data-based approach, followed by a disaggregation step where the lumped parameters are disaggregated based on spatial catchment characteristics (topography, land use, soil characteristics). In this way, disaggregation can be done down to any spatial scale, and consistently among scales. Only few additional calibration parameters are introduced to scale the absolute spatial differences in model parameters, but keeping the relative differences as obtained from the spatial catchment characteristics. After calibration of the spatial model, the accuracies of the lumped and spatial models were compared for peak, low and cumulative runoff total and sub-flows (at downstream and internal gauging stations). For the distributed models, additional validation on spatial results was done for the groundwater head values at observation wells. To ensure that the lumped model can produce results as accurate as the spatially distributed models or close regardless to the number of parameters and implemented physical processes, it was checked whether the structure of the lumped models had to be adjusted. The concept has been implemented in a PCRaster - Python platform and tested for two Belgian case studies (catchments of the rivers Dijle and Grote Nete). So far, use is made of existing model structures (NAM, PDM, VHM and HBV). Acknowledgement: These results were obtained within the scope of research activities for the Flemish Environment Agency (VMM) - division Operational Water Management on "Next Generation hydrological modeling", in cooperation with IMDC consultants, and for Flanders Hydraulics Research (Waterbouwkundig Laboratorium) on "Effect of climate change on the hydrological regime of navigable watercourses in Belgium".

Methodologies for extracting kinetic constants for multiphase reacting flow simulation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chang, S.L.; Lottes, S.A.; Golchert, B.

1997-03-01

Flows in industrial reactors often involve complex reactions of many species. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) computer code, ICRKFLO, was developed to simulate multiphase, multi-species reacting flows. The ICRKFLO uses a hybrid technique to calculate species concentration and reaction for a large number of species in a reacting flow. This technique includes a hydrodynamic and reacting flow simulation with a small but sufficient number of lumped reactions to compute flow field properties followed by a calculation of local reaction kinetics and transport of many subspecies (order of 10 to 100). Kinetic rate constants of the numerous subspecies chemical reactions aremore » difficult to determine. A methodology has been developed to extract kinetic constants from experimental data efficiently. A flow simulation of a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) riser was successfully used to demonstrate this methodology.« less

Characterization of an air jet haptic lump display.

PubMed

Bianchi, Matteo; Gwilliam, James C; Degirmenci, Alperen; Okamura, Allison M

2011-01-01

During manual palpation, clinicians rely on distributed tactile information to identify and localize hard lumps embedded in soft tissue. The development of tactile feedback systems to enhance palpation using robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery (RMIS) systems is challenging due to size and weight constraints, motivating a pneumatic actuation strategy. Recently, an air jet approach has been proposed for generating a lump percept. We use this technique to direct a thin stream of air through an aperture directly on the finger pad, which indents the skin in a hemispherical manner, producing a compelling lump percept. We hypothesize that the perceived parameters of the lump (e.g. size and stiffness) can be controlled by jointly adjusting air pressure and the aperture size through which air escapes. In this work, we investigate how these control variables interact to affect perceived pressure on the finger pad. First, we used a capacitive tactile sensor array to measure the effect of aperture size on output pressure, and found that peak output pressure increases with aperture size. Second, we performed a psychophysical experiment for each aperture size to determine the just noticeable difference (JND) of air pressure on the finger pad. Subject-averaged pressure JND values ranged from 19.4-24.7 kPa, with no statistical differences observed between aperture sizes. The aperture-pressure relationship and the pressure JND values will be fundamental for future display control.

Rational Solutions and Lump Solutions of the Potential YTSF Equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Hong-Qian; Chen, Ai-Hua

2017-07-01

By using of the bilinear form, rational solutions and lump solutions of the potential Yu-Toda-Sasa-Fukuyama (YTSF) equation are derived. Dynamics of the fundamental lump solution, n1-order lump solutions, and N-lump solutions are studied for some special cases. We also find some interaction behaviours of solitary waves and one lump of rational solutions.

Rogue waves and lump solitons for a ?-dimensional B-type Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation in fluid dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Yan; Tian, Bo; Xie, Xi-Yang; Chai, Jun; Yin, Hui-Min

2018-07-01

Under investigation is a ?-dimensional B-type Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation, which has applications in the propagation of non-linear waves in fluid dynamics. Through the Hirota method and the extended homoclinic test technique, we obtain the breather-type kink soliton solutions and breather rational soliton solutions. Rogue wave solutions are derived, which come from the derivation of breather rational solitons with respect to x. Amplitudes of the breather-type kink solitons and rogue waves decrease with a non-zero parameter in the equation, ?, increasing when ?. In addition, dark rogue waves are derived when ?. Furthermore, with the aid of the Hirota method and symbolic computation, two types of the lump solitons are obtained with the different choices of the parameters. We graphically study the lump solitons related to the parameter ?, and amplitude of the lump soliton is negatively correlated with ? when ?.

29 CFR 4041.24 - Notices of plan benefits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... lump sum and the age at which, or form in which, the plan benefits will be paid differs from the normal retirement benefit— (i) The age or form stated in the plan; and (ii) The age or form adjustment factors; and... for the third month before the month in which the lump sum is distributed), a reference to the...

Rutting resistance of asphalt mixture with cup lumps modified binder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shaffie, E.; Hanif, W. M. M. Wan; Arshad, A. K.; Hashim, W.

2017-11-01

Rutting is the most common pavement distress in pavement structures which occurs mainly due to several factors such as increasing of traffic volume, climatic conditions and also due to construction design errors. This failure reduced the service life of the pavement, reduced driver safety and increase cost of maintenance. Polymer Modified Binder has been observed for a long time in improving asphalt pavement performance. Research shows that the use of polymer in bituminous mix not only improve the resistance to rutting but also increase the life span of the pavement. This research evaluates the physical properties and rutting performance of dense graded Superpave-designed HMA mix. Two different types of dense graded Superpave HMA mix were developed consists of unmodified binder mix (UMB) and cup lumps rubber (liquid form) modified binder mix (CLMB). Natural rubber polymer modified binder was prepared from addition of 8 percent of cup lumps into binder. Results showed that all the mixes passed the Superpave volumetric properties criteria which indicate that these mixtures were good with respect to durability and flexibility. Furthermore, rutting results from APA rutting test was determined to evaluate the performance of these mixtures. The rutting result of CLMB demonstrates better resistance to rutting than those prepared using UMB mix. Addition of cup lumps rubber in asphalt mixture was found to be significant, where the cup lumps rubber has certainly improves the binder properties and enhanced its rutting resistance due to greater elasticity offered by the cup lumps rubber particles. It shows that the use of cup lumps rubber can significantly reduce the rut depth of asphalt mixture by 41% compared to the minimum rut depth obtained for the UMB mix. Therefore, it can be concluded that the cup lumps rubber is suitable to be used as a modifier to modified binder in order to enhance the properties of the binder and thus improves the performance of asphalt mixes.

20 CFR 234.12 - 1937 Act lump-sum death payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false 1937 Act lump-sum death payment. 234.12 Section 234.12 Employees' Benefits RAILROAD RETIREMENT BOARD REGULATIONS UNDER THE RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT LUMP-SUM PAYMENTS Lump-Sum Death Payment § 234.12 1937 Act lump-sum death payment. (a) The 1937 Act...

20 CFR 234.12 - 1937 Act lump-sum death payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false 1937 Act lump-sum death payment. 234.12 Section 234.12 Employees' Benefits RAILROAD RETIREMENT BOARD REGULATIONS UNDER THE RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT LUMP-SUM PAYMENTS Lump-Sum Death Payment § 234.12 1937 Act lump-sum death payment. (a) The 1937 Act...

20 CFR 234.12 - 1937 Act lump-sum death payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false 1937 Act lump-sum death payment. 234.12 Section 234.12 Employees' Benefits RAILROAD RETIREMENT BOARD REGULATIONS UNDER THE RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT LUMP-SUM PAYMENTS Lump-Sum Death Payment § 234.12 1937 Act lump-sum death payment. (a) The 1937 Act...

20 CFR 234.12 - 1937 Act lump-sum death payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2014-04-01 2012-04-01 true 1937 Act lump-sum death payment. 234.12 Section 234.12 Employees' Benefits RAILROAD RETIREMENT BOARD REGULATIONS UNDER THE RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT LUMP-SUM PAYMENTS Lump-Sum Death Payment § 234.12 1937 Act lump-sum death payment. (a) The 1937 Act...

20 CFR 234.12 - 1937 Act lump-sum death payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2013-04-01 2012-04-01 true 1937 Act lump-sum death payment. 234.12 Section 234.12 Employees' Benefits RAILROAD RETIREMENT BOARD REGULATIONS UNDER THE RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT LUMP-SUM PAYMENTS Lump-Sum Death Payment § 234.12 1937 Act lump-sum death payment. (a) The 1937 Act...

Effects of mucosal loading on vocal fold vibration.

PubMed

Tao, Chao; Jiang, Jack J

2009-06-01

A chain model was proposed in this study to examine the effects of mucosal loading on vocal fold vibration. Mucosal loading was defined as the loading caused by the interaction between the vocal folds and the surrounding tissue. In the proposed model, the vocal folds and the surrounding tissue were represented by a series of oscillators connected by a coupling spring. The lumped masses, springs, and dampers of the oscillators modeled the tissue properties of mass, stiffness, and viscosity, respectively. The coupling spring exemplified the tissue interactions. By numerically solving this chain model, the effects of mucosal loading on the phonation threshold pressure, phonation instability pressure, and energy distribution in a voice production system were studied. It was found that when mucosal loading is small, phonation threshold pressure increases with the damping constant R(r), the mass constant R(m), and the coupling constant R(mu) of mucosal loading but decreases with the stiffness constant R(k). Phonation instability pressure is also related to mucosal loading. It was found that phonation instability pressure increases with the coupling constant R(mu) but decreases with the stiffness constant R(k) of mucosal loading. Therefore, it was concluded that mucosal loading directly affects voice production.

Effects of mucosal loading on vocal fold vibration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tao, Chao; Jiang, Jack J.

2009-06-01

A chain model was proposed in this study to examine the effects of mucosal loading on vocal fold vibration. Mucosal loading was defined as the loading caused by the interaction between the vocal folds and the surrounding tissue. In the proposed model, the vocal folds and the surrounding tissue were represented by a series of oscillators connected by a coupling spring. The lumped masses, springs, and dampers of the oscillators modeled the tissue properties of mass, stiffness, and viscosity, respectively. The coupling spring exemplified the tissue interactions. By numerically solving this chain model, the effects of mucosal loading on the phonation threshold pressure, phonation instability pressure, and energy distribution in a voice production system were studied. It was found that when mucosal loading is small, phonation threshold pressure increases with the damping constant Rr, the mass constant Rm, and the coupling constant Rμ of mucosal loading but decreases with the stiffness constant Rk. Phonation instability pressure is also related to mucosal loading. It was found that phonation instability pressure increases with the coupling constant Rμ but decreases with the stiffness constant Rk of mucosal loading. Therefore, it was concluded that mucosal loading directly affects voice production.

Lump solutions and interaction phenomenon to the third-order nonlinear evolution equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kofane, T. C.; Fokou, M.; Mohamadou, A.; Yomba, E.

2017-11-01

In this work, the lump solution and the kink solitary wave solution from the (2 + 1) -dimensional third-order evolution equation, using the Hirota bilinear method are obtained through symbolic computation with Maple. We have assumed that the lump solution is centered at the origin, when t = 0 . By considering a mixing positive quadratic function with exponential function, as well as a mixing positive quadratic function with hyperbolic cosine function, interaction solutions like lump-exponential and lump-hyperbolic cosine are presented. A completely non-elastic interaction between a lump and kink soliton is observed, showing that a lump solution can be swallowed by a kink soliton.

Armpit lump

MedlinePlus

... You will be asked questions about your medical history and symptoms, such as: When did you first notice the lump? Has the lump changed? Are you breastfeeding? Is there anything that makes the lump worse? ...

Devolatilization Characteristics and Kinetic Analysis of Lump Coal from China COREX3000 Under High Temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Runsheng; Zhang, Jianliang; Wang, Guangwei; Zuo, Haibin; Liu, Zhengjian; Jiao, Kexin; Liu, Yanxiang; Li, Kejiang

2016-08-01

A devolatilization study of two lump coals used in China COREX3000 was carried out in a self-developed thermo-gravimetry at four temperature conditions [1173 K, 1273 K, 1373 K, and 1473 K (900 °C, 1000 °C, 1100 °C, and 1200 °C)] under N2. This study reveals that the working temperature has a strong impact on the devolatilization rate of the lump coal: the reaction rate increases with the increasing temperature. However, the temperature has little influence on the maximum mass loss. The conversion rate curve shows that the reaction rate of HY lump coal is higher than KG lump coal. The lump coals were analyzed by XRD, FTIR, and optical microscopy to explore the correlation between devolatilization rate and properties of lump coal. The results show that the higher reaction rate of HY lump coal attributes to its more active maceral components, less aromaticity and orientation degree of the crystallite, and more oxygenated functional groups. The random nucleation and nuclei growth model (RNGM), volume model (VM), and unreacted shrinking core model (URCM) were employed to describe the reaction behavior of lump coal. It was concluded from kinetics analysis that RNGM model was the best model for describing the devolatilization of lump coals. The apparent activation energies of isothermal devolatilization of HY lump coal and KG lump coal are 42.35 and 45.83 kJ/mol, respectively. This study has implications for the characteristics and mechanism modeling of devolatilization of lump coal in COREX gasifier.

[Differential diagnostic value of real-time tissue elastography and three dimensional ultrasound imaging in breast lumps].

PubMed

Li, M H; Liu, Y; Liu, L S; Li, P X; Chen, Q

2016-05-24

To investigate the real-time tissue elastography and 3D contrast-enhanced ultrasonography(CEUS) in breast lumps differential diagnostic value. A total of 126 patients (180 lumps) with breast mass were retrospectively analyzed from December 2012 to December 2014 in Tumor Hospital Affiliated To Xinjiang Medical University.All patients were divided into three groups by using stratified random method.Each group was detected by real-time tissue elastography, 3D CEUS and two joint inspection.Each group of 42 cases (60 lumps) was confirmed by the pathological results as gold standard.Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and coincidence rate of different methods were compared. The benign masses of ultrasound contrast showed the punctate, linear and nodular enhancement, and the border of enhancement was smooth.The malignant tumors were mainly dominated by uneven and high enhancement. There was no statistical difference in sensitivity, specificity and coincidence rate between elastography group and 3D CEUS group (64.7% vs 73.5%, 69.2% vs 76.9%, 66.7% vs 75.0%, all P>0.05). The sensitivity, specificity and coincidence rate of two joint inspection group were higher than those of elastography group and 3D CEUS group, the differences were statistically significant (97.1%, 92.3% and 98.3% , all P<0.05). 3D CEUS combined with real-time tissue elastography is of high value in the diagnosis of breast masses.

Fission and fusion interaction phenomena of mixed lump kink solutions for a generalized (3+1)-dimensional B-type Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Yaqing; Wen, Xiaoyong

2018-05-01

In this paper, a generalized (3+1)-dimensional B-type Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (gBKP) equation is investigated by using the Hirota’s bilinear method. With the aid of symbolic computation, some new lump, mixed lump kink and periodic lump solutions are derived. Based on the derived solutions, some novel interaction phenomena like the fission and fusion interactions between one lump soliton and one kink soliton, the fission and fusion interactions between one lump soliton and a pair of kink solitons and the interactions between two periodic lump solitons are discussed graphically. Results might be helpful for understanding the propagation of the shallow water wave.

20 CFR 234.11 - 1974 Act lump-sum death payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false 1974 Act lump-sum death payment. 234.11... LUMP-SUM PAYMENTS Lump-Sum Death Payment § 234.11 1974 Act lump-sum death payment. (a) The total amount... household” as the employee at the time of the employee's death. (Refer to § 234.21 for an explanation of...

20 CFR 234.11 - 1974 Act lump-sum death payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2014-04-01 2012-04-01 true 1974 Act lump-sum death payment. 234.11... LUMP-SUM PAYMENTS Lump-Sum Death Payment § 234.11 1974 Act lump-sum death payment. (a) The total amount... household” as the employee at the time of the employee's death. (Refer to § 234.21 for an explanation of...

20 CFR 234.11 - 1974 Act lump-sum death payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false 1974 Act lump-sum death payment. 234.11... LUMP-SUM PAYMENTS Lump-Sum Death Payment § 234.11 1974 Act lump-sum death payment. (a) The total amount... household” as the employee at the time of the employee's death. (Refer to § 234.21 for an explanation of...

20 CFR 234.11 - 1974 Act lump-sum death payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false 1974 Act lump-sum death payment. 234.11... LUMP-SUM PAYMENTS Lump-Sum Death Payment § 234.11 1974 Act lump-sum death payment. (a) The total amount... household” as the employee at the time of the employee's death. (Refer to § 234.21 for an explanation of...

20 CFR 234.11 - 1974 Act lump-sum death payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2013-04-01 2012-04-01 true 1974 Act lump-sum death payment. 234.11... LUMP-SUM PAYMENTS Lump-Sum Death Payment § 234.11 1974 Act lump-sum death payment. (a) The total amount... household” as the employee at the time of the employee's death. (Refer to § 234.21 for an explanation of...

Lump and lump-soliton solutions to the (2+1) -dimensional Ito equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Jin-Yun; Ma, Wen-Xiu; Qin, Zhenyun

2017-06-01

Based on the Hirota bilinear form of the (2+1) -dimensional Ito equation, one class of lump solutions and two classes of interaction solutions between lumps and line solitons are generated through analysis and symbolic computations with Maple. Analyticity is naturally guaranteed for the presented lump and interaction solutions, and the interaction solutions reduce to lumps (or line solitons) while the hyperbolic-cosine (or the quadratic function) disappears. Three-dimensional plots and contour plots are made for two specific examples of the resulting interaction solutions.

Study of Pellets and Lumps as Raw Materials in Silicon Production from Quartz and Silicon Carbide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dal Martello, E.; Tranell, G.; Gaal, S.; Raaness, O. S.; Tang, K.; Arnberg, L.

2011-10-01

The use of high-purity carbon and quartz raw materials reduces the need for comprehensive refining steps after the silicon has been produced carbothermically in the electric reduction furnace. The current work aims at comparing the reaction mechanisms and kinetics occurring in the inner part of the reduction furnace when pellets or lumpy charge is used, as well as the effect of the raw material mix. Laboratory-scale carbothermic reduction experiments have been carried out in an induction furnace. High-purity silicon carbide and two different high-purity hydrothermal quartzes were charged as raw materials at different molar ratios. The charge was in the form of lumps (size, 2-5 mm) or as powder (size, 10-20 μm), mixed and agglomerated as pellets (size, 1-3 mm) and reacted at 2273 K (2000 °C). The thermal properties of the quartzes were measured also by heating a small piece of quartz in CO atmosphere. The investigated quartzes have different reactivity in reducing atmosphere. The carbothermal reduction experiments show differences in the reacted charge between pellets and lumps as charge material. Solid-gas reactions take place from the inside of the pellets porosity, whereas reactions in lumps occur topochemically. Silicon in pellets is produced mainly in the rim zone. Larger volumes of silicon have been found when using lumpy charge. More SiO is produced when using pellets than for lumpy SiO2 for the same molar ratio and heating conditions. The two SiC polytypes used in the carbothermal reduction experiments as carbon reductants presented different reactivity.

Comparison the Results of Numerical Simulation And Experimental Results for Amirkabir Plasma Focus Facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goudarzi, Shervin; Amrollahi, R.; Niknam Sharak, M.

2014-06-01

In this paper the results of the numerical simulation for Amirkabir Mather-type Plasma Focus Facility (16 kV, 36μF and 115 nH) in several experiments with Argon as working gas at different working conditions (different discharge voltages and gas pressures) have been presented and compared with the experimental results. Two different models have been used for simulation: five-phase model of Lee and lumped parameter model of Gonzalez. It is seen that the results (optimum pressures and current signals) of the Lee model at different working conditions show better agreement than lumped parameter model with experimental values.

Calibrating binary lumped parameter models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morgenstern, Uwe; Stewart, Mike

2017-04-01

Groundwater at its discharge point is a mixture of water from short and long flowlines, and therefore has a distribution of ages rather than a single age. Various transfer functions describe the distribution of ages within the water sample. Lumped parameter models (LPMs), which are mathematical models of water transport based on simplified aquifer geometry and flow configuration can account for such mixing of groundwater of different age, usually representing the age distribution with two parameters, the mean residence time, and the mixing parameter. Simple lumped parameter models can often match well the measured time varying age tracer concentrations, and therefore are a good representation of the groundwater mixing at these sites. Usually a few tracer data (time series and/or multi-tracer) can constrain both parameters. With the building of larger data sets of age tracer data throughout New Zealand, including tritium, SF6, CFCs, and recently Halon-1301, and time series of these tracers, we realised that for a number of wells the groundwater ages using a simple lumped parameter model were inconsistent between the different tracer methods. Contamination or degradation of individual tracers is unlikely because the different tracers show consistent trends over years and decades. This points toward a more complex mixing of groundwaters with different ages for such wells than represented by the simple lumped parameter models. Binary (or compound) mixing models are able to represent a more complex mixing, with mixing of water of two different age distributions. The problem related to these models is that they usually have 5 parameters which makes them data-hungry and therefore difficult to constrain all parameters. Two or more age tracers with different input functions, with multiple measurements over time, can provide the required information to constrain the parameters of the binary mixing model. We obtained excellent results using tritium time series encompassing the passage of the bomb-tritium through the aquifer, and SF6 with its steep gradient currently in the input. We will show age tracer data from drinking water wells that enabled identification of young water ingression into wells, which poses the risk of bacteriological contamination from the surface into the drinking water.

Representing Lumped Markov Chains by Minimal Polynomials over Field GF(q)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zakharov, V. M.; Shalagin, S. V.; Eminov, B. F.

2018-05-01

A method has been proposed to represent lumped Markov chains by minimal polynomials over a finite field. The accuracy of representing lumped stochastic matrices, the law of lumped Markov chains depends linearly on the minimum degree of polynomials over field GF(q). The method allows constructing the realizations of lumped Markov chains on linear shift registers with a pre-defined “linear complexity”.

A Hybrid Windkessel Model of Blood Flow in Arterial Tree Using Velocity Profile Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aboelkassem, Yasser; Virag, Zdravko

2016-11-01

For the study of pulsatile blood flow in the arterial system, we derived a coupled Windkessel-Womersley mathematical model. Initially, a 6-elements Windkessel model is proposed to describe the hemodynamics transport in terms of constant resistance, inductance and capacitance. This model can be seen as a two compartment model, in which the compartments are connected by a rigid pipe, modeled by one inductor and resistor. The first viscoelastic compartment models proximal part of the aorta, the second elastic compartment represents the rest of the arterial tree and aorta can be seen as the connection pipe. Although the proposed 6-elements lumped model was able to accurately reconstruct the aortic pressure, it can't be used to predict the axial velocity distribution in the aorta and the wall shear stress and consequently, proper time varying pressure drop. We then modified this lumped model by replacing the connection pipe circuit elements with a vessel having a radius R and a length L. The pulsatile flow motions in the vessel are resolved instantaneously along with the Windkessel like model enable not only accurate prediction of the aortic pressure but also wall shear stress and frictional pressure drop. The proposed hybrid model has been validated using several in-vivo aortic pressure and flow rate data acquired from different species such as, humans, dogs and pigs. The method accurately predicts the time variation of wall shear stress and frictional pressure drop. Institute for Computational Medicine, Dept. Biomedical Engineering.

Measurement of Hydrologic Streamflow Metrics and Estimation of Streamflow with Lumped Parameter Models in a Managed Lake System, Sebago Lake, Maine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reeve, A. S.; Martin, D.; Smith, S. M.

2013-12-01

Surface waters within the Sebago Lake watershed (southern Maine, USA) provide a variety of economically and intrinsically valuable recreational, commercial and environmental services. Different stakeholder groups for the 118 km2 Sebago Lake and surrounding watershed advocate for different lake and watershed management strategies, focusing on the operation of a dam at the outflow from Sebago Lake. While lake level in Sebago Lake has been monitored for over a century, limited data is available on the hydrologic processes that drive lake level and therefore impact how dam operation (and other changes to the region) will influence the hydroperiod of the lake. To fill this information gap several tasks were undertaken including: 1) deploying data logging pressure transducers to continuously monitor stream stage in nine tributaries, 2) measuring stream discharge at these sites to create rating curves for the nine tributaries, and using the resulting continuous discharge records to 3) calibrate lumped parameter computer models based on the GR4J model, modified to include a degree-day snowmelt routine. These lumped parameter models have been integrated with a simple lake water-balance model to estimate lake level and its response to different scenarios including dam management strategies. To date, about three years of stream stage data have been used to estimate stream discharge in all monitored tributaries (data collection is ongoing). Baseflow separation indices (BFI) for 2010 and 2011 using the USGS software PART and the Eckhart digital filter in WHAT range from 0.80-0.86 in the Crooked River and Richmill Outlet,followed by Northwest (0.75) and Muddy (0.53-0.56) Rivers, with the lowest BFI measured in Sticky River (0.41-0.56). The BFI values indicate most streams have significant groundwater (or other storage) inputs. The lumped parameter watershed model has been calibrated for four streams (Nash-Sutcliffe = 0.4 to 0.9), with the other major tributaries containing hydraulic structures that are not included in the lumped parameter model. Calibrated watershed models tend to substantially underestimate the highest streamflows while overestimating low flows. An early June 2012 event caused extremely high flows with discharge in the Crooked River (the most significant tributary) peaking at about 85 m3/day. The lumped parameter model dramatically underestimated this important and anomalous event, but provided a reasonable prediction of flows throughout the rest of 2012. Ongoing work includes incorporating hydraulic structures in the lumped parameter model and using the available data to drive the lake water-balance model that has been prepared.

Lump solutions of the BKP equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gilson, C. R.; Nimmo, J. J. C.

1990-07-01

Rational solutions of the BKP equation which decay to zero in all directions in the plane are obtained. These solutions are analogous to the lump solutions of the KPI equation. Properties of the single lump solution are described and the form of the N-lump solution is given. It is shown that single lump solutions are only non-singular for spectral parameters lying in certain regions of the complex plane.

Interaction Solutions for Lump-line Solitons and Lump-kink Waves of the Dimensionally Reduced Generalised KP Equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahmed, Iftikhar

2017-09-01

In this work, we investigate dimensionally reduced generalised Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation, which can describe many nonlinear phenomena in fluid dynamics. Based on the bilinear formalism, direct Maple symbolic computations are used with an ansätz function to construct three classes of interaction solutions between lump and line solitons. Furthermore, the dynamics of interaction phenomena is explained with 3D plots and 2D contour plots. For the first class of interaction solutions, lump appeared at t=0, and there was a normal interaction between lump and line solitons at t=1, 2, 5, and 10. For the second class of interaction solutions, lump appeared from one side of line soliton at t=0, but it started moving downward at t=1, 2, and 5. Finally, at t=10, this lump was completely swallowed by other side. By contrast, for the third class of interaction solutions, lump appeared from one side of line soliton at t=0, but it started moving upward at t=1, 2, and 5. Finally, at t=10, this lump was completely swallowed by other side. Furthermore, interaction solutions between lump solutions and kink wave are also investigated. These results might be helpful to understand the propagation processes for nonlinear waves in fluid mechanics.

Optomechanical oscillator pumped and probed by optically two isolated photonic crystal cavity systems.

PubMed

Tian, Feng; Sumikura, Hisashi; Kuramochi, Eiichi; Taniyama, Hideaki; Takiguchi, Masato; Notomi, Masaya

2016-11-28

Optomechanical control of on-chip emitters is an important topic related to integrated all-optical circuits. However, there is neither a realization nor a suitable optomechanical structure for this control. The biggest obstacle is that the emission signal can hardly be distinguished from the pump light because of the several orders' power difference. In this study, we designed and experimentally verified an optomechanical oscillation system, in which a lumped mechanical oscillator connected two optically isolated pairs of coupled one-dimensional photonic crystal cavities. As a functional device, the two pairs of coupled cavities were respectively used as an optomechanical pump for the lumped oscillator (cavity pair II, wavelengths were designed to be within a 1.5 μm band) and a modulation target of the lumped oscillator (cavity pair I, wavelengths were designed to be within a 1.2 μm band). By conducting finite element method simulations, we found that the lumped-oscillator-supported configurations of both cavity pairs enhance the optomechanical interactions, especially for higher order optical modes, compared with their respective conventional side-clamped configurations. Besides the desired first-order in-plane antiphase mechanical mode, other mechanical modes of the lumped oscillator were investigated and found to possibly have optomechanical applications with a versatile degree of freedom. In experiments, the oscillator's RF spectra were probed using both cavity pairs I and II, and the results matched those of the simulations. Dynamic detuning of the optical spectrum of cavity pair I was then implemented with a pumped lumped oscillator. This was the first demonstration of an optomechanical lumped oscillator connecting two optically isolated pairs of coupled cavities, whose biggest advantage is that one cavity pair can be modulated with an lumped oscillator without interference from the pump light in the other cavity pair. Thus, the oscillator is a suitable platform for optomechanical control of integrated lasers, cavity quantum electrodynamics, and spontaneous emission. Furthermore, this device may open the door on the study of interactions between photons, phonons, and excitons in the quantum regime.

Lump Solutions for the (3+1)-Dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili Equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, De-Yin; Tian, Bo; Xie, Xi-Yang

2016-12-01

In this article, we investigate the lump solutions for the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation in (3+1) dimensions that describe the dynamics of plasmas or fluids. Via the symbolic computation, lump solutions for the (3+1)-dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation are derived based on the bilinear forms. The conditions to guarantee analyticity and rational localisation of the lump solutions are presented. The lump solutions contain eight parameters, two of which are totally free, and the other six of which need to satisfy the presented conditions. Plots with particular choices of the involved parameters are made to show the lump solutions and their energy distributions.

New Side-Looking Rogowski Coil Sensor for Measuring Large-Magnitude Fast Impulse Currents

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Metwally, I. A.

2015-12-01

This paper presents a new design of a side-looking "flat spiral" self-integrating Rogowski coil that is wound by twin coaxial cable with individual sheath. The coil is tested with different impulse current waveforms up to 7 kA peak value to improve its performance. The coil design is optimized to achieve bandwidth and sensitivity up to 7.854 MHz and 3.623 V/kA, respectively. The coil is calibrated versus two commercial impulse-current measurement devices at different coil-to-wire separations, coil inclination angles, and impulse current waveforms. Distortion of the coil output voltage waveform is examined by using the lumped-element model to optimize the connections of the four cable winding sheaths and the coil termination resistance. Finally, the coil frequency response is investigated to optimize the coil design parameters and achieve the desired bandwidth (large low-frequency time constant), high rate of rise, no overshoot, very small droop, high rate of fall, and no backswing.

The urban energy balance of a lightweight low-rise neighborhood in Andacollo, Chile

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crawford, Ben; Krayenhoff, E. Scott; Cordy, Paul

2018-01-01

Worldwide, the majority of rapidly growing neighborhoods are found in the Global South. They often exhibit different building construction and development patterns than the Global North, and urban climate research in many such neighborhoods has to date been sparse. This study presents local-scale observations of net radiation ( Q * ) and sensible heat flux ( Q H ) from a lightweight low-rise neighborhood in the desert climate of Andacollo, Chile, and compares observations with results from a process-based urban energy-balance model (TUF3D) and a local-scale empirical model (LUMPS) for a 14-day period in autumn 2009. This is a unique neighborhood-climate combination in the urban energy-balance literature, and results show good agreement between observations and models for Q * and Q H . The unmeasured latent heat flux ( Q E ) is modeled with an updated version of TUF3D and two versions of LUMPS (a forward and inverse application). Both LUMPS implementations predict slightly higher Q E than TUF3D, which may indicate a bias in LUMPS parameters towards mid-latitude, non-desert climates. Overall, the energy balance is dominated by sensible and storage heat fluxes with mean daytime Bowen ratios of 2.57 (observed Q H /LUMPS Q E )-3.46 (TUF3D). Storage heat flux ( ΔQ S ) is modeled with TUF3D, the empirical objective hysteresis model (OHM), and the inverse LUMPS implementation. Agreement between models is generally good; the OHM-predicted diurnal cycle deviates somewhat relative to the other two models, likely because OHM coefficients are not specified for the roof and wall construction materials found in this neighborhood. New facet-scale and local-scale OHM coefficients are developed based on modeled ΔQ S and observed Q * . Coefficients in the empirical models OHM and LUMPS are derived from observations in primarily non-desert climates in European/North American neighborhoods and must be updated as measurements in lightweight low-rise (and other) neighborhoods in various climates become available.

42 CFR 411.46 - Lump-sum payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Lump-sum payments. 411.46 Section 411.46 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES MEDICARE PROGRAM... Covered Under Workers' Compensation § 411.46 Lump-sum payments. (a) Lump-sum commutation of future...

20 CFR 225.26 - Residual Lump-Sum PIA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., except that social security earnings are not used to compute the RLS PIA. ... INSURANCE AMOUNT DETERMINATIONS PIA's Used in Computing Survivor Annuities and the Amount of the Residual Lump-Sum Payable § 225.26 Residual Lump-Sum PIA. The Residual Lump-Sum PIA (RLS PIA) is used to compute...

Heterogeneity and scaling land-atmospheric water and energy fluxes in climate systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wood, Eric F.

1993-01-01

The effects of small-scale heterogeneity in land surface characteristics on the large-scale fluxes of water and energy in land-atmosphere system has become a central focus of many of the climatology research experiments. The acquisition of high resolution land surface data through remote sensing and intensive land-climatology field experiments (like HAPEX and FIFE) has provided data to investigate the interactions between microscale land-atmosphere interactions and macroscale models. One essential research question is how to account for the small scale heterogeneities and whether 'effective' parameters can be used in the macroscale models. To address this question of scaling, three modeling experiments were performed and are reviewed in the paper. The first is concerned with the aggregation of parameters and inputs for a terrestrial water and energy balance model. The second experiment analyzed the scaling behavior of hydrologic responses during rain events and between rain events. The third experiment compared the hydrologic responses from distributed models with a lumped model that uses spatially constant inputs and parameters. The results show that the patterns of small scale variations can be represented statistically if the scale is larger than a representative elementary area scale, which appears to be about 2 - 3 times the correlation length of the process. For natural catchments this appears to be about 1 - 2 sq km. The results concerning distributed versus lumped representations are more complicated. For conditions when the processes are nonlinear, then lumping results in biases; otherwise a one-dimensional model based on 'equivalent' parameters provides quite good results. Further research is needed to fully understand these conditions.

Nodular Fasciitis of the Breast Previously Misdiagnosed as Breast Carcinoma

PubMed Central

Ozben, Volkan; Aydogan, Fatih; Karaca, Fatih Can; Ilvan, Sennur; Uras, Cihan

2009-01-01

Summary Background Nodular fasciitis of the breast is a rare benign pathology that can mimic breast cancer clinically, radiologically, and histopathologically. Case Report An 18-year-old female patient had first visited a physician in a different center with the complaint of a lump in her left breast. Breast examination had revealed a palpable mass located in the left upper outer quadrant. Ultrasonography had demonstrated a hypoechoic lesion. Excisional biopsy of the lump had been performed and histopathologic examination misdiagnosed this lump as a mesenchymal tumor. The patient was then referred to our clinic for further investigations. Pathologic revision was performed and the diagnosis of nodular fasciitis of the breast was established. Conclusion Awareness of this rare clinical entity, nodular fasciitis, in the breast eliminates the misdiagnosis of breast cancer. PMID:20877676

28 CFR 523.16 - Lump sum awards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... TRANSFER COMPUTATION OF SENTENCE Extra Good Time § 523.16 Lump sum awards. Any staff member may recommend to the Warden the approval of an inmate for a lump sum award of extra good time. Such recommendations... make lump sum awards of extra good time not to exceed thirty days. If the recommendation is for an...

28 CFR 523.16 - Lump sum awards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... TRANSFER COMPUTATION OF SENTENCE Extra Good Time § 523.16 Lump sum awards. Any staff member may recommend to the Warden the approval of an inmate for a lump sum award of extra good time. Such recommendations... make lump sum awards of extra good time not to exceed thirty days. If the recommendation is for an...

28 CFR 523.16 - Lump sum awards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... TRANSFER COMPUTATION OF SENTENCE Extra Good Time § 523.16 Lump sum awards. Any staff member may recommend to the Warden the approval of an inmate for a lump sum award of extra good time. Such recommendations... make lump sum awards of extra good time not to exceed thirty days. If the recommendation is for an...

28 CFR 523.16 - Lump sum awards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... TRANSFER COMPUTATION OF SENTENCE Extra Good Time § 523.16 Lump sum awards. Any staff member may recommend to the Warden the approval of an inmate for a lump sum award of extra good time. Such recommendations... make lump sum awards of extra good time not to exceed thirty days. If the recommendation is for an...

28 CFR 523.16 - Lump sum awards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... TRANSFER COMPUTATION OF SENTENCE Extra Good Time § 523.16 Lump sum awards. Any staff member may recommend to the Warden the approval of an inmate for a lump sum award of extra good time. Such recommendations... make lump sum awards of extra good time not to exceed thirty days. If the recommendation is for an...

Some Interaction Solutions of a Reduced Generalised (3+1)-Dimensional Shallow Water Wave Equation for Lump Solutions and a Pair of Resonance Solitons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Yao; Chen, Mei-Dan; Li, Xian; Li, Biao

2017-05-01

Through Hirota bilinear transformation and symbolic computation with Maple, a class of lump solutions, rationally localised in all directions in the space, to a reduced generalised (3+1)-dimensional shallow water wave (SWW) equation are prensented. The resulting lump solutions all contain six parameters, two of which are free due to the translation invariance of the SWW equation and the other four of which must satisfy a nonzero determinant condition guaranteeing analyticity and rational localisation of the solutions. Then we derived the interaction solutions for lump solutions and one stripe soliton and the result shows that the particular lump solutions with specific values of the involved parameters will be drowned or swallowed by the stripe soliton. Furthermore, we extend this method to a more general combination of positive quadratic function and hyperbolic functions. Especially, it is interesting that a rogue wave is found to be aroused by the interaction between lump solutions and a pair of resonance stripe solitons. By choosing the values of the parameters, the dynamic properties of lump solutions, interaction solutions for lump solutions and one stripe soliton and interaction solutions for lump solutions and a pair of resonance solitons, are shown by dynamic graphs.

Measurement of Vibrational Non-Equilibrium in a Supersonic Freestream Using Dual-Pump CARS

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cutler, Andrew D.; Magnotti, Gaetano; Cantu, Luca M. L.; Gallo, Emanuela C. A.; Danehy, Paul M.; Burle, Rob; Rockwell, Robert; Goyne, Christopher; McDaniel, James

2012-01-01

Measurements have been conducted at the University of Virginia Supersonic Combustion Facility of the flow in a constant area duct downstream of a Mach 2 nozzle, where the airflow has first been heated to approximately 1200 K. Dual-pump CARS was used to acquire rotational and vibrational temperatures of N2 and O2 at two planes in the duct at different downstream distances from the nozzle exit. Wall static pressures in the nozzle are also reported. With a flow of clean air, the vibrational temperature of N2 freezes at close to the heater stagnation temperature, while the O2 vibrational temperature is about 1000 K. The results are well predicted by computational fluid mechanics models employing separate "lumped" vibrational and translational/rotational temperatures. Experimental results are also reported for a few percent steam addition to the air and the effect of the steam is to bring the flow to thermal equilibrium.

The generation of symmetric and asymmetric lump solitons by a bottom topography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Zhiming

2016-11-01

A group of Lump solutions to the (2+1)-dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation is obtained analytically by making use of Hirota bilinear transform method. Then the generation of symmetric and asymmetric lump solitons by an obliquely-placed three-dimensional bottom topography is numerically investigated using the forced Kadomtsev-Petviashvili-I (fKP-I) equation. The numerical method is based on the third order Runge-Kutta method and the Crank-Nicolson scheme. The main result is the asymmetric generation of asymmetric lump-type solitons downstream of the obstacle.The lump soliton with a smaller amplitude is generated with a longer period and moves in a larger angle with respect to the positive x-axis than the one with a larger amplitude. The amplitude of the lump solitons strongly depend on the volume of the obstacle rather than the shape. Finally the effects of the detuning parameter on the generation of lump solitons is also studied. Project supported by NSFC with No. 11272196.

Testicle lump

MedlinePlus

... A testicle lump is swelling or a growth (mass) in one or both testicles. Considerations A testicle ... ages. Causes Possible causes of a painful scrotal mass include: A cyst-like lump in the scrotum ...

On the stability of lumps and wave collapse in water waves.

PubMed

Akylas, T R; Cho, Yeunwoo

2008-08-13

In the classical water-wave problem, fully localized nonlinear waves of permanent form, commonly referred to as lumps, are possible only if both gravity and surface tension are present. While much attention has been paid to shallow-water lumps, which are generalizations of Korteweg-de Vries solitary waves, the present study is concerned with a distinct class of gravity-capillary lumps recently found on water of finite or infinite depth. In the near linear limit, these lumps resemble locally confined wave packets with envelope and wave crests moving at the same speed, and they can be approximated in terms of a particular steady solution (ground state) of an elliptic equation system of the Benney-Roskes-Davey-Stewartson (BRDS) type, which governs the coupled evolution of the envelope along with the induced mean flow. According to the BRDS equations, however, initial conditions above a certain threshold develop a singularity in finite time, known as wave collapse, due to nonlinear focusing; the ground state, in fact, being exactly at the threshold for collapse suggests that the newly discovered lumps are unstable. In an effort to understand the role of this singularity in the dynamics of lumps, here we consider the fifth-order Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation, a model for weakly nonlinear gravity-capillary waves on water of finite depth when the Bond number is close to one-third, which also admits lumps of the wave packet type. It is found that an exchange of stability occurs at a certain finite wave steepness, lumps being unstable below but stable above this critical value. As a result, a small-amplitude lump, which is linearly unstable and according to the BRDS equations would be prone to wave collapse, depending on the perturbation, either decays into dispersive waves or evolves into an oscillatory state near a finite-amplitude stable lump.

Lumped Parameter Models of the Central Nervous System for VIIP Research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vera, J.; Mulugeta, L.; Nelson, E. S.; Raykin, J.; Feola, A.; Gleason, R.; Samuels, B.; Myers, J. G.

2015-01-01

INTRODUCTION: Current long-duration missions to the International Space Station and future exploration-class missions beyond low-Earth orbit, such as to Mars and asteroids, expose astronauts to increased risk of Visual Impairment and Intracranial Pressure (VIIP) syndrome [1]. It has been hypothesized that the headward shift of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and blood in microgravity may cause significant elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP), which in turn induces VIIP syndrome through biomechanical pathways [1, 2]. However, there is insufficient evidence to confirm this hypothesis. In this light, we are developing lumped-parameter models of fluid transport in the central nervous system (CNS) as a means to simulate the influence of microgravity on ICP. The CNS models will also be used in concert with the lumped parameter and finite element models of the eye described in the realted IWS abstracts submitted by Nelson et al., Feola et al. and Ethier et al. METHODS: We have developed a nine compartment CNS model (Figure 1) capable of both time-dependent and steady state fluid transport simulations, based on the works of Stevens et al. [3]. The breakdown of compartments within the model includes: vascular (3), CSF (2), brain (1) and extracranial (3). The boundary pressure in the Central Arteries [A] node is prescribed using an oscillating pressure function PA(t) simulating the carotid pulsatile pressure wave as developed by Linninger et al. [4]. For each time step, pressures are integrated through time using an adaptive-timestep 4th and 5th order Runga-Kutta solver. Once pressures are found, constitutive equations are used to solve for flowrates (Q) between each compartment. In addition to fluid flow between the different compartments, compliance (C) interactions between neighboring compartments are represented. We are also developing a second CNS model based on the works of Linninger et al. [4] which takes a more granular approach to represent the interactions of the intracranial and spinal compartments with the inclusion of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, venous sinus, and ventricles. The flow through the arteries, veins and CSF compartments are governed by continuity, momentum and distensibility balance equations. Furthermore, unlike the Stevens et al. approach, the Monro-Kellie doctrine of constant cranial volume and the bi-phasic nature of the brain parenchyma are implemented. These features appear to be more consistent with the physiologic and anatomical behavior of the CNS, and follow a modeling philosophy similar to the lumped parameter eye model that is intended to be integrated with the CNS model. However, Linninger’s approach has never been implemented to include hydrostatic gradient and microgravity simulation capabilities. Therefore, we aim at implement this modeling approach for spaceflight simulations and assess its overall applicability to VIIP research. OBJECTIVES: We will present verification and validation test results for both models, as well as head-to-head comparison to explore their strengths and limitations with respect to mathematical implementation and physiological significance for VIIP research. In doing so, we hope to provide some guidance to the HRP research community on how to appropriately leverage lumped parameter models for space biomedical research.

Eigenvalue computations with the QUAD4 consistent-mass matrix

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Butler, Thomas A.

1990-01-01

The NASTRAN user has the option of using either a lumped-mass matrix or a consistent- (coupled-) mass matrix with the QUAD4 shell finite element. At the Sixteenth NASTRAN Users' Colloquium (1988), Melvyn Marcus and associates of the David Taylor Research Center summarized a study comparing the results of the QUAD4 element with results of other NASTRAN shell elements for a cylindrical-shell modal analysis. Results of this study, in which both the lumped-and consistent-mass matrix formulations were used, implied that the consistent-mass matrix yielded poor results. In an effort to further evaluate the consistent-mass matrix, a study was performed using both a cylindrical-shell geometry and a flat-plate geometry. Modal parameters were extracted for several modes for both geometries leading to some significant conclusions. First, there do not appear to be any fundamental errors associated with the consistent-mass matrix. However, its accuracy is quite different for the two different geometries studied. The consistent-mass matrix yields better results for the flat-plate geometry and the lumped-mass matrix seems to be the better choice for cylindrical-shell geometries.

Qualitative and quantitative studies of chemical composition of sandarac resin by GC-MS.

PubMed

Kononenko, I; de Viguerie, L; Rochut, S; Walter, Ph

2017-01-01

The chemical composition of sandarac resin was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Six compounds with labdane and pimarane skeletons were identified in the resin. The obtained mass spectra were interpreted and the mass spectrometric behaviour of these diterpenoids under EI conditions was described. Quantitative analysis by the method of internal standard revealed that identified diterpenoids represent only 10-30% of the analysed sample. The sandarac resin from different suppliers was analysed (from Kremer, Okhra, Color Rare, La Marchande de Couleurs, L'Atelier Montessori, Hevea). The analysis of different lumps of resins showed that the chemical composition differs from one lump to another, varying mainly in the relative distributions of the components.

Whirling and stability of flywheel systems, part I: Derivation of combined and lumped parameter models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramanujam, G.; Bert, C. W.

1983-06-01

The objective of this paper is to provide a theoretical foundation to predict many aspects of dynamic behavior of flywheel systems when spin-tested with a quill shaft support and driven by an air turbine. Theoretical analyses for the following are presented: (1) determination of natural frequencies (or for brevity critical speeds of various orders), (2) Routh-type stability analysis to determine the stability limits (i.e., the speed range within which small perturbations attenuate rather than cause catastrophic failure), and (3) forced whirling analysis to estimate the response of major components of the system to flywheel mass eccentricity and initial tilt. For the first and third kinds of analyses, two different mathematical models of the generic system are investigated. One is a seven-degree-of-freedom lumped parameter analysis, while the other is a combined distributed and lumped parameter analysis.

Diffusion of Helium in the mantle: an explanation for MORB-OIB patterns of 3He/4He ratios

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morgan, W. J.; Morgan, J. P.

2011-12-01

OIBs have a wide range of 3He/4He ratios, MORBs have a much narrower range peaked at 3He/4He ≈ 8 Ra. In addition, the ratio of 3He/20Ne (both stable isotopes) is significantly higher in MORB than in OIB, likewise the ratio of 4He/21Ne (both daughter isotopes produced by U and Th decay) are similarly higher in MORB than OIB. (Stable 3He/36Ar and radiogenic 4He/40Ar have the same pattern as the He/Ne plots, only with more scatter.) [See Honda and Patterson, GCA 63, 1999.] We assume the rising mantle plumes are 'lumpy'; a mixture that includes lumps of primordial mantle (which will be rich in 3He, 20Ne, 22Ne, 36Ar, etc.) as well as lumps containing the EM1, EM2, HIMU components, all in a general matrix of relatively-barren, previously-melted 'harzburgite'. When the rising lumps (plums) melt, the He, Ne, Ar, and most of the other incompatible elements will go into the melts that are known as OIB. But not all of the lumps melt (near the edge, some don't rise shallow enough to pressure-release melt); those that don't melt go into the asthenosphere, flowing horizontally away from the rising column. At a spreading center, this asthenosphere contributes the 'plums' it has left but also some of the more barren matrix that the plums are embedded in becomes part of the melt because of the higher extents of partial melting that occur when making MORB. What is the effect of diffusion? If the helium, because of its small size, can diffuse a distance of 100 m or 1000 m in a billion-plus years (the 'age' of a lump) whereas neon or argon diffuse only decimeters or centimeters in this time because of their larger radii (i.e., not much more than non-noble incompatible elements like K, Rb, or U can diffuse), then the 3He and 4He (and H) can diffuse far out into the 'barren harzburgite' matrix. Thus when the lumps in a plume melt there will be a shortage of 3He and 4He relative to the 20Ne, 21Ne, or argon. With the extensive melting that occurs to make MORB, fluxing causes some of the barren matrix to contribute its 3He and 4He to the MORB melt which results in an excess of helium relative to neon and argon. This extraction of helium from the longtime-diffused-into barren matrix also can explain the uniformity of the 3/4 ratio in MORB as opposed to the variability of 3/4 in OIB where the individual lumps each contribute their own variable contents. What is lacking in this explanation are data on diffusion rates of the noble gases under deep mantle conditions. What experimental data exists suggest helium diffuses sufficiently fast, but published data only go up to ≈1300 °C, and at only uppermost mantle pressures. Can experiments in diamond anvils or calculations that include 'helium atoms' in molecular dynamics models give diffusion constants to test this hypothesis?

A finite parallel zone model to interpret and extend Giddings' coupling theory for the eddy-dispersion in porous chromatographic media.

PubMed

Desmet, Gert

2013-11-01

The finite length parallel zone (FPZ)-model is proposed as an alternative model for the axial- or eddy-dispersion caused by the occurrence of local velocity biases or flow heterogeneities in porous media such as those used in liquid chromatography columns. The mathematical plate height expression evolving from the model shows that the A- and C-term band broadening effects that can originate from a given velocity bias should be coupled in an exponentially decaying way instead of harmonically as proposed in Giddings' coupling theory. In the low and high velocity limit both models converge, while a 12% difference can be observed in the (practically most relevant) intermediate range of reduced velocities. Explicit expressions for the A- and C-constants appearing in the exponential decay-based plate height expression have been derived for each of the different possible velocity bias levels (single through-pore and particle level, multi-particle level and trans-column level). These expressions allow to directly relate the band broadening originating from these different levels to the local fundamental transport parameters, hence offering the possibility to include a velocity-dependent and, if, needed retention factor-dependent transversal dispersion coefficient. Having developed the mathematics for the general case wherein a difference in retention equilibrium establishes between the two parallel zones, the effect of any possible local variations in packing density and/or retention capacity on the eddy-dispersion can be explicitly accounted for as well. It is furthermore also shown that, whereas the lumped transport parameter model used in the basic variant of the FPZ-model only provides a first approximation of the true decay constant, the model can be extended by introducing a constant correction factor to correctly account for the continuous transversal dispersion transport in the velocity bias zones. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A simple molecular mechanics integrator in mixed rigid body and dihedral angle space

PubMed Central

Vitalis, Andreas; Pappu, Rohit V.

2014-01-01

We propose a numerical scheme to integrate equations of motion in a mixed space of rigid-body and dihedral angle coordinates. The focus of the presentation is biomolecular systems and the framework is applicable to polymers with tree-like topology. By approximating the effective mass matrix as diagonal and lumping all bias torques into the time dependencies of the diagonal elements, we take advantage of the formal decoupling of individual equations of motion. We impose energy conservation independently for every degree of freedom and this is used to derive a numerical integration scheme. The cost of all auxiliary operations is linear in the number of atoms. By coupling the scheme to one of two popular thermostats, we extend the method to sample constant temperature ensembles. We demonstrate that the integrator of choice yields satisfactory stability and is free of mass-metric tensor artifacts, which is expected by construction of the algorithm. Two fundamentally different systems, viz., liquid water and an α-helical peptide in a continuum solvent are used to establish the applicability of our method to a wide range of problems. The resultant constant temperature ensembles are shown to be thermodynamically accurate. The latter relies on detailed, quantitative comparisons to data from reference sampling schemes operating on exactly the same sets of degrees of freedom. PMID:25053299

Assessment of health risks due to arsenic from iron ore lumps in a beach setting.

PubMed

Swartjes, Frank A; Janssen, Paul J C M

2016-09-01

In 2011, an artificial hook-shaped peninsula of 128ha beach area was created along the Dutch coast, containing thousands of iron ore lumps, which include arsenic from natural origin. Elemental arsenic and inorganic arsenic induce a range of toxicological effects and has been classified as proven human carcinogens. The combination of easy access to the beach and the presence of arsenic raised concern about possible human health effects by the local authorities. The objective of this study is therefore to investigate human health risks from the presence of arsenic-containing iron ore lumps in a beach setting. The exposure scenarios underlying the human health-based risk limits for contaminated land in The Netherlands, based on soil material ingestion and a residential setting, are not appropriate. Two specific exposure scenarios related to the playing with iron ore lumps on the beach ('sandcastle building') are developed on the basis of expert judgement, relating to children in the age of 2 to 12years, i.e., a worst case exposure scenario and a precautionary scenario. Subsequently, exposure is calculated by the quantification of the following factors: hand loading, soil-mouth transfer effectivity, hand-mouth contact frequency, contact surface, body weight and the relative oral bioavailability factor. By lack of consensus on a universal reference dose for arsenic for use in the stage of risk characterization, three different types of assessments have been evaluated: on the basis of the current Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTWI), on the basis of the Benchmark Dose Lower limit (BMDL), and by a comparison of exposure from the iron ore lumps with background exposure. It is concluded, certainly from the perspective of the conservative exposure assessment, that unacceptable human health risks due to exposure to arsenic from the iron ore lumps are unlikely and there is no need for risk management actions. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

29 CFR 4050.8 - Automatic lump sum.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... present value (determined as of the deemed distribution date under the missing participant lump sum... Relating to Labor (Continued) PENSION BENEFIT GUARANTY CORPORATION PLAN TERMINATIONS MISSING PARTICIPANTS § 4050.8 Automatic lump sum. This section applies to a missing participant whose designated benefit was...

Lump-type solutions for the (4+1)-dimensional Fokas equation via symbolic computations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Li; Zhang, Yi

2017-09-01

Based on the Hirota bilinear form, two classes of lump-type solutions of the (4+1)-dimensional nonlinear Fokas equation, rationally localized in almost all directions in the space are obtained through a direct symbolic computation with Maple. The resulting lump-type solutions contain free parameters. To guarantee the analyticity and rational localization of the solutions, the involved parameters need to satisfy certain constraints. A few particular lump-type solutions with special choices of the involved parameters are given.

VETERANS BENEFITS: Veterans Have Mixed Views on a Lump Sum Disability Payment Option

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-12-01

These advantages and disadvantages generally weigh the benefit of financial flexibility against the risk of financial loss. 8If the lump sum is... BENEFITS Veterans Have Mixed Views on a Lump Sum Disability Payment OptionGAO-01-172 Form SF298 Citation Data Report Date ("DD MON YYYY") 00DEC2000...Report Type N/A Dates Covered (from... to) ("DD MON YYYY") Title and Subtitle VETERANS BENEFITS Veterans Have Mixed Views on a Lump Sum Disability

Hybrid soliton solutions in the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Meidan; Li, Biao

2017-11-01

Rational solutions and hybrid solutions from N-solitons are obtained by using the bilinear method and a long wave limit method. Line rogue waves and lumps in the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation are derived from two-solitons. Then from three-solitons, hybrid solutions between kink soliton with breathers, periodic line waves and lumps are derived. Interestingly, after the collision, the breathers are kept invariant, but the amplitudes of the periodic line waves and lumps change greatly. For the four-solitons, the solutions describe as breathers with breathers, line rogue waves or lumps. After the collision, breathers and lumps are kept invariant, but the line rogue wave has a great change.

Management of palpable breast lumps. Consensus guideline for family physicians.

PubMed Central

Heisey, R.; Mahoney, L.; Watson, B.

1999-01-01

OBJECTIVE: To describe an approach to managing women who present with palpable breast lumps. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: Databases were searched from 1990 to 1998 using the search terms breast lumps, breast diseases, and breast cysts. Bibliographies of the articles obtained were searched for further relevant titles. Most evidence on management of breast cysts was obtained from cohort studies. Evidence on family physicians' approach to managing breast lumps is based on a review of the 1998 Canadian consensus guidelines and a review of a 1998 consensus guideline by 12 University of Toronto surgical oncologists (U of T guidelines). MAIN MESSAGE: Family physicians can manage women presenting with breast lumps if they have skill in breast cyst aspiration. Most breast cysts can be cured in minutes, thus avoiding unwarranted anxiety and eliminating unnecessary additional investigations and referrals. Women presenting with solid lesions should be referred to a surgeon. CONCLUSIONS: Breast cyst aspiration is a simple technique family physicians can use to either cure breast lumps or define appropriate cases for referral. PMID:10463093

RRAWFLOW: Rainfall-Response Aquifer and Watershed Flow Model (v1.11)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Long, A. J.

2014-09-01

The Rainfall-Response Aquifer and Watershed Flow Model (RRAWFLOW) is a lumped-parameter model that simulates streamflow, springflow, groundwater level, solute transport, or cave drip for a measurement point in response to a system input of precipitation, recharge, or solute injection. The RRAWFLOW open-source code is written in the R language and is included in the Supplement to this article along with an example model of springflow. RRAWFLOW includes a time-series process to estimate recharge from precipitation and simulates the response to recharge by convolution; i.e., the unit hydrograph approach. Gamma functions are used for estimation of parametric impulse-response functions (IRFs); a combination of two gamma functions results in a double-peaked IRF. A spline fit to a set of control points is introduced as a new method for estimation of nonparametric IRFs. Other options include the use of user-defined IRFs and different methods to simulate time-variant systems. For many applications, lumped models simulate the system response with equal accuracy to that of distributed models, but moreover, the ease of model construction and calibration of lumped models makes them a good choice for many applications. RRAWFLOW provides professional hydrologists and students with an accessible and versatile tool for lumped-parameter modeling.

23 CFR 140.920 - Lump sum payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Lump sum payments. 140.920 Section 140.920 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PAYMENT PROCEDURES REIMBURSEMENT Reimbursement for Railroad Work § 140.920 Lump sum payments. Where approved by FHWA, pursuant to 23 CFR 646.216...

23 CFR 140.920 - Lump sum payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Lump sum payments. 140.920 Section 140.920 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PAYMENT PROCEDURES REIMBURSEMENT Reimbursement for Railroad Work § 140.920 Lump sum payments. Where approved by FHWA, pursuant to 23 CFR 646.216...

23 CFR 140.920 - Lump sum payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Lump sum payments. 140.920 Section 140.920 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PAYMENT PROCEDURES REIMBURSEMENT Reimbursement for Railroad Work § 140.920 Lump sum payments. Where approved by FHWA, pursuant to 23 CFR 646.216...

23 CFR 140.920 - Lump sum payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Lump sum payments. 140.920 Section 140.920 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PAYMENT PROCEDURES REIMBURSEMENT Reimbursement for Railroad Work § 140.920 Lump sum payments. Where approved by FHWA, pursuant to 23 CFR 646.216...

Wicking of liquids in screens

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Symons, E. P.

1974-01-01

An investigation was conducted to determine the magnitude of the wicking rates of liquids in various screens. Evaluation of the parameters characterizing the wicking process resulted in the development of an expression which defined the wicking velocity in terms of screen and system geometry, liquid properties, and gravitational effects. Experiment data obtained both in normal gravity and in weightlessness demonstrated that the model successfully predicted the functional relation of the liquid properties and the distance from the liquid source to the wicking velocity. Because the pore geometry in the screens was complex, several screen geometric parameters were lumped into a single constant which was determined experimentally for each screen.

20 CFR 222.44 - Other relationship determinations for lump-sum payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... THE RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Relationship as Parent, Grandchild, Brother or Sister § 222.44 Other relationship determinations for lump-sum payments. Other claimants will be considered to... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Other relationship determinations for lump...

29 CFR 4050.9 - Annuity or elective lump sum-living missing participant.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Annuity or elective lump sum-living missing participant... CORPORATION PLAN TERMINATIONS MISSING PARTICIPANTS § 4050.9 Annuity or elective lump sum—living missing participant. This section applies to a missing participant whose designated benefit was determined under...

29 CFR 4050.9 - Annuity or elective lump sum-living missing participant.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Annuity or elective lump sum-living missing participant... CORPORATION PLAN TERMINATIONS MISSING PARTICIPANTS § 4050.9 Annuity or elective lump sum—living missing participant. This section applies to a missing participant whose designated benefit was determined under...

29 CFR 4050.9 - Annuity or elective lump sum-living missing participant.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Annuity or elective lump sum-living missing participant... CORPORATION PLAN TERMINATIONS MISSING PARTICIPANTS § 4050.9 Annuity or elective lump sum—living missing participant. This section applies to a missing participant whose designated benefit was determined under...

29 CFR 4050.9 - Annuity or elective lump sum-living missing participant.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Annuity or elective lump sum-living missing participant... CORPORATION PLAN TERMINATIONS MISSING PARTICIPANTS § 4050.9 Annuity or elective lump sum—living missing participant. This section applies to a missing participant whose designated benefit was determined under...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wight, L.; Zaslawsky, M.

Two approaches for calculating soil structure interaction (SSI) are compared: finite element and lumped mass. Results indicate that the calculations with the lumped mass method are generally conservative compared to those obtained by the finite element method. They also suggest that a closer agreement between the two sets of calculations is possible, depending on the use of frequency-dependent soil springs and dashpots in the lumped mass calculations. There is a total lack of suitable guidelines for implementing the lumped mass method of calculating SSI, which leads to the conclusion that the finite element method is generally superior for calculative purposes.

Lumped element filters for electronic warfare systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morgan, D.; Ragland, R.

1986-02-01

Increasing demands which future generations of electronic warfare (EW) systems are to satisfy include a reduction in the size of the equipment. The present paper is concerned with lumped element filters which can make a significant contribution to the downsizing of advanced EW systems. Lumped element filter design makes it possible to obtain very small package sizes by utilizing classical low frequency inductive and capacitive components which are small compared to the size of a wavelength. Cost-effective, temperature-stable devices can be obtained on the basis of new design techniques. Attention is given to aspects of design flexibility, an interdigital filter equivalent circuit diagram, conditions for which the use of lumped element filters can be recommended, construction techniques, a design example, and questions regarding the application of lumped element filters to EW processing systems.

Two methods for modeling vibrations of planetary gearboxes including faults: Comparison and validation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parra, J.; Vicuña, Cristián Molina

2017-08-01

Planetary gearboxes are important components of many industrial applications. Vibration analysis can increase their lifetime and prevent expensive repair and safety concerns. However, an effective analysis is only possible if the vibration features of planetary gearboxes are properly understood. In this paper, models are used to study the frequency content of planetary gearbox vibrations under non-fault and different fault conditions. Two different models are considered: phenomenological model, which is an analytical-mathematical formulation based on observation, and lumped-parameter model, which is based on the solution of the equations of motion of the system. Results of both models are not directly comparable, because the phenomenological model provides the vibration on a fixed radial direction, such as the measurements of the vibration sensor mounted on the outer part of the ring gear. On the other hand, the lumped-parameter model provides the vibrations on the basis of a rotating reference frame fixed to the carrier. To overcome this situation, a function to decompose the lumped-parameter model solutions to a fixed reference frame is presented. Finally, comparisons of results from both model perspectives and experimental measurements are presented.

The welfare gain from replacing the health insurance tax exclusion with lump-sum tax credits.

PubMed

Liu, Liqun; Rettenmaier, Andrew J; Saving, Thomas R

2011-06-01

This paper analyzes the welfare gain from replacing the tax exclusion of employer-provided health insurance with a lump-sum tax credit. It differs from earlier studies in that we look at the welfare cost of health insurance tax exclusion as coming directly from excessive health insurance rather than from overconsumption of medical care and that we account for the labor market effect of the tax exclusion on welfare. Both differences work to produce a smaller tax reform welfare gain. For a set of mid-range parameter values, the welfare gain is about 21% of current health insurance tax expenditures. In addition, government tax expenditures would fall by 38%, and health insurance spending would fall by 77% after the reform.

Uncertainty quantification in flux balance analysis of spatially lumped and distributed models of neuron-astrocyte metabolism.

PubMed

Calvetti, Daniela; Cheng, Yougan; Somersalo, Erkki

2016-12-01

Identifying feasible steady state solutions of a brain energy metabolism model is an inverse problem that allows infinitely many solutions. The characterization of the non-uniqueness, or the uncertainty quantification of the flux balance analysis, is tantamount to identifying the degrees of freedom of the solution. The degrees of freedom of multi-compartment mathematical models for energy metabolism of a neuron-astrocyte complex may offer a key to understand the different ways in which the energetic needs of the brain are met. In this paper we study the uncertainty in the solution, using techniques of linear algebra to identify the degrees of freedom in a lumped model, and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods in its extension to a spatially distributed case. The interpretation of the degrees of freedom in metabolic terms, more specifically, glucose and oxygen partitioning, is then leveraged to derive constraints on the free parameters to guarantee that the model is energetically feasible. We demonstrate how the model can be used to estimate the stoichiometric energy needs of the cells as well as the household energy based on the measured oxidative cerebral metabolic rate of glucose and glutamate cycling. Moreover, our analysis shows that in the lumped model the net direction of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cells can be deduced from the glucose partitioning between the compartments. The extension of the lumped model to a spatially distributed multi-compartment setting that includes diffusion fluxes from capillary to tissue increases the number of degrees of freedom, requiring the use of statistical sampling techniques. The analysis of the distributed model reveals that some of the conclusions valid for the spatially lumped model, e.g., concerning the LDH activity and glucose partitioning, may no longer hold.

Hormones, Women and Breast Cancer

MedlinePlus

... sure that it is benign (not cancer). These tests can include • A mammogram • A breast ultrasound • A sample of cells from the lump (called a fine needle aspirate) • A sample of a piece of tissue from the lump (called a core biopsy) Possible Symptoms of Breast Cancer • A lump • ...

Lump Solutions and Interaction Phenomenon for (2+1)-Dimensional Sawada-Kotera Equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Li-Li; Chen, Yong

2017-05-01

In this paper, a class of lump solutions to the (2+1)-dimensional Sawada-Kotera equation is studied by searching for positive quadratic function solutions to the associated bilinear equation. To guarantee rational localization and analyticity of the lumps, some sufficient and necessary conditions are presented on the parameters involved in the solutions. Then, a completely non-elastic interaction between a lump and a stripe of the (2+1)-dimensional Sawada-Kotera equation is obtained, which shows a lump solution is drowned or swallowed by a stripe soliton. Finally, 2-dimensional curves, 3-dimensional plots and density plots with particular choices of the involved parameters are presented to show the dynamic characteristics of the obtained lump and interaction solutions. Supported by the Global Change Research Program of China under Grant No. 2015CB953904, National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 11675054 and 11435005, Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation Cultivation Plan of Action under Grant No. YB2016039, and Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Trustworthy Software for Internet of Things under Grant No. ZF1213

Rogue wave and a pair of resonance stripe solitons to a reduced (3+1)-dimensional Jimbo-Miwa equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xiaoen; Chen, Yong

2017-11-01

In this paper, a combination of stripe soliton and lump soliton is discussed to a reduced (3+1)-dimensional Jimbo-Miwa equation, in which such solution gives rise to two different excitation phenomena: fusion and fission. Particularly, a new combination of positive quadratic functions and hyperbolic functions is considered, and then a novel nonlinear phenomenon is explored. Via this method, a pair of resonance kink stripe solitons and rogue wave is studied. Rogue wave is triggered by the interaction between lump soliton and a pair of resonance kink stripe solitons. It is exciting that rogue wave must be attached to the stripe solitons from its appearing to disappearing. The whole progress is completely symmetry, the rogue wave starts itself from one stripe soliton and lose itself in another stripe soliton. The dynamic properties of the interaction between one stripe soliton and lump soliton, rogue wave are discussed by choosing appropriate parameters.

Frequency analysis of a two-stage planetary gearbox using two different methodologies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feki, Nabih; Karray, Maha; Khabou, Mohamed Tawfik; Chaari, Fakher; Haddar, Mohamed

2017-12-01

This paper is focused on the characterization of the frequency content of vibration signals issued from a two-stage planetary gearbox. To achieve this goal, two different methodologies are adopted: the lumped-parameter modeling approach and the phenomenological modeling approach. The two methodologies aim to describe the complex vibrations generated by a two-stage planetary gearbox. The phenomenological model describes directly the vibrations as measured by a sensor fixed outside the fixed ring gear with respect to an inertial reference frame, while results from a lumped-parameter model are referenced with respect to a rotating frame and then transferred into an inertial reference frame. Two different case studies of the two-stage planetary gear are adopted to describe the vibration and the corresponding spectra using both models. Each case presents a specific geometry and a specific spectral structure.

A weakly-constrained data assimilation approach to address rainfall-runoff model structural inadequacy in streamflow prediction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Haksu; Seo, Dong-Jun; Noh, Seong Jin

2016-11-01

This paper presents a simple yet effective weakly-constrained (WC) data assimilation (DA) approach for hydrologic models which accounts for model structural inadequacies associated with rainfall-runoff transformation processes. Compared to the strongly-constrained (SC) DA, WC DA adjusts the control variables less while producing similarly or more accurate analysis. Hence the adjusted model states are dynamically more consistent with those of the base model. The inadequacy of a rainfall-runoff model was modeled as an additive error to runoff components prior to routing and penalized in the objective function. Two example modeling applications, distributed and lumped, were carried out to investigate the effects of the WC DA approach on DA results. For distributed modeling, the distributed Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC-SMA) model was applied to the TIFM7 Basin in Missouri, USA. For lumped modeling, the lumped SAC-SMA model was applied to nineteen basins in Texas. In both cases, the variational DA (VAR) technique was used to assimilate discharge data at the basin outlet. For distributed SAC-SMA, spatially homogeneous error modeling yielded updated states that are spatially much more similar to the a priori states, as quantified by Earth Mover's Distance (EMD), than spatially heterogeneous error modeling by up to ∼10 times. DA experiments using both lumped and distributed SAC-SMA modeling indicated that assimilating outlet flow using the WC approach generally produce smaller mean absolute difference as well as higher correlation between the a priori and the updated states than the SC approach, while producing similar or smaller root mean square error of streamflow analysis and prediction. Large differences were found in both lumped and distributed modeling cases between the updated and the a priori lower zone tension and primary free water contents for both WC and SC approaches, indicating possible model structural deficiency in describing low flows or evapotranspiration processes for the catchments studied. Also presented are the findings from this study and key issues relevant to WC DA approaches using hydrologic models.

45 CFR 158.241 - Form of rebate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... check or lump-sum reimbursement using the same method that was used for payment, such as credit card or... in the form of a premium credit, lump-sum check, or, if an enrollee paid the premium using a credit card or direct debit, by lump-sum reimbursement to the account used to pay the premium. (2) Any rebate...

Assessing the impact of land use change on hydrology by ensemble modeling (LUCHEM). I: Model intercomparison with current land use

USGS Publications Warehouse

Breuer, L.; Huisman, J.A.; Willems, P.; Bormann, H.; Bronstert, A.; Croke, B.F.W.; Frede, H.-G.; Graff, T.; Hubrechts, L.; Jakeman, A.J.; Kite, G.; Lanini, J.; Leavesley, G.; Lettenmaier, D.P.; Lindstrom, G.; Seibert, J.; Sivapalan, M.; Viney, N.R.

2009-01-01

This paper introduces the project on 'Assessing the impact of land use change on hydrology by ensemble modeling (LUCHEM)' that aims at investigating the envelope of predictions on changes in hydrological fluxes due to land use change. As part of a series of four papers, this paper outlines the motivation and setup of LUCHEM, and presents a model intercomparison for the present-day simulation results. Such an intercomparison provides a valuable basis to investigate the effects of different model structures on model predictions and paves the ground for the analysis of the performance of multi-model ensembles and the reliability of the scenario predictions in companion papers. In this study, we applied a set of 10 lumped, semi-lumped and fully distributed hydrological models that have been previously used in land use change studies to the low mountainous Dill catchment, Germany. Substantial differences in model performance were observed with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies ranging from 0.53 to 0.92. Differences in model performance were attributed to (1) model input data, (2) model calibration and (3) the physical basis of the models. The models were applied with two sets of input data: an original and a homogenized data set. This homogenization of precipitation, temperature and leaf area index was performed to reduce the variation between the models. Homogenization improved the comparability of model simulations and resulted in a reduced average bias, although some variation in model data input remained. The effect of the physical differences between models on the long-term water balance was mainly attributed to differences in how models represent evapotranspiration. Semi-lumped and lumped conceptual models slightly outperformed the fully distributed and physically based models. This was attributed to the automatic model calibration typically used for this type of models. Overall, however, we conclude that there was no superior model if several measures of model performance are considered and that all models are suitable to participate in further multi-model ensemble set-ups and land use change scenario investigations. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

lumpR 2.0.0: an R package facilitating landscape discretisation for hillslope-based hydrological models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pilz, Tobias; Francke, Till; Bronstert, Axel

2017-08-01

The characteristics of a landscape pose essential factors for hydrological processes. Therefore, an adequate representation of the landscape of a catchment in hydrological models is vital. However, many of such models exist differing, amongst others, in spatial concept and discretisation. The latter constitutes an essential pre-processing step, for which many different algorithms along with numerous software implementations exist. In that context, existing solutions are often model specific, commercial, or depend on commercial back-end software, and allow only a limited or no workflow automation at all. Consequently, a new package for the scientific software and scripting environment R, called lumpR, was developed. lumpR employs an algorithm for hillslope-based landscape discretisation directed to large-scale application via a hierarchical multi-scale approach. The package addresses existing limitations as it is free and open source, easily extendible to other hydrological models, and the workflow can be fully automated. Moreover, it is user-friendly as the direct coupling to a GIS allows for immediate visual inspection and manual adjustment. Sufficient control is furthermore retained via parameter specification and the option to include expert knowledge. Conversely, completely automatic operation also allows for extensive analysis of aspects related to landscape discretisation. In a case study, the application of the package is presented. A sensitivity analysis of the most important discretisation parameters demonstrates its efficient workflow automation. Considering multiple streamflow metrics, the employed model proved reasonably robust to the discretisation parameters. However, parameters determining the sizes of subbasins and hillslopes proved to be more important than the others, including the number of representative hillslopes, the number of attributes employed for the lumping algorithm, and the number of sub-discretisations of the representative hillslopes.

Affects of Anxiety and Depression on Health-Related Quality of Life among Patients with Benign Breast Lumps Diagnosed via Ultrasonography in China.

PubMed

Lou, Zhe; Li, Yinyan; Yang, Yilong; Wang, Lie; Yang, Jun

2015-08-28

There is a high incidence of benign breast lumps among women, and these lumps may lead to physical and psychological problems. This study aims to evaluate anxiety and depressive symptoms among patients with benign breast lumps diagnosed via ultrasonography and investigate their impacts on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Shenyang, China, from January to November 2013. Data were collected with self-administered questionnaires, including the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), together with demographic characteristics, from patients of the Department of Breast Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis (HMR) was performed to explore the effects of anxiety and depression on HRQOL. The overall prevalences of anxiety (SAS score ≥ 40) and depression (CES-D scores ≥ 16) were 40.2% and 62.0%, respectively, and 37.5% of the participants had both of these psychological symptoms. The means and standard deviations of PCS and MCS were 75.42 (15.22) and 68.70 (17.71), respectively. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were significantly negatively associated with the HRQOL of patients with benign breast lumps diagnosed via ultrasonography. Women with benign breast lumps diagnosed via ultrasonography in China experienced relatively high levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Anxiety and depressive symptoms had significant negative impacts on both the mental and physical quality of life (QOL) of women with benign breast lumps. Beyond the necessary clinical treatment procedures, psychological guidance and detailed explanations of the disease should be offered to alleviate the anxiety and depressive symptoms and enhance the HRQOL of patients with benign breast lumps.

29 CFR 4044.73 - Lump sums and other alternative forms of distribution in lieu of annuities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... distribution is the present value of the normal form of benefit provided by the plan payable at normal... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Lump sums and other alternative forms of distribution in... Benefits and Assets Non-Trusteed Plans § 4044.73 Lump sums and other alternative forms of distribution in...

20 CFR 222.31 - Relationship as child for annuity and lump-sum payment purposes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... that person is— (1) The natural or legally adopted child of the employee (see § 222.33); or (2) The... equitably adopted child of the employee. (b) Lump-sum payment claimant. A claimant for a lump-sum payment... of the employee; (2) A child legally adopted by the employee (this does not include any child adopted...

Decay of Kadomtsev-Petviashvili lumps in dissipative media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Clarke, S.; Gorshkov, K.; Grimshaw, R.; Stepanyants, Y.

2018-03-01

The decay of Kadomtsev-Petviashvili lumps is considered for a few typical dissipations-Rayleigh dissipation, Reynolds dissipation, Landau damping, Chezy bottom friction, viscous dissipation in the laminar boundary layer, and radiative losses caused by large-scale dispersion. It is shown that the straight-line motion of lumps is unstable under the influence of dissipation. The lump trajectories are calculated for two most typical models of dissipation-the Rayleigh and Reynolds dissipations. A comparison of analytical results obtained within the framework of asymptotic theory with the direct numerical calculations of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation is presented. Good agreement between the theoretical and numerical results is obtained.

Analysis and synthesis of distributed-lumped-active networks by digital computer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1973-01-01

The use of digital computational techniques in the analysis and synthesis of DLA (distributed lumped active) networks is considered. This class of networks consists of three distinct types of elements, namely, distributed elements (modeled by partial differential equations), lumped elements (modeled by algebraic relations and ordinary differential equations), and active elements (modeled by algebraic relations). Such a characterization is applicable to a broad class of circuits, especially including those usually referred to as linear integrated circuits, since the fabrication techniques for such circuits readily produce elements which may be modeled as distributed, as well as the more conventional lumped and active ones.

Single lump breast surface stress assessment study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vairavan, R.; Ong, N. R.; Sauli, Z.; Kirtsaeng, S.; Sakuntasathien, S.; Paitong, P.; Alcain, J. B.; Lai, S. L.; Retnasamy, V.

2017-09-01

Breast cancer is one of the commonest cancers diagnosed among women around the world. Simulation approach has been utilized to study, characterize and improvise detection methods for breast cancer. However, minimal simulation work has been done to evaluate the surface stress of the breast with lumps. Thus, in this work, simulation analysis was utilized to evaluate and assess the breast surface stress due to the presence of a lump within the internal structure of the breast. The simulation was conducted using the Elmer software. Simulation results have confirmed that the presence of a lump within the breast causes stress on the skin surface of the breast.

Ultrathin lightweight plate-type acoustic metamaterials with positive lumped coupling resonant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Fuyin; Huang, Meng; Wu, Jiu Hui

2017-01-01

The experimental realization and theoretical understanding of a two-dimensional multiple cells lumped ultrathin lightweight plate-type acoustic metamaterials structures have been presented, wherein broadband excellent sound attenuation ability at low frequencies is realized by employing a lumped element coupling resonant effect. The basic unit cell of the metamaterials consists of an ultrathin stiff nylon plate clamped by two elastic ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene frames. The strong sound attenuation (up to nearly 99%) at low frequencies is experimentally revealed by the precisely designed metamaterials, for which the physical mechanism of the sound attenuation could be explicitly understood using the finite element simulations. As to the designed samples, the lumped effect from the frame compliance leads to a coupling flexural resonance at designable low frequencies. As a result, the whole composite structure become strongly anti-resonant with the incident sound waves, followed by a higher sound attenuation, i.e., the lumped resonant effect has been effectively reversed to be positive from negative for sound attenuation, and the acoustic metamaterial design could be extended to the lumped element containing multiple cells, rather than confined to a single cell.

Application of Biologically Based Lumping To Investigate the Toxicokinetic Interactions of a Complex Gasoline Mixture.

PubMed

Jasper, Micah N; Martin, Sheppard A; Oshiro, Wendy M; Ford, Jermaine; Bushnell, Philip J; El-Masri, Hisham

2016-03-15

People are often exposed to complex mixtures of environmental chemicals such as gasoline, tobacco smoke, water contaminants, or food additives. We developed an approach that applies chemical lumping methods to complex mixtures, in this case gasoline, based on biologically relevant parameters used in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Inhalation exposures were performed with rats to evaluate the performance of our PBPK model and chemical lumping method. There were 109 chemicals identified and quantified in the vapor in the chamber. The time-course toxicokinetic profiles of 10 target chemicals were also determined from blood samples collected during and following the in vivo experiments. A general PBPK model was used to compare the experimental data to the simulated values of blood concentration for 10 target chemicals with various numbers of lumps, iteratively increasing from 0 to 99. Large reductions in simulation error were gained by incorporating enzymatic chemical interactions, in comparison to simulating the individual chemicals separately. The error was further reduced by lumping the 99 nontarget chemicals. The same biologically based lumping approach can be used to simplify any complex mixture with tens, hundreds, or thousands of constituents.

A simple molecular mechanics integrator in mixed rigid body and dihedral angle space

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vitalis, Andreas, E-mail: a.vitalis@bioc.uzh.ch; Pappu, Rohit V.

2014-07-21

We propose a numerical scheme to integrate equations of motion in a mixed space of rigid-body and dihedral angle coordinates. The focus of the presentation is biomolecular systems and the framework is applicable to polymers with tree-like topology. By approximating the effective mass matrix as diagonal and lumping all bias torques into the time dependencies of the diagonal elements, we take advantage of the formal decoupling of individual equations of motion. We impose energy conservation independently for every degree of freedom and this is used to derive a numerical integration scheme. The cost of all auxiliary operations is linear inmore » the number of atoms. By coupling the scheme to one of two popular thermostats, we extend the method to sample constant temperature ensembles. We demonstrate that the integrator of choice yields satisfactory stability and is free of mass-metric tensor artifacts, which is expected by construction of the algorithm. Two fundamentally different systems, viz., liquid water and an α-helical peptide in a continuum solvent are used to establish the applicability of our method to a wide range of problems. The resultant constant temperature ensembles are shown to be thermodynamically accurate. The latter relies on detailed, quantitative comparisons to data from reference sampling schemes operating on exactly the same sets of degrees of freedom.« less

Characterization of high order spatial discretizations and lumping techniques for discontinuous finite element SN transport

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maginot, P. G.; Ragusa, J. C.; Morel, J. E.

2013-07-01

We examine several possible methods of mass matrix lumping for discontinuous finite element discrete ordinates transport using a Lagrange interpolatory polynomial trial space. Though positive outflow angular flux is guaranteed with traditional mass matrix lumping in a purely absorbing 1-D slab cell for the linear discontinuous approximation, we show that when used with higher degree interpolatory polynomial trial spaces, traditional lumping does yield strictly positive outflows and does not increase in accuracy with an increase in trial space polynomial degree. As an alternative, we examine methods which are 'self-lumping'. Self-lumping methods yield diagonal mass matrices by using numerical quadrature restrictedmore » to the Lagrange interpolatory points. Using equally-spaced interpolatory points, self-lumping is achieved through the use of closed Newton-Cotes formulas, resulting in strictly positive outflows in pure absorbers for odd power polynomials in 1-D slab geometry. By changing interpolatory points from the traditional equally-spaced points to the quadrature points of the Gauss-Legendre or Lobatto-Gauss-Legendre quadratures, it is possible to generate solution representations with a diagonal mass matrix and a strictly positive outflow for any degree polynomial solution representation in a pure absorber medium in 1-D slab geometry. Further, there is no inherent limit to local truncation error order of accuracy when using interpolatory points that correspond to the quadrature points of high order accuracy numerical quadrature schemes. (authors)« less

Combustion Of Porous Graphite Particles In Oxygen Enriched Air

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Delisle, Andrew J.; Miller, Fletcher J.; Chelliah, Harsha K.

2003-01-01

Combustion of solid fuel particles has many important applications, including power generation and space propulsion systems. The current models available for describing the combustion process of these particles, especially porous solid particles, include various simplifying approximations. One of the most limiting approximations is the lumping of the physical properties of the porous fuel with the heterogeneous chemical reaction rate constants [1]. The primary objective of the present work is to develop a rigorous modeling approach that could decouple such physical and chemical effects from the global heterogeneous reaction rates. For the purpose of validating this model, experiments with porous graphite particles of varying sizes and porosity are being performed under normal and micro gravity.

Experimental Impedance of Single Liner Elements with Bias Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Follet, J. I.; Betts, J. F.; Kelly, Jeffrey J.; Thomas, Russell H.

2000-01-01

An experimental investigation was conducted to generate a high quality database, from which the effects of a mean bias flow on the acoustic impedance of lumped-element single-degree-of-freedom liners was determined. Acoustic impedance measurements were made using the standard two-microphone method in the NASA Langley Normal Incidence Tube. Each liner consisted of a perforated sheet with a constant-area cavity. Liner resistance was shown to increase and to become less frequency and sound pressure level dependent as the bias flow was increased. The resistance was also consistently lower for a negative bias flow (suction) than for a positive bias flow (blowing) of equal magnitude. The slope of the liner reactance decreased with increased flow.

New equivalent lumped electrical circuit for piezoelectric transformers.

PubMed

Gonnard, Paul; Schmitt, P M; Brissaud, Michel

2006-04-01

A new equivalent circuit is proposed for a contour-vibration-mode piezoelectric transformer (PT). It is shown that the usual lumped equivalent circuit derived from the conventional Mason approach is not accurate. The proposed circuit, built on experimental measurements, makes an explicit difference between the elastic energies stored respectively on the primary and secondary parts. The experimental and theoretical resonance frequencies with the secondary in open or short circuit are in good agreement as well as the output "voltage-current" characteristic and the optimum efficiency working point. This circuit can be extended to various PT configurations and appears to be a useful tool for modeling electronic devices that integrate piezoelectric transformers.

Modeling Wind Wave Evolution from Deep to Shallow Water

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-30

validation and calibration of new model developments. WORK COMPLETED Development of a Lumped Quadruplet Approximation ( LQA ) To make evaluation of the...interactions based on the WRT method. This Lumped Quadruplet Approximation ( LQA ) clusters (lumps) contributions to the integrations over the...total transfer rate. A procedure has been developed to test the implementation (of LQA and other reduced versions of the WRT) where 1) the non

Optical Kerr Spatiotemporal Dark-Lump Dynamics of Hydrodynamic Origin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baronio, Fabio; Wabnitz, Stefan; Kodama, Yuji

2016-04-01

There is considerable fundamental and applicative interest in obtaining nondiffractive and nondispersive spatiotemporal localized wave packets propagating in optical cubic nonlinear or Kerr media. Here, we analytically predict the existence of a novel family of spatiotemporal dark lump solitary wave solutions of the (2 +1 )D nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Dark lumps represent multidimensional holes of light on a continuous wave background. We analytically derive the dark lumps from the hydrodynamic exact soliton solutions of the (2 +1 )D shallow water Kadomtsev-Petviashvili model, inheriting their complex interaction properties. This finding opens a novel path for the excitation and control of optical spatiotemporal waveforms of hydrodynamic footprint and multidimensional optical extreme wave phenomena.

Optical Kerr Spatiotemporal Dark-Lump Dynamics of Hydrodynamic Origin.

PubMed

Baronio, Fabio; Wabnitz, Stefan; Kodama, Yuji

2016-04-29

There is considerable fundamental and applicative interest in obtaining nondiffractive and nondispersive spatiotemporal localized wave packets propagating in optical cubic nonlinear or Kerr media. Here, we analytically predict the existence of a novel family of spatiotemporal dark lump solitary wave solutions of the (2+1)D nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Dark lumps represent multidimensional holes of light on a continuous wave background. We analytically derive the dark lumps from the hydrodynamic exact soliton solutions of the (2+1)D shallow water Kadomtsev-Petviashvili model, inheriting their complex interaction properties. This finding opens a novel path for the excitation and control of optical spatiotemporal waveforms of hydrodynamic footprint and multidimensional optical extreme wave phenomena.

Lump solutions with interaction phenomena in the (2+1)-dimensional Ito equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zou, Li; Yu, Zong-Bing; Tian, Shou-Fu; Feng, Lian-Li; Li, Jin

2018-03-01

In this paper, we consider the (2+1)-dimensional Ito equation, which was introduced by Ito. By considering the Hirota’s bilinear method, and using the positive quadratic function, we obtain some lump solutions of the Ito equation. In order to ensure rational localization and analyticity of these lump solutions, some sufficient and necessary conditions are provided on the parameters that appeared in the solutions. Furthermore, the interaction solutions between lump solutions and the stripe solitons are discussed by combining positive quadratic function with exponential function. Finally, the dynamic properties of these solutions are shown via the way of graphical analysis by selecting appropriate values of the parameters.

Development and application of biosorption database for the control of heavy metals in waste and wastewaters

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Min, J.H.; Hering, J.G.

1996-11-01

The rapid removal and high sorption capacity for metals as well as the cost-effectiveness of biosorption makes it a promising alternative for remediation or treatment of metals in the aquatic environment. Depending on the type of biomass, the sorption capacity may vary significantly for different metals, and thus it is important to evaluate the sorption characteristics of biomass for optimal removal of metals from the wastewaters. The objective of developing a biosorption database was to use available literature data for preliminary evaluation of potential significance of biosorption. The database was developed by collecting biosorption data sets from the published literature,more » extracting raw data from the papers, and re-analyzing the data with a consistent model. The re-analysis was crucial in developing the database because of the inconsistency in sorption models and units used by various investigators. The raw data from the literature were obtained using a digitizer and fitted with a same isotherm model with consistent units, which enabled quantitative comparison between data sets under similar conditions from different sources by comparing the isotherm constants. Metal sorption by biomass can be influenced by various environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, the characteristics or composition of the solution, and the presence of other complexing ligands in the solution. Biosorption of a specific metal by a specific species or type of biomass under different conditions can be compared to evaluate the effect of each parameter and to assess the possibility of lumping constants for a general case. The general sorption parameters for similar types of biomass under similar conditions can be used in preliminary assessment of metal/biomass combination for the optimal removal or stabilization of heavy metals.« less

Breast Lumps

MedlinePlus

... 2015. Raftery AT, et al. Breast lumps. In: Churchill's Pocketbook of Differential Diagnosis. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Churchill Livingston Elsevier; 2014. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed ...

A new lumped-parameter model for flow in unsaturated dual-porosity media

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zimmerman, Robert W.; Hadgu, Teklu; Bodvarsson, Gudmundur S.

A new lumped-parameter approach to simulating unsaturated flow processes in dual-porosity media such as fractured rocks or aggregated soils is presented. Fluid flow between the fracture network and the matrix blocks is described by a non-linear equation that relates the imbibition rate to the local difference in liquid-phase pressure between the fractures and the matrix blocks. Unlike a Warren-Root-type equation, this equation is accurate in both the early and late time regimes. The fracture/matrix interflow equation has been incorporated into an existing unsaturated flow simulator, to serve as a source/sink term for fracture gridblocks. Flow processes are then simulated usingmore » only fracture gridblocks in the computational grid. This new lumped-parameter approach has been tested on two problems involving transient flow in fractured/porous media, and compared with simulations performed using explicit discretization of the matrix blocks. The new procedure seems to accurately simulate flow processes in unsaturated fractured rocks, and typically requires an order of magnitude less computational time than do simulations using fully-discretized matrix blocks. [References: 37]« less

29 CFR Appendix C to Part 4022 - Lump Sum Interest Rates for Private-Sector Payments

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Lump Sum Interest Rates for Private-Sector Payments C... Appendix C to Part 4022—Lump Sum Interest Rates for Private-Sector Payments [In using this table: (1) For... (where y is an integer and 0 n 1 + n 2), interest rate i 3 shall apply from the valuation date for a...

29 CFR Appendix B to Part 4022 - Lump Sum Interest Rates for PBGC Payments

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Lump Sum Interest Rates for PBGC Payments B Appendix B to... 4022—Lump Sum Interest Rates for PBGC Payments [In using this table: (1) For benefits for which the... + n2), interest rate i3 shall apply from the valuation date for a period of y−n1−n2 years; interest...

Axillary silicone lymphadenopathy presenting with a lump and altered sensation in the breast: a case report

PubMed Central

2009-01-01

Introduction Silicone lymphadenopathy is a rare but recognised complication of procedures involving the use of silicone. It has a poorly understood mechanism but is thought to occur following the transportation of silicone particles from silicone-containing prostheses to lymph nodes by macrophages. Case presentation We report of a case involving a 35-year-old woman who presented to the breast clinic with a breast lump and altered sensation below her left nipple 5 years after bilateral cosmetic breast augmentations. A small lump was detected inferior to the nipple but clinical examination and initial ultrasound investigation showed both implants to be intact. However, mammography and magnetic resonance imaging of both breasts revealed both intracapsular and extracapsular rupture of the left breast prosthesis. The patient went on to develop a flu-like illness and tender lumps in the left axilla and right mastoid regions. An excision biopsy of the left axillary lesion and replacement of the ruptured implant was performed. Subsequent histological analysis showed that the axillary lump was a lymph node containing large amounts of silicone. Conclusion The exclusion of malignancy remains the priority when dealing with lumps in the breast or axilla. Silicone lymphadenopathy should however be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients in whom silicone prostheses are present. PMID:19830102

Characterization of the pharmacokinetics of gasoline using PBPK modeling with a complex mixtures chemical lumping approach.

PubMed

Dennison, James E; Andersen, Melvin E; Yang, Raymond S H

2003-09-01

Gasoline consists of a few toxicologically significant components and a large number of other hydrocarbons in a complex mixture. By using an integrated, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and lumping approach, we have developed a method for characterizing the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of gasoline in rats. The PBPK model tracks selected target components (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene [BTEX], and n-hexane) and a lumped chemical group representing all nontarget components, with competitive metabolic inhibition between all target compounds and the lumped chemical. PK data was acquired by performing gas uptake PK studies with male F344 rats in a closed chamber. Chamber air samples were analyzed every 10-20 min by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection and all nontarget chemicals were co-integrated. A four-compartment PBPK model with metabolic interactions was constructed using the BTEX, n-hexane, and lumped chemical data. Target chemical kinetic parameters were refined by studies with either the single chemical alone or with all five chemicals together. o-Xylene, at high concentrations, decreased alveolar ventilation, consistent with respiratory irritation. A six-chemical interaction model with the lumped chemical group was used to estimate lumped chemical partitioning and metabolic parameters for a winter blend of gasoline with methyl t-butyl ether and a summer blend without any oxygenate. Computer simulation results from this model matched well with experimental data from single chemical, five-chemical mixture, and the two blends of gasoline. The PBPK model analysis indicated that metabolism of individual components was inhibited up to 27% during the 6-h gas uptake experiments of gasoline exposures.

A lumped mucosal wave model of the vocal folds revisited: Recent extensions and oscillation hysteresis

PubMed Central

Lucero, Jorge C.; Koenig, Laura L.; Lourenço, Kelem G.; Ruty, Nicolas; Pelorson, Xavier

2011-01-01

This paper examines an updated version of a lumped mucosal wave model of the vocal fold oscillation during phonation. Threshold values of the subglottal pressure and the mean (DC) glottal airflow for the oscillation onset are determined. Depending on the nonlinear characteristics of the model, an oscillation hysteresis phenomenon may occur, with different values for the oscillation onset and offset threshold. The threshold values depend on the oscillation frequency, but the occurrence of the hysteresis is independent of it. The results are tested against pressure data collected from a mechanical replica of the vocal folds, and oral airflow data collected from speakers producing intervocalic ∕h∕. In the human speech data, observed differences between voice onset and offset may be attributed to variations in voice pitch, with a very small or inexistent hysteresis phenomenon. PMID:21428520

Characterization and modeling of turbidity density plume induced into stratified reservoir by flood runoffs.

PubMed

Chung, S W; Lee, H S

2009-01-01

In monsoon climate area, turbidity flows typically induced by flood runoffs cause numerous environmental impacts such as impairment of fish habitat and river attraction, and degradation of water supply efficiency. This study was aimed to characterize the physical dynamics of turbidity plume induced into a stratified reservoir using field monitoring and numerical simulations, and to assess the effect of different withdrawal scenarios on the control of downstream water quality. Three different turbidity models (RUN1, RUN2, RUN3) were developed based on a two-dimensional laterally averaged hydrodynamic and transport model, and validated against field data. RUN1 assumed constant settling velocity of suspended sediment, while RUN2 estimated the settling velocity as a function of particle size, density, and water temperature to consider vertical stratification. RUN3 included a lumped first-order turbidity attenuation rate taking into account the effects of particles aggregation and degradable organic particles. RUN3 showed best performance in replicating the observed variations of in-reservoir and release turbidity. Numerical experiments implemented to assess the effectiveness of different withdrawal depths showed that the alterations of withdrawal depth can modify the pathway and flow regimes of the turbidity plume, but its effect on the control of release water quality could be trivial.

41 CFR 302-6.203 - May I retain any balance left over from my TQSE lump sum payment if such payment is more than...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 4 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true May I retain any balance left over from my TQSE lump sum payment if such payment is more than adequate? 302-6.203 Section 302-6... TEMPORARY QUARTERS SUBSISTENCE EXPENSES Lump Sum Payment § 302-6.203 May I retain any balance left over from...

41 CFR 302-5.18 - May I retain any balance left over from my househunting reimbursement if my lump sum is more than...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 4 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false May I retain any balance left over from my househunting reimbursement if my lump sum is more than adequate to cover my... Expenses § 302-5.18 May I retain any balance left over from my househunting reimbursement if my lump sum is...

41 CFR 302-6.203 - May I retain any balance left over from my TQSE lump sum payment if such payment is more than...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 4 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false May I retain any balance left over from my TQSE lump sum payment if such payment is more than adequate? 302-6.203 Section 302-6... TEMPORARY QUARTERS SUBSISTENCE EXPENSES Lump Sum Payment § 302-6.203 May I retain any balance left over from...

41 CFR 302-5.18 - May I retain any balance left over from my househunting reimbursement if my lump sum is more than...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 4 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false May I retain any balance left over from my househunting reimbursement if my lump sum is more than adequate to cover my... Expenses § 302-5.18 May I retain any balance left over from my househunting reimbursement if my lump sum is...

41 CFR 302-6.203 - May I retain any balance left over from my TQSE lump sum payment if such payment is more than...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 4 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false May I retain any balance left over from my TQSE lump sum payment if such payment is more than adequate? 302-6.203 Section 302-6... TEMPORARY QUARTERS SUBSISTENCE EXPENSES Lump Sum Payment § 302-6.203 May I retain any balance left over from...

41 CFR 302-5.18 - May I retain any balance left over from my househunting reimbursement if my lump sum is more than...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 4 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true May I retain any balance left over from my househunting reimbursement if my lump sum is more than adequate to cover my... Expenses § 302-5.18 May I retain any balance left over from my househunting reimbursement if my lump sum is...

An interactive method based on the live wire for segmentation of the breast in mammography images.

PubMed

Zewei, Zhang; Tianyue, Wang; Li, Guo; Tingting, Wang; Lu, Xu

2014-01-01

In order to improve accuracy of computer-aided diagnosis of breast lumps, the authors introduce an improved interactive segmentation method based on Live Wire. This paper presents the Gabor filters and FCM clustering algorithm is introduced to the Live Wire cost function definition. According to the image FCM analysis for image edge enhancement, we eliminate the interference of weak edge and access external features clear segmentation results of breast lumps through improving Live Wire on two cases of breast segmentation data. Compared with the traditional method of image segmentation, experimental results show that the method achieves more accurate segmentation of breast lumps and provides more accurate objective basis on quantitative and qualitative analysis of breast lumps.

Inverse dynamics of adaptive structures used as space cranes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Das, S. K.; Utku, S.; Wada, B. K.

1990-01-01

As a precursor to the real-time control of fast moving adaptive structures used as space cranes, a formulation is given for the flexibility induced motion relative to the nominal motion (i.e., the motion that assumes no flexibility) and for obtaining the open loop time varying driving forces. An algorithm is proposed for the computation of the relative motion and driving forces. The governing equations are given in matrix form with explicit functional dependencies. A simulator is developed to implement the algorithm on a digital computer. In the formulations, the distributed mass of the crane is lumped by two schemes, vz., 'trapezoidal' lumping and 'Simpson's rule' lumping. The effects of the mass lumping schemes are shown by simulator runs.

Awareness that early cancer lump is painless could decrease breast cancer mortality in developing countries.

PubMed

Garg, Pankaj

2016-06-10

There are several factors which contribute to patients' reporting late to healthcare facility even after detecting the breast lump (patient delay). Amongst these, one of the important factors in low- and middle-income countries is lack of awareness that early cancer lump is painless (ECLIPs). Pain is often taken as a danger sign and absence of pain is often not taken seriously. The studies have shown that up to 98% of women in low-income countries are unaware that a painless lump could be a warning sign of early breast cancer. This fact is significant because this could be one of the prime reasons for the women having discovered a painless lump in the breast, accidentally or by breast self-examination, presume it to be harmless and don't report early to health care facility. Therefore, creating awareness about ECLIPs could be an effective strategy to reduce mortality due to breast cancer in low- and middle-income countries. Moreover, unlike modifying risk factors which requires long term behavior modification, creating awareness about ECLIPs is easy and cost effective.

Heterogenous Combustion of Porous Graphite Particles in Normal and Microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chelliah, Harsha K.; Miller, Fletcher J.; Delisle, Andrew J.

2001-01-01

Combustion of solid fuel particles has many important applications, including power generation and space propulsion systems. The current models available for describing the combustion process of these particles, especially porous solid particles, include various simplifying approximations. One of the most limiting approximations is the lumping of the physical properties of the porous fuel with the heterogeneous chemical reaction rate constants. The primary objective of the present work is to develop a rigorous model that could decouple such physical and chemical effects from the global heterogeneous reaction rates. For the purpose of validating this model, experiments with porous graphite particles of varying sizes and porosity are being performed. The details of this experimental and theoretical model development effort are described.

Kinetic Modeling of a Heterogeneous Fenton Oxidative Treatment of Petroleum Refining Wastewater

PubMed Central

Basheer Hasan, Diya'uddeen; Abdul Raman, Abdul Aziz; Wan Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri

2014-01-01

The mineralisation kinetics of petroleum refinery effluent (PRE) by Fenton oxidation were evaluated. Within the ambit of the experimental data generated, first-order kinetic model (FKM), generalised lumped kinetic model (GLKM), and generalized kinetic model (GKM) were tested. The obtained apparent kinetic rate constants for the initial oxidation step (k 2′), their final oxidation step (k 1′), and the direct conversion to endproducts step (k 3′) were 10.12, 3.78, and 0.24 min−1 for GKM; 0.98, 0.98, and nil min−1 for GLKM; and nil, nil, and >0.005 min−1 for FKM. The findings showed that GKM is superior in estimating the mineralization kinetics. PMID:24592152

7 CFR 1726.205 - Multiparty lump sum quotations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ELECTRIC SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION POLICIES AND PROCEDURES Procurement Procedures § 1726.205 Multiparty lump sum quotations. The borrower or its engineer must contact a sufficient number of...

7 CFR 1726.205 - Multiparty lump sum quotations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ELECTRIC SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION POLICIES AND PROCEDURES Procurement Procedures § 1726.205 Multiparty lump sum quotations. The borrower or its engineer must contact a sufficient number of...

7 CFR 1726.205 - Multiparty lump sum quotations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ELECTRIC SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION POLICIES AND PROCEDURES Procurement Procedures § 1726.205 Multiparty lump sum quotations. The borrower or its engineer must contact a sufficient number of...

7 CFR 1726.205 - Multiparty lump sum quotations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ELECTRIC SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION POLICIES AND PROCEDURES Procurement Procedures § 1726.205 Multiparty lump sum quotations. The borrower or its engineer must contact a sufficient number of...

7 CFR 1726.205 - Multiparty lump sum quotations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ELECTRIC SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION POLICIES AND PROCEDURES Procurement Procedures § 1726.205 Multiparty lump sum quotations. The borrower or its engineer must contact a sufficient number of...

Breast Abscess Mimicking Breast Carcinoma in Male.

PubMed

Gochhait, Debasis; Dehuri, Priyadarshini; Umamahesweran, Sandyya; Kamat, Rohan

2018-01-01

Male breast can show almost all pathological entities described in female breast. Inflammatory conditions of the breast in male are not common; however, occasionally, it can be encountered in the form of an abscess. Clinically, gynecomastia always presents as a symmetric unilateral or bilateral lump in the retroareolar region, and any irregular asymmetric lump raises a possibility of malignancy. Radiology should be used as a part of the triple assessment protocol for breast lump along with fine-needle aspiration cytology for definite diagnosis and proper management.

Gravity controlled anti-reverse rotation device

DOEpatents

Dickinson, Robert J.; Wetherill, Todd M.

1983-01-01

A gravity assisted anti-reverse rotation device for preventing reverse rotation of pumps and the like. A horizontally mounted pawl is disposed to mesh with a fixed ratchet preventing reverse rotation when the pawl is advanced into intercourse with the ratchet by a vertically mounted lever having a lumped mass. Gravitation action on the lumped mass urges the pawl into mesh with the ratchet, while centrifugal force on the lumped mass during forward, allowed rotation retracts the pawl away from the ratchet.

A lumped mucosal wave model of the vocal folds revisited: recent extensions and oscillation hysteresis.

PubMed

Lucero, Jorge C; Koenig, Laura L; Lourenço, Kelem G; Ruty, Nicolas; Pelorson, Xavier

2011-03-01

This paper examines an updated version of a lumped mucosal wave model of the vocal fold oscillation during phonation. Threshold values of the subglottal pressure and the mean (DC) glottal airflow for the oscillation onset are determined. Depending on the nonlinear characteristics of the model, an oscillation hysteresis phenomenon may occur, with different values for the oscillation onset and offset threshold. The threshold values depend on the oscillation frequency, but the occurrence of the hysteresis is independent of it. The results are tested against pressure data collected from a mechanical replica of the vocal folds, and oral airflow data collected from speakers producing intervocalic /h/. In the human speech data, observed differences between voice onset and offset may be attributed to variations in voice pitch, with a very small or inexistent hysteresis phenomenon. © 2011 Acoustical Society of America

Absolute quantification of regional cerebral glucose utilization in mice by 18F-FDG small animal PET scanning and 2-14C-DG autoradiography.

PubMed

Toyama, Hiroshi; Ichise, Masanori; Liow, Jeih-San; Modell, Kendra J; Vines, Douglass C; Esaki, Takanori; Cook, Michelle; Seidel, Jurgen; Sokoloff, Louis; Green, Michael V; Innis, Robert B

2004-08-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of absolute quantification of regional cerebral glucose utilization (rCMR(glc)) in mice by use of (18)F-FDG and a small animal PET scanner. rCMR(glc) determined with (18)F-FDG PET was compared with values determined simultaneously by the autoradiographic 2-(14)C-DG method. In addition, we compared the rCMR(glc) values under isoflurane, ketamine and xylazine anesthesia, and awake states. Immediately after injection of (18)F-FDG and 2-(14)C-DG into mice, timed arterial samples were drawn over 45 min to determine the time courses of (18)F-FDG and 2-(14)C-DG. Animals were euthanized at 45 min and their brain was imaged with the PET scanner. The brains were then processed for 2-(14)C-DG autoradiography. Regions of interest were manually placed over cortical regions on corresponding coronal (18)F-FDG PET and 2-(14)C-DG autoradiographic images. rCMR(glc) values were calculated for both tracers by the autoradiographic 2-(14)C-DG method with modifications for the different rate and lumped constants for the 2 tracers. Average rCMR(glc) values in cerebral cortex with (18)F-FDG PET under normoglycemic conditions (isoflurane and awake) were generally lower (by 8.3%) but strongly correlated with those of 2-(14)C-DG (r(2) = 0.95). On the other hand, under hyperglycemic conditions (ketamine/xylazine) average cortical rCMR(glc) values with (18)F-FDG PET were higher (by 17.3%) than those with 2-(14)C-DG. Values for rCMR(glc) and uptake (percentage injected dose per gram [%ID/g]) with (18)F-FDG PET were significantly lower under both isoflurane and ketamine/xylazine anesthesia than in the awake mice. However, the reductions of rCMR(glc) were markedly greater under isoflurane (by 57%) than under ketamine and xylazine (by 19%), whereas more marked reductions of %ID/g were observed with ketamine/xylazine (by 54%) than with isoflurane (by 37%). These reverse differences between isoflurane and ketamine/xylazine may be due to competitive effect of (18)F-FDG and glucose uptake to the brain under hyperglycemia. We were able to obtain accurate absolute quantification of rCMR(glc) with mouse (18)F-FDG PET imaging as confirmed by concurrent use of the autoradiographic 2-(14)C-DG method. Underestimation of rCMR(glc) by (18)F-FDG in normoglycemic conditions may be due to partial-volume effects. Computation of rCMR(glc) from (18)F-FDG data in hyperglycemic animals may require, however, alternative rate and lumped constants for (18)F-FDG.

Mapping Asian anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds to multiple chemical mechanisms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, M.; Zhang, Q.; Streets, D. G.; He, K. B.; Cheng, Y. F.; Emmons, L. K.; Huo, H.; Kang, S. C.; Lu, Z.; Shao, M.; Su, H.; Yu, X.; Zhang, Y.

2014-06-01

An accurate speciation mapping of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) emissions has an important impact on the performance of chemical transport models (CTMs) in simulating ozone mixing ratios and secondary organic aerosols. Taking the INTEX-B Asian NMVOC emission inventory as the case, we developed an improved speciation framework to generate model-ready anthropogenic NMVOC emissions for various gas-phase chemical mechanisms commonly used in CTMs in this work, by using an explicit assignment approach and updated NMVOC profiles. NMVOC profiles were selected and aggregated from a wide range of new measurements and the SPECIATE database v.4.2. To reduce potential uncertainty from individual measurements, composite profiles were developed by grouping and averaging source profiles from the same category. The fractions of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOC) were corrected during the compositing process for those profiles which used improper sampling and analyzing methods. Emissions of individual species were then lumped into species in different chemical mechanisms used in CTMs by applying mechanism-dependent species mapping tables, which overcomes the weakness of inaccurate mapping in previous studies. Emission estimates for individual NMVOC species differ between one and three orders of magnitude for some species when different sets of profiles are used, indicating that source profile is the most important source of uncertainties of individual species emissions. However, those differences are diminished in lumped species as a result of the lumping in the chemical mechanisms. Gridded emissions for eight chemical mechanisms at 30 min × 30 min resolution as well as the auxiliary data are available at http://mic.greenresource.cn/intex-b2006. The framework proposed in this work can be also used to develop speciated NMVOC emissions for other regions.

Mapping Asian anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds to multiple chemical mechanisms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, M.; Zhang, Q.; Streets, D. G.; He, K. B.; Cheng, Y. F.; Emmons, L. K.; Huo, H.; Kang, S. C.; Lu, Z.; Shao, M.; Su, H.; Yu, X.; Zhang, Y.

2013-12-01

An accurate speciation mapping of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) emissions has an important impact on the performance of chemical transport models (CTMs) in simulating ozone mixing ratios and secondary organic aerosols. In this work, we developed an improved speciation framework to generate model-ready anthropogenic Asian NMVOC emissions for various gas-phase chemical mechanisms commonly used in CTMs by using an explicit assignment approach and updated NMVOC profiles, based on the total NMVOC emissions in the INTEX-B Asian inventory for the year 2006. NMVOC profiles were selected and aggregated from a wide range of new measurements and the SPECIATE database. To reduce potential uncertainty from individual measurements, composite profiles were developed by grouping and averaging source profiles from the same category. The fractions of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOC) were corrected during the compositing process for those profiles which used improper sampling and analyzing methods. Emissions of individual species were then lumped into species in different chemical mechanisms used in CTMs by applying mechanism-dependent species mapping tables, which overcomes the weakness of inaccurate mapping in previous studies. Gridded emissions for eight chemical mechanisms are developed at 30 min × 30 min resolution using various spatial proxies and are provided through the website: http://mic.greenresource.cn/intex-b2006. Emission estimates for individual NMVOC species differ between one and three orders of magnitude for some species when different sets of profiles are used, indicating that source profile is the most important source of uncertainties of individual species emissions. However, those differences are diminished in lumped species as a result of the lumping in the chemical mechanisms.

Lumped Model Generation and Evaluation: Sensitivity and Lie Algebraic Techniques with Applications to Combustion

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-03-03

address global parameter space mapping issues for first order differential equations. The rigorous criteria for the existence of exact lumping by linear projective transformations was also established.

Male Breast Cancer

MedlinePlus

Although breast cancer is much more common in women, men can get it too. It happens most often to men between ... 60 and 70. Breast lumps usually aren't cancer. However, most men with breast cancer have lumps. ...

Lump solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations via Hirota bilinear forms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Wen-Xiu; Zhou, Yuan

2018-02-01

Lump solutions are analytical rational function solutions localized in all directions in space. We analyze a class of lump solutions, generated from quadratic functions, to nonlinear partial differential equations. The basis of success is the Hirota bilinear formulation and the primary object is the class of positive multivariate quadratic functions. A complete determination of quadratic functions positive in space and time is given, and positive quadratic functions are characterized as sums of squares of linear functions. Necessary and sufficient conditions for positive quadratic functions to solve Hirota bilinear equations are presented, and such polynomial solutions yield lump solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations under the dependent variable transformations u = 2(ln ⁡ f) x and u = 2(ln ⁡ f) xx, where x is one spatial variable. Applications are made for a few generalized KP and BKP equations.

Note: A calibration method to determine the lumped-circuit parameters of a magnetic probe.

PubMed

Li, Fuming; Chen, Zhipeng; Zhu, Lizhi; Liu, Hai; Wang, Zhijiang; Zhuang, Ge

2016-06-01

This paper describes a novel method to determine the lumped-circuit parameters of a magnetic inductive probe for calibration by using Helmholtz coils with high frequency power supply (frequency range: 10 kHz-400 kHz). The whole calibration circuit system can be separated into two parts: "generator" circuit and "receiver" circuit. By implementing the Fourier transform, two analytical lumped-circuit models, with respect to these separated circuits, are constructed to obtain the transfer function between each other. Herein, the precise lumped-circuit parameters (including the resistance, inductance, and capacitance) of the magnetic probe can be determined by fitting the experimental data to the transfer function. Regarding the fitting results, the finite impedance of magnetic probe can be used to analyze the transmission of a high-frequency signal between magnetic probes, cables, and acquisition system.

Artificial food lump from porous neoprene and the method of its use for the evaluation of adaptation patients to the dental constructions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reshetnikov, A.; Urakov, A.; Kasatkin, A.; Soiher, M. G.; Kopylov, M.

2016-04-01

New dental product called artificial food lump is offered for dental practices. In its size and shape it is similar to the natural food bolus, which is formed in adult's mouth when chewing white bread. This innovative product resembles an inedible and non-swallowable chewing gum. Artificial lump is made of porous neoprene; it is elastic and has food flavor. It is not destroyed by chewing and has stable elasticity during chewing. Besides, artificial lump is manufactured in a way that it can be attached to the patient's clothes with a braid line. New medical device is intended to create the masticatory loading in patients' mouth in order to evaluate the quality of mounted dental restorations as well as patient's adaptation to it during the chewing process.

Outbreak of primary inoculation tuberculosis in an acupuncture clinic in southeastern China.

PubMed

Wang, J; Zhu, M Y; Li, C; Zhang, H B; Zuo, G B; Wang, M H; Teng, H L

2015-04-01

Outbreak of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections associated with acupuncture has not been reported. Thirteen patients with a painful swollen lump were referred to our hospital. The index patient received acupuncture and paraspinal muscular injection at a local acupuncture clinic in April 2011 and was diagnosed with M. tuberculosis 1 month later. From May 2011 to August 2011, 12 more patients with a swollen lump on the nuchal region or in the lower back or the buttocks region were referred to our hospital. Tuberculin skin test (TST), T-SPOT.TB, acid-fast stain, M. tuberculosis culture, chest radiograph, and lump magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed and the patients were diagnosed with tuberculous abscess of the lump. All 13 patients received intramuscular injection at the paraspinal muscle by two acupuncturists at a local clinic and reported a swollen lump at the injection site. The needles and syringes were reused after autoclave sterilization. The TST was positive in all patients. Twelve patients had positive acid-fast stains. Mycobacterial cultures of abscess specimens were positive in all 13 patients. T-SPOT.TB tests were positive in all patients who underwent the test. The lesions and biopsies were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene sequencing by the Disease Control Center of Zhejiang Province, China and the causative agent was identified as M. tuberculosis, Beijing type. In conclusion, physicians should consider the possibility of mycobacterial infections, apart from other bacterial agents, in patients with a swollen paraspinal lump following intramuscular injection.

Optical Characterization of the SPT-3G Camera

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pan, Z.; Ade, P. A. R.; Ahmed, Z.; Anderson, A. J.; Austermann, J. E.; Avva, J. S.; Thakur, R. Basu; Bender, A. N.; Benson, B. A.; Carlstrom, J. E.; Carter, F. W.; Cecil, T.; Chang, C. L.; Cliche, J. F.; Cukierman, A.; Denison, E. V.; de Haan, T.; Ding, J.; Dobbs, M. A.; Dutcher, D.; Everett, W.; Foster, A.; Gannon, R. N.; Gilbert, A.; Groh, J. C.; Halverson, N. W.; Harke-Hosemann, A. H.; Harrington, N. L.; Henning, J. W.; Hilton, G. C.; Holzapfel, W. L.; Huang, N.; Irwin, K. D.; Jeong, O. B.; Jonas, M.; Khaire, T.; Kofman, A. M.; Korman, M.; Kubik, D.; Kuhlmann, S.; Kuo, C. L.; Lee, A. T.; Lowitz, A. E.; Meyer, S. S.; Michalik, D.; Montgomery, J.; Nadolski, A.; Natoli, T.; Nguyen, H.; Noble, G. I.; Novosad, V.; Padin, S.; Pearson, J.; Posada, C. M.; Rahlin, A.; Ruhl, J. E.; Saunders, L. J.; Sayre, J. T.; Shirley, I.; Shirokoff, E.; Smecher, G.; Sobrin, J. A.; Stark, A. A.; Story, K. T.; Suzuki, A.; Tang, Q. Y.; Thompson, K. L.; Tucker, C.; Vale, L. R.; Vanderlinde, K.; Vieira, J. D.; Wang, G.; Whitehorn, N.; Yefremenko, V.; Yoon, K. W.; Young, M. R.

2018-05-01

The third-generation South Pole Telescope camera is designed to measure the cosmic microwave background across three frequency bands (centered at 95, 150 and 220 GHz) with ˜ 16,000 transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers. Each multichroic array element on a detector wafer has a broadband sinuous antenna that couples power to six TESs, one for each of the three observing bands and both polarizations, via lumped element filters. Ten detector wafers populate the detector array, which is coupled to the sky via a large-aperture optical system. Here we present the frequency band characterization with Fourier transform spectroscopy, measurements of optical time constants, beam properties, and optical and polarization efficiencies of the detector array. The detectors have frequency bands consistent with our simulations and have high average optical efficiency which is 86, 77 and 66% for the 95, 150 and 220 GHz detectors. The time constants of the detectors are mostly between 0.5 and 5 ms. The beam is round with the correct size, and the polarization efficiency is more than 90% for most of the bolometers.

Optical Characterization of the SPT-3G Focal Plane

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pan, Z.; et al.

The third-generation South Pole Telescope camera is designed to measure the cosmic microwave background across three frequency bands (95, 150 and 220 GHz) with ~16,000 transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers. Each multichroic pixel on a detector wafer has a broadband sinuous antenna that couples power to six TESs, one for each of the three observing bands and both polarization directions, via lumped element filters. Ten detector wafers populate the focal plane, which is coupled to the sky via a large-aperture optical system. Here we present the frequency band characterization with Fourier transform spectroscopy, measurements of optical time constants, beam properties, andmore » optical and polarization efficiencies of the focal plane. The detectors have frequency bands consistent with our simulations, and have high average optical efficiency which is 86%, 77% and 66% for the 95, 150 and 220 GHz detectors. The time constants of the detectors are mostly between 0.5 ms and 5 ms. The beam is round with the correct size, and the polarization efficiency is more than 90% for most of the bolometers« less

Numerical simulations of Kadomtsev-Petviashvili soliton interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Infeld, E.; Senatorski, A.; Skorupski, A. A.

1995-04-01

The Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation generalizes that of Korteweg and de Vries to two space dimensions and arises in various weakly dispersive media. Two very different species of soliton solutions are known for one variant, KPI. The first species to be discovered are line solitons, the second are two dimensional lumps. This paper describes numerical simulations, consistent with all constraints of the equation, in which very distorted line solitons break up into smaller line solitons and arrays of lumps. The arrays can interact with one another. In some cases, aspects of the results of the simulations can be understood in the light of specially constructed exact solutions. Simulations in which initial conditions fail to satisfy the constraints of the equation are also described.

A passive terahertz video camera based on lumped element kinetic inductance detectors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rowe, Sam, E-mail: sam.rowe@astro.cf.ac.uk; Pascale, Enzo; Doyle, Simon

We have developed a passive 350 GHz (850 μm) video-camera to demonstrate lumped element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKIDs)—designed originally for far-infrared astronomy—as an option for general purpose terrestrial terahertz imaging applications. The camera currently operates at a quasi-video frame rate of 2 Hz with a noise equivalent temperature difference per frame of ∼0.1 K, which is close to the background limit. The 152 element superconducting LEKID array is fabricated from a simple 40 nm aluminum film on a silicon dielectric substrate and is read out through a single microwave feedline with a cryogenic low noise amplifier and room temperature frequencymore » domain multiplexing electronics.« less

A distributed lumped active all-pass network configuration.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Huelsman, L. P.; Raghunath, S.

1972-01-01

In this correspondence a new and interesting distributed lumped active network configuration that realizes an all-pass network function is described. A design chart for determining the values of the network elements is included.

Modeling of two-hot-arm horizontal thermal actuator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Dong; Khajepour, Amir; Mansour, Raafat

2003-03-01

Electrothermal actuators have a very promising future in MEMS applications since they can generate large deflection and force with low actuating voltages and small device areas. In this study, a lumped model of a two-hot-arm horizontal thermal actuator is presented. In order to prove the accuracy of the lumped model, finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental results are provided. The two-hot-arm thermal actuator has been fabricated using the MUMPs process. Both the experimental and FEA results are in good agreement with the results of lumped modeling.

Electrical Lumped Model Examination for Load Variation of Circulation System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koya, Yoshiharu; Ito, Mitsuyo; Mizoshiri, Isao

Modeling and analysis of the circulation system enables the characteristic decision of circulation system in the body to be made. So, many models of circulation system have been proposed. But, they are complicated because the models include a lot of elements. Therefore, we proposed a complete circulation model as a lumped electrical circuit, which is comparatively simple. In this paper, we examine the effectiveness of the complete circulation model as a lumped electrical circuit. We use normal, angina pectoris, dilated cardiomyopathy and myocardial infarction for evaluation of the ventricular contraction function.

Lumped Parameter Model (LPM) for Light-Duty Vehicles

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA’s Lumped Parameter Model (LPM) is a free, desktop computer application that estimates the effectiveness (CO2 Reduction) of various technology combinations or “packages,” in a manner that accounts for synergies between technologies.

Performance analysis of FET microwave devices by use of extended spectral-element time-domain method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sheng, Yijun; Xu, Kan; Wang, Daoxiang; Chen, Rushan

2013-05-01

The extended spectral-element time-domain (SETD) method is employed to analyse field effect transistor (FET) microwave devices. In order to impose the contribution of the FET microwave devices into the electromagnetic simulation, the SETD method is extended by introducing a lumped current term into the vector Helmholtz equation. The change of currents on each lumped component can be expressed by the change of voltage via corresponding models of equivalent circuit. The electric fields around the lumped component must be influenced by the change of voltage on each lumped component, and vice versa. So a global coupling about the EM-circuit can be built directly. The fully explicit solving scheme is maintained in this extended SETD method and the CPU time can be saved spontaneously. Three practical FET microwave devices are analysed in this article. The numerical results demonstrate the ability and accuracy of this method.

Development of a hybrid (numerical-hydraulic) circulatory model: prototype testing and its response to IABP assistance.

PubMed

Ferrari, G; Kozarski, M; De Lazzari, C; Górczyńska, K; Tosti, G; Darowski, M

2005-07-01

Merging numerical and physical models of the circulation makes it possible to develop a new class of circulatory models defined as hybrid. This solution reduces the costs, enhances the flexibility and opens the way to many applications ranging from research to education and heart assist devices testing. In the prototype described in this paper, a hydraulic model of systemic arterial tree is connected to a lumped parameters numerical model including pulmonary circulation and the remaining parts of systemic circulation. The hydraulic model consists of a characteristic resistance, of a silicon rubber tube to allow the insertion of an Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP) and of a lumped parameters compliance. Two electro-hydraulic interfaces, realized by means of gear pumps driven by DC motors, connect the numerical section with both terminals of the hydraulic section. The lumped parameters numerical model and the control system (including analog to digital and digital to analog converters)are developed in LabVIEW environment. The behavior of the model is analyzed by means of the ventricular pressure-volume loops and the time courses of arterial and ventricular pressures and flows in different circulatory conditions. A simulated pathological condition was set to test the IABP and verify the response of the system to this type of mechanical circulatory assistance. The results show that the model can represent hemodynamic relationships in different ventricular and circulatory conditions and is able to react to the IABP assistance.

A systematic review of lumped-parameter equivalent circuit models for real-time estimation of lithium-ion battery states

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nejad, S.; Gladwin, D. T.; Stone, D. A.

2016-06-01

This paper presents a systematic review for the most commonly used lumped-parameter equivalent circuit model structures in lithium-ion battery energy storage applications. These models include the Combined model, Rint model, two hysteresis models, Randles' model, a modified Randles' model and two resistor-capacitor (RC) network models with and without hysteresis included. Two variations of the lithium-ion cell chemistry, namely the lithium-ion iron phosphate (LiFePO4) and lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (LiNMC) are used for testing purposes. The model parameters and states are recursively estimated using a nonlinear system identification technique based on the dual Extended Kalman Filter (dual-EKF) algorithm. The dynamic performance of the model structures are verified using the results obtained from a self-designed pulsed-current test and an electric vehicle (EV) drive cycle based on the New European Drive Cycle (NEDC) profile over a range of operating temperatures. Analysis on the ten model structures are conducted with respect to state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-power (SOP) estimation with erroneous initial conditions. Comparatively, both RC model structures provide the best dynamic performance, with an outstanding SOC estimation accuracy. For those cell chemistries with large inherent hysteresis levels (e.g. LiFePO4), the RC model with only one time constant is combined with a dynamic hysteresis model to further enhance the performance of the SOC estimator.

Investigations of the effects of particle properties on the wear resistance of the particle reinforced composites using a novel wear model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prabhu, T. Ram

2016-08-01

A wear model is developed based on the discrete lattice spring-mass approach to study the effects of particle volume fraction, size, and stiffness on the wear resistance of particle reinforced composites. To study these effects, we have considered three volume fractions (10%, 20% and 30%), two sizes (10 × 10 and 4 × 4 sites), and two different stiffness of particles embedded in the matrix in a regular pattern. In this model, we have discretized the composite system (400 × 100 sites) into the lumped masses connected with interaction spring elements in two dimensions. The interaction elements are assumed as linear elastic and ideal plastic under applied forces. Each mass is connected to its first and second nearest neighbors by springs. The matrix and particles sites are differentiated by choosing the different stiffness values. The counter surface is simulated as a rigid body that moves on the composite material at a constant sliding speed along the horizontal direction. The governing equations are formed by equating the spring force between the pair of sites given by Hooke’s law plus external contact forces and the force due to the motion of the site given by the equation of motion. The equations are solved for the plastic strain accumulated in the springs using an explicit time stepping procedure based on a finite difference form of the above equations. If the total strain accumulated in the spring elements connected to a lump mass site exceeds the failure strain, the springs are considered to be broken, and the mass site is removed or worn away from the lattice and accounts as a wear loss. The model predicts that (i) increasing volume fraction, reducing particle size and increasing particle stiffness enhance the wear resistance of the particle reinforced composites, (ii) the particle stiffness is the most significant factor affecting the wear resistance of the composites, and (iii) the wear resistance reduced above the critical volume fraction (Vc), and Vc increases with increasing particle size. Finally, we have qualitatively compared the model results with our previously published experimental results to prove the effectiveness of the model to analysis the complex wear systems.

Sherwood correlation for dissolution of pooled NAPL in porous media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aydin Sarikurt, Derya; Gokdemir, Cagri; Copty, Nadim K.

2017-11-01

The rate of interphase mass transfer from non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) entrapped in the subsurface into the surrounding mobile aqueous phase is commonly expressed in terms of Sherwood (Sh) correlations that are expressed as a function of flow and porous media properties. Because of the lack of precise methods for the estimation of the interfacial area separating the NAPL and aqueous phases, most studies have opted to use modified Sherwood expressions that lump the interfacial area into the interphase mass transfer coefficient. To date, there are only two studies in the literature that have developed non-lumped Sherwood correlations; however, these correlations have undergone limited validation. In this paper controlled dissolution experiments from pooled NAPL were conducted. The immobile NAPL mass is placed at the bottom of a flow cell filled with porous media with water flowing horizontally on top. Effluent aqueous phase concentrations were measured for a wide range of aqueous phase velocities and for two different porous media. To interpret the experimental results, a two-dimensional pore network model of the NAPL dissolution kinetics and aqueous phase transport was developed. The observed effluent concentrations were then used to compute best-fit mass transfer coefficients. Comparison of the effluent concentrations computed with the two-dimensional pore network model to those estimated with one-dimensional analytical solutions indicates that the analytical model which ignores the transport in the lateral direction can lead to under-estimation of the mass transfer coefficient. Based on system parameters and the estimated mass transfer coefficients, non-lumped Sherwood correlations were developed and compared to previously published data. The developed correlations, which are a significant improvement over currently available correlations that are associated with large uncertainties, can be incorporated into future modeling studies requiring non-lumped Sh expressions.

Plasmacytoma of the Breast: A Report of a Rare Disease.

PubMed

Gabriel, Ugare; Joseph, Udosen; Bassey, Ima-Abasi; Joshua, Ayodele; Emmanuel, Djunda

2015-10-01

Extramedullary plasma cells tumours are rare. Much more rarer is their occurance in the breast tissue. Our aim is to report a single case of this very rare lesion (at least from an African perspective) that we incidentally diagnosed histopathologically as a primary extramedullary lesion in a 53 year old woman. Clinical records of a 53 year old postmenopausal woman was referred from a secondary health centre to our clinic with a three weeks' history of right breast lump were reviewed. There was no associated pain, nipple discharge, weight loss or systemic symptoms nor was there a previous history of trauma or surgery to the breast. On examination: two discrete lumps measuring 3x2 and 2 x 1.5cm in the upper medial quadrant of the right breast were identified. The lumps were firm, irregular in shape, not attached to the skin or underlying tissues. Tentative diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the breast was made, with a differential as fat necrosis. A wide excision biopsy was done four days later for histology, after an inconclusive cytological examination of smear of which the result revealed plasmacytosis. The liver function test, Plasma proteins electrophoresis, electrolytes, urea, creatinine, bicarbonate and pelvic X-rays, and abdomino-pelvic ultrasonography were normal. Bence Jones proteins were negative in urine. Histology of bone marrow aspirate revealed scanty plasma cells. She received 20mg dexamethasone, 20mg adramycin, and 2mg vincristine intravenously and 200mg of alloperinol daily by mouth for three days before leaving by the 4th treatment day against medical advice for personal reasons. This rare lesion should sometimes be considered as a differential diagnosis of a breast lump, as it does not differ from the common lesions clinically, especially in older women.

46 CFR 148.245 - Direct reduced iron (DRI); lumps, pellets, and cold-molded briquettes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... another during periods of rain or snow. (e) DRI lumps, pellets, or cold-molded briquettes may not be... percent hydrogen, by volume, is maintained throughout the voyage in any hold containing these materials...

High resolution time interval meter

DOEpatents

Martin, A.D.

1986-05-09

Method and apparatus are provided for measuring the time interval between two events to a higher resolution than reliability available from conventional circuits and component. An internal clock pulse is provided at a frequency compatible with conventional component operating frequencies for reliable operation. Lumped constant delay circuits are provided for generating outputs at delay intervals corresponding to the desired high resolution. An initiation START pulse is input to generate first high resolution data. A termination STOP pulse is input to generate second high resolution data. Internal counters count at the low frequency internal clock pulse rate between the START and STOP pulses. The first and second high resolution data are logically combined to directly provide high resolution data to one counter and correct the count in the low resolution counter to obtain a high resolution time interval measurement.

Optimization of Synthetic Jet Actuators

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-01-01

Gallas et al.8 have experimentally validated the lumped element model for two different prototypical synthetic jet actuators using phase-locked Laser ...DNS of Microjets for Turbulent Boundary Layer Control,” AIAA paper 2001-1013, 2001. 8 7. Cattafesta, L., Garg, S., and Shukla, D

Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues for a Scalar Riemann-Hilbert Problem Associated to Inverse Scattering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pelinovsky, Dmitry E.; Sulem, Catherine

A complete set of eigenfunctions is introduced within the Riemann-Hilbert formalism for spectral problems associated to some solvable nonlinear evolution equations. In particular, we consider the time-independent and time-dependent Schrödinger problems which are related to the KdV and KPI equations possessing solitons and lumps, respectively. Non-standard scalar products, orthogonality and completeness relations are derived for these problems. The complete set of eigenfunctions is used for perturbation theory and bifurcation analysis of eigenvalues supported by the potentials under perturbations. We classify two different types of bifurcations of new eigenvalues and analyze their characteristic features. One type corresponds to thresholdless generation of solitons in the KdV equation, while the other predicts a threshold for generation of lumps in the KPI equation.

The Science and Practice of Self-Control.

PubMed

Duckworth, Angela L; Seligman, Martin E P

2017-09-01

In 2005, we discovered that self-control "outdoes" talent in predicting academic success during adolescence. Since then, a surfeit of longitudinal evidence has affirmed the importance of self-control to achieving everyday goals that conflict with momentary temptations. In parallel, research that has "lumped" self-control with other facets of Big Five conscientiousness has shown the superior predictive power of this broad family of individual differences for diverse life outcomes. Self-control can also be "split" from related traits that in certain contexts demonstrate superior predictive power for achievement. Most important, both the "lumping" and "splitting" traditions have enhanced our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and antecedents of self-control. Collectively, progress over the past decade and a half suggests a bright future for the science and practice of self-control.

Lump Solitons in Surface Tension Dominated Flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Milewski, Paul; Berger, Kurt

1999-11-01

The Kadomtsev-Petviashvilli I equation (KPI) which models small-amplitude, weakly three-dimensional surface-tension dominated long waves is integrable and allows for algebraically decaying lump solitary waves. It is not known (theoretically or numerically) whether the full free-surface Euler equations support such solutions. We consider an intermediate model, the generalised Benney-Luke equation (gBL) which is isotropic (not weakly three-dimensional) and contains KPI as a limit. We show numerically that: 1. gBL supports lump solitary waves; 2. These waves collide elastically and are stable; 3. They are generated by resonant flow over an obstacle.

Parameter interdependence and uncertainty induced by lumping in a hydrologic model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gallagher, Mark R.; Doherty, John

2007-05-01

Throughout the world, watershed modeling is undertaken using lumped parameter hydrologic models that represent real-world processes in a manner that is at once abstract, but nevertheless relies on algorithms that reflect real-world processes and parameters that reflect real-world hydraulic properties. In most cases, values are assigned to the parameters of such models through calibration against flows at watershed outlets. One criterion by which the utility of the model and the success of the calibration process are judged is that realistic values are assigned to parameters through this process. This study employs regularization theory to examine the relationship between lumped parameters and corresponding real-world hydraulic properties. It demonstrates that any kind of parameter lumping or averaging can induce a substantial amount of "structural noise," which devices such as Box-Cox transformation of flows and autoregressive moving average (ARMA) modeling of residuals are unlikely to render homoscedastic and uncorrelated. Furthermore, values estimated for lumped parameters are unlikely to represent average values of the hydraulic properties after which they are named and are often contaminated to a greater or lesser degree by the values of hydraulic properties which they do not purport to represent at all. As a result, the question of how rigidly they should be bounded during the parameter estimation process is still an open one.

Application of Biologically-Based Lumping To Investigate the ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

People are often exposed to complex mixtures of environmental chemicals such as gasoline, tobacco smoke, water contaminants, or food additives. However, investigators have often considered complex mixtures as one lumped entity. Valuable information can be obtained from these experiments, though this simplification provides little insight into the impact of a mixture's chemical composition on toxicologically-relevant metabolic interactions that may occur among its constituents. We developed an approach that applies chemical lumping methods to complex mixtures, in this case gasoline, based on biologically relevant parameters used in physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Inhalation exposures were performed with rats to evaluate performance of our PBPK model. There were 109 chemicals identified and quantified in the vapor in the chamber. The time-course kinetic profiles of 10 target chemicals were also determined from blood samples collected during and following the in vivo experiments. A general PBPK model was used to compare the experimental data to the simulated values of blood concentration for the 10 target chemicals with various numbers of lumps, iteratively increasing from 0 to 99. Large reductions in simulation error were gained by incorporating enzymatic chemical interactions, in comparison to simulating the individual chemicals separately. The error was further reduced by lumping the 99 non-target chemicals. Application of this biologic

Lumped versus distributed thermoregulatory control: results from a three-dimensional dynamic model.

PubMed

Werner, J; Buse, M; Foegen, A

1989-01-01

In this study we use a three-dimensional model of the human thermal system, the spatial grid of which is 0.5 ... 1.0 cm. The model is based on well-known physical heat-transfer equations, and all parameters of the passive system have definite physical values. According to the number of substantially different areas and organs, 54 spatially different values are attributed to each physical parameter. Compatibility of simulation and experiment was achieved solely on the basis of physical considerations and physiological basic data. The equations were solved using a modification of the alternating direction implicit method. On the basis of this complex description of the passive system close to reality, various lumped and distributed parameter control equations were tested for control of metabolic heat production, blood flow and sweat production. The simplest control equations delivering results on closed-loop control compatible with experimental evidence were determined. It was concluded that it is essential to take into account the spatial distribution of heat production, blood flow and sweat production, and that at least for control of shivering, distributed controller gains different from the pattern of distribution of muscle tissue are required. For sweat production this is not so obvious, so that for simulation of sweating control after homogeneous heat load a lumped parameter control may be justified. Based on these conclusions three-dimensional temperature profiles for cold and heat load and the dynamics for changes of the environmental conditions were computed. In view of the exact simulation of the passive system and the compatibility with experimentally attainable variables there is good evidence that those values extrapolated by the simulation are adequately determined. The model may be used both for further analysis of the real thermoregulatory mechanisms and for special applications in environmental and clinical health care.

Implementation of interconnect simulation tools in spice

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Satsangi, H.; Schutt-Aine, J. E.

1993-01-01

Accurate computer simulation of high speed digital computer circuits and communication circuits requires a multimode approach to simulate both the devices and the interconnects between devices. Classical circuit analysis algorithms (lumped parameter) are needed for circuit devices and the network formed by the interconnected devices. The interconnects, however, have to be modeled as transmission lines which incorporate electromagnetic field analysis. An approach to writing a multimode simulator is to take an existing software package which performs either lumped parameter analysis or field analysis and add the missing type of analysis routines to the package. In this work a traditionally lumped parameter simulator, SPICE, is modified so that it will perform lossy transmission line analysis using a different model approach. Modifying SPICE3E2 or any other large software package is not a trivial task. An understanding of the programming conventions used, simulation software, and simulation algorithms is required. This thesis was written to clarify the procedure for installing a device into SPICE3E2. The installation of three devices is documented and the installations of the first two provide a foundation for installation of the lossy line which is the third device. The details of discussions are specific to SPICE, but the concepts will be helpful when performing installations into other circuit analysis packages.

A continuous-discrete approach for evaluation of natural frequencies and mode shapes of high-rise buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Malekinejad, Mohsen; Rahgozar, Reza; Malekinejad, Ali; Rahgozar, Peyman

2016-09-01

In this paper, a continuous-discrete approach based on the concept of lumped mass and equivalent continuous approach is proposed for free vibration analysis of combined system of framed tube, shear core and outrigger-belt truss in high-rise buildings. This system is treated as a continuous system (i.e., discrete beams and columns are replaced with equivalent continuous membranes) and a discrete system (or lumped mass system) at different stages of dynamic analysis. The structure is discretized at each floor of the building as a series of lumped masses placed at the center of shear core. Each mass has two transitional degrees of freedom (lateral and axial( and one rotational. The effect of shear core and outrigger-belt truss on framed tube system is modeled as a rotational spring placed at the location of outrigger-belt truss system along structure's height. By solving the resulting eigen problem, natural frequencies and mode-shapes are obtained. Numerical examples are presented to show acceptable accuracy of the procedure in estimating the fundamental frequencies and corresponding mode shapes of the combined system as compared to finite element analysis of the complete structure. The simplified proposed method is much faster and should be more suitable for rapid interactive design.

Identification of canine coronary resistance and intramyocardial compliance on the basis of the waterfall model.

PubMed

Burattini, R; Sipkema, P; van Huis, G A; Westerhof, N

1985-01-01

This study was performed to elucidate the effects of cardiac contraction on coronary pressure-flow relations. On the basis of the waterfall mechanism, a lumped model of the coronary arterial system is presented consisting of a proximal (epicardial) compliance, a coronary resistance, and an intramyocardial compliance. A "back"-pressure, assumed to be proportional (constant k) to left ventricular pressure, impedes flow. From steady-state measurements of circumflex coronary artery flow and inflow pressure, together with left ventricular pressure, the values of the three model parameters and the constant k have been estimated. In the control condition proximal compliance is found to be 1.7 X 10(-12) m4s2kg-1, intramyocardial compliance 110 X 10(-12)m4s2kg-1, and resistance 7.5 X 10(9) kgm-4s-1. The proportionality constant k is close to unity. Effects of changes in left ventricular pressure and inflow pressure and the effect of vasoactive drugs on the parameters are also investigated. Changes in coronary resistance are always opposite to changes in intramyocardial compliance. Sensitivity analysis showed that epicardial compliance plays its major role during isovolumic contraction and relaxation; resistance plays a role throughout the cardiac cycle but is more important in diastole than in systole, whereas intramyocardial compliance plays a role in systole and in early diastole.

Studies on pressure-gain combustion engines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matsutomi, Yu

Various aspects of the pressure-gain combustion engine are investigated analytically and experimentally in the current study. A lumped parameter model is developed to characterize the operation of a valveless pulse detonation engine. The model identified the function of flame quenching process through gas dynamic process. By adjusting fuel manifold pressure and geometries, the duration of the air buffer can be effectively varied. The parametric study with the lumped parameter model has shown that engine frequency of up to approximately 15 Hz is attainable. However, requirements for upstream air pressure increases significantly with higher engine frequency. The higher pressure requirement indicates pressure loss in the system and lower overall engine performance. The loss of performance due to the pressure loss is a critical issue for the integrated pressure-gain combustors. Two types of transitional methods are examined using entropy-based models. An accumulator based transition has obvious loss due to sudden area expansion, but it can be minimized by utilizing the gas dynamics in the combustion tube. An ejector type transition has potential to achieve performance beyond the limit specified by a single flow path Humphrey cycle. The performance of an ejector was discussed in terms of apparent entropy and mixed flow entropy. Through an ideal ejector, the apparent part of entropy increases due to the reduction in flow unsteadiness, but entropy of the mixed flow remains constant. The method is applied to a CFD simulation with a simple manifold for qualitative evaluation. The operation of the wave rotor constant volume combustion rig is experimentally examined. The rig has shown versatility of operation for wide range of conditions. Large pressure rise in the rotor channel and in a section of the exhaust duct are observed even with relatively large leakage gaps on the rotor. The simplified analysis indicated that inconsistent combustion is likely due to insufficient fuel near the ignition source. However, it is difficult to conclude its fuel distribution with the current setup. Additional measurement near the rotor interfaces and better fuel control are required for the future test.

Lumped parametric model of the human ear for sound transmission.

PubMed

Feng, Bin; Gan, Rong Z

2004-09-01

A lumped parametric model of the human auditoria peripherals consisting of six masses suspended with six springs and ten dashpots was proposed. This model will provide the quantitative basis for the construction of a physical model of the human middle ear. The lumped model parameters were first identified using published anatomical data, and then determined through a parameter optimization process. The transfer function of the middle ear obtained from human temporal bone experiments with laser Doppler interferometers was used for creating the target function during the optimization process. It was found that, among 14 spring and dashpot parameters, there were five parameters which had pronounced effects on the dynamic behaviors of the model. The detailed discussion on the sensitivity of those parameters was provided with appropriate applications for sound transmission in the ear. We expect that the methods for characterizing the lumped model of the human ear and the model parameters will be useful for theoretical modeling of the ear function and construction of the ear physical model.

Experimental Verification of Guided-Wave Lumped Circuits Using Waveguide Metamaterials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Yue; Zhang, Zhijun

2018-04-01

Through the construction and characterization in microwave frequencies, we experimentally demonstrate our recently developed theory of waveguide lumped circuits, i.e., waveguide metatronics [Sci. Adv. 2, e1501790 (2016), 10.1126/sciadv.1501790], as a method to design subwavelength-scaled analog circuits. In the paradigm of waveguide metatronics, numbers of lumped inductors and capacitors are easily integrated functionally inside the waveguide, which is an irreplaceable transmission line in millimeter-wave and terahertz systems with the advantages of low radiation loss and low crosstalk. An example of multiple-ordered metatronic filters with layered structures is fabricated utilizing the technique of substrate integrated waveguides, which can be easily constructed by the printed-circuit-board process. The materials used in the construction are also typical microwave materials with positive permittivity, low loss, and negligible dispersion, imitating the plasmonic materials with negative permittivity in the optical domain. The results verify the theory of waveguide metatronics, which provides an efficient platform of functional lumped circuit design for guided-wave processing.

Analytic study of solutions for a (3 + 1) -dimensional generalized KP equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Hui; Cheng, Wenguang; Xu, Tianzhou; Wang, Gangwei

2018-03-01

The (3 + 1) -dimensional generalized KP (gKP) equation is an important nonlinear partial differential equation in theoretical and mathematical physics which can be used to describe nonlinear wave motion. Through the Hirota bilinear method, one-solition, two-solition and N-solition solutions are derived via symbolic computation. Two classes of lump solutions, rationally localized in all directions in space, to the dimensionally reduced cases in (2 + 1)-dimensions, are constructed by using a direct method based on the Hirota bilinear form of the equation. It implies that we can derive the lump solutions of the reduced gKP equation from positive quadratic function solutions to the aforementioned bilinear equation. Meanwhile, we get interaction solutions between a lump and a kink of the gKP equation. The lump appears from a kink and is swallowed by it with the change of time. This work offers a possibility which can enrich the variety of the dynamical features of solutions for higher-dimensional nonlinear evolution equations.

A hydrological emulator for global applications - HE v1.0.0

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Yaling; Hejazi, Mohamad; Li, Hongyi; Zhang, Xuesong; Leng, Guoyong

2018-03-01

While global hydrological models (GHMs) are very useful in exploring water resources and interactions between the Earth and human systems, their use often requires numerous model inputs, complex model calibration, and high computation costs. To overcome these challenges, we construct an efficient open-source and ready-to-use hydrological emulator (HE) that can mimic complex GHMs at a range of spatial scales (e.g., basin, region, globe). More specifically, we construct both a lumped and a distributed scheme of the HE based on the monthly abcd model to explore the tradeoff between computational cost and model fidelity. Model predictability and computational efficiency are evaluated in simulating global runoff from 1971 to 2010 with both the lumped and distributed schemes. The results are compared against the runoff product from the widely used Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model. Our evaluation indicates that the lumped and distributed schemes present comparable results regarding annual total quantity, spatial pattern, and temporal variation of the major water fluxes (e.g., total runoff, evapotranspiration) across the global 235 basins (e.g., correlation coefficient r between the annual total runoff from either of these two schemes and the VIC is > 0.96), except for several cold (e.g., Arctic, interior Tibet), dry (e.g., North Africa) and mountainous (e.g., Argentina) regions. Compared against the monthly total runoff product from the VIC (aggregated from daily runoff), the global mean Kling-Gupta efficiencies are 0.75 and 0.79 for the lumped and distributed schemes, respectively, with the distributed scheme better capturing spatial heterogeneity. Notably, the computation efficiency of the lumped scheme is 2 orders of magnitude higher than the distributed one and 7 orders more efficient than the VIC model. A case study of uncertainty analysis for the world's 16 basins with top annual streamflow is conducted using 100 000 model simulations, and it demonstrates the lumped scheme's extraordinary advantage in computational efficiency. Our results suggest that the revised lumped abcd model can serve as an efficient and reasonable HE for complex GHMs and is suitable for broad practical use, and the distributed scheme is also an efficient alternative if spatial heterogeneity is of more interest.

5 CFR 550.1203 - Eligibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... on active duty in the armed forces may elect to receive a lump-sum payment for accumulated and... Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS PAY ADMINISTRATION (GENERAL... Department of Defense (DOD) must make a lump-sum payment to an employee who has unused annual leave that was...

5 CFR 550.1203 - Eligibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... on active duty in the armed forces may elect to receive a lump-sum payment for accumulated and... Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS PAY ADMINISTRATION (GENERAL... Department of Defense (DOD) must make a lump-sum payment to an employee who has unused annual leave that was...

29 CFR 4050.8 - Automatic lump sum.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Relating to Labor (Continued) PENSION BENEFIT GUARANTY CORPORATION PLAN TERMINATIONS MISSING PARTICIPANTS § 4050.8 Automatic lump sum. This section applies to a missing participant whose designated benefit was... PBGC pays the benefit. (2) Payee. Payment will be made— (i) To the missing participant, if located; (ii...

Application of Biologically-Based Lumping To Investigate the Toxicological Interactions of a Complex Gasoline Mixture

EPA Science Inventory

People are often exposed to complex mixtures of environmental chemicals such as gasoline, tobacco smoke, water contaminants, or food additives. However, investigators have often considered complex mixtures as one lumped entity. Valuable information can be obtained from these exp...

Beyond the SCS-CN method: A theoretical framework for spatially lumped rainfall-runoff response

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bartlett, M. S.; Parolari, A. J.; McDonnell, J. J.; Porporato, A.

2016-06-01

Since its introduction in 1954, the Soil Conservation Service curve number (SCS-CN) method has become the standard tool, in practice, for estimating an event-based rainfall-runoff response. However, because of its empirical origins, the SCS-CN method is restricted to certain geographic regions and land use types. Moreover, it does not describe the spatial variability of runoff. To move beyond these limitations, we present a new theoretical framework for spatially lumped, event-based rainfall-runoff modeling. In this framework, we describe the spatially lumped runoff model as a point description of runoff that is upscaled to a watershed area based on probability distributions that are representative of watershed heterogeneities. The framework accommodates different runoff concepts and distributions of heterogeneities, and in doing so, it provides an implicit spatial description of runoff variability. Heterogeneity in storage capacity and soil moisture are the basis for upscaling a point runoff response and linking ecohydrological processes to runoff modeling. For the framework, we consider two different runoff responses for fractions of the watershed area: "prethreshold" and "threshold-excess" runoff. These occur before and after infiltration exceeds a storage capacity threshold. Our application of the framework results in a new model (called SCS-CNx) that extends the SCS-CN method with the prethreshold and threshold-excess runoff mechanisms and an implicit spatial description of runoff. We show proof of concept in four forested watersheds and further that the resulting model may better represent geographic regions and site types that previously have been beyond the scope of the traditional SCS-CN method.

Stochastic lumping analysis for linear kinetics and its application to the fluctuation relations between hierarchical kinetic networks.

PubMed

Deng, De-Ming; Chang, Cheng-Hung

2015-05-14

Conventional studies of biomolecular behaviors rely largely on the construction of kinetic schemes. Since the selection of these networks is not unique, a concern is raised whether and under which conditions hierarchical schemes can reveal the same experimentally measured fluctuating behaviors and unique fluctuation related physical properties. To clarify these questions, we introduce stochasticity into the traditional lumping analysis, generalize it from rate equations to chemical master equations and stochastic differential equations, and extract the fluctuation relations between kinetically and thermodynamically equivalent networks under intrinsic and extrinsic noises. The results provide a theoretical basis for the legitimate use of low-dimensional models in the studies of macromolecular fluctuations and, more generally, for exploring stochastic features in different levels of contracted networks in chemical and biological kinetic systems.

45 CFR 158.241 - Form of rebate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... method that was used for payment, such as credit card or direct debit. ... in the form of a premium credit, lump-sum check, or, if an enrollee paid the premium using a credit card or direct debit, by lump-sum reimbursement to the account used to pay the premium. (2) Any rebate...

A Laboratory Simulation of Urban Runoff and the Potential for Hydrograph Prediction with Curve Numbers

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Urban drainages are mosaics of pervious and impervious surfaces, and prediction of runoff hydrology with a lumped modeling approach using the NRCS curve number may be appropriate. However, the prognostic capability of such a lumped approach is complicated by routing and connectivity amongst infiltra...

Laboratory Simulation of Urban Runoff and Estimation of Runoff Hydrographs with Experimental Curve Numbers Implemented in USEPA SWMM

EPA Science Inventory

The prognostic capabilities of a lumped hydrologic modeling approach may be complicated by routing and connectivity among infiltrative and impervious surfaces. We used artificial rainfall to generate runoff from impervious and bare soil boxes arranged in series to simulate differ...

Lumps, Bumps, and Things that Go Itch in Your Office!

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McLeod, Renee P.

2004-01-01

This article presents a short case presentation and differential diagnosis of impetigo, a common, contagious, superficial skin infection that is produced by streptococci, staphylococci, or a combination of both bacteria. There are two different clinical presentations: (1) bullous impetigo; and (2) nonbullous impetigo. For years, it was thought…

Finite element simulation of piezoelectric transformers.

PubMed

Tsuchiya, T; Kagawa, Y; Wakatsuki, N; Okamura, H

2001-07-01

Piezoelectric transformers are nothing but ultrasonic resonators with two pairs of electrodes provided on the surface of a piezoelectric substrate in which electrical energy is carried in the mechanical form. The input and output electrodes are arranged to provide the impedance transformation, which results in the voltage transformation. As they are operated at a resonance, the electrical equivalent circuit approach has traditionally been developed in a rather empirical way and has been used for analysis and design. The present paper deals with the analysis of the piezoelectric transformers based on the three-dimensional finite element modelling. The PIEZO3D code that we have developed is modified to include the external loading conditions. The finite element approach is now available for a wide variety of the electrical boundary conditions. The equivalent circuit of lumped parameters can also be derived from the finite element method (FEM) solution if required. The simulation of the present transformers is made for the low intensity operation and compared with the experimental results. Demonstration is made for basic Rosen-type transformers in which the longitudinal mode of a plate plays an important role; in which the equivalent circuit of lumped constants has been used. However, there are many modes of vibration associated with the plate, the effect of which cannot always be ignored. In the experiment, the double resonances are sometimes observed in the vicinity of the operating frequency. The simulation demonstrates that this is due to the coupling of the longitudinal mode with the flexural mode. Thus, the simulation provides an invaluable guideline to the transformer design.

Energy-state formulation of lumped volume dynamic equations with application to a simplified free piston Stirling engine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Daniele, C. J.; Lorenzo, C. F.

1979-01-01

Lumped volume dynamic equations are derived using an energy state formulation. This technique requires that kinetic and potential energy state functions be written for the physical system being investigated. To account for losses in the system, a Rayleigh dissipation function is formed. Using these functions, a Lagrangian is formed and using Lagrange's equation, the equations of motion for the system are derived. The results of the application of this technique to a lumped volume are used to derive a model for the free piston Stirling engine. The model was simplified and programmed on an analog computer. Results are given comparing the model response with experimental data.

Energy-state formulation of lumped volume dynamic equations with application to a simplified free piston Stirling engine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Daniele, C. J.; Lorenzo, C. F.

1979-01-01

Lumped volume dynamic equations are derived using an energy-state formulation. This technique requires that kinetic and potential energy state functions be written for the physical system being investigated. To account for losses in the system, a Rayleigh dissipation function is also formed. Using these functions, a Lagrangian is formed and using Lagrange's equation, the equations of motion for the system are derived. The results of the application of this technique to a lumped volume are used to derive a model for the free-piston Stirling engine. The model was simplified and programmed on an analog computer. Results are given comparing the model response with experimental data.

Dark lump excitations in superfluid Fermi gases

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Yan-Xia; Duan, Wen-Shan

2012-11-01

We study the linear and nonlinear properties of two-dimensional matter-wave pulses in disk-shaped superfluid Fermi gases. A Kadomtsev—Petviashvili I (KPI) solitary wave has been realized for superfluid Fermi gases in the limited cases of Bardeen—Cooper—Schrieffer (BCS) regime, Bose—Einstein condensate (BEC) regime, and unitarity regime. One-lump solution as well as one-line soliton solutions for the KPI equation are obtained, and two-line soliton solutions with the same amplitude are also studied in the limited cases. The dependence of the lump propagating velocity and the sound speed of two-dimensional superfluid Fermi gases on the interaction parameter are investigated for the limited cases of BEC and unitarity.

Sensitivity of Lumped Constraints Using the Adjoint Method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Akgun, Mehmet A.; Haftka, Raphael T.; Wu, K. Chauncey; Walsh, Joanne L.

1999-01-01

Adjoint sensitivity calculation of stress, buckling and displacement constraints may be much less expensive than direct sensitivity calculation when the number of load cases is large. Adjoint stress and displacement sensitivities are available in the literature. Expressions for local buckling sensitivity of isotropic plate elements are derived in this study. Computational efficiency of the adjoint method is sensitive to the number of constraints and, therefore, the method benefits from constraint lumping. A continuum version of the Kreisselmeier-Steinhauser (KS) function is chosen to lump constraints. The adjoint and direct methods are compared for three examples: a truss structure, a simple HSCT wing model, and a large HSCT model. These sensitivity derivatives are then used in optimization.

24 CFR 84.82 - Provisions applicable only to lump sum grants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Use of Lump Sum Grants § 84.82... to performance and unit cost data. (4) Where HUD guarantees or insures the repayment of money... acceptable sureties, as prescribed in 31 CFR part 223, “Surety Companies Doing Business with the United...

24 CFR 84.82 - Provisions applicable only to lump sum grants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Use of Lump Sum Grants § 84.82... to performance and unit cost data. (4) Where HUD guarantees or insures the repayment of money... acceptable sureties, as prescribed in 31 CFR part 223, “Surety Companies Doing Business with the United...

24 CFR 84.82 - Provisions applicable only to lump sum grants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Use of Lump Sum Grants § 84.82... to performance and unit cost data. (4) Where HUD guarantees or insures the repayment of money... acceptable sureties, as prescribed in 31 CFR part 223, “Surety Companies Doing Business with the United...

24 CFR 570.513 - Lump sum drawdown for financing of property rehabilitation activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... recipient shall execute a written agreement with one or more private financial institutions for the..., the anticipated level of rehabilitation activities by the financial institution, the rate of interest and other benefits to be provided by the financial institution in return for the lump sum deposit, and...

5 CFR 831.2005 - Designation of beneficiary for lump-sum payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Designation of beneficiary for lump-sum payment. 831.2005 Section 831.2005 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED.... (e) A change of beneficiary may be made at any time and without the knowledge or consent of the...

5 CFR 831.2005 - Designation of beneficiary for lump-sum payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Designation of beneficiary for lump-sum payment. 831.2005 Section 831.2005 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED.... (e) A change of beneficiary may be made at any time and without the knowledge or consent of the...

5 CFR 831.2005 - Designation of beneficiary for lump-sum payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Designation of beneficiary for lump-sum payment. 831.2005 Section 831.2005 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED.... (e) A change of beneficiary may be made at any time and without the knowledge or consent of the...

5 CFR 831.2005 - Designation of beneficiary for lump-sum payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Designation of beneficiary for lump-sum payment. 831.2005 Section 831.2005 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED.... (e) A change of beneficiary may be made at any time and without the knowledge or consent of the...

20 CFR 217.10 - Application filed after death.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Application filed after death. 217.10 Section... APPLICATION FOR ANNUITY OR LUMP SUM Applications § 217.10 Application filed after death. (a) A survivor... expenses dies before applying for the lump-sum death payment under part 234 of this chapter. The...

5 CFR 550.1205 - Calculating a lump-sum payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... rate employee for all regularly scheduled periods of night shift duty covered by the unused annual... day and night shifts, the night differential is payable for that portion of the lump-sum period that would have occurred when the employee was scheduled to work night shifts. (ii) Premium pay under 5 U.S.C...

26 CFR 1.411(a)(13)-1 - Statutory hybrid plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... another benefit amount) and at least one of those formulas is a statutory hybrid benefit formula, the... certain statutory hybrid plans that determine benefits under a lump sum-based benefit formula. Paragraph... current balance or current value under a lump sum-based benefit formula. Pursuant to section 411(a)(13)(A...

26 CFR 1.411(a)(13)-1 - Statutory hybrid plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... another benefit amount) and at least one of those formulas is a statutory hybrid benefit formula, the... certain statutory hybrid plans that determine benefits under a lump sum-based benefit formula. Paragraph... current balance or current value under a lump sum-based benefit formula. Pursuant to section 411(a)(13)(A...

26 CFR 1.411(a)(13)-1 - Statutory hybrid plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... another benefit amount) and at least one of those formulas is a statutory hybrid benefit formula, the... certain statutory hybrid plans that determine benefits under a lump sum-based benefit formula. Paragraph... current balance or current value under a lump sum-based benefit formula. Pursuant to section 411(a)(13)(A...

26 CFR 1.411(a)(13)-1 - Statutory hybrid plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... another benefit amount) and at least one of those formulas is a statutory hybrid benefit formula, the... certain statutory hybrid plans that determine benefits under a lump sum-based benefit formula. Paragraph... current balance or current value under a lump sum-based benefit formula. Pursuant to section 411(a)(13)(A...

20 CFR 10.422 - May compensation payments be issued in a lump sum?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...-sum payments for wage-loss benefits, OWCP will not exercise further discretion in the matter. This... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false May compensation payments be issued in a lump sum? 10.422 Section 10.422 Employees' Benefits OFFICE OF WORKERS' COMPENSATION PROGRAMS, DEPARTMENT OF...

5 CFR 831.2005 - Designation of beneficiary for lump-sum payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Designation of beneficiary for lump-sum payment. 831.2005 Section 831.2005 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED.... (e) A change of beneficiary may be made at any time and without the knowledge or consent of the...

29 CFR 1450.12 - Collection in installments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the debtor is financially unable to pay the indebtedness in one lump sum, payment may be accepted in... unable to pay the debt in one lump sum. If FMCS agrees to accept payment in regular installments it will... the debtor's ability to pay. If possible, the installment payments should be sufficient in size and...

29 CFR 1450.12 - Collection in installments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the debtor is financially unable to pay the indebtedness in one lump sum, payment may be accepted in... unable to pay the debt in one lump sum. If FMCS agrees to accept payment in regular installments it will... the debtor's ability to pay. If possible, the installment payments should be sufficient in size and...

29 CFR 1450.12 - Collection in installments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the debtor is financially unable to pay the indebtedness in one lump sum, payment may be accepted in... unable to pay the debt in one lump sum. If FMCS agrees to accept payment in regular installments it will... the debtor's ability to pay. If possible, the installment payments should be sufficient in size and...

29 CFR 1450.12 - Collection in installments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the debtor is financially unable to pay the indebtedness in one lump sum, payment may be accepted in... unable to pay the debt in one lump sum. If FMCS agrees to accept payment in regular installments it will... the debtor's ability to pay. If possible, the installment payments should be sufficient in size and...

20 CFR 217.10 - Application filed after death.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2013-04-01 2012-04-01 true Application filed after death. 217.10 Section... APPLICATION FOR ANNUITY OR LUMP SUM Applications § 217.10 Application filed after death. (a) A survivor... expenses dies before applying for the lump-sum death payment under part 234 of this chapter. The...

20 CFR 217.10 - Application filed after death.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2014-04-01 2012-04-01 true Application filed after death. 217.10 Section... APPLICATION FOR ANNUITY OR LUMP SUM Applications § 217.10 Application filed after death. (a) A survivor... expenses dies before applying for the lump-sum death payment under part 234 of this chapter. The...

20 CFR 217.10 - Application filed after death.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Application filed after death. 217.10 Section... APPLICATION FOR ANNUITY OR LUMP SUM Applications § 217.10 Application filed after death. (a) A survivor... expenses dies before applying for the lump-sum death payment under part 234 of this chapter. The...

20 CFR 217.10 - Application filed after death.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Application filed after death. 217.10 Section... APPLICATION FOR ANNUITY OR LUMP SUM Applications § 217.10 Application filed after death. (a) A survivor... expenses dies before applying for the lump-sum death payment under part 234 of this chapter. The...

A lumped-circuit model for the radiation impedance of a circular piston in a rigid baffle.

PubMed

Bozkurt, Ayhan

2008-09-01

The radiation impedance of a piston transducer mounted in a rigid baffle has been widely addressed in the literature. The real and imaginary parts of the impedance are described by the first order Bessel and Struve functions, respectively. Although there are power series expansions for both functions, the analytic formulation of a lumped circuit is not trivial. In this paper, we present an empirical approach to the derivation of a lumped-circuit model for the radiation impedance expression, based on observations on the near-field behavior of stored kinetic and elastic energy. The field analysis is carried out using a finite element method model of the piston and surrounding fluid medium. We show that fluctuations in the real and imaginary components of the impedance can be modeled by series and shunt tank circuits, each of which shape a certain section of the impedance curve. Because the model is composed of lumped-circuit elements, it can be used in circuit simulators. Consequently, the proposed model is useful for the analysis of transducer front-end circuits.

Influence of hydrocarbon fuel structural constitution and flame temperature on soot formation in laminar diffusion flames

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gulder, O.L.

1989-11-01

A systematic study of soot formation along the centerlines of axisymmetric laminar diffusion flames of a large number of liquid hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon blends, and transportation fuels were made. Measurements of the attenuation of a laser beam across the flame diameter were used to obtain the soot volume fraction, assuming Rayleigh extinction. Two sets of hydrocarbon blends were designed such that the molecular fuel composition varied considerably but the temperature fields in the flames were kept practically constant. Thus it was possible to separate the effects of molecular structure and the flame temperature on soot formation. It was quantitatively shown thatmore » the smoke height is a lumped measure of fuel molecular constitution and hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. Hydrocarbon fuel molecular composition was characterized by six carbon atom types that can be obtained, for complex hydrocarbon mixtures like transportation fuels, from proton nuclear magnetic resonance (/sup 1/H NMR) measurements. Strong attenuation of the laser beam was observed at heights very close to the burner rim. Visible flame profiles along the flame length were shown to have good self-similarity. Kent's model for diffusion flames was modified to include the effects of differences in flame temperatures and molecular diffusivities between fuels. An analysis based on the present data provides an assessment of the degree of contribution of different carbon atom types to the maximum soot volume fractions.« less

Lobular intraepithelial neoplasia arising within breast fibroadenoma

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Fibroadenomas are the second most common breast pathology occurring in young women under the age of 35 years old. Fibroadenomas can be classified as simple or complex according to histological features. Complex fibroadenomas differ from simple fibroadenomas because of the presence of cysts (3 mm), sclerosing adenosis, epithelial calcifications, or papillary apocrine changes. Most fibroadenomas are clinically identifiable. In 25% of cases, fibroadenomas are non-palpable and are diagnosed with mammography and ultrasound. Differential diagnosis with well differentiated breast cancer is often necessary, particularly with medullary or mucinous tumors. Calcification findings within fibroadenomas by mammogram have to be investigated. The age of a lump is usually reflected by calcifications. Microcalcification can hide foci of carcinoma in situ when they are small, branching type, and heterogeneous. However, many morphological possibilities may not be reliable for deciding whether a certain calcification is the product of a malignant or a benign process. From a radiological point of view, fibroadenomas containing foci of carcinoma in situ can be indistinguishable from benign lesions, even if the incidence of carcinoma within fibroadenomas is estimated as 0.1–0.3%, and it could be a long-term risk factor for invasive breast cancer. Case presentation A 44-year-old woman presented with a 1.5-cm palpable, smooth, mobile lump in the lower-inner quadrant of her right breast. Standard mediolateral oblique and craniocaudal mammograms showed a cluster of eccentric popcorn-like calcifications within the fibroadenoma. After lumpectomy, a definitive histological examination confirmed the intra-operative diagnosis of a benign mass. However, lobular intraepithelial neoplasia foci were found, surrounded by atypical lobular hyperplasia. Conclusions The possibility of an old benign breast lump might be supported by fine needle aspiration biopsy or core biopsy before initiating follow-up. According to our experience, when patients are older than 40 years and have a familial history of breast cancer, we prefer to carry out lumpectomy with follow up to avoid the risk of underestimation in situ foci within the lump. PMID:23849288

A hydrological emulator for global applications – HE v1.0.0

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Yaling; Hejazi, Mohamad; Li, Hongyi

While global hydrological models (GHMs) are very useful in exploring water resources and interactions between the Earth and human systems, their use often requires numerous model inputs, complex model calibration, and high computation costs. To overcome these challenges, we construct an efficient open-source and ready-to-use hydrological emulator (HE) that can mimic complex GHMs at a range of spatial scales (e.g., basin, region, globe). More specifically, we construct both a lumped and a distributed scheme of the HE based on the monthly abcd model to explore the tradeoff between computational cost and model fidelity. Model predictability and computational efficiency are evaluatedmore » in simulating global runoff from 1971 to 2010 with both the lumped and distributed schemes. The results are compared against the runoff product from the widely used Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model. Our evaluation indicates that the lumped and distributed schemes present comparable results regarding annual total quantity, spatial pattern, and temporal variation of the major water fluxes (e.g., total runoff, evapotranspiration) across the global 235 basins (e.g., correlation coefficient r between the annual total runoff from either of these two schemes and the VIC is > 0.96), except for several cold (e.g., Arctic, interior Tibet), dry (e.g., North Africa) and mountainous (e.g., Argentina) regions. Compared against the monthly total runoff product from the VIC (aggregated from daily runoff), the global mean Kling–Gupta efficiencies are 0.75 and 0.79 for the lumped and distributed schemes, respectively, with the distributed scheme better capturing spatial heterogeneity. Notably, the computation efficiency of the lumped scheme is 2 orders of magnitude higher than the distributed one and 7 orders more efficient than the VIC model. A case study of uncertainty analysis for the world's 16 basins with top annual streamflow is conducted using 100 000 model simulations, and it demonstrates the lumped scheme's extraordinary advantage in computational efficiency. Lastly, our results suggest that the revised lumped abcd model can serve as an efficient and reasonable HE for complex GHMs and is suitable for broad practical use, and the distributed scheme is also an efficient alternative if spatial heterogeneity is of more interest.« less

Probing the density of states of two-level tunneling systems in silicon oxide films using superconducting lumped element resonators

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Skacel, S. T.; Institut für Mikro- und Nanoelektronische Systeme, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Hertzstraße 16, D-76187 Karlsruhe; Kaiser, Ch.

2015-01-12

We have investigated dielectric losses in amorphous silicon oxide (a-SiO) thin films under operating conditions of superconducting qubits (mK temperatures and low microwave powers). For this purpose, we have developed a broadband measurement setup employing multiplexed lumped element resonators using a broadband power combiner and a low-noise amplifier. The measured temperature and power dependences of the dielectric losses are in good agreement with those predicted for atomic two-level tunneling systems (TLS). By measuring the losses at different frequencies, we found that the TLS density of states is energy dependent. This had not been seen previously in loss measurements. These resultsmore » contribute to a better understanding of decoherence effects in superconducting qubits and suggest a possibility to minimize TLS-related decoherence by reducing the qubit operation frequency.« less

A novel sliding mode guidance law without line-of-sight angular rate information accounting for autopilot lag

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Shaoming; Wang, Jiang; Wang, Wei

2017-12-01

This paper proposes a new composite guidance law to intercept manoeuvring targets without line-of-sight (LOS) angular rate information in the presence of autopilot lag. The presented formulation is obtained via a combination of homogeneous theory and sliding mode control approach. Different from some existing observers, the proposed homogeneous observer can estimate the lumped uncertainty and the LOS angular rate in an integrated manner. To reject the mismatched lumped uncertainty in the integrated guidance and autopilot system, a sliding surface, which consists of the system states and the estimated states, is proposed and a robust guidance law is then synthesised. Stability analysis shows that the LOS angular rate can be stabilised in a small region around zero asymptotically and the upper bound can be lowered by appropriate parameter choice. Numerical simulations with some comparisons are carried out to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method.

A new lumped-parameter approach to simulating flow processes in unsaturated dual-porosity media

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zimmerman, R.W.; Hadgu, T.; Bodvarsson, G.S.

We have developed a new lumped-parameter dual-porosity approach to simulating unsaturated flow processes in fractured rocks. Fluid flow between the fracture network and the matrix blocks is described by a nonlinear equation that relates the imbibition rate to the local difference in liquid-phase pressure between the fractures and the matrix blocks. This equation is a generalization of the Warren-Root equation, but unlike the Warren-Root equation, is accurate in both the early and late time regimes. The fracture/matrix interflow equation has been incorporated into a computational module, compatible with the TOUGH simulator, to serve as a source/sink term for fracture elements.more » The new approach achieves accuracy comparable to simulations in which the matrix blocks are discretized, but typically requires an order of magnitude less computational time.« less

Tumors and amyloidosis in mice painted with crude oil found on bathing beaches

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Barr-Nea, L.; Wolman, M.

1977-09-01

Oil lumps collected on the beaches of Israel in 1970, 1971 and 1973 were extracted with pure acetone and the extracts were used to paint the skin of mice twice weekly for 12 months. The oil lumps originated from crude oil spilled from tankers. The less recently collected oils induced papillomata and lymphomata in some animals. They were also more active than the recent oil in the induction of generalized amyloidosis. Mice painted for 12 months with acetone alone developed amyloidosis to a similar extent as those painted with the oldest oil. In previously reported experiments, however, acetone was muchmore » less active than the oil in producing amyloidosis after 5 months of painting. The possibility that acetone and oil might act both synergistically or to be antagonistic at different phases of amyloidogenesis is discussed.« less

Analysis of the thermal performance of heat pipe radiators

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boo, J. H.; Hartley, J. G.

1990-01-01

A comprehensive mathematical model and computational methodology are presented to obtain numerical solutions for the transient behavior of a heat pipe radiator in a space environment. The modeling is focused on a typical radiator panel having a long heat pipe at the center and two extended surfaces attached to opposing sides of the heat pipe shell in the condenser section. In the set of governing equations developed for the model, each region of the heat pipe - shell, liquid, and vapor - is thermally lumped to the extent possible, while the fin is lumped only in the direction normal to its surface. Convection is considered to be the only significant heat transfer mode in the vapor, and the evaporation and condensation velocity at the liquid-vapor interface is calculated from kinetic theory. A finite-difference numerical technique is used to predict the transient behavior of the entire radiator in response to changing loads.

Comparative study of two approaches to model the offshore fish cages

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Yun-peng; Wang, Xin-xin; Decew, Jud; Tsukrov, Igor; Bai, Xiao-dong; Bi, Chun-wei

2015-06-01

The goal of this paper is to provide a comparative analysis of two commonly used approaches to discretize offshore fish cages: the lumped-mass approach and the finite element technique. Two case studies are chosen to compare predictions of the LMA (lumped-mass approach) and FEA (finite element analysis) based numerical modeling techniques. In both case studies, we consider several loading conditions consisting of different uniform currents and monochromatic waves. We investigate motion of the cage, its deformation, and the resultant tension in the mooring lines. Both model predictions are sufficient close to the experimental data, but for the first experiment, the DUT-FlexSim predictions are slightly more accurate than the ones provided by Aqua-FE™. According to the comparisons, both models can be successfully utilized to the design and analysis of the offshore fish cages provided that an appropriate safety factor is chosen.

Multi-agent systems design for aerospace applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Waslander, Steven L.

2007-12-01

Engineering systems with independent decision makers are becoming increasingly prevalent and present many challenges in coordinating actions to achieve systems goals. In particular, this work investigates the applications of air traffic flow control and autonomous vehicles as motivation to define algorithms that allow agents to agree to safe, efficient and equitable solutions in a distributed manner. To ensure system requirements will be satisfied in practice, each method is evaluated for a specific model of agent behavior, be it cooperative or non-cooperative. The air traffic flow control problem is investigated from the point of view of the airlines, whose costs are directly affected by resource allocation decisions made by the Federal Aviation Administration in order to mitigate traffic disruptions caused by weather. Airlines are first modeled as cooperative, and a distributed algorithm is presented with various global cost metrics which balance efficient and equitable use of resources differently. Next, a competitive airline model is assumed and two market mechanisms are developed for allocating contested airspace resources. The resource market mechanism provides a solution for which convergence to an efficient solution can be guaranteed, and each airline will improve on the solution that would occur without its inclusion in the decision process. A lump-sum market is then introduced as an alternative mechanism, for which efficiency loss bounds exist if airlines attempt to manipulate prices. Initial convergence results for lump-sum markets are presented for simplified problems with a single resource. To validate these algorithms, two air traffic flow models are developed which extend previous techniques, the first a convenient convex model made possible by assuming constant velocity flow, and the second a more complex flow model with full inflow, velocity and rerouting control. Autonomous vehicle teams are envisaged for many applications including mobile sensing and search and rescue. To enable these high-level applications, multi-vehicle collision avoidance is solved using a cooperative, decentralized algorithm. For the development of coordination algorithms for autonomous vehicles, the Stanford Testbed of Autonomous Rotorcraft for Multi-Agent Control (STARMAC) is presented. This testbed provides significant advantages over other aerial testbeds due to its small size and low maintenance requirements.

Educational differences in likelihood of attributing breast symptoms to cancer: a vignette-based study.

PubMed

Marcu, Afrodita; Lyratzopoulos, Georgios; Black, Georgia; Vedsted, Peter; Whitaker, Katriina L

2016-10-01

Stage at diagnosis of breast cancer varies by socio-economic status (SES), with lower SES associated with poorer survival. We investigated associations between SES (indexed by education), and the likelihood of attributing breast symptoms to breast cancer. We conducted an online survey with 961 women (47-92 years) with variable educational levels. Two vignettes depicted familiar and unfamiliar breast changes (axillary lump and nipple rash). Without making breast cancer explicit, women were asked 'What do you think this […..] could be?' After the attribution question, women were asked to indicate their level of agreement with a cancer avoidance statement ('I would not want to know if I have breast cancer'). Women were more likely to mention cancer as a possible cause of an axillary lump (64%) compared with nipple rash (30%). In multivariable analysis, low and mid education were independently associated with being less likely to attribute a nipple rash to cancer (OR 0.51, 0.36-0.73 and OR 0.55, 0.40-0.77, respectively). For axillary lump, low education was associated with lower likelihood of mentioning cancer as a possible cause (OR 0.58, 0.41-0.83). Although cancer avoidance was also associated with lower education, the association between education and lower likelihood of making a cancer attribution was independent. Lower education was associated with lower likelihood of making cancer attributions for both symptoms, also after adjustment for cancer avoidance. Lower likelihood of considering cancer may delay symptomatic presentation and contribute to educational differences in stage at diagnosis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

7 CFR 1806.28 - Borrowers required to escrow.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... insufficient funds to pay the flood insurance premium when due, the County Supervisor will request the borrower to pay an amount equal to the difference between the premium due and the escrow balance in a lump sum within 30 days after notification. If the borrower fails to remit the amount requested, the amount will...

Latinas: Hispanic Women in the United States. The Hispanic Experience in America.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Garza, Hedda

The term "Latinas" encompasses many different groups of women. Despite the disparities among the cultures of their countries of origin, Spanish-speaking peoples have been lumped as "Hispanics," and later "Latinos," in the United States. The Latino group is rapidly becoming the largest minority population in the United…

A painful perineal lump: an unusual case of ectopic breast tissue

PubMed Central

Yongue, G; Leff, D; Lamb, BW; Karim, S; Aref, F; Vashisht, R

2011-01-01

We report the case of a 40-year-old lady who presented with an episodically painful perineal lump. Clinical and radiological investigations were inconclusive. Excision biopsy confirmed an ectopic breast mass. Ectopic breast tissue is difficult to diagnose but close attention to clinical findings can help to guide further investigation and diagnosis. PMID:22004627

29 CFR 4044.75 - Other lump sum benefits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... sum benefits. The value of a lump sum benefit which is not covered under § 4044.73 or § 4044.74 is equal to— (a) The value under the qualifying bid, if an insurer provides the benefit; or (b) The present value of the benefit as of the date of distribution, determined using reasonable actuarial assumptions...

Nonlinear Wave Propagation

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-03-17

scattering problem has intrinsic interest in its own right. A new class of lump type solutions of the multidimensional Kadomtsev - Petviashvili (KP) equation ...solutions associated with the Kadomtsev - Petviashvili equation have more com- plicated interaction properties than the previously known lump...B-3. New Solutions of the Nonstationary Schrödinger and Kadomtsev - Petviashvili Equations , M.J. Ablowitz and J. Villarroel, in Symmetries and

5 CFR 839.1115 - What is an actuarial reduction?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...? An actuarial reduction allows you to receive benefits without having to pay an amount due in a lump sum. OPM reduces your annuity in a way that, on average, allows the Fund to recover the amount of the... have to pay at that time. To compute an actuarial reduction, OPM divides the lump sum amount by the...

5 CFR 839.1115 - What is an actuarial reduction?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

...? An actuarial reduction allows you to receive benefits without having to pay an amount due in a lump sum. OPM reduces your annuity in a way that, on average, allows the Fund to recover the amount of the... have to pay at that time. To compute an actuarial reduction, OPM divides the lump sum amount by the...

20 CFR 404.1059 - Deemed wages for certain individuals interned during World War II.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... the amount of, any lump-sum death payment in the case of a death after December 1972, and for... for a monthly benefit, a recalculation of benefits by reason of this section, or a lump-sum death...) The highest actual hourly rate of pay received for any employment before internment, multiplied by 40...

20 CFR 404.1059 - Deemed wages for certain individuals interned during World War II.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... the amount of, any lump-sum death payment in the case of a death after December 1972, and for... for a monthly benefit, a recalculation of benefits by reason of this section, or a lump-sum death...) The highest actual hourly rate of pay received for any employment before internment, multiplied by 40...

20 CFR 404.1059 - Deemed wages for certain individuals interned during World War II.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... the amount of, any lump-sum death payment in the case of a death after December 1972, and for... for a monthly benefit, a recalculation of benefits by reason of this section, or a lump-sum death...) The highest actual hourly rate of pay received for any employment before internment, multiplied by 40...

20 CFR 404.1059 - Deemed wages for certain individuals interned during World War II.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... the amount of, any lump-sum death payment in the case of a death after December 1972, and for... for a monthly benefit, a recalculation of benefits by reason of this section, or a lump-sum death...) The highest actual hourly rate of pay received for any employment before internment, multiplied by 40...

20 CFR 404.1059 - Deemed wages for certain individuals interned during World War II.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... the amount of, any lump-sum death payment in the case of a death after December 1972, and for... for a monthly benefit, a recalculation of benefits by reason of this section, or a lump-sum death...) The highest actual hourly rate of pay received for any employment before internment, multiplied by 40...

WATGIS: A GIS-Based Lumped Parameter Water Quality Model

Treesearch

Glenn P. Fernandez; George M. Chescheir; R. Wayne Skaggs; Devendra M. Amatya

2002-01-01

A Geographic Information System (GIS)­based, lumped parameter water quality model was developed to estimate the spatial and temporal nitrogen­loading patterns for lower coastal plain watersheds in eastern North Carolina. The model uses a spatially distributed delivery ratio (DR) parameter to account for nitrogen retention or loss along a drainage network. Delivery...

Unmasking Diogenes Syndrome

PubMed Central

Nayak, Kashinath; Gopinath, Hima; Kini, Hema; Kumar, Pramod

2015-01-01

Diogenes syndrome is characterized by extreme self-neglect, social withdrawal, and poor personal and domestic hygiene. We report a case of Diogenes syndrome presenting with dermatitis passivata. An unusual “mask” of dirt resembling a carapace, onset of neglect after awareness of a breast lump and resumption of personal grooming and social activities after removal of the lump and counseling were seen. PMID:26120158

Leaks, Lumps, and Lines: Stigma and Women's Bodies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chrisler, Joan C.

2011-01-01

Women's bodies have often been positioned in art and popular culture as monstrous or defiled and women's bodily products (e.g., menstrual fluid, breast milk) as disgusting. This framing has led to the stigmatization of aspects of women's bodies (e.g., leaking fluids, lumps of fat, and lines in the skin that indicate aging), especially those…

45 CFR 158.241 - Form of rebate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... reimbursement using the same method that was used for payment, such as credit card or direct debit. [75 FR 74921... in the form of a premium credit, lump-sum check, or, if an enrollee paid the premium using a credit card or direct debit, by lump-sum reimbursement to the account used to pay the premium. (2) For each of...

Compact lumped circuit model of discharges in DC accelerator using partial element equivalent circuit

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Banerjee, Srutarshi; Rajan, Rehim N.; Singh, Sandeep K.

2014-07-01

DC Accelerators undergoes different types of discharges during its operation. A model depicting the discharges has been simulated to study the different transient conditions. The paper presents a Physics based approach of developing a compact circuit model of the DC Accelerator using Partial Element Equivalent Circuit (PEEC) technique. The equivalent RLC model aids in analyzing the transient behavior of the system and predicting anomalies in the system. The electrical discharges and its properties prevailing in the accelerator can be evaluated by this equivalent model. A parallel coupled voltage multiplier structure is simulated in small scale using few stages of coronamore » guards and the theoretical and practical results are compared. The PEEC technique leads to a simple model for studying the fault conditions in accelerator systems. Compared to the Finite Element Techniques, this technique gives the circuital representation. The lumped components of the PEEC are used to obtain the input impedance and the result is also compared to that of the FEM technique for a frequency range of (0-200) MHz. (author)« less

Mitigating Thermoelastic Dissipation of Flexural Micromechanical Resonators by Decoupling Resonant Frequency from Thermal Relaxation Rate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Xin; Xiao, Dingbang; Wu, Xuezhong; Li, Qingsong; Hou, Zhanqiang; He, Kaixuan; Wu, Yulie

2017-12-01

This paper reports an alternative design strategy to reduce thermoelastic dissipation (TED) for isothermal-mode micromechanical resonators. This involves hanging lumped masses on a frame structure to decouple the resonant frequency and the effective beamwidth of the resonators, which enables the separation of the thermal relaxation rate and frequency of vibration. This approach is validated using silicon-based micromechanical disklike resonators engineered to isolate TED. A threefold improvement in the quality factor and a tenfold improvement in the decay-time constant is demonstrated. This work proposes a solution for isothermal-mode (flexural) micromechanical resonators to effectively mitigate TED. Specifically, this approach is ideal for designing high-performance gyroscope resonators based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. It may pave the way for the next generation inertial-grade MEMS gyroscope, which remains a great challenge and is very appealing.

Traveling wave electrode design of electro-optically modulated coupled-cavity surface-emitting lasers.

PubMed

Zujewski, Mateusz; Thienpont, Hugo; Panajotov, Krassimir

2012-11-19

We present a novel design of an electro-optically modulated coupled-cavity vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (CC-VCSEL) with traveling wave electrodes of the modulator cavity, which allows to overcome the RC time constant of a traditional lumped electrode structures. The CC-VCSEL optical design is based on longitudinal mode switching which has recently experimentally demonstrated a record modulation speed. We carry out segmented transmission line electrical design of the modulator cavity in order to compensate for the low impedance of the modulator section and to match the 50 Ω electrical network. We have optimized two types of highly efficient modulator structures reaching -3 dB electrical cut-off frequency of f(cut-off) = 330 GHz with maximum reflection of -22 dB in the range from f(LF) = 100 MHz to f(cut-off) and 77 - 89% modulation efficiency.

Gigatron microwave amplifier

DOEpatents

McIntyre, P.M.

1993-07-13

An electron tube for achieving high power at high frequency with high efficiency is described, including an input coupler, a ribbon-shaped electron beam and a traveling wave output coupler. The input coupler is a lumped constant resonant circuit that modulates a field emitter array cathode at microwave frequency. A bunched ribbon electron beam is emitted from the cathode in periodic bursts at the desired frequency. The beam has a ribbon configuration to eliminate limitations inherent in round beam devices. The traveling wave coupler efficiently extracts energy from the electron beam, and includes a waveguide with a slot there through for receiving the electron beam. The ribbon beam is tilted at an angle with respect to the traveling wave coupler so that the electron beam couples in-phase with the traveling wave in the waveguide. The traveling wave coupler thus extracts energy from the electron beam over the entire width of the beam.

Gigatron microwave amplifier

DOEpatents

McIntyre, Peter M.

1993-01-01

An electron tube for achieving high power at high frequency with high efficiency, including an input coupler, a ribbon-shaped electron beam and a traveling wave output coupler. The input coupler is a lumped constant resonant circuit that modulates a field emitter array cathode at microwave frequency. A bunched ribbon electron beam is emitted from the cathode in periodic bursts at the desired frequency. The beam has a ribbon configuration to eliminate limitations inherent in round beam devices. The traveling wave coupler efficiently extracts energy from the electron beam, and includes a waveguide with a slot therethrough for receiving the electron beam. The ribbon beam is tilted at an angle with respect to the traveling wave coupler so that the electron beam couples in-phase with the traveling wave in the waveguide. The traveling wave coupler thus extracts energy from the electron beam over the entire width of the beam.

Monte Carlo Simulation of THz Multipliers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

East, J.; Blakey, P.

1997-01-01

Schottky Barrier diode frequency multipliers are critical components in submillimeter and Thz space based earth observation systems. As the operating frequency of these multipliers has increased, the agreement between design predictions and experimental results has become poorer. The multiplier design is usually based on a nonlinear model using a form of harmonic balance and a model for the Schottky barrier diode. Conventional voltage dependent lumped element models do a poor job of predicting THz frequency performance. This paper will describe a large signal Monte Carlo simulation of Schottky barrier multipliers. The simulation is a time dependent particle field Monte Carlo simulation with ohmic and Schottky barrier boundary conditions included that has been combined with a fixed point solution for the nonlinear circuit interaction. The results in the paper will point out some important time constants in varactor operation and will describe the effects of current saturation and nonlinear resistances on multiplier operation.

Room temperature strong light-matter coupling in three dimensional terahertz meta-atoms

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Paulillo, B., E-mail: bruno.paulillo@u-psud.fr; Manceau, J.-M., E-mail: jean-michel.manceau@u-psud.fr; Colombelli, R., E-mail: raffaele.colombelli@u-psud.fr

2016-03-07

We demonstrate strong light-matter coupling in three dimensional terahertz meta-atoms at room temperature. The intersubband transition of semiconductor quantum wells with a parabolic energy potential is strongly coupled to the confined circuital mode of three-dimensional split-ring metal-semiconductor-metal resonators that have an extreme sub-wavelength volume (λ/10). The frequency of these lumped-element resonators is controlled by the size and shape of the external antenna, while the interaction volume remains constant. This allows the resonance frequency to be swept across the intersubband transition and the anti-crossing characteristic of the strong light-matter coupling regime to be observed. The Rabi splitting, which is twice themore » Rabi frequency (2Ω{sub Rabi}), amounts to 20% of the bare transition at room temperature, and it increases to 28% at low-temperature.« less

Aerodynamic Drag Reduction Technologies Testing of Heavy-Duty Vocational Vehicles and a Dry Van Trailer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ragatz, Adam; Thornton, Matthew

This study focused on two accepted methods for quantifying the benefit of aerodynamic improvement technologies on vocational vehicles: the coastdown technique, and on-road constant speed fuel economy measurements. Both techniques have their advantages. Coastdown tests are conducted over a wide range in speed and allow the rolling resistance and aerodynamic components of road load force to be separated. This in turn allows for the change in road load and fuel economy to be estimated at any speed, as well as over transient cycles. The on-road fuel economy measurements only supply one lumped result, applicable at the specific test speed, butmore » are a direct measurement of fuel usage and are therefore used in this study as a check on the observed coastdown results. Resulting coefficients were then used to populate a vehicle model and simulate expected annual fuel savings over real-world vocational drive cycles.« less

Dissipation in microwave quantum circuits with hybrid nanowire Josephson elements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mugnai, D.; Ranfagni, A.; Agresti, A.

2017-04-01

Recent experiments on hybrid Josephson junctions have made the argument a topical subject. However, a quantity which remains still unknown is the tunneling (or response) time, which is strictly connected to the role that dissipation plays in the dynamics of the complete system. A simple way for evaluating dissipation in microwave circuits, previously developed for describing the dynamics of conventional Josephson junctions, is now presented as suitable for application even to non-conventional junctions. The method is based on a stochastic model, as derived from the telegrapher's equation, and is particularly devoted to the case of junctions loaded by real transmission lines. When the load is constituted by lumped-constant circuits, a connection with the stochastic model is also maintained. The theoretical model demonstrated its ability to analyze both classically-allowed and forbidden processes, and has found a wide field of applicability, namely in all cases in which dissipative effects cannot be ignored.

CHAMP and GRACE Resonances and the Gravity Field of the Earth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gooding, R. H.; Wagner, C. A.; Klokocnik, J.; Kostelecky, J.

With the far more precise orbits of CHAMP and GRACE today than was the standard 2-3 decades ago there was and is an unprecedented opportunity for determining precise and valuable values of certain lumped geopotential harmonic coefficients of selected orders independently of comprehensive gravity field models via the recently revived technique that capitalizes on the resonant variation of appropriate orbital elements the inclination in particular Here we first identify important resonances during the lifetime of CHAMP and GRACE in terms of the decaying semimajor axis these being 46 3 77 5 31 2 78 5 and 47 3 for CHAMP and 61 4 for GRACE Then we analyze state vectors for CHAMP and TLE for GRACE A from GFZ and determined the relevant lumped coefficients To increase its lifetime the CHAMP satellite orbit was raised twice in June and December 2002 so CHAMP passed through 31 2 resonance three times More accurate values for these coefficients are obtained than originally and the precision for the 62 4 overtone resonance implicit in 31 2 is striking comparable to that for 31 2 Most recently CHAMP passed throughout the 47 3 resonance yielding the opportunity to determine new lumped coefficients For GRACE we have no state vectors and have to work with the TLE only nevertheless we have lumped coefficients of 61st order from its strong 61 4 resonance In each case the resonant lumped values are compared with those derivable from various global gravity models We thereby confirm the continuing power of the resonance technique

[Positron emission tomographic evaluations on hemodynamics and glucose metabolism of brain tumors and perifocal edematous tissues].

PubMed

Mizukawa, N; Hino, A; Imahori, Y; Tenjin, H; Yano, I; Yoshino, E; Hirakawa, K; Yamashita, M; Oki, F; Nakahashi, H

1989-03-01

Blood flow and glucose metabolism of the tumors and perifocal edematous tissues were evaluated using positron emission tomography (PET). Thirty-one brain tumor cases were investigated 12 non glial tumors (9 meningiomas and 3 metastatic tumors) and 19 gliomas (these were classified in 5 astrocytomas, 7 anaplastic astrocytomas and 7 glioblastomas, according to the malignancy). The diagnosis were confirmed pathologically in 30 cases. Cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) were measured by O-15 labeled gases inhalation methods. Cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (CMFglu) were measured by F-18 Deoxyglucose intravenous injection method and calculated by Hutchins's formula. The rate constant (ks) and lumped constant (LC) used in this study were the same as those published by Phelps et al. in 1979. The blood flow and glucose metabolic rates of tumors were measured by the same methods. The results were as follows: 1) Meningiomas showed very high blood flow and blood volume with a wide range. The OEF and metabolic rate for glucose (MRglu) values were very low. 2) Metastatic tumors showed the low values of blood flow, metabolic rate for oxygen (MRO2) and OEF. 3) The blood flow and MRglu values on gliomas were varied with no significant differences between the three subgroups. On the other hands, as the malignancy of the glioma increased, a statistically significant increase in blood volume and a decrease in OEF were noted. 4) The OEF values from the various types of tumors studied were significantly lower than those obtained from the normal tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

77 FR 69665 - Agency Forms Submitted for OMB Review, Request for Comments

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-20

...), benefits that may be due on the death of a railroad employee or a survivor annuitant include (1) a lump-sum death benefit (2) a residual lump-sum payment (3) accrued annuities due but unpaid at death, and (4... notification of the death of a railroad employee or survivor annuitant, an RRB field office utilizes Form RL-94...

DRAINMOD-GIS: a lumped parameter watershed scale drainage and water quality model

Treesearch

G.P. Fernandez; G.M. Chescheir; R.W. Skaggs; D.M. Amatya

2006-01-01

A watershed scale lumped parameter hydrology and water quality model that includes an uncertainty analysis component was developed and tested on a lower coastal plain watershed in North Carolina. Uncertainty analysis was used to determine the impacts of uncertainty in field and network parameters of the model on the predicted outflows and nitrate-nitrogen loads at the...

76 FR 35110 - Federal Travel Regulation (FTR); Miscellaneous Expense Allowance (MEA)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-16

... Management Policy, at (202) 501-3822 or e-mail at [email protected] . Please cite FTR Amendment 2011-02... immediate family is automatically entitled to a lump-sum of one week's basic gross pay, up to $500, and an employee with an immediate family is entitled to a lump-sum of two weeks' basic gross pay, up to $1000. If...

36 CFR 223.64 - Appraisal on a lump-sum value or rate per unit of measure basis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... costs or selling values subsequent to the rate redetermination which reduce conversion value to less... or rate per unit of measure basis. 223.64 Section 223.64 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST... Contracts Appraisal and Pricing § 223.64 Appraisal on a lump-sum value or rate per unit of measure basis...

42 CFR 137.65 - May a Self-Governance Tribe receive statutorily mandated grant funding in an annual lump sum...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false May a Self-Governance Tribe receive statutorily mandated grant funding in an annual lump sum advance payment? 137.65 Section 137.65 Public Health PUBLIC... HUMAN SERVICES TRIBAL SELF-GOVERNANCE Statutorily Mandated Grants § 137.65 May a Self-Governance Tribe...

Path lumping: An efficient algorithm to identify metastable path channels for conformational dynamics of multi-body systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meng, Luming; Sheong, Fu Kit; Zeng, Xiangze; Zhu, Lizhe; Huang, Xuhui

2017-07-01

Constructing Markov state models from large-scale molecular dynamics simulation trajectories is a promising approach to dissect the kinetic mechanisms of complex chemical and biological processes. Combined with transition path theory, Markov state models can be applied to identify all pathways connecting any conformational states of interest. However, the identified pathways can be too complex to comprehend, especially for multi-body processes where numerous parallel pathways with comparable flux probability often coexist. Here, we have developed a path lumping method to group these parallel pathways into metastable path channels for analysis. We define the similarity between two pathways as the intercrossing flux between them and then apply the spectral clustering algorithm to lump these pathways into groups. We demonstrate the power of our method by applying it to two systems: a 2D-potential consisting of four metastable energy channels and the hydrophobic collapse process of two hydrophobic molecules. In both cases, our algorithm successfully reveals the metastable path channels. We expect this path lumping algorithm to be a promising tool for revealing unprecedented insights into the kinetic mechanisms of complex multi-body processes.

New particle formation from sulfuric acid and amines: Comparison of monomethylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Olenius, Tinja; Halonen, Roope; Kurtén, Theo; Henschel, Henning; Kupiainen-Määttä, Oona; Ortega, Ismael K.; Jen, Coty N.; Vehkamäki, Hanna; Riipinen, Ilona

2017-07-01

Amines are bases that originate from both anthropogenic and natural sources, and they are recognized as candidates to participate in atmospheric aerosol particle formation together with sulfuric acid. Monomethylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine (MMA, DMA, and TMA, respectively) have been shown to enhance sulfuric acid-driven particle formation more efficiently than ammonia, but both theory and laboratory experiments suggest that there are differences in their enhancing potentials. However, as quantitative concentrations and thermochemical properties of different amines remain relatively uncertain, and also for computational reasons, the compounds have been treated as a single surrogate amine species in large-scale modeling studies. In this work, the differences and similarities of MMA, DMA, and TMA are studied by simulations of molecular cluster formation from sulfuric acid, water, and each of the three amines. Quantum chemistry-based cluster evaporation rate constants are applied in a cluster population dynamics model to yield cluster concentrations and formation rates at boundary layer conditions. While there are differences, for instance, in the clustering mechanisms and cluster hygroscopicity for the three amines, DMA and TMA can be approximated as a lumped species. Formation of nanometer-sized particles and its dependence on ambient conditions is roughly similar for these two: both efficiently form clusters with sulfuric acid, and cluster formation is rather insensitive to changes in temperature and relative humidity. Particle formation from sulfuric acid and MMA is weaker and significantly more sensitive to ambient conditions. Therefore, merging MMA together with DMA and TMA introduces inaccuracies in sulfuric acid-amine particle formation schemes.

Lumped-parameters equivalent circuit for condenser microphones modeling.

PubMed

Esteves, Josué; Rufer, Libor; Ekeom, Didace; Basrour, Skandar

2017-10-01

This work presents a lumped parameters equivalent model of condenser microphone based on analogies between acoustic, mechanical, fluidic, and electrical domains. Parameters of the model were determined mainly through analytical relations and/or finite element method (FEM) simulations. Special attention was paid to the air gap modeling and to the use of proper boundary condition. Corresponding lumped-parameters were obtained as results of FEM simulations. Because of its simplicity, the model allows a fast simulation and is readily usable for microphone design. This work shows the validation of the equivalent circuit on three real cases of capacitive microphones, including both traditional and Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems structures. In all cases, it has been demonstrated that the sensitivity and other related data obtained from the equivalent circuit are in very good agreement with available measurement data.

The Hmong and Mien: Beyond ESOL Training Programs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pon, Ernest M.

There is a need to go beyond English as a Second Language training for the Hmong and Mien living in the United States. Although the two groups are generally lumped together with other Southeast Asian refugee groups, they exhibit cultural and political differences which must be recognized by agencies serving them. The Hmong and Mien refugees lived…

Impact of model structure on flow simulation and hydrological realism: from a lumped to a semi-distributed approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garavaglia, Federico; Le Lay, Matthieu; Gottardi, Fréderic; Garçon, Rémy; Gailhard, Joël; Paquet, Emmanuel; Mathevet, Thibault

2017-08-01

Model intercomparison experiments are widely used to investigate and improve hydrological model performance. However, a study based only on runoff simulation is not sufficient to discriminate between different model structures. Hence, there is a need to improve hydrological models for specific streamflow signatures (e.g., low and high flow) and multi-variable predictions (e.g., soil moisture, snow and groundwater). This study assesses the impact of model structure on flow simulation and hydrological realism using three versions of a hydrological model called MORDOR: the historical lumped structure and a revisited formulation available in both lumped and semi-distributed structures. In particular, the main goal of this paper is to investigate the relative impact of model equations and spatial discretization on flow simulation, snowpack representation and evapotranspiration estimation. Comparison of the models is based on an extensive dataset composed of 50 catchments located in French mountainous regions. The evaluation framework is founded on a multi-criterion split-sample strategy. All models were calibrated using an automatic optimization method based on an efficient genetic algorithm. The evaluation framework is enriched by the assessment of snow and evapotranspiration modeling against in situ and satellite data. The results showed that the new model formulations perform significantly better than the initial one in terms of the various streamflow signatures, snow and evapotranspiration predictions. The semi-distributed approach provides better calibration-validation performance for the snow cover area, snow water equivalent and runoff simulation, especially for nival catchments.

Stability of mercury concentration measurements in archived soil and peat samples

USGS Publications Warehouse

Navrátil, Tomáš; Burns, Douglas; Nováková, Tereza; Kaňa, Jiří; Rohovec, Jan; Roll, Michal; Ettler, Vojtěch

2018-01-01

Archived soil samples can provide important information on the history of environmental contamination and by comparison with recently collected samples, temporal trends can be inferred. Little previous work has addressed whether mercury (Hg) concentrations in soil samples are stable with long-term storage under standard laboratory conditions. In this study, we have re-analyzed using cold vapor atomic adsorption spectroscopy a set of archived soil samples that ranged from relatively pristine mountainous sites to a polluted site near a non-ferrous metal smelter with a wide range of Hg concentrations (6 - 6485 µg kg-1). Samples included organic and mineral soils and peats with a carbon content that ranged from 0.2 to 47.7%. Soil samples were stored in polyethylene bags or bottles and held in laboratory rooms where temperature was not kept to a constant value. Mercury concentrations in four subsets of samples were originally measured in 2000, 2005, 2006 and 2007, and re-analyzed in 2017, i.e. after 17, 12, 11 and 10 years of storage. Statistical analyses of either separated or lumped data yielded no significant differences between the original and current Hg concentrations. Based on these analyses, we show that archived soil and peat samples can be used to evaluate historical soil mercury contamination.

Identification and experimental validation of damping ratios of different human body segments through anthropometric vibratory model in standing posture.

PubMed

Gupta, T C

2007-08-01

A 15 degrees of freedom lumped parameter vibratory model of human body is developed, for vertical mode vibrations, using anthropometric data of the 50th percentile US male. The mass and stiffness of various segments are determined from the elastic modulii of bones and tissues and from the anthropometric data available, assuming the shape of all the segments is ellipsoidal. The damping ratio of each segment is estimated on the basis of the physical structure of the body in a particular posture. Damping constants of various segments are calculated from these damping ratios. The human body is modeled as a linear spring-mass-damper system. The optimal values of the damping ratios of the body segments are estimated, for the 15 degrees of freedom model of the 50th percentile US male, by comparing the response of the model with the experimental response. Formulating a similar vibratory model of the 50th percentile Indian male and comparing the frequency response of the model with the experimental response of the same group of subjects validate the modeling procedure. A range of damping ratios has been considered to develop a vibratory model, which can predict the vertical harmonic response of the human body.

Using lumped modelling for providing simple metrics and associated uncertainties of catchment response to agricultural-derived nitrates pollutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

RUIZ, L.; Fovet, O.; Faucheux, M.; Molenat, J.; Sekhar, M.; Aquilina, L.; Gascuel-odoux, C.

2013-12-01

The development of simple and easily accessible metrics is required for characterizing and comparing catchment response to external forcings (climate or anthropogenic) and for managing water resources. The hydrological and geochemical signatures in the stream represent the integration of the various processes controlling this response. The complexity of these signatures over several time scales from sub-daily to several decades [Kirchner et al., 2001] makes their deconvolution very difficult. A large range of modeling approaches intent to represent this complexity by accounting for the spatial and/or temporal variability of the processes involved. However, simple metrics are not easily retrieved from these approaches, mostly because of over-parametrization issues. We hypothesize that to obtain relevant metrics, we need to use models that are able to simulate the observed variability of river signatures at different time scales, while being as parsimonious as possible. The lumped model ETNA (modified from[Ruiz et al., 2002]) is able to simulate adequately the seasonal and inter-annual patterns of stream NO3 concentration. Shallow groundwater is represented by two linear stores with double porosity and riparian processes are represented by a constant nitrogen removal function. Our objective was to identify simple metrics of catchment response by calibrating this lumped model on two paired agricultural catchments where both N inputs and outputs were monitored for a period of 20 years. These catchments, belonging to ORE AgrHys, although underlain by the same granitic bedrock are displaying contrasted chemical signatures. The model was able to simulate the two contrasted observed patterns in stream and groundwater, both on hydrology and chemistry, and at the seasonal and pluri-annual scales. It was also compatible with the expected trends of nitrate concentration since 1960. The output variables of the model were used to compute the nitrate residence time in both the catchments. We used the Global Likelihood Uncertainty Estimations (GLUE) approach [Beven and Binley, 1992] to assess the parameter uncertainties and the subsequent error in model outputs and residence times. Reasonably low parameter uncertainties were obtained by calibrating simultaneously the two paired catchments with two outlets time series of stream flow and nitrate concentrations. Finally, only one parameter controlled the contrast in nitrogen residence times between the catchments. Therefore, this approach provided a promising metric for classifying the variability of catchment response to agricultural nitrogen inputs. Beven, K., and A. Binley (1992), THE FUTURE OF DISTRIBUTED MODELS - MODEL CALIBRATION AND UNCERTAINTY PREDICTION, Hydrological Processes, 6(3), 279-298. Kirchner, J. W., X. Feng, and C. Neal (2001), Catchment-scale advection and dispersion as a mechanism for fractal scaling in stream tracer concentrations, Journal of Hydrology, 254(1-4), 82-101. Ruiz, L., S. Abiven, C. Martin, P. Durand, V. Beaujouan, and J. Molenat (2002), Effect on nitrate concentration in stream water of agricultural practices in small catchments in Brittany : II. Temporal variations and mixing processes, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 6(3), 507-513.

Nonequilibrium Supersonic Freestream Studied Using Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cutler, Andrew D.; Cantu, Luca M.; Gallo, Emanuela C. A.; Baurle, Rob; Danehy, Paul M.; Rockwell, Robert; Goyne, Christopher; McDaniel, Jim

2015-01-01

Measurements were conducted at the University of Virginia Supersonic Combustion Facility of the flow in a constant-area duct downstream of a Mach 2 nozzle. The airflow was heated to approximately 1200 K in the facility heater upstream of the nozzle. Dual-pump coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy was used to measure the rotational and vibrational temperatures of N2 and O2 at two planes in the duct. The expectation was that the vibrational temperature would be in equilibrium, because most scramjet facilities are vitiated air facilities and are in vibrational equilibrium. However, with a flow of clean air, the vibrational temperature of N2 along a streamline remains approximately constant between the measurement plane and the facility heater, the vibrational temperature of O2 in the duct is about 1000 K, and the rotational temperature is consistent with the isentropic flow. The measurements of N2 vibrational temperature enabled cross-stream nonuniformities in the temperature exiting the facility heater to be documented. The measurements are in agreement with computational fluid dynamics models employing separate lumped vibrational and translational/rotational temperatures. Measurements and computations are also reported for a few percent steam addition to the air. The effect of the steam is to bring the flow to thermal equilibrium, also in agreement with the computational fluid dynamics.

Coal-Sizing Auger

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lewis, E. V.

1985-01-01

Aft end of auger, like forward, face-piercing end, equipped with hard cutting bits such as diamonds. As auger breaks face, pulls broken coal lumps into jaws and forces them into hardened throat section. There, cutting bits chew up lumps: Clearance between throat and auger shaft sets maximum size for coal particles that pass through. Auger motion pushes coal particles into mixing chamber, where paddles combine them with water.

Variability of Valuation of Non-Monetary Incentives: Motivating and Implementing the Combinatorial Retention Auction Mechanism

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-01

homeport, geographic stability for two tours and compressed work week; homeport, lump sum SRB, and telecommuting ). The Monte Carlo simulation...Geographic stability 2 tours, and compressed work week). The Add 2 combination includes home port choice, lump sum SRB, and telecommuting ...VALUATION OF NON-MONETARY INCENTIVES: MOTIVATING AND IMPLEMENTING THE COMBINATORIAL RETENTION AUCTION MECHANISM by Jason Blake Ellis March 2009

Lupus mastitis: a mimicker of breast carcinoma

PubMed Central

Warne, Richard Roger; Taylor, Donna; Segal, Amanda; Irish, Ashley

2011-01-01

The authors present a case of lupus mastitis which was initially diagnosed following an incisional biopsy of a breast lump, with similar pathology found 2 years later after an ultrasound guided biopsy of the same lump. The woman had been diagnosed 7 years before with systemic lupus erythematosus. The radiological and pathological features are presented in this report with discussion of similar cases in the literature. PMID:22669997

Modeling Wind Wave Evolution from Deep to Shallow Water

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-30

WORK COMPLETED Development of a Lumped Quadruplet Approximation ( LQA ) A scalable parameterization of non-linear four-wave interactions is being...what we refer to as the Lumped Quadruplet Approximation ( LQA ), in which discrete contributions on the locus are treated as individual wave number...includes inhomogeneous wave fields, but is compatible with the action balance generally used in operational wave models. RESULTS Development LQA

20 CFR 404.461 - Nonpayment of lump sum after death of alien outside United States for more than 6 months.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Nonpayment of lump sum after death of alien outside United States for more than 6 months. 404.461 Section 404.461 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Deductions; Reductions; and Nonpayments of Benefits § 404.461...

41 CFR 301-11.538 - May we offer a lump sum payment to cover the income tax liability on the covered ITRA?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... payment to cover the income tax liability on the covered ITRA? 301-11.538 Section 301-11.538 Public... 1994 Agency Responsibilities § 301-11.538 May we offer a lump sum payment to cover the income tax... understands that he/she is responsible for any income taxes without further reimbursement. (See the...

41 CFR 301-11.638 - May we offer a lump sum payment to cover the income tax liability on the covered ITRA?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... payment to cover the income tax liability on the covered ITRA? 301-11.638 Section 301-11.638 Public... Thereafter Agency Responsibilities § 301-11.638 May we offer a lump sum payment to cover the income tax... understands that he/she is responsible for any income taxes without further reimbursement. See the...

Lumped Parameter Modeling for Rapid Vibration Response Prototyping and Test Correlation for Electronic Units

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Van Dyke, Michael B.

2013-01-01

Present preliminary work using lumped parameter models to approximate dynamic response of electronic units to random vibration; Derive a general N-DOF model for application to electronic units; Illustrate parametric influence of model parameters; Implication of coupled dynamics for unit/board design; Demonstrate use of model to infer printed wiring board (PWB) dynamics from external chassis test measurement.

Mammary and femoral hydatid cysts.

PubMed

Shamim, Muhammad

2010-08-01

Hydatid cyst disease most commonly affects liver and lungs, but it can affect all viscera and soft tissues of the body. Simultaneous mammary and femoral hydatid cysts, without any other visceral involvement, are extremely rare. This is a case report of 25-years-old female, presenting with lump in left breast mimicking fibroadenoma and lump in right thigh mimicking fibroma. Both turned out to be hydatid cysts.

K-Band Si/SiGe HBT MMIC Amplifiers Using Lumped Passive Components with a Micromachined Structure

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lu, Liang-Hung; Rieh, Jae-Sung; Bhattacharya, Pallab; Katechi, Linda P. B.; Croke, E. T.; Ponchak, George E.; Alterovitz, Samuel A.

2000-01-01

Using Si/SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors with a maximum oscillation frequency of 52 GHz and a novel structure for passive components, a two-stage K-band lumped-element amplifier has been designed and fabricated on high-resistivity Si substrates. The chip size including biasing and RF chokes is 0.92 x 0.67 sq mm.

Definition of ground test for verification of large space structure control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Seltzer, S. M.; Doane, G. B., III

1985-01-01

Directions regarding the analytical models were received. A counter balance arm with weights was added at the top of the ASTROMAST to offset the arm with the gimbals. In addition to this model, three more models were requested from MSFC: structure as in the revised model with the addition of lumped masses at bays 46 and 91 of the ASTROMAST; cantilevered cruciform structure with lumped masses at bays 46 and 91, and an all up cruciform structure with lumped masses at bays 46 and 91. Figures for each model and their corresponding natural frequencies and general mode shapes associated with these frequencies are included. The drawbar in use in the cruciform models must be incorporated into the antenna and ASTROMAST models. The total tensile load carrying capability of the ASTROMAST is approximately 840 pounds.

Lie symmetry analysis, Bäcklund transformations, and exact solutions of a (2 + 1)-dimensional Boiti-Leon-Pempinelli system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Zhonglong; Han, Bo

2017-10-01

In this paper, the Lie symmetry analysis method is employed to investigate the Lie point symmetries and the one-parameter transformation groups of a (2 + 1)-dimensional Boiti-Leon-Pempinelli system. By using Ibragimov's method, the optimal system of one-dimensional subalgebras of this system is constructed. Truncated Painlevé analysis is used for deriving the Bäcklund transformation. The method of constructing lump-type solutions of integrable equations by means of Bäcklund transformation is first presented. Meanwhile, the lump-type solutions of the (2 + 1)-dimensional Boiti-Leon-Pempinelli system are obtained. The lump-type wave is one kind of rogue wave. The fusion-type N-solitary wave solutions are also constructed. In addition, this system is integrable in terms of the consistent Riccati expansion method.

Simplified microstrip discontinuity modeling using the transmission line matrix method interfaced to microwave CAD

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thompson, James H.; Apel, Thomas R.

1990-07-01

A technique for modeling microstrip discontinuities is presented which is derived from the transmission line matrix method of solving three-dimensional electromagnetic problems. In this technique the microstrip patch under investigation is divided into an integer number of square and half-square (triangle) subsections. An equivalent lumped-element model is calculated for each subsection. These individual models are then interconnected as dictated by the geometry of the patch. The matrix of lumped elements is then solved using either of two microwave CAD software interfaces with each port properly defined. Closed-form expressions for the lumped-element representation of the individual subsections is presented and experimentally verified through the X-band frequency range. A model demonstrating the use of symmetry and block construction of a circuit element is discussed, along with computer program development and CAD software interface.

A model for flexi-bar to evaluate intervertebral disc and muscle forces in exercises.

PubMed

Abdollahi, Masoud; Nikkhoo, Mohammad; Ashouri, Sajad; Asghari, Mohsen; Parnianpour, Mohamad; Khalaf, Kinda

2016-10-01

This study developed and validated a lumped parameter model for the FLEXI-BAR, a popular training instrument that provides vibration stimulation. The model which can be used in conjunction with musculoskeletal-modeling software for quantitative biomechanical analyses, consists of 3 rigid segments, 2 torsional springs, and 2 torsional dashpots. Two different sets of experiments were conducted to determine the model's key parameters including the stiffness of the springs and the damping ratio of the dashpots. In the first set of experiments, the free vibration of the FLEXI-BAR with an initial displacement at its end was considered, while in the second set, forced oscillations of the bar were studied. The properties of the mechanical elements in the lumped parameter model were derived utilizing a non-linear optimization algorithm which minimized the difference between the model's prediction and the experimental data. The results showed that the model is valid (8% error) and can be used for simulating exercises with the FLEXI-BAR for excitations in the range of the natural frequency. The model was then validated in combination with AnyBody musculoskeletal modeling software, where various lumbar disc, spinal muscles and hand muscles forces were determined during different FLEXI-BAR exercise simulations. Copyright © 2016 IPEM. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Role of passive deformation on propulsion through a lumped torsional flexibility model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arora, Nipun; Gupta, Amit

2016-11-01

Scientists and biologists have been affianced in a deeper examination of insect flight to develop an improved understanding of the role of flexibility on aerodynamic performance. Here, we mimic a flapping wing through a fluid-structure interaction framework based upon a lumped torsional flexibility model. The developed fluid and structural solvers together determine the aerodynamic forces and wing deformation, respectively. An analytical solution to the simplified single-spring structural dynamics equation is established to substantiate simulations. It is revealed that the dynamics of structural deformation is governed by the balance between inertia, stiffness and aerodynamics, where the former two oscillate at the plunging frequency and the latter oscillates at twice the plunging frequency. We demonstrate that an induced phase difference between plunging and passive pitching is responsible for a higher thrust coefficient. This phase difference is also shown to be dependent on aerodynamics to inertia and natural to plunging frequency ratios. For inertia dominated flows, pitching and plunging always remain in phase. As the aerodynamics dominates, a large phase difference is induced which is accountable for a large passive deformation and higher thrust. Authors acknowledge the financial support received from the Aeronautics Research and Development Board (ARDB) under SIGMA Project No. 1705 and thank the IIT Delhi HPC facility for computational resources.

General expressions for the coupling coefficient, quality and filling factors for a cavity with an insert using energy coupled mode theory.

PubMed

Elnaggar, Sameh Y; Tervo, Richard; Mattar, Saba M

2014-05-01

A cavity (CV) with a dielectric resonator (DR) insert forms an excellent probe for the use in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometers. The probe's coupling coefficient, κ, the quality factor, Q, and the filling factor, η are vital in assessing the EPR spectrometer's performance. Coupled mode theory (CMT) is used to derive general expressions for these parameters. For large permittivity the dominating factor in κ is the ratio of the DR and CV cross sectional areas rather than the dielectric constant. Thus in some cases, resonators with low dielectric constant can couple much stronger with the cavity than do resonators with a high dielectric constant. When the DR and CV frequencies are degenerate, the coupled η is the average of the two uncoupled ones. In practical EPR probes the coupled η is approximately half of that of the DR. The Q of the coupled system generally depends on the eigenvectors, uncoupled frequencies (ω1,ω2) and the individual quality factors (Q1,Q2). It is calculated for different probe configurations and found to agree with the corresponding HFSS® simulations. Provided there is a large difference between the Q1, Q2 pair and the frequencies of DR and CV are degenerate, Q is approximately equal to double the minimum of Q1 and Q2. In general, the signal enhancement ratio, Iwithinsert/Iempty, is obtained from Q and η. For low loss DRs it only depends on η1/η2. However, when the DR has a low Q, the uncoupled Qs are also needed. In EPR spectroscopy it is desirable to excite only a single mode. The separation between the modes, Φ, is calculated as a function of κ and Q. It is found to be significantly greater than five times the average bandwidth. Thus for practical probes, it is possible to excite one of the coupled modes without exciting the other. The CMT expressions derived in this article are quite general and are in excellent agreement with the lumped circuit approach and finite numerical simulations. Hence they can also be applied to a loop-gap resonator in a cavity. For the design effective EPR probes, one needs to consider the κ, Q and η parameters. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

General expressions for the coupling coefficient, quality and filling factors for a cavity with an insert using energy coupled mode theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elnaggar, Sameh Y.; Tervo, Richard; Mattar, Saba M.

2014-05-01

A cavity (CV) with a dielectric resonator (DR) insert forms an excellent probe for the use in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometers. The probe’s coupling coefficient, κ, the quality factor, Q, and the filling factor, η are vital in assessing the EPR spectrometer’s performance. Coupled mode theory (CMT) is used to derive general expressions for these parameters. For large permittivity the dominating factor in κ is the ratio of the DR and CV cross sectional areas rather than the dielectric constant. Thus in some cases, resonators with low dielectric constant can couple much stronger with the cavity than do resonators with a high dielectric constant. When the DR and CV frequencies are degenerate, the coupled η is the average of the two uncoupled ones. In practical EPR probes the coupled η is approximately half of that of the DR. The Q of the coupled system generally depends on the eigenvectors, uncoupled frequencies (ω1, ω2) and the individual quality factors (Q1, Q2). It is calculated for different probe configurations and found to agree with the corresponding HFSS® simulations. Provided there is a large difference between the Q1, Q2 pair and the frequencies of DR and CV are degenerate, Q is approximately equal to double the minimum of Q1 and Q2. In general, the signal enhancement ratio, I/Iempty, is obtained from Q and η. For low loss DRs it only depends on η1/η2. However, when the DR has a low Q, the uncoupled Qs are also needed. In EPR spectroscopy it is desirable to excite only a single mode. The separation between the modes, Φ, is calculated as a function of κ and Q. It is found to be significantly greater than five times the average bandwidth. Thus for practical probes, it is possible to excite one of the coupled modes without exciting the other. The CMT expressions derived in this article are quite general and are in excellent agreement with the lumped circuit approach and finite numerical simulations. Hence they can also be applied to a loop-gap resonator in a cavity. For the design effective EPR probes, one needs to consider the κ, Q and η parameters.

Hemangiopericytoma of Greater Omentum Presenting as a Huge Abdominal Lump

PubMed Central

Chatterjee, Damodar; Sarkar, Pradip; Sengupta, Niladri; Singh, W. Gopimohan

2008-01-01

Hemangiopericytoma is a rare neoplasm that can occur in any part of the human body, but it rarely develops in the greater omentum. We report a case of a patient who presented with a huge abdominal lump. At laparotomy, a huge vascular tumor, which was observed originating from the greater omentum, was resected. Histopathology investigation revealed this tumor as a benign hemangiopericytoma with a malignant potential. PMID:19568508

20 CFR 404.780 - Evidence of “good cause” for exceeding time limits on accepting proof of support or application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... accepting proof of support or application for a lump-sum death payment. (a) When evidence of good cause is... death payment. You may be asked for evidence of good cause for these delays if— (1) You are the insured... limits on accepting proof of support or application for a lump-sum death payment. 404.780 Section 404.780...

Comment on “Beyond the SCS-CN method: A theoretical framework for spatially lumped rainfall-runoff response” by M.S. Bartlett, A.J. Parolari, J.J. McDonnell and A. Porporato

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Bartlett et al. [2016] performed a re-interpretation and modification of the space-time lumped USDA NRCS (formerly SCS) Curve Number (CN) method to extend its applicability to forested watersheds. We believe that the well documented limitations of the CN method severely constrains the applicability ...

Gravity-Capillary Lumps

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Akylas, Triantaphyllos R.; Kim, Boguk

2004-11-01

In dispersive wave systems, it is known that 1-D plane solitary waves can bifurcate from linear sinusoidal wavetrains at particular wave numbers k = k0 where the phase speed c(k) happens to be an extremum (dc/dk| _0=0) and equals the group speed c_g(k_0). Two distinct possibilities thus arise: either the extremum occurs in the long-wave limit (k_0=0) and, as in shallow water, the bifurcating solitary waves are of the KdV type; or k0 ne 0 and the solitary waves are in the form of packets, described by the NLS equation to leading order, as for gravity-capillary waves in deep water. Here it is pointed out that an entirely analogous scenario is valid for the genesis of 2-D solitary waves or `lumps'. Lumps also may bifurcate at extrema of the phase speed and do so when 1-D solitary waves happen to be unstable to transverse perturbations; moreover, they have algebraically decaying tails and are either of the KPI type (e.g. in shallow water in the presence of strong surface tension) or of the wave packet type (e.g. in deep water) and are described by an elliptic-elliptic Davey-Stewartson equation system to leading order. Examples of steady lump profiles are presented and their dynamics is discussed.

A Pair of Resonance Stripe Solitons and Lump Solutions to a Reduced (3+1)-Dimensional Nonlinear Evolution Equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Mei-Dan; Li, Xian; Wang, Yao; Li, Biao

2017-06-01

With symbolic computation, some lump solutions are presented to a (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation by searching the positive quadratic function from the Hirota bilinear form of equation. The quadratic function contains six free parameters, four of which satisfy two determinant conditions guaranteeing analyticity and rational localization of the solutions, while the others are free. Then, by combining positive quadratic function with exponential function, the interaction solutions between lump solutions and the stripe solitons are presented on the basis of some conditions. Furthermore, we extend this method to obtain more general solutions by combining of positive quadratic function and hyperbolic cosine function. Thus the interaction solutions between lump solutions and a pair of resonance stripe solitons are derived and asymptotic property of the interaction solutions are analyzed under some specific conditions. Finally, the dynamic properties of these solutions are shown in figures by choosing the values of the parameters. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 11271211, 11275072, and 11435005, Ningbo Natural Science Foundation under Grant No. 2015A610159 and the Opening Project of Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline of Physics Sciences in Ningbo University under Grant No. xkzw11502 and K.C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University

Dielectric perturbations and Rayleigh scattering from an optical fiber near a superconducting resonator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Voigt, Kristen; Hertzberg, Jared; Dutta, Sudeep; Budoyo, Rangga; Ballard, Cody; Lobb, Chris; Wellstood, Frederick

As part of an experiment to optically trap 87Rb atoms near a superconducting device, we have coupled an optical fiber to a translatable thin-film lumped-element superconducting Al microwave resonator that is cooled to 15 mK in a dilution refrigerator. The lumped-element resonator has a resonance frequency of 6.15 GHz, a quality factor of 8 x 105 at high powers, and is mounted inside a superconducting aluminum 3D cavity. The 60-µm-diameter optical fiber passes through small openings in the cavity and close to the lumped-element resonator. The 3D cavity is mounted on an x-z Attocube-translation stage that allows the lumped-element resonator and optical fiber to be moved relative to each other. When the resonator is brought near to the fiber, we observe a shift in resonance frequency, of up to 8 MHz, due to the presence of the fiber dielectric. When optical power is sent through the fiber, Rayleigh scattering in the fiber causes a position-dependent weak illumination of the thin-film resonator affecting its resonance frequency and Q. We model the optical response of the resonator by taking into account optical production, recombination, and diffusion of quasiparticles as well as the non-uniform position-dependent illumination of the resonator.

Comparison of particle-tracking and lumped-parameter age-distribution models for evaluating vulnerability of production wells to contamination

USGS Publications Warehouse

Eberts, S.M.; Böhlke, J.K.; Kauffman, L.J.; Jurgens, B.C.

2012-01-01

Environmental age tracers have been used in various ways to help assess vulnerability of drinking-water production wells to contamination. The most appropriate approach will depend on the information that is available and that which is desired. To understand how the well will respond to changing nonpoint-source contaminant inputs at the water table, some representation of the distribution of groundwater ages in the well is needed. Such information for production wells is sparse and difficult to obtain, especially in areas lacking detailed field studies. In this study, age distributions derived from detailed groundwater-flow models with advective particle tracking were compared with those generated from lumped-parameter models to examine conditions in which estimates from simpler, less resource-intensive lumped-parameter models could be used in place of estimates from particle-tracking models. In each of four contrasting hydrogeologic settings in the USA, particle-tracking and lumped-parameter models yielded roughly similar age distributions and largely indistinguishable contaminant trends when based on similar conceptual models and calibrated to similar tracer data. Although model calibrations and predictions were variably affected by tracer limitations and conceptual ambiguities, results illustrated the importance of full age distributions, rather than apparent tracer ages or model mean ages, for trend analysis and forecasting.

An Allocation Model for Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff in a Decentralized Institution. AIR 1984 Annual Forum Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dijkman, Frank G.

A new allocation model for teaching and nonteaching staff has been developed at the University of Utrecht, in the Netherlands. The model may be characterized as highly normative, leading to lump sums to be allocated to academic departments. These departments in turn are free, within constraints, to budget their activities differently than is…

A comparison of MIKE SHE and DRAINMOD for modeling forested wetland hydrology in coastal South Carolina, USA

Treesearch

Zhaohua Dai; Devendra M. Amatya; Ge Sun; Carl C. Trettin; Changsheng Li; Harbin Li

2010-01-01

Models are widely used to assess hydrologic impacts of land-management, land-use change and climate change. Two hydrologic models with different spatial scales, MIKE SHE (spatially distributed, watershed-scale) and DRAINMOD (lumped, fieldscale), were compared in terms of their performance in predicting stream flow and water table depth in a first-order forested...

Impacts of rainfall spatial variability on hydrogeological response

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sapriza-Azuri, Gonzalo; Jódar, Jorge; Navarro, Vicente; Slooten, Luit Jan; Carrera, Jesús; Gupta, Hoshin V.

2015-02-01

There is currently no general consensus on how the spatial variability of rainfall impacts and propagates through complex hydrogeological systems. Most studies to date have focused on the effects of rainfall spatial variability (RSV) on river discharge, while paying little attention to other important aspects of system response. Here, we study the impacts of RSV on several responses of a hydrological model of an overexploited system. To this end, we drive a spatially distributed hydrogeological model for the semiarid Upper Guadiana basin in central Spain with stochastic daily rainfall fields defined at three different spatial resolutions (fine → 2.5 km × 2.5 km, medium → 50 km × 50 km, large → lumped). This enables us to investigate how (i) RSV at different spatial resolutions, and (ii) rainfall uncertainty, are propagated through the hydrogeological model of the system. Our results demonstrate that RSV has a significant impact on the modeled response of the system, by specifically affecting groundwater recharge and runoff generation, and thereby propagating through to various other related hydrological responses (river discharge, river-aquifer exchange, groundwater levels). These results call into question the validity of management decisions made using hydrological models calibrated or forced with spatially lumped rainfall.

Modeling Techniques Used to Analyze Safety of Payloads for Generic Missile Type Weapons Systems During an Indirect Lightning Strike

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Perkins, M P; Ong, M M; Crull, E W

2009-07-21

During lightning strikes buildings and other structures can act as imperfect Faraday Cages, enabling electromagnetic fields to be developed inside the facilities. Some equipment stored inside these facilities may unfortunately act as antenna systems. It is important to have techniques developed to analyze how much voltage, current, or energy dissipation may be developed over valuable components. In this discussion we will demonstrate the modeling techniques used to accurately analyze a generic missile type weapons system as it goes through different stages of assembly. As work is performed on weapons systems detonator cables can become exposed. These cables will form differentmore » monopole and loop type antenna systems that must be analyzed to determine the voltages developed over the detonator regions. Due to the low frequencies of lightning pulses, a lumped element circuit model can be developed to help analyze the different antenna configurations. We will show an example of how numerical modeling can be used to develop the lumped element circuit models used to calculate voltage, current, or energy dissipated over the detonator region of a generic missile type weapons system.« less

Idiopath=ic Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis Masquerading as a Breast Tumor: A Case Report

PubMed Central

Raman R, Thulasi; Manimaran, D

2016-01-01

Introduction Idiopathic granulomatous lobular mastitis (IGLM) is an inflammatory disease of the breast with an obscure etiology. It occurs mainly in women of reproductive age, and the lesion mimics carcinoma of the breast both clinically and radiologically Case Presentation We present the case of a 29-year-old female who visited our hospital in Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, with a 4 × 3 cm lump in the upper outer quadrant of her left breast. The clinical and radiological findings were indicative of a malignant lesion; however, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) revealed features of granulomatous mastitis, and the subsequent histology of the excised lump confirmed the diagnosis of IGLM. Conclusions IGLM should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses when granulomas are encountered in breast FNAC and biopsy. A definitive diagnosis of IGLM can be made by identifying its characteristic histomorphology and ruling out other causes for granulomatous inflammation. An exact diagnosis is essential since the treatment for different granulomatous conditions of the breast varies. PMID:27437133

Idiopath=ic Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis Masquerading as a Breast Tumor: A Case Report.

PubMed

Raman R, Thulasi; Manimaran, D

2016-05-01

Idiopathic granulomatous lobular mastitis (IGLM) is an inflammatory disease of the breast with an obscure etiology. It occurs mainly in women of reproductive age, and the lesion mimics carcinoma of the breast both clinically and radiologically. We present the case of a 29-year-old female who visited our hospital in Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, with a 4 × 3 cm lump in the upper outer quadrant of her left breast. The clinical and radiological findings were indicative of a malignant lesion; however, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) revealed features of granulomatous mastitis, and the subsequent histology of the excised lump confirmed the diagnosis of IGLM. IGLM should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses when granulomas are encountered in breast FNAC and biopsy. A definitive diagnosis of IGLM can be made by identifying its characteristic histomorphology and ruling out other causes for granulomatous inflammation. An exact diagnosis is essential since the treatment for different granulomatous conditions of the breast varies.

A comparative modeling study of a dual tracer experiment in a large lysimeter under atmospheric conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stumpp, C.; Nützmann, G.; Maciejewski, S.; Maloszewski, P.

2009-09-01

SummaryIn this paper, five model approaches with different physical and mathematical concepts varying in their model complexity and requirements were applied to identify the transport processes in the unsaturated zone. The applicability of these model approaches were compared and evaluated investigating two tracer breakthrough curves (bromide, deuterium) in a cropped, free-draining lysimeter experiment under natural atmospheric boundary conditions. The data set consisted of time series of water balance, depth resolved water contents, pressure heads and resident concentrations measured during 800 days. The tracer transport parameters were determined using a simple stochastic (stream tube model), three lumped parameter (constant water content model, multi-flow dispersion model, variable flow dispersion model) and a transient model approach. All of them were able to fit the tracer breakthrough curves. The identified transport parameters of each model approach were compared. Despite the differing physical and mathematical concepts the resulting parameters (mean water contents, mean water flux, dispersivities) of the five model approaches were all in the same range. The results indicate that the flow processes are also describable assuming steady state conditions. Homogeneous matrix flow is dominant and a small pore volume with enhanced flow velocities near saturation was identified with variable saturation flow and transport approach. The multi-flow dispersion model also identified preferential flow and additionally suggested a third less mobile flow component. Due to high fitting accuracy and parameter similarity all model approaches indicated reliable results.

20 CFR 404.391 - Who is entitled to the lump-sum death payment as a widow or widower who was living in the same...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Who is entitled to the lump-sum death payment as a widow or widower who was living in the same household? 404.391 Section 404.391 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Old-Age, Disability, Dependents' and Survivors'...

A Quantitative Analysis of the Benefits of Prototyping Fixed-Wing Aircraft

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-14

in then-year dollars. The RDT&E costs through FSD were provided in then-year dollars as a lump sum. Additionally, the cost of full capability ...development was available in then-year dollars as a lump sum. Full capability development was the RDT&E that continued after the completion of the FSD...contract, which ended in July 1984. In [31] [31], the authors stated that full capability development occurred through approximately 1990

40 CFR 35.4080 - Does my group get a lump sum up front, or does EPA reimburse us for costs we incur?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Does my group get a lump sum up front, or does EPA reimburse us for costs we incur? 35.4080 Section 35.4080 Protection of Environment... reimburse us for costs we incur? (a) EPA pays your group by reimbursing you for “allowable” costs, which are...

40 CFR 35.4080 - Does my group get a lump sum up front, or does EPA reimburse us for costs we incur?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Does my group get a lump sum up front, or does EPA reimburse us for costs we incur? 35.4080 Section 35.4080 Protection of Environment... reimburse us for costs we incur? (a) EPA pays your group by reimbursing you for “allowable” costs, which are...

Lump wood combustion process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kubesa, Petr; Horák, Jiří; Branc, Michal; Krpec, Kamil; Hopan, František; Koloničný, Jan; Ochodek, Tadeáš; Drastichová, Vendula; Martiník, Lubomír; Malcho, Milan

2014-08-01

The article deals with the combustion process for lump wood in low-power fireplaces (units to dozens of kW). Such a combustion process is cyclical in its nature, and what combustion facility users are most interested in is the frequency, at which fuel needs to be stoked to the fireplace. The paper defines the basic terms such as burnout curve and burning rate curve, which are closely related to the stocking frequency. The fuel burning rate is directly dependent on the immediate thermal power of the fireplace. This is also related to the temperature achieved in the fireplace, magnitude of flue gas losses and the ability to generate conditions favouring the full burnout of the fuel's combustible component, which, at once ensures the minimum production of combustible pollutants. Another part of the paper describes experiments conducted in traditional fireplaces with a grate, at which well-dried lump wood was combusted.

SINDA/FLUINT Stratified Tank Modeling for Cryrogenic Propellant Tanks

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sakowski, Barbara

2014-01-01

A general purpose SINDA/FLUINT (S/F) stratified tank model was created to simulate self-pressurization and axial jet TVS; Stratified layers in the vapor and liquid are modeled using S/F lumps.; The stratified tank model was constructed to permit incorporating the following additional features:, Multiple or singular lumps in the liquid and vapor regions of the tank, Real gases (also mixtures) and compressible liquids, Venting, pressurizing, and draining, Condensation and evaporation/boiling, Wall heat transfer, Elliptical, cylindrical, and spherical tank geometries; Extensive user logic is used to allow detailed tailoring - Don't have to rebuilt everything from scratch!!; Most code input for a specific case is done through the Registers Data Block:, Lump volumes are determined through user input:; Geometric tank dimensions (height, width, etc); Liquid level could be input as either a volume percentage of fill level or actual liquid level height

Stabilization and synchronization for a mechanical system via adaptive sliding mode control.

PubMed

Song, Zhankui; Sun, Kaibiao; Ling, Shuai

2017-05-01

In this paper, we investigate the synchronization problem of chaotic centrifugal flywheel governor with parameters uncertainty and lumped disturbances. A slave centrifugal flywheel governor system is considered as an underactuated following-system which a control input is designed to follow a master centrifugal flywheel governor system. To tackle lumped disturbances and uncertainty parameters, a novel synchronization control law is developed by employing sliding mode control strategy and Nussbaum gain technique. Adaptation updating algorithms are derived in the sense of Lyapunov stability analysis such that the lumped disturbances can be suppressed and the adverse effect caused by uncertainty parameters can be compensated. In addition, the synchronization tracking-errors are proven to converge to a small neighborhood of the origin. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. Copyright © 2017 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

New lumped-mass-stick model based on modal characteristics of structures: development and application to a nuclear containment building

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roh, Hwasung; Lee, Huseok; Lee, Jong Seh

2013-06-01

In this study, a new lumped-mass-stick model (LMSM) is developed based on the modal characteristics of a structure such as eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The simplified model, named the "frequency adaptive lumped-massstick model," hasonly a small number of stick elements and nodes to provide the same natural frequencies of the structure and is applied to a nuclear containment building. To investigate the numerical performance of the LMSM, a time history analysis is carried out on both the LMSM and the finite element model (FEM) for a nuclear containment building. A comparison of the results shows that the dynamic responses of the LMSM in terms of displacement and acceleration are almost identical to those of the FEM. In addition, the results in terms of fl oor response spectra at certain elevations are also in good agreement.

Methodologic Considerations for Quantitative 18F-FDG PET/CT Studies of Hepatic Glucose Metabolism in Healthy Subjects.

PubMed

Trägårdh, Malene; Møller, Niels; Sørensen, Michael

2015-09-01

PET with the glucose analog (18)F-FDG is used to measure regional tissue metabolism of glucose. However, (18)F-FDG may have affinities different from those of glucose for plasma membrane transporters and intracellular enzymes; the lumped constant (LC) can be used to correct these differences kinetically. The aims of this study were to investigate the feasibility of measuring human hepatic glucose metabolism with dynamic (18)F-FDG PET/CT and to determine an operational LC for (18)F-FDG by comparison with (3)H-glucose measurements. Eight healthy human subjects were included. In all studies, (18)F-FDG and (3)H-glucose were mixed in saline and coadministered. A 60-min dynamic PET recording of the liver was performed for 180 min with blood sampling from catheters in a hepatic vein and a radial artery (concentrations of (18)F-FDG and (3)H-glucose in blood). Hepatic blood flow was determined by indocyanine green infusion. First, 3 subjects underwent studies comparing bolus administration and constant-infusion administration of tracers during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamping. Next, 5 subjects underwent studies comparing fasting and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamping with tracer infusions. Splanchnic extraction fractions of (18)F-FDG (E*) and (3)H-glucose (E) were calculated from concentrations in blood, and the LC was calculated as ln(1 - E*)/ln(1 - E). Volumes of interest were drawn in the liver tissue, and hepatic metabolic clearance of (18)F-FDG (mL of blood/100 mL of liver tissue/min) was estimated. For bolus versus infusion, E* values were always negative when (18)F-FDG was administered as a bolus and were always positive when it was administered as an infusion. For fasting versus clamping, E* values were positive in 4 of 5 studies during fasting and were always positive during clamping. Negative extraction fractions were ascribed to the tracer distribution in the large volume of distribution in the prehepatic splanchnic bed. The LC ranged from 0.43 to 2.53, with no significant difference between fasting and clamping. The large volume of distribution of (18)F-FDG in the prehepatic splanchnic bed may complicate the analysis of dynamic PET data because it represents the mixed tracer input to the liver via the portal vein. Therefore, dynamic (18)F-FDG data for human hepatic glucose metabolism should be interpreted with caution, but constant tracer infusion seems to yield more robust results than bolus injection. © 2015 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Inc.

Lumped-Element Dynamic Electro-Thermal model of a superconducting magnet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ravaioli, E.; Auchmann, B.; Maciejewski, M.; ten Kate, H. H. J.; Verweij, A. P.

2016-12-01

Modeling accurately electro-thermal transients occurring in a superconducting magnet is challenging. The behavior of the magnet is the result of complex phenomena occurring in distinct physical domains (electrical, magnetic and thermal) at very different spatial and time scales. Combined multi-domain effects significantly affect the dynamic behavior of the system and are to be taken into account in a coherent and consistent model. A new methodology for developing a Lumped-Element Dynamic Electro-Thermal (LEDET) model of a superconducting magnet is presented. This model includes non-linear dynamic effects such as the dependence of the magnet's differential self-inductance on the presence of inter-filament and inter-strand coupling currents in the conductor. These effects are usually not taken into account because superconducting magnets are primarily operated in stationary conditions. However, they often have significant impact on magnet performance, particularly when the magnet is subject to high ramp rates. Following the LEDET method, the complex interdependence between the electro-magnetic and thermal domains can be modeled with three sub-networks of lumped-elements, reproducing the electrical transient in the main magnet circuit, the thermal transient in the coil cross-section, and the electro-magnetic transient of the inter-filament and inter-strand coupling currents in the superconductor. The same simulation environment can simultaneously model macroscopic electrical transients and phenomena at the level of superconducting strands. The model developed is a very useful tool for reproducing and predicting the performance of conventional quench protection systems based on energy extraction and quench heaters, and of the innovative CLIQ protection system as well.

Flood and landslide warning based on rainfall thresholds and soil moisture indexes: the HEWS (Hydrohazards Early Warning System) for Sicily

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brigandì, Giuseppina; Tito Aronica, Giuseppe; Bonaccorso, Brunella; Gueli, Roberto; Basile, Giuseppe

2017-09-01

The main focus of the paper is to present a flood and landslide early warning system, named HEWS (Hydrohazards Early Warning System), specifically developed for the Civil Protection Department of Sicily, based on the combined use of rainfall thresholds, soil moisture modelling and quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF). The warning system is referred to 9 different Alert Zones in which Sicily has been divided into and based on a threshold system of three different increasing critical levels: ordinary, moderate and high. In this system, for early flood warning, a Soil Moisture Accounting (SMA) model provides daily soil moisture conditions, which allow to select a specific set of three rainfall thresholds, one for each critical level considered, to be used for issue the alert bulletin. Wetness indexes, representative of the soil moisture conditions of a catchment, are calculated using a simple, spatially-lumped rainfall-streamflow model, based on the SCS-CN method, and on the unit hydrograph approach, that require daily observed and/or predicted rainfall, and temperature data as input. For the calibration of this model daily continuous time series of rainfall, streamflow and air temperature data are used. An event based lumped rainfall-runoff model has been, instead, used for the derivation of the rainfall thresholds for each catchment in Sicily characterised by an area larger than 50 km2. In particular, a Kinematic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph based lumped rainfall-runoff model with the SCS-CN routine for net rainfall was developed for this purpose. For rainfall-induced shallow landslide warning, empirical rainfall thresholds provided by Gariano et al. (2015) have been included in the system. They were derived on an empirical basis starting from a catalogue of 265 shallow landslides in Sicily in the period 2002-2012. Finally, Delft-FEWS operational forecasting platform has been applied to link input data, SMA model and rainfall threshold models to produce warning on a daily basis for the entire region.

Modelling and simulation of a heat exchanger

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Xia, Lei; Deabreu-Garcia, J. Alex; Hartley, Tom T.

1991-01-01

Two models for two different control systems are developed for a parallel heat exchanger. First by spatially lumping a heat exchanger model, a good approximate model which has a high system order is produced. Model reduction techniques are applied to these to obtain low order models that are suitable for dynamic analysis and control design. The simulation method is discussed to ensure a valid simulation result.

Development of a Lumped Element Circuit Model for Approximation of Dielectric Barrier Discharges

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-08-01

dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasmas. Based on experimental observations, it is assumed that nanosecond pulsed DBDs, which have been proposed...species for pulsed direct current (DC) dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasmas. Based on experimental observations, it is assumed that nanosecond...momentum-based approaches. Given the fundamental differences between the novel pulsed discharge approach and the more conventional momentum-based

Chest wall tumors presenting as breast lumps.

PubMed

Shousha, Sami; Sinnett, H Dudley

2004-01-01

Two recently seen patients presenting with large breast lumps that proved to be pure mesenchymal tumors arising from the underlying chest wall are presented. One tumor proved to be a giant cell tumor of soft tissue and the other an osteogenic sarcoma. It is suggested that these two cases may not be unique and that some mesenchymal breast tumors might have their origin in the chest wall. Breast computed tomography (CT) scans would help identify similar cases.

RRAWFLOW: Rainfall-Response Aquifer and Watershed Flow Model (v1.15)

USGS Publications Warehouse

Long, Andrew J.

2015-01-01

The Rainfall-Response Aquifer and Watershed Flow Model (RRAWFLOW) is a lumped-parameter model that simulates streamflow, spring flow, groundwater level, or solute transport for a measurement point in response to a system input of precipitation, recharge, or solute injection. I introduce the first version of RRAWFLOW available for download and public use and describe additional options. The open-source code is written in the R language and is available at http://sd.water.usgs.gov/projects/RRAWFLOW/RRAWFLOW.html along with an example model of streamflow. RRAWFLOW includes a time-series process to estimate recharge from precipitation and simulates the response to recharge by convolution, i.e., the unit-hydrograph approach. Gamma functions are used for estimation of parametric impulse-response functions (IRFs); a combination of two gamma functions results in a double-peaked IRF. A spline fit to a set of control points is introduced as a new method for estimation of nonparametric IRFs. Several options are included to simulate time-variant systems. For many applications, lumped models simulate the system response with equal accuracy to that of distributed models, but moreover, the ease of model construction and calibration of lumped models makes them a good choice for many applications (e.g., estimating missing periods in a hydrologic record). RRAWFLOW provides professional hydrologists and students with an accessible and versatile tool for lumped-parameter modeling.

Modeling the chemistry of complex petroleum mixtures.

PubMed Central

Quann, R J

1998-01-01

Determining the complete molecular composition of petroleum and its refined products is not feasible with current analytical techniques because of the astronomical number of molecular components. Modeling the composition and behavior of such complex mixtures in refinery processes has accordingly evolved along a simplifying concept called lumping. Lumping reduces the complexity of the problem to a manageable form by grouping the entire set of molecular components into a handful of lumps. This traditional approach does not have a molecular basis and therefore excludes important aspects of process chemistry and molecular property fundamentals from the model's formulation. A new approach called structure-oriented lumping has been developed to model the composition and chemistry of complex mixtures at a molecular level. The central concept is to represent an individual molecular or a set of closely related isomers as a mathematical construct of certain specific and repeating structural groups. A complex mixture such as petroleum can then be represented as thousands of distinct molecular components, each having a mathematical identity. This enables the automated construction of large complex reaction networks with tens of thousands of specific reactions for simulating the chemistry of complex mixtures. Further, the method provides a convenient framework for incorporating molecular physical property correlations, existing group contribution methods, molecular thermodynamic properties, and the structure--activity relationships of chemical kinetics in the development of models. PMID:9860903

MEMS 3-DoF gyroscope design, modeling and simulation through equivalent circuit lumped parameter model

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mian, Muhammad Umer, E-mail: umermian@gmail.com; Khir, M. H. Md.; Tang, T. B.

Pre-fabrication, behavioural and performance analysis with computer aided design (CAD) tools is a common and fabrication cost effective practice. In light of this we present a simulation methodology for a dual-mass oscillator based 3 Degree of Freedom (3-DoF) MEMS gyroscope. 3-DoF Gyroscope is modeled through lumped parameter models using equivalent circuit elements. These equivalent circuits consist of elementary components which are counterpart of their respective mechanical components, used to design and fabricate 3-DoF MEMS gyroscope. Complete designing of equivalent circuit model, mathematical modeling and simulation are being presented in this paper. Behaviors of the equivalent lumped models derived for themore » proposed device design are simulated in MEMSPRO T-SPICE software. Simulations are carried out with the design specifications following design rules of the MetalMUMPS fabrication process. Drive mass resonant frequencies simulated by this technique are 1.59 kHz and 2.05 kHz respectively, which are close to the resonant frequencies found by the analytical formulation of the gyroscope. The lumped equivalent circuit modeling technique proved to be a time efficient modeling technique for the analysis of complex MEMS devices like 3-DoF gyroscopes. The technique proves to be an alternative approach to the complex and time consuming couple field analysis Finite Element Analysis (FEA) previously used.« less

Multi-time-step ahead daily and hourly intermittent reservoir inflow prediction by artificial intelligent techniques using lumped and distributed data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jothiprakash, V.; Magar, R. B.

2012-07-01

SummaryIn this study, artificial intelligent (AI) techniques such as artificial neural network (ANN), Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and Linear genetic programming (LGP) are used to predict daily and hourly multi-time-step ahead intermittent reservoir inflow. To illustrate the applicability of AI techniques, intermittent Koyna river watershed in Maharashtra, India is chosen as a case study. Based on the observed daily and hourly rainfall and reservoir inflow various types of time-series, cause-effect and combined models are developed with lumped and distributed input data. Further, the model performance was evaluated using various performance criteria. From the results, it is found that the performances of LGP models are found to be superior to ANN and ANFIS models especially in predicting the peak inflows for both daily and hourly time-step. A detailed comparison of the overall performance indicated that the combined input model (combination of rainfall and inflow) performed better in both lumped and distributed input data modelling. It was observed that the lumped input data models performed slightly better because; apart from reducing the noise in the data, the better techniques and their training approach, appropriate selection of network architecture, required inputs, and also training-testing ratios of the data set. The slight poor performance of distributed data is due to large variations and lesser number of observed values.

Malpractice issues in radiology: medicare compliance versus standard of care conformance--real or imaginary conflict?

PubMed

Duszak, Richard; Berlin, Leonard

2010-06-01

Plaintiff's Attorney (Pl Att:: Doctor, the record shows that the patient was referred to the hospital's radiology department by her gynecologist for a screening mammogram. The record also shows that when completing the mammography information form, the patient wrote that she had a lump in her left breast, correct? Defendant Radiologist (Df Ra:): Yes. Pl Att: But your technologist performed, and you interpreted, a screening mammogram. Doesn't the radiology standard of care require you to do a diagnostic mammogram when the patient has a breast lump? Df Ra:: Well, normally yes, but if it's going to be a diagnostic mammogram, then the referring physician has to order it. In this case our tech called the gynecologist and asked him whether he wanted to order a diagnostic study, and he said no, he didn't feel the lump, and that we should only do a plain screening mammogram. Pl Att:: Please explain something. You're agreeing that a woman with a breast lump should have a diagnostic mammogram, but you are saying that you didn't do one because the patient's physician wouldn't order it? Don't you have a duty to do the diagnostic mammogram in a case like this on your own, without having to ask permission from the patient's gynecologist? Df Ra:: Only the treating physician can change a screening mammogram into a diagnostic mammogram, and I am not the treating physician. If I went ahead and did a diagnostic mammography examination on my own, it would be Medicare fraud, and our hospital's compliance officer says it could result in our hospital being fined and thrown out of the Medicare program. Pl Atty: What prevents you then from recommending-not ordering, but just recommending-a diagnostic mammogram in your report, because the patient says she's got a lump? Df Rad: Well, according to our hospital's compliance officer, that would also be fraud.

Modeling concentration patterns of agricultural and urban micropollutants in surface waters in catchment of mixed land use

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stamm, C.; Scheidegger, R.; Bader, H. P.

2012-04-01

Organic micropollutants detected in surface waters can originate from agricultural and urban sources. Depending on the use of the compounds, the temporal loss patterns vary substantially. Therefore models that simulate water quality in watersheds of mixed land use have to account for all relevant sources. We present here simulation results of a transport model that describes the dynamic of several biocidal compounds as well as the behaviour of human pharmaceuticals. The model consists of the sub-model Rexpo simulating the transfer of the compounds from the point of application to the stream in semi-lumped manner. The river sub-model, which is programmed in the Aquasim software, describes the fate of the compounds in the stream. Both sub-models are process-based. The Rexpo sub-model was calibrated at the scale of a small catchment of 25 km2, which is inhabited by about 12'000 people. Based on the resulting model parameters the loss dynamics of two herbicides (atrazine, isoproturon) and a compound of mixed urban and agricultural use (diuron) were predicted for two nested catchment of 212 and 1696 km2, respectively. The model output was compared to observed time-series of concentrations and loads obtained for the entire year 2009. Additionally, the fate of two pharmaceuticals with constant input (carbamazepine, diclofenac) was simulated for improving the understanding of possible degradation processes. The simulated loads and concentrations of the biocidal compounds differed by a factor of 2 to 3 from the observations. In general, the seasonal patterns were well captured by the model. However, a detailed analysis of the seasonality revealed substantial input uncertainty for the application of the compounds. The model results also demonstrated that for the dynamics of rain-driven losses of biocidal compounds the semi-lumped approach of the Rexpo sub-model was sufficient. Only for simulating the photolytic degradation of diclofenac in the stream the detailed representation of the routing in the stream was essential. Overall, the study demonstrated that the simulation of micropollutants at the watershed scale can be strongly hampered by input uncertainty regarding the use of the chemicals. Under such conditions the level of process-representation in the Rexpo sub-models is superfluous. For practical applications, one should address the question how to simply the approach while still maintaining the essential parts.

Determination of timescales of nitrate contamination by groundwater age models in a complex aquifer system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koh, E. H.; Lee, E.; Kaown, D.; Lee, K. K.; Green, C. T.

2017-12-01

Timing and magnitudes of nitrate contamination are determined by various factors like contaminant loading, recharge characteristics and geologic system. Information of an elapsed time since recharged water traveling to a certain outlet location, which is defined as groundwater age, can provide indirect interpretation related to the hydrologic characteristics of the aquifer system. There are three major methods (apparent ages, lumped parameter model, and numerical model) to date groundwater ages, which differently characterize groundwater mixing resulted by various groundwater flow pathways in a heterogeneous aquifer system. Therefore, in this study, we compared the three age models in a complex aquifer system by using observed age tracer data and reconstructed history of nitrate contamination by long-term source loading. The 3H-3He and CFC-12 apparent ages, which did not consider the groundwater mixing, estimated the most delayed response time and a highest period of the nitrate loading had not reached yet. However, the lumped parameter model could generate more recent loading response than the apparent ages and the peak loading period influenced the water quality. The numerical model could delineate various groundwater mixing components and its different impacts on nitrate dynamics in the complex aquifer system. The different age estimation methods lead to variations in the estimated contaminant loading history, in which the discrepancy in the age estimation was dominantly observed in the complex aquifer system.

Simulating nitrate response functions in watersheds: Case studies in the United States and New Zealand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gusyev, Maksym; Abrams, Daniel; Morgenstern, Uwe; Stewart, Michael

2016-04-01

Non-point sources of nitrate contamination are a common concern in different parts of the world and are difficult to characterize. Due to the solubility of nitrate, it easily enters groundwater and may take years or decades to completely flush to a stream. During this time, it may undergo denitrification, in particular if dissolved oxygen levels are low, requiring a representation of spatially distributed nitrate input as well as detailed hydrogeology. In this presentation, nitrate response functions are generated with four different methodologies that are listed in the order of decreasing degrees of freedom: groundwater flow and chemical transport (MODFLOW/MT3D), groundwater flow with solute particle tracing (MODFLOW/MODPATH), cross-sectional groundwater flow model (MODFLOW), and lumped parameter models (LPMs). We tested these approaches in selected watersheds in the Eastern and Midwestern United States as well as New Zealand and found similar nitrate results in all cases despite different model complexities. It is noted that only the fully three dimensional MODFLOW models with MT3D or MODPATH could account for detailed patterns of land use and nitrate applications; the cross-sectional models and lumped parameter models could only do so approximately. Denitrification at depth could also be explicitly accounted for in all four approaches, although this was not a major factor in any of the watersheds investigated.

An ensemble approach to assess hydrological models' contribution to uncertainties in the analysis of climate change impact on water resources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Velázquez, J. A.; Schmid, J.; Ricard, S.; Muerth, M. J.; Gauvin St-Denis, B.; Minville, M.; Chaumont, D.; Caya, D.; Ludwig, R.; Turcotte, R.

2012-06-01

Over the recent years, several research efforts investigated the impact of climate change on water resources for different regions of the world. The projection of future river flows is affected by different sources of uncertainty in the hydro-climatic modelling chain. One of the aims of the QBic3 project (Québec-Bavarian International Collaboration on Climate Change) is to assess the contribution to uncertainty of hydrological models by using an ensemble of hydrological models presenting a diversity of structural complexity (i.e. lumped, semi distributed and distributed models). The study investigates two humid, mid-latitude catchments with natural flow conditions; one located in Southern Québec (Canada) and one in Southern Bavaria (Germany). Daily flow is simulated with four different hydrological models, forced by outputs from regional climate models driven by a given number of GCMs' members over a reference (1971-2000) and a future (2041-2070) periods. The results show that the choice of the hydrological model does strongly affect the climate change response of selected hydrological indicators, especially those related to low flows. Indicators related to high flows seem less sensitive on the choice of the hydrological model. Therefore, the computationally less demanding models (usually simple, lumped and conceptual) give a significant level of trust for high and overall mean flows.

Modelling radionuclide transport in fractured media with a dynamic update of K d values

DOE PAGES

Trinchero, Paolo; Painter, Scott L.; Ebrahimi, Hedieh; ...

2015-10-13

Radionuclide transport in fractured crystalline rocks is a process of interest in evaluating long term safety of potential disposal systems for radioactive wastes. Given their numerical efficiency and the absence of numerical dispersion, Lagrangian methods (e.g. particle tracking algorithms) are appealing approaches that are often used in safety assessment (SA) analyses. In these approaches, many complex geochemical retention processes are typically lumped into a single parameter: the distribution coefficient (Kd). Usually, the distribution coefficient is assumed to be constant over the time frame of interest. However, this assumption could be critical under long-term geochemical changes as it is demonstrated thatmore » the distribution coefficient depends on the background chemical conditions (e.g. pH, Eh, and major chemistry). In this study, we provide a computational framework that combines the efficiency of Lagrangian methods with a sound and explicit description of the geochemical changes of the site and their influence on the radionuclide retention properties.« less

Phantom wormholes in Einstein–Maxwell-dilaton theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goulart, Prieslei

2018-01-01

In this paper we give an electrically charged traversable wormhole solution for the Einstein–Maxwell-dilaton theory when the dilaton is a phantom field, i.e. it has flipped sign kinetic term appearing in the action. In the limit when the charge is zero, we recover the anti-Fisher solution, which can be reduced to the Bronnikov–Ellis solution under certain choices of integration constants. The equations of motion of this theory share the same S-duality invariance of string theory, so the electrically charged solution is rotated into the magnetically charged one by applying such transformations. The scalar field is topological, so we compute its topological charge, and discuss that under appropriate boundary conditions we can have a lump, a kink, or an anti-kink profile. We determine the position of the throat, and show the embedding diagram of the wormhole. As a physical application, we apply the Gauss–Bonnet theorem to compute the deflection angle of a light-ray that passes close to the wormhole.

Local cerebral glucose utilization during status epilepticus in newborn primates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fujikawa, D.G.; Dwyer, B.E.; Lake, R.R.

1989-06-01

The effect of bicuculline-induced status epilepticus (SE) on local cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (LCMRglc) was studied in 2-wk-old ketamine-anesthetized marmoset monkeys, using the 2-(/sup 14/C)-deoxy-D-glucose autoradiographical technique. To estimate LCMRglc in cerebral cortex and thalamus during SE, the lumped constant (LC) for 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and the rate constants for 2-DG and glucose were calculated for these regions. The control LC was 0.43 in frontoparietal cortex, 0.51 in temporal cortex, and 0.50 in thalamus; it increased to 1.07 in frontoparietal cortex, 1.13 in temporal cortex, and 1.25 in thalamus after 30 min of seizures. With control LC values, LCMRglc inmore » frontoparietal cortex, temporal cortex, and dorsomedial thalamus appeared to increase four to sixfold. With seizure LC values, LCMRglc increased 1.5- to 2-fold and only in cortex. During 45-min seizures, LCMRglc in cortex and thalamus probably increases 4- to 6-fold initially and later falls to the 1.5- to 2-fold level as tissue glucose concentrations decrease. Together with our previous results demonstrating depletion of high-energy phosphates and glucose in these regions, the data suggest that energy demands exceed glucose supply. The long-term effects of these metabolic changes on the developing brain remain to be determined.« less

An 8-node tetrahedral finite element suitable for explicit transient dynamic simulations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Key, S.W.; Heinstein, M.W.; Stone, C.M.

1997-12-31

Considerable effort has been expended in perfecting the algorithmic properties of 8-node hexahedral finite elements. Today the element is well understood and performs exceptionally well when used in modeling three-dimensional explicit transient dynamic events. However, the automatic generation of all-hexahedral meshes remains an elusive achievement. The alternative of automatic generation for all-tetrahedral finite element is a notoriously poor performer, and the 10-node quadratic tetrahedral finite element while a better performer numerically is computationally expensive. To use the all-tetrahedral mesh generation extant today, the authors have explored the creation of a quality 8-node tetrahedral finite element (a four-node tetrahedral finite elementmore » enriched with four midface nodal points). The derivation of the element`s gradient operator, studies in obtaining a suitable mass lumping and the element`s performance in applications are presented. In particular, they examine the 80node tetrahedral finite element`s behavior in longitudinal plane wave propagation, in transverse cylindrical wave propagation, and in simulating Taylor bar impacts. The element only samples constant strain states and, therefore, has 12 hourglass modes. In this regard, it bears similarities to the 8-node, mean-quadrature hexahedral finite element. Given automatic all-tetrahedral meshing, the 8-node, constant-strain tetrahedral finite element is a suitable replacement for the 8-node hexahedral finite element and handbuilt meshes.« less

Segmented Gamma Scanner for Small Containers of Uranium Processing Waste- 12295

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Morris, K.E.; Smith, S.K.; Gailey, S.

2012-07-01

The Segmented Gamma Scanner (SGS) is commonly utilized in the assay of 55-gallon drums containing radioactive waste. Successfully deployed calibration methods include measurement of vertical line source standards in representative matrices and mathematical efficiency calibrations. The SGS technique can also be utilized to assay smaller containers, such as those used for criticality safety in uranium processing facilities. For such an application, a Can SGS System is aptly suited for the identification and quantification of radionuclides present in fuel processing wastes. Additionally, since the significant presence of uranium lumping can confound even a simple 'pass/fail' measurement regimen, the high-resolution gamma spectroscopymore » allows for the use of lump-detection techniques. In this application a lump correction is not required, but the application of a differential peak approach is used to simply identify the presence of U-235 lumps. The Can SGS is similar to current drum SGSs, but differs in the methodology for vertical segmentation. In the current drum SGS, the drum is placed on a rotator at a fixed vertical position while the detector, collimator, and transmission source are moved vertically to effect vertical segmentation. For the Can SGS, segmentation is more efficiently done by raising and lowering the rotator platform upon which the small container is positioned. This also reduces the complexity of the system mechanism. The application of the Can SGS introduces new challenges to traditional calibration and verification approaches. In this paper, we revisit SGS calibration methodology in the context of smaller waste containers, and as applied to fuel processing wastes. Specifically, we discuss solutions to the challenges introduced by requiring source standards to fit within the confines of the small containers and the unavailability of high-enriched uranium source standards. We also discuss the implementation of a previously used technique for identifying the presence of uranium lumping. The SGS technique is a well-accepted NDA technique applicable to containers of almost any size. It assumes a homogenous matrix and activity distribution throughout the entire container; an assumption that is at odds with the detection of lumps within the assay item typical of uranium-processing waste. This fact, in addition to the difficultly in constructing small reference standards of uranium-bearing materials, required the methodology used for performing an efficiency curve calibration to be altered. The solution discussed in this paper is demonstrated to provide good results for both the segment activity and full container activity when measuring heterogeneous source distributions. The application of this approach will need to be based on process knowledge of the assay items, as biases can be introduced if used with homogenous, or nearly homogenous, activity distributions. The bias will need to be quantified for each combination of container geometry and SGS scanning settings. One recommended approach for using the heterogeneous calibration discussed here is to assay each item using a homogenous calibration initially. Review of the segment activities compared to the full container activity will signal the presence of a non-uniform activity distribution as the segment activity will be grossly disproportionate to the full container activity. Upon seeing this result, the assay should either be reanalyzed or repeated using the heterogeneous calibration. (authors)« less

Modeling Piezoelectric Stack Actuators for Control of Micromanipulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goldfarb, Michael; Celanovic, Nikola

1997-01-01

A nonlinear lumped-parameter model of a piezoelectric stack actuator has been developed to describe actuator behavior for purposes of control system analysis and design, and, in particular, for microrobotic applications requiring accurate position and/or force control. In formulating this model, the authors propose a generalized Maxwell resistive capacitor as a lumped-parameter causal representation of rate-independent hysteresis. Model formulation is validated by comparing results of numerical simulations to experimental data. Validation is followed by a discussion of model implications for purposes of actuator control.

Carcinoma in ectopic breast: a cytological diagnosis.

PubMed

Shukla, Shailaja; Sehgal, Shivali; Rai, Preeti; Agarwal, Kiran

2015-01-01

Ectopic breast carcinoma in the axillary region is rare with an incidence ranging from 0.3-6%. We report a case of infiltrating duct carcinoma in an adult female arising in aberrant breast tissue in the axilla diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology. There was history of recent increase in size of the lump which was otherwise present for the past 5 years. This case highlights the role fine needle aspiration cytology can play in the early diagnosis of malignant transformation of lumps.

SiGe/Si Monolithically Integrated Amplifier Circuits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Katehi, Linda P. B.; Bhattacharya, Pallab

1998-01-01

With recent advance in the epitaxial growth of silicon-germanium heterojunction, Si/SiGe HBTs with high f(sub max) and f(sub T) have received great attention in MMIC applications. In the past year, technologies for mesa-type Si/SiGe HBTs and other lumped passive components with high resonant frequencies have been developed and well characterized for circuit applications. By integrating the micromachined lumped passive elements into HBT fabrication, multi-stage amplifiers operating at 20 GHz have been designed and fabricated.

Stiffness and relaxation components of the exponential and logistic time constants may be used to derive a load-independent index of isovolumic pressure decay.

PubMed

Shmuylovich, Leonid; Kovács, Sándor J

2008-12-01

In current practice, empirical parameters such as the monoexponential time constant tau or the logistic model time constant tauL are used to quantitate isovolumic relaxation. Previous work indicates that tau and tauL are load dependent. A load-independent index of isovolumic pressure decline (LIIIVPD) does not exist. In this study, we derive and validate a LIIIVPD. Recently, we have derived and validated a kinematic model of isovolumic pressure decay (IVPD), where IVPD is accurately predicted by the solution to an equation of motion parameterized by stiffness (Ek), relaxation (tauc), and pressure asymptote (Pinfinity) parameters. In this study, we use this kinematic model to predict, derive, and validate the load-independent index MLIIIVPD. We predict that the plot of lumped recoil effects [Ek.(P*max-Pinfinity)] versus resistance effects [tauc.(dP/dtmin)], defined by a set of load-varying IVPD contours, where P*max is maximum pressure and dP/dtmin is the minimum first derivative of pressure, yields a linear relation with a constant (i.e., load independent) slope MLIIIVPD. To validate the load independence, we analyzed an average of 107 IVPD contours in 25 subjects (2,669 beats total) undergoing diagnostic catheterization. For the group as a whole, we found the Ek.(P*max-Pinfinity) versus tauc.(dP/dtmin) relation to be highly linear, with the average slope MLIIIVPD=1.107+/-0.044 and the average r2=0.993+/-0.006. For all subjects, MLIIIVPD was found to be linearly correlated to the subject averaged tau (r2=0.65), tauL(r2=0.50), and dP/dtmin (r2=0.63), as well as to ejection fraction (r2=0.52). We conclude that MLIIIVPD is a LIIIVPD because it is load independent and correlates with conventional IVPD parameters. Further validation of MLIIIVPD in selected pathophysiological settings is warranted.

Simulation Comparisons of Three Different Meander Line Dipoles

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-01

Paez C I. Design formulas for a meandered dipole. IEEE Xplore Digital Library, 2014: n. pag. Web. 2 September 2014. 2. Nguyen, VH, Phan, HP, Hoang...MH. Improving radiation characteristics of UHF RFID antennas by zigzag structures. IEEE Xplore Digital Library, 2014: n. pag. Web. 2 September 2014...geometry-based, frequency-independent lumped element model. IEEE Xplore Digital Library, 2014: n. pag. Web. 2 September 2014. 5. Olaode OO, Palmer WD

60 GHz Tapered Transmission Line Resonators

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-15

and out small capacitors, using varactors for part of the capacitance, or both. However, at high frequencies the size of these lumped components...the full substrate stack is made up of many oxide layers with different EM characteristics. To speed up simulation time it is imperative to simplify...the substrate stackup dramatically. This was achieved by using only one oxide layer which encompasses all metal layers. The character- istics of this

Torsional Vibration in the National Wind Technology Center’s 2.5-Megawatt Dynamometer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sethuraman, Latha; Keller, Jonathan; Wallen, Robb

2016-08-31

This report documents the torsional drivetrain dynamics of the NWTC's 2.5-megawatt dynamometer as identified experimentally and as calculated using lumped parameter models using known inertia and stiffness parameters. The report is presented in two parts beginning with the identification of the primary torsional modes followed by the investigation of approaches to damp the torsional vibrations. The key mechanical parameters for the lumped parameter models and justification for the element grouping used in the derivation of the torsional modes are presented. The sensitivities of the torsional modes to different test article properties are discussed. The oscillations observed from the low-speed andmore » generator torque measurements were used to identify the extent of damping inherently achieved through active and passive compensation techniques. A simplified Simulink model of the dynamometer test article integrating the electro-mechanical power conversion and control features was established to emulate the torque behavior that was observed during testing. The torque response in the high-speed, low-speed, and generator shafts were tested and validated against experimental measurements involving step changes in load with the dynamometer operating under speed-regulation mode. The Simulink model serves as a ready reference to identify the torque sensitivities to various system parameters and to explore opportunities to improve torsional damping under different conditions.« less

Experimental validation of a 0-D numerical model for phase change thermal management systems in lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schweitzer, Ben; Wilke, Stephen; Khateeb, Siddique; Al-Hallaj, Said

2015-08-01

A lumped (0-D) numerical model has been developed for simulating the thermal response of a lithium-ion battery pack with a phase-change composite (PCC™) thermal management system. A small 10s4p battery pack utilizing PCC material was constructed and subjected to discharge at various C-rates in order to validate the lumped model. The 18650 size Li-ion cells used in the pack were electrically characterized to determine their heat generation, and various PCC materials were thermally characterized to determine their apparent specific heat as a function of temperature. Additionally, a 2-D FEA thermal model was constructed to help understand the magnitude of spatial temperature variation in the pack, and to understand the limitations of the lumped model. Overall, good agreement is seen between experimentally measured pack temperatures and the 0-D model, and the 2-D FEA model predicts minimal spatial temperature variation for PCC-based packs at C-rates of 1C and below.

Distributed ESO based cooperative tracking control for high-order nonlinear multiagent systems with lumped disturbance and application in multi flight simulators systems.

PubMed

Cong, Zhang

2018-03-01

Based on extended state observer, a novel and practical design method is developed to solve the distributed cooperative tracking problem of higher-order nonlinear multiagent systems with lumped disturbance in a fixed communication topology directed graph. The proposed method is designed to guarantee all the follower nodes ultimately and uniformly converge to the leader node with bounded residual errors. The leader node, modeled as a higher-order non-autonomous nonlinear system, acts as a command generator giving commands only to a small portion of the networked follower nodes. Extended state observer is used to estimate the local states and lumped disturbance of each follower node. Moreover, each distributed controller can work independently only requiring the relative states and/or the estimated relative states information between itself and its neighbors. Finally an engineering application of multi flight simulators systems is demonstrated to test and verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2018 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Electromechanical coupling factor of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers.

PubMed

Caronti, Alessandro; Carotenuto, Riccardo; Pappalardo, Massimo

2003-01-01

Recently, a linear, analytical distributed model for capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) was presented, and an electromechanical equivalent circuit based on the theory reported was used to describe the behavior of the transducer [IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 49, 159-168 (2002)]. The distributed model is applied here to calculate the dynamic coupling factor k(w) of a lossless CMUT, based on a definition that involves the energies stored in a dynamic vibration cycle, and the results are compared with those obtained with a lumped model. A strong discrepancy is found between the two models as the bias voltage increases. The lumped model predicts an increasing dynamic k factor up to unity, whereas the distributed model predicts a more realistic saturation of this parameter to values substantially lower. It is demonstrated that the maximum value of k(w), corresponding to an operating point close to the diaphragm collapse, is 0.4 for a CMUT single cell with a circular membrane diaphragm and no parasitic capacitance (0.36 for a cell with a circular plate diaphragm). This means that the dynamic coupling factor of a CMUT is comparable to that of a piezoceramic plate oscillating in the thickness mode. Parasitic capacitance decreases the value of k(w), because it does not contribute to the energy conversion. The effective coupling factor k(eff) is also investigated, showing that this parameter coincides with k(w) within the lumped model approximation, but a quite different result is obtained if a computation is made with the more accurate distributed model. As a consequence, k(eff), which can be measured from the transducer electrical impedance, does not give a reliable value of the actual dynamic coupling factor.

Electromechanical coupling factor of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Caronti, Alessandro; Carotenuto, Riccardo; Pappalardo, Massimo

2003-01-01

Recently, a linear, analytical distributed model for capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) was presented, and an electromechanical equivalent circuit based on the theory reported was used to describe the behavior of the transducer [IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 49, 159-168 (2002)]. The distributed model is applied here to calculate the dynamic coupling factor kw of a lossless CMUT, based on a definition that involves the energies stored in a dynamic vibration cycle, and the results are compared with those obtained with a lumped model. A strong discrepancy is found between the two models as the bias voltage increases. The lumped model predicts an increasing dynamic k factor up to unity, whereas the distributed model predicts a more realistic saturation of this parameter to values substantially lower. It is demonstrated that the maximum value of kw, corresponding to an operating point close to the diaphragm collapse, is 0.4 for a CMUT single cell with a circular membrane diaphragm and no parasitic capacitance (0.36 for a cell with a circular plate diaphragm). This means that the dynamic coupling factor of a CMUT is comparable to that of a piezoceramic plate oscillating in the thickness mode. Parasitic capacitance decreases the value of kw, because it does not contribute to the energy conversion. The effective coupling factor keff is also investigated, showing that this parameter coincides with kw within the lumped model approximation, but a quite different result is obtained if a computation is made with the more accurate distributed model. As a consequence, keff, which can be measured from the transducer electrical impedance, does not give a reliable value of the actual dynamic coupling factor.

Design of Multilayer Dual-Band BPF and Diplexer with Zeros Implantation Using Suspended Stripline

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ho, Min-Hua; Hsu, Wei-Hong

In this paper, a dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) of multilayer suspended stripline (SSL) structure and an SSL diplexer composed of a low-pass filter (LPF) and a high-pass filter (HPF) are proposed. Bandstop structure creating transmission zeros is adopted in the BPF and diplexer, enhancing the signal selectivity of the former and increasing the isolation between the diverting ports of the latter. The dual-band BPF possesses two distinct bandpass structures and a bandstop circuit, all laid on different metallic layers. The metallic layers together with the supporting substrates are vertically stacked up to save the circuit dimension. The LPF and HPF used in the diplexer structure are designed by a quasi-lumped approach, which the LC lumped-elements circuit models are developed to analyze filters' characteristics and to emulate their frequency responses. Half-wavelength resonating slots are employed in the diplexer's structure to increase the isolation between its two signal diverting ports. Experiments are conducted to verify the multilayer dual-band BPF and the diplexer design. Agreements are observed between the simulation and the measurement.

Electroacoustic analysis, design, and implementation of a small balanced armature speaker.

PubMed

Bai, Mingsian R; You, Bo-Cheng; Lo, Yi-Yang

2014-11-01

This paper presents a new design and implementation of a balanced armature speaker (BAS), which is composed of permanent magnetic circuits, a moving armature, and a coil. The armature rocks about a pivot with the coil at one end and the permanent magnet on another. A magnetic circuit analysis is conducted for the designed BAS to formulate the force factor, which is required for modeling the coupling between the electrical and mechanical systems. In addition, an electromechanoacoustical analogous circuit is established for the BAS, which bears the same structure as the moving coil loudspeaker, except that the force factor is different. A hybrid model, which combines the lumped parameter model in the electrical and acoustical domains with a finite element model in the mechanical domain, is developed to model the high-frequency response because of the high-order modes of the membrane, the drive rod, and the armature. The electroacoustic analysis is experimentally verified. The results indicate that the sound pressure response that is simulated using the hybrid model is in superior agreement with the measured response to that simulated using the lumped parameter model.

RRAWFLOW: Rainfall-Response Aquifer and Watershed Flow Model (v1.15)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Long, A. J.

2015-03-01

The Rainfall-Response Aquifer and Watershed Flow Model (RRAWFLOW) is a lumped-parameter model that simulates streamflow, spring flow, groundwater level, or solute transport for a measurement point in response to a system input of precipitation, recharge, or solute injection. I introduce the first version of RRAWFLOW available for download and public use and describe additional options. The open-source code is written in the R language and is available at http://sd.water.usgs.gov/projects/RRAWFLOW/RRAWFLOW.html along with an example model of streamflow. RRAWFLOW includes a time-series process to estimate recharge from precipitation and simulates the response to recharge by convolution, i.e., the unit-hydrograph approach. Gamma functions are used for estimation of parametric impulse-response functions (IRFs); a combination of two gamma functions results in a double-peaked IRF. A spline fit to a set of control points is introduced as a new method for estimation of nonparametric IRFs. Several options are included to simulate time-variant systems. For many applications, lumped models simulate the system response with equal accuracy to that of distributed models, but moreover, the ease of model construction and calibration of lumped models makes them a good choice for many applications (e.g., estimating missing periods in a hydrologic record). RRAWFLOW provides professional hydrologists and students with an accessible and versatile tool for lumped-parameter modeling.

Nonlinear dynamics of planetary gears using analytical and finite element models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ambarisha, Vijaya Kumar; Parker, Robert G.

2007-05-01

Vibration-induced gear noise and dynamic loads remain key concerns in many transmission applications that use planetary gears. Tooth separations at large vibrations introduce nonlinearity in geared systems. The present work examines the complex, nonlinear dynamic behavior of spur planetary gears using two models: (i) a lumped-parameter model, and (ii) a finite element model. The two-dimensional (2D) lumped-parameter model represents the gears as lumped inertias, the gear meshes as nonlinear springs with tooth contact loss and periodically varying stiffness due to changing tooth contact conditions, and the supports as linear springs. The 2D finite element model is developed from a unique finite element-contact analysis solver specialized for gear dynamics. Mesh stiffness variation excitation, corner contact, and gear tooth contact loss are all intrinsically considered in the finite element analysis. The dynamics of planetary gears show a rich spectrum of nonlinear phenomena. Nonlinear jumps, chaotic motions, and period-doubling bifurcations occur when the mesh frequency or any of its higher harmonics are near a natural frequency of the system. Responses from the dynamic analysis using analytical and finite element models are successfully compared qualitatively and quantitatively. These comparisons validate the effectiveness of the lumped-parameter model to simulate the dynamics of planetary gears. Mesh phasing rules to suppress rotational and translational vibrations in planetary gears are valid even when nonlinearity from tooth contact loss occurs. These mesh phasing rules, however, are not valid in the chaotic and period-doubling regions.

[Clinical cost analysis of balloon kyphoplasty--is there a possibility of cost-covering treatment?].

PubMed

Chmielnicki, M; McDougall, A M; Prokop, A

2014-06-01

Financial pressure on hospitals has been a major issue in the health care system of the past years and the financial situation is often what decides about the future of the hospitals. Therefore today the economic feasibility of patient treatment in hospitals is more important than ever before. After the degradation of the case-based lump sum of I09D to I09F on a one and two level kyphoplasty we took that as motivation to do a cost analysis on 10 randomised cases. The average age of the patients was 75 years (m : f = 2 : 8), the average stay in hospital was 8 days (3-12 d). The analysis was done by a searching of documents in cooperation with the firm GFG-Beratungsgesellschaft mbH (Mönchengladbach, Germany). We found that the average overall cost which includes the cost of hospital stay and the expenditure on material was 7512.53 € and the average earnings of the cases was 7610,97 €, the difference and in that way the proceeds was 98.44 €. On that result performance of a one-level kyphoplasty especially after the degradation of the case-based lump sum in 2013 is possible in a cost-covering way, an increase in profit may be possible by a decrement of hospital stay. In 2014 one- and two-stage kyphoplasty once underwent a reduction of G-DRG from I09F to I09E. At the same time the cost weight of lump compensation I09E was increased by 0.071 with the result that in 2014, with an increased federal base value of 3156.82 € (in 2013 the federal base rate value was 3068.37 €), additional proceeds of 404,92 € can be realised in the field of one- and two-stage kyphoplasty compared to in 2013. On that result a one-level kyphoplasty especially after the degradation of the case-based lump sum in 2013 and in 2014 is possible in a cost-covering manner, an increase in profit may be possible by a decrement of hospital stay. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Brine evolution and mineral deposition in hydrologically open evaporite basins

USGS Publications Warehouse

Sanford, W.E.; Wood, W.W.

1991-01-01

A lumped-parameter, solute mass-balance model is developed to define the role of water outflow from a well-mixed basin. A mass-balance model is analyzed with a geochemical model designed for waters with high ionic strengths. Two typical waters, seawater and a Na-HCO3 ground water, are analyzed to illustrate the control that the leakage ratio (or hydrologic openness of the basin) has on brine evolution and the suite and thicknesses of evaporite minerals deposited. The analysis suggests that brines evolve differently under different leakage conditions. -from Authors

Invasive reptiles and amphibians.

PubMed

Moutou, F; Pastoret, P P

2010-08-01

Although they are frequently lumped together, reptiles and amphibians belong to two very different zoological groups. Nevertheless, one fact is clear: while numerous reptile and amphibian species on Earth are in decline, others have taken advantage of trade or human movements to become established in new lands, adopting different, and sometimes unusual, strategies. The authors have taken a few examples from these two zoological groups that illustrate the majority of cases. A brief analysis of the causes and effects of their introductions into new areas reveals connections with economic interests, trade in companion animals, medical research and public health.

A compact design for the Josephson mixer: The lumped element circuit

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pillet, J.-D.; Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris; Flurin, E.

2015-06-01

We present a compact and efficient design in terms of gain, bandwidth, and dynamical range for the Josephson mixer, the superconducting circuit performing three-wave mixing at microwave frequencies. In an all lumped-element based circuit with galvanically coupled ports, we demonstrate nondegenerate amplification for microwave signals over a bandwidth up to 50 MHz for a power gain of 20 dB. The quantum efficiency of the mixer is shown to be about 70%, and its saturation power reaches −112 dBm.

Assessment of hemodynamic load components affecting optimization of cardiac resynchronization therapy by lumped parameter mode.

PubMed

Xu, Ke; Butlin, Mark; Avolio, Alberto P

2012-01-01

Timing of biventricular pacing devices employed in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a critical determinant of efficacy of the procedure. Optimization is done by maximizing function in terms of arterial pressure (BP) or cardiac output (CO). However, BP and CO are also determined by the hemodynamic load of the pulmonary and systemic vasculature. This study aims to use a lumped parameter circulatory model to assess the influence of the arterial load on the atrio-ventricular (AV) and inter-ventricular (VV) delay for optimal CRT performance.

Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma Co-Existing with Intraductal Papillary Carcinoma of Male Breast: A Rare Case Report.

PubMed

Kumar, Mayank; Pottipati, Bhaswanth; Arakeri, Surekha U; Javalgi, Anita P

2017-06-01

Male breast carcinomas are rare tumours, accounting for less than 1% of all malignancies in men. Intracystic Papillary Carcinoma (IPC) in males is a very rare entity, representing 5-7.5% of all male breast carcinomas. It lacks the classical clinical, radiological and cytological features of malignancy and usually presents as a benign-appearing lump. We report a case of Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) co-existing with intracystic papillary carcinoma in a 53-year-old male who presented with lump in the right breast.

Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma Co-Existing with Intraductal Papillary Carcinoma of Male Breast: A Rare Case Report

PubMed Central

Pottipati, Bhaswanth; Arakeri, Surekha U.; Javalgi, Anita P.

2017-01-01

Male breast carcinomas are rare tumours, accounting for less than 1% of all malignancies in men. Intracystic Papillary Carcinoma (IPC) in males is a very rare entity, representing 5-7.5% of all male breast carcinomas. It lacks the classical clinical, radiological and cytological features of malignancy and usually presents as a benign-appearing lump. We report a case of Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) co-existing with intracystic papillary carcinoma in a 53-year-old male who presented with lump in the right breast. PMID:28764176

Multi-objective optimal design of magnetorheological engine mount based on an improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, Ling; Duan, Xuwei; Deng, Zhaoxue; Li, Yinong

2014-03-01

A novel flow-mode magneto-rheological (MR) engine mount integrated a diaphragm de-coupler and the spoiler plate is designed and developed to isolate engine and the transmission from the chassis in a wide frequency range and overcome the stiffness in high frequency. A lumped parameter model of the MR engine mount in single degree of freedom system is further developed based on bond graph method to predict the performance of the MR engine mount accurately. The optimization mathematical model is established to minimize the total of force transmissibility over several frequency ranges addressed. In this mathematical model, the lumped parameters are considered as design variables. The maximum of force transmissibility and the corresponding frequency in low frequency range as well as individual lumped parameter are limited as constraints. The multiple interval sensitivity analysis method is developed to select the optimized variables and improve the efficiency of optimization process. An improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is used to solve the multi-objective optimization problem. The synthesized distance between the individual in Pareto set and the individual in possible set in engineering is defined and calculated. A set of real design parameters is thus obtained by the internal relationship between the optimal lumped parameters and practical design parameters for the MR engine mount. The program flowchart for the improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is given. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization approach in minimizing the total of force transmissibility over several frequency ranges addressed.

Temporal disconnectivity of the energy landscape in glassy systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lempesis, Nikolaos; Boulougouris, Georgios C.; Theodorou, Doros N.

2013-03-01

An alternative graphical representation of the potential energy landscape (PEL) has been developed and applied to a binary Lennard-Jones glassy system, providing insight into the unique topology of the system's potential energy hypersurface. With the help of this representation one is able to monitor the different explored basins of the PEL, as well as how - and mainly when - subsets of basins communicate with each other via transitions in such a way that details of the prior temporal history have been erased, i.e., local equilibration between the basins in each subset has been achieved. In this way, apart from detailed information about the structure of the PEL, the system's temporal evolution on the PEL is described. In order to gather all necessary information about the identities of two or more basins that are connected with each other, we consider two different approaches. The first one is based on consideration of the time needed for two basins to mutually equilibrate their populations according to the transition rate between them, in the absence of any effect induced by the rest of the landscape. The second approach is based on an analytical solution of the master equation that explicitly takes into account the entire explored landscape. It is shown that both approaches lead to the same result concerning the topology of the PEL and dynamical evolution on it. Moreover, a "temporal disconnectivity graph" is introduced to represent a lumped system stemming from the initial one. The lumped system is obtained via a specially designed algorithm [N. Lempesis, D. G. Tsalikis, G. C. Boulougouris, and D. N. Theodorou, J. Chem. Phys. 135, 204507 (2011), 10.1063/1.3663207]. The temporal disconnectivity graph provides useful information about both the lumped and the initial systems, including the definition of "metabasins" as collections of basins that communicate with each other via transitions that are fast relative to the observation time. Finally, the two examined approaches are compared to an "on the fly" molecular dynamics-based algorithm [D. G. Tsalikis, N. Lempesis, G. C. Boulougouris, and D. N. Theodorou, J. Chem. Theory Comput. 6, 1307 (2010), 10.1021/ct9004245].

Emotion identification method using RGB information of human face

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kita, Shinya; Mita, Akira

2015-03-01

Recently, the number of single households is drastically increased due to the growth of the aging society and the diversity of lifestyle. Therefore, the evolution of building spaces is demanded. Biofied Building we propose can help to avoid this situation. It helps interaction between the building and residents' conscious and unconscious information using robots. The unconscious information includes emotion, condition, and behavior. One of the important information is thermal comfort. We assume we can estimate it from human face. There are many researchs about face color analysis, but a few of them are conducted in real situations. In other words, the existing methods were not used with disturbance such as room lumps. In this study, Kinect was used with face-tracking. Room lumps and task lumps were used to verify that our method could be applicable to real situation. In this research, two rooms at 22 and 28 degrees C were prepared. We showed that the transition of thermal comfort by changing temperature can be observed from human face. Thus, distinction between the data of 22 and 28 degrees C condition from face color was proved to be possible.

Modelling rogue waves through exact dynamical lump soliton controlled by ocean currents.

PubMed

Kundu, Anjan; Mukherjee, Abhik; Naskar, Tapan

2014-04-08

Rogue waves are extraordinarily high and steep isolated waves, which appear suddenly in a calm sea and disappear equally fast. However, though the rogue waves are localized surface waves, their theoretical models and experimental observations are available mostly in one dimension, with the majority of them admitting only limited and fixed amplitude and modular inclination of the wave. We propose two dimensions, exactly solvable nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation derivable from the basic hydrodynamic equations and endowed with integrable structures. The proposed two-dimensional equation exhibits modulation instability and frequency correction induced by the nonlinear effect, with a directional preference, all of which can be determined through precise analytic result. The two-dimensional NLS equation allows also an exact lump soliton which can model a full-grown surface rogue wave with adjustable height and modular inclination. The lump soliton under the influence of an ocean current appears and disappears preceded by a hole state, with its dynamics controlled by the current term. These desirable properties make our exact model promising for describing ocean rogue waves.

Modelling rogue waves through exact dynamical lump soliton controlled by ocean currents

PubMed Central

Kundu, Anjan; Mukherjee, Abhik; Naskar, Tapan

2014-01-01

Rogue waves are extraordinarily high and steep isolated waves, which appear suddenly in a calm sea and disappear equally fast. However, though the rogue waves are localized surface waves, their theoretical models and experimental observations are available mostly in one dimension, with the majority of them admitting only limited and fixed amplitude and modular inclination of the wave. We propose two dimensions, exactly solvable nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation derivable from the basic hydrodynamic equations and endowed with integrable structures. The proposed two-dimensional equation exhibits modulation instability and frequency correction induced by the nonlinear effect, with a directional preference, all of which can be determined through precise analytic result. The two-dimensional NLS equation allows also an exact lump soliton which can model a full-grown surface rogue wave with adjustable height and modular inclination. The lump soliton under the influence of an ocean current appears and disappears preceded by a hole state, with its dynamics controlled by the current term. These desirable properties make our exact model promising for describing ocean rogue waves. PMID:24711719

Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Robust Position Controller for an Electrohydrostatic Actuator Using Adaptive Antiwindup Sliding Mode Scheme

PubMed Central

Lee, Ji Min; Park, Sung Hwan; Kim, Jong Shik

2013-01-01

A robust control scheme is proposed for the position control of the electrohydrostatic actuator (EHA) when considering hardware saturation, load disturbance, and lumped system uncertainties and nonlinearities. To reduce overshoot due to a saturation of electric motor and to realize robustness against load disturbance and lumped system uncertainties such as varying parameters and modeling error, this paper proposes an adaptive antiwindup PID sliding mode scheme as a robust position controller for the EHA system. An optimal PID controller and an optimal anti-windup PID controller are also designed to compare control performance. An EHA prototype is developed, carrying out system modeling and parameter identification in designing the position controller. The simply identified linear model serves as the basis for the design of the position controllers, while the robustness of the control systems is compared by experiments. The adaptive anti-windup PID sliding mode controller has been found to have the desired performance and become robust against hardware saturation, load disturbance, and lumped system uncertainties and nonlinearities. PMID:23983640

Adaptive nonlinear robust relative pose control of spacecraft autonomous rendezvous and proximity operations.

PubMed

Sun, Liang; Huo, Wei; Jiao, Zongxia

2017-03-01

This paper studies relative pose control for a rigid spacecraft with parametric uncertainties approaching to an unknown tumbling target in disturbed space environment. State feedback controllers for relative translation and relative rotation are designed in an adaptive nonlinear robust control framework. The element-wise and norm-wise adaptive laws are utilized to compensate the parametric uncertainties of chaser and target spacecraft, respectively. External disturbances acting on two spacecraft are treated as a lumped and bounded perturbation input for system. To achieve the prescribed disturbance attenuation performance index, feedback gains of controllers are designed by solving linear matrix inequality problems so that lumped disturbance attenuation with respect to the controlled output is ensured in the L 2 -gain sense. Moreover, in the absence of lumped disturbance input, asymptotical convergence of relative pose are proved by using the Lyapunov method. Numerical simulations are performed to show that position tracking and attitude synchronization are accomplished in spite of the presence of couplings and uncertainties. Copyright © 2016 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Exact docking flight controller for autonomous aerial refueling with back-stepping based high order sliding mode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, Zikang; Wang, Honglun; Li, Na; Yu, Yue; Wu, Jianfa

2018-02-01

Autonomous aerial refueling (AAR) exact docking control has always been an intractable problem due to the strong nonlinearity, the tight coupling of the 6 DOF aircraft model and the complex disturbances of the multiple environment flows. In this paper, the strongly coupled nonlinear 6 DOF model of the receiver aircraft which considers the multiple flow disturbances is established in the affine nonlinear form to facilitate the nonlinear controller design. The items reflecting the influence of the unknown flow disturbances in the receiver dynamics are taken as the components of the "lumped disturbances" together with the items which have no linear correlation with the virtual control variables. These unmeasurable lumped disturbances are estimated and compensated by a specially designed high order sliding mode observer (HOSMO) with excellent estimation property. With the compensation of the estimated lumped disturbances, a back-stepping high order sliding mode based exact docking flight controller is proposed for AAR in the presence of multiple flow disturbances. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the feasibility and superiority of the proposed docking controller.

Thermal modeling of high efficiency AMTEC cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ivanenok, J.F. III; Sievers, R.K.; Crowley, C.J.

1995-12-31

Remotely condensed Alkali Metal Thermal to Electric Conversion (AMTEC) cells achieve high efficiency by thermally isolating the hot {beta} Alumina Solid Electrolyte (BASE) tube from the cold condensing region. In order to design high efficiency AMTEC cells the designer must understand the heat losses associated with the AMTEC process. The major parasitic heat losses are due to conduction and radiation, and significant coupling of the two mechanisms occurs. This paper describes an effort to characterize the thermal aspects of the model PL-6 AMTEC cell and apply this understanding to the design of a higher efficiency AMTEC cell, model PL-8. Twomore » parallel analyses were used to model the thermal characteristics of PL-6. The first was a lumped node model using the classical electric circuit analogy and the second was a detailed finite-difference model. The lumped node model provides high speed and reasonable accuracy, and the detailed finite-difference model provides a more accurate, as well as visual, description of the cell temperature profiles. The results of the two methods are compared to the as-measured PL-6 data. PL-6 was the first cell to use a micromachined condenser to lower the radiation losses to the condenser, and it achieved a conversion efficiency of 15% (3 W output/20 W Input) at a temperature of 1050 K.« less

The cosmic web in our own backyard.

PubMed

Ibata, Rodrigo A; Lewis, Geraint F

2008-01-04

On the largest scales, matter is strung out on an intricate pattern known as the cosmic web. The tendrils of this web should reach right into our own cosmic backyard, lacing the Galactic halo with lumps of dark matter. The search for these lumps, lit up by stars that formed within them, is a major astronomical endeavor, although it has failed to find the huge expected population. Is this a dark matter crisis, or does it provide clues to the complexities of gas physics in the early universe? New technologies in the coming decade will reveal the answer.

Assessment of Different Discrete Particle Methods Ability To Predict Gas-Particle Flow in a Small-Scale Fluidized Bed

DOE PAGES

Lu, Liqiang; Gopalan, Balaji; Benyahia, Sofiane

2017-06-21

Several discrete particle methods exist in the open literature to simulate fluidized bed systems, such as discrete element method (DEM), time driven hard sphere (TDHS), coarse-grained particle method (CGPM), coarse grained hard sphere (CGHS), and multi-phase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC). These different approaches usually solve the fluid phase in a Eulerian fixed frame of reference and the particle phase using the Lagrangian method. The first difference between these models lies in tracking either real particles or lumped parcels. The second difference is in the treatment of particle-particle interactions: by calculating collision forces (DEM and CGPM), using momentum conservation laws (TDHS and CGHS),more » or based on particle stress model (MP-PIC). These major model differences lead to a wide range of results accuracy and computation speed. However, these models have never been compared directly using the same experimental dataset. In this research, a small-scale fluidized bed is simulated with these methods using the same open-source code MFIX. The results indicate that modeling the particle-particle collision by TDHS increases the computation speed while maintaining good accuracy. Also, lumping few particles in a parcel increases the computation speed with little loss in accuracy. However, modeling particle-particle interactions with solids stress leads to a big loss in accuracy with a little increase in computation speed. The MP-PIC method predicts an unphysical particle-particle overlap, which results in incorrect voidage distribution and incorrect overall bed hydrodynamics. Based on this study, we recommend using the CGHS method for fluidized bed simulations due to its computational speed that rivals that of MPPIC while maintaining a much better accuracy.« less

Assessment of Different Discrete Particle Methods Ability To Predict Gas-Particle Flow in a Small-Scale Fluidized Bed

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lu, Liqiang; Gopalan, Balaji; Benyahia, Sofiane

Several discrete particle methods exist in the open literature to simulate fluidized bed systems, such as discrete element method (DEM), time driven hard sphere (TDHS), coarse-grained particle method (CGPM), coarse grained hard sphere (CGHS), and multi-phase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC). These different approaches usually solve the fluid phase in a Eulerian fixed frame of reference and the particle phase using the Lagrangian method. The first difference between these models lies in tracking either real particles or lumped parcels. The second difference is in the treatment of particle-particle interactions: by calculating collision forces (DEM and CGPM), using momentum conservation laws (TDHS and CGHS),more » or based on particle stress model (MP-PIC). These major model differences lead to a wide range of results accuracy and computation speed. However, these models have never been compared directly using the same experimental dataset. In this research, a small-scale fluidized bed is simulated with these methods using the same open-source code MFIX. The results indicate that modeling the particle-particle collision by TDHS increases the computation speed while maintaining good accuracy. Also, lumping few particles in a parcel increases the computation speed with little loss in accuracy. However, modeling particle-particle interactions with solids stress leads to a big loss in accuracy with a little increase in computation speed. The MP-PIC method predicts an unphysical particle-particle overlap, which results in incorrect voidage distribution and incorrect overall bed hydrodynamics. Based on this study, we recommend using the CGHS method for fluidized bed simulations due to its computational speed that rivals that of MPPIC while maintaining a much better accuracy.« less

The facts that the physical-chemical properties of modern tablets distinguish them from natural food lumps

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Urakov, A.; Urakova, N.; Reshetnikov, A.; Kopylov, M.; Kasatkin, A.; Baymurzin, D.; Gabdrafikov, R.

2017-02-01

It was found that pharmaceutical companies produce drugs in tablet form, physical or physical-chemical properties that are radically different from those of the properties of natural food lumps, in that adult converts food in our mouth before swallowing. It was shown that the conventional shape, color, size, volume, specific gravity, hardness, osmotic and acid activity of modern tablets impair the physical and physicochemical properties of the liquid contents of the stomach is much stronger than such “building” materials, such as chalk, clay, sand, river pebbles and gravel. The results showed, that the value of the specific hardness, deforming tablets, can distinguish modern tablets from each other by more than 5000 times. Therefore, introduction tablets inside without information of ability injuring their action leads to the fact that soft and “unsalted” tablets almost nothing damage, and too “salty” and solid tablets damage the gums, lips, tongue, teeth and dental structures. To reduce the traumatic action tablets offered standardize osmoticity, corrosion and hardness within the range of safe values for soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity and improve standard introduction of tablets in the mouth.

Hydrologic relations between lakes and aquifer in a recharge area near Orlando, Florida

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lichtler, William F.; Hughes, G.H.; Pfischner, F.L.

1976-01-01

The three lakes investigated in Orange County, Florida, gain water from adjoining water-table aquifer and lose water to Floridan aquifer by downward leakage. Net seepage (net exchange of water between lake and aquifers) can be estimated by equation S = AX + BY, where S is net seepage, X represents hydraulic gradient between lake and water-table aquifer, A is lumped parameter representing effect of hydraulic conductivity and cross-sectional area of materials in flow section of water-table aquifer, Y is head difference between lake level and potentiometric surface of Floridan aquifer, and B is lumped parameter representing effect of hydraulic conductivity, area, and thickness of materials between lake bottom and Floridan aquifer. If values of S, X, and Y are available for two contrasting water-level conditions, coefficients A and B are determinable by solution of two simultaneous equations. If the relation between lake and ground-water level is the same on all sides of the lake--with regard to each aquifer--and if X and Y are truly representative of these relations, then X and Y terms of equation provide valid estimates of inflow to lake from water-table aquifer and outflow from lake to Floridan aquifer. (Woodard-USGS)

FORTRAN 4 computer program for calculating critical speeds of rotating shafts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Trivisonno, R. J.

1973-01-01

A FORTRAN 4 computer program, written for the IBM DCS 7094/7044 computer, that calculates the critical speeds of rotating shafts is described. The shaft may include bearings, couplings, extra masses (nonshaft mass), and disks for the gyroscopic effect. Shear deflection is also taken into account, and provision is made in the program for sections of the shaft that are tapered. The boundary conditions at the ends of the shaft can be fixed (deflection and slope equal to zero) or free (shear and moment equal to zero). The fixed end condition enables the program to calculate the natural frequencies of cantilever beams. Instead of using the lumped-parameter method, the program uses continuous integration of the differential equations of beam flexure across different shaft sections. The advantages of this method over the usual lumped-parameter method are less data preparation and better approximation of the distribution of the mass of the shaft. A main feature of the program is the nature of the output. The Calcomp plotter is used to produce a drawing of the shaft with superimposed deflection curves at the critical speeds, together with all pertinent information related to the shaft.

Frequency Combs in a Lumped-Element Josephson-Junction Circuit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khan, Saeed; Türeci, Hakan E.

2018-04-01

We investigate the dynamics of a microwave-driven Josephson junction capacitively coupled to a lumped-element L C oscillator. In the regime of driving where the Josephson junction can be approximated as a Kerr oscillator, this minimal nonlinear system has been previously shown to exhibit a bistability in phase and amplitude. In the present study, we characterize the full phase diagram and show that besides a parameter regime exhibiting bistability, there is also a regime of self-oscillations characterized by a frequency comb in its spectrum. We discuss the mechanism of comb generation which appears to be different from those studied in microcavity frequency combs and mode-locked lasers. We then address the fate of the comblike spectrum in the regime of strong quantum fluctuations, reached when nonlinearity becomes the dominant scale with respect to dissipation. We find that the nonlinearity responsible for the emergence of the frequency combs also leads to its dephasing, leading to broadening and ultimate disappearance of sharp spectral peaks. Our study explores the fundamental question of the impact of quantum fluctuations for quantum systems which do not possess a stable fixed point in the classical limit.

Mechanical Fluidity of Fully Suspended Biological Cells

PubMed Central

Maloney, John M.; Lehnhardt, Eric; Long, Alexandra F.; Van Vliet, Krystyn J.

2013-01-01

Mechanical characteristics of single biological cells are used to identify and possibly leverage interesting differences among cells or cell populations. Fluidity—hysteresivity normalized to the extremes of an elastic solid or a viscous liquid—can be extracted from, and compared among, multiple rheological measurements of cells: creep compliance versus time, complex modulus versus frequency, and phase lag versus frequency. With multiple strategies available for acquisition of this nondimensional property, fluidity may serve as a useful and robust parameter for distinguishing cell populations, and for understanding the physical origins of deformability in soft matter. Here, for three disparate eukaryotic cell types deformed in the suspended state via optical stretching, we examine the dependence of fluidity on chemical and environmental influences at a timescale of ∼1 s. We find that fluidity estimates are consistent in the time and frequency domains under a structural damping (power-law or fractional-derivative) model, but not under an equivalent-complexity, lumped-component (spring-dashpot) model; the latter predicts spurious time constants. Although fluidity is suppressed by chemical cross-linking, we find that ATP depletion in the cell does not measurably alter the parameter, and we thus conclude that active ATP-driven events are not a crucial enabler of fluidity during linear viscoelastic deformation of a suspended cell. Finally, by using the capacity of optical stretching to produce near-instantaneous increases in cell temperature, we establish that fluidity increases with temperature—now measured in a fully suspended, sortable cell without the complicating factor of cell-substratum adhesion. PMID:24138852

Effects of carbonyl bond, metal cluster dissociation, and evaporation rates on predictions of nanotube production in high-pressure carbon monoxide

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Scott, Carl D.; Smalley, Richard E.

2003-01-01

The high-pressure carbon monoxide (HiPco) process for producing single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) uses iron pentacarbonyl as the source of iron for catalyzing the Boudouard reaction. Attempts using nickel tetracarbonyl led to no production of SWNTs. This paper discusses simulations at a constant condition of 1300 K and 30 atm in which the chemical rate equations are solved for different reaction schemes. A lumped cluster model is developed to limit the number of species in the models, yet it includes fairly large clusters. Reaction rate coefficients in these schemes are based on bond energies of iron and nickel species and on estimates of chemical rates for formation of SWNTs. SWNT growth is measured by the conformation of CO2. It is shown that the production of CO2 is significantly greater for FeCO because of its lower bond energy as compared with that of NiCO. It is also shown that the dissociation and evaporation rates of atoms from small metal clusters have a significant effect on CO2 production. A high rate of evaporation leads to a smaller number of metal clusters available to catalyze the Boudouard reaction. This suggests that if CO reacts with metal clusters and removes atoms from them by forming MeCO, this has the effect of enhancing the evaporation rate and reducing SWNT production. The study also investigates some other reactions in the model that have a less dramatic influence.

Effects of Carbonyl Bond and Metal Cluster Dissociation and Evaporation Rates on Predictions of Nanotube Production in HiPco

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Scott, Carl D.; Smalley, Richard E.

2002-01-01

The high-pressure carbon monoxide (HiPco) process for producing single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) uses iron pentacarbonyl as the source of iron for catalyzing the Boudouard reaction. Attempts using nickel tetracarbonyl led to no production of SWNTs. This paper discusses simulations at a constant condition of 1300 K and 30 atm in which the chemical rate equations are solved for different reaction schemes. A lumped cluster model is developed to limit the number of species in the models, yet it includes fairly large clusters. Reaction rate coefficients in these schemes are based on bond energies of iron and nickel species and on estimates of chemical rates for formation of SWNTs. SWNT growth is measured by the co-formation of CO2. It is shown that the production of CO2 is significantly greater for FeCO due to its lower bond energy as compared with that ofNiCO. It is also shown that the dissociation and evaporation rates of atoms from small metal clusters have a significant effect on CO2 production. A high rate of evaporation leads to a smaller number of metal clusters available to catalyze the Boudouard reaction. This suggests that if CO reacts with metal clusters and removes atoms from them by forming MeCO, this has the effect of enhancing the evaporation rate and reducing SWNT production. The study also investigates some other reactions in the model that have a less dramatic influence.

Cumulative risk of false positive test in relation to breast symptoms in mammography screening: a historical prospective cohort study.

PubMed

Singh, Deependra; Pitkäniemi, Janne; Malila, Nea; Anttila, Ahti

2016-09-01

Mammography has been found effective as the primary screening test for breast cancer. We estimated the cumulative probability of false positive screening test results with respect to symptom history reported at screen. A historical prospective cohort study was done using individual screening data from 413,611 women aged 50-69 years with 2,627,256 invitations for mammography screening between 1992 and 2012 in Finland. Symptoms (lump, retraction, and secretion) were reported at 56,805 visits, and 48,873 visits resulted in a false positive mammography result. Generalized linear models were used to estimate the probability of at least one false positive test and true positive at screening visits. The estimates were compared among women with and without symptoms history. The estimated cumulative probabilities were 18 and 6 % for false positive and true positive results, respectively. In women with a history of a lump, the cumulative probabilities of false positive test and true positive were 45 and 16 %, respectively, compared to 17 and 5 % with no reported lump. In women with a history of any given symptom, the cumulative probabilities of false positive test and true positive were 38 and 13 %, respectively. Likewise, women with a history of a 'lump and retraction' had the cumulative false positive probability of 56 %. The study showed higher cumulative risk of false positive tests and more cancers detected in women who reported symptoms compared to women who did not report symptoms at screen. The risk varies substantially, depending on symptom types and characteristics. Information on breast symptoms influences the balance of absolute benefits and harms of screening.

The Influences of Arm Resist Motion on a CAR Crash Test Using Hybrid III Dummy with Human-Like Arm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Yongchul; Youm, Youngil; Bae, Hanil; Choi, Hyeonki

Safety of the occupant during the crash is very essential design element. Many researches have been investigated in reducing the fatal injury of occupant. They are focusing on the development of a dummy in order to obtain the real human-like motion. However, they have not considered the arm resist motion during the car accident. In this study, we would like to suggest the importance of the reactive force of the arm in a car crash. The influences of reactive force acting on the human upper extremity were investigated using the impedance experimental method with lumped mass model of hand system and a Hybrid III dummy with human-like arm. Impedance parameters (e.g. inertia, spring constant and damping coefficient) of the elbow joint in maximum activation level were measured by free oscillation test using single axis robot. The results showed that without seat belt, the reactive force of human arm reduced the head, chest, and femur injury, and the flexion moment of the neck is higher than that of the conventional dummy.

Fluid dynamics model of mitral valve flow: description with in vitro validation.

PubMed

Thomas, J D; Weyman, A E

1989-01-01

A lumped variable fluid dynamics model of mitral valve blood flow is described that is applicable to both Doppler echocardiography and invasive hemodynamic measurement. Given left atrial and ventricular compliance, initial pressures and mitral valve impedance, the model predicts the time course of mitral flow and atrial and ventricular pressure. The predictions of this mathematic formulation have been tested in an in vitro analog of the left heart in which mitral valve area and atrial and ventricular compliance can be accurately controlled. For the situation of constant chamber compliance, transmitral gradient is predicted to decay as a parabolic curve, and this has been confirmed in the in vitro model with r greater than 0.99 in all cases for a range of orifice area from 0.3 to 3.0 cm2, initial pressure gradient from 2.4 to 14.2 mm Hg and net chamber compliance from 16 to 29 cc/mm Hg. This mathematic formulation of transmitral flow should help to unify the Doppler echocardiographic and catheterization assessment of mitral stenosis and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.

The effect of modified Blalock-Taussig shunt size and coarctation severity on coronary perfusion after the Norwood operation.

PubMed

Corsini, Chiara; Biglino, Giovanni; Schievano, Silvia; Hsia, Tain-Yen; Migliavacca, Francesco; Pennati, Giancarlo; Taylor, Andrew M

2014-08-01

The size of the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt and the additional presence of aortic coarctation can affect the hemodynamics of the Norwood physiology. Multiscale modeling was used to gather insight into the effects of these variables, in particular on coronary perfusion. A model was reconstructed from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging data of a representative patient, and then simplified with computer-aided design software. Changes were systematically imposed to the semi-idealized three-dimensional model, resulting in a family of nine models (3-, 3.5-, and 4-mm shunt diameter; 0%, 60%, and 90% coarctation severity). Each model was coupled to a lumped parameter network representing the remainder of the circulation to run multiscale simulations. Simulations were repeated including the effect of preserved cerebral perfusion. The concomitant presence of a large shunt and tight coarctation was detrimental in terms of coronary perfusion (13.4% maximal reduction, 1.07 versus 0.927 mL/s) and oxygen delivery (29% maximum reduction, 422 versus 300 mL·min(-1)·m(-2)). A variation in the ratio of pulmonary to systemic blood flow from 0.9 to 1.6 also indicated a "stealing" phenomenon to the detriment of the coronary circulation. A difference could be further appreciated in the computational ventricular pressure-volume loops, with augmented systolic pressures and decreased stroke volumes for tighter coarctation. Accounting for constant cerebral perfusion did not produce substantially different results. Multiscale simulations performed in a parametric fashion revealed a reduction in coronary perfusion in the presence of a large modified Blalock-Taussig shunt and severe coarctation in Norwood patients. Copyright © 2014 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Determining the turnover time of groundwater systems with the aid of environmental tracers. 1. Models and their applicability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Małoszewski, P.; Zuber, A.

1982-06-01

Three new lumped-parameter models have been developed for the interpretation of environmental radioisotope data in groundwater systems. Two of these models combine other simpler models, i.e. the piston flow model is combined either with the exponential model (exponential distribution of transit times) or with the linear model (linear distribution of transit times). The third model is based on a new solution to the dispersion equation which more adequately represents the real systems than the conventional solution generally applied so far. The applicability of models was tested by the reinterpretation of several known case studies (Modry Dul, Cheju Island, Rasche Spring and Grafendorf). It has been shown that two of these models, i.e. the exponential-piston flow model and the dispersive model give better fitting than other simpler models. Thus, the obtained values of turnover times are more reliable, whereas the additional fitting parameter gives some information about the structure of the system. In the examples considered, in spite of a lower number of fitting parameters, the new models gave practically the same fitting as the multiparameter finite state mixing-cell models. It has been shown that in the case of a constant tracer input a prior physical knowledge of the groundwater system is indispensable for determining the turnover time. The piston flow model commonly used for age determinations by the 14C method is an approximation applicable only in the cases of low dispersion. In some cases the stable-isotope method aids in the interpretation of systems containing mixed waters of different ages. However, when 14C method is used for mixed-water systems a serious mistake may arise by neglecting the different bicarbonate contents in particular water components.

Parameter sensitivity analysis of a lumped-parameter model of a chain of lymphangions in series.

PubMed

Jamalian, Samira; Bertram, Christopher D; Richardson, William J; Moore, James E

2013-12-01

Any disruption of the lymphatic system due to trauma or injury can lead to edema. There is no effective cure for lymphedema, partly because predictive knowledge of lymphatic system reactions to interventions is lacking. A well-developed model of the system could greatly improve our understanding of its function. Lymphangions, defined as the vessel segment between two valves, are the individual pumping units. Based on our previous lumped-parameter model of a chain of lymphangions, this study aimed to identify the parameters that affect the system output the most using a sensitivity analysis. The system was highly sensitive to minimum valve resistance, such that variations in this parameter caused an order-of-magnitude change in time-average flow rate for certain values of imposed pressure difference. Average flow rate doubled when contraction frequency was increased within its physiological range. Optimum lymphangion length was found to be some 13-14.5 diameters. A peak of time-average flow rate occurred when transmural pressure was such that the pressure-diameter loop for active contractions was centered near maximum passive vessel compliance. Increasing the number of lymphangions in the chain improved the pumping in the presence of larger adverse pressure differences. For a given pressure difference, the optimal number of lymphangions increased with the total vessel length. These results indicate that further experiments to estimate valve resistance more accurately are necessary. The existence of an optimal value of transmural pressure may provide additional guidelines for increasing pumping in areas affected by edema.

Awareness of cancer symptoms and anticipated patient interval for healthcare seeking. A comparative study of Denmark and Sweden.

PubMed

Hvidberg, Line; Lagerlund, Magdalena; Pedersen, Anette F; Hajdarevic, Senada; Tishelman, Carol; Vedsted, Peter

2016-07-01

Background Recent epidemiologic data show that Denmark has considerably poorer survival from common cancers than Sweden. This may be related to a lower awareness of cancer symptoms and longer patient intervals in Denmark than in Sweden. The aims of this study were to: 1) compare population awareness of three possible symptoms of cancer (unexplained lump or swelling, unexplained bleeding and persistent cough or hoarseness); 2) compare anticipated patient interval when noticing any breast changes, rectal bleeding and persistent cough; and 3) examine whether potential differences were noticeable in particular age groups or at particular levels of education in a Danish and Swedish population sample. Method Data were derived from Module 2 of the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership. Telephone interviews using the Awareness and Beliefs about Cancer measure were conducted in 2011 among 3000 adults in Denmark and 3070 adults in Sweden. Results Danish respondents reported a higher awareness of two of three symptoms (i.e. unexplained lump or swelling and persistent cough or hoarseness) and a shorter anticipated patient interval for two of three symptoms studied (i.e. any breast changes and rectal bleeding) than Swedish respondents. Differences in symptom awareness and anticipated patient interval between these countries were most pronounced in highly educated respondents. Conclusion Somewhat paradoxically, the highest awareness of symptoms of cancer and the shortest anticipated patient intervals were found in Denmark, where cancer survival is lower than in Sweden. Thus, it appears that these differences in symptom awareness and anticipated patient interval do not help explain the cancer survival disparity between Denmark and Sweden.

Comment on "Beyond the SCS-CN method: A theoretical framework for spatially lumped rainfall-runoff response" by M. S. Bartlett et al.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ogden, Fred L.; Hawkins, Richard Pete; Walter, M. Todd; Goodrich, David C.

2017-07-01

Bartlett et al. (2016) performed a re-interpretation and modification of the space-time lumped USDA NRCS (formerly SCS) Curve Number (CN) method to extend its applicability to forested watersheds. We believe that the well documented limitations of the CN method severely constrains the applicability of the modifications proposed by Bartlett et al. (2016). This forward-looking comment urges the research communities in hydrologic science and engineering to consider the CN method as a stepping stone that has outlived its usefulness in research. The CN method fills a narrow niche in certain settings as a parsimonious method having utility as an empirical equation to estimate runoff from a given amount of rainfall, which originated as a static functional form that fits rainfall-runoff data sets. Sixty five years of use and multiple reinterpretations have not resulted in improved hydrological predictability using the method. We suggest that the research community should move forward by (1) identifying appropriate dynamic hydrological model formulations for different hydro-geographic settings, (2) specifying needed model capabilities for solving different classes of problems (e.g., flooding, erosion/sedimentation, nutrient transport, water management, etc.) in different hydro-geographic settings, and (3) expanding data collection and research programs to help ameliorate the so-called "overparameterization" problem in contemporary modeling. Many decades of advances in geo-spatial data and processing, computation, and understanding are being squandered on continued focus on the static CN regression method. It is time to truly "move beyond" the Curve Number method.

Nonnegative methods for bilinear discontinuous differencing of the S N equations on quadrilaterals

DOE PAGES

Maginot, Peter G.; Ragusa, Jean C.; Morel, Jim E.

2016-12-22

Historically, matrix lumping and ad hoc flux fixups have been the only methods used to eliminate or suppress negative angular flux solutions associated with the unlumped bilinear discontinuous (UBLD) finite element spatial discretization of the two-dimensional S N equations. Though matrix lumping inhibits negative angular flux solutions of the S N equations, it does not guarantee strictly positive solutions. In this paper, we develop and define a strictly nonnegative, nonlinear, Petrov-Galerkin finite element method that fully preserves the bilinear discontinuous spatial moments of the transport equation. Additionally, we define two ad hoc fixups that maintain particle balance and explicitly setmore » negative nodes of the UBLD finite element solution to zero but use different auxiliary equations to fully define their respective solutions. We assess the ability to inhibit negative angular flux solutions and the accuracy of every spatial discretization that we consider using a glancing void test problem with a discontinuous solution known to stress numerical methods. Though significantly more computationally intense, the nonlinear Petrov-Galerkin scheme results in a strictly nonnegative solution and is a more accurate solution than all the other methods considered. One fixup, based on shape preserving, results in a strictly nonnegative final solution but has increased numerical diffusion relative to the Petrov-Galerkin scheme and is less accurate than the UBLD solution. The second fixup, which preserves as many spatial moments as possible while setting negative values of the unlumped solution to zero, is less accurate than the Petrov-Galerkin scheme but is more accurate than the other fixup. However, it fails to guarantee a strictly nonnegative final solution. As a result, the fully lumped bilinear discontinuous finite element solution is the least accurate method, with significantly more numerical diffusion than the Petrov-Galerkin scheme and both fixups.« less

Reactor physics phenomena in additively manufactured control elements for the High Flux Isotope Reactor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Burns, Joseph R.; Petrovic, Bojan; Chandler, David

Additive manufacturing is under investigation as a novel method of fabricating the control elements (CEs) of the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory with greater simplicity, eliminating numerous highly complex fabrication steps and thereby offering potential for significant savings in cost, time, and effort. This process yields a unique CE design with lumped absorbers, a departure from traditionally manufactured CEs with uniformly distributed absorbing material. Here, this study undertakes a neutronics analysis of the impact of additively manufactured CEs on the HFIR core physics, seeking preliminary assessment of the feasibility of their practical use. The resultsmore » of the MCNP transport simulations reveal changes in the HFIR reactor physics arising from geometric and nuclear effects. Absorber lumping in the discrete CEs yields a large volume of unpoisoned material that is not present in the homogeneous design, in turn yielding increases in free thermal flux in the CE absorbing regions and their immediate vicinity. The availability of additional free thermal neutrons in the core yields an increase in fission rate density in the fuel closest to the CEs and a corresponding increase in neutron multiplication on the order of 100 pcm. The absorption behavior exhibited by the discrete CEs is markedly different from the homogeneous CEs due to several competing effects. Self-shielding arising from absorber lumping acts to reduce the effective absorption cross section of the discrete CEs, but this effect is offset by geometric and spectral effects. The operational performance of the discrete CEs is found to be comparable to the homogeneous CEs, with only limited deficiencies in reactivity worth that are expected to be operationally recoverable via limited adjustment of the CE positions and withdrawal rate. On the whole, these results indicate that the discrete CEs perform reasonably similarly to the homogeneous CEs and appear feasible for application in HFIR. In conclusion, the physical phenomena identified in this study provide valuable background for follow-up design studies.« less

Reactor physics phenomena in additively manufactured control elements for the High Flux Isotope Reactor

DOE PAGES

Burns, Joseph R.; Petrovic, Bojan; Chandler, David; ...

2018-02-22

Additive manufacturing is under investigation as a novel method of fabricating the control elements (CEs) of the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory with greater simplicity, eliminating numerous highly complex fabrication steps and thereby offering potential for significant savings in cost, time, and effort. This process yields a unique CE design with lumped absorbers, a departure from traditionally manufactured CEs with uniformly distributed absorbing material. Here, this study undertakes a neutronics analysis of the impact of additively manufactured CEs on the HFIR core physics, seeking preliminary assessment of the feasibility of their practical use. The resultsmore » of the MCNP transport simulations reveal changes in the HFIR reactor physics arising from geometric and nuclear effects. Absorber lumping in the discrete CEs yields a large volume of unpoisoned material that is not present in the homogeneous design, in turn yielding increases in free thermal flux in the CE absorbing regions and their immediate vicinity. The availability of additional free thermal neutrons in the core yields an increase in fission rate density in the fuel closest to the CEs and a corresponding increase in neutron multiplication on the order of 100 pcm. The absorption behavior exhibited by the discrete CEs is markedly different from the homogeneous CEs due to several competing effects. Self-shielding arising from absorber lumping acts to reduce the effective absorption cross section of the discrete CEs, but this effect is offset by geometric and spectral effects. The operational performance of the discrete CEs is found to be comparable to the homogeneous CEs, with only limited deficiencies in reactivity worth that are expected to be operationally recoverable via limited adjustment of the CE positions and withdrawal rate. On the whole, these results indicate that the discrete CEs perform reasonably similarly to the homogeneous CEs and appear feasible for application in HFIR. In conclusion, the physical phenomena identified in this study provide valuable background for follow-up design studies.« less

Nonnegative methods for bilinear discontinuous differencing of the S N equations on quadrilaterals

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maginot, Peter G.; Ragusa, Jean C.; Morel, Jim E.

Historically, matrix lumping and ad hoc flux fixups have been the only methods used to eliminate or suppress negative angular flux solutions associated with the unlumped bilinear discontinuous (UBLD) finite element spatial discretization of the two-dimensional S N equations. Though matrix lumping inhibits negative angular flux solutions of the S N equations, it does not guarantee strictly positive solutions. In this paper, we develop and define a strictly nonnegative, nonlinear, Petrov-Galerkin finite element method that fully preserves the bilinear discontinuous spatial moments of the transport equation. Additionally, we define two ad hoc fixups that maintain particle balance and explicitly setmore » negative nodes of the UBLD finite element solution to zero but use different auxiliary equations to fully define their respective solutions. We assess the ability to inhibit negative angular flux solutions and the accuracy of every spatial discretization that we consider using a glancing void test problem with a discontinuous solution known to stress numerical methods. Though significantly more computationally intense, the nonlinear Petrov-Galerkin scheme results in a strictly nonnegative solution and is a more accurate solution than all the other methods considered. One fixup, based on shape preserving, results in a strictly nonnegative final solution but has increased numerical diffusion relative to the Petrov-Galerkin scheme and is less accurate than the UBLD solution. The second fixup, which preserves as many spatial moments as possible while setting negative values of the unlumped solution to zero, is less accurate than the Petrov-Galerkin scheme but is more accurate than the other fixup. However, it fails to guarantee a strictly nonnegative final solution. As a result, the fully lumped bilinear discontinuous finite element solution is the least accurate method, with significantly more numerical diffusion than the Petrov-Galerkin scheme and both fixups.« less

Response of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ge, Lifeng

2008-10-01

Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) have been developed for airborne ultrasonic applications, acoustic imaging, and chemical and biological detections. Much attention is also paid how to optimize their performance, so that the accurate simulation of the transmitting response of the CMUTs becomes extremely significant. This paper focuses on determining the total input mechanical impedance accountings for damping, and its resistance part is obtained by the calculated natural frequency and equivalent lumped parameters, and the typical 3-dB bandwidth. Thus, the transmitting response can be calculated by using the input mechanical impedance. Moreover, the equivalent electrical circuit can be also established by the determined lumped parameters.

Numerical study of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation and dispersive shock waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grava, T.; Klein, C.; Pitton, G.

2018-02-01

A detailed numerical study of the long time behaviour of dispersive shock waves in solutions to the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) I equation is presented. It is shown that modulated lump solutions emerge from the dispersive shock waves. For the description of dispersive shock waves, Whitham modulation equations for KP are obtained. It is shown that the modulation equations near the soliton line are hyperbolic for the KPII equation while they are elliptic for the KPI equation leading to a focusing effect and the formation of lumps. Such a behaviour is similar to the appearance of breathers for the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation in the semiclassical limit.

Pulse X-ray device for stereo imaging and few-projection tomography of explosive and fast processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Palchikov, E. I.; Dolgikh, A. V.; Klypin, V. V.; Krasnikov, I. Y.; Ryabchun, A. M.

2017-10-01

This paper describes the operation principles and design features of the device for single pulse X-raying of explosive and high-speed processes, developed on the basis of a Tesla transformer with lumped secondary capacitor bank. The circuit with the lumped capacitor bank allows transferring a greater amount of energy to the discharge circuit as compared with the Marks-surge generator for more effective operation with remote X-ray tubes connected by coaxial cables. The device equipped with multiple X-ray tubes provides simultaneous X-raying of extended or spaced objects, stereo imaging, or few-projection tomography.

Design, Fabrication, and Testing of Lumped Element Kinetic inductance Detectors for 3 mm CMB Observations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lowitz, Amy E.; Brown, Ari David; Stevenson, Thomas R.; Timbie, Peter T.; Wollack, Edward J.

2014-01-01

Kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) are a promising technology for low-noise, highly-multiplexible mm- and submm-wave detection. KIDs have a number of advantages over other detector technologies, which make them an appealing option in the cosmic microwave background B-mode anisotropy search, including passive frequency domain multiplexing and relatively simple fabrication, but have suffered from challenges associated with noise control. Here we describe design and fabrication of a 20-pixel prototype array of lumped element molybdenum KIDs. We show Q, frequency and temperature measurements from the array under dark conditions. We also present evidence for a double superconducting gap in molybdenum.

A Lumped Computational Model for Sodium Sulfur Battery Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Fan

Due to the cost of materials and time consuming testing procedures, development of new batteries is a slow and expensive practice. The purpose of this study is to develop a computational model and assess the capabilities of such a model designed to aid in the design process and control of sodium sulfur batteries. To this end, a transient lumped computational model derived from an integral analysis of the transport of species, energy and charge throughout the battery has been developed. The computation processes are coupled with the use of Faraday's law, and solutions for the species concentrations, electrical potential and current are produced in a time marching fashion. Properties required for solving the governing equations are calculated and updated as a function of time based on the composition of each control volume. The proposed model is validated against multi- dimensional simulations and experimental results from literatures, and simulation results using the proposed model is presented and analyzed. The computational model and electrochemical model used to solve the equations for the lumped model are compared with similar ones found in the literature. The results obtained from the current model compare favorably with those from experiments and other models.

On the rejection of internal and external disturbances in a wind energy conversion system with direct-driven PMSG.

PubMed

Li, Shengquan; Zhang, Kezhao; Li, Juan; Liu, Chao

2016-03-01

This paper deals with the critical issue in a wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on a direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG): the rejection of lumped disturbance, including the system uncertainties in the internal dynamics and unknown external forces. To simultaneously track the motor speed in real time and capture the maximum power, a maximum power point tracking strategy is proposed based on active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) theory. In real application, system inertia, drive torque and some other parameters change in a wide range with the variations of disturbances and wind speeds, which substantially degrade the performance of WECS. The ADRC design must incorporate the available model information into an extended state observer (ESO) to compensate the lumped disturbance efficiently. Based on this principle, a model-compensation ADRC is proposed in this paper. Simulation study is conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed control strategy. It is shown that the effect of lumped disturbance is compensated in a more effective way compared with the traditional ADRC approach. Copyright © 2015 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Easy plane baby Skyrmions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jäykkä, Juha; Speight, Martin

2010-12-01

The baby Skyrme model is studied with a novel choice of potential, V=(1)/(2)ϕ32. This “easy plane” potential vanishes at the equator of the target two-sphere. Hence, in contrast to previously studied cases, the boundary value of the field breaks the residual SO(2) internal symmetry of the model. Consequently, even the unit charge Skyrmion has only discrete symmetry and consists of a bound state of two half lumps. A model of long-range inter-Skyrmion forces is developed wherein a unit Skyrmion is pictured as a single scalar dipole inducing a massless scalar field tangential to the vacuum manifold. This model has the interesting feature that the two-Skyrmion interaction energy depends only on the average orientation of the dipoles relative to the line joining them. Its qualitative predictions are confirmed by numerical simulations. Global energy minimizers of charges B=1,…,14,18,32 are found numerically. Up to charge B=6, the minimizers have 2B half lumps positioned at the vertices of a regular 2B-gon. For charges B≥7, rectangular or distorted rectangular arrays of 2B half lumps are preferred, as close to square as possible.

Optimization of Quenching Parameters for the Reduction of Titaniferous Magnetite Ore by Lean Grade Coal Using the Taguchi Method and Its Isothermal Kinetic Study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sarkar, Bitan Kumar; Kumar, Nikhil; Dey, Rajib; Das, Gopes Chandra

2018-06-01

In the present study, a unique method is adopted to achieve higher reducibility of titaniferous magnetite lump ore (TMO). In this method, TMO is initially heated followed by water quenching. The quenching process generates cracks due to thermal shock in the dense TMO lumps, which, in turn, increases the extent of reduction (EOR) using the lean grade coal as a reductant. The optimum combination of parameters found by using Taguchi's L27 orthogonal array (OA) (five factors, three levels) is - 8 + 4 mm of particle size (PS1), 1423 K of quenching temperature (Qtemp2), 15 minutes of quenching time (Qtime3), 3 times the number of quenching {(No. of Q)3}, and 120 minutes of reduction time (Rtime3) at fixed reduction temperature of 1473 K. At optimized levels of the parameters, 92.39 pct reduction is achieved. Isothermal reduction kinetics of the quenched TMO lumps at the optimized condition reveals mixed controlled mechanisms [initially contracting geometry (CG3) followed by diffusion (D3)]. Activation energies calculated are 69.895 KJ/mole for CG3 and 39.084 KJ/mole for D3.

Analytical models of calcium binding in a calcium channel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Jinn-Liang; Eisenberg, Bob

2014-08-21

The anomalous mole fraction effect of L-type calcium channels is analyzed using a Fermi like distribution with the experimental data of Almers and McCleskey [J. Physiol. 353, 585 (1984)] and the atomic resolution model of Lipkind and Fozzard [Biochemistry 40, 6786 (2001)] of the selectivity filter of the channel. Much of the analysis is algebraic, independent of differential equations. The Fermi distribution is derived from the configuration entropy of ions and water molecules with different sizes, different valences, and interstitial voids between particles. It allows us to calculate potentials and distances (between the binding ion and the oxygen ions ofmore » the glutamate side chains) directly from the experimental data using algebraic formulas. The spatial resolution of these results is comparable with those of molecular models, but of course the accuracy is no better than that implied by the experimental data. The glutamate side chains in our model are flexible enough to accommodate different types of binding ions in different bath conditions. The binding curves of Na{sup +} and Ca{sup 2+} for [CaCl{sub 2}] ranging from 10{sup −8} to 10{sup −2} M with a fixed 32 mM background [NaCl] are shown to agree with published Monte Carlo simulations. The Poisson-Fermi differential equation—that includes both steric and correlation effects—is then used to obtain the spatial profiles of energy, concentration, and dielectric coefficient from the solvent region to the filter. The energy profiles of ions are shown to depend sensitively on the steric energy that is not taken into account in the classical rate theory. We improve the rate theory by introducing a steric energy that lumps the effects of excluded volumes of all ions and water molecules and empty spaces between particles created by Lennard-Jones type and electrostatic forces. We show that the energy landscape varies significantly with bath concentrations. The energy landscape is not constant.« less

Application of finite difference techniques to noise propagation in jet engine ducts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baumeister, K. J.

1973-01-01

A finite difference formulation is presented for wave propagation in a rectangular two-dimensional duct without steady flow. The difference technique, which should be used in the study of acoustically treated inlet and exhausts ducts used in turbofan engines, can readily handle acoustical flow field complications such as axial variations in wall impedance and cross-section area. In the numerical analysis, the continuous acoustic field is lumped into a series of grid points in which the pressure and velocity at each grid point are separated into real and imaginary terms. An example calculation is also presented for the sound attenuation in a two-dimensional straight soft-walled suppressor.

Application of finite difference techniques to noise propagation in jet engine ducts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baumeister, K. J.

1973-01-01

A finite difference formulation is presented for wave propagation in a rectangular two-dimensional duct without steady flow. The difference technique, which should be useful in the study of acoustically treated inlet and exhausts ducts used in turbofan engines, can readily handle acoustical flow field complications such as axial variations in wall impedance and cross section area. In the numerical analysis, the continuous acoustic field is lumped into a series of grid points in which the pressure and velocity at each grid point are separated into real and imaginary terms. An example calculation is also presented for the sound attenuation in a two-dimensional straight soft-walled suppressor.

Nanoparticle transport and delivery in a heterogeneous pulmonary vasculature.

PubMed

Sohrabi, Salman; Wang, Shunqiang; Tan, Jifu; Xu, Jiang; Yang, Jie; Liu, Yaling

2017-01-04

Quantitative understanding of nanoparticles delivery in a complex vascular networks is very challenging because it involves interplay of transport, hydrodynamic force, and multivalent interactions across different scales. Heterogeneous pulmonary network includes up to 16 generations of vessels in its arterial tree. Modeling the complete pulmonary vascular system in 3D is computationally unrealistic. To save computational cost, a model reconstructed from MRI scanned images is cut into an arbitrary pathway consisting of the upper 4-generations. The remaining generations are represented by an artificially rebuilt pathway. Physiological data such as branch information and connectivity matrix are used for geometry reconstruction. A lumped model is used to model the flow resistance of the branches that are cut off from the truncated pathway. Moreover, since the nanoparticle binding process is stochastic in nature, a binding probability function is used to simplify the carrier attachment and detachment processes. The stitched realistic and artificial geometries coupled with the lumped model at the unresolved outlets are used to resolve the flow field within the truncated arterial tree. Then, the biodistribution of 200nm, 700nm and 2µm particles at different vessel generations is studied. At the end, 0.2-0.5% nanocarrier deposition is predicted during one time passage of drug carriers through pulmonary vascular tree. Our truncated approach enabled us to efficiently model hemodynamics and accordingly particle distribution in a complex 3D vasculature providing a simple, yet efficient predictive tool to study drug delivery at organ level. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Simple Approach to Evaluate the Kinetic Rate Constant for ATP Synthesis in Resting Human Skeletal Muscle at 7 T

PubMed Central

Ren, Jimin; Sherry, A. Dean; Malloy, Craig R.

2015-01-01

Inversion transfer (IT) is a well-established technique with multiple attractive features for analysis of kinetics. However, its application in measurement of ATP synthesis rate in vivo has lagged behind the more common ST techniques. One well-recognized issue with IT is the complexity of data analysis in comparison to much simpler analysis by ST. This complexity arises, in part, because the γ-ATP spin is involved in multiple chemical reactions and magnetization exchanges, whereas Pi is involved in a single reaction, Pi → γ-ATP. By considering the reactions involving γ-ATP only as a lumped constant, the rate constant for the reaction of physiological interest, kPi→γATP, can be determined. Here, we present a new IT data analysis method to evaluate kPi→γATP using data collected from resting human skeletal muscle at 7T. The method is based on the basic Bloch-McConnell equation, which relates kPi→γATP with ṁPi, the rate of Pi magnetization change. The kPi→γATP value is accessed from ṁPi data by more familiar linear correlation approaches. For a group of human subjects (n = 15), the kPi→γATP value derived for resting calf muscle was 0.066 ± 0.017 s−1, in agreement with literature reported values. In this study we also explored possible time-saving strategies to speed up data acquisition for kPi→γATP evaluation using simulations. The analysis indicates that it is feasible to carry out a 31P inversion transfer experiment in ~10 minutes or shorter at 7T with reasonable outcome in kPi→γATP variance for measurement of ATP synthesis in resting human skeletal muscle. We believe that this new IT data analysis approach will facilitate the wide acceptance of IT to evaluate ATP synthesis rate in vivo. PMID:25943328

Optical Kerr spatiotemporal dark extreme waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wabnitz, Stefan; Kodama, Yuji; Baronio, Fabio

2018-02-01

We study the existence and propagation of multidimensional dark non-diffractive and non-dispersive spatiotemporal optical wave-packets in nonlinear Kerr media. We report analytically and confirm numerically the properties of spatiotemporal dark lines, X solitary waves and lump solutions of the (2 + 1)D nonlinear Schr odinger equation (NLSE). Dark lines, X waves and lumps represent holes of light on a continuous wave background. These solitary waves are derived by exploiting the connection between the (2 + 1)D NLSE and a well-known equation of hydrodynamics, namely the (2+1)D Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation. This finding opens a novel path for the excitation and control of spatiotemporal optical solitary and rogue waves, of hydrodynamic nature.

Fourteen years of resonance of Vanguard orbits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wagner, C. A.

1975-01-01

Tracking of Vanguard 3 and the Vanguard 2 rocket with Baker-Nunn cameras and the U.S. Navy's Space Surveillance (radio interferometer) system over a 14 year period revealed resonant fluctuations of up to 0.035 deg in inclination (peak to peak). Six geopotential terms (lumped coefficients) of 11th order and three of 22nd order were measured using orbit inclinations derived from this tracking record. The terms of 11th order are significantly smaller than Kaula's rule. (The lumped coefficients are sensitive to geopotential effects as high as 37th degree.) These observed terms are compatible with a recent 27-satellite geopotential solution whose formal coefficient errors are increased by a factor of 3.3.

Analysis of stability and bifurcations of fixed points and periodic solutions of a lumped model of neocortex with two delays

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

A lumped model of neural activity in neocortex is studied to identify regions of multi-stability of both steady states and periodic solutions. Presence of both steady states and periodic solutions is considered to correspond with epileptogenesis. The model, which consists of two delay differential equations with two fixed time lags is mainly studied for its dependency on varying connection strength between populations. Equilibria are identified, and using linear stability analysis, all transitions are determined under which both trivial and non-trivial fixed points lose stability. Periodic solutions arising at some of these bifurcations are numerically studied with a two-parameter bifurcation analysis. PMID:22655859

Behavioral Implications of Piezoelectric Stack Actuators for Control of Micromanipulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goldfarb, Michael; Celanovic, Nikola

1996-01-01

A lumped-parameter model of a piezoelectric stack actuator has been developed to describe actuator behavior for purposes of control system analysis and design, and in particular for microrobotic applications requiring accurate position and/or force control. In addition to describing the input-output dynamic behavior, the proposed model explains aspects of non-intuitive behavioral phenomena evinced by piezoelectric actuators, such as the input-output rate-independent hysteresis and the change in mechanical stiffness that results from altering electrical load. The authors incorporate a generalized Maxwell resistive capacitor as a lumped-parameter causal representation of rate-independent hysteresis. Model formulation is validated by comparing results of numerical simulations to experimental data.

An optimal contract approach to hospital financing.

PubMed

Boadway, Robin; Marchand, Maurice; Sato, Motohiro

2004-01-01

Existing models of hospital financing advocate mixed schemes which include both lump-sum and cost-based payments. The doctor is generally the unique decision maker, which is unrealistic in a hospital setting where both managers and doctors are involved. This paper develops a model in which managers and doctors are responsible for different decisions within the hospital. In this model, public authorities who provide the financing, hospital managers who allocate resources within the hospital, and doctors who assign patients to either a low-tech or a high-tech therapy have information of increasing quality on the casemix of patients. The public authorities sign with hospital managers contracts specifying some lump-sum financing and some size of a high-tech equipment. In turn, managers, who know the broad mix of patients in the hospital, sign with hospital doctors contracts that specify the non-medical resources allocated to this facility as well as some remuneration. Doctors, who know each patient's illness severity, select the patients to be treated by the high-tech facility, and receive from public authorities some fee-for-service payment that is differentiated according to the low- or high-tech treatment used for curing their patients. What emerges is a two-stage agency problem in which contracts are designed to elicit information in the most efficient way.

Kinetic Release of Alkalinity from Particle-Containing Oil-in-Water Emulsions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muller, K.; Chapra, S. C.; Ramsburg, A.

2014-12-01

Oil-in-water emulsions are typically employed during remediation to promote biotic reduction of contaminants. Emulsions, however, hold promise for encapsulated delivery of many types of active ingredients required for successful site remediation or long-term site stewardship. Our research is currently focused on using alkalinity-containing particles held within oil-in-water emulsions to sustain control of subsurface pH. Here we describe results from laboratory experiments and mathematical modeling conducted to quantify the kinetics associated with the emulsion delivery and alkalinity release process. Kinetically stable oil-in-water emulsions containing (~60 nmCaCO3 or ~100 nm MgO particles) were previously developed using soybean oil and Gum Arabic as a stabilizing agent. Batch and column experiments were employed to assess the accessibility and release of the alkalinity from the emulsion. Successive additions of HCl were used in batch systems to produce several pH responses (pH rebounds) that were subsequently modeled to elucidate release mechanisms and rates for varying emulsion compositions and particle types. Initial results suggest that a linear-driving-force model is generally able to capture the release behavior in the batch system when the temporally-constant, lumped mass-transfer coefficient is scaled by the fraction of particle mass remaining within the droplets. This result suggests that the rate limiting step in the release process may be the interphase transfer of reactive species at the oil-water interface. 1-d column experiments were also completed in order to quantify the extent and rate of alkalinity release from emulsion droplets retained in a sandy medium. Alkalinity release from the retained droplets treated a pH 4 influent water for 25-60 pore volumes (the duration depended on particle type and mass loading), and the cessation in treatment corresponded to exhaustion of the particle mass held within the oil. Column experiments were simulated using a transport code containing the linear-driving-force expression evaluated in the batch experiments. In these simulations the lumped mass transfer coefficient was fit and compared with values predicted using existing correlations for liquid-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces in porous media.

Effect of the preparation of lime putties on their properties.

PubMed

Navrátilová, Eva; Tihlaříková, Eva; Neděla, Vilém; Rovnaníková, Pavla; Pavlík, Jaroslav

2017-12-08

In the study of lime as the basic component of historical mortars and plasters, four lime putties prepared from various kinds of lime of various granulometry and by various ways of preparation were evaluated. The rheological properties and micro-morphologic changes, growing of calcite crystals, and rate of carbonation were monitored. The lime putty prepared from lump lime achieves the best rheological properties, yield stress 214.7 Pa and plastic viscosity 2.6 Pa·s. The suitability of this lime putty was checked by testing the development of calcium hydroxide and calcite crystals using scanning electron microscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy. The disordered crystals of calcium hydroxide exhibit better carbonation resulting in the large crystals of calcite; therefore, the mortar prepared from the lump lime has the highest flexural strength and compressive strength 0.8/2.5 MPa, its carbonation is the fastest and exhibits the longest durability. Also, thanks to the micro-morphological characterization of samples in their native state by means of environmental scanning electron microscopy, the new way of lime putty preparation by mixing was proven. The preparation consists in the mechanical crash of the lime particles immediately after hydration. This enables the properties of putty prepared from lump lime to be nearly reached.

Female breast symptoms in patients attended in the family medicine practice.

PubMed

González-Pérez, Brian; Salas-Flores, Ricardo; Sosa-López, María Lucero; Barrientos-Guerrero, Carlos Eduardo; Hernández-Aguilar, Claudia Magdalena; Gómez-Contreras, Diana Edith; Sánchez-Garza, Jorge Arturo

2013-01-01

there are few studies on breast symptoms (BS) in patients attended at primary care units in Mexico. The aim was to determine the frequency and types of BS overall and by age-group and establish which BS were related to diagnosis of breast cancer. data from all female patients with a breast-disease-related diagnosis, attended from 2006 to 2010, at the Family Medicine Unit 38, were collected. The frequencies of BS were determined by four age-groups (< 19, 20-49, 50-69, > 70 years) and likelihood ratios for breast cancer for each breast-related symptom patient, with a 95 % confidence interval (CI). the most frequent BS in the study population were lump/mass (71.7 %) and breast pain (67.7 %) of all breast complaints, and they were more noted in women age group of 20-49 years. Overall, 120 women had breast cancer diagnosed with a median age of 53.51 + 12.7 years. Breast lump/mass had positive likelihood ratios for breast cancer 4.53 (95 % CI = 2.51-8.17) and breast pain had increased negative LR = 1.08 (95 % CI = 1.05-1.11). breast lump/mass was the predominant presenting complaint among females with breast symptoms in our primary care unit, and it was associated with elevated positive likelihood of breast cancer.

Taking the mystery out of mathematical model applications to karst aquifers—A primer

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kuniansky, Eve L.

2014-01-01

Advances in mathematical model applications toward the understanding of the complex flow, characterization, and water-supply management issues for karst aquifers have occurred in recent years. Different types of mathematical models can be applied successfully if appropriate information is available and the problems are adequately identified. The mathematical approaches discussed in this paper are divided into three major categories: 1) distributed parameter models, 2) lumped parameter models, and 3) fitting models. The modeling approaches are described conceptually with examples (but without equations) to help non-mathematicians understand the applications.

Dynamics of column stability with partial end restraints

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gregory, Peyton B.

1990-01-01

The dynamic behavior of columns with partial end restraints and loads consisting of a dead load and a pulsating load are investigated. The differential equation is solved using a lumped impulse recurrence formula relative to time coupled with a finite difference discretization along the member length. A computer program is written from which the first critical frequencies are found as a function of end stiffness. The case of a pinned ended column compares very well with the exact solution. Also, the natural frequency and buckling load formulas are derived for equal and unequal end restraints.

The role of behavioral, normative and control beliefs in breast self-examination.

PubMed

Mason, Tania E; White, Katherine M

2008-01-01

A limited number of studies have been conducted examining the role of beliefs in the prediction of breast self-examination (BSE) behavior in Australian women, particularly women under 50 years of age for which it is the primary method of early detection of breast cancer. The present research investigated the differences in behavioral, normative and control beliefs between BSE performers and non-performers, within a theory of planned behavior framework, to assist in the development of specific education programs aimed at increasing BSE amongst this demographic group. Two hundred and fifty-three women enrolled in an undergraduate psychology course completed a questionnaire assessing beliefs regarding BSE. One month later, these women reported their BSE behavior during the previous month. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify belief-based differences between BSE performers and non-performers. Underlying behavioral and control, but not normative, beliefs about BSE distinguished between BSE performers and non-performers. Performers were more likely than non-performers to believe that engaging in BSE would be associated with identifying a lump or breast change sooner and detecting a breast cancer earlier in its course. Non-performers were more likely to perceive factors such as forgetting to perform the behavior, lack of time, lack of knowledge about how to perform the behavior, laziness, and a lack of confidence in their ability to identify lumps and breast changes as factors preventing their control over the performance of BSE. The belief-based differences between BSE performers and non-performers found in this study can be used to inform health promotion strategies aimed at increasing BSE behavior in women less than 50 years of age.

Association of symptoms and breast cancer in population-based mammography screening in Finland

PubMed Central

Singh, Deependra; Malila, Nea; Pokhrel, Arun; Anttila, Ahti

2015-01-01

The study purpose was to assess association of symptoms at screening visits with detection of breast cancer among women aged 50–69 years during the period 2006–2010. Altogether 1.2 million screening visits were made and symptoms (lump, retraction, secretion etc.) were reported either by women or radiographer. Breast cancer risk was calculated for each symptom separately using logistic regression [odds ratio (OR)] and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Of the 1,198,410 screening visits symptoms were reported in 298,220 (25%) visits. Breast cancer detection rate for women with and without symptoms was 7.8 per 1,000 and 4.7 per 1,000 screening visits, respectively, whereas lump detected 32 cancers per 1,000 screens. Women with lump or retraction had an increased risk of breast cancer, OR = 6.47, 95% CI 5.89−7.09 and OR = 2.19, 95% CI 1.92–2.49, respectively. The sensitivity of symptoms in detecting breast carcinoma was 35.5% overall. Individual symptoms sensitivity and specificity ranged from, 0.66 to 14.8% and 87.4 to 99.7%, respectively. Of 5,541 invasive breast cancers, 1,993 (36%) reported symptoms at screen. Breast cancer risk among women with lump or retraction was higher in large size tumors (OR = 9.20, 95% CI 8.08–10.5) with poorly differentiated grades (OR = 5.91, 95% CI 5.03–6.94) and regional lymph nodes involvement (OR = 6.47, 95% CI 5.67–7.38). This study was done in a setting where breast tumors size is generally small, and symptoms sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing breast tumors were limited. Importance of breast cancer symptoms in the cancer prevention and control strategy needs to be evaluated also in other settings. PMID:25160029

Channel flow and trichloroethylene treatment in a partly iron-filled fracture: experimental and model results.

PubMed

Cai, Zuansi; Merly, Corrine; Thomson, Neil R; Wilson, Ryan D; Lerner, David N

2007-08-15

Technical developments have now made it possible to emplace granular zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) in fractured media to create a Fe(0) fracture reactive barrier (Fe(0) FRB) for the treatment of contaminated groundwater. To evaluate this concept, we conducted a laboratory experiment in which trichloroethylene (TCE) contaminated water was flushed through a single uniform fracture created between two sandstone blocks. This fracture was partly filled with what was intended to be a uniform thickness of iron. Partial treatment of TCE by iron demonstrated that the concept of a Fe(0) FRB is practical, but was less than anticipated for an iron layer of uniform thickness. When the experiment was disassembled, evidence of discrete channelised flow was noted and attributed to imperfect placement of the iron. To evaluate the effect of the channel flow, an explicit Channel Model was developed that simplifies this complex flow regime into a conceptualised set of uniform and parallel channels. The mathematical representation of this conceptualisation directly accounts for (i) flow channels and immobile fluid arising from the non-uniform iron placement, (ii) mass transfer from the open fracture to iron and immobile fluid regions, and (iii) degradation in the iron regions. A favourable comparison between laboratory data and the results from the developed mathematical model suggests that the model is capable of representing TCE degradation in fractures with non-uniform iron placement. In order to apply this Channel Model concept to a Fe(0) FRB system, a simplified, or implicit, Lumped Channel Model was developed where the physical and chemical processes in the iron layer and immobile fluid regions are captured by a first-order lumped rate parameter. The performance of this Lumped Channel Model was compared to laboratory data, and benchmarked against the Channel Model. The advantages of the Lumped Channel Model are that the degradation of TCE in the system is represented by a first-order parameter that can be used directly in readily available numerical simulators.

Channel flow and trichloroethylene treatment in a partly iron-filled fracture: Experimental and model results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cai, Zuansi; Merly, Corrine; Thomson, Neil R.; Wilson, Ryan D.; Lerner, David N.

2007-08-01

Technical developments have now made it possible to emplace granular zero-valent iron (Fe 0) in fractured media to create a Fe 0 fracture reactive barrier (Fe 0 FRB) for the treatment of contaminated groundwater. To evaluate this concept, we conducted a laboratory experiment in which trichloroethylene (TCE) contaminated water was flushed through a single uniform fracture created between two sandstone blocks. This fracture was partly filled with what was intended to be a uniform thickness of iron. Partial treatment of TCE by iron demonstrated that the concept of a Fe 0 FRB is practical, but was less than anticipated for an iron layer of uniform thickness. When the experiment was disassembled, evidence of discrete channelised flow was noted and attributed to imperfect placement of the iron. To evaluate the effect of the channel flow, an explicit Channel Model was developed that simplifies this complex flow regime into a conceptualised set of uniform and parallel channels. The mathematical representation of this conceptualisation directly accounts for (i) flow channels and immobile fluid arising from the non-uniform iron placement, (ii) mass transfer from the open fracture to iron and immobile fluid regions, and (iii) degradation in the iron regions. A favourable comparison between laboratory data and the results from the developed mathematical model suggests that the model is capable of representing TCE degradation in fractures with non-uniform iron placement. In order to apply this Channel Model concept to a Fe 0 FRB system, a simplified, or implicit, Lumped Channel Model was developed where the physical and chemical processes in the iron layer and immobile fluid regions are captured by a first-order lumped rate parameter. The performance of this Lumped Channel Model was compared to laboratory data, and benchmarked against the Channel Model. The advantages of the Lumped Channel Model are that the degradation of TCE in the system is represented by a first-order parameter that can be used directly in readily available numerical simulators.

Landscape correlates of breeding bird richness across the United States mid-Atlantic region

USGS Publications Warehouse

Jones, K.B.; Neale, A.C.; Nash, M.S.; Riitters, K.H.; Wickham, J.D.; O'Neill, R. V.; Van Remortel, R. D.

2000-01-01

Using a new set of landscape indicator data generated by the U.S.EPA, and a comprehensive breeding bird database from the National Breeding Bird Survey, we evaluated associations between breeding bird richness and landscape characteristics across the entire mid-Atlantic region of the United States. We evaluated how these relationships varied among different groupings (guilds) of birds based on functional, structural, and compositional aspects of individual species demographics. Forest edge was by far the most important landscape attribute affecting the richness of the lumped specialist and generalist guilds; specialist species richness was negatively associated with forest edge and generalist richness was positively associated with forest edge. Landscape variables (indicators) explained a greater proportion of specialist species richness than the generalist guild (46% and 31%, respectively). The lower value in generalists may reflect freer-scale distributions of open habitat that go undetected by the Landsat satellite, open habitats created by roads (the areas from which breeding bird data are obtained), and the lumping of a wide variety of species into the generalist category. A further breakdown of species into 16 guilds showed considerable variation in the response of breeding birds to landscape conditions; forest obligate species had the strongest association with landscape indicators measured in this study (55% of the total variation explained) and forest generalists and open ground nesters the lowest (17% of the total variation explained). The variable response of guild species richness to landscape pattern suggests that one must consider species' demographics when assessing the consequences of landscape change on breeding birds.Using a new set of landscape indicator data generated by the U.S. EPA, and a comprehensive breeding bird database from the National Breeding Bird Survey, we evaluated associations between breeding bird richness and landscape characteristics across the entire mid-Atlantic region of the United States. We evaluated how these relationships varied among different groupings (guilds) of birds based on functional, structural, and compositional aspects of individual species demographics. Forest edge was by far the most important landscape attribute affecting the richness of the lumped specialist and generalist guilds; specialist species richness was negatively associated with forest edge and generalist richness was positively associated with forest edge. Landscape variables (indicators) explained a greater proportion of specialist species richness than the generalist guild (46% and 31%, respectively). The lower value in generalists may reflect finer-scale distributions of open habitat that go undetected by the Landsat satellite, open habitats created by roads (the areas from which breeding bird data are obtained), and the lumping of a wide variety of species into the generalist category. A further breakdown of species into 16 guilds showed considerable variation in the response of breeding birds to landscape conditions; forest obligate species had the strongest association with landscape indicators measured in this study (55% of the total variation explained) and forest generalists and open ground nesters the lowest (17% of the total variation explained). The variable response of guild species richness to landscape pattern suggests that one must consider species' demographics when assessing the consequences of landscape change on breeding birds.

Interpretation of environmental tracers in groundwater systems with stagnant water zones.

PubMed

Maloszewski, Piotr; Stichler, Willibald; Zuber, Andrzej

2004-03-01

Lumped-parameter models are commonly applied for determining the age of water from time records of transient environmental tracers. The simplest models (e.g. piston flow or exponential) are also applicable for dating based on the decay or accumulation of tracers in groundwater systems. The models are based on the assumption that the transit time distribution function (exit age distribution function) of the tracer particles in the investigated system adequately represents the distribution of flow lines and is described by a simple function. A chosen or fitted function (called the response function) describes the transit time distribution of a tracer which would be observed at the output (discharge area, spring, stream, or pumping wells) in the case of an instantaneous injection at the entrance (recharge area). Due to large space and time scales, response functions are not measurable in groundwater systems, therefore, functions known from other fields of science, mainly from chemical engineering, are usually used. The type of response function and the values of its parameters define the lumped-parameter model of a system. The main parameter is the mean transit time of tracer through the system, which under favourable conditions may represent the mean age of mobile water. The parameters of the model are found by fitting calculated concentrations to the experimental records of concentrations measured at the outlet. The mean transit time of tracer (often called the tracer age), whether equal to the mean age of water or not, serves in adequate combinations with other data for determining other useful parameters, e.g. the recharge rate or the content of water in the system. The transit time distribution and its mean value serve for confirmation or determination of the conceptual model of the system and/or estimation of its potential vulnerability to anthropogenic pollution. In the interpretation of environmental tracer data with the aid of the lumped-parameter models, the influence of diffusion exchange between mobile water and stagnant or quasi-stagnant water is seldom considered, though it leads to large differences between tracer and water ages. Therefore, the article is focused on the transit time distribution functions of the most common lumped-parameter models, particularly those applicable for the interpretation of environmental tracer data in double-porosity aquifers, or aquifers in which aquitard diffusion may play an important role. A case study is recalled for a confined aquifer in which the diffusion exchange with aquitard most probably strongly influenced the transport of environmental tracers. Another case study presented is related to the interpretation of environmental tracer data obtained from lysimeters installed in the unsaturated zone with a fraction of stagnant water.

Mastectomy - discharge

MedlinePlus

... Elsevier Saunders; 2015:chap 109. Read More Breast cancer Breast lump removal Breast reconstruction - implants Breast reconstruction - natural tissue Mastectomy Patient Instructions Cosmetic breast surgery - discharge Mastectomy and breast ...

Mammogram

MedlinePlus

Mammography; Breast cancer - mammography; Breast cancer - screening mammography; Breast lump - mammogram; Breast tomosynthesis ... images. This does not always mean you have breast cancer. Your health care provider may simply need to ...

Axillary silicone lymphadenopathy secondary to augmentation mammaplasty

PubMed Central

Dragoumis, Dimitrios M.; Assimaki, Anthoula S.; Vrizas, Triantafyllos I.; Tsiftsoglou, Aris P.

2010-01-01

We report a case involving a 45-year-old woman, who presented with an axillary mass 10 years after bilateral cosmetic augmentation mammaplasty. A lump was detected in the left axilla, and subsequent mammography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated intracapsular rupture of the left breast prosthesis. An excisional biopsy of the left axillary lesion and replacement of the ruptured implant was performed. Histological analysis showed that the axillary lump was lymph nodes containing large amounts of silicone. Silicone lymphadenopathy is an obscure complication of procedures involving the use of silicone. It is thought to occur following the transit of silicone droplets from breast implants to lymph nodes by macrophages and should always be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients in whom silicone prostheses are present. PMID:21217983

Nonlinear dynamics of a circular piezoelectric plate for vibratory energy harvesting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yuan, Tian-Chen; Yang, Jian; Chen, Li-Qun

2018-06-01

Nonlinear behaviors are investigated for a vibration-based energy harvester. The harvester consists of a circular composite plate with the clamped boundary, a proof mass and two steel rings. The lumped parameter model of the harvester is established and the parameters are identified from the experiment. The measured nonlinear behaviors can be approximately described by the lumped model. Both the experimental and the numerical results demonstrate that the circular plate harvester has soft characteristics under low excitation and both hard characteristics and soft characteristics under high excitation. The experimental results show that the output voltage can achieve over 35 V (about 50 mW) and more than 14 Hz of bandwidth with 25 kΩ load resistance.

How Many Dystonias? Clinical Evidence.

PubMed

Albanese, Alberto

2017-01-01

Literary reports on dystonia date back to post-Medieval times. Medical reports are instead more recent. We review here the early descriptions and the historical establishment of a consensus on the clinical phenomenology and the diagnostic features of dystonia syndromes. Lumping and splitting exercises have characterized this area of knowledge, and it remains largely unclear how many dystonia types we are to count. This review describes the history leading to recognize that focal dystonia syndromes are a coherent clinical set encompassing cranial dystonia (including blepharospasm), oromandibular dystonia, spasmodic torticollis, truncal dystonia, writer's cramp, and other occupational dystonias. Papers describing features of dystonia and diagnostic criteria are critically analyzed and put into historical perspective. Issues and inconsistencies in this lumping effort are discussed, and the currently unmet needs are critically reviewed.

Microfabrication of low-loss lumped-element Josephson circuits for non-reciprocal and parametric devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cicak, Katarina; Lecocq, Florent; Ranzani, Leonardo; Peterson, Gabriel A.; Kotler, Shlomi; Teufel, John D.; Simmonds, Raymond W.; Aumentado, Jose

Recent developments in coupled mode theory have opened the doors to new nonreciprocal amplification techniques that can be directly leveraged to produce high quantum efficiency in current measurements in microwave quantum information. However, taking advantage of these techniques requires flexible multi-mode circuit designs comprised of low-loss materials that can be implemented using common fabrication techniques. In this talk we discuss the design and fabrication of a new class of multi-pole lumped-element superconducting parametric amplifiers based on Nb/Al-AlOx/Nb Josephson junctions on silicon or sapphire. To reduce intrinsic loss in these circuits we utilize PECVD amorphous silicon as a low-loss dielectric (tanδ 5 ×10-4), resulting in nearly quantum-limited directional amplification.

Stage-by-Stage and Parallel Flow Path Compressor Modeling for a Variable Cycle Engine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kopasakis, George; Connolly, Joseph W.; Cheng, Larry

2015-01-01

This paper covers the development of stage-by-stage and parallel flow path compressor modeling approaches for a Variable Cycle Engine. The stage-by-stage compressor modeling approach is an extension of a technique for lumped volume dynamics and performance characteristic modeling. It was developed to improve the accuracy of axial compressor dynamics over lumped volume dynamics modeling. The stage-by-stage compressor model presented here is formulated into a parallel flow path model that includes both axial and rotational dynamics. This is done to enable the study of compressor and propulsion system dynamic performance under flow distortion conditions. The approaches utilized here are generic and should be applicable for the modeling of any axial flow compressor design.

Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in circumstellar envelopes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Frenklach, Michael; Feigelson, Eric D.

1989-01-01

Production of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in carbon-rich circumstellar envelopes was investigated using a kinetic approach. A detailed chemical reaction mechanism of gas-phase PAH formation and growth, containing approximately 100 reactions of 40 species, was numerically solved under the physical conditions expected in cool stellar winds. The chemistry is based on studies of soot production in hydrocarbon pyrolysis and combustion. Several first-ring and second-ring cyclization processes were considered. A linear lumping algorithm was used to describe PAH growth beyond the second aromatic ring. PAH production using this mechanism was examined with respect to a grid of idealized constant velocity stellar winds as well as several published astrophysical models. The basic result is that the onset of PAH production in the interstellar envelopes is predicted to occur within the temperature interval of 1100 to 900 K. The absolute amounts of the PAHs formed, however, are very sensitive to a number of parameters, both chemical and astrophysical, whose values are not accurately known. Astrophysically meaningful quantities of PAHs require particularly dense and slow stellar winds and high initial acetylene abundance. It is suggested that most of the PAHs may be produced in a relatively small fraction of carbon-rich red giants.

Comparative analysis of medicolegal compensation for occupational cancers in France and other western European countries: development proposals.

PubMed

Clin, Bénédicte; Ferrant, Ophélie; Marquignon, Marie-France; Letourneux, Marc

2009-12-01

In France, contemporary medicolegal reparation system of occupational diseases--in particular occupational cancer--has been questioned, constantly, due to changes in the state's legal system. For a long time, associated legislation was considered as a genuine social breakthrough. However, it shall remain acknowledged that over the past 15 years, it has been the French legal system itself that generated a certain level of inequality among victims of occupational diseases.. This inequality came to exist following certain jurisdictional understandings of legal matters, as well as the creation of exceptional schemes for granting compensation for physical injuries. It is agreed by both, courts and compensatory funds, that full compensation must be granted for particular group of victims. Yet, this is not the case as for granting compensation over occupational diseases, where reparation is on a set lump sum basis. In light of this proved inequality in the France legal system, with regard to the medicolegal reparation for loss or damage, associated with a claimant's occupational activity, we aim at investigating the procedures as practiced in various European countries occupational cancer in order to identify optimal compensation for these disorders.

Electro-thermal analysis of Lithium Iron Phosphate battery for electric vehicles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saw, L. H.; Somasundaram, K.; Ye, Y.; Tay, A. A. O.

2014-03-01

Lithium ion batteries offer an attractive solution for powering electric vehicles due to their relatively high specific energy and specific power, however, the temperature of the batteries greatly affects their performance as well as cycle life. In this work, an empirical equation characterizing the battery's electrical behavior is coupled with a lumped thermal model to analyze the electrical and thermal behavior of the 18650 Lithium Iron Phosphate cell. Under constant current discharging mode, the cell temperature increases with increasing charge/discharge rates. The dynamic behavior of the battery is also analyzed under a Simplified Federal Urban Driving Schedule and it is found that heat generated from the battery during this cycle is negligible. Simulation results are validated with experimental data. The validated single cell model is then extended to study the dynamic behavior of an electric vehicle battery pack. The modeling results predict that more heat is generated on an aggressive US06 driving cycle as compared to UDDS and HWFET cycle. An extensive thermal management system is needed for the electric vehicle battery pack especially during aggressive driving conditions to ensure that the cells are maintained within the desirable operating limits and temperature uniformity is achieved between the cells.

Lightweight Vehicle and Driver’s Whole-Body Models for Vibration Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

MdSah, Jamali; Taha, Zahari; Azwan Ismail, Khairul

2018-03-01

Vehicle vibration is a main factor for driving fatigue, discomfort and health problems. The ability to simulate the vibration characteristics in the vehicle and its effects on driver’s whole-body vibration will give significant advantages to designers especially on the vehicle development time and cost. However, it is difficult to achieve optimal condition of ride comfort and handling when using passive suspension system. This paper presents mathematical equations that can be used to describe the vibration characteristics of a lightweight electric vehicle that had been developed. The vehicle’s model was combined with the lumped-parameter model of driver to determine the whole-body vibration level when the vehicle is passing over a road hump using Matlab Simulink. The models were simulated at a constant speed and the results were compared with the experimental data. The simulated vibration level at the vehicle floor and seat were almost similar to the experimental vibration results. The suspension systems that are being used for the solar vehicle are able to reduce the vibration level due to the road hump. The models can be used to simulate and choose the optimal parameters for the suspensions.

Dynamic characteristics of motor-gear system under load saltations and voltage transients

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bai, Wenyu; Qin, Datong; Wang, Yawen; Lim, Teik C.

2018-02-01

In this paper, a dynamic model of a motor-gear system is proposed. The model combines a nonlinear permeance network model (PNM) of a squirrel-cage induction motor and a coupled lateral-torsional dynamic model of a planetary geared rotor system. The external excitations including voltage transients and load saltations, as well as the internal excitations such as spatial effects, magnetic circuits topology and material nonlinearity in the motor, and time-varying mesh stiffness and damping in the planetary gear system are considered in the proposed model. Then, the simulation results are compared with those predicted by the electromechanical model containing a dynamic motor model with constant inductances. The comparison showed that the electromechanical system model with the PNM motor model yields more reasonable results than the electromechanical system model with the lumped-parameter electric machine. It is observed that electromechanical coupling effect can induce additional and severe gear vibrations. In addition, the external conditions, especially the voltage transients, will dramatically affect the dynamic characteristics of the electromechanical system. Finally, some suggestions are offered based on this analysis for improving the performance and reliability of the electromechanical system.

Consciousness and body image: lessons from phantom limbs, Capgras syndrome and pain asymbolia.

PubMed Central

Ramachandran, V S

1998-01-01

Words such as 'consciousness' and 'self' actually encompass a number of distinct phenomena that are loosely lumped together. The study of neurological syndromes allows us to explore the neural mechanisms that might underlie different aspects of self, such as body image and emotional responses to sensory stimuli, and perhaps even laughter and humour. Mapping the 'functional logic' of the many different attributes of human nature on to specific neural circuits in the brain offers the best hope of understanding how the activity of neurons gives rise to conscious experience. We consider three neurological syndromes (phantom limbs, Capgras delusion and pain asymbolia) to illustrate this idea. PMID:9854257

A craniometric study of the black and white Colobus Illiger 1811 (Primates: Ceropithecoidea).

PubMed

Hull, D B

1979-08-01

This study examines the craniometry of Black and White Colobus monkeys using 1072 specimens representing all the recognized subspecies (after Rahm, '70) of the genus. Seventy-six measurements were taken on each individual, and examined using canonical variates analysis and clustering by Ward's Error Sum method. The assumptions of the analytical techniques are shown to be met, and the results demonstrated to be stable. Examination of the populations for statistical difference and taxonomic distinctiveness using a multivariate extension of Mayr's Rule indicates that the taxonomy presented by Rahm ('70) is essentially correct, except that the subspecies of guereza across the northern part of Central Africa should be lumped into a single group--C. g. occidentalis--and the subspecies of montane angolan colobus in Eastern Zaire should all be lumped into C. a. ruwenzorii. The systematic patterns of the genus illustrate the whole range of the process of speciation, from barely distinct subspecies, to subspecies almost as distinct as allopatric species of the genus, and on the fully sympatric species Three major zoogeographic areas may be delineated: an East African area dominated by the effects of the Rift Valley, with a large number of subspecies isolated in forest islands; a Central African area with little subspeciation and sympatric overlap of the major species of Colobus; and a West African area with a clinal pattern of distribution of subspecies, and secondary intergradation. The arbitrary nature of Mary's Rule is also apparent. Lastly, the CVA indicated major differences across the genus to be located in the teeth and jaws, suggesting diet might be an important distinguishing feature in Colobus.

Prostate biopsy

MedlinePlus

... shows that you have a higher than normal prostate specific antigen (PSA) level Your provider discovers a lump or abnormality in your prostate during a digital rectal exam Normal Results Normal ...

46 CFR Sec. 15 - Subcontracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... REPAIRS UNDER NATIONAL SHIPPING AUTHORITY MASTER LUMP SUM REPAIR CONTRACT-NSA-LUMPSUMREP Sec. 15 Subcontracts. Under Article 29 of the NSA-LUMPSUMREP Contract, the Contractor is authorized to subcontract...

46 CFR Sec. 15 - Subcontracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... REPAIRS UNDER NATIONAL SHIPPING AUTHORITY MASTER LUMP SUM REPAIR CONTRACT-NSA-LUMPSUMREP Sec. 15 Subcontracts. Under Article 29 of the NSA-LUMPSUMREP Contract, the Contractor is authorized to subcontract...

46 CFR Sec. 15 - Subcontracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... REPAIRS UNDER NATIONAL SHIPPING AUTHORITY MASTER LUMP SUM REPAIR CONTRACT-NSA-LUMPSUMREP Sec. 15 Subcontracts. Under Article 29 of the NSA-LUMPSUMREP Contract, the Contractor is authorized to subcontract...

46 CFR Sec. 15 - Subcontracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... REPAIRS UNDER NATIONAL SHIPPING AUTHORITY MASTER LUMP SUM REPAIR CONTRACT-NSA-LUMPSUMREP Sec. 15 Subcontracts. Under Article 29 of the NSA-LUMPSUMREP Contract, the Contractor is authorized to subcontract...

46 CFR Sec. 15 - Subcontracts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... REPAIRS UNDER NATIONAL SHIPPING AUTHORITY MASTER LUMP SUM REPAIR CONTRACT-NSA-LUMPSUMREP Sec. 15 Subcontracts. Under Article 29 of the NSA-LUMPSUMREP Contract, the Contractor is authorized to subcontract...

20 CFR 219.1 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Annuity), 234 (Lump-Sum Payments), and 222 (Family Relationships), certain requirements must be met before... used as evidence. Part 222 defines and explains family relationships for which evidence requirements...

Skin lumps

MedlinePlus

... The skin. In: Swartz MH, ed. Textbook of Physical Diagnosis: History and Examination . 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:chap 5. Review Date 4/14/2017 Updated by: Kevin Berman, ...

Multi-model analysis in hydrological prediction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lanthier, M.; Arsenault, R.; Brissette, F.

2017-12-01

Hydrologic modelling, by nature, is a simplification of the real-world hydrologic system. Therefore ensemble hydrological predictions thus obtained do not present the full range of possible streamflow outcomes, thereby producing ensembles which demonstrate errors in variance such as under-dispersion. Past studies show that lumped models used in prediction mode can return satisfactory results, especially when there is not enough information available on the watershed to run a distributed model. But all lumped models greatly simplify the complex processes of the hydrologic cycle. To generate more spread in the hydrologic ensemble predictions, multi-model ensembles have been considered. In this study, the aim is to propose and analyse a method that gives an ensemble streamflow prediction that properly represents the forecast probabilities and reduced ensemble bias. To achieve this, three simple lumped models are used to generate an ensemble. These will also be combined using multi-model averaging techniques, which generally generate a more accurate hydrogram than the best of the individual models in simulation mode. This new predictive combined hydrogram is added to the ensemble, thus creating a large ensemble which may improve the variability while also improving the ensemble mean bias. The quality of the predictions is then assessed on different periods: 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months using a PIT Histogram of the percentiles of the real observation volumes with respect to the volumes of the ensemble members. Initially, the models were run using historical weather data to generate synthetic flows. This worked for individual models, but not for the multi-model and for the large ensemble. Consequently, by performing data assimilation at each prediction period and thus adjusting the initial states of the models, the PIT Histogram could be constructed using the observed flows while allowing the use of the multi-model predictions. The under-dispersion has been largely corrected on short-term predictions. For the longer term, the addition of the multi-model member has been beneficial to the quality of the predictions, although it is too early to determine whether the gain is related to the addition of a member or if multi-model member has plus-value itself.

Can a simple lumped parameter model simulate complex transit time distributions? Benchmarking experiments in a virtual watershed.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilusz, D. C.; Maxwell, R. M.; Buda, A. R.; Ball, W. P.; Harman, C. J.

2016-12-01

The catchment transit-time distribution (TTD) is the time-varying, probabilistic distribution of water travel times through a watershed. The TTD is increasingly recognized as a useful descriptor of a catchment's flow and transport processes. However, TTDs are temporally complex and cannot be observed directly at watershed scale. Estimates of TTDs depend on available environmental tracers (such as stable water isotopes) and an assumed model whose parameters can be inverted from tracer data. All tracers have limitations though, such as (typically) short periods of observation or non-conservative behavior. As a result, models that faithfully simulate tracer observations may nonetheless yield TTD estimates with significant errors at certain times and water ages, conditioned on the tracer data available and the model structure. Recent advances have shown that time-varying catchment TTDs can be parsimoniously modeled by the lumped parameter rank StorAge Selection (rSAS) model, in which an rSAS function relates the distribution of water ages in outflows to the composition of age-ranked water in storage. Like other TTD models, rSAS is calibrated and evaluated against environmental tracer data, and the relative influence of tracer-dependent and model-dependent error on its TTD estimates is poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to benchmark the ability of different rSAS formulations to simulate TTDs in a complex, synthetic watershed where the lumped model can be calibrated and directly compared to a virtually "true" TTD. This experimental design allows for isolation of model-dependent error from tracer-dependent error. The integrated hydrologic model ParFlow with SLIM-FAST particle tracking code is used to simulate the watershed and its true TTD. To add field intelligence, the ParFlow model is populated with over forty years of hydrometric and physiographic data from the WE-38 subwatershed of the USDA's Mahantango Creek experimental catchment in PA, USA. The results are intended to give practical insight into tradeoffs between rSAS model structure and skill, and define a new performance benchmark to which other transit time models can be compared.

The need for triple assessment and predictors for diagnosis of breast cancer in patients <40 years of age.

PubMed

Mazari, F A K; Sharma, N; Reid, D; Horgan, K

2018-05-03

To assess the safety of selective use of triple assessment with omission of radiological assessment proposed in patients <40-years old. Data were collected retrospectively for all patients seen in the one-stop breast clinic between January 2014 and August 2015. Demographics, symptoms, diagnostics, and treatment details were recorded. Subgroup and logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors for breast cancer. Of the 3,305 patients included, 95.6% (n=3,161) were first-time referrals. 57.6% (n=1,903) had a breast lump, and 4% (n=133) had a high-risk family history; 75.6% (n=2,499) underwent imaging and 16.7% (n=552) underwent a biopsy. The median age was 29 years (interquartile range [IQR]=25-34). Breast cancer was diagnosed in 29 cases (0.88%) and 3.2% (n=105) had surgery. Median referral-to-diagnosis time was 13 days (IQR=9-14) and referral-to-surgery time was 44 days (IQR=34-95). Patients with breast cancer were significantly older (33 versus 28 years, p=0.016). All patients were first-time referrals. Most patients had a breast lump with low suspicion on clinical examination and breast cancer identified on imaging. Time-to-diagnosis (12 versus 14 days, p=0.017) and time-to-surgery (37 versus 67 days, p=0.012) was significantly shorter in the breast cancer group. Comparative older age (odds ratio [OR]=1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.15) and breast lump (OR=11.43,95% CI: 2.72-48.07) were the only significant predictors of cancer on uni/multivariate regression. Triple assessment is also the best practice for all patients in the younger age group. This cohort should not be treated any differently regarding one-stop clinic infrastructure as the cancers detected were not clinically malignant. Missed cancers in this age group would have significant personal, clinical, and legal consequences. Copyright © 2018 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparison of Lumped and Distributed Hydrologic Models Used for Planning and Water Resources Management at the Combeima River Basin, Colombia.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Salgado, F., II; Vélez, J.

2014-12-01

The catchment area is considered as the planning unit of natural resources where multiple factors as biotic, abiotic and human interact in a web of relationships making this unit a complex system. It is also considered by several authors as the most suitable unit for studying the water movement in nature and a tool for the understanding of natural processes. This research implements several hydrological models commonly used in water resources management and planning. It is the case of Témez, abcd, T, P, ARMA (1,1), and the lumped conceptual model TETIS. This latest model has been implemented in its distributed version for comparison purposes and it has been the basis for obtaining information, either through the reconstruction of natural flow series, filling missing data, forecasting or simulation. Hydrological models make use of lumped data of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, as well as the following parameters for each one of the models which are related to soil properties as capillary storage capacity; the hydraulic saturated conductivity of the upper and lower layers of the soil, and residence times in the flow surface, subsurface layers and base flow. The calibration and the validation process of the models were performed making adjustments to the parameters listed above, taking into account the consistency in the efficiency indexes and the adjustment between the observed and simulated flows using the flow duration curve. The Nash index gave good results for the TETIS model and acceptable values were obtained to the other models. The calibration of the distributed model was complex and its results were similar to those obtained with the aggregated model. This comparison allows planners to use the hydrological multimodel techniques to reduce the uncertainty associated with planning processes in developing countries. Moreover, taking into account the information limitations required to implement a hydrological models, this application can be a good approach to water resources management. This project can be an important tool for decision making of different actors, such as local government, environmental agencies (CORTOLIMA), risk management office. Finally, the establishment of an improved network of hydro-meteorological stations that allow acquiring a better quality information.

Temporal and spatial mapping of red grouper Epinephelus morio sound production.

PubMed

Wall, C C; Simard, P; Lindemuth, M; Lembke, C; Naar, D F; Hu, C; Barnes, B B; Muller-Karger, F E; Mann, D A

2014-11-01

The goals of this project were to determine the daily, seasonal and spatial patterns of red grouper Epinephelus morio sound production on the West Florida Shelf (WFS) using passive acoustics. An 11 month time series of acoustic data from fixed recorders deployed at a known E. morio aggregation site showed that E. morio produce sounds throughout the day and during all months of the year. Increased calling (number of files containing E. morio sound) was correlated to sunrise and sunset, and peaked in late summer (July and August) and early winter (November and December). Due to the ubiquitous production of sound, large-scale spatial mapping across the WFS of E. morio sound production was feasible using recordings from shorter duration-fixed location recorders and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Epinephelus morio were primarily recorded in waters 15-93 m deep, with increased sound production detected in hard bottom areas and within the Steamboat Lumps Marine Protected Area (Steamboat Lumps). AUV tracks through Steamboat Lumps, an offshore marine reserve where E. morio hole excavations have been previously mapped, showed that hydrophone-integrated AUVs could accurately map the location of soniferous fish over spatial scales of <1 km. The results show that passive acoustics is an effective, non-invasive tool to map the distribution of this species over large spatial scales. © 2014 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

On a sparse pressure-flow rate condensation of rigid circulation models

PubMed Central

Schiavazzi, D. E.; Hsia, T. Y.; Marsden, A. L.

2015-01-01

Cardiovascular simulation has shown potential value in clinical decision-making, providing a framework to assess changes in hemodynamics produced by physiological and surgical alterations. State-of-the-art predictions are provided by deterministic multiscale numerical approaches coupling 3D finite element Navier Stokes simulations to lumped parameter circulation models governed by ODEs. Development of next-generation stochastic multiscale models whose parameters can be learned from available clinical data under uncertainty constitutes a research challenge made more difficult by the high computational cost typically associated with the solution of these models. We present a methodology for constructing reduced representations that condense the behavior of 3D anatomical models using outlet pressure-flow polynomial surrogates, based on multiscale model solutions spanning several heart cycles. Relevance vector machine regression is compared with maximum likelihood estimation, showing that sparse pressure/flow rate approximations offer superior performance in producing working surrogate models to be included in lumped circulation networks. Sensitivities of outlets flow rates are also quantified through a Sobol’ decomposition of their total variance encoded in the orthogonal polynomial expansion. Finally, we show that augmented lumped parameter models including the proposed surrogates accurately reproduce the response of multiscale models they were derived from. In particular, results are presented for models of the coronary circulation with closed loop boundary conditions and the abdominal aorta with open loop boundary conditions. PMID:26671219

A lumped parameter method of characteristics approach and multigroup kernels applied to the subgroup self-shielding calculation in MPACT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stimpson, Shane G.; Liu, Yuxuan; Collins, Benjamin S.

An essential component of the neutron transport solver is the resonance self-shielding calculation used to determine equivalence cross sections. The neutron transport code, MPACT, is currently using the subgroup self-shielding method, in which the method of characteristics (MOC) is used to solve purely absorbing fixed-source problems. Recent efforts incorporating multigroup kernels to the MOC solvers in MPACT have reduced runtime by roughly 2×. Applying the same concepts for self-shielding and developing a novel lumped parameter approach to MOC, substantial improvements have also been made to the self-shielding computational efficiency without sacrificing any accuracy. These new multigroup and lumped parameter capabilitiesmore » have been demonstrated on two test cases: (1) a single lattice with quarter symmetry known as VERA (Virtual Environment for Reactor Applications) Progression Problem 2a and (2) a two-dimensional quarter-core slice known as Problem 5a-2D. From these cases, self-shielding computational time was reduced by roughly 3–4×, with a corresponding 15–20% increase in overall memory burden. An azimuthal angle sensitivity study also shows that only half as many angles are needed, yielding an additional speedup of 2×. In total, the improvements yield roughly a 7–8× speedup. Furthermore given these performance benefits, these approaches have been adopted as the default in MPACT.« less

Compartment Venting Analyses of Ares I First Stage Systems Tunnel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wang, Qunzhen; Arner, Stephen

2009-01-01

Compartment venting analyses have been performed for the Ares I first stage systems tunnel using both the lumped parameter method and the three-dimensional (31)) transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. The main objective of venting analyses is to predict the magnitudes of differential pressures across the skin so the integrity of solid walls can be evaluated and properly designed. The lumped parameter method assumes the gas pressure and temperature inside the systems tunnel are spatially uniform, which is questionable since the tunnel is about 1,700 in. long and 4 in. wide. Therefore, 31) transient CFD simulations using the commercial CFD code FLUENT are performed in order to examine the gas pressure and temperature variations inside the tunnel. It was found that the uniform pressure and temperature assumptions inside the systems tunnel are valid during ascent. During reentry, the uniform pressure assumption is also reasonable but the uniform temperature assumption is not valid. Predicted pressure and temperature inside the systems tunnel using CFD are also compared with those from the lumped parameter method using the NASA code CHCHVENT. In general, the average pressure and temperature inside the systems tunnel from CFD are between the burst and crush results from CHCHVENT during both ascent and reentry. The skin differential pressure and pressure inside the systems tunnel relative to freestream pressure from CHCHVENT as well as velocity vectors and streamlines are also discussed in detail.

A lumped parameter method of characteristics approach and multigroup kernels applied to the subgroup self-shielding calculation in MPACT

DOE PAGES

Stimpson, Shane G.; Liu, Yuxuan; Collins, Benjamin S.; ...

2017-07-17

An essential component of the neutron transport solver is the resonance self-shielding calculation used to determine equivalence cross sections. The neutron transport code, MPACT, is currently using the subgroup self-shielding method, in which the method of characteristics (MOC) is used to solve purely absorbing fixed-source problems. Recent efforts incorporating multigroup kernels to the MOC solvers in MPACT have reduced runtime by roughly 2×. Applying the same concepts for self-shielding and developing a novel lumped parameter approach to MOC, substantial improvements have also been made to the self-shielding computational efficiency without sacrificing any accuracy. These new multigroup and lumped parameter capabilitiesmore » have been demonstrated on two test cases: (1) a single lattice with quarter symmetry known as VERA (Virtual Environment for Reactor Applications) Progression Problem 2a and (2) a two-dimensional quarter-core slice known as Problem 5a-2D. From these cases, self-shielding computational time was reduced by roughly 3–4×, with a corresponding 15–20% increase in overall memory burden. An azimuthal angle sensitivity study also shows that only half as many angles are needed, yielding an additional speedup of 2×. In total, the improvements yield roughly a 7–8× speedup. Furthermore given these performance benefits, these approaches have been adopted as the default in MPACT.« less

Design Optimization Tool for Synthetic Jet Actuators Using Lumped Element Modeling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gallas, Quentin; Sheplak, Mark; Cattafesta, Louis N., III; Gorton, Susan A. (Technical Monitor)

2005-01-01

The performance specifications of any actuator are quantified in terms of an exhaustive list of parameters such as bandwidth, output control authority, etc. Flow-control applications benefit from a known actuator frequency response function that relates the input voltage to the output property of interest (e.g., maximum velocity, volumetric flow rate, momentum flux, etc.). Clearly, the required performance metrics are application specific, and methods are needed to achieve the optimal design of these devices. Design and optimization studies have been conducted for piezoelectric cantilever-type flow control actuators, but the modeling issues are simpler compared to synthetic jets. Here, lumped element modeling (LEM) is combined with equivalent circuit representations to estimate the nonlinear dynamic response of a synthetic jet as a function of device dimensions, material properties, and external flow conditions. These models provide reasonable agreement between predicted and measured frequency response functions and thus are suitable for use as design tools. In this work, we have developed a Matlab-based design optimization tool for piezoelectric synthetic jet actuators based on the lumped element models mentioned above. Significant improvements were achieved by optimizing the piezoceramic diaphragm dimensions. Synthetic-jet actuators were fabricated and benchtop tested to fully document their behavior and validate a companion optimization effort. It is hoped that the tool developed from this investigation will assist in the design and deployment of these actuators.

46 CFR Sec. 13 - Insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... REPAIRS UNDER NATIONAL SHIPPING AUTHORITY MASTER LUMP SUM REPAIR CONTRACT-NSA-LUMPSUMREP Sec. 13 Insurance. Article 9 of the NSA-LUMPSUMREP Contract sets forth the Contractor's liabilities and obligations with...

46 CFR Sec. 13 - Insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... REPAIRS UNDER NATIONAL SHIPPING AUTHORITY MASTER LUMP SUM REPAIR CONTRACT-NSA-LUMPSUMREP Sec. 13 Insurance. Article 9 of the NSA-LUMPSUMREP Contract sets forth the Contractor's liabilities and obligations with...

46 CFR Sec. 13 - Insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... REPAIRS UNDER NATIONAL SHIPPING AUTHORITY MASTER LUMP SUM REPAIR CONTRACT-NSA-LUMPSUMREP Sec. 13 Insurance. Article 9 of the NSA-LUMPSUMREP Contract sets forth the Contractor's liabilities and obligations with...

46 CFR Sec. 13 - Insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... REPAIRS UNDER NATIONAL SHIPPING AUTHORITY MASTER LUMP SUM REPAIR CONTRACT-NSA-LUMPSUMREP Sec. 13 Insurance. Article 9 of the NSA-LUMPSUMREP Contract sets forth the Contractor's liabilities and obligations with...

46 CFR Sec. 13 - Insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... REPAIRS UNDER NATIONAL SHIPPING AUTHORITY MASTER LUMP SUM REPAIR CONTRACT-NSA-LUMPSUMREP Sec. 13 Insurance. Article 9 of the NSA-LUMPSUMREP Contract sets forth the Contractor's liabilities and obligations with...

Sarcoidosis

MedlinePlus

Sarcoidosis is a disease that leads to inflammation, usually in your lungs, skin, or lymph nodes. It starts as tiny, grain-like lumps, called granulomas. Sarcoidosis can affect any organ in your body. No ...

Benchmarking hydrological model predictive capability for UK River flows and flood peaks.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lane, Rosanna; Coxon, Gemma; Freer, Jim; Wagener, Thorsten

2017-04-01

Data and hydrological models are now available for national hydrological analyses. However, hydrological model performance varies between catchments, and lumped, conceptual models are not able to produce adequate simulations everywhere. This study aims to benchmark hydrological model performance for catchments across the United Kingdom within an uncertainty analysis framework. We have applied four hydrological models from the FUSE framework to 1128 catchments across the UK. These models are all lumped models and run at a daily timestep, but differ in the model structural architecture and process parameterisations, therefore producing different but equally plausible simulations. We apply FUSE over a 20 year period from 1988-2008, within a GLUE Monte Carlo uncertainty analyses framework. Model performance was evaluated for each catchment, model structure and parameter set using standard performance metrics. These were calculated both for the whole time series and to assess seasonal differences in model performance. The GLUE uncertainty analysis framework was then applied to produce simulated 5th and 95th percentile uncertainty bounds for the daily flow time-series and additionally the annual maximum prediction bounds for each catchment. The results show that the model performance varies significantly in space and time depending on catchment characteristics including climate, geology and human impact. We identify regions where models are systematically failing to produce good results, and present reasons why this could be the case. We also identify regions or catchment characteristics where one model performs better than others, and have explored what structural component or parameterisation enables certain models to produce better simulations in these catchments. Model predictive capability was assessed for each catchment, through looking at the ability of the models to produce discharge prediction bounds which successfully bound the observed discharge. These results improve our understanding of the predictive capability of simple conceptual hydrological models across the UK and help us to identify where further effort is needed to develop modelling approaches to better represent different catchment and climate typologies.

Lumping and splitting: the health policy agenda in India.

PubMed

Peters, David H; Rao, K Sujatha; Fryatt, Robert

2003-09-01

India's health system was designed in a different era, when expectations of the public and private sectors were quite different. India's population is also undergoing transitions in the demographic, epidemiologic and social aspects of health. Disparities in life expectancy, disease, access to health care and protection from financial risks have increased. These factors are challenging the health system to respond in new ways. The old approach to national health policies and programmes is increasingly inappropriate. By analyzing inter- and intra-state differences in contexts and processes, we argue that the content of national health policy needs to be more diverse and accommodating to specific states and districts. More 'splitting' of India's health policy at the state level would better address their health problems, and would open the way to innovation and local accountability. States further along the health transition would be able to develop policies to deal with the emerging epidemic of non-communicable diseases and more appropriate health financing systems. States early in the transition would need to focus on improving the quality and access of essential public health services, and empowering communities to take more ownership. Better 'lumping' of policy issues at the central level is also needed, but not in ways that have been done in the past. The central government needs to focus on overcoming the large inequalities in health outcomes across India, tackle growing challenges to health such as the HIV epidemic, and provide the much needed leadership on systemic issues such as the development of systems for quality assurance and regulation of the private sector. It also needs to support and facilitate states and districts to develop critical capacities rather than directly manage programmes. As India develops a more diverse set of state health policies, there will be more opportunities to learn what works in different policy environments.

Modelling, fabrication, and characterization for improved piezoelectric energy harvesters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alomari, Almuatasim Ali

The ambitious goal of this dissertation is to contribute its share to the scientific researchers and academic community by demonstrate a versatile study on energy harvesting via smart materials. Smart materials are amongst the current production modes which generate clean and green energy. The advantages of smart materials include ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and pyroelectric ceramics and composites in materials science and technology of the 21 st century are inconceivable. Their most current applications include conventional sensors, actuators, batteries replacement, and switch. Further, Piezoelectricity is the accumulation of electrical charges as a result of applying mechanical stress on certain type of materials such as crystals, DNA, and protein, where pyro-electricity is the accumulation of electrical charges from ambient environment from temperature gauges or fluctuations. In an incessant effort to increase the performance of smart materials devices researchers in both academic and industrial communities in field of green energy have suggested many techniques and procedures to increase the power generation capability and enhance the bandwidth of thermal and vibration energy harvesters. In this study, the EulerBernoulli beam Theory, lumped parameter model (LPM), and chain matrix method were applied on various design and structure shape of smart materials to find the output electrical parameters. The modeling and simulation investigations are accomplished using MATLAB program and COMSOL Multiphysics software. A low-cost fabrication technique, of polyvinyl-dine difluoride (PVDF) with different amount of Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT), Lead Magnesium Niobate-Lead Titanate (PMN-PT), and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) are introduced in this study as well. Later, the (Paint/ PZT) fabricated nanocomposites was tested for dielectric constants over a wide frequency range at different temperatures. It was observed that the composites with higher concentrations of PZT nanocomposite have higher dielectric constants than well-known PVDF film. Finally, the performance of the piezoelectric and pyroelectric PMN-PT single crystal with a (67:33) composition grown in our laboratory using unimorph device structures was evaluated via modeling and experiments. The theoretical study was implemented based on a distributed parameter electromechanical model and the modelling procedure was approximated using the finite element analysis (FEA) to predict the electromechanical behavior of the harvesters. The maximum power density at a resonance frequency of 65 Hz and optimum resistance of 200 kO was 45 nW under a 0.5 g acceleration of vibration. By using pyroelectric effect along with the piezoelectric effect, the output voltage of the energy harvester was found to be enhanced at the optimum resistance and specific frequency values. It was noticed that the output voltage was increased monotonically with temperature-difference (DeltaT) and reaches up to 180% of its original value under difference temperature of 1.7 °C.

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

MedlinePlus

... in a buildup of iron in the body. Sarcoidosis is the name of an inflammatory disease that ... and form larger lumps that attack other organs. Sarcoidosis often affects your skin, eyes, or liver, but ...

Geometrical appearance and spatial arrangement of structural blocks of the Malan loess in NW China: implications for the formation of loess columns

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Yanrong; Zhang, Tao; Zhang, Yongbo; Xu, Qiang

2018-06-01

Loess, as one of the main Quaternary deposits, covers approximately 6% of the land surface of the Earth. Although loess is loose and fragile, loess columns are popular and they can stand stably for hundreds of years, thereby forming a spectacular landform. The formation of such special column-shaped soil structures is puzzling, and the underlying fundamentals remain unclear. The present study focuses on quantifying and examining the geometrical shape and spatial alignment of structural blocks of the Malan loess at different locations in the Loess Plateau of China. The structural blocks under investigation include clay- and silt-sized particles, aggregates, fragments, lumps, and columns, which vary in size from microns to tens of meters. Regardless of their size, the structural blocks of the Malan loess are found to be similar in shape, i.e., elongated with a length-to-width ratio of approximately 2.6. The aggregates, fragments, lumps, columns, and macropores between aggregates exhibit strong concentration in the vertical or subvertical alignment. These phenomena imply that the Malan loess is anisotropic and it is composed of a combination of vertically aligned strong units and vertically aligned weak segments. Based on this, "vertiloess" structure is proposed to denote this combination. The vertiloess structure prevents horizontal erosion, but favors spalling, peeling, toppling, falling and cracking-sliding of vertical loess pieces, thereby forming loess columns.

Titan's Gravitational Field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schubert, G.; Anderson, J. D.

2013-12-01

Titan's gravitational field is inferred from an analysis of archived radio Doppler data for six Cassini flybys. The analysis considers each flyby separately in contrast to the approach of lumping all the data together in a massive inversion. In this way it is possible to gain an improved understanding of the character of each flyby and its usefulness in constraining the gravitational coefficient C22 . Though our analysis is not yet complete and our final determination of C22 could differ from the result we report here by 1 or 2 sigma, we find a best-fit value of C22 equal to (13.21 × 0.17) × 10-6, significantly larger than the value of 10.0 × 10-6 obtained from an inversion of the lumped Cassini data. We also find no determination of the tidal Love number k2. The larger value of C22 implies a moment of inertia factor equal to 0.3819 × 0.0020 and a less differentiated Titan than is suggested by the smaller value. The larger value of C22 is consistent with an undifferentiated model of the satellite. While it is not possible to rule out either value of C22 , we prefer the larger value because its derivation results from a more hands on analysis of the data that extracts the weak hydrostatic signal while revealing the effects of gravity anomalies and unmodeled spacecraft accelerations on each of the six flybys.

Fire Detection Tradeoffs as a Function of Vehicle Parameters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Urban, David L.; Dietrich, Daniel L.; Brooker, John E.; Meyer, Marit E.; Ruff, Gary A.

2016-01-01

Fire survivability depends on the detection of and response to a fire before it has produced an unacceptable environment in the vehicle. This detection time is the result of interplay between the fire burning and growth rates; the vehicle size; the detection system design; the transport time to the detector (controlled by the level of mixing in the vehicle); and the rate at which the life support system filters the atmosphere, potentially removing the detected species or particles. Given the large differences in critical vehicle parameters (volume, mixing rate and filtration rate) the detection approach that works for a large vehicle (e.g. the ISS) may not be the best choice for a smaller crew capsule. This paper examines the impact of vehicle size and environmental control and life support system parameters on the detectability of fires in comparison to the hazard they present. A lumped element model was developed that considers smoke, heat, and toxic product release rates in comparison to mixing and filtration rates in the vehicle. Recent work has quantified the production rate of smoke and several hazardous species from overheated spacecraft polymers. These results are used as the input data set in the lumped element model in combination with the transport behavior of major toxic products released by overheating spacecraft materials to evaluate the necessary alarm thresholds to enable appropriate response to the fire hazard.

Patient-specific biomechanical model of hypoplastic left heart to predict post-operative cardio-circulatory behaviour.

PubMed

Cutrì, Elena; Meoli, Alessio; Dubini, Gabriele; Migliavacca, Francesco; Hsia, Tain-Yen; Pennati, Giancarlo

2017-09-01

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a complex congenital heart disease characterised by the underdevelopment of the left ventricle normally treated with a three-stage surgical repair. In this study, a multiscale closed-loop cardio-circulatory model is created to reproduce the pre-operative condition of a patient suffering from such pathology and virtual surgery is performed. Firstly, cardio-circulatory parameters are estimated using a fully closed-loop cardio-circulatory lumped parameter model. Secondly, a 3D standalone FEA model is build up to obtain active and passive ventricular characteristics and unloaded reference state. Lastly, the 3D model of the single ventricle is coupled to the lumped parameter model of the circulation obtaining a multiscale closed-loop pre-operative model. Lacking any information on the fibre orientation, two cases were simulated: (i) fibre distributed as in the physiological right ventricle and (ii) fibre as in the physiological left ventricle. Once the pre-operative condition is satisfactorily simulated for the two cases, virtual surgery is performed. The post-operative results in the two cases highlighted similar hemodynamic behaviour but different local mechanics. This finding suggests that the knowledge of the patient-specific fibre arrangement is important to correctly estimate the single ventricle's working condition and consequently can be valuable to support clinical decision. Copyright © 2017 IPEM. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mammographic and sonographic findings of steatocystoma multiplex presenting as breast lumps.

PubMed

Wan, John Mun Chin; Wong, Jill Su Lin; Tee, Shang-Ian

2012-12-01

Steatocystoma multiplex (SM) is an uncommon cutaneous disorder characterised by multiple intradermal cysts distributed over the trunk and proximal extremities. This condition affects both genders and is often inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, although sporadic cases have been described. This report describes the mammographic and sonographic features of the cysts, which presented as breast lumps, for evaluation. The cysts appeared as numerous well-circumscribed, radiolucent nodules with thin radiodense rims on mammography. On sonography, the cysts could be hypoechoic, isoechoic or demonstrate mixed echoes containing debris-fluid levels, depending on the amount of clear oily liquid and keratinous material. SM can be diagnosed based on a clinical setting of multiple asymptomatic small intradermal nodules over the trunk and proximal extremities, positive family history and imaging findings.

Multiple branches of travelling waves for the Gross–Pitaevskii equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chiron, David; Scheid, Claire

2018-06-01

Explicit solitary waves are known to exist for the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili-I (KP-I) equation in dimension 2. We first address numerically the question of their Morse index. The results confirm that the lump solitary wave has Morse index one and that the other explicit solutions correspond to excited states. We then turn to the 2D Gross–Pitaevskii (GP) equation, which in some long wave regime converges to the KP-I equation. Numerical simulations have already shown that a branch of travelling waves of GP converges to a ground state of KP-I, expected to be the lump. In this work, we perform numerical simulations showing that other explicit solitary waves solutions to the KP-I equation give rise to new branches of travelling waves of GP corresponding to excited states.

Unusual Presentation of Hydatidosis - Neck Lump Causing Costo-Vertebral Erosion.

PubMed

Alam, Mehtab; Hasan, Syed-Abrar; Hashmi, Shahab-Farkhund

2016-09-01

Hydatid disease caused by larval stage of Echinococcus has been recognized endemically in many countries. Liver and lungs are the most commonly affected organs. Involvement of the head and neck region is rare and bony erosion due to hydatidosis is even rarer. We report a case of a 17-year-old girl from a poor socio-economic background who presented with a right sided supraclavicular lump, which after surgical excision and histopathological examination was diagnosed as hydatid cyst of neck. Because of its rarity in the neck region, primary diagnosis of hydatid cyst is overlooked and usually not included in the differential diagnosis of cystic neck swellings. A high index of suspicion is necessary to diagnose hydatid disease in an unusual location even in endemic areas.

Normal modes of a superconducting transmission-line resonator with embedded lumped element circuit components

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mortensen, Henrik Lund; Mølmer, Klaus; Andersen, Christian Kraglund

2016-11-01

We present a method to identify the coupled, normal modes of a superconducting transmission line with an embedded lumped element circuit. We evaluate the effective transmission-line nonlinearities in the case of Kerr-like Josephson interactions in the circuit and in the case where the embedded circuit constitutes a qubit degree of freedom, which is Rabi coupled to the field in the transmission line. Our theory quantitatively accounts for the very high and positive Kerr nonlinearities observed in a recent experiment [M. Rehák, P. Neilinger, M. Grajcar, G. Oelsner, U. Hübner, E. Il'ichev, and H.-G. Meyer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 162604 (2014), 10.1063/1.4873719], and we can evaluate the accomplishments of modified versions of the experimental circuit.

Unusual Presentation of Hydatidosis - Neck Lump Causing Costo-Vertebral Erosion

PubMed Central

Alam, Mehtab; Hasan, Syed-Abrar; Hashmi, Shahab-Farkhund

2016-01-01

Introduction: Hydatid disease caused by larval stage of Echinococcus has been recognized endemically in many countries. Liver and lungs are the most commonly affected organs. Involvement of the head and neck region is rare and bony erosion due to hydatidosis is even rarer. Case Report: We report a case of a 17-year-old girl from a poor socio-economic background who presented with a right sided supraclavicular lump, which after surgical excision and histopathological examination was diagnosed as hydatid cyst of neck. Conclusion: Because of its rarity in the neck region, primary diagnosis of hydatid cyst is overlooked and usually not included in the differential diagnosis of cystic neck swellings. A high index of suspicion is necessary to diagnose hydatid disease in an unusual location even in endemic areas. PMID:27738614

FILTSoft: A computational tool for microstrip planar filter design

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elsayed, M. H.; Abidin, Z. Z.; Dahlan, S. H.; Cholan N., A.; Ngu, Xavier T. I.; Majid, H. A.

2017-09-01

Filters are key component of any communication system to control spectrum and suppress interferences. Designing a filter involves long process as well as good understanding of the basic hardware technology. Hence this paper introduces an automated design tool based on Matlab-GUI, called the FILTSoft (acronym for Filter Design Software) to ease the process. FILTSoft is a user friendly filter design tool to aid, guide and expedite calculations from lumped elements level to microstrip structure. Users just have to provide the required filter specifications as well as the material description. FILTSoft will calculate and display the lumped element details, the planar filter structure, and the expected filter's response. An example of a lowpass filter design was calculated using FILTSoft and the results were validated through prototype measurement for comparison purposes.

Uncertainty Quantification of the FUN3D-Predicted NASA CRM Flutter Boundary

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stanford, Bret K.; Massey, Steven J.

2017-01-01

A nonintrusive point collocation method is used to propagate parametric uncertainties of the flexible Common Research Model, a generic transport configuration, through the unsteady aeroelastic CFD solver FUN3D. A range of random input variables are considered, including atmospheric flow variables, structural variables, and inertial (lumped mass) variables. UQ results are explored for a range of output metrics (with a focus on dynamic flutter stability), for both subsonic and transonic Mach numbers, for two different CFD mesh refinements. A particular focus is placed on computing failure probabilities: the probability that the wing will flutter within the flight envelope.

Effect of narrow spectral filter position on the characteristics of active similariton mode-locked femtosecond fiber laser.

PubMed

Kotb, Hussein; Abdelalim, Mohamed A; Anis, Hanan

2015-11-16

A significant change in active similariton characteristics, both numerically and experimentally, is observed as a function of the location of the lumped spectral filter. The closer the spectral filter is to the input of the Yb(3+)-doped fiber, the shorter the de-chirped pulse width. The peak power of the de-chirped pulse has its maximum value at a certain location of the spectral filter. Four different positions of the spectral filter inside the laser cavity have been theoretically studied and two of them have been verified experimentally.

Online Parameterization of Lumped Thermal Dynamics in Cylindrical Lithium Ion Batteries for Core Temperature Estimation and Health Monitoring

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

Experiments have been conducted to validate the de- signed parameterization scheme. A 2.3Ah A123TM 26650 LiFePO4 /graphite battery is cycled with a BitrodeTM...management strategy. The type of battery used in the experiment ( LiFePO4 26650) is different from the one in Fig. 3. Schematics of the Flow Chamber [23...of a cylindrical lifepo4 /graphite lithium-ion battery,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 195, pp. 2961–2968, 2010. [9] C. W. Park and A. K. Jaura

Ensemble catchment hydrological modelling for climate change impact analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vansteenkiste, Thomas; Ntegeka, Victor; Willems, Patrick

2014-05-01

It is vital to investigate how the hydrological model structure affects the climate change impact given that future changes not in the range for which the models were calibrated or validated are likely. Thus an ensemble modelling approach which involves a diversity of models with different structures such as spatial resolutions and process descriptions is crucial. The ensemble modelling approach was applied to a set of models: from the lumped conceptual models NAM, PDM and VHM, an intermediate detailed and distributed model WetSpa, to the highly detailed and fully distributed model MIKE-SHE. Explicit focus was given to the high and low flow extremes. All models were calibrated for sub flows and quick flows derived from rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (ETo) time series. In general, all models were able to produce reliable estimates of the flow regimes under the current climate for extreme peak and low flows. An intercomparison of the low and high flow changes under changed climatic conditions was made using climate scenarios tailored for extremes. Tailoring was important for two reasons. First, since the use of many scenarios was not feasible it was necessary to construct few scenarios that would reasonably represent the range of extreme impacts. Second, scenarios would be more informative as changes in high and low flows would be easily traced to changes of ETo and rainfall; the tailored scenarios are constructed using seasonal changes that are defined using different levels of magnitude (high, mean and low) for rainfall and ETo. After simulation of these climate scenarios in the five hydrological models, close agreement was found among the models. The different models predicted similar range of peak flow changes. For the low flows, however, the differences in the projected impact range by different hydrological models was larger, particularly for the drier scenarios. This suggests that the hydrological model structure is critical in low flow predictions, more than in high flow conditions. Hence, the mechanism of the slow flow component simulation requires further attention. It is concluded that a multi-model ensemble approach where different plausible model structures are applied, is extremely useful. It improves the reliability of climate change impact results and allows decision making to be based on uncertainty assessment that includes model structure related uncertainties. References: Ntegeka, V., Baguis, P., Roulin, E., Willems, P., 2014. Developing tailored climate change scenarios for hydrological impact assessments. Journal of Hydrology, 508C, 307-321 Vansteenkiste, Th., Tavakoli, M., Ntegeka, V., Willems, P., De Smedt, F., Batelaan, O., 2013. Climate change impact on river flows and catchment hydrology: a comparison of two spatially distributed models. Hydrological Processes, 27(25), 3649-3662. Vansteenkiste, Th., Tavakoli, M., Ntegeka, V., Van Steenbergen, N., De Smedt, F., Batelaan, O., Pereira, F., Willems, P., 2014. Intercomparison of five lumped and distributed models for catchment runoff and extreme flow simulation. Journal of Hydrology, in press. Vansteenkiste, Th., Tavakoli, M., Ntegeka, V., De Smedt, F., Batelaan, O., Pereira, F., Willems, P., 2014. Intercomparison of climate scenario impact predictions by a lumped and distributed model ensemble. Journal of Hydrology, in revision.

46 CFR Sec. 21 - Delegations of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... ACCOMPLISHMENT OF VESSEL REPAIRS UNDER NATIONAL SHIPPING AUTHORITY MASTER LUMP SUM REPAIR CONTRACT-NSA-LUMPSUMREP... several of the contract provisions of the NSA-LUMPSUMREP Contract. The respective representatives of the...

46 CFR Sec. 21 - Delegations of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ACCOMPLISHMENT OF VESSEL REPAIRS UNDER NATIONAL SHIPPING AUTHORITY MASTER LUMP SUM REPAIR CONTRACT-NSA-LUMPSUMREP... several of the contract provisions of the NSA-LUMPSUMREP Contract. The respective representatives of the...

46 CFR Sec. 11 - Guarantee obligations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... ACCOMPLISHMENT OF VESSEL REPAIRS UNDER NATIONAL SHIPPING AUTHORITY MASTER LUMP SUM REPAIR CONTRACT-NSA-LUMPSUMREP Sec. 11 Guarantee obligations. (a) Under the provisions of Article 10 of the NSA-LUMPSUMREP Contract...

46 CFR Sec. 21 - Delegations of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... ACCOMPLISHMENT OF VESSEL REPAIRS UNDER NATIONAL SHIPPING AUTHORITY MASTER LUMP SUM REPAIR CONTRACT-NSA-LUMPSUMREP... several of the contract provisions of the NSA-LUMPSUMREP Contract. The respective representatives of the...

46 CFR Sec. 11 - Guarantee obligations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... ACCOMPLISHMENT OF VESSEL REPAIRS UNDER NATIONAL SHIPPING AUTHORITY MASTER LUMP SUM REPAIR CONTRACT-NSA-LUMPSUMREP Sec. 11 Guarantee obligations. (a) Under the provisions of Article 10 of the NSA-LUMPSUMREP Contract...

46 CFR Sec. 11 - Guarantee obligations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... ACCOMPLISHMENT OF VESSEL REPAIRS UNDER NATIONAL SHIPPING AUTHORITY MASTER LUMP SUM REPAIR CONTRACT-NSA-LUMPSUMREP Sec. 11 Guarantee obligations. (a) Under the provisions of Article 10 of the NSA-LUMPSUMREP Contract...

46 CFR Sec. 21 - Delegations of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... ACCOMPLISHMENT OF VESSEL REPAIRS UNDER NATIONAL SHIPPING AUTHORITY MASTER LUMP SUM REPAIR CONTRACT-NSA-LUMPSUMREP... several of the contract provisions of the NSA-LUMPSUMREP Contract. The respective representatives of the...

46 CFR Sec. 21 - Delegations of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ACCOMPLISHMENT OF VESSEL REPAIRS UNDER NATIONAL SHIPPING AUTHORITY MASTER LUMP SUM REPAIR CONTRACT-NSA-LUMPSUMREP... several of the contract provisions of the NSA-LUMPSUMREP Contract. The respective representatives of the...